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Diffstat (limited to '38003-h')
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diff --git a/38003-h/38003-h.htm b/38003-h/38003-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bd0a222 --- /dev/null +++ b/38003-h/38003-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,39231 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> + <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=ISO-8859-1" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of Color Key to North American Birds, by Frank M. Chapman. + </title> + <style type="text/css"> + + .book {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;} + p {text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5em;} + .hr30 {width:30%;} + table {margin-left: auto; padding:4px; margin-right: auto; border-collapse: collapse;} + .bb {border-bottom: solid #000 1px;} + .bb2 {border-bottom: double #000 1px;} + .bbox {border: solid #000 1px;} + .pagenum {position: absolute; left: 92%; text-indent:0; font-size: 0.75em; + text-align: right; color: #b0b0b0;} + .vtop {vertical-align: top;} + .center {text-align: center;} + .fig_left {float: left; clear: left; margin-left: 0; margin-bottom: 0em; + margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 0.5em; padding: 0; text-align: center;} + .noi {text-indent: 0em;} + .hidden {display: none;} + .justify {text-align: justify;} + .text_lf {text-align: left;} + .text_rt {text-align: right;} + .smaller {font-size: 0.75em;} + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + .bold {font-weight: bolder;} + .caption1 {font-weight: bold; font-size:2.00em; text-align: center;} + .caption2 {font-weight: bold; font-size:1.50em; text-align: center;} + .caption3 {font-weight: bold; font-size:1.25em; text-align: center;} + .caption3nc {font-weight: bold; font-size:1.25em;} + .caption3rt {font-weight: bold; font-size:1.25em; text-align: right;} + .caption4 {font-weight: bold; font-size:1.15em; text-align: center;} + .trans_notes {background:#d0d0d0; padding: 7px; border:solid black 1px;} + .ind2em {margin-left: 2em;} + .footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} + .footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} + .fnanchor {vertical-align: super; font-size: .8em; text-decoration: none;} + + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +Project Gutenberg's Color Key to North American Birds, by Frank M. Chapman + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Color Key to North American Birds + with bibiographical appendix + +Author: Frank M. Chapman + +Illustrator: Chester A Reed + +Release Date: November 13, 2011 [EBook #38003] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK COLOR KEY TO NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Tom Cosmas, Joseph Cooper and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<div class="book"><!-- Begin Book --> +<div class="center"> +<img src="images/cover.jpg" width="259" height="385" alt="Cover" title="Cover" /> +</div> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="trans_notes"> +<div class="caption2">Transcriber's Note</div> +<div class="center">The following index is provided to facilitate the search for the birds by + linking to the Order pages of the three major divisions of the text.</div> +</div> +<br /> + +<div class="caption1">ORDERS OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS</div> +<br /> +<div class="caption2">Links to Synopsis, Color Images, and Systematic Listing</div> +<br /> +<table width="100%" class="center" summary="Extended ToC"> +<tr> + <td class="caption4" colspan="2">Order</td> + <td class="caption4" style="padding:8px">Synopsis</td> + <td class="caption4" style="padding:8px">Color</td> + <td class="caption4" style="padding:8px">Systematic</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_rt">I.</td> + <td class="text_lf">PYGOPODES. Grebes, Loons, and Auks.</td> + <td><a href="#Order_I_Grebes_Loons_and_Auks">9</a></td> + <td><a href="#Order_I_Grebes_Loons_and_Auks_color">42</a></td> + <td><a href="#Order_PYGOPODES_Diving_Birds">285</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_rt">II.</td> + <td class="text_lf">LONGIPENNES. Gulls, Terns, Jaegers, Etc.</td> + <td><a href="#Order_II_Gulls_Terns_Jaegers_Etc_LONGIPENNES">10</a></td> + <td><a href="#Order_II_LONG-WINGED_SWIMMERS_LONGIPENNES">49</a></td> + <td><a href="#Order_LONGIPENNES_Long_Winged_Swimmers">258</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_rt">III.</td> + <td class="text_lf">TUBINARES. Albatrosses, Shearwaters, Petrels, Etc.</td> + <td><a href="#Order_III_Albatrosses_Shearwaters_Petrels_Etc_TUBINARES">12</a></td> + <td><a href="#Order_III_TUBINARES_Albatrosses_Shearwaters_Petrels_Etc">61</a></td> + <td><a href="#Order_TUBINARES_Tube-nosed_Swimmers">260</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_rt">IV.</td> + <td class="text_lf">STEGANOPODES. Cormorants, Pelicans, Gannets, <span style="white-space: nowrap;">Man-o'war Birds</span>, and Tropic-Birds.</td> + <td><a href="#ORDER_IV_CORMORANTS_PELICANS_GANNETS_MAN-O-WAR_BIRDS_AND_TROPIC-BIRDS">13</a></td> + <td><a href="#Order_STEGANOPODES_Totipalmate_Swimmers_color">67</a></td> + <td><a href="#Order_STEGANOPODES_Totipalmate_Swimmers">261</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_rt">V.</td> + <td class="text_lf">ANSERES. Ducks, Geese, and Swans.</td> + <td><a href="#Order_V_Ducks_Geese_and_Swans_ANSERES">15</a></td> + <td><a href="#Order_V_Ducks_Geese_and_Swans_ANSERES_color">74</a></td> + <td><a href="#Order_ANSERES_Lamellirostral_Swimmers">263</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_rt">VI.</td> + <td class="text_lf">ODONTOGLOSSÆ. Flamingoes.</td> + <td><a href="#Order_VI_Flamingoes_ODONTOGLOSSAE">16</a></td> + <td><a href="#Order_VI_Flamingoes_ODONTOGLOSSAE_color">87</a></td> + <td><a href="#Order_ODONTOGLOSSAE_Lamellirostral_Grallatores">263</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_rt">VII.</td> + <td class="text_lf">HERODIONES Herons, Bitterns, Ibises, and Spoonbills.</td> + <td><a href="#Order_VII_Herons_Bitterns_Ibises_and_Spoonbills_HERODIONES">17</a></td> + <td><a href="#Order_VII_Herons_Bitterns_Ibises_and_Spoonbills_HERODIONES_color">87</a></td> + <td><a href="#Order_HERODIONES_Herons_Storks_Ibises_etc">264</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_rt">VIII.</td> + <td class="text_lf">PALUDICOLÆ. Cranes, Rails, Coots, Gallinules, Etc.</td> + <td><a href="#Order_VIII_Cranes_Rails_Coots_Gallinules_Etc_PALUDICOLAE">19</a></td> + <td><a href="#Order_VIII_Cranes_Rails_Coots_Gallinules_Etc_PALUDICOLAE_color">95</a></td> + <td><a href="#Order_PALUDICOLAE_Cranes_Rails_etc">64</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_rt">IX.</td> + <td class="text_lf">LIMICOLÆ. Snipes, Sandpipers, Curlews, Plovers, Etc.</td> + <td><a href="#Order_IX_Snipes_Sandpipers_Curlews_Plovers_Etc_LIMICOLAE">21</a></td> + <td><a href="#Order_IX_Snipes_Sandpipers_Curlews_Plovers_Etc_LIMICOLAE_color">100</a></td> + <td><a href="#Order_LIMICOLAE_Shore_Birds">265</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_rt">X.</td> + <td class="text_lf">GALLINÆ. Grouse, Partridges, Bob-Whites, Etc.</td> + <td><a href="#Order_X_Grouse_Partridges_Bob-Whites_Etc_GALLINAE">25</a></td> + <td><a href="#Order_X_Grouse_Partridges_Bob-Whites_Etc_GALLINAE_color">113</a></td> + <td><a href="#Order_GALLINAE_Gallinaceous_Birds">268</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_rt">XI.</td> + <td class="text_lf">COLUMBÆ. Pigeons and Doves.</td> + <td><a href="#Order_XI_Pigeons_and_Doves_COLUMBAE">27</a></td> + <td><a href="#Order_XI_Pigeons_and_Doves_COLUMBAE_color">123</a></td> + <td><a href="#Order_COLUMBAE_Pigeons">269</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_rt">XII.</td> + <td class="text_lf">RAPTORES. Vultures, Hawks, and Owls.</td> + <td><a href="#Order_XII_Vultures_Hawks_and_Owls_RAPTORES">28</a></td> + <td><a href="#Order_XII_Vultures_Hawks_and_Owls_RAPTORES_color">127</a></td> + <td><a href="#Order_RAPTORES_Birds_of_Prey">270</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_rt">XIII.</td> + <td class="text_lf">PSITTACI. Paroquets and Parrots.</td> + <td><a href="#Order_XIII_Paroquets_and_Parrots_PSITTACI">30</a></td> + <td><a href="#Order_XIII_Paroquets_and_Parrots_PSITTACI_color">144</a></td> + <td><a href="#Order_XIII_PSITTACI_Paroquets_and_Parrots">30</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_rt">XIV.</td> + <td class="text_lf">COCCYGES. Cuckoos, Trogons, Kingfishers, Etc.</td> + <td><a href="#Order_XIV_Cuckoos_Trogons_Kingfishers_Etc_COCCYGES">31</a></td> + <td><a href="#Order_XIV_COCCYGES_CUCKOOS_TROGONS_KINGFISHERS_Etc">144</a></td> + <td><a href="#Order_XIV_COCCYGES_CUCKOOS_TROGONS_KINGFISHERS_Etc">273</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_rt">XV.</td> + <td class="text_lf">PICI. Woodpeckers.</td> + <td><a href="#Order_XV_Woodpeckers_PICI">32</a></td> + <td><a href="#Order_XV_Woodpeckers_PICI_color">148</a></td> + <td><a href="#Order_PICI_Woodpeckers_Wrynecks_etc">273</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_rt">XVI.</td> + <td class="text_lf">MACROCHIRES. Goatsuckers, Swifts, and, Hummingbirds.</td> + <td><a href="#Order_XVI_Goatsuckers_Swifts_and_Hummingbirds_MACROCHIRES">33</a></td> + <td><a href="#Order_XVI_GOATSUCKERS_SWIFTS_AND_HUMMINGBIRDS_MACROCHIRES_color">155</a></td> + <td><a href="#Order_MACROCHIRES_Goatsuckers_Swifts_etc">275</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_rt">XVII.</td> + <td class="text_lf">PASSERES. Flycatchers, Jays, Blackbirds, Finches, Swallows, Warblers, Thrushes, and Other Perching Birds.</td> + <td><a href="#Order_XVII_Perching_Birds_PASSERES">34</a></td> + <td><a href="#Order_XVII_Perching_Birds_PASSERES_color">162</a></td> + <td><a href="#Order_PASSERES_Perching_Birds">276</a></td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i" id="Page_i">[Pg i]</a></span></p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2"><div class="caption2">COLOR KEY TO</div></div> +<br /> + +<div class="caption1"><div class="caption1">NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS</div></div> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ii" id="Page_ii">[Pg ii]</a></span></p> +<div class="bbox" style="width:100%; padding:12px;"> +<div class="caption2">By FRANK M. CHAPMAN</div> + +<div class="caption4">Curator of Ornithology in the American Museum<br />of Natural History</div> + +<hr /> +<div class="bold">HANDBOOK OF BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA</div> + +<div class="ind2em justify">Third edition. With introductory chapters on the study +of Ornithology; how to identify birds and how to collect +and preserve birds, their nests and eggs. 20 full-page +plates and 150 cuts in the text. 12mo. Library edition. +Pocket edition.</div> + +<div class="bold">BIRD-LIFE</div> + +<div class="ind2em justify">A guide to the study of our common birds. With 75 full-page +colored plates and numerous text drawings by +Ernest Thompson Seton. Containing an Appendix, especially +designed for teachers. 12mo. Cloth.</div> + +<div class="bold">BIRD STUDIES WITH A CAMERA</div> + +<div class="ind2em justify">A fascinating account of the habits of common birds, with +descriptions of the largest bird colonies existing in eastern +North America. The author's phenomenal success in +photographing birds in Nature not only lends to the illustrations +the charm of realism, but makes the book a +record of surprising achievements with the camera. 12mo. Cloth.</div> + +<div class="bold">WARBLERS OF NORTH AMERICA</div> + +<div class="ind2em justify">A full description of our "most beautiful, most abundant, +and least known birds." Illustrated with colored plates +of every species and photographs of nests and eggs. Imp. +8vo. Illustrated.</div> + +<div class="bold">CAMPS AND CRUISES OF AN ORNITHOLOGIST</div> + +<div class="ind2em justify">The story of eight years' experience in travel, in which +the author covered over 60,000 miles in his search for +material with which to prepare a series of groups of +American birds, to exceed in beauty and scientific value +anything which had heretofore been attempted in this +line. The illustrations, over 250 in number, are from Dr. +Chapman's photographs, and beyond question form a remarkable +series of pictures of bird-life. 8vo.</div> + +<div class="bold">COLOR KEY TO NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS</div> + +<div class="ind2em justify">This work may be described as an illustrated dictionary +of North American birds. It is the most complete publication +of its kind, and makes an admirable introduction +to the study of birds and the literature of Ornithology +and at the same time is an authoritative work of +reference. Over 800 pictures.</div> + +<div class="bold">OUR WINTER BIRDS</div> + +<div class="ind2em justify">An introduction to the study of birds. The author believes +that the study of Ornithology should begin with the +winter birds as they are fewer in number and easier to +approach. Divided into convenient groups such as field +birds, forest birds, home birds, etc. Illustrated. 12mo.</div> + +<div class="bold">THE TRAVELS OF BIRDS</div> + +<div class="ind2em">A series of chapters on bird migration, describing birds +as travelers, why they travel, dangers by the way, night +flyers and day flyers, etc. Many illustrations from drawings. +Illustrated.</div> + +<div class="bold">WHAT BIRD IS THAT?</div> + +<div class="ind2em justify">A bird book for beginners with 301 birds in color.</div> + +<hr class="hr30" /> + +<div class="caption3">D. APPLETON AND COMPANY, NEW YORK</div> +</div> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_iii" id="Page_iii">[Pg iii]</a></span></p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_iv" id="Page_iv">[Pg iv]</a></span></p> +<div class="center"> + <img src="images/pg_004.png" width="375" height="542" alt="TOPOGRAPHY OF A BIRD Bluebird" title="TOPOGRAPHY OF A BIRD Bluebird" /> + <div class="caption3">TOPOGRAPHY OF A BIRD Bluebird</div> + <div class="caption4">(natural size)</div> +</div> +<br /> +<br /> +</div> + +<div class="book"> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">[Pg v]</a></span></p> + +<div class="center"> +<div class="caption2">COLOR KEY TO</div> +<br /> +<div class="caption1">NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS</div> +<br /> +With Bibliographical Appendix<br /> +<br /> +BY<br /> +<br /> +<div class="caption2">FRANK M. CHAPMAN</div> +<br /> +CURATOR OF ORNITHOLOGY<br /> +IN THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Author of "Handbook of Birds of Eastern North America,"<br /> +"Bird-Life," Etc.<br /> +<br /> +<i>With Upward of 800 Drawings</i><br /> +<br /> +BY<br /> +<br /> +CHESTER A REED, B. S.<br /> +<br /> +<i>Revised Edition</i><br /> +<br /> +<img src="images/logo.png" width="94" height="107" alt="Logo" /><br /> +<br /> +NEW YORK<br /> +D. APPLETON & COMPANY<br /> +1912<br /> +</div> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">[Pg vi]</a></span></p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="center"> +COPYRIGHT,<br /> +DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & CO.<br /> +1903<br /> +<br /> +COPYRIGHT,<br /> +D. APPLETON & CO.<br /> +1912<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<i>Published November 1912</i><br /> +<br /> +<br /> + +Printed in the United States<br /> +</div> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[Pg vii]</a></span></p> + +<div class="caption2">PREFACE.</div> +<div class="fig_left" style="width: 47px; border:8px;"> +<img src="images/drop_t.png" width="47" height="55" alt="Ornate capital T" title="Ornate capital T" /> +</div> +<p class="noi"><span class="hidden">T</span>o learn to call a bird by its right name is the first step in the +study of ornithology. We may propose to investigate the structure, +food, and habits of the birds of the world, or desire merely a superficial +knowledge of the species found in our garden, but in either case we are +at once confronted by this question of identification.</p> + +<p>From the scientific point of view there is but one satisfactory way to +identify a bird. A specimen of it should be in hand in order that its form, +color, and size may be accurately determined, when, with the aid of analytical +keys, with which most text-books are provided, it is a simple matter to ascertain +the bird's name.</p> + +<p>Wide experience has shown the writer, however, that where one dead bird +is identified, hundreds of attempts are made to name the living bird in nature. +This is to be expected. It is the natural outcome of the recent remarkable +interest in the study of birds which, fostered by Audubon Societies and +nature study teachers, has assumed an ethical and educational importance of +the first magnitude.</p> + +<p>We cannot place a gun in the hands of these thousands of bird-lovers +whom we are yearly developing; indeed most of them would refuse to use it. +Specimens, therefore, are rarely available to them and we should make some +special effort to meet their peculiar wants. The present volume has been +prepared with this end in view. Identification of the bird in the bush is its +sole end; an end, however, which we trust will prove but the beginning +of a new and potent interest in nature.</p> + +<div class="smcap text_rt">Frank M. Chapman</div> +<br /> +<i>American Museum of Natural History,<br /> +New York City, 1903.</i><br /> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">[Pg viii]</a></span></p> + +<div class="caption2">PREFACE TO REVISED EDITION.</div> + +<p>In the present edition of the Color Key the body of the book, aside from +the correction of typographical errors, remains as it was in the preceding +edition. The Systematic Table has been reset and brought up to July, 1912, +the date of the publication of the latest supplement to the third edition of +the American Ornithologists' Union's 'Check-List of North American Birds.' +Two Appendixes are added. The first includes all the changes in nomenclature +and descriptions of new birds which have been accepted by the A. O. U. +Committee on Classification and Nomenclature since the publication of the +Color Key in 1903; the second contains a list of faunal ornithological papers +which it is hoped will add greatly to the reference value of the book.</p> + +<div class="text_rt">F. M. C.</div> +<br /> +<i>American Museum of Natural History,<br /> +New York City, October, 1912.</i><br /> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">[Pg ix]</a></span></p> + +<div class="caption2">CONTENTS.</div> + +<table width="100%" summary="contents"> +<tr> + <td><span class="smcap"><a href="#INTRODUCTION">Introduction</a></span></td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#INTRODUCTION">1</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> <a href="#HOW_TO_LEARN_A_BIRDS_NAME">How to Learn a Bird's Name</a></td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#HOW_TO_LEARN_A_BIRDS_NAME">1</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> <a href="#HOW_BIRDS_ARE_NAMED">How Birds Are Named</a></td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#HOW_BIRDS_ARE_NAMED">4</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="smcap"><a href="#SYNOPSIS_OF_ORDERS_AND_FAMILIES">Synopsis of Orders and Families of North American Birds</a></td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#SYNOPSIS_OF_ORDERS_AND_FAMILIES">9</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="smcap"><a href="#COLOR_KEY_TO_NORTH_AMERICAN_BIRDS">Color Key to North American Birds</a></td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#COLOR_KEY_TO_NORTH_AMERICAN_BIRDS">41</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="smcap"><a href="#SYSTEMATIC_TABLE_OF_NORTH_AMERICAN_BIRDS">Systematic Table of North American Birds</a></td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#SYSTEMATIC_TABLE_OF_NORTH_AMERICAN_BIRDS">257</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="smcap"><a href="#Appendix_I">Appendix I. Additions, Subtractions, Emendations</a></td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Appendix_I">298</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="smcap"><a href="#Appendix_II">Appendix II. Bibliography</a></td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Appendix_II">305</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="smcap"><a href="#Index">Index</a></td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Index">333</a></td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">[Pg x]</a></span></p> + +<p>ILLUSTRATIONS</p> +<p>The illustrations in this volume are designed to aid the student in identifying +birds in their haunts by giving, in color, those markings which most +quickly catch the eye. They do not pretend to be perfect reproductions of +every shade and tint of the plumage of the species they figure, but aim to +present a bird's characteristic colors as they appear when seen at a distance. +It was impracticable to draw all the birds to the same scale but all those on +the same page are so figured. Reference should always be made, however, +to the measurements given at the beginning at each description. The figures +are based on the male bird.</p> +<p>LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>♂. The sign of Mars, signifying male.</p> + +<p>♀. The sign of Venus, signifying female.</p> + +<p>Ad. Adult, a bird in fully mature plumage.</p> + +<p>Yng. Young, a fully grown bird which has not yet acquired the plumage +of the adult.</p> + +<p>L. Length, the distance from the tip of the bill to the end of the tail. This +measurement is made from dead birds, birds in life appear somewhat +shorter.</p> + +<p>W. Wing, the distance from the 'bend' of the wing to the end of the longest +feather.</p> + +<p>T. Tail, the distance from the insertion of the tail-feathers to the end of the +longest one.</p> + +<p>Tar. Tarsus, the distance from the heel to the insertion of the toes, or of +the so-called 'leg.'</p> + +<p>B. Bill, the distance from the feathers at the base of the bill above to its tip.</p> +</blockquote> + +<p><span class="smcap">Note.</span> All measurements are in inches and tenths, and a variation of about +ten per cent. from the figures given may be expected. The number before +the name of each species is that of the American Ornithologists' Union's +'Check-List of North American Birds.'</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<a name="INTRODUCTION"></a> +<a name="HOW_TO_LEARN_A_BIRDS_NAME"></a> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg_1]</a></span></p> + +<div class="caption2">INTRODUCTION</div> + +<div class="caption3">HOW TO LEARN A BIRD'S NAME</div> + +<p>"How can I learn to know the birds?" is the first question of the seeker +after bird-lore. The scientist's reply, "By shooting them and studying their +structure and markings in detail," may do for the few who, like himself, +desire to know the birds scientifically; but it is emphatically not the answer +to give the ninety and nine who, while they desire to secure an intimate, +accurate knowledge of birds, will not gain it at the sacrifice of bird-life.</p> + +<p>In the present volume, therefore, an attempt has been made so to group, +figure, and describe our birds that any species may be named which has been +<i>definitely seen</i>. The birds are kept in their systematic Orders, a natural +arrangement, readily comprehended, but, further than this, accepted classifications +have been abandoned and the birds have been grouped according to +color and markings.</p> + +<p>A key to the Orders gives the more prominent characters on which they +are based; telling for example, the external differences between a Duck and +a Grebe. In comparatively few instances, however, will the beginner have +much difficulty in deciding to what Order a bird belongs. Probably eight +times, out of ten the unknown bird will belong to the Order <span class="smcap">Passeres</span>, or +Perching Birds, when one has only to select the color section in which it +should be placed, choose from among the colored figures the bird whose +identity is sought, and verify one's selection by reading the description of the +bird's characteristics and the outline of its range.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg_2]</a></span> +In the case of closely related species, and particularly subspecies, the +subjects of range and season are of the utmost importance. Most subspecies +resemble their nearest allies too closely to be identified in life by color alone, +and in such cases a bird's name is to be learned by its color in connection with +its distribution and the season in which it is seen.</p> + +<p>During the breeding period, unless one chance to be in a region where +two races intergrade, subspecific names may be applied to the bird in nature +with some certainty, for it is a law that only one subspecies of a species can +nest in the same area; but during migrations and in the winter, when several +subspecies of one species may be found associated, it is frequently impossible +to name them with accuracy.</p> + +<p>For example, during the summer one need have no hesitancy in calling +the Robins of the lowlands of South Carolina the Southern Robin (<i>Planesticus +migratorius achrusterus</i>) but later, when the Northern Robins (<i>Planesticus +migratorius migratorius</i>) begin to appear, it would be difficult, if not +impossible, to distinguish them in life from the resident birds.</p> + +<p>If it were possible to impress the student, who proposes to name the bird +in the bush, with the <i>absolute necessity</i> for careful, definite observation he +would be saved many disappointing and discouraging experiences.</p> + +<p>It is not possible to examine your bird too thoroughly. Never be satisfied +with a superficial view and a general impression. Look at your bird, if you +can, from several points of view; study its appearance in detail, its size, bill, +crown, back, tail, wings, throat, breast, etc., and AT ONCE enter what you +see in a note-book kept for that purpose. In this way, and this way alone, +can you expect to compete with those who use the gun.</p> + +<p>It does not follow, however, that because one does not collect specimens +of birds one cannot study them scientifically. While the student may not be +interested in the classification of birds purely from the standpoint of the +systematist, he is strongly urged to acquaint himself with at least the arrangement +of the Orders and Families of our birds and their leading structural +characters.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg_3]</a></span> +To the student who desires to prepare himself for his work afield such +a study may well come before he attempts to name the birds. But +where the chief end in view is to learn a bird's name, the more technical +side of the subject may be deferred. In any event, it should not be +neglected. This orderly arrangement of knowledge will not only be +practical benefit in one's future labors but it will bring with it that sense +of satisfaction which accompanies the assurance that we know what we +know.</p> + +<p>As one learns to recognize bird after bird it is an admirable plan to +classify systematically one's list of bird acquaintances under their proper +Orders and Families. These may be learned at once from the systematic +table at the end of the book, where the numbers which precede each +species are arranged serially, and hence systematically.</p> + +<p>In some instances, as an aid to identification in the field, descriptions +of birds' notes have been included. It is not supposed that these descriptions +will convey an adequate idea of a bird's song to a person who +has never heard it, but it is hoped that they may occasionally lead to +the recognition of calls or songs when they are heard.</p> + +<p>An adequate method of transcribing bird's notes has as yet to be devised +and the author realizes only too well how unsatisfactory the data +here presented will appear to the student. It is hoped, however, that +they may sometimes prove of assistance in naming birds in life.</p> + +<p>As has been said before, the aim of this volume is to help students to +learn the names of our birds in their haunts. But we should be doing +scant justice to the possibilities of bird study if, even by silence, we +should imply that they ended with the learning to know the bird. This +is only the beginning of the quest which may bring us into close +intimacy with the secrets of nature. The birds' haunts and food, their +seasons and times of coming and going; their songs and habits during +courtship, their nest-building, egg-laying, incubating and care of their +young, these and a hundred other subjects connected with their lives +may claim our attention and by increasing our knowledge of bird-life, +add to our love of birds.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<a name="HOW_BIRDS_ARE_NAMED"></a> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg_4]</a></span></p> + +<div class="caption3">HOW BIRDS ARE NAMED</div> + +<p>Birds have two kinds of names. One is a common, vernacular, or +popular name; the other is a technical or scientific name. The first is +usually given to the living bird by the people of the country it inhabits. +The second is applied to specimens of birds by ornithologists who +classify them.</p> + +<p>Common names in their origin and use know no law. Technical +names are bestowed under the system of nomenclature established by +Linnæus and their formation and application are governed by certain +definite, generally accepted rules. The Linnæan system, as it is now +employed by most American ornithologists, provides that a bird, in +addition to being grouped in a certain Class, Order, Family, etc., shall +have a generic and specific name which, together, shall not be applied +to any other animal.</p> + +<p>Our Robin, therefore, is classified and named as follows:</p> + +<p>CLASS AVES, <span class="smcap">Birds</span>.</p> + +<p>ORDER PASSERES, <span class="smcap">Perching Birds</span>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Suborder</span> <i>Oscines</i>, <span class="smcap">Singing Perching Birds</span>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Family</span> <i>Turdidæ</i> Thrushes.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Subfamily</span> <i>Turdinæ</i> Thrushes.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Genus</span>, <i>Planesticus</i>, Thrushes.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Species</span>, <i>migratorius</i> American Robin.</p> + +<p>The Robin's distinctive scientific name, therefore, which it alone possesses, +is <i>Planesticus migratorius</i>. There are numerous other members +of the genus <i>Planesticus</i>, but not one of them is called <i>migratorius</i> and +this combination of names, therefore, applied to only one bird.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg_5]</a></span> +The questions Why use all these Latin terms? Why not call the bird +"Robin" and be done with it? are easily answered. Widely distributed +birds frequently have different names in different parts of their range. The +Flicker (<i>Colaptes auratus</i>), for instance, has over one hundred common or +vernacular names. Again, the same name is often applied to wholly different +birds. Our Robin (<i>Planesticus migratorius</i>) is not even a member of the +same family as the European Robin (<i>Erithacus rubecola</i>.) If, therefore, +we should write of birds or attempt to classify them only by their common +names, we should be dealing with such unfixed quantities that the result +would be inaccurate and misleading. But by using one name in a language +known to educated people of all countries, a writer may indicate, without +danger of being misunderstood, the particular animal to which he refers. +Among people speaking the same tongue, where a definite list of vernacular +names of animals has been established, they can of course be used instead of +the scientific names.</p> + +<p>Such a list of North American birds has been prepared by the American +Ornithologists' Union. It furnishes a common as well as scientific name for +each of our birds, and is the recognized standard of nomenclature among +American ornithologists. The names and numbers of birds employed in this +Color Key are those of the American Ornithologists' Union's 'Check-List of +North American Birds.'</p> + +<p>It will be observed that in this 'Check-List,' and consequently in the +following pages, many birds have three scientific names, a generic, specific, +and subspecific. The Western Robin, for example, appears as <i>Planesticus +migratorius propinquus</i>. What is the significance of this third name?</p> + +<p>In the days of Linnæus, and for many years after, it was supposed that +a species was a distinct creation whose characters never varied. But in +comparatively recent years, as specimens have been gathered from throughout +the country inhabited by a species, comparison frequently shows that +specimens from one part of its range differ from those taken in another +part of its range. At intervening localities, however, intermediate specimens +will be found connecting the extremes.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg_6]</a></span> +Generally, these geographical variations, as they are called, are the +result of climatic conditions. For instance, in regions of heavy rainfall +a bird's colors are usually much darker than they are where the rainfall is +light. Song Sparrows, for example, are palest in the desert region of +Arizona, where the annual rainfall may not reach eight inches, and darkest +on the coast of British Columbia and Alaska, where the annual rainfall may +be over one hundred inches. In going from one region, however, to the other +the gradual changes in climate are accompanied by gradual changes in the +colors of the Song Sparrows, and the wide differences between Arizona and +Alaska Song Sparrows are therefore bridged by a series of intermediates.</p> + +<p>Variations of this kind are spoken of as geographic, racial, or subspecific +and the birds exhibiting them are termed subspecies. In naming +them a third name, or trinomial is employed, and the possession of such a +name indicates at once that a bird is a geographic or racial representative +of a species, with one or more representatives of which it intergrades.</p> + +<p>Returning now to the Robin. Our eastern Robins always have the outer +pair of tail-feathers tipped with white and, in adults, the back is blotched +with black; while Robins from the Rocky Mountains and westward have +little or no white on the outer tail-feathers, and the back is dark gray, without +black blotches. These extremes are connected by intermediate specimens +sharing the characters; of both eastern and western birds. We do not, +therefore, treat the latter as a species, but as a subspecies, and consequently, +apply to it a subspecific name or trinomial, <i>Planesticus migratorius propinquus</i>, +(<i>propinquus</i>, meaning nearly related.)</p> + +<p>A further study of our eastern Robin shows that in the southern parts +of its breeding range (the Carolinas and Georgia), it varies from the +northern type in being smaller in size and much paler and duller in color; +and to this second geographical variety is applied the name <i>Planesticus +migratorius achrusterus</i>, (<i>achrusterus</i>, meaning less highly colored).</p> + +<p>After the recognition of western and southern races of the Robin under +three names (trinomial) it would obviously be inconsistent to apply only two +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg_7]</a></span> +names (binomial) to our eastern bird, the former being no more subspecies +of the latter than the latter is of the former. In other words, to continue to +apply only generic and specific names to the Eastern Robin would imply +that it was a full species, while the use of a trinomial for the Western or the +Southern Robin shows them to be subspecies. As a matter of fact we know +that there is but one species of true Robin in the United States, consequently +in accordance with the logical and now generally accepted method, we apply +to that species the name <i>Planesticus migratorius</i>, and this is equally applicable +to Robins from east, south or west. When, however, we learn that the +Eastern Robin is not a species but a subspecies, we repeat the specific name +by which it was made known and call it <i>Planesticus migratorius migratorius</i>.</p> + +<p>It may be asked, Why give names to these geographical races? Why +not call Eastern, Western and Southern Robins by one name, <i>Planesticus +migratorius</i>, without regard to their climatic variations?</p> + +<p>In reply, two excellent reasons may be given for the recognition of subspecies +by name; first, because in some cases they differ from one another +far more than do many species, when it would clearly be inadvisable to apply +the same name to what are obviously different creatures. For example, it +has lately been discovered by Mr. E. W. Nelson that the small, black-throated, +brown-breasted, Quails or Bob-whites of southern Mexico, through +a long series of intermediates inhabiting the intervening region, intergrade +with the large, white-throated, black-and-white breasted, Bob-white of our +northern states. It would be absurd to call such wholly unlike birds by +the same name, nor could we give a full specific name to the Mexican Bob-white +since at no place can we draw a line definitely separating it from the +northern Bob-white. Furthermore, the use of only two names would conceal +the remarkable fact of the intergradation of two such strikingly different +birds; a fact of the first importance to students of the evolution of species.</p> + +<p>For much the same reason we should name those birds which show less +pronounced variations, such as are exhibited by the Robin. Here we have +a species in the making, and in tracing the relation between cause and effect, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg_8]</a></span> +we learn something of the influences which create species. Thus, climate +has been definitely proven so to alter a species, both in size and color that, +as we have seen in the case of the Song Sparrows, marked climate changes +are accompanied by correspondingly marked changes in the appearance of +certain animals. In naming these animals we are, in effect, giving a 'handle +to the fact' of their evolution by environment.</p> + +<p>Since it is evident that a bird may vary much or little, according to the +governing conditions and its tendency to respond to them, no fixed rule can +be laid down which shall decide just what degree of difference are deserving +a name. It follows, therefore, that in some cases ornithologists do not +agree upon a bird's claim to subspecific rank.</p> + +<p>In North America, however, questions of this kind are referred to a +committee of seven experts of the American Ornithologists' Union, and +their decision establishes a nomenclature, which is accepted as the standard +by other American ornithologists and which has been adopted in this volume.</p> + +<p>Foreign birds of wholly accidental occurrence, most of which have been +found in North America but once or twice, are included in the systematic +list of North American birds, but are not described or figured in the body +of the book, where their presence would tend to convey an erroneous impression +of their North American status. Furthermore, records of the +presence of birds so rare as these can be properly based on only the capture +of specimens.</p> + +<p>In the preparation of the following pages both author and artist have +had full access to the collections of the American Museum of Natural +History, and they are also glad to acknowledge their indebtedness to +William Brewster of Cambridge, Massachusetts, to Robert Ridgway, Curator +of Birds in the United States National Museum, and to C. Hart Merriam, +Chief of the Biologic Survey, for the loan of specimens for description and +illustration.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<a name="SYNOPSIS_OF_ORDERS_AND_FAMILIES"></a> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg_9]</a></span></p> + +<div class="caption2">SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.</div> + +<div class="center">The figures are all life-size, except as stated.</div> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">WATER BIRDS.</div> +<br /> +<a name="Order_I_Grebes_Loons_and_Auks"></a> +<div class="caption2"><span class="smcap">Order I. Grebes, Loons, and Auks.</span> PYGOPODES.</div> + +<div class="caption3">(3 families, 32 species, 3 subspecies.)</div> + +<p>Duck-like birds with the bill usually pointed, never wider than high, +and without flutings, 'gutters,' or serrations on its side; wings short, +never with a bright colored patch or 'speculum'; tail rudimentary, not +noticeable; toes webbed or lobed. Color usually blackish above, white +below; the throat often dark. The Grebes and Loons, when pursued, +dive rather than fly; the Auks usually take wing.</p> +<br /> + +<div class="center"> + <img src="images/pg_009a.png" width="347" height="237" alt="PIED-BILLED GREBE." /> +</div> + +<div class="caption3">Family 1. GREBES. PODICIPIDÆ.</div> + +<p>Toes four with lobate webs; tipped with a broad nail; tail wanting.</p> + +<div class="center"> + <img src="images/pg_009b.png" width="335" height="88" alt="FOOT OF RAZOR-BILLED AUK." /> +</div> +<br /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg_10]</a></span></p> + +<div class="center"> + <img src="images/pg_010a.png" width="384" height="210" alt="LOON." /> +</div> + +<div class="caption3">Family 2. LOONS. GAVIIDÆ.</div> + +<p>Toes four, webbed; toe-nails not broad and flat; tail present.</p> +<br /> + +<div class="caption3">Family 3. AUKS, MURRES, AND PUFFINS. ALCIDÆ.</div> + +<p>Toes three, webbed; toe-nails sharp; tail present.</p> +<br /> + +<a name="Order_II_Gulls_Terns_Jaegers_Etc_LONGIPENNES" id="Order_II_Gulls_Terns_Jaegers_Etc_LONGIPENNES"></a> +<div class="caption2"><span class="smcap">Order II. Gulls, Terns, Jaegers, Etc.</span> LONGIPENNES.</div> + +<div class="caption3">(3 families, 42 species, 1 subspecies.)</div> + +<p>Birds generally seen on the wing, as a rule, over water. Bill strong, +thick; hooked in the Gulls and Jaegers; sharply pointed in the +Terns; often colored in part yellow or red; wings very long, the outer +feathers much the longest; tail usually short and square in the Gulls, +long and forked in the Terns; toes webbed. Color usually pearly gray +above, white below in adult Gull and Terns; Jaegers and many young +Gulls are dark.</p> +<br /> + +<div class="center"> + <img src="images/pg_010b.png" width="232" height="156" alt="PARASITIC JAEGER." /> +</div> + +<div class="caption3">Family 4. SKUAS AND JAEGERS. <span class="smcap">Stercorariidæ.</span></div> + +<p>Toes four; three front ones webbed; bill with swollen, hooked tip, its base with a +scaly shield.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg_11]</a></span></p> + +<div class="center"> + <img src="images/pg_011a.png" width="411" height="270" alt="HERRING GULL." /> +<br /> + <img src="images/pg_011b.png" width="294" height="112" alt="COMMON TERN." /> +</div> +<div class="caption3">Family 5. GULLS AND TERNS. <span class="smcap">Laridæ.</span></div> + +<p>Toes usually four, three front ones webbed; upper mandible curved and hooked; tail +usually square (Gulls, subfamily <i>Larinæ</i>). Bill straight and pointed; tail often forked +(Terns, subfamily <i>Sterninæ</i>).</p> + +<div class="center"> + <img src="images/pg_011c.png" width="385" height="150" alt="BLACK SKIMMER." /> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg_12]</a></span></p> + +<div class="caption3">Family 6. SKIMMERS. <span class="smcap">Rynchopidæ.</span></div> + +<p>Toes four, three front ones webbed; bill thin and blade like, the maxilla longer than +the mandible; tail slightly forked.</p> +<br /> + +<a name="Order_III_Albatrosses_Shearwaters_Petrels_Etc_TUBINARES" id="Order_III_Albatrosses_Shearwaters_Petrels_Etc_TUBINARES"></a> +<div class="caption2"><span class="smcap">Order III. Albatrosses, Shearwaters, Petrels, Etc.</span> TUBINARES.</div> + +<div class="caption3">(2 families, 30 species, 1 subspecies.)</div> + +<p>Sea-birds keeping, as a rule, well off shore, and flying low, near the +water, often skimming over the waves. Bill, with upper mandible +hooked; nostrils opening through tubes; wings long and pointed; tail +short; feet webbed; hind-toe rudimentary or absent. Color usually +gray or black and white; no bright markings.</p> +<br /> + +<div class="center"> + <img src="images/pg_012a.png" width="359" height="191" alt="BILL OF SHORT-TAILED ALBATROSS." title="" /> +</div> + +<div class="caption3">Family 7. ALBATROSSES. <span class="smcap">DIOMEDEIDÆ.</span></div> + +<p>Nostrils opening through tubes, separated and on either side of the bill.</p> + +<div class="center"> + <img src="images/pg_012b.png" width="385" height="151" alt="FULMAR and LEACH PETREL." title="FULMAR and LEACH PETREL." /> +</div> + +<div class="caption3">Family 8. FULMARS, PETRELS AND SHEARWATERS. <span class="smcap">Procellariidæ.</span></div> + +<p>Nostrils joined and situated on top of the bill.</p> +<br /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg_13]</a></span></p> +<a name="ORDER_IV_CORMORANTS_PELICANS_GANNETS_MAN-O-WAR_BIRDS_AND_TROPIC-BIRDS"></a> +<div class="caption2"><span class="smcap">Order IV. Cormorants, Pelicans, Gannets, Man-o'war Birds, + and Tropic-Birds.</span> STEGANOPODES.</div> + +<div class="caption3">(6 families, 19 species, 5 subspecies.)</div> + +<p>Large birds, two feet or more in length, varying widely in appearance +and habits; in external structure agreeing only in having all four +toes joined by webs.</p> +<br /> + +<div class="center"> + <img src="images/pg_013a.png" width="333" height="182" alt="YELLOW-BILLED TROPIC BIRD." title="YELLOW-BILLED TROPIC BIRD." /> +</div> + +<div class="caption3">Family 9. TROPIC BIRDS. <span class="smcap">Phaëthontidæ.</span></div> + +<p>Bill pointed, somewhat tern-like; central tail feathers much elongated; chin feathered.</p> + +<div class="center"> + <img src="images/pg_013b.png" width="411" height="182" alt="GANNET." title="GANNET." /> +</div> +<br /> +<div class="caption3">Family 10. GANNETS. <span class="smcap">Sulidæ.</span></div> + +<p>Bill stout, its tip not hooked; chin and eye space bare; tail pointed, its feathers not 'fluted.'</p> +<br /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg_14]</a></span></p> + +<div class="center"> + <img src="images/pg_014a.png" width="381" height="137" alt="ANHINGA." title="ANHINGA." /> +</div> + +<div class="caption3">Family 11. ANHINGAS; SNAKE-BIRDS. <span class="smcap">Anhingidæ.</span></div> + +<p>Bill straight and slender; chin and eye space bare; tail rounded; its middle feathers fluted.</p> + +<div class="center"> + <img src="images/pg_014b.png" width="361" height="239" alt="VIOLET-GREEN CORMORANT." title="VIOLET-GREEN CORMORANT." /> + + <img src="images/pg_014c.png" width="382" height="141" alt="MAN-O' WAR BIRD." title="" /> +</div> + +<div class="caption3">Family 12. CORMORANTS. <span class="smcap">Phalacrocoracidæ.</span></div> + +<p>Bill with a hooked tip; a small pouch at its base; plumage usually black or blackish.</p> +<br /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg_15]</a></span></p> + +<div class="center"> + <img src="images/pg_015a.png" width="600" height="344" alt="BROWN PELICAN." title="BROWN PELICAN." /> +</div> + +<div class="caption3">Family 13. PELICANS. <span class="smcap">Pelecanidæ.</span></div> + +<p>Bill hooked at tip, with a large pouch; tail short, square; eye space bare.</p> +<br /> + +<div class="caption3">Family 14. MAN-O' WAR BIRDS. <span class="smcap">Fregatidæ.</span></div> + +<p>Bill hooked; pouch small; tail long and forked; eye space feathered.</p> +<br /> +<a name="Order_V_Ducks_Geese_and_Swans_ANSERES" id="Order_V_Ducks_Geese_and_Swans_ANSERES"></a> +<div class="caption2"><span class="smcap">Order V. Ducks, Geese, and Swans</span>. ANSERES.</div> + +<div class="caption3">(1 family, 49 species, 6 subspecies.)</div> +<br /> + +<p>Birds of familiar form; bill, except in Mergansers or Saw-billed Ducks, +broad and with rows of 'strainers' or 'gutters' on either side; wings +short, in the Ducks usually with a bright colored patch or speculum; +tail generally short; legs short; feet webbed. Most species, unlike +the Grebes, take wing rather than dive when pursued.</p> + +<div class="center"> + <img src="images/pg_015b.png" width="527" height="275" alt="RED-BREASTED MERGANSER." title="RED-BREASTED MERGANSER." /> +</div> +<br /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg_16]</a></span></p> + +<div class="center"> + <img src="images/pg_016.png" width="549" height="357" alt="MALLARD." title="MALLARD." /> +</div> + +<div class="caption3">Family 15. DUCKS, GEESE, AND SWANS. <span class="smcap">Anatidæ.</span></div> + +<p>Bill long, narrow, and rounded with tooth-like projections along its sides. + (Mergansers. Subfamily <i>Merginæ</i>.)</p> + +<p>Bill broad, flattened, typically duck-like; tarsus or leg with transverse scales; + hind toe without a lobe. (River Ducks. Subfamily <i>Anatinæ</i>.)</p> + +<p>Bill and tarsus as in preceding, but hind toe with a broad lobe or flap. + (Sea and Bay Ducks. Subfamily <i>Fuligulinæ</i>.)</p> + +<p>Bill proportionately narrower than in the River or Bay Ducks; gutters on its sides +less developed; scales on front of tarsus rounded. (Geese. Subfamily <i>Anserinæ</i>.)</p> + +<p>Large, usually white birds, with bare eye space. (Swans. Subfamily <i>Cygninæ</i>.)</p> +<br /> + +<a name="Order_VI_Flamingoes_ODONTOGLOSSAE" id="Order_VI_Flamingoes_ODONTOGLOSSAE"></a> +<div class="caption2"><span class="smcap">Order VI. Flamingoes.</span> ODONTOGLOSSÆ.</div> + +<div class="caption3">(1 family, 1 species.)</div> + +<p>Bright red or pink and white birds, standing four feet or more in +height; side of the bill with gutters, its end bent downward; wings +rather short; legs long; feet webbed.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg_17]</a></span></p> + +<div class="center"> + <img src="images/pg_017.png" width="600" height="515" alt="AMERICAN FLAMINGO." title="AMERICAN FLAMINGO." /> +</div> + +<div class="caption3">Family 16. FLAMINGOES. <span class="smcap">Phoenicopteridæ.</span></div> + +<p>Characters of the Family similar to those of the Order.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<a name="Order_VII_Herons_Bitterns_Ibises_and_Spoonbills_HERODIONES" id="Order_VII_Herons_Bitterns_Ibises_and_Spoonbills_HERODIONES"></a> +<div class="caption2"><span class="smcap">Order VII. Herons, Bitterns, Ibises, and Spoonbills.</span></div> + +<div class="caption2">HERODIONES.</div> + +<div class="caption3">(4 families, 19 species, 3 subspecies.)</div> + +<p>Long-legged wading birds, generally found along shores or on +muddy flats; bill variable; in the Herons straight and sharply pointed; +in the Ibises, slender, rounded, and curved downward; in the Spoonbill, +flattened: wings rounded; tail short; legs long; toes all on same +level, long, slender, without webs. Herons and Bitterns fly with a +fold in the neck, the head being drawn in; Ibises and Spoonbills fly +with the neck straight, the head being extended.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg_18]</a></span></p> + +<div class="center"> +<img src="images/pg_018a.png" width="597" height="343" title="ROSEATE SPOONBILL." alt="ROSEATE SPOONBILL." /> +</div> + +<div class="caption3">Family 17. SPOONBILLS. <span class="smcap">Plataleidæ.</span></div> + +<p>Bill flattened and much broadened at the end; crown and face bare in adults; toes +partly webbed.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<img src="images/pg_018b.png" width="600" height="207" title="WHITE-FACED GLOSSY IBIS." alt="WHITE-FACED GLOSSY IBIS." /> +</div> + +<div class="caption3">Family 18. IBISES. <span class="smcap">Ibididæ.</span></div> + +<p>Bill long and curved down; its side with grooves; toes partly webbed.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<img src="images/pg_018c.png" width="533" height="211" title="WOOD IBIS." alt="WOOD IBIS." /> +</div> + +<div class="caption3">Family 19. STORKS AND WOOD IBISES. CICONIIDÆ.</div> + +<p>Bill stout, without grooves; tarsus reticulate.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg_19]</a></span></p> + +<div class="center"> +<img src="images/pg_019a.png" width="600" height="321" title="GREEN HERON." alt="GREEN HERON." /> +</div> + +<div class="caption3">Family 20. HERONS, EGRETS, AND BITTERNS. <span class="smcap">Ardeidæ.</span></div> + +<p>Bill usually straight and sharply pointed; lores naked; head feathered; tarsus with +transverse scales; middle toe-nail pectinate or with a comblike edge.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<a name="Order_VIII_Cranes_Rails_Coots_Gallinules_Etc_PALUDICOLAE" id="Order_VIII_Cranes_Rails_Coots_Gallinules_Etc_PALUDICOLAE"></a> +<div class="caption2"><span class="smcap">Order VIII. Cranes, Rails, Coots, Gallinules, Etc.</span> PALUDICOLÆ.</div> + +<div class="caption3">(3 families, 16 species, 3 subspecies.)</div> + +<p>Birds varying greatly in size and appearance, but all agreeing (and +differing from <i>Herodiones</i>) in having the hind-toe elevated, that is, leaving +the foot at a higher level than the front toes; tail short; legs +usually long. All fly with the neck extended, a fact by which Cranes +in flight may be known from Herons. Rails are short-winged skulkers +in grassy marshes; Gallinules frequent reedy shores; Coots, which alone +of the Order have webbed (lobate) toes, are as aquatic as Ducks, from +which they may be known by their pointed, white bill, nodding motion +of the head when swimming, and habit of pattering over the water +when alarmed.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<img src="images/pg_019b.png" width="600" height="206" title="SANDHILL CRANE." alt="SANDHILL CRANE." /> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg_20]</a></span></p> + +<div class="caption3">Family 21. CRANES. <span class="smcap">Gruidæ.</span></div> + +<p>Large birds over three feet in length; head partly bare in adults.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<img src="images/pg_020a.png" width="443" height="148" title="LIMPKIN." alt="LIMPKIN." /> +</div> +<div class="caption3">Family 22. COURLANS. <span class="smcap">Aramidæ.</span></div> + +<p>Bill long and slender; head wholly feathered; toes not webbed.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<img src="images/pg_020b.png" width="249" height="152" title="SORA." alt="SORA." /> +<br /> +<img src="images/pg_020c.png" width="526" height="349" title="CLAPPER RAIL." alt="CLAPPER RAIL." /> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg_21]</a></span></p> + +<div class="center"> +<img src="images/pg_021a.png" width="503" height="387" title="AMERICAN COOT." alt="AMERICAN COOT." /> +</div> + +<div class="caption3">Family 23. RAILS, COOTS, AND GALLINULES. <span class="smcap">Rallidæ.</span></div> + +<p>Bill variable; toes always long, webbed (lobed) in only one species; wings short and +rounded; tail short.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<a name="Order_IX_Snipes_Sandpipers_Curlews_Plovers_Etc_LIMICOLAE" id="Order_IX_Snipes_Sandpipers_Curlews_Plovers_Etc_LIMICOLAE"></a> +<div class="caption2"><span class="smcap">Order IX. Snipes, Sandpipers, Curlews, Plovers, Etc.</span> LIMICOLÆ.</div> + +<div class="caption3">(7 families, 55 species, 4 subspecies.)</div> + +<p>Generally long-legged, slender-billed birds of shores and mud flats, +and sometimes fields. Most of them are under a foot in length; none +are so large as the Ibises; wings long and pointed; tail short; toes long +and slender, usually without webs; color generally brown or blackish +above, mottled and streaked with whitish and buff. Many species +utter characteristic piping whistles as they fly or when they take wing.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<img src="images/pg_021b.png" width="269" height="207" title="NORTHERN PHALAROPE." alt="NORTHERN PHALAROPE." /> +</div> +<div class="caption3">Family 24. PHALAROPES. <span class="smcap">Phalaropodidæ.</span></div> + +<p>Front toes with lobes or webs; tarsus flattened; plumage thick; swimming Snipe.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg_22]</a></span></p> + +<div class="center"> +<img src="images/pg_022a.png" width="600" height="472" title="AMERICAN AVOCET." alt="AMERICAN AVOCET." /> +<br /> +<img src="images/pg_022b.png" width="600" height="365" title="BLACK-NECKED STILT." alt="BLACK-NECKED STILT." /> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg_23]</a></span></p> + +<div class="caption3">Family 25. AVOCETS AND STILTS. <span class="smcap">Recurvirostridæ.</span></div> + +<p>Long legged, wading Snipe; in Avocets toes four, front three webbed; bill recurved; +in Stilts toes three, almost unwebbed; bill straight.</p> +<div class="center"> +<img src="images/pg_023a.png" width="198" height="220" title="SEMIPALMATED SANDPIPER." alt="SEMIPALMATED SANDPIPER." /> +<br /> +<img src="images/pg_023b.png" width="600" height="364" title="WOODCOCK." alt="WOODCOCK." /> +<br /> +<img src="images/pg_023c.png" width="588" height="215" title="HUDSONIAN CURLEW." alt="HUDSONIAN CURLEW." /> +</div> + +<div class="caption3">Family 26. SNIPES, SANDPIPERS, CURLEWS, ETC. <span class="smcap">Scolopacidæ.</span></div> + +<p>Toes usually four; tarsus with transverse scales; bill generally long, slender, and soft, +used as a probe.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg_24]</a></span></p> + +<div class="center"> +<img src="images/pg_024a.png" width="318" height="284" title="KILLDEER." alt="KILLDEER." /> +<br /> +<img src="images/pg_024b.png" width="432" height="273" title="BLACK-BELLIED PLOVER." alt="BLACK-BELLIED PLOVER." /> +</div> +<div class="caption3">Family 27. PLOVERS. <span class="smcap">Charadriidæ.</span></div> + +<p>Toes usually three, or when four, the fourth rudimentary; tarsus with rounded scales, +bill, as compared with that of Snipe, short and stout.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<img src="images/pg_024c.png" width="244" height="186" title="TURNSTONE." alt="TURNSTONE." /> +</div> + +<div class="caption3">Family 28. SURF BIRDS AND TURNSTONES. <span class="smcap">Aphrizidæ.</span></div> + +<p>Toes four, tarsus with transverse scales; bill short, rather hard.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg_25]</a></span></p> + +<div class="center"> +<img src="images/pg_025a.png" width="519" height="244" title="AMERICAN OYSTER-CATCHER." alt="AMERICAN OYSTER-CATCHER." /> +</div> + +<div class="caption3">Family 29. OYSTER-CATCHERS. <span class="smcap">Hæmatopodidæ.</span></div> + +<p>Toes three, webbed at base; tarsus stout, with rounded scales; bill heavy, compressed, +and said to be used for opening shells.</p> +<div class="center"> +<img src="images/pg_025b.png" width="542" height="256" title="MEXICAN JACANA." alt="MEXICAN JACANA." /> +</div> + +<div class="caption3">Family 30. JACANAS. <span class="smcap">Jacanidæ.</span></div> + +<p>Toes four, with their nails greatly elongated to support the bird while walking on +aquatic vegetation; wing, with a sharp spur; bill with fleshy lobes at base and, in some species, on its sides.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<a name="Order_X_Grouse_Partridges_Bob-Whites_Etc_GALLINAE" id="Order_X_Grouse_Partridges_Bob-Whites_Etc_GALLINAE"></a> +<div class="caption2">LAND BIRDS.</div> + +<div class="caption2"><span class="smcap">Order X. Grouse, Partridges, Bob-Whites, Etc.</span> GALLINÆ.</div> + +<div class="caption3">(3 families, 24 species, 25 subspecies.)</div> + +<p>Ground-inhabiting birds of chicken-like form; bill stout, hen-like; wings +short and rounded; tail variable; feet strong; hind-toe elevated. Color +usually mixed brown, black, and buff, or bluish gray.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg_26]</a></span></p> + +<div class="center"> +<img src="images/pg_026a.png" width="284" height="407" title="BOB-WHITE." alt="BOB-WHITE." /> +<br /> +<img src="images/pg_026b.png" width="365" height="431" title="RUFFED GROUSE." alt="RUFFED GROUSE." /> +</div> + +<div class="caption3">Family 31. GROUSE, PARTRIDGES, ETC. <span class="smcap">Tetraonidæ.</span></div> + +<p>Characters the same as those of the Order; tarsus naked in Partridges and +Quails; more or less feathered in Grouse and Ptarmigan.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg_27]</a></span></p> + +<div class="center"> +<img src="images/pg_027a.png" width="516" height="281" title="TURKEY." alt="TURKEY." /> +</div> + +<div class="caption3">Family 32. TURKEYS, PHEASANTS, AND CHICKENS. <span class="smcap">Phasianidæ.</span></div> + +<p>Tarsus naked, often spurred, tail remarkably variable (for example, Turkey, Peacock); +head often with a comb, wattles, or other excrescences.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<img src="images/pg_027b.png" width="407" height="187" title="CHACHALACA." alt="CHACHALACA." /> +</div> + +<div class="caption3">Family 33. CURASSOWS AND GUANS. <span class="smcap">Cracidæ.</span></div> + +<p>Large tree-haunting, pheasant-like birds; toes four, all on same level.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<a name="Order_XI_Pigeons_and_Doves_COLUMBAE" id="Order_XI_Pigeons_and_Doves_COLUMBAE"></a> +<div class="caption2"><span class="smcap">Order XI. Pigeons and Doves.</span> COLUMBÆ.</div> + +<div class="caption3">(1 family, 13 species, 3 subspecies.)</div> + +<p>Walking birds, feeding both on the ground and in trees; bill slender, +grooved, nostrils opening in a fleshy membrane; tail variable, short and +square, or long and pointed; feet stout, often reddish. Color usually +grayish brown. Call-notes a characteristic cooing.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<img src="images/pg_027c.png" width="247" height="210" title="MOURNING DOVE." alt="MOURNING DOVE." /> +</div> + +<div class="caption3">Family 34. PIGEONS AND DOVES. <span class="smcap">Columbidæ.</span></div> + +<p>Characters those of the Order.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<a name="Order_XII_Vultures_Hawks_and_Owls_RAPTORES"></a> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg_28]</a></span></p> +<div class="caption2"><span class="smcap">Order XII. Vultures, Hawks, and Owls.</span> RAPTORES.</div> + +<div class="caption3">(4 families, 56 species, 33 subspecies.)</div> + +<p>Generally large birds with hooked bill; strong, heavy feet, and long, +curved nails; wings large; tail rather long, usually square.</p> +<div class="center"> +<img src="images/pg_028a.png" width="600" height="375" title="TURKEY VULTURE." alt="TURKEY VULTURE." /> +</div> + +<div class="caption3">Family 35. AMERICAN VULTURES. <span class="smcap">Cathartidæ.</span></div> + +<p>Bill not strongly hooked; toe-nails comparatively weak; nostrils large, piercing +the bill; head and more or less of neck, bare.</p> + +<img src="images/pg_028b.png" width="600" height="284" title="" alt="RED-TAILED HAWK." /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg_29]</a></span></p> + +<div class="center"> +<img src="images/pg_029a.png" width="600" height="415" title="FOOT OF RED-TAILED HAWK." alt="FOOT OF RED-TAILED HAWK." /> +</div> + +<div class="caption3">Family 36. FALCONS, HAWKS, EAGLES, ETC. <span class="smcap">Falconidæ.</span></div> + +<p>Nostrils opening in a cere at the base of the bill; hook of +bill and claws well developed; plumage firm and close; +tarsus usually largely bare.</p> +<div class="center"> +<img src="images/pg_029b.png" width="489" height="461" title="BARN OWL." alt="BARN OWL." /> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg_30]</a></span></p> + +<div class="caption3">Family 37. BARN OWLS. <span class="smcap">Strigidæ.</span></div> + +<p>Eyes black, set in a somewhat triangular facial disc; bill more or less concealed by +feathers; nostril opening at the edge of a fleshy cere; inner edge of middle toe-nail +serrate; no 'ears'; tarsus feathered.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<img src="images/pg_030a.png" width="359" height="377" title="SCREECH OWL." alt="SCREECH OWL." /> +</div> + +<div class="caption3">Family 38. HORNED OWLS, ETC. <span class="smcap">Bubonidæ.</span></div> + +<p>Eyes yellow or black, set in a circular facial disc; bill more or less concealed by +feathers; nostrils opening at the edge of a fleshy cere; tarsus feathered.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<a name="Order_XIII_Paroquets_and_Parrots_PSITTACI" id="Order_XIII_Paroquets_and_Parrots_PSITTACI"></a> +<div class="caption2"><span class="smcap">Order XIII. Paroquets and Parrots.</span> PSITTACI.</div> + +<div class="caption3">(1 family, 2 species.)</div> + +<p>Usually bright green birds with, a heavy hooked bill, broad scoop-shaped +lower mandible; long, pointed wings; tail, in Parrots, generally +square; in Paroquets, pointed; feet heavy, two toes in front and two +behind.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<img src="images/pg_030b.png" width="318" height="177" title="CAROLINA PAROQUET." alt="CAROLINA PAROQUET." /> +</div> + +<div class="caption3">Family 39. PARROTS AND PAROQUETS. <span class="smcap">Psittacidæ.</span></div> + +<p>Characters the same as those of Order.</p> + +<a name="Order_XIV_Cuckoos_Trogons_Kingfishers_Etc_COCCYGES"></a> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg_31]</a></span></p> +<div class="caption2"><span class="smcap">Order XIV. Cuckoos, Trogons, Kingfishers, Etc.</span> COCCYGES.</div> + +<div class="caption3">(3 families, 8 species, 2 subspecies.)</div> + +<p>A composite Order of several groups of birds bearing no close relation +to each other. Cuckoos have slightly curved bills, long tails, and +two toes in front and two behind. Trogons have short, rather broad, +stout bills, and soft, loose plumage, often green above, red below; moderately +long tails; small feet with two toes in front, two behind. Kingfishers +have long, rather stout, pointed bills; wings, long; tail, medium; +three toes in front and one behind; middle and outer toes joined for +half their length.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<img src="images/pg_031a.png" width="507" height="151" title="YELLOW-BILLED CUCKOO." alt="YELLOW-BILLED CUCKOO." /> +</div> + +<div class="caption3">Family 40. CUCKOOS, ANIS. ETC. <span class="smcap">Cuculidæ.</span></div> + +<p>Toes two in front, two behind; bill, usually, more or less decurved; tail, long and +rounded, the outer feathers being, generally, much shorter than the middle pair.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<img src="images/pg_031b.png" width="227" height="194" title="COPPERY-TAILED TROGON." alt="COPPERY-TAILED TROGON." /> +</div> + +<div class="caption3">Family 41. TROGONS. <span class="smcap">Trogonidæ.</span></div> + +<p>Toes two in front, two behind; bill, short; upper mandible decurved and dentate; +tail square; plumage, soft, loose, and generally shining green above.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<img src="images/pg_031c.png" width="353" height="193" title="BELTED KINGFISHER." alt="BELTED KINGFISHER." /> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg_32]</a></span></p> + +<div class="caption3">Family 42. KINGFISHERS. <span class="smcap">Alcedinidæ.</span></div> + +<p>Legs short; feet small; toes, three in front, one behind; third and fourth toes joined; +bill, stout and long.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<a name="Order_XV_Woodpeckers_PICI" id="Order_XV_Woodpeckers_PICI"></a> +<div class="caption2"><span class="smcap">Order XV. Woodpeckers.</span> PICI.</div> + +<div class="caption3">(1 family, 24 species, 22 subspecies.)</div> + +<p>Climbing birds with stout, pointed bills, bristly nostrils, pointed, +stiffened tail feathers, strong feet and nails; two toes in front and two +behind, except in <i>Picoides</i>, which has two in front and one behind. +Prevailing colors, black and white, the males usually with red on the +crown.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<img src="images/pg_032.png" width="510" height="580" + title="FOOT OF THREE-TOED WOODPECKER and PILEATED WOODPECKER." + alt="FOOT OF THREE-TOED WOODPECKER and PILEATED WOODPECKER." /> +</div> + +<div class="caption3">Family 43. WOODPECKERS. <span class="smcap">Picidæ.</span></div> + +<p>Characters the same as those of the Order.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<a name="Order_XVI_Goatsuckers_Swifts_and_Hummingbirds_MACROCHIRES" id="Order_XVI_Goatsuckers_Swifts_and_Hummingbirds_MACROCHIRES"></a> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg_33]</a></span></p> +<div class="caption2"><span class="smcap">Order XVI. Goatsuckers, Swifts, and Hummingbirds.</span> MACROCHIRES.</div> + +<div class="caption3">(3 families, 27 species, 6 subspecies.)</div> + +<p>Bill, in the Goatsuckers and Swifts, small; mouth large; in the Hummingbirds, +bill long, slender, needle-like; wings and tail variable; feet, +in all three groups, small and weak. Color, in Goatsuckers, mixed +brown, buff and black; in Swifts, black and white; in Hummingbirds, +usually shining green above with resplendent throat-patches of varied +hues.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<img src="images/pg_033a.png" width="263" height="225" alt="WHIP-POOR-WILL." title="WHIP-POOR-WILL." /> +</div> + +<div class="caption3">Family 44. GOATSUCKERS, ETC. <span class="smcap">Caprimulgidæ.</span></div> + +<p>Feet usually small and weak; toes, three in front, one behind; middle toe-nail pectinate +or combed; bill small; mouth very large and usually beset by long bristles.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<img src="images/pg_033b.png" width="336" height="193" alt="CHIMNEY SWIFT." title="CHIMNEY SWIFT." /> +</div> + +<div class="caption3">Family 45. SWIFTS. <span class="smcap">Micropodidæ.</span></div> + +<p>Bill small, triangular when seen from above; mouth large, no bristles; tail variable, +in <i>Chætura</i> with projecting spines; wings long and narrow; feet small and toes short; +plumage usually dark.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<img src="images/pg_033c.png" width="226" height="105" alt="RUBY-THROATED HUMMINGBIRD." title="RUBY-THROATED HUMMINGBIRD." /> +</div> + +<div class="caption3">Family 46. HUMMINGBIRDS. <span class="smcap">Trochilidæ.</span></div> + +<p>Bill long and slender; feet slender; wings large and pointed; tail exceedingly variable, +often assuming the most striking shapes.</p> + +<a name="Order_XVII_Perching_Birds_PASSERES"></a> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg_34]</a></span></p> + +<div class="caption2"><span class="smcap">Order XVII. Flycatchers, Jays, Blackbirds, + Finches, Swallows, Warblers, Thrushes, and Other Perching Birds.</span> PASSERES.</div> + +<p>(18 families, about 325 species and 226 subspecies.)</p> + +<p>Bill, wings, and tail variable; feet with four toes not connected, the +hind-toe as long as the middle one; its nail generally longer than that +of the middle toe. This Order contains more species than the remaining +sixteen Orders put together. In it will be found over 80 per +cent. of the birds commonly seen by field students. It is difficult of +definition, but almost any small perching bird may, with more or less +certainty, be referred to the <i>Passeres</i>.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<img src="images/pg_034a.png" width="309" height="127" alt="FOOT OF ROBIN.—(a typical Passerine foot.)" title="FOOT OF ROBIN.—(a typical Passerine foot.)" /> +<br /> +<img src="images/pg_034b.png" width="398" height="132" alt="PHOEBE." title="PHOEBE." /> +</div> + +<div class="caption3">Family 48. FLYCATCHERS. <span class="smcap">Tyrannidæ.</span></div> + +<p>Bill broad, flat, hooked at tip, its base with bristles; wings rather pointed, the second +to fourth primaries longest; tarsus rounded behind as well as in front; feathers of +crown generally somewhat lengthened, forming when erected, a small crest; pose, when +perching, erect; food of insects usually captured on the wing; voice generally unmusical.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<img src="images/pg_034c.png" width="195" height="221" alt="HORNED LARK." title="HORNED LARK." /> +</div> + +<div class="caption3">Family 49. LARKS. <span class="smcap">Alaudidæ.</span></div> + +<p>Hind toe-nail much lengthened; bill rounded, straight; tarsus rounded behind as well +as in front; our species with a tuft of feathers on either side of the head; outer primary +short or rudimentary; walking birds, singing while on the wing.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg_35]</a></span></p> + +<div class="center"> +<img src="images/pg_035a.png" width="312" height="416" alt="BLUE JAY." title="BLUE JAY." /> +</div> + +<div class="caption3">Family 50. CROWS AND JAYS. <span class="smcap">Corvidæ.</span></div> + +<p>Large perching birds, usually twelve inches or more in length; bill stout; nostrils +covered by projecting bristles; feet heavy; outer tail-feathers usually shortest; +fourth to fifth primary longest, first about half as long.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<img src="images/pg_035b.png" width="358" height="213" alt="PURPLE GRACKLE." title="PURPLE GRACKLE." /> + +<img src="images/pg_035c.png" width="273" height="159" alt="BALTIMORE ORIOLE." title="BALTIMORE ORIOLE." /> +</div> + +<div class="caption3">Family 52. BLACKBIRDS, ORIOLES, ETC. <span class="smcap">Icteridæ.</span></div> + +<p>Base of bill, between nostrils, extending back and dividing feathers on forehead; +nostrils not concealed by bristles; first three primaries of equal length.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<img src="images/pg_035d.png" width="199" height="155" alt="REDPOLL." title="REDPOLL." /> + +<img src="images/pg_035e.png" width="233" height="168" alt="SONG SPARROW." title="SONG SPARROW." /> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg_36]</a></span></p> + +<div class="center"> +<img src="images/pg_036a.png" width="251" height="221" alt="EVENING GROSBEAK." title="EVENING GROSBEAK." /> + +<img src="images/pg_036b.png" width="266" height="359" alt="CARDINAL." title="CARDINAL." /> +</div> + +<div class="caption3">Family 53. FINCHES, SPARROWS, ETC. <span class="smcap">Fringillidæ.</span></div> + +<p>Bill short, stout, conical; third or fourth primaries longest; first about half an inch +shorter; the majority are small birds and but few are over eight inches in length.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<img src="images/pg_036c.png" width="306" height="236" alt="SUMMER TANAGER." title="SUMMER TANAGER." /> +</div> + +<div class="caption3">Family 54. TANAGERS. <span class="smcap">Tanagridæ.</span></div> + +<p>Bill somewhat finch-like but more swollen in outline; the upper mandible, in +typical forms, toothed or dentate.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<img src="images/pg_036d.png" width="485" height="208" alt="TREE SWALLOW." title="TREE SWALLOW." /> +</div> + +<div class="caption3">Family 55. SWALLOWS. <span class="smcap">Hirundinidæ.</span></div> + +<p>Bill short, broad and flat; feet small and weak; wings long and narrow; tail notched +and sometimes forked; birds of the air, feeding while on the wing.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg_37]</a></span></p> + +<div class="center"> +<img src="images/pg_037a.png" width="273" height="302" alt="CEDAR WAXWING." title="CEDAR WAXWING." /> +</div> + +<div class="caption3">Family 56. WAXWINGS. <span class="smcap">Ampelidæ.</span></div> + +<p>Bill short, stout, and rounded, its tip notched; wings rather long; head crested.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<img src="images/pg_037b.png" width="273" height="377" alt="NORTHERN SHRIKE." title="NORTHERN SHRIKE." /> +</div> + +<div class="caption3">Family 57. SHRIKES. <span class="smcap">Laniidæ.</span></div> + +<p>Bill stout, its mandible hooked and hawk-like; feet truly Passerine; + pose, in perching, erect; solitary grayish birds.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<img src="images/pg_037c.png" width="243" height="138" alt="RED-EYED VIREO." title="RED-EYED VIREO." /> +</div> + +<div class="caption3">Family 58. VIREOS. <span class="smcap">Vireonidæ.</span></div> + +<p>Bill small, but distinctly hooked; outer primary usually very small and sometimes +apparently wanting; olive-green gleaners among the leaves.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg_38]</a></span></p> + +<div class="center"> +<img src="images/pg_038a.png" width="234" height="130" alt="NASHVILLE WARBLER." title="NASHVILLE WARBLER." /> + +<img src="images/pg_038b.png" width="214" height="159" alt="YELLOW WARBLER." title="YELLOW WARBLER." /> +<br /> +<img src="images/pg_038c.png" width="214" height="123" alt="AMERICAN REDSTART." title="AMERICAN REDSTART." /> + +<img src="images/pg_038d.png" width="254" height="136" alt="CHAT." title="CHAT." /> +</div> + +<div class="caption3">Family 60. WARBLERS. <span class="smcap">Mniotiltidæ.</span></div> + +<p>Bill, in most of the species, slender, sharply pointed, and without a notch or hook at +the tip; in the genera <i>Wilsonia</i> and <i>Setophaga</i>, flat and flycatcher-like; in <i>Icteria</i> stout; +back of tarsus compressed into a thin ridge; three outer primaries of nearly equal +length.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<img src="images/pg_038e.png" width="267" height="284" alt="AMERICAN PIPIT." title="AMERICAN PIPIT." /> +</div> + +<div class="caption3">Family 61. WAGTAILS. <span class="smcap">Motacillidæ.</span></div> + +<p>Hind toe-nail much lengthened; bill slender, nostril not covered with bristles, as in +true Larks; back of tarsus thin, not rounded; terrestrial, walking with a wagging +motion of the tail.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<img src="images/pg_038f.png" width="298" height="147" alt="AMERICAN DIPPER." title="AMERICAN DIPPER." /> +</div> + +<div class="caption3">Family 62. DIPPERS. <span class="smcap">Cinclidæ.</span></div> + +<p>Thick-set birds with short wings and tail; plumage thick and water-proof; tarsus +scaled; semi-aquatic in habit, haunting mountain streams.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg_39]</a></span></p> + +<div class="center"> +<img src="images/pg_039a.png" width="379" height="195" title="BROWN THRASHER." alt="BROWN THRASHER." /> + +<img src="images/pg_039b.png" width="224" height="144" title="HOUSE WREN." alt="HOUSE WREN." /> +</div> + +<div class="caption3">Family 63. WRENS, THRASHERS, ETC. <span class="smcap">Troglodytidæ.</span></div> + +<p>Tarsus scaled; tail rounded, the outer feathers being shortest; third to fourth primary +longest, the outer half as long; bill in Thrashers often decurved, its base with bristles; +In Wrens, bill without bristles; brown or grayish inhabitants of lower growth.</p> +<div class="center"> +<img src="images/pg_039c.png" width="301" height="295" title="BROWN CREEPER." alt="BROWN CREEPER." /> +</div> + +<div class="caption3">Family 64. CREEPERS. <span class="smcap">Certhiidæ.</span></div> + +<p>Bill slender and much decurved; tail usually pointed and stiffened.</p> +<div class="center"> +<img src="images/pg_039d.png" width="214" height="180" title="CHICKADEE" alt="CHICKADEE." /> + +<img src="images/pg_039e.png" width="301" height="157" title="RED-BREASTED NUTHATCH." alt="RED-BREASTED NUTHATCH." /> +</div> + +<div class="caption3">Family 65. NUTHATCHES AND TITS. <span class="smcap">Paridæ.</span></div> + +<p>Fourth or fifth primary longest; first an inch or less in length. Chickadees (subfamily +<i>Parinæ</i>) have a short, stout bill, the nostrils covered with bristles; the tail is +rather long and rounded. Nuthatches (subfamily <i>Sittinæ</i>) have a long, slender bill, +short, square tail, and large feet.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg_40]</a></span></p> + +<div class="center"> +<img src="images/pg_040a.png" width="244" height="145" title="GOLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET." alt="GOLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET." /> +</div> + +<div class="caption3">Family 66. KINGLETS, GNATCATCHERS, ETC. <span class="smcap">Sylviidæ.</span></div> + +<p>Bill slender and Warbler-like, but first primary only one-third as long as the fourth.</p> +<div class="center"> +<img src="images/pg_040b.png" width="267" height="196" title="WOOD THRUSH." alt="WOOD THRUSH." /> +</div> + +<div class="caption3">Family 67. THRUSHES, BLUEBIRDS, ETC. <span class="smcap">Turdidæ.</span></div> + +<p>Tarsus 'booted', without scales, (<a href="#Page_34">see foot of Robin</a> under Synopsis of Order +<i>Passeres</i>); tail square; mandible notched and slightly hooked; outer primary an inch or +less in length; second to fourth of about equal length.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<a name="COLOR_KEY_TO_NORTH_AMERICAN_BIRDS"></a> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg_41]</a></span></p> +<br /> +<br /> +<div class="caption2">COLOR KEY TO</div> +<br /> + +<div class="caption1">NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS</div> +<br /> +<br /> + +<a name="Order_I_Grebes_Loons_and_Auks_color"></a> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg_42]</a></span></p> + +<div class="caption2"><span class="smcap">Order I.</span> DIVING BIRDS.</div> +<br /> +<div class="caption2">PYGOPODES.</div> +<br /> +<table width="100%" class="caption3nc" summary="Families"> +<tr> + <td>Family 1.</td> + <td>GREBES.</td> + <td class="smcap">Podicipidæ.</td> + <td>6 species.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Family 2.</td> + <td>LOONS.</td> + <td class="smcap">Gaviidæ.</td> + <td>5 species.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Family 3.</td> + <td>AUKS, MURRES, and PUFFINS.</td> + <td class="smcap">Alcidæ.</td> + <td>21 species, 3 subspecies.</td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> + +<p>Grebes are at home in reed-grown ponds or sloughs where their nests +are made on rafts or islets of water-soaked vegetation. Their eggs +number from four to eight, are dull white in color, and are usually +covered by the bird with a portion of the nesting material when it +leaves its home. Grebes occasionally rest on the shore, but are rarely +found far from the water. When on land they may lie flat on their +breasts or sit erect on their tails and entire foot, or tarsus. Their +progress on land, as a rule, is awkward and they may use their wings +as fore feet to assist them. In diving, Grebes sometimes spring partly +from the water and then plunge downward head first, or they may +quietly sink with scarce a ripple to mark the place of their disappearance.</p> + +<p>Loons generally pass the summer on some large lake, and in the +winter many of them live at sea. They nest, as a rule, on the shore, +but so near the water that the parent bird may slide off its two dark +brown, mottled eggs into its favorite element. Like the Grebes, Loons +are expert divers, and birds of both families so often seek safety under +the water rather than in the air that it is frequently difficult to make +them fly. The young of both Grebes and Loons are born covered with +feathers and take to the water shortly after birth, often using the back +of the parent bird as an ever present island on which they may rest +at will.</p> + +<p>The Auks, Murres, and Puffins are sea birds which nest usually in +large colonies on isolated islets or rocky, inaccessible shores of the +northern part of the northern hemisphere. They lay one or two eggs, +sometimes in an exposed position among the rocks with no attempt +at nest-building, sometimes at the end of a burrow excavated by the +birds. In the latter case, the young are reared in the nest; in the former, +they sometimes enter the water at an early age.</p> + +<p>The one egg laid by Murres is remarkable both in color and in shape. +In color it varies from bluish green to buff, and is usually heavily +scrawled with black. In outline it is pyriform or pear-shaped. When +moved it does not roll away as would a hen's egg but revolves about +its own tip. In this manner it retains its place on the narrow +ledges often chosen by Murres for nesting-sites.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg_43]</a></span></p> +<div class="caption3rt">Grebes and Loons</div> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>2. Holbœll Grebe</b> (<i>Colymbus holbœlli</i>). L. 19. +<i>Ads.</i> Crown and hindneck glossy black; back +blackish; throat, cheeks, and underparts white; +foreneck and sides rufous. <i>Winter.</i> Above blackish +brown; throat and underparts white; foreneck pale +rufous. <i>Yng.</i> Similar but no rufous. <i>Notes.</i> "An +explosive <i>kup</i>" and "An exceedingly loud harsh voice +not unlike that of an angry Crow, but of much greater +volume. The calls were also given more slowly and +indeed with singular deliberation, <i>car</i>, <i>car</i>, three or +four times, sometimes lengthened to <i>caar</i>, and again, +broken and quavering like <i>ca-a-a-r</i> or <i>ca-a-a-a-r</i>." +(Brewster.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North America, eastern Siberia, and Japan; breeds locally +in the interior from about Lat. 50° northward; winters from Maine and +British Columbia southward to South Carolina, Nebraska and +Southern California, chiefly on the coasts.</p> + +<p><b>3. Horned Grebe</b> (<i>Colymbus auritus</i>). L. 13.5. +<i>Ads., summer.</i> Crown, hindneck, and throat glossy +black; plumes behind eye deep buff; back and wings +blackish; foreneck, breast, sides, and lores chestnut; +abdomen white. <i>Winter.</i> Above grayish black; below +white.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Northern Hemisphere; breeds largely in the interior from +eastern Quebec, northern Illinois, St. Clair Flats, North Dakota, and +British Columbia northward; winters from Maine and British Columbia +south to Gulf States and southern California.</p> + +<p><b>4. American Eared Grebe</b> (<i>Colymbus nigricollis +californicus</i>). L. 13. <i>Ads.</i> Above, neck all +around, and <i>upper breast</i> brownish black; cheek tufts +yellowish brown; flanks chestnut; belly white. +<i>Winter.</i> Grayish brown above; white below.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Western North America east to Kansas; breeds locally +from Texas and middle California north to Manitoba and British Columbia; +winters from British Columbia, on the Pacific coast, and Texas +southward.</p> + +<p><b>5. Least Grebe</b> (<i>Colymbus dominicus brachypterus</i>). +L. 10. <i>Ads.</i> Throat black; <i>cheeks slaty</i>, above blackish; +below grayish. <i>Winter.</i> Similar but no black or slate +on throat or cheeks. Smallest of our Grebes.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas and southern Lower +California south to northern South America.</p> + +<p><b>6. Pied-billed Grebe</b> (<i>Podilymbus podiceps</i>). L. 13.5. +<i>Ads., summer.</i> Above brownish black; throat and band +on bill black; foreneck, breast, and sides brownish; +belly white. <i>Winter.</i> The same, but throat white, +breast more rusty, bill without black band. <i>Notes.</i> A +loud, sonorous, "<i>cow-cow-cow-cow-cow-cow-cow-cow-cow-uh</i>, +<i>cow-uh</i>, <i>cow-uh</i>, <i>cow-uh</i>."</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Argentine Republic; north through Mexico and West Indies +to Lat. of Hudson Bay; breeds locally throughout its range, but chiefly +northward; winters from New Jersey, Illinois, and southern California +southward.</p> +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_043.png" width="200" height="689" title="bird images" alt="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg_44]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>1. Western Grebe; Swan Grebe</b> (<i>Æchmophorus occidentalis</i>). +L. 26. <i>Ads., summer.</i> Crown and hindneck +black; back grayish brown; sides of head and under +parts white. <i>Winter.</i> Crown and hindneck like +back. <i>Notes.</i> A loud, rattling, grating whistle.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Western North America; In summer eastward to Shoal +Lake, Manitoba; northward to southern Alaska; breeds locally from +northern California and North Dakota northward; winters from British +Columbia to central Mexico.</p> + +<p><a name="No7" id="No7"></a> +<b>7. Loon</b> (<i>Gavia imber</i>). L. 32. <i>Ads., summer.</i> +Above, including whole neck, glossy black; throat and +neck with white streaks; back and wings with white +spots or bars; belly white. <i>Winter.</i> Above blackish +<i>margined with grayish</i>; no white spots; below white. +<i>Notes.</i> A loud, maniacal laugh.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Northern hemisphere; in North America, breeds from +Maine, northern Illinois, Minnesota, and northern California north to +Greenland and Alaska; winters from about southern limit of breeding +range south to Gulf of Mexico, chiefly on coasts.</p> + +<p><b>8. Yellow-billed Loon</b> (<i>Gavia adamsii</i>). L. 36. +Similar to <a href="#No7">No. 7</a>, but larger and bill yellowish or whitish. +<i>Notes.</i> Similar to those of No. 7, but harsher. (Murdoch.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Arctic America west of Hudson Bay, and northern Asia; +casual in northern Europe." (A. O. U.)</p> + +<p><a name="No9" id="No9"></a> +<b>9. Black-throated Loon</b> (<i>Gavia arctica</i>). L. 27; +W. 12. <i>Ads., summer.</i> Foreneck and back bluish +black; throat, neck, and back streaked or barred with +white; crown and nape <i>gray</i>; belly white. <i>Winter.</i> +Similar to <a href="#No7">No. 7</a>, but smaller. <i>Notes.</i> A dismal "<i>too-too-e-e.</i>" +(Turner.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range—Northern part of northern hemisphere; in America breeds +from Hudson Bay north to Arctic coast; winters south to British Columbia, +the Great Lakes and, casually, to Long Island.</p> + +<p><b>10. Pacific Loon</b> (<i>Gavia pacifica</i>). Similar to +<a href="#No9">No. 9</a>, but foreneck in +summer reflecting deep blue or green; +hindneck paler; smaller, W. 11. <i>Notes.</i> A harsh "<i>kok, +kok, kok.</i>" (Murdoch.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Western North America; breeds at Point Barrow, Alaska, +and eastward; winters south along Pacific Coast to Mexico.</p> + +<p><b>11. Red-throated Loon</b> (<i>Gavia lumme</i>). L. 25. <i>Ads., +summer.</i> Foreneck chestnut, head and neck ashy. +<i>Winter.</i> Similar to <a href="#No7">No. 7</a>, in winter, but back spotted +with white. <i>Notes.</i> A harsh "<i>gr-r ga, gr-r, gr-r-ga, +gr-r.</i>" (Nelson.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Northern part of northern hemisphere; in North America +breeds from New Brunswick to Greenland and Hudson Bay, and +northwest to Alaska; winters south to South Carolina and southern +California.</p> +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_044.png" width="220" height="700" title="bird images" alt="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg_45]</a></span></p> +<div class="caption3rt">Auks, Murres and Puffins</div> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>12. Tufted Puffin</b> (<i>Lunda cirrhata</i>). L. 15. <i>Ads., +summer.</i> Cheeks white; a pair of long straw color +plumes from behind eyes; rest of plumage sooty. +<i>Winter.</i> Cheeks sooty, plumes usually absent. <i>Yng.</i> +Similar to winter adult, but breast and belly whitish.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Northern Pacific; resident locally from Santa Barbara +Islands north to Alaska. Accidental in Maine.</p> + +<p><a name="No13" id="No13"></a> +<b>13. Puffin</b> (<i>Fratercula arctica</i>). L. 13; W. 6; B. 1.8. +<i>Ads.</i> Above, and foreneck blackish; cheeks and under +parts white; bill in summer touched with bright red. +<i>Notes.</i> A hoarse croak.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North Atlantic; breeds from Bay of Fundy north to Greenland; +winters south to Long Island.</p> + +<p><b>13a. Large-billed Puffin</b> (<i>F. a. glacialis</i>). W. 7; +B. 2.1. Similar to <a href="#No13">No. 13</a>, but larger.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Arctic Ocean from Spitzenbergen to northern Greenland.</p> + +<p><b>14. Horned Puffin</b> (<i>Fratercula corniculata</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No13">No. 13</a>, but in summer with the throat blackish. +<i>Notes.</i> "A hoarse snuffling, rattling note" (Nelson.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Northern Pacific from Kuril Islands to British Columbia." +(A. O. U.)</p> + +<p><b>15. Rhinoceros Auklet</b> (<i>Cerorhinca monocerata</i>). L. +15.5. <i>Ads., summer.</i> A horn on base of bill; <i>two</i> pairs +of white tufts; above blackish; throat and breast grayish; +belly white. <i>Winter.</i> Similar, but no horn. <i>Yng.</i> +Similar to winter ad. but no tufts.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"North Pacific: breeding south (formerly) to the Farallones; +in winter south to Lower California and Japan." (A. O. U.)</p> +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_045.png" width="215" height="700" title="bird images" alt="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg_46]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>16. Cassin Auklet.</b> (<i>Ptycoramphus aleuticus</i>). L. +9. <i>Ads.</i> A white spot above eye; above blackish; +throat and breast grayish; belly white. Notes. A +shrill, squealing "<i>Come bear-r-r, come bear-r-r.</i>"</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Pacific Coast of North America from Aleutian Islands to +Lower California; breeding south to San Geronimo Island (Lat. 30°)." +(A. O. U.)</p> + +<p><b>23. Marbled Murrelet</b> (<i>Brachyramphus marmoratus</i>). +L. 9.7. <i>Ads., summer.</i> No crest; above dark brown, +finely mixed with rusty; below white, all feathers edged +with brown. <i>Winter.</i> Wholly different; above gray; +head dark; below white; a nearly complete white +nuchal collar. <i>Yng.</i> Similar to winter ad. but blacker +above; sprinkled with blackish below.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North Pacific; breeds from Vancouver north to Aleutian +Islands; winters south to southern California.</p> + +<p><b>24. Kittlitz Murrelet</b> (<i>Brachyramphus brevirostris</i>). +L. 9.5; B., from feathers on top, .4. <i>Ads., summer.</i> +Above gray, mottled with buff; breast and sides mottled +with buff and black; belly white. <i>Winter.</i> Sides of head, +to <i>above</i> eye, and lower parts white; above gray; outer +tail-feathers white.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Northern Japan, Kamchatka and Aleutian Islands, east to +Unalaska. (A. O. U.)</p> + +<p><b>25. Xantus Murrelet</b> (<i>Brachyramphus hypoleucus</i>). +L. 10. Bill slender. <i>Ads.</i> Above slaty black; under +surface of wing <i>white</i>; inner webs of outer primaries +<i>white</i>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Pacific Coast from Monterey south to Cape St. Lucas; +breeding as far north as Santa Barbara Island.</p> + +<p><b>26. Craveri Murrelet</b> (<i>Brachyramphus craveri</i>). +L. 10. Bill slender. <i>Ads.</i> Above slaty or brownish +black; sides slaty; under surface of wings <i>dusky</i>, sometimes +mixed with white.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range,—Coasts of Lower California, from Cape St. Lucas north +to Espiritu Santo Island in the Gulf of California, and to Natividad +Island (lat. 28°) on the Pacific side. (A. O. U.)</p> + +<p><b>34. Dovekie</b> (<i>Alle alle</i>). L. 8. <i>Ads., summer.</i> +Above blackish; inner wing feathers tipped with white; +throat and breast blackish brown. <i>Winter.</i> Similar, +but throat and breast white or mixed grayish.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range—North Atlantic and East Arctic; in America breeds from Lat. +68° northward; winters south to Long Island, rarely to Virginia. Accidental +in Michigan.</p> +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_046.png" width="198" height="698" title="bird images" alt="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg_47]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>17. Paroquet Auklet</b> (<i>Cyclorrhynchus psittaculus</i>). +L. 10. <i>Ads., summer.</i> <i>No</i> crest; a white plume from +behind eye; above blackish; throat grayer, rest of under +parts white. <i>Winter.</i> Throat white. <i>Notes.</i> "A +low, sonorous, vibrating whistle." (Nelson.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"North Pacific, from Sitka and the Kuril Islands northward." +(A. O. U.) Five records for coast off San Francisco in winter.</p> + +<p><b>18. Crested Auklet</b> (<i>Simorhynchus cristatellus</i>). L. +10. <i>Ads., summer.</i> Bill red; a crest of slender recurved +feathers; a pair of white tufts from behind eye; +above sooty black; below grayer. <i>Yng.</i> Similar but +bill brown; no crest or tufts. <i>Notes.</i> "A chirping +note," (Nelson.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North Pacific from Kadiak and Japan northward." (A. O. +U.)</p> + +<p><b>19. Whiskered Auklet</b> (<i>Simorhynchus pygmæus</i>). L. +7.5. <i>Ads., summer.</i> White feathers at base of sides of +bill and, much lengthened, from above and below eye; +a crest of slender recurved feathers; above, and throat +dark slate fading into white belly. <i>Yng.</i> Similar but +no crest; little or no white on head. <i>Notes.</i> "A low +chattering note." (Nelson.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range—"North Pacific, from Unalaska through the Aleutian chain +to Kamchatka." (A. O. U.)</p> + +<p><b>20. Least Auklet</b> (<i>Simorhynchus pusillus</i>). L. 6.5. +<i>Ads., summer.</i> No crest; sides of head with white +feathers; above blackish; chin sooty; throat white; under +parts white, marked irregularly with sooty. <i>Winter.</i> +Little or no sooty on breast. <i>Yng.</i> Similar to winter +ad., but no white plumes.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"North Pacific, from Sitka and Japan north to Bering +Strait." (A. O. U.)</p> + +<p><b>21. Ancient Murrelet</b> (<i>Synthliboramphus antiquus</i>). +L. 10.5. <i>Ads., summer.</i> No crest; head and <i>throat</i> black; +broad white stripes behind eye; back gray; breast and +belly white. <i>Winter.</i> Similar but throat white; no +white head stripes. <i>Notes.</i> "A low plaintive whistle." (Nelson.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North Pacific, from southern Vancouver Island and Japan +northward; south in winter to Monterey, California; accidental in Wisconsin.</p> +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_047.png" width="217" height="699" title="bird images" alt="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg_48]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>27. Black Guillemot</b> (<i>Cepphus grylle</i>). L. 13. <i>Ads., +summer.</i> Black; greater wing-coverts white, black at +base; under surface of wings <i>white</i>. <i>Winter.</i> Above +gray or black tipped with white; below white.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Coasts of northern Europe and North Atlantic; in America +breeds from Knox Co., Maine north to southern Greenland; winters +south to Quebec and Massachusetts; rarely to Toronto, Connecticut, +and Long Island.</p> + +<p><b>28. Mandt Guillemot</b> (<i>Cepphus mandtii</i>). Similar +to No. 27, but bases of greater wing-coverts <i>white</i>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Arctic regions; breeds from Labrador and Hudson Bay +north to northern Greenland and northern Alaska; in winter migrates +but little southward; no satisfactory United States record.</p> + +<p><b>29. Pigeon Guillemot</b> (<i>Cepphus columba</i>). Similar +to No. 27, but inner surface of wings <i>sooty gray</i>. <i>Notes.</i> +A squealing, vibrant whistle.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North Pacific; breeds from Santa Catalina Island north to +Bering Strait, west through Aleutian Islands to Kamchatka and +northern Japan; winters in same region.</p> + +<p><a name="No30" id="No30"></a> +<b>30. Murre</b> (<i>Uria troile</i>). L. 16; B. 1.7. <i>Ads., summer.</i> +Above and neck sooty brown; under parts and +tips of secondaries white; sides with blackish streaks. +<i>Winter.</i> Similar, but throat white washed with sooty. +<i>Notes.</i> A hoarse <i>murre</i> and squawking <i>a-r-r-r-r-r-rh</i>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North Atlantic; breeds in North America from Bird Rock, +Magdalen Islands, north to southern Greenland; winters south to +Maine and, rarely, Ontario.</p> + +<p><b>30a. California Murre</b> (<i>U. t. californica</i>). Similar +to No. 30 but larger, W. 8.2; B. 1.9.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North Pacific; breeds from Pribilof Islands south to Farallones; +winters south to southern California.</p> + +<p><a name="No31" id="No31"></a> +<b>31. Brunnich Murre</b> (<i>Uria lomvia</i>). Similar to +<a href="#No30">No. 30</a>, but bill shorter, 1.2. In summer, +head and throat browner, lower mandible swollen at +sides and grayish at base.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North Atlantic and eastern Arctic; breeds in North America +from Bird Rock, Magdalen Islands, north to Greenland; winters +south to New Jersey and along St. Lawrence to Lakes Champlain and +Ontario, rarely to Lake Michigan.</p> + +<p><b>31a. Pallas Murre</b> (<i>U. l. arra</i>). Similar to +<a href="#No31">No. 31</a>, but larger; +W. 8.6; B. 1.5. <i>Notes.</i> "A peculiar +growling or hoarse chattering note." (Nelson.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North Pacific; south to Kadiak and Kamchatka.</p> + +<p><b>32. Razor-billed Auk</b> (<i>Alca torda</i>). L. 16.5. +<i>Ads., summer.</i> Above sooty black, foreneck browner; +tips of secondaries, line from bill to eye, and under +parts, white. <i>Winter.</i> Similar, but foreneck white. +<i>Yng.</i> Similar to winter ad. but without eye line. <i>Notes.</i> +A hoarse grunt or groan.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North Atlantic; breeds from Bird Rock, Magdalen Islands, +north to Greenland; winters south to Long Island and, rarely, to Ontario +and North Carolina.</p> + +<p><b>33. Great Auk</b> (<i>Plautus impennis</i>). L. 29; W. 5.7. +<i>Ads.</i> Above blackish; a large white spot before the +eye; secondaries tipped with white; sides of neck and +the throat seal brown; belly, white. Resembling No. +32 in general appearance but body much larger; wing, +however, <i>shorter</i>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Formerly, the coasts and islands of North Atlantic, south on +American side to Florida (in winter?); now extinct.</p> +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_048.png" width="192" height="699" title="bird images" alt="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<a name="Order_II_LONG-WINGED_SWIMMERS_LONGIPENNES"></a> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg_49]</a></span></p> + +<div class="caption2"><span class="smcap">Order II.</span> LONG-WINGED SWIMMERS.</div> +<br /> +<div class="caption2">LONGIPENNES.</div> +<br /> +<table width="100%" class="caption3nc" summary="Families"> +<tr> + <td>Family 1.</td> + <td>SKUAS and JAEGERS.</td> + <td class="smcap">Stercorariidæ.</td> + <td>4 species.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Family 2.</td> + <td>GULLS and TERNS.</td> + <td class="smcap">Laridæ.</td> + <td>37 species, 1 subspecies.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Family 3.</td> + <td>SKIMMERS.</td> + <td class="smcap">Rynchopidæ.</td> + <td>1 species.</td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> + +<p>Skuas and Jaegers are pirates among the birds of the high seas. +Bold and dashing, they pursue the swift flying Terns or much larger +Gulls with equal success, forcing them to drop the fish they have captured +and catching it ere it reaches the water.</p> + +<p>Gulls (Subfamily <i>Larinæ</i>) are usually considered so characteristic of +the sea that 'Sea Gull' is the name popularly applied to all members of +the subfamily to which they belong. Several species, however, are +equally at home, both in the winter and when nesting, on the larger +bodies of water in the interior, and one species is rarely or never found +on our sea coasts.</p> + +<p>Gulls nest on the ground, on drifts of marsh-grass, on cliffs, and +one species, at least, among American Gulls (the Herring Gull) has as +a result of persecution, acquired the habit of nesting in trees.</p> + +<p>Gulls feed from the surface of the water, picking up their food with +their strongly curved bills in passing or while hovering, not by plunging +into the water, as do the Terns. They are, in fact, the scavengers +of the water, and perform a service of great value to mankind by devouring +the bodies of various forms of aquatic animals which, in dying, +come to the surface and, if cast ashore, might, in decaying, prove a +source of disease.</p> + +<p>For this reason it was especially unfortunate that the plumage of +these birds became fashionable for millinery purposes, with the result +that thousands of them were destroyed for their wings and breasts. In +this country, however, through the efforts of the American Ornithologists' +Union and the Audubon Societies, laws have been passed prohibiting +the killing of these beautiful and useful birds, and wardens +have been placed on their nesting grounds to protect them.</p> + +<p>Gulls often rest in great flocks on the water, sitting high up and +riding the waves buoyantly, but the Terns (Subfamily <i>Sterninæ</i>), after +they have acquired the power of flight, are rarely seen on the water. +They are lighter, more active birds than the Gulls, with longer wings +and tails, and sharper, more pointed bills. They feed largely on small +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg_50]</a></span> +fish (the species called silversides being a favorite) of no value to man, +which they secure by darting from the air with great speed and directness. +When looking for food, Terns usually fly with the bill downward, +a habit which will aid in distinguishing them from the +Gulls, whose bill is carried in a line with the body.</p> + +<p>Terns usually nest in large colonies on the beach of some isolated +islet either on our sea coasts or in the interior. The nest is generally +composed of a few wisps of sea-weed or grass, or the two or three eggs +are not infrequently laid in a slight hollow in the sand or among the +shells and pebbles.</p> + +<p>Like the Gulls, Terns have been slaughtered in enormous numbers +for millinery purposes; but in this country, at least, effective efforts are +now being made to preserve them.</p> + +<p>Skimmers nest in numbers on our Atlantic Coast from Virginia +southward, laying their four eggs in a slight depression in the sand. +In feeding, their mouth is held open and the longer, thin, lower mandible +is dropped beneath the surface of the water, when, flying rapidly, +they readily pick up food.</p> + +<p>In young Skimmers, however, the two mandibles are of equal length +and the lower mandible does not become appreciably longer than the +upper one until the birds begin to fly. During the flightless period of +the bird's life, the bill may be used to pick up food along the shore, +but when the power of flight is acquired and with it ability to feed in +the characteristic Skimmer manner, then the peculiar bill of these birds +becomes fully developed.</p> + +<p>The young of all the Gulls and Terns are born covered with down +and can leave the nest a few hours after birth. The Noddy, however, +is said to be several weeks in its stick nest, which, unlike other members +of its group, it often builds in bushes.</p> + +<p>The young are colored to harmonize with their usual surroundings. +Young Skimmers are pale, sandy brown, of the same color as the sand +in which they are hatched. Young Terns are darker, and young Laughing +Gulls born in nests of reeds or meadow grasses, are the darkest of +the three.</p> + +<p>All young Gulls and Terns have the habit of squatting low near the +ground in the presence of danger and remaining motionless until actually +touched when they seem to realize that they have been seen and +trust to their legs for safety.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg_51]</a></span></p> +<div class="caption3rt">Skua and Jaegers</div> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>35. Skua</b> (<i>Megalestris skua</i>). L. 22. <i>Ads.</i> Above +dark, dirty brown; below paler. <i>Yng.</i> Similar, but +more distinctly streaked with yellowish, especially on +head and neck.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North Atlantic, chiefly eastern; breeds from Shetland +Islands northward; winters south to Gibraltar, and rarely Long Island. +One specimen from California coast.</p> + +<p><b>36. Pomarine Jaeger</b> (<i>Stercorarius pomarinus</i>). +L. 20; B. 1.5. Middle tail feathers rounded. <i>Ads. +light phase.</i> Cap black; throat, breast, and neck, all +around, white tinged with straw; back, lower belly, +upper and under tail coverts brownish slate. <i>Ads. +dark phase.</i> Dark brown, paler below. <i>Yng.</i> Above +blackish brown margined with rusty; below white +margined with dusky and buffy. <i>Notes.</i> "A low, +hoarse, chattering cry." (Nelson.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Northern hemisphere; breeds north of Lat. 70°; +winters, mainly at sea, south to South America, southern Africa and +Australia.</p> + +<p><b>37. Parasitic Jaeger</b> (<i>Stercorarius parasiticus</i>). L. +17; B. 1.1; its scaly shield <i>longer</i> than distance from +end of shield to tip of bill. <i>Ads.</i> Both phases similar +in color to No. 36, but central tail feathers <i>pointed</i>, +8.6 long. <i>Yng.</i> Similar in color to No. 36 but smaller, +bill shorter, middle tail feathers more pointed. <i>Notes.</i> +"Loud wailing cries, interspersed with harsh shrieks." +(Nelson.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Northern hemisphere; breeds in Arctic regions; winters +mainly at sea, from California, Great Lakes, and Massachusetts south +to South America.</p> + +<p><b>38. Long-tailed Jaeger</b> (<i>Stercorarius longicaudus</i>). +L. 21; B. 1, its scaly shield <i>shorter</i> than the distance from +its end to the tip of bill. <i>Ads.</i> In both phases resembling +No. 36 but central tail feathers pointed and 12 in. +long. <i>Yng.</i> Like No. 36 and No. 37, but to be distinguished +by differences in bill measurements. <i>Notes.</i> +"A hoarse <i>qua</i>, a shrill <i>phĕū-phĕū-phĕū-pheo</i>, when +flying; or a rattling <i>kr-r-r-r-</i>, <i>kr-r-r-r</i>, <i>kr-r-r</i>, <i>krē-krē-</i>, +<i>krē-krē</i>, the latter syllables shrill and querulous." +(Nelson.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Northern hemisphere; breeds in Arctic regions; winters +mainly at sea, south to Gibraltar and Gulf of Mexico; one California +record.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_051.png" width="211" height="697" title="bird images" alt="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg_52]</a></span></p> +<div class="caption3rt">Gulls</div> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>39. Ivory Gull</b> (<i>Pagophila alba</i>). L. 17. <i>Ads.</i> Pure +white; bill yellow; feet black. <i>Yng.</i> Similar, but wings +and tail tipped with blackish; throat dusky.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Breeds in Arctic regions; winters south to Great Lakes +and British Columbia; rarely to Massachusetts.</p> + +<p><a name="No40" id="No40"></a> +<b>40. Kittiwake</b> (<i>Rissa tridactyla</i>). L. 16. Hind toe +a knob. <i>Ads.</i> Head, neck all around, underparts, +and tail white; 3 in. or less, of tips of primaries black. +<i>Yng.</i> Tip of tail, ear-coverts, nape, and wing-coverts +with black; bill black; inner web of primaries with +white. <i>Notes.</i> A rapidly uttered <i>'kit-a-wake</i>, <i>'kit-a-wake</i>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North Atlantic and eastern Arctic regions; breeds in America, +from Gulf of St. Lawrence to Greenland; winters south to Great +Lakes, Long Island and, rarely, Virginia.</p> + +<p><b>40a. Pacific Kittiwake</b> (<i>Rissa tridactyla pollicaris</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No40">No. 40</a>, but hind toe more developed; black +tips to 3 outer primaries, 3 in. or more in length. <i>Notes.</i> +"A shrill, harsh cry when disturbed and a low whistle +when communicating with each other." (Nelson.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"North Pacific and Bering Sea; south in winter, casually +to southern California." (A. O. U.)</p> + +<p><b>41. Red-legged Kittiwake</b> (Rissa brevirostris). <i>Ads.</i> +Similar to Ad. of <a href="#No40">No. 40</a>, but legs red, back and inner +web of primaries darker; bill shorter, 1.2. <i>Yng.</i> Similar +to No. 40, but no black on tail or wings.</p> + +<p class="smaller">"Range.—Coasts and Islands of Bering Sea." (A. O. U.)</p> + +<p><a name="No54" id="No54"></a> +<b>54. Ring-billed Gull</b> (<i>Larus delawarensis</i>). L. 18. +<i>Ads., summer.</i> Rill greenish yellow, a black band across +tip; ends of primaries black, a white spot near tip of +outer one. <i>Ads. Winter.</i> Similar, but head and neck +streaked with grayish. <i>Yng.</i> Tail grayish with a +broad black band; primaries black; back brownish gray +and whitish; belly white; end half of bill black.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North America, coast and interior; breeds from Newfoundland, +southern Minnesota, and British Columbia northward; winters +from Nova Scotia and British Columbia south to Cuba and Lower +California.</p> + +<p><b>55. Short-billed Gull</b> (<i>Larus brachyrhynchus</i>). L. 17; +B. 1.50 <i>Ads., summer.</i> Head, neck, tail, and underparts +white. Two outer primaries tipped with black, their +white spaces followed by black; remaining primaries +tipped with white. <i>Yng.</i> Grayish brown; basal half +of tail pearl. <i>Notes.</i> "A sharp querulous <i>kwew-kwew</i>," +(Nelson.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North Pacific; breeds in Alaska and interior of northern +British Columbia; winters on coast from British Columbia to southern +California.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_052.png" width="185" height="698" title="bird images" alt="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg_53]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><a name="No42" id="No42"></a> +<b>42. Glaucous Gull</b> (<i>Larus glaucus</i>). L. 28; W. 17.1; +B. 2.35. No black in plumage. <i>Ads.</i> Primaries +white tinted with pearl; bill with red spot at end of +lower mandible. <i>Yng.</i> Dirty white or gray, mottled +with dusky and buffy, chiefly above; primaries white; +outer webs brownish.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Northern hemisphere; breeds in America, from Labrador +northward; winters south to middle California, Great Lakes and Long +Island.</p> + +<p><b>42.1. Point Barrow Gull</b> (<i>Larus barrovianus</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No42">No. 42</a>, but bill through angle not so deep, +(.8 as compared with .9 in <i>glaucus</i>); primaries more +distinctly tipped with white. <i>Notes.</i> "<i>kû-kû-kû</i>, <i>kû-kû-kû</i>, +<i>kû-lēē-ōō</i>, <i>kû-lēē-ōō</i>, <i>kû-lēē-ōō</i>, <i>kû-kû-kû</i>, <i>kû-kû-kû</i>, +the <i>kû-kû</i> hoarse, the rest a shrill screaming." +(Nelson.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Bering Sea and contiguous waters; northeast to Point +Barrow, southwest to Japan." (A. O. U.)</p> + +<p><a name="No43" id="No43"></a> +<b>43. Iceland Gull</b> (<i>Larus leucopterus</i>). L. 25; W. 16; +B. 1.75. Similar in color to Nos. 42 and 42.1, but +smaller.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Atlantic; breeds in Greenland; winters south in America to +Great Lakes, and rarely, Long Island.</p> + +<p><b>44. Glaucous-winged Gull</b> (<i>Larus glaucescens</i>). L. +27. <i>Ads., summer.</i> Head, tail, and underparts white; +back pearl; primaries <i>pearl</i>, tipped with <i>white</i>. <i>Ads., +winter.</i> Head and neck streaked with brownish. +<i>Yng.</i> Brownish gray, more or less mixed with white, +including wings and tail.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North Pacific; breeds from British Columbia to Bering +Straits; winters south to southern California.</p> + +<p><b>45. Kumlien Gull</b> (<i>Larus kumlieni</i>). W. 16.2; +B. 1.75. Similar to <a href="#No43">No. 43</a>, +but primaries with well defined +ashy gray spaces; outer primary tipped with white, +with ashy gray on outer web and shaft part of inner +web; second primary ashy gray on only shaft part of +outer web.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"North Atlantic coast of North America, breeding in Cumberland +Gulf; south in winter to the coast of the Middle States." (A. +O. U.)</p> + +<p><b>46. Nelson Gull</b> (<i>Larus nelsoni</i>). "Wing 18.25, +culmen 2.35. <i>Ads.</i> In plumage exactly like <i>L. kumlieni</i>; +depth of bill through angle .80; tarsus 3.05; +middle toe (without claw) 2.40." (Ridgway.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Coast of Norton Sound, Alaska." (A. O. U.)</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_053.png" width="208" height="696" title="bird images" alt="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg_54]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>47. Great Black-backed Gull</b> (<i>Larus marinus</i>). L. +29. <i>Ads., summer.</i> Back and wings slaty black; wing +feathers tipped with white. <i>Ads., winter.</i> Similar, but +head and neck streaked with dusky. <i>Yng.</i> Back +grayish brown margined with buffy white; rump whiter; +primaries black; below white more or less marked with +dusky. <i>Notes.</i> "A braying <i>ha-ha-ha</i>, a deep <i>keow</i>, <i>keow</i>, +a short barking note, and a long-drawn groan, very +loud and decidedly impressive." (Brewster.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North Atlantic and northern Europe; breeds in North +America from Nova Scotia to Greenland; winters south to Great +Lakes and South Carolina.</p> + +<p><b>48. Slaty-backed Gull</b> (<i>Larus schistisagus</i>). L. 26. +<i>Ads., summer.</i> General appearance of No. 47; back +lighter; primaries as figured. <i>Ads., winter.</i> Head and +neck streaked. <i>Yng.</i> Above brown margined with +buff and white; primaries brown; tail brown with little +or no mottling; below brown.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"North Pacific, chiefly on the Asiatic side; Herald Island, +Arctic Ocean, and Alaskan coast of Bering Sea." (A. O. U.)</p> + +<p><b>49. Western Gull</b> (<i>Larus occidentalis</i>). L. 24. <i>Ads., +summer.</i> Head, neck, tail, and underparts white; back +slaty gray; outer primaries black, a large white spot +near tip of first one. <i>Ads., winter.</i> Crown and hind +neck streaked with brownish. <i>Yng.</i> Grayish brown +mixed with white; wings and tail fuscous. <i>Notes.</i> +<i>Ooēēk</i>, <i>ooēēk</i>, <i>ooēēk</i>; <i>ca-ca-ca</i>, and other calls.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Pacific coast; breeds and winters from Lower California to +British Columbia.</p> + +<p><b>57. Heermann Gull</b> (<i>Larus heermanni</i>). L. 17. <i>Ads., +summer.</i> Bill red; head and throat white, shading into slate +above and below; tail blackish, tipped with white; +primaries black. <i>Ads., winter.</i> Head and neck streaked +with grayish brown. <i>Yng.</i> Uniform grayish +brown.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Pacific coast of North America; breeds from Mazatlan, +Mexico, north to Lower California; occurs regularly north to Vancouver +Island; winters south to Panama.</p> + +</td> + <td> +<br /> +<img src="images/pg_054.png" width="192" height="697" title="bird images" alt="bird images" /></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg_55]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><a name="No51" id="No51"></a> +<b>51. Herring Gull</b> (<i>Larus argentatus</i>). L. 24. <i>Ads., +summer.</i> White spaces at end of outer primaries +sometimes joined. <i>Ads., winter.</i> Similar, but head +and neck, streaked with grayish. <i>Yng.</i> Above ashy +brown, margined and marked with buffy; wings brownish +black; tail the same; sometimes margined with +buffy; below ashy brown, sometimes lightly barred or +streaked with dusky. <i>Notes.</i> <i>Cack-cack-cack</i>; <i>hah</i>, <i>hah</i>, +<i>hah</i>, and other notes.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Northern hemisphere; breeds in America from Maine, +Great Lakes, Minnesota, and British Columbia northward; winters +south to Cuba and Lower California.</p> + +<p><b>52. Vega Gull</b> (<i>Larus vegæ</i>). Similar to +<a href="#No51">No. 51</a>, but +back said to be darker; feet yellow.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Bering Sea and adjacent waters; south in winter to California +and Japan." (A. O. U.)</p> + +<p><b>53. California Gull</b> (<i>Larus californicus</i>). L. 20. +<i>Ads.</i> Similar to <a href="#No54">No. 54</a> but larger; a red spot near tip +of lower mandible; white spot on outer primary, larger +and nearer end. <i>Yng.</i> Similar to No. 54 but darker; +tail nearly uniform fuscous.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Western North America; breeds chiefly in interior, from +Utah to Lat. 68°, 30'; winters from British Columbia to Mexico.</p> + +</td> + <td> +<br /> +<img src="images/pg_055.png" width="207" height="697" title="bird images" alt="bird images" /></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg_56]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>58. Laughing Gull</b> (<i>Larus atricilla</i>). L. 16. <i>Ads., +summer.</i> Head dark slate; tail white; bill with reddish. +<i>Ads., winter.</i> Similar, but head and throat +white with grayish on nape and behind eyes. <i>Yng.</i> +Tail grayish with a broad black band; nape and back +ashy brown; forehead and under parts white. <i>Notes.</i> +A nasal <i>cow-ow</i>, also <i>cuk-cuk-cuk</i>, and a high, long-drawn +laugh.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from Texas and Florida to +Maine and Nova Scotia; rare in interior; winters from South Carolina +to northern South America.</p> + +<p><b>59. Franklin Gull</b> (<i>Larus franklini</i>). L. 15. <i>Ads., +summer.</i> Breast with a rosy tinge; outer primaries with +wide black spaces near ends, bordered at base and tip +with white. <i>Ads., winter.</i> "Head mainly white, with +[its] sides and back grayish dusky." <i>Yng.</i> "Top and +sides of head and back grayish brown; quills dusky, +tipped with white; tail with subterminal band of dusky; +rest of tail, under parts, forehead, and eyelids white." +(Bailey.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Interior of North America; breeds from Iowa and Minnesota +northward to Great Bear Lake; winters from west Gulf States to +South America.</p> + +<p><b>60. Bonaparte Gull</b> (<i>Larus philadelphia</i>). L. 14. +<i>Ads., summer.</i> Outer web of outer primaries and tip +black; inner web and shaft white; bill black. <i>Ads., winter.</i> +Similar, but throat and head white, its back +grayish. <i>Yng.</i> Tail white, tipped with black; outer +primary black, inner two-thirds of inner web and space +near tip white; rest of plumage much as in young of No. +58.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North America; breeds in interior from Hudson Bay and +Manitoba west to the Yukon; winters from British Columbia and +Maine to Lower California and Gulf of Mexico.</p> + +<p><b>61. Ross Gull</b> (<i>Rhodostethia rosea</i>) L. 13.5. Bill +small, .7; middle tail feathers longest. <i>Ads., summer.</i> +White areas tinged with pink; a black collar. <i>Ads., +winter.</i> No collar; a black spot before eye. <i>Yng.</i> +Lesser coverts black, margined with whitish; tail +white, central feathers tipped with black; back pearl; +ear spot and space about eye dusky; crown white, +washed with pearl.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Arctic regions; south in autumn and winter to Kamchatka, +Point Barrow, Alaska and Disco Bay, Greenland." (A. O. U.)</p> + +<p><b>62. Sabine Gull</b> (<i>Xema sabinii</i>). L. 14. Tail +slightly forked. <i>Ads., summer.</i> Head and throat +slaty black, margined behind with black; bill black, +tipped with yellow; outer primaries black, small tip and +inner half of inner web white. <i>Ads., winter.</i> Similar, +but head and throat white; nape region dusky. <i>Yng.</i> +Tail white, tipped with black; crown and back ashy +brown; forehead and underparts white. <i>Notes.</i> "A +single harsh grating note." (Nelson.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Arctic regions: breeds in America from St. Michaels, +Alaska and Melville Bay, Greenland, northward; winters south on Atlantic +coast, rarely to New York; casually to Texas, and on Pacific +coast to Peru.</p> + +</td> + <td> +<br /> +<img src="images/pg_056.png" width="197" height="696" title="bird images" alt="bird images" /></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg_57]</a></span></p> +<div class="caption3rt">Terns</div> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>64. Caspian Tern</b> (<i>Sterna caspia</i>). L. 21. T. 6., +forked 1.5. Largest of our Terns. <i>Ads., breeding.</i> +Bill red; cap black; above pearl; below-white; <i>primaries +frosty black</i>. After breeding, crown streaked black and +white; bill more orange. <i>Yng.</i> Similar to last but +wings and tail with blackish. <i>Notes.</i> A loud, harsh +"<i>kay-awk</i>" or "<i>key-rak</i>."</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Cosmopolitan; breeds in North America, locally from +Texas to Newfoundland and Great Slave Lake; winters mostly south +of United States; three California winter records.</p> + +<p><a name="No65" id="No65"></a> +<b>65. Royal Tern</b> (<i>Sterna maxima</i>). L. 19; T. 7, forked +3.5; B. 2.5. <i>Ads., summer.</i> <i>Primaries frosty black</i>, +<i>white on inner two-thirds of inner web except at tip</i>, +<i>where frosty</i>; bill orange red; crown black; above pearl; +below white. <i>Ads., winter.</i> The same, but head +white with black streaks. <i>Yng.</i> Similar to winter ad. +but wings and tail with grayish.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Middle America; breeds from southern Brazil and Peru to +Gulf States, Virginia, and California; wanders north to Great +Lakes and Massachusetts; winters from Gulf States and California +southward.</p> + +<p><b>66. Elegant Tern</b> (<i>Sterna elegans</i>). L. 16.5; B. 2.7. +Similar to <a href="#No65">No. 65</a>, but smaller; bill longer and more +slender. <i>Ads.</i> Tinged with shell pink below.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Pacific coast of America from California to Chili." (A. +O. U.)</p> + +<p><b>67. Cabot Tern</b> (<i>Sterna sandvicensis acuflavida</i>). +L. 16; T. 5.5, forked 2.7. <i>Ads., breeding.</i> Bill black, +<i>the tip yellow</i>; crown black; above pearl; below white; +primaries much as in No. 65. After breeding, head +white; nape with black streaks. <i>Yng.</i> Similar to +last but with back and tail with blackish; tip of bill +less yellow.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Tropical America; breeds on east side of Mexico north +along Gulf Coast to Florida, and Atlantic coast to South Carolina; +wanders to Massachusetts; winters south of United States to West +Indies and Central America.</p> + +</td> + <td> +<br /> +<img src="images/pg_057.png" width="223" height="698" title="bird images" alt="bird images" /></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg_58]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>63. Gull-billed Tern</b> (<i>Gelochelidon nilotica</i>). L. +14.5; T. 5.5. <i>Ads., summer.</i> <i>Bill thick, short, black; +tail short, forked only 1.5</i>; crown black; above pearl; +below white. <i>Ads., winter.</i> Head white, with black +patch before and behind eye. <i>Yng.</i> Similar, but above +edged with buffy; head and neck streaked with grayish. +<i>Notes.</i> A high, thin, somewhat reedy <i>tee-tee-tee</i>, +sometimes suggesting a weak-voiced katydid.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Cosmopolitan; breeds in North America from Mexico to +Florida and north to Virginia; wanders north rarely to New Brunswick; +winters from southern Texas southward.</p> + +<p><b>73. Aleutian Tern</b> (<i>Sterna aleutica</i>). L. 14. T. +6.7, forked 3. <i>Ads., summer.</i> Above <i>and below</i> pearl +gray, browner below; throat white; crown black; <i>forehead +white; line from bill to eye black</i>. <i>Ads., winter.</i> +"With rather more white on forehead." (Cat. B. M.) +<i>Notes.</i> "A thin, clear, trilling whistle." (Nelson.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Alaska from Kadiak to Bering Strait, southwest to Japan.</p> + +<p><b>74. Least Tern</b> (<i>Sterna antillarum</i>). L. 9; T. 3.5, +forked 1.7. <i>Ads., summer.</i> Bill <i>yellow</i>, <i>black</i> at tip; +forehead <i>white</i>; <i>a black line</i> from bill to eye; crown +black; above pearl; below white. <i>Ads., winter.</i> Crown +white; nape black; bill dark; tail shorter. <i>Yng.</i> Similar +to last, but above with buffy or brownish. <i>Notes.</i> +"A sharp squeak much like the cry of a very young +pig following its mother."</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Western hemisphere; breeds locally from northern South +America northward to Massachusetts, Dakota, and southern California; +winters south of United States.</p> + +<p><b>76. Bridled Tern</b> (<i>Sterna anæthetus</i>). L. 15. <i>Ads.</i> +Forehead and line <i>over</i> eye white; <i>lores</i> and crown +black; nape whitish; back sooty gray or sooty brown; +<i>outer</i> tail feathers white, except at tip; inner ones +grayish brown. <i>Notes.</i> A soft <i>qua</i>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Tropical regions; north in Atlantic to the Bahamas; casual +in Florida.</p> + +</td> + <td> +<br /> +<img src="images/pg_058.png" width="216" height="697" title="bird images" alt="bird images" /></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg_59]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>69. Forster Tern</b> (<i>Sterna forsteri</i>). L. 15; T. 7, +forked. 4. <i>Ads., summer.</i> <i>Inner</i> web of outer tail +feather dusky; below <i>pure white</i>; bill <i>orange</i>, blackish +at end; crown black; back pearl. <i>Ads., winter.</i> +Crown white or grayish; <i>a large black spot about eyes</i>; +bill black. <i>Yng.</i> Similar to winter ad. but +above with brownish. <i>Notes.</i> A long drawn, deep, +reedy <i>cack</i> and <i>tweet-tweet-tweet-tweet</i>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North America; breeds locally north to California, and +from Texas along coast to Virginia and in interior to Manitoba; wanders +to Massachusetts; winters from southern California and Texas +south to Brazil.</p> + +<p><a name="No70" id="No70"></a> +<b>70. Common Tern</b> (<i>Sterna hirundo</i>). L. 15; T. 5.5, +forked, 3.2 <i>Ads., summer.</i> Outer web of outer tail +feather dusky; below white, <i>washed with dusky</i>; bill +<i>red</i>, blackish at end; crown black; back pearl. <i>Ads., +winter.</i> Forehead and underparts white; bill black. +<i>Yng.</i> Similar to last, but above with brownish; tail +shorter. <i>Notes.</i> A vibrant, purring, <i>tearrr</i>, and other +calls.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Northern hemisphere; in America, chiefly east of Plains; +breeds locally on coast and in interior from Gulf States to Barren +Grounds and Greenland; winters south of United States to Brazil.</p> + +<p><b>71. Arctic Tern</b> (<i>Sterna paradisæa</i>). L. 15.5; T. +7.2 forked 4.5. Similar to <a href="#No70">No. 70</a>, but <i>summer ad.</i> +with bill <i>wholly bright red</i>; tail longer; tarsus shorter, +.6 instead of .7. <i>Notes.</i> Like <i>tearr</i> of No. 70, but +shriller, ending in rising inflection, like squeal of a +pig. (Brewster.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Northern hemisphere; breeds from Massachusetts north +to Greenland and northwest to Aleutian Islands and Alaska; winters +south to California and Virginia.</p> + +<p><b>72. Roseate Tern</b> (<i>Sterna dougalli</i>). L. 15.5; T. 7.5, +forked, 5.2. <i>Ads., summer.</i> <i>Bill black, reddish only at +the base; below white tinged with shell pink</i>; tail wholly +white; crown black; back pearl. <i>Ads., winter.</i> Forehead +with white; no pink below. Notes. A reedy +cack.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Temperate and tropical regions; breeds in North America +on east coast only, from Florida north to Nova Scotia; rare north of +Virginia; winters south of United States to Venezuela.</p> + +</td> + <td> +<img src="images/pg_059.png" width="202" height="698" title="bird images" alt="bird images" /></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg_60]</a></span></p> +<div class="caption3rt">Terns and Skimmer</div> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>75. Sooty Tern</b> (<i>Sterna fuliginosa</i>). L. 17. <i>Ads., +summer.</i> <i>Above blackish</i>, forehead and underparts +white; tail black, except outer feathers which are +mostly white. <i>Yng.</i> Sooty slate; linings of wings +white; scapulars, upper tail coverts, and tail feathers +tipped with white. <i>Notes.</i> A squeaky <i>quack</i>, a nasal +<i>ker-wacky-wak</i>, and other calls.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Tropical and subtropical coasts of the globe. In America +from Chili to western Mexico and the Carolinas, and casually to +New England." (A. O. U.)</p> + +<p><b>77. Black Tern</b> (<i>Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis</i>). +L. 10. <i>Ads., summer.</i> Head and underparts black; +back, wings, and tail slate. <i>Ads., winter.</i> Forehead, +nape, and underparts <i>white</i>; head gray. <i>Yng.</i> Similar +to last, but above with brownish margins. <i>Notes.</i> +A sharp <i>peek</i>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Temperate and tropical America; breeds in interior from +California, Kansas, and Illinois to Alaska; irregular migrant on Atlantic +coast from New Brunswick southward; winters south of United +States to Chili.</p> + +<p><b>79. Noddy</b> (<i>Anous stolidus</i>). L. 15. <i>Ads.</i> Crown +silvery white; rest of plumage <i>sooty brown</i>. <i>Yng.</i> Similar, +but all sooty brown except white line from bill to +eye. <i>Notes.</i> A low reedy <i>cack</i> increasing to a hoarse, +guttural <i>k-r-r-r-r-r-r-r</i>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Tropical and subtropical regions; in America from Brazil +and Chili north to the Gulf and South Atlantic States." (A. O. U.)</p> + +<p><b>80. Black Skimmer</b> (<i>Rynchops nigra</i>). L. 18. <i>Ads. +Lower mandible longer than upper</i>; forehead, underparts, +part of secondaries, and tail white; rest of plumage +black. <i>Yng.</i> Plumage widely margined with +buffy. <i>Notes.</i> Varied, nasal, penny-trumpet-like; +also <i>ca-you</i>, <i>ca-you</i>, like a hound's voice.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North America, chiefly eastern; breeds from southern +New Jersey southward; wanders rarely to Nova Scotia; winters from +Gulf States to northern South America.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +</td> + <td> +<br /> +<img src="images/pg_060.png" width="196" height="695" title="bird images" alt="bird images" /></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<a name="Order_III_TUBINARES_Albatrosses_Shearwaters_Petrels_Etc"></a> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg_61]</a></span></p> + +<div class="caption2"><span class="smcap">Order III.</span> TUBE-NOSED SWIMMERS.</div> +<br /> +<div class="caption3">TUBINARES.</div> +<br /> +<table width="100%" class="caption3nc" summary="Families"> +<tr> + <td>Family 1.</td> + <td>ALBATROSSES.</td> + <td class="smcap">Diomedeidæ.</td> + <td>4 species.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Family 2.</td> + <td>FULMARS, SHEARWATERS, and PETRELS.</td> + <td class="smcap">Procellariidæ.</td> + <td>26 species, 1 subspecies.</td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> + +<p>The Albatrosses, of which about ten species are known, are birds of +far southern seas, where they nest on isolated islands. After the +young are reared, several species migrate northward and are found off +our Pacific coast. The largest known species, the Wandering Albatross, +which has been made famous by Coleridge's "Rime of the Ancient +Mariner," measures from twelve to fourteen feet in expanse of +wing, and, like other members of this family, is a tireless ocean wanderer.</p> + +<p>In the museum of Brown University, there is a mounted Wandering +Albatross, killed off the coast of Chili by Capt. Hiram Luther, December +20, 1847. When captured, a small bottle was found tied around the +bird's neck, containing a slip of paper from which it was learned that +the bottle had been attached to the bird December 12, 1847, by Capt. +Edwards of the New Bedford Whaler, "Euphrates," when about 800 +miles off the coast of New Zealand, or about 3,400 miles from the point +at which, eight days later, the bird was secured.</p> + +<p>The Fulmars, (genus <i>Fulmarus</i>), are northern birds and nest in immense +numbers on isolated islets, somewhat like certain Gulls.</p> + +<p>Comparatively little is known of the nesting places of our Shearwaters, +but it is believed that most of them breed on the islands of the +South Atlantic and South Pacific, and pass their winter, (our summer) +off our coasts.</p> + +<p>One of the Petrels, (Wilson Petrel), is known to have this habit. It +has been found nesting on Kerguelen Island, in S. Lat. 49° 54', in +February, and in May it appears off our coasts for the summer.</p> + +<p>Petrels nest in holes in the ground, laying one white egg. They are +never seen near their homes during the day, the bird then on the nest +waiting until night to feed, when the one which has been at sea returns +to assume its share of the task of incubation. Those birds are +therefore both diurnal and nocturnal.</p> +<br /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg_62]</a></span></p> +<div class="caption3rt">Albatrosses</div> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>81. Black-footed Albatross</b> (<i>Diomedea nigripes</i>). L. +32. <i>Ads.</i> Sooty brown, lighter below; region about +base of bill whitish; upper mandible <i>broad and rounded +at its base</i>. <i>Notes.</i> A whining groan, uttered when +contesting for food. (Turner).</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North Pacific; north to Lat. 52°; south at least to Lower +California.</p> + +<p><b>82. Short-tailed Albatross</b> (<i>Diomedea albatrus</i>). L. +36. <i>Ads.</i> White; the head straw; tail and primaries +gray brown; upper mandible broad and rounded at +base.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North Pacific, north to Bering Strait; south, at least, to +Lower California.</p> + +<p><b>82.1. Laysan Albatross</b> (<i>Diomedea immutabilis</i>). +L. 32. <i>Ads.</i> Head, neck, rump, upper tail coverts, +and whole under surface white; lores next to the eye +sooty black; back, wings, and end of the tail dark +sooty brown; interscapular region paler; base of the +tail whitish. (Cat. B. M.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Laysan Island, Pacific Ocean; casual off the coast of +Lower California.</p> + +<p><b>83. Yellow-nosed Albatross</b> (<i>Thalassogeron culminatus</i>). +L. 36. <i>Ads.</i> Above slate brown, grayer on +head; rump white; below white; neck sometimes +grayish; tail gray.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Indian and southern Pacific Oceans; casual off the +coast of Oregon; accidental in the Gulf of St. Lawrence." (A. O. U.)</p> + +<p><b>84. Sooty Albatross</b> (<i>Phœbetria fuliginosa</i>). L. 35. +<i>Ads.</i> <i>Sides of lower mandible conspicuously grooved</i>; entire +plumage sooty brown, except a white eye-ring.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Oceans of southern hemisphere, north to the coast of +Oregon." (A. O. U.)</p> + +</td> + <td> +<img src="images/pg_062.png" width="222" height="696" title="bird images" alt="bird images" /></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg_63]</a></span></p> +<div class="caption3rt">Fulmars and Shearwaters</div> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><a name="No86" id="No86"></a> +<b>86. Fulmar</b> (<i>Fulmarus glacialis</i>). L. 19; W. 13; B. +1.5. <i>Ads. Light phase.</i> Head, neck, and under parts +white; back, wings, and tail slaty gray. <i>Dark phase.</i> +Uniform dark slaty gray. <i>Notes.</i> Silent.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North Atlantic, breeds from Lat. 69° northward; winters +south to Lat. of Massachusetts, and rarely to Virginia.</p> + +<p><b>86b. Pacific Fulmar</b> (<i>F. g. glupischa</i>). Similar to +<a href="#No86">No. 86</a>, but nasal tubes light.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North Pacific; breeds from Bering Sea north; winters +south to Mexico.</p> + +<p><b>86.1. Rodger Fulmar</b> (<i>Fulmarus rodgersii</i>). Similar +to light phase of <a href="#No86">No. 86</a>, but back with white +feathers; no dark phase.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Bering Sea and adjacent parts of North Pacific." +(A. O. U.)</p> + +<p><b>87. Slender-billed Fulmar</b> (<i>Priocella glacialoides</i>). L. +18.5. <i>Ads.</i> Head and underparts white; back and tail +pearl; primaries black, <i>white on inner web</i>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Southern Seas; north on Pacific coast to Washington.</p> + +<p><b>94. Sooty Shearwater</b> (<i>Puffinus fuliginosus</i>). L. 17. +<i>Ads.</i> Sooty gray, lighter below.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Atlantic Ocean, breeding in the southern hemisphere; a +summer visitor off our coast, from South Carolina northward." (A. +O. U.)</p> + +<p><b>95. Dark-bodied Shearwater</b> (<i>Puffinus griseus</i>). L. +17. <i>Ads.</i> Above dusky black or brownish, paler below; +under wing coverts <i>white</i> and dusky; bill black.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—South Pacific; north in summer on the American coast to +California.</p> + +<p><b>96.1. Wedge-tailed Shearwater</b> (<i>Puffinus cuneatus</i>). +L. 17. T. 5.4, pointed. <i>Ads.</i> Above brown; below white; +sides of neck mottled with gray; middle tail feathers +nearly 2. longer than lateral ones. (Cat. B. M.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"North Pacific Ocean, from the Hawaiian Islands north +to the Bonin Group and Lower California." (A. O. U.)</p> + +</td> + <td> +<img src="images/pg_063.png" width="210" height="697" title="bird images" alt="bird images" /></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg_64]</a></span></p> +<div class="caption3rt">Shearwaters</div> +<table width="100%" style="padding:4px;" summary="Shearwaters"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>88. Cory Shearwater</b> (<i>Puffinus borealis</i>). L. 21. +<i>Ads.</i> Above grayish brown; below, including under +wing coverts and <i>under tail coverts, white</i>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North Atlantic; recorded only off the coast from Massachusetts to Long Island.</p> + +<p><b>89. Greater Shearwater</b> (<i>Puffinus gravis</i>). L. 20. +<i>Ads.</i> Above grayish brown or blackish; tips of longer +upper tail coverts white; below white; <i>middle of belly +and under tail coverts ashy gray</i>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Atlantic Ocean, from Cape Horn and Cape of Good Hope +north to Arctic Circle." (A. O. U.)</p> + +<p><b>91. Pink-footed Shearwater</b> (<i>Puffinus creatopus</i>). L. +19.5. <i>Ads.</i> Above dusky gray or brown; below white; +sides and lower belly with grayish; longer under tail +coverts dusky brown; feet, flesh-color; bill yellowish.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Pacific Ocean north on the American coast in summer and +fall to middle California.</p> + +<p><b>92. Audubon Shearwater</b> (<i>Puffinus lherminieri</i>). L. +12. <i>Ads.</i> Above black or brownish black; below +white; <i>under tail coverts sooty</i>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Middle Atlantic; breeds in West Indies and Bahamas; +wanders north to Long Island.</p> + +<p><a name="No93" id="No93"></a> +<b>93. Black-vented Shearwater</b> (<i>Puffinus opisthomelas</i>). +L. 15. <i>Ads.</i> Above dusky <i>black</i>; below white; sides +of breast grayish; under tail coverts dusky brown; bill black.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Pacific Ocean, chiefly southward; coast of Lower California north to Santa Cruz, Cal." (A. O. U.)</p> + +<p><b>93.1. Townsend Shearwater</b> (<i>Puffinus auricularis</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No93">No. 93</a>, but bill and feet smaller, +B. 1.2; above darker, nearly black; black of head extending +below eye. (Townsend.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Pacific Ocean (Clarion Island, Lower California).</p> + +<p><b>96. Slender-billed Shearwater</b> (<i>Puffinus tenuirostris</i>). +L. 13., bill slender 1.2 <i>Ads.</i> "Above dark sooty slate; +beneath deep sooty gray, paler on throat where sometimes +inclining to whitish." (Ridgw.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North Pacific, from Japan and Kotzebue Sound south on +the American coast to middle California.</p> +</td> +<td> +<img src="images/pg_064.png" width="217" height="697" alt="Shearwaters" title="Shearwaters" /></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg_65]</a></span></p> +<div class="caption3rt">Petrels</div> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>98. Black-capped Petrel</b> (<i>Æstrelata hasitata</i>). L. +15. <i>Ads.</i> Above sooty brown; back of neck and upper +tail coverts <i>white</i>; base of tail <i>white</i>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Tropical Atlantic; irregular in United States (Florida, Virginia, +New York, Kentucky, Vermont, and Ontario.)</p> + +<p><b>103. Least Petrel</b> (<i>Halocyptena microsoma</i>). L. 5.7. +<i>Ads.</i> Sooty blackish brown, lighter below.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Coast of Lower California south to Panama." (A. O. U.)</p> + +<p><b>105. Forked-tailed Petrel</b> (<i>Oceanodroma furcata</i>). +L. 8. 7. <i>Ads.</i> Tail forked; bluish gray, wings +darker; a blackish space about eye.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North Pacific; breeds in Aleutian Islands; recorded north +to Bering Strait; winters south to California.</p> + +<p><b>105.1. Kaeding Petrel</b> (<i>Oceanodroma kaedingi</i>). +W. 6. <i>Ads.</i> Similar to <a href="#No106"><i>O. leucorrhoa</i></a>, but much +smaller with much less deeply forked tail. (Anthony.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Pacific Ocean; (Socorro Islands, Lower California.)</p> + +<p><a name="No108" id="No108"></a> +<b>108. Ashy Petrel</b> (<i>Oceanodroma homochroa</i>). L. 8.5. +<i>Ads.</i> No white on rump; tail forked; sooty black +above, browner below; wing coverts grayish.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Coast of California; breeds on the Santa Barbara and +Farallone Islands." (A. O. U.)</p> + +</td> + <td> +<img src="images/pg_065.png" width="205" height="697" title="bird images" alt="bird images" /></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg_66]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>104. Stormy Petrel; Mother Carey's Chicken</b> (<i>Procellaria +pelagica</i>). L. 5.5. <i>Ads.</i> Sooty black, browner +below; upper tail coverts white, <i>tipped with black</i>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North Atlantic; winters south to western Africa and New +Brunswick.</p> + +<p><a name="No106" id="No106"></a> +<b>106. Leach Petrel; Stormy Petrel</b> (<i>Oceanodroma +leucorhoa</i>). L. 8., W. 6.2. <i>Ads.</i> Tail forked; above +sooty brownish black; below browner; <i>lesser wing coverts +grayish brown</i>; longer upper tail coverts <i>not</i> tipped +with black. <i>Notes.</i> An elfin-like crow of eight notes.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North Atlantic and North Pacific; breeds from Maine to +Greenland and from Farallone to Aleutian Islands; winters south to +Virginia and California.</p> + +<p><b>106.1. Guadalupe Petrel</b> (<i>Oceanodroma macrodactyla</i>). +L. 8.4; W. 6.4; T. 3.9, fork 1 in. deep. <i>Ads.</i> +Similar to <a href="#No106"><i>O. leucorhoa</i></a>, but with much longer and +more deeply forked tail, larger feet, shorter bill, and +very broad dusky tips to the upper tail coverts. +(Ridgw. in Cat. B. M.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Pacific Ocean; (Guadalupe Island, Lower California.)</p> + +<p><b>107. Black Petrel</b> (<i>Oceanodroma melania</i>.) L. 9. +<i>Ads.</i> Sooty black, paler below; wing-coverts grayish, +tail forked.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—South Pacific, north to Santa Barbara Islands; breeds on +Coronados Islands, southern California.</p> + +<p><b>108.1 Socorro Petrel</b> (<i>Oceanodroma socorroensis</i>). +W. 5.5. <i>Ads.</i> Similar to <a href="#No108">No. 108</a>, but wings longer; +tail shorter and less deeply forked; sides of rump +<i>whitish</i>; no white on under surface of wing. (Towns.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Pacific Ocean; (Socorro Island, southern California.)</p> + +<p><b>109. Wilson Petrel; Stormy Petrel</b> (<i>Oceanites +oceanicus</i>). L. 7. <i>Ads.</i> Webs of feet with yellow +patch: tail not forked; longer upper tail coverts not +tipped with black. <i>Notes.</i> A weak <i>weet</i>, <i>weet</i>, and a +hoarse chattering <i>patret-tu-cuk-cuk-tu-tu</i>. (Wilson.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Atlantic Ocean; breeds in Southern seas, (Kerguelen Island +in February), and migrates north to Newfoundland, spending +summer off coast of eastern United States.</p> + +</td> + <td> +<img src="images/pg_066.png" width="200" height="696" title="bird images" alt="bird images" /></td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<a name="Order_STEGANOPODES_Totipalmate_Swimmers_color"></a> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg_67]</a></span></p> + +<div class="caption2"><span class="smcap">Order IV.</span> TOTIPALMATE SWIMMERS.</div> +<br /> +<div class="caption2">STEGANOPODES.</div> +<br /> +<table width="100%" class="caption3nc" summary="Families"> +<tr> + <td>Family 1.</td> + <td>TROPIC BIRDS.</td> + <td class="smcap">Phaëthontidæ.</td> + <td>2 species.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Family 2.</td> + <td>GANNETS.</td> + <td class="smcap">Sulidæ.</td> + <td>6 species.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Family 3.</td> + <td>DARTERS.</td> + <td class="smcap">Anhingidæ.</td> + <td>1 species.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Family 4.</td> + <td>CORMORANTS.</td> + <td class="smcap">Phalacrocoracidæ.</td> + <td>6 species, 5 subspecies.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Family 5.</td> + <td>PELICANS.</td> + <td class="smcap">Pelecanidæ.</td> + <td>3 species.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Family 6.</td> + <td>MAN-O'-WAR-BIRDS.</td> + <td class="smcap">Fregatidæ.</td> + <td>1 Species.</td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> + +<p>The members of this Order agree in having all four toes connected +by webs, but in other respects they differ widely in structure and, consequently, +in habit. The young of all the Steganopodes are born +naked, unlike the young of most of the other water birds, which, as a +rule, are hatched covered with feathers and can swim or run about soon +after birth. The nests of the Steganopodes are, of necessity, therefore, +more complex structures than those of birds whose nests are merely +incubators and not cradles as well.</p> + +<p>Tropic Birds resemble the larger Terns, when in the air, but their +wing strokes are more rapid. They usually nest in holes in the face of +cliffs, and lay one whitish egg, marked with chocolate.</p> + +<p>Gannets are true sea birds, but, as a rule, do not live very far from +the land. When breeding, Gannets are usually associated in great +numbers. Their nests, as a rule, are placed on the ground or on cliffs, +and one or two chalky white eggs are laid. At this season the birds +are exceedingly tame and in localities +where they have not been much molested, one may walk about among the +sitting birds without their taking flight. Gannets are powerful birds +on the wing. Their vigorous wing strokes are interrupted at intervals +by short sails. They feed on fish which they capture by diving from +the air.</p> + +<p>The Darters or Anhingas number four species, distributed throughout +the tropical parts of the globe, only one species inhabiting America. +This is generally called the Snakebird or Water Turkey in Florida, +where it is a common species on the more isolated rivers and lakes. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg_68]</a></span> +The name Snakebird is derived from the bird's habit of swimming with +the body submerged, when the long, sinuous neck, appearing above the +water, readily suggests a snake. At other times Snakebirds mount high +in the air and sail about, like Hawks, in wide circles. They build a +large, well-made nest in a bush or tree, generally over the water, and +lay four bluish white, chalky eggs.</p> + +<p>Cormorants nest in large colonies, generally on isolated islets, but +sometimes in remote swamps. The nests are placed closely together +on the ground, in bushes, and less frequently in trees, according to +the nature of the bird's haunts.</p> + +<p>Cormorants feed on fish which they catch by pursuing them under +the water. They dive from the surface of the water like Ducks, or +from a low perch, but not from the air, as do the Gannets.</p> + +<p>Pelicans nest in colonies, generally on some small island, building +their nests on the ground or in bushes, and laying two or three large, +white, chalky eggs.</p> + +<p>Brown Pelicans secure their food by plunging on it from the air, generally +from about twenty feet above the water. The sides of the bill +are then bowed outward, the opening widened, forming, with the pouch, +an effective net in which fish, twelve and fourteen inches long, are captured.</p> + +<p>White Pelicans, on the contrary, feed from the water, scooping up +fishes as they swim. At times a flock of these birds may surround a +school of small fish in shallow water and drive them shoreward, at the +same time actively filling their pouches.</p> + +<p>Young Pelicans are fed on fish which they take from the pouch of +the parent bird by thrusting their bills and heads well into it and prodding +actively about for the food to be found there. Young Cormorants +secure their food in a similar manner.</p> + +<p>Frigate Birds, of which only two species are known, have a greater +expanse of wing in proportion to the weight of their body than any +other bird. Their power of flight is consequently unexcelled and they +may spend days in the air without tiring. Their feet are as weak as +their wings are strong, and are of use only in perching.</p> + +<p>The food of Frigate Birds consists chiefly of fish, which they catch +from near the surface of the water, or rob from Gulls and Terns by +pursuing them, forcing them to disgorge their prey, and catching it ere +it reaches the water.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg_69]</a></span></p> +<div class="caption3rt">Tropic Birds and Gannet</div> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>112. Yellow-billed Tropic Bird</b> (<i>Phaëthon americanus</i>). +L. 30; T. 19. <i>Ads.</i> Bill yellow; no bars above; +middle tail feathers lengthened. <i>Yng.</i> Above barred +with black; middle tail feathers not lengthened.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Tropical coasts; breeds in West Indies, Bahamas and Bermudas; +casual in Florida; accidental in western New York and Nova +Scotia.</p> + +<p><b>113. Red-billed Tropic Bird</b> (<i>Phaëthon æthereus</i>). +L. 30; T. 20. <i>Ads.</i> Bill red; above barred with +black; long middle tail feathers pure white.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Coasts of tropical America, north on the Pacific coast to +Cape Colnett, Lower California; accidental on the Newfoundland +Banks. Breeds on San Pedro Martir and other Islands in the Gulf of +California." (A. O. U.)</p> + +<p><b>117. Gannet</b> (<i>Sula bassana</i>). L. 35. <i>Ads.</i> White; +head and neck tinged with straw; primaries blackish. +<i>Yng.</i> Grayish brown with white spots. <i>Notes.</i> A +harsh <i>gor-r-r-rok</i>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North Atlantic; breeds, in America, only on Bird Rock and +Bonaventure Islands, Gulf of St. Lawrence; winters off the coast, +south to Florida.</p> + +</td> + <td> +<img src="images/pg_069.png" width="208" height="697" title="bird images" alt="bird images" /></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg_70]</a></span></p> +<div class="caption3rt">Boobies</div> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>114. Blue-faced Booby</b> (<i>Sula cyanops</i>). L. 28. <i>Ads.</i> +Body and lesser wing coverts white; central tail feathers +whitish, others dark brown. <i>Yng.</i> Above plain +dark grayish brown with some grayish streaks; below +white; flanks streaked with grayish.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Tropical seas; north in America to Lower California and +Bahamas; casual in southern Florida.</p> + +<p><b>114.1. Blue-footed Booby</b> (<i>Sula nebouxii</i>). L. 33. +<i>Ads.</i> Head, neck, and underparts white, the first two +streaked with grayish; back dusky brownish, tipped +with whitish; legs and feet bright blue. (Goss.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range:—Pacific coast of America, from Gulf of California to Galapagos +and Chili. (Cat. B. M.)</p> + +<p><a name="No115" id="No115"></a> +<b>115. Booby</b> (<i>Sula sula</i>). L. 30. <i>Ads.</i> Breast and +belly white; bill and feet yellow. <i>Yng.</i> Entirely +brownish, lighter below; bill blackish; feet yellow. +<i>Notes.</i> A harsh, guttural <i>bork</i>, <i>hork</i>. (Audubon).</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Atlantic coasts of tropical and subtropical America, north +to Georgia. Also, West Pacific and Indian Oceans." (A. O. U.) Accidental +on Long Island. No United States breeding record.</p> + +<p><b>115.1. Brewster Booby</b> (<i>Sula brewsteri</i>). L. +30. <i>Ads.</i> Similar to <a href="#No115">No. 115</a>, but head and neck +paler, bill blue, feet greenish.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range,—"Coasts and Islands of the eastern south Pacific Ocean, +north to Lower California; breeding as far north as Georges Island at +the head of the Gulf of California." (A. O. U.)</p> + +<p><b>116. Red-footed Booby</b> (<i>Sula piscator</i>). L. 28. +Feet <i>reddish</i>. <i>Ads.</i> White; head and nape straw +color; primaries <i>hoary grayish brown</i>; tail <i>white</i>. <i>Yng.</i> +Above sooty brown; head, neck, and lower parts light +smoky gray. (Ridgw.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Tropical seas, except Pacific coast of America (Cat. B. +M.); north in Atlantic to Bahamas and, rarely, southern Florida.</p> + +</td> + <td> +<img src="images/pg_070.png" width="217" height="697" title="bird images" alt="bird images" /></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg_71]</a></span></p> +<div class="caption3rt">Cormorants</div> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>119. Cormorant</b> (<i>Phalacrocorax carbo</i>). L. 36; T. +7.5, of 14 feathers. <i>Ads.</i> Chin and sides of throat +whitish; back glossy brownish, <i>distinctly</i> margined +with black; below uniform shining black. <i>Breeding +plumage.</i> Head and throat with white plumes; a white +patch on flanks. <i>Yng.</i> <i>Belly white</i>; above olive +grayish brown, margined with black; throat <i>whitish</i>; +neck brownish.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North Atlantic; breeds from Nova Scotia to Greenland; +winters south to Carolinas.</p> + +<p><a name="No120" id="No120"></a> +<b>120. Double-crested Cormorant</b> (<i>Phalacrocorax +dilophus</i>). L. 30; W. 12.5; T. 6.2, of 12 feathers. <i>Ads.</i> +Back brownish with distinct black margins; below +shining black. <i>Breeding plumage.</i> With tufts on +either side of head black, sometimes mixed with white; +throat pouch orange. <i>Yng.</i> Back browner; head, +neck, and lower belly brown; breast whitish.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America; breeds locally from Bay of Fundy, +Minnesota, North Dakota, northward; west to Assiniboia; winters +from southern Illinois and Virginia southward.</p> + +<p><b>120a. Florida Cormorant</b> (<i>P. d. floridanus</i>). Similar +to No. 120, but blacker and smaller. L. 25.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—South Atlantic and Gulf States; breeds north to North +Carolina and southern Illinois.</p> + +<p><a name="No120b" id="No120b"></a> +<b>120b. White-crested Cormorant</b> (<i>P. d. cincinatus</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No120">No. 120</a>, but larger, L. 36; nuptial crests +<i>white</i>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Pacific coasts; breeds in Alaska; winters south to California.</p> + +<p><b>120c. Farallone Cormorant</b> (<i>P. d. albociliatus</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No120b">120b</a>., but smaller, L. 28.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Breeds on California coast and in interior, south to Socorro +Island. (Ridgw.)</p> + +<p><b>121. Mexican Cormorant</b> (<i>Phalacrocorax mexicanus</i>). +L. 25. W. 10. <i>Ads.</i> Narrow border at base of +pouch white. <i>Breeding plumage.</i> Neck with white +plumes. <i>Yng.</i> Head and hindneck brownish; back +grayish, margined with black; throat, foreneck and +breast brownish white; belly black.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Breeds In West Indies and Central America to west Gulf +States; north in summer rarely to Kansas and southern Illinois.</p> + +</td> + <td> +<img src="images/pg_071.png" width="211" height="696" title="bird images" alt="bird images" /></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg_72]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>122. Brandt Cormorant</b> (<i>Phalacrocorax penicillatus</i>). +L. 35; T. 6. Chin and sides of throat <i>buffy +white or brownish</i>. <i>Ads.</i> Above blue black, <i>faintly</i> +margined with black; below green black. <i>Breeding +plumage.</i> With white, hair-like plumes from back and +neck; no white on flanks; throat pouch blue. <i>Yng.</i> +Above dark brown; throat and belly whitish; breast +and sides brown.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Pacific coast from Cape St. Lucas to Washington; resident.</p> + +<p><a name="No123" id="No123"></a> +<b>123. Pelagic Cormorant</b> (<i>Phalacrocorax pelagicus</i>). +L. 28; W. 10; T. 6.2. Forehead <i>feathered</i>; back +feathers <i>not</i> margined. <i>Ads.</i> Above glossy green and +purplish black; below bottle green. <i>Breeding plumage.</i> +With white plumes on neck and rump and white +patches on flanks; nape and forehead, crested. <i>Yng.</i> +Above greenish dusky brown, less green below.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Aleutian and Kuril Islands, and Kamchatka, south to +Japan." (A. O. U.)</p> + +<p><b>123a. Violet-green Cormorant</b> (<i>P. p. robustus</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No123">No. 123</a>, but larger; bill stouter, W. 10.8.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Coast of Alaska, from Norton Sound south to Washington." +(A. O. U.)</p> + +<p><b>123b. Baird Cormorant</b> (<i>P. p. resplendens</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No123">No. 123</a>, but smaller; bill slenderer; W. 9.5. +<i>Notes.</i> A croaking, guttural note.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Pacific coast from Washington south to Mazatlan, Mexico.</p> + +<p><b>124. Red-faced Cormorant</b> (<i>Phalacrocorax urile</i>). +L. 34. <i>Forehead</i> as well as lores bare. <i>Ads.</i> Above +green and purple; head and neck blue black; belly +green. <i>Breeding plumage.</i> With forehead and nape +crests and white patches on flanks. <i>Notes.</i> "A low, +droning croak." (Nelson.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Pribilof, Aleutian, and Kuril Islands, and coast of Kamchatka. +South in winter to northern Japan." (A. O. U.)</p> + +</td> + <td> +<img src="images/pg_072.png" width="212" height="697" title="bird images" alt="bird images" /></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg_73]</a></span></p> +<div class="caption3rt">Anhinga, Pelicans, and Man-o'-War bird</div> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>118. Anhinga; Snakebird; Water Turkey</b> (<i>Anhinga +anhinga</i>). L. 36. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Black; grayish head +and neck plumes which, in winter, are absent. <i>Ad.</i> +♀. Resembles male but whole head, neck, and +breast brownish. <i>Yng.</i> Similar to ♀ but black +parts duller. <i>Notes.</i> A rasping, clattering croak, +uttered when fighting or in coming to the nest.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Tropical and subtropical America; breeds north to southern +Illinois and South Carolina; winters from Gulf States southward.</p> + +<p><b>125. American White Pelican</b> (<i>Pelecanus erythrorhynchos</i>). +L. 60. <i>Ads.</i> White; primaries black; bill +in breeding season with a knob. <i>Yng.</i> With crown +brownish.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range:—North America; breeds in interior from eastern California, +Utah, Yellowstone Park, Minnesota (?) northward to Lat. 61°; winters +from Gulf States and southern California, south to Central America.</p> + +<p><a name="No126" id="No126"></a> +<b>126. Brown Pelican</b> (<i>Pelecanus occidentalis</i>). L. 50; +W. 19.5. <i>Ads.</i> Pouch greenish; head white, rarely +yellowish; neck brown. In fall, no brown on neck. +<i>Yng.</i> Brownish gray, white below. <i>Notes.</i> Adults as +a rule silent; young before flying, very noisy.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range:—Atlantic and Gulf coast of tropical and subtropical America; +breeds from northern South America to South Carolina; has +strayed to Illinois and Nova Scotia; winters from Gulf States southward.</p> + +<p><b>127. California Brown Pelican</b> (<i>Pelecanus californicus</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No126">No. 126</a>, but larger. L. 54; W. 21; +pouch in breeding season, red.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Pacific coast from Galapagos north to British Columbia; +breeds north only to Los Coronados Islands.</p> + +<p><b>128. Man-o'-War Bird; Frigate Bird</b> (<i>Fregata +aquila</i>). L. 40. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Black, glossy above; +pouch "scarlet or orange." <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Browner; +breast and belly white. <i>Yng.</i> Similar to ♀, but +head and neck white. <i>Notes.</i> Usually silent; rarely a +croaking note.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range:—Tropical and subtropical coasts; in America north to +Florida, Texas, and southern California; casually to Kansas, Ohio +and Nova Scotia; winters from southern Florida and Lower California +southward.</p> + +</td> + <td> +<img src="images/pg_073.png" width="208" height="697" title="bird images" alt="bird images" /></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<br /> +<br /> + +<a name="Order_V_Ducks_Geese_and_Swans_ANSERES_color"></a> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg_74]</a></span></p> + +<div class="caption2"><span class="smcap">Order V.</span> DUCKS, GEESE, AND SWANS.</div> +<br /> +<div class="caption2">ANSERES.</div> +<br /> +<table width="100%" class="caption3nc" summary="Families"> +<tr> + <td>Family 1.</td> + <td>DUCKS, GEESE, and SWANS.</td> + <td class="smcap">Anatidæ.</td> + <td>49 species, 6 subspecies.</td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> + +<p>The Anatidæ of North America are placed in five well-marked subfamilies, +the Mergansers (<i>Merginæ</i>), River Ducks (<i>Anatinæ</i>), Sea Ducks +(<i>Fuligulinæ</i>), Geese (<i>Anserinæ</i>), and Swans (<i>Cygninæ</i>).</p> + +<p>The Mergansers, Saw-bills, or Shelldrakes are fish-eating Ducks and +their rounded bills, set with tooth-like projections along the sides, are +of evident use to them in holding their prey.</p> + +<p>The River Ducks include such well-known species as the Mallard, +Black Duck, and Widgeon. They differ from the Bay or Sea Ducks +in not having a well-developed web or flap on the hind-toe. As a +rule they feed in shallow water by tipping, standing on their heads, as +it were, while reaching the bottom for food.</p> + +<p>The Bay or Sea Ducks have the hind-toe webbed. They feed, as a +rule, in deeper water than the River Ducks, sometimes descending to +the bottom in water over one hundred feet deep. During the winter +they gather in flocks often of several thousand individuals, and frequent +the larger bodies of water.</p> + +<p>With both the River and Bay Ducks the sides of the broad, flat bill +are set with gutters which serve as strainers, retaining the mollusks, +seeds and roots of aquatic plants on which these Ducks feed, while the +mud or water taken in with the food is forced out the sides of the bill +as it closes.</p> + +<p>Geese are more terrestrial than Ducks and often visit the land to nip +the grass. This is particularly true in the west where large flocks of, +Geese, especially Snow Geese, may be seen feeding on the prairies. +On the water they feed over shallows by tipping and probing the +bottoms.</p> + +<p>Swans also feed from the surface of the water either by simply immersing +the head and neck or by half submerging the body, when, with +the tail pointed to the zenith, the length of their reach is greatly increased.</p> + +<p>In spite of their comparatively short wings the large muscles attached +to them give to the Anatidæ great power of flight. Not only do +they make extended journeys, when migrating, without a rest, but they +attain a speed which is surpassed by but few birds. Some of the +smaller species, when alarmed, doubtless flying at the rate of one +hundred miles an hour.</p> + +<p>In common with other diving water birds the Ducks, when molting, +lose most of their wing feathers all at once, and for a time are therefore +unable to fly. During this comparatively helpless period the +brightly colored males assume in part the plumage of the females and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg_75]</a></span> +are thereby rendered less conspicuous. With the return of the power +of flight, however, they regain their distinctive, male plumage, which +is usually brighter than that of the female. With our Geese and Swans +there is no sexual difference in color.</p> + +<p>Most of our Ducks and Geese breed in the north, some within the +Arctic Circle, and winter from the southern limit of frozen water southward. +The American Merganser, Hooded Merganser, Wood Duck, +Buffle-head, Golden-Eyes, Tree Ducks, and possibly Harlequin Duck +nest in hollow trees, at times some distance from the water. The +young of the American Golden-eye and of the Wood Duck have been +seen to reach the water by jumping from the nest-hole and fluttering +down in response to the calls of the parent below. It is said that they +are also brought down in the bill of the old bird, but this statement +apparently lacks confirmation.</p> + +<p>The remaining species of our Ducks, Geese, and Swans, nest as a +rule, on the ground generally near water. From five to fifteen and, in +the case of the Fulvous Tree Duck, possibly as many as thirty eggs are +laid. In color they vary from white to buffy and pale olive and are always +uniformly colored. Incubation is performed by the female alone. +The males at this period among most Ducks deserting their mate to undergo +the partial molt before mentioned. While incubating the females +surround their nest with soft down plucked from their bodies and when +leaving the nest to feed, this down is drawn over the eggs with the +double object, doubtless, of concealing them and of keeping them +warm.</p> + +<p>With Eider Ducks this down constitutes the larger part of, if not +the entire nest. Saunders states that in Iceland the down in each nest +weighs about one-sixth of a pound. This is gathered by the natives, +who, however, are careful to afford the sitting bird an opportunity to +raise her brood without further molestation.</p> + +<p>The collection of Eider down thus furnishes an admirable illustration +of proper economic relations between man and birds. The down +is an important source of income to the natives of the comparatively +barren, northern countries in which the Eiders nest. So long as man +can remember it has been gathered annually. Still the Ducks continue +to return in numbers year after year to the same region, perhaps +the exact spot in which they nested the year before.</p> + +<p>Less intelligent methods would perhaps rob the bird of its second, as +well as of its first nest and, unable to reproduce its kind, the species +would become extinct within a comparatively short period.</p> + +<p>The evils which would follow such a course are, however, thoroughly +understood. The Ducks, in the first place, are encouraged in every +way. It is said that should one walk into a peasant's cabin and preempt +his cot as a nesting-site, the peasant would gladly give up his bed +to so valuable a visitor.</p> +<br /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg_76]</a></span></p> +<div class="caption3rt">Ducks</div> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>129. American Merganser</b> (<i>Merganser americanus</i>). +L. 25; B. from nostril, 1.5; nostril midway between +eye and tip of bill. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. No band of streaks on +breast; no crest. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. and <i>Yng.</i> <i>Chin white</i>; crown +and throat reddish brown; rest of underparts and speculum +white; above and tail ashy.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North America; breeds from New Brunswick, rarely +mountains of Pennsylvania, Minnesota, and mountains of Colorado +and California northward; winters from Maine and British Columbia +south to South Carolina and southern California.</p> + +<p><b>130. Red-breasted Merganser</b> (<i>Merganser serrator</i>). +L. 22; B. from nostril, 1.8; nostril nearer to eye than to +tip of bill. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Breast with a broad cinnamon +band streaked with black; head feathers lengthened. +<i>Ad.</i> ♀ <i>and Yng</i>. Crown grayish brown, washed with +rusty. Chin and throat paler; rest of underparts and +speculum white: back and tail ashy. <i>Notes.</i> When +alarmed, several low, guttural croaks. (Elliot.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Northern hemisphere; breeds, in America, from New Brunswick +and northern Illinois north to Greenland and Alaska; winters +from southern breeding limits, south to Cuba and Lower California.</p> + +<p><b>131. Hooded Merganser</b> (<i>Lophodytes cucullatus</i>). +L. 17.5. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. A large, circular black and white +crest. <i>Ad.</i> ♀ <i>Yng.</i> A small cinnamon crest, head, +neck and breast grayish brown; back, blackish; belly +white. <i>Notes.</i> "A hoarse croak, like a small edition +of that of the Red-breasted Merganser." (Elliot.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North America from Cuba and Lower California north to +Labrador and Alaska; breeds locally throughout its range, chiefly in +interior of British America; winters from British Columbia, Illinois, +and Massachusetts southward.</p> + +<p><b>132. Mallard</b> (<i>Anas boschas</i>). L. 23. Speculum +(patch in wing) purple bordered by black and <i>white</i>; +under surface of wing pure white. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Head +green; breast chestnut, a white neck-ring. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. +Above blackish and buffy, below rusty buff mottled +with dusky grayish brown. <i>Notes.</i> The familiar +<i>quack</i> of the barn-yard Duck.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Northern hemisphere; breeds, in America, from Labrador, +Indiana, Iowa, and California north to Greenland and Alaska; winters +from British Columbia, Kansas, and New Jersey to Central America +and West Indies.</p> + +<p><b>143. Pintail</b> (<i>Dafila acuta</i>). L. ♂, 28; ♀, 22. <i>Ad.</i> +♂. Central tail feathers black, 7.5 long, pointed. <i>Ad.</i> +♀. Tail 3.5,; feathers <i>sharply pointed</i>; brownish black, +with buff bars; under wing-coverts <i>dusky</i> and <i>buff</i>; +back blackish with <i>internal</i> buff loops. <i>Notes.</i> A loud +<i>quack</i>, less sonorous than that of the Mallard; a low +mellow whistle, and a harsh rolling note. (Nelson.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Northern hemisphere; breeds, in America, from New Brunswick, +Iowa, Illinois, and British Columbia northward; winters from +British Columbia, Illinois, and Virginia, south to Central America and +West Indies.</p> + +</td> + <td> +<img src="images/pg_076.png" width="197" height="697" title="bird images" alt="bird images" /></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg_77]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><a name="No133" id="No133"></a> +<b>133. Black Duck</b> (<i>Anas obscura</i>). L. 22. <i>Ads.</i> +Speculum bluish purple tipped with <i>black</i>; no white in +wing; lining of wing white and <i>dusky</i>; crown <i>without</i> +paler margins; throat, usually, without markings; legs +"olivaceous brown," bill "greenish black, dusky olive, +or olive-green." <i>Notes.</i> A <i>quack</i> resembling that of +the Mallard.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America; chiefly east of Mississippi; breeds +locally from New Jersey and Illinois north to Labrador and Hudson +Bay; winters from Maine to West Indies.</p> + +<p><b>133a. Red-legged Black Duck</b> (<i>A. o. rubripes</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No133">No. 133</a> but larger; crown edged with buff +or gray; throat spotted; legs red; bill yellow.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Summer range not definitely known, but breeding specimens +have been taken in northern Labrador, James Bay, and west +shore of Hudson Bay; in winter south to Virginia and Arkansas.</p> + +<p><a name="No134" id="No134"></a> +<b>134. Florida Duck</b> (<i>Anas fulvigula</i>). L. 20. <i>Ads.</i> +Throat and front of neck plain buff, usually unmarked; +speculum sometimes tipped with white; belly rusty +buff; broadly <i>streaked</i> with black. <i>Notes.</i> A <i>quack</i> similar +to that of <a href="#No133">No. 133</a>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Florida to coast of Louisiana; resident.</p> + +<p><b>134a. Mottled Duck</b> (<i>A. f. maculosa</i>). Similar to +<a href="#No134">No. 134</a>, but underparts <i>mottled</i> with black, the markings +being <i>rounder</i>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern Texas; breeds (at least) from Corpus Christi +north to Kansas; winters on west Gulf Coast.</p> + +<p><b>135. Gadwall</b> (<i>Chaulelasmus streperus</i>), L. 19.5. +Under wing coverts and axillars <i>pure white</i>. <i>Ad.</i> +♂. Wing-coverts chestnut; breast <i>ringed</i> with +white. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Head and throat as in ♂, back fuscous +and buffy; breast and <i>sides</i> ochraceous thickly spotted +with blackish; speculum ashy gray and white. <i>Notes.</i> +A <i>quack</i> like that of the Mallard but shriller and more +often repeated.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Northern hemisphere; in America, breeds in the interior +from Kansas and California north to Manitoba and Assiniboia; winters +from Maryland to Florida, rare in northeastern Atlantic States.</p> + +<p><b>136. Widgeon</b> (<i>Mareca penelope</i>). L. 18.5. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. +Head and neck reddish brown; crown buff; sides with +wavy black and white lines. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Head and throat +<i>rusty</i>, finely streaked and barred with black; breast and +sides rusty; speculum blackish. <i>Notes.</i> Of male, a +shrill, whistling <i>whee-you</i>; of female, a low, purring +growl. (Saunders.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Northern hemisphere; breeds in America, only in the +Aleutian Islands; casual in migrations and in winter in California and +on Atlantic coast from North Carolina to Greenland.</p> + +<p><b>137. Baldpate</b> (<i>Mareca americana</i>). L. 19. No +rusty on head. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Under tail-coverts black; +streak from eye to nape glossy green. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Head +and throat <i>whitish</i> finely marked with black; breast and +sides rusty washed with grayish. <i>Notes.</i> "A low, +soft whistle." (Elliot.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North America; breeds in the interior from Minnesota and +British Columbia north to Alaska; winters from British Columbia and +Virginia south to South America; only a migrant on northeast Atlantic +coast to Labrador.</p> + +</td> + <td> +<img src="images/pg_077.png" width="195" height="697" title="bird images" alt="bird images" /></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg_78]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><a name="No139" id="No139"></a> +<b>139. Green-winged Teal</b> (<i>Nettion carolinensis</i>). L. +14.5. Wing-coverts gray, tipped with buff or white. +<i>Ad.</i> ♂. A white crescent in front of wing; speculum +(wing-patch) green bordered by black tipped with +white. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Wings as in ♂; throat and sides of +neck white, finely spotted with black; breast and sides +washed with rusty, marked with black. <i>Notes.</i> A +"peculiar chirping almost a twittering" as they fly. +(Seton.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North America; breeds from New Brunswick, Minnesota, +and British Columbia north to Greenland and Alaska; winters from +Virginia, Kansas, and British Columbia south to Central America and +West Indies.</p> + +<p><a name="No140" id="No140"></a> +<b>140. Blue-winged Teal</b> (<i>Querquedula discors</i>). Wing-coverts +blue. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Cheek patch white. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. +Resembles ♀ of <a href="#No139">No. 139</a>, but wing-coverts blue; speculum +greenish brown not distinctly tipped with white. +L. 16.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North America; chiefly east of Rockies; breeds from New +Brunswick, Kansas, southern Illinois and northern Ohio, north to +Alaska, mainly in interior; winters from Virginia and Lower Mississippi +Valley to northern South America, California, and Lower California.</p> + +<p><b>141. Cinnamon Teal</b> (<i>Querquedula cyanoptera</i>). <i>Ad.</i> +♂. Head and neck, breast and sides reddish brown. +<i>Ad.</i> ♀. Resembles ♀ of <a href="#No140">No. 140</a>, but the underparts, +<i>including throat</i>, are usually suffused with rusty; the +throat often being blackish or speckled with dusky. +<i>Notes.</i> A rather thin, nasal <i>quack</i>. L. 16.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Western North America from British Columbia south to +South America, east to Rockies and south Texas; rarely to Florida.</p> + +<p><b>142. Shoveller</b> (<i>Spatula clypeata</i>). L. 20. Bill +much broader at tip than at base. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Belly chestnut; +breast around to back white. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Wing-coverts +blue; back conspicuously margined with buff. +<i>Notes.</i> "Occasionally a few feeble quacks." (Elliot.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Northern hemisphere; in America chiefly in interior; breeds +locally from Texas, and regularly from Minnesota and British Columbia +north to Alaska and Barren Grounds; winters from British Columbia, +Illinois, and Maryland south to northern South America.</p> + +<p><b>144. Wood Duck</b> (<i>Aix sponsa</i>). L. 18.5. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. +Head crested; green, blue, and purple with white stripes. +<i>Ad.</i> ♀. A white streak through and behind eye; crown +glossy purplish brown; back olive-brown glossed with +greenish. <i>Notes.</i> A frightened, plaintive, <i>oo-eek</i>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North America; breeds locally from Florida to Labrador +and British Columbia, winters from British Columbia, southern +Illinois, and southern New Jersey, south to southern California and +Cuba.</p> + +</td> + <td> +<img src="images/pg_078.png" width="186" height="697" title="bird images" alt="bird images" /></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg_79]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><a name="No146" id="No146"></a> +<b>146. Redhead</b> (<i>Aythya americana</i>). L. 19. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. +Head and <i>upper</i> neck entirely bright reddish brown. +<i>Ad.</i> ♀. Throat white; back grayish brown without +fine bars; speculum gray. <i>Notes.</i> "A hoarse guttural +rolling sound." (Elliot.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North America; breeds chiefly in interior from Maine, +Minnesota, and California north to Labrador and British Columbia; +winters from British Columbia and Maryland south to Lower California +and West Indies.</p> + +<p><b>147. Canvas-back</b> (<i>Aythya vallisneria</i>). L. 21. <i>Ad.</i> +♂. Head and <i>whole</i> neck <i>dull</i> reddish brown. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. +Head and neck <i>rusty</i> grayish brown; back grayish +brown, <i>finely barred with black and white</i>. <i>Notes.</i> "A +harsh guttural croak." (Elliot.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North America; breeds only in interior from Minnesota +and Oregon north to Alaska and the Barren Grounds; winters from +British Columbia and Maryland south to southern California, Mexico +and West Indies.</p> + +<p><b>148. American Scaup Duck</b> (<i>Aythya marila</i>). L. +♂, 18.5; ♀, 17.5. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Head glossed with greenish; +sides without distinct black bars. Ad. ♀. Feathers +about base of bill white; breast and back rusty +grayish brown; speculum white. <i>Notes.</i> "Similar to +the guttural sound made by the Canvas-back, Redhead +and other diving Ducks." (Elliot.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Northern parts of northern hemisphere; in America, breeds in +the interior rarely from Minnesota, and regularly from North Dakota +northward; winters from Long Island to northern South America.</p> + +<p><b>149. Lesser Scaup Duck</b> (<i>Aythya affinis</i>). L. ♂ 17; +♀, 16.5. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Head glossed with purplish; sides +with distinct black bars. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Similar to ♀ of No. +148, but smaller.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North America; breeds only in interior from Iowa rarely, +North Dakota commonly, and British Columbia, north to Barren +Grounds; winters from British Columbia and Virginia south to Guatemala +and West Indies.</p> + +<p><b>150. Ring-necked Duck</b> (<i>Aythya collaris</i>). L. 16.5. +<i>Ad.</i> ♂. A chestnut neck-ring; chin <i>white</i>; back <i>black</i>; +speculum <i>gray</i>. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Feathers about sides of base +of bill and throat white, back and breast <i>rusty</i> grayish +brown; speculum gray. Resembles ♀ of <a href="#No146">No. 146</a>, but +is smaller and rustier.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North America: breeding only in the interior from Minnesota +northward; winters from Maryland and British Columbia south +to Guatemala and West Indies; rare on Atlantic coast north of Maryland.</p> + +</td> + <td> +<img src="images/pg_079.png" width="211" height="697" title="bird images" alt="bird images" /></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg_80]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>151. American Golden-eye</b> (<i>Clangula clangula +americana</i>). L. 20. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Head <i>greenish</i>; white +patch at base of bill <i>circular</i>. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Head and +throat brown; breast and back gray, a white throat-ring; +belly and speculum white. <i>Notes.</i> Rarely a low +croak; a high whistling sound produced by wings in +flight.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North America; breeds from Maine, northern Minnesota, +and Alberta, north to Arctic Regions; winters from southern Alaska, +the Great Lakes and Maine, south to Mexico and Cuba.</p> + +<p><b>152. Barrow Golden-eye</b> (<i>Clangula islandica</i>). L. +20. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Head <i>purplish blue</i>; white patch at base +of bill <i>twice as high as wide</i>. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Resembles ♀ of +No. 151. <i>Notes.</i> A high whistling made by wings in +flight, probably also a low croaking as in No. 151.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Northern North America; breeds from Gulf of St. Lawrence, +and mountains of Colorado north to southern Greenland; winters south +to Virginia, Illinois, and California.</p> + +<p><b>153. Buffle-head</b> (<i>Charitonetta albeola</i>). L. 14.7. +<i>Ad.</i> ♂. Head blue, purple, and green; a white band +from eye to eye across nape. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. A whitish patch +on either side of head; throat and upper parts grayish +brown; belly and speculum white. <i>Notes.</i> A single +guttural note like a small edition of the Canvas-back's +roll. (Elliot.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North America; breeds from Maine, Iowa, and British +Columbia northward; winters from southern limit of breeding range +to West Indies and Mexico.</p> + +<p><b>167. Ruddy Duck</b> (<i>Erismatura jamaicensis</i>). L. 15. +Tail-feathers narrow and stiff; bill short (1.5) and +broad. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Cheeks white, cap black, back reddish +brown. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. A whitish streak through dusky +cheeks; back grayish brown with fine buffy bars; +belly silvery whitish. <i>Yng.</i> ♂. Similar, but cheeks +all white or whitish.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Western hemisphere from northern South America to +Hudson Bay; breeds locally throughout its range, but chiefly northward; +winters from New Jersey, southern Illinois and California +southward.</p> + +<p><b>168. Masked Duck</b> (<i>Nomonyx dominicus</i>). L. 14. +Tail-feathers long, (4.5) narrow, stiff and pointed. +<i>Ad.</i> ♂. Front of head black; behind it reddish brown +all around; white in wing. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. A brownish +streak through eye: buffy streaks above and below it; +back blackish regularly <i>barred</i> with buff; below washed +with rusty.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range—Tropical America north to Lower Rio Grande; accidental in +Wisconsin, Lake Champlain, and Massachusetts.</p> + +</td> + <td> +<img src="images/pg_080.png" width="207" height="697" title="bird images" alt="bird images" /></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg_81]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>154. Old-squaw</b> (<i>Harelda hyemalis</i>). L. ♂, 21; ♀, +16; T. ♂, 8; ♀, 2.5. No colored speculum. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. +Central tail-feathers much lengthened; in winter, +crown, nape, throat, and neck all around white. In +summer, black, with rusty markings on back. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. +winter. Cheeks, neck all around, and underparts white; +breast and sides of neck dusky. In summer, crown, +cheeks and nape blackish, throat and breast dusky; a +whitish patch back of eye. <i>Notes.</i> In spring, a rich, +musical <i>a-leedle-a</i>, frequently repeated in deep, reed-like +tones. (Nelson.) Also "<i>o-onc-o-onc-ough-egh-ough-egh</i>." +(Mackay.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Northern hemisphere; breeds from northern Labrador and +Aleutian Islands north to Arctic Ocean; winters south to Virginia, +Upper Mississippi Valley, and California, "rarely to Florida and Texas."</p> + +<p><b>155. Harlequin Duck</b> (<i>Histrionicus histrionicus</i>). L. +17. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Back and breast slaty blue; head darker. +<i>Ad.</i> ♀. Front half of cheeks and spot over ears +whitish, above blackish brown; below dusky and +whitish. <i>Notes.</i> "A confusion of low gabbling and +chattering notes." (Nelson.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Northern North America, breeding from Newfoundland, +the northern Rocky Mountains, and the Sierra Nevadas (latitude +38°), northward; south in winter to the Middle States and California; +eastern Asia, Iceland." (A. O. U.)</p> + +<p><b>156. Labrador Duck</b> (<i>Camptolaimus labradorius</i>). +L. 20. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Primaries blackish; rest of wing +white. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Ashy gray: speculum white. <i>Yng.</i> +♂. Like ♀ but throat and ends of greater wing-coverts +white.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Formerly North Atlantic coast; bred from Labrador northward; +wintered south to New Jersey; believed to be extinct; +last records, Grand Menan, New Brunswick, 1871; Long Island, 1875.</p> + +<p><b>157. Steller Eider</b> (<i>Eniconetta stelleri</i>). L. 18. +<i>Ad.</i> ♂. Throat and neck black nearly divided by a +white ring; top and sides of head white, forehead and +nape greenish; breast chestnut. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Above and +below black and rusty, speculum purple bordered with +white; tail feathers pointed.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Arctic and subarctic coasts of the northern hemisphere, +Aleutian Islands, east to Unalaska and Kadiak; Kenai Peninsula." +(A. O. U.)</p> + +</td> + <td> +<img src="images/pg_081.png" width="217" height="696" title="bird images" alt="bird images" /></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg_82]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>158. Spectacled Eider</b> (<i>Arctonetta fischeri</i>). L. 21. +<i>Ad.</i> ♂. Front of head plush-like; cushiony pads +around eyes; above largely white; breast slaty black; +belly black.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Alaskan coast of Bering Sea and north to Point Barrow." +(A. O. U.)</p> + +<p><a name="No159" id="No159"></a> +<b>159. Greenland Eider</b> (<i>Somateria mollissima borealis</i>). +L. 23. Feathers on sides of bill reaching to nostrils, +bare spaces on either side of feathers on culmen <i>pointed</i> +at base (posteriorly.) <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Crown black with a +white wedge. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Brownish black above margined +with rusty and buff; below dusky finely margined +with buff. <i>Yng.</i> ♂. Similar to ♀ but more +buffy. <i>Notes.</i> "A sort of cooing sound" in the +breeding season. (Elliot.) A raucous, moaning, +<i>'ha ho, 'ha ho</i>; female's like that of Mallard. (Brunnich.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Northeastern North America; breeds from Labrador to +Greenland; winters south to Massachusetts.</p> + +<p><a name="No160" id="No160"></a> +<b>160. American Eider</b> (<i>Somateria dresseri</i>). L. 23. +Similar in color to <a href="#No159">No. 159</a>, but bare spaces on either +side of feathers of culmen <i>rounded</i> at the base (posteriorly).</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Northeastern North America; breeds from Isle au Haut, +Maine, to Labrador; winters south to New Jersey and Great Lakes.</p> + +<p><b>161. Pacific Eider</b> (<i>Somateria v-nigra</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No159">No. 159</a>, but <i>Ad.</i> ♂ with a black <b>V</b> on throat; sides of +bill more broadly feathered, distance from end of +feathers to base of bare space on culmen less than +distance from same place to end of bill. <i>Notes.</i> "A +low guttural note." (Nelson.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North Pacific from Aleutian Islands north to Arctic Ocean +east to Great Slave Lake.</p> + +<p><b>162. King Eider</b> (<i>Somateria spectabilis</i>). L. 23. +Feathers at side of bill <i>not</i> reaching nostril. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. +White patch on either side of rump, crown ashy blue. +<i>Ad.</i> ♀ in 1 <i>Yng.</i> Resembling same plumages of +<a href="#No159">No. 159</a> and <a href="#No160">No. 160</a>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Northern hemisphere; breeds from Labrador and St. +Michaels, Alaska north to Greenland and Arctic Ocean; winters +south to New Jersey (rarely Ga.), and Great Lakes; one California +record.</p> + +</td> + <td> +<img src="images/pg_082.png" width="190" height="697" title="bird images" alt="bird images" /></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg_83]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>163. American Scoter</b> (<i>Oidemia americana</i>). L. 19. +Feathers at base of bill not extending forward on sides +or top. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Wholly black; bill black, yellow at +base. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Brownish above, lighter below; no +white on wing or on sides of head. <i>Notes.</i> A long +musical whistle. (Elliot.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Northern North America; breeds from Labrador and Alaskan +shores of Bering Sea northward; winters south to Virginia, Great +Lakes, Colorado, and California.</p> + +<p><b>166. Surf Scoter</b> (<i>Oidemia perspicillata</i>). L. 20. +Feathers extending forward on top of bill. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. +Black, nape and crown white; bill orange, yellow, and +white, a round black patch on its sides. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. +Above black, throat and breast paler; belly whitish; +a whitish patch at base of bill. <i>Yng.</i> Similar but +with white patches on ears.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Northern North America; breeds from Newfoundland +northward; winters south to Virginia, Florida, Illinois, and Lower California.</p> + +<p><b>165. White-winged Scoter</b> (<i>Oidemia deglandi</i>). +L. 22. A white patch on wing; feathers extending +forward along <i>sides and top</i> of bill nearly to nostrils. +<i>Ad.</i> ♂. Black, a white spot about eye; bill orange, +black at base. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Dusky brown above; lighter +below. <i>Yng.</i> ♂. Similar but sides and front of head +whitish.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Northern North America; breeds from Labrador and North +Dakota northward; winters south to Virginia, southern Illinois, and +Lower California.</p> + +<p><b>177. Black-bellied Tree Duck</b> (<i>Dendrocygna autumnalis</i>). +L. 22. <i>Ads.</i> belly and tail coverts <i>black</i>: +foreback and breast gray; greater wing-coverts +whitish. <i>Notes.</i> A shrill whistle. (Elliot.)</p> + +<p>Range.—Tropical America north to southern Texas.</p> + +<p><b>178. Fulvous Tree Duck</b> (<i>Dendrocygna fulva</i>). +L. 22. <i>Ads.</i> Belly uniform rusty brown; upper tail +coverts white; a black streak on hindneck; no white in +wing. <i>Notes.</i> A squealing whistle.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Tropical America, north in summer to Texas, Louisiana, +Nevada and central California. "Casual in North Carolina and +Missouri." (A. O. U.)</p> + +</td> + <td> +<img src="images/pg_083.png" width="209" height="697" title="bird images" alt="bird images" /></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg_84]</a></span></p> +<div class="caption3rt">Geese and Swans</div> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><a name="No169" id="No169"></a> +<b>169. Lesser Snow Goose</b> (<i>Chen hyperborea</i>). L. +23-28, <i>Ads.</i> White, head sometimes rusty; primaries +black. <i>Yng.</i> Head, neck, and above grayish.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Pacific coast to the Mississippi Valley, breeding in Alaska; +south in winter to southern Illinois and southern California; casually +to New England." (A. O. U.)</p> + +<p><b>169a. Greater Snow Goose</b> (<i>C. h. nivalis</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No169">No. 169</a>, but larger, L. 30-38.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America; breeds in Arctic regions; winters +from Chesapeake, New Jersey (rarely) +south to Cuba; rare on Atlantic coast north of Maryland.</p> + +<p><b>170. Ross Snow Goose</b> (<i>Chen rossii</i>). L. 21; B. +1.6. Similar in color to <a href="#No169">No. 169</a>, but much smaller; bill +particularly smaller.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Arctic America in summer; Pacific coast to southern +California and east to Montana in winter.</p> + +<p><b>180. Whistling Swan</b> (<i>Olor columbianus</i>). L. 55. +Nostril nearer to tip of bill than to eye. <i>Ads.</i> White, +bill and feet black; a small yellow spot before the eye. +<i>Yng.</i> Head and neck brownish, rest of plumage +washed with grayish. <i>Notes.</i> <i>'whoogh</i>, <i>'whoogh</i>, very +loud and shrill. (Nuttall.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North America; breeds within Arctic Circle; winters +from British Columbia (?) Lower Mississippi Valley, Chesapeake Bay, +south to Gulf of Mexico; rare on Atlantic Coast north of Virginia.</p> + +<p><b>181. Trumpeter Swan</b> (<i>Clor buccinator</i>). L. 65. +Nostril about in middle of bill. <i>Ads.</i> White, bill and +feet black; <i>no</i> yellow on lores. <i>Yng.</i> Head and neck +brownish; rest of plumage washed with grayish. <i>Notes.</i> +Loud and sonorous in tone like those of a French horn. +(Elliot.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Chiefly the Interior of North America, from the Gulf Coast +to the Fur Countries, breeding from Iowa and the Dakotas northward; +west to the Pacific Coast; rare or casual on the Atlantic." (A. +O. U.)</p> + +</td> + <td> +<img src="images/pg_084.png" width="205" height="697" title="bird images" alt="bird images" /></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg_85]</a></span></p> +<div class="caption3rt">Geese</div> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>169.1. Blue Goose</b> (<i>Chen cærulescens</i>). L. 28. <i>Ads.</i> +Head and neck white; below brownish gray; foreback +like breast; rump gray. <i>Yng.</i> Similar but head and +neck grayish brown.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North America; breeds in Hudson Bay region; winters on +west coast of the Gulf of Mexico; two California records; said to +have occurred in New Jersey.</p> + +<p><b>171a. American White-fronted Goose</b> (<i>Anser albifrons +gambeli</i>). L. 28. <i>Ads.</i> Forehead and rump +white; below spotted with black. <i>Yng.</i> Similar but +no white on head no black below.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North America; breeds in Arctic region; winters on Gulf +Coast, California and Mexico; rare on Atlantic coast.</p> + +<p><b>176. Emperor Goose</b> (<i>Philacte canagica</i>). L. 26. +<i>Ads.</i> Foreneck blackish; rest of head and neck white +sometimes tinged with rusty; tail mostly white. <i>Yng.</i> +Body less distinctly scaled; head and hindneck spotted +with grayish. <i>Notes.</i> When flying, a deep, hoarse, +strident <i>clâ-hâ, clâ-hâ, clâ-hâ</i>; when alarmed and about +to fly, a ringing <i>û-lûgh</i>,<i>-ûlûgh</i>. (Nelson.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Coast and islands of Alaska north of the Peninsula; +chiefly about Norton Sound and Valley of the Lower Yukon; Commander +Islands, Kamchatka; casually south to Humboldt Bay, California." +(A. O. U.)</p> + +</td> + <td> +<img src="images/pg_085.png" width="231" height="696" title="bird images" alt="bird images" /></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg_86]</a></span></p> +<div class="caption3rt">Geese and Brant</div> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p>Geese</p> + +<p><a name="No172" id="No172"></a> +<b>172. Canada Goose</b> (<i>Branta canadensis</i>). L. 38. +<i>Ads.</i> A white patch on cheeks and throat; rest of +head and neck black; no whitish ring at base of black +neck. <i>Yng.</i> Similar but with blackish on white of +throat. <i>Notes.</i> A sonorous <i>honk</i>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North America; breeds from Labrador, Minnesota and +British Columbia, north chiefly in the interior, to Alaska; winters +from Long Island, Illinois and British Columbia south to Mexico and +southern California.</p> + +<p><b>172a. Hutchins Goose</b> (<i>B. c. hutchinsii</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No172">No. 172</a>, but smaller; L. 30; tail feathers, 14-16.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Western North America; breeds in Arctic regions; winters +from British Columbia and Kansas south to Lower California and +Mexico.</p> + +<p><a name="No172b" id="No172b"></a> +<b>172b. White-cheeked Goose</b> (<i>B. c. occidentalis</i>). +Size of <a href="#No172">No. 172</a>, but throat blackish, lower neck with +white collar.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Pacific coast region, from Sitka, south in winter to California." +(A. O. U.)</p> + +<p><b>172c. Cackling Goose</b> (<i>B. c. minima</i>). Similar to +<a href="#No172b">No. 172b</a>, but smaller, L. 24; tail feathers 14-16.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Western North America; breeds in Alaska; winters from +British Columbia southward; east rarely to Wisconsin.</p> + +<p><b>173. Brant</b> (<i>Branta bernicla glaucogastra</i>). L. 26. +<i>Ads.</i> Sides of neck with white markings; belly <i>whitish</i>. +<i>Notes.</i> A guttural <i>car-r-rup</i>, or <i>r-r-r-rouk</i>. (Elliot.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Northern hemisphere; breeds in Arctic regions; winters in +America, from Mississippi Valley east, and from Illinois and Massachusetts +southward; rare in interior.</p> + +<p><b>174. Black Brant</b> (<i>Branta nigricans</i>). L. 26. <i>Ads.</i> +<i>Sides</i> and <i>front</i> of neck with white markings; belly +nearly as dark as back. <i>Notes.</i> A low guttural <i>gr-r-r-r-r</i>; +on alarm repeated often with emphasis. (Nelson.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Western North America; breeds in northern Alaska and +eastward; winters from British Columbia to Lower California; occasional +on Atlantic Coast.</p> + +</td> + <td> +<img src="images/pg_086.png" width="204" height="695" title="bird images" alt="bird images" /></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<br /> +<br /> + +<a name="Order_VI_Flamingoes_ODONTOGLOSSAE_color"></a> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg_87]</a></span></p> + +<div class="caption2"><span class="smcap">Order VI.</span> FLAMINGOES.</div> +<br /> +<div class="caption2">ODONTOGLOSSÆ.</div> +<br /> +<table width="100%" class="caption3nc" summary="Families"> +<tr> + <td>Family 1.</td> + <td>FLAMINGOES.</td> + <td class="smcap">Phœnicopteridæ.</td> + <td>1 species.</td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> + +<p>Flamingoes might be called long-legged Ducks. Their feet are +webbed, and their bill is set with ridges, which serve as sieves or +strainers, as do the 'gutters' on a Duck's bill. They are, however, +wading birds and their webbed feet are of use in supporting them on +the soft mud of shallow lagoons or bays where they search for the favorite +food of small mollusks. In feeding the flat top of the bill is +pressed into the mud when its tip points upward toward the bird's +body. Flamingoes fly with the neck and legs stretched to the utmost +presenting on the wing a picturesque, but by no means so graceful an +appearance as do the Herons. Their voice is a vibrant <i>honking</i> like +that of a Goose.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<a name="Order_VII_Herons_Bitterns_Ibises_and_Spoonbills_HERODIONES_color" id="Order_VII_Herons_Bitterns_Ibises_and_Spoonbills_HERODIONES_color"></a> +<div class="caption2"><span class="smcap">Order VII.</span> HERONS, STORKS, IBISES, ETC.</div> + +<div class="caption2">HERODIONES.</div> +<br /> +<table width="100%" class="caption3nc" summary="Families"> +<tr> + <td>Family 1.</td> + <td>SPOONBILLS.</td> + <td class="smcap">Plataleidæ</td> + <td>1 species.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Family 2.</td> + <td>IBISES.</td> + <td class="smcap">Ibididæ.</td> + <td>3 species.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Family 3.</td> + <td>STORKS and WOOD IBISES.</td> + <td class="smcap">Ciconiidæ.</td> + <td>1 species.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Family 4.</td> + <td>BITTERNS, HERONS, ETC.</td> + <td class="smcap">Ardhidæ.</td> + <td>14 species, 3 subspecies.</td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> + +<p>The Roseate Spoonbill was formerly a common bird in Florida and +along the Gulf coast, but so many have been killed for their plumage +that in the United States the species is now exceedingly rare except in +the most remote parts of southern Florida.</p> + +<p>Spoonbills build a rude nest of sticks in mangrove bushes or small +trees and lay three to five whitish eggs speckled with shades of brown.</p> + +<p>Ibises are usually found in flocks along the shore of lagoons, lakes, +etc., or in marshy places. They fly with the neck outstretched and are +generally silent. Their nests of reeds, weed stalks, etc., are sometimes +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg_88]</a></span> +placed in low bushes, at others in grassy marshes. The eggs +number from three to five. They are plain blue in the Glossy Ibis, +greenish white with chocolate markings, in the White Ibis.</p> + +<p>The Storks are largely Old World birds, only three of the some +twenty known species inhabiting the Western Hemisphere. But one +of these is found regularly north of the Rio Grande, the so-called Wood +Ibis which is abundant in southern Florida. It lives in flocks and +builds a nest of sticks usually in cypress trees, often forty feet from +the ground, laying two or three white eggs. When flying the neck is +extended. It progresses by alternate flapping and sailing and occasionally +soars high overhead in circles, like a Vulture.</p> + +<p>The Bitterns and Herons unlike our other long-legged wading birds, +fly with a fold in the neck. They belong in two subfamilies, the +<i>Botaurinæ</i> and <i>Ardeinæ</i>, respectively. The Bitterns are usually solitary +birds inhabiting grassy or reedy marshes where their colors harmonize +with their surroundings and render them difficult to see. The +American Bittern nests on the ground and lays three to five pale +brownish eggs. The Least Bittern usually weaves a platform nest +of reeds among rushes growing in the water and lays four or five bluish +white eggs.</p> + +<p>Herons feed along the shore and are consequently more often +seen than Bitterns. With the exception of the Green Heron and the +Yellow-crowned Night Heron, which usually nest in isolated pairs, our +species gather in colonies to nest. Several hundred pairs occupying +a limited area in some wooded or bushy swamp to which, when undisturbed, +they return year after year.</p> + +<p>Herons build a rude platform nest of sticks, sometimes placing it in +bushes, sometimes in the tallest trees, and at others on the ground or +beds of reeds in marshes. The eggs are greenish blue in color and +usually four in number. It is among those Herons, which in nesting +time are adorned with delicate plumes or aigrettes, that the greatest +ravages of the millinery hunter have been made. Attacking these +birds when they have gathered on the nesting ground, they are not +permitted to rear their young and the species is thus exterminated +branch and root.</p> + +<p>The voice of Herons is a harsh squawk varying in depth of tone with +the size of the bird.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg_89]</a></span></p> +<div class="caption3rt">Flamingo, Spoonbill and Ibis</div> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>182. Flamingo</b> (<i>Phœnicopterus ruber</i>). L. 45; from +toe to bill, 60. <i>Ads.</i> Rosy red, lighter on back; primaries +and secondaries black. <i>Yng.</i> Smaller, grayish brown; lighter below. +<i>Notes.</i> A <i>honk</i> resembling that of a Canada Goose.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Atlantic coasts of tropical and subtropical America; resident +(breeding?) in southwestern Florida (Monroe county); casual +west to Texas, north to South Carolina.</p> + +<p><b>183. Roseate Spoonbill</b> (<i>Ajaia ajaja</i>). L. 32. +<i>Ads.</i> Head and throat bare; sides of breast and end +of tail rusty buff; lesser wing-coverts, upper and under +tail-coverts carmine. <i>Yng.</i> Head feathered, buff and +carmine replaced by pink.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Tropical and subtropical America; north to Gulf States.</p> + +<p><b>185. Scarlet Ibis</b> (<i>Guara rubra</i>). L. 24. <i>Ads.</i> +Scarlet: tips of primaries black. <i>Yng.</i> Grayish brown, +lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts white; underparts +dull white.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Florida, Louisiana and Texas, southward to the West +Indies and northern South America. No record of its recent occurrence +in the United States." (A. O. U.)</p> + +</td> + <td> +<img src="images/pg_089.png" width="228" height="697" title="bird images" alt="bird images" /></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg_90]</a></span></p> +<div class="caption3rt">Ibises</div> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>184. White Ibis</b> (<i>Guara alba</i>). L. 25. <i>Ads.</i> +White, tips of outer primaries black, face orange red. +<i>Yng.</i> Grayish brown, rump, breast and belly white. +<i>Notes.</i> When near nest, <i>crook</i>, <i>croc</i>, <i>croo</i>; when disturbed, +a loud, hoarse, <i>bunk</i>, <i>bunk</i>, <i>hunk</i>. (Audubon).</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Tropical America; breeds north to Lower California, +southern Indiana, southern Illinois and South Carolina; winters from +Gulf southward; accidental in South Dakota, Connecticut and Long +Island;</p> + +<p><a name="No186" id="No186"></a> +<b>186. Glossy Ibis</b> (<i>Plegadis autumnalis</i>). L. 24. +<i>Ads.</i> Front of head black with greenish reflections. +<i>Yng.</i> Head and neck fuscous brown margined with +white, rest of underparts fuscous brown; back with +greenish reflections.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Tropical and subtropical regions in America; rare or local +in southeastern United States; casual north to Massachusetts and +Illinois.</p> + +<p><b>187. White-faced Glossy Ibis</b> (<i>Plegadis guarauna</i>). +L. 24. <i>Ads.</i> Front of head <i>white</i>. <i>Yng.</i> Resembles +young of <a href="#No186">No. 186</a>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Tropical and subtropical America; north to California, +(rarely British Columbia), Texas, Kansas, east rarely to Florida; +winters south of United States.</p> + +<p><b>188. Wood Ibis</b> (<i>Tantalus loculator</i>). L. 40. <i>Ads.</i> +Head and neck bare; white, primaries, secondaries and +tail blackish. <i>Yng.</i> Resembles ad. but head and +neck feathered, grayish brown. <i>Note.</i> When alarmed, +a rough, guttural croak. (Audubon.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Tropical and subtropical America; breeds In Gulf States, +(Lower California?), and later may stray as far north as New York, +Wisconsin, and California.</p> + +</td> + <td> +<img src="images/pg_090.png" width="205" height="696" title="bird images" alt="bird images" /></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg_91]</a></span></p> +<div class="caption3rt">Bitterns</div> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>190. American Bittern</b> (<i>Botaurus lentiginosus</i>). +L. 28. <i>Ads.</i> A glossy black streak on either side of +the neck. <i>Yng.</i> Similar to ad. but colors much deeper, +more rusty. <i>Notes.</i> Call, <i>quawk</i>; song, <i>pump-er-lunk</i>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North America north to Labrador and British Columbia, +breeding chiefly north of latitude 35°; winters from about latitude 35° +southward.</p> + +<p><b>191. Least Bittern</b> (<i>Ardetta exilis</i>). L. 13. <i>Ad.</i> +♂. Hindneck rufous, foreneck, underparts, and under +tail-coverts white and buff. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Similar, but crown +and back brown, below streaked with brownish. +<i>Notes.</i> Call, an explosive <i>quab</i>; song, a soft <i>coo</i> repeated +four or five times.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North America; breeds from Gulf States to New Brunswick +and Manitoba; winters from Gulf States southward. "Less +common west of Rocky Mountains; on the Pacific coast north to +northern California." (A. O. U.)</p> + +<p><b>191.1. Cory Bittern</b> (<i>Ardetta neoxena</i>). L. 13. +<i>Ad.</i> ♂. Hindneck black, foreneck chestnut, belly +mixed black and chestnut, under tail-coverts black. +<i>Ad.</i> ♀. Similar, but crown and back duller.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America; recorded from Florida, Ontario, +(breeding), Massachusetts, and Michigan; about 20 specimens +known.</p> + +</td> + <td> +<img src="images/pg_091.png" width="228" height="697" title="bird images" alt="bird images" /></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg_92]</a></span></p> +<div class="caption3rt">Herons</div> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>192. Great White Heron</b> (<i>Ardea occidentalis</i>). <i>Ads.</i> +White, no "aigrette" plumes. A white Heron about +the size of a Great Blue Heron. What is supposed to +be a gray-blue phase of this bird has been called <i>Ardea +wuerdmanni</i>, a bird which resembles <a href="#No194">No. 194</a>, but has +the head and neck whitish.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Southern Florida, Cuba and Jamaica.</p> + +<p><b>196. American Egret</b> (<i>Herodias egretta</i>). L. 41. +<i>Ads.</i> White, about 50 <i>straight</i> "aigrette" plumes grow +from the back between the wings; legs and feet <i>black</i>. +Ads. when not breeding and Yng., the same, but no +plumes.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Tropical and temperate America; breeds north to Virginia, +southern Illinois, and California; later strays to New Brunswick, +Minnesota, and Oregon; winters from southern California and Gulf +States southward.</p> + +<p><b>197. Snowy Heron</b> (<i>Egretta candidissima</i>). L. 24. +<i>Ads.</i> White, about 50 <i>recurved</i> "aigrette" plumes +grow from back between the wings; legs black, +feet <i>yellow</i>. Ads. when not breeding and Yng. The +same, but no plumes.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Tropical and temperate America; bred formerly north to +Long Island, southern Illinois and California; now very rare in eastern +North America; winters from Gulf States and southern California +southward.</p> + +</td> + <td> +<img src="images/pg_092.png" width="210" height="697" title="bird images" alt="bird images" /></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg_93]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><a name="No194" id="No194"></a> +<b>194. Great Blue Heron</b> (<i>Ardea herodias</i>). L. 45; +W. 18.5; B. 5.5; Tar. 7. <i>Ads.</i> Center of crown white, +head crested; legs blackish. <i>Yng.</i> Similar, but no +crest, crown wholly black, plumage more streaked.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range—Northern South America north to Arctic regions; breeds +locally throughout most of North America range; winters from about +latitude 42° southward.</p> + +<p><b>194a. Northwest Coast Heron</b> (<i>A. h. fannini</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No194">No. 194</a> but much darker; upperparts bluish +slate black; tarsus shorter, 5.3.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Pacific coast from Vancouver to Sitka.</p> + +<p><b>194b. Ward Heron</b> (<i>A. h. wardi</i>). Similar to +<a href="#No194">No. 194</a> but whiter below, neck darker; legs olive; larger, +L. 52; W. 20; B. 6.5; Tar. 8.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Florida; coast of Texas.</p> + +<p><b>202. Black-crowned Night Heron</b> (<i>Nycticorax nycticorax +nævius</i>). L. 24. <i>Ads.</i> Crown and back greenish +black lower back, wings and tail ashy; head with two +or three rounded white plumes, except just after breeding +season. <i>Yng.</i> Grayish brown streaked with +white; below white streaked with blackish; outer webs +of primaries, <i>pale rufous</i>. <i>Notes.</i> An explosive <i>qûawk</i>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Western hemisphere; breeds in North America north to +New Brunswick, Quebec, Manitoba, and Oregon; winters from California +and Gulf States southward.</p> + +<p><b>203. Yellow-crowned Night Heron</b> (<i>Nyctanassa +violaceus</i>). L. 23. <i>Ads.</i> Blue-gray; crown and ear-coverts +whitish, rest of head black; scapulars streaked +with black; head with two or three rounded, white plumes, +except just after nesting season. <i>Yng.</i> Crown <i>black</i>, +streaked with whitish; primaries <i>bluish slate, no rufous</i>; +back brownish streaked with white; below whitish +streaked with blackish.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Tropical and subtropical America; breeds north to South +Carolina, southern Illinois, and Lower California; strays to Massachusetts +and Colorado; winters from Gulf States southward.</p> + +</td> + <td> +<img src="images/pg_093.png" width="193" height="694" title="bird images" alt="bird images" /></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg_94]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>198. Reddish Egret</b> (<i>Dichromanassa rufescens</i>). L. +29. Two color phases independent of age. <i>Ads.</i> +<i>Dark phase</i>, Head and neck rufous; back slate; about +30 "aigrette" plumes. <i>White phase.</i> White, including +plumes; tips of primaries sometimes speckled with +gray. <i>Yng.</i> Rufous and gray, or white, without +plumes.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—West Indies and Central America north to coasts of Gulf +States, Illinois (rarely), and Lower California.</p> + +<p><b>199. Louisiana Heron</b> (<i>Hydranassa tricolor ruficollis</i>). +L. 26. <i>Ads.</i> "Aigrette" plumes, short, dirty +gray; rump and belly white; legs blackish. <i>Yng.</i> +Head and neck brownish; throat and line down foreneck +white; above slaty washed with brownish, rump, +and belly white.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—West Indies and Central America north to Gulf States, +casually to Long Island and Indiana.</p> + +<p><b>200. Little Blue Heron</b> (<i>Florida cœrulea</i>). L. 22. +<i>Ads.</i> Head and neck maroon; +rest of plumage slaty blue. <i>Yng.</i> White, tips of primaries bluish, legs +<i>greenish yellow</i>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Tropical America and eastern United States; breeds north +to Virginia and Illinois, later may stray north as far as Nova Scotia; +winters from South Atlantic and Gulf States southward.</p> + +<p><a name="No201" id="No201"></a> +<b>201. Little Green Heron</b> (<i>Butorides virescens</i>). L. +17. Smallest of our Herons. <i>Ads.</i> Crown, glossy +green-black; throat and line down foreneck buffy; rest +of head and neck purplish chestnut; back green washed +with bluish gray. <i>Yng.</i> Neck and below streaked +with blackish; back-feathers not lengthened; duller. +<i>Notes.</i> A rattling <i>oc-oc-oc-oc-oc</i>, a startling <i>scow</i>, and, +more rarely, a deep, hollow groan. (Brewster.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Tropical and temperate North America; breeds from Gulf +States north to Nova Scotia and Manitoba; winters from Gulf States +southward to northern South America.</p> + +<p><b>201a. Frazar Green Heron</b> (<i>B. v. frazari</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No201">No. 201</a>, but rather larger and darker, neck +more purplish, light stripings on throat and foreneck +more restricted. (Brewster.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Lower Califorinia.</p> + +<p><b>201b. Anthony Green Heron</b> (<i>B. v. anthonyi</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No201">No. 201</a>, but slightly larger, and paler, light +markings of wings, neck, and throat less restricted and +whiter. (Mearns.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Arid portions of southwestern United States, south into +Mexico.</p> + +</td> + <td> +<img src="images/pg_094.png" width="195" height="697" title="bird images" alt="bird images" /></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<br /> +<br /> + +<a name="Order_VIII_Cranes_Rails_Coots_Gallinules_Etc_PALUDICOLAE_color"></a> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg_95]</a></span></p> + +<div class="caption2"><span class="smcap">Order VIII.</span> CRANES, RAILS, ETC.</div> +<br /> +<div class="caption2">PALUDICOLÆ.</div> +<br /> +<table width="100%" class="caption3nc" summary="Families"> +<tr> + <td>Family 1.</td> + <td>CRANES.</td> + <td class="smcap">Gruidæ.</td> + <td>3 species.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Family 2.</td> + <td>COURLANS.</td> + <td class="smcap">Aramidæ.</td> + <td>1 species.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Family 3.</td> + <td>RAILS, GALLINULES, and COOTS.</td> + <td class="smcap">Rallidæ.</td> + <td>12 species, 3 subspecies.</td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> + +<p>Cranes bear a general resemblance to Herons in that they are long-legged, +long-necked birds, but when on the wing, they carry the neck +fully extended, a habit which will readily distinguish them from the +curved neck Herons. Cranes are less aquatic than Herons and are +often found feeding on the prairies or pine-barrens where worms, grasshoppers, +lizards, roots, etc., form their fare. They nest on the ground +laying two buffy eggs thickly marked with brown. The young, unlike +the nearly naked, helpless young of Herons, are born covered with +down and can soon follow their parents. The Cranes have loud sonorous +voices; the Herons raucous croaks.</p> + +<p>The Limpkin is a singular inhabitant of the more retired Florida +swamps. It feeds upon the ground largely upon a kind of land shell, +but also perches in trees. Its nest of twigs is placed in a small tree or +bush, and it lays from four to seven pale buffy eggs stained and +speckled with cinnamon brown.</p> + +<p>The Rails (Subfamily <span class="smcap">Rallinæ</span>) are inhabitants of grassy marshes +where, trusting to their long legs, they more often escape observation +by running than by flying. One may hear their characteristic notes +coming from the dense growth only a few yards distant and still be +unable to catch a glimpse of their maker.</p> + +<p>Rails nest on the ground laying six to twelve or fifteen buffy eggs +spotted with reddish brown. The young of all our species are born +covered with a shining black down.</p> + +<p>The Gallinules (Subfamily <span class="smcap">Gallinulinæ</span>) are more aquatic than the +Rails and are consequently less difficult to observe.</p> + +<p>The Coots (Subfamily <span class="smcap">Fulicinæ</span>) are still more aquatic than the Gallinules, +as might be supposed from their lobed toes, in fact are as +much at home in the water as though they were Ducks. Both Gallinules +and Coots lay eight to sixteen buffy, thickly speckled eggs in a +nest of reeds often built on a pile of rushes in the reeds.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg_96]</a></span></p> +<div class="caption3rt">Cranes and Limpkin</div> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>204. Whooping Crane</b> (<i>Grus americana</i>). L. 50. +<i>Ads.</i> White; skin of top of head dull red; primaries +black. <i>Yng.</i> Head feathered, plumage more or less +washed with rusty.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Interior of North America: breeds from northern Mississippi +Valley north to Arctic regions; winters from Gulf States southward.</p> + +<p><a name="No205" id="No205"></a> +<b>205. Little Brown Crane</b> (<i>Grus canadensis</i>). L. 35. +W. 18; B. 4. <i>Ads.</i> Skin of top of head dull red; +plumage brownish gray. <i>Yng.</i> Head feathered, +plumage with more or less rusty.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Northern North America from Hudson Bay to Alaska, +migrating south through western United States east of Rocky +Mountains to Mexico." (Ridgway.)</p> + +<p><b>206. Sandhill Crane</b> (<i>Grus mexicana</i>). Similar to +<a href="#No205">No. 205</a>, but larger. L. 44: W. 20; B. 5. <i>Notes.</i> A +loud, sonorous, grating, <i>krrrow</i>, repeated five or more +times.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North America; breeds locally from Texas, Cuba, Florida +north through Mississippi Valley to Manitoba, British Columbia, and +Oregon; winters from northern California and Gulf States southward.</p> + +<p><b>207. Limpkin</b> (<i>Aramus giganteus</i>). L. 28. <i>Ads.</i> +Glossy olive-brown, striped with white; wings and +tail more bronzy. <i>Notes.</i> A loud <i>wah-ree-ow</i>, repeated +and the last note prolonged into a wail.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Central America and West Indies north to southern Texas +and Florida.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_096.png" width="200" height="697" title="bird images" alt="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg_97]</a></span></p> +<div class="caption3rt">Rails</div> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><a name="No208" id="No208"></a> +<b>208. King Rail</b> (<i>Rallus elegans</i>). L. 15. <i>Ads.</i> +Above olive-brown, black, and olive-gray; wing-coverts +reddish brown; neck and breast cinnamon; belly +and sides <i>blackish</i>, <i>sharply</i> and broadly barred with +white. <i>Notes.</i> A loud <i>bup</i>, <i>bup</i>, <i>bup</i>, repeated and ending +in a roll.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern United States; breeds from Florida north to Connecticut +and South Dakota; strays to Maine; winters from Virginia +and Lower Mississippi Valley south to Gulf States.</p> + +<p><b>209. Belding Rail</b> (<i>Rallus beldingi</i>). Similar to +<a href="#No208">No. 208</a>, but paler; flank-bars narrower.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Lower California.</p> + +<p><b>210. California Clapper Rail</b> (<i>Rallus obsoletus</i>). +L. 17. Above grayish olive-brown streaked with +blackish brown; breast cinnamon; flanks dusky brown +narrowly banded with white. Margins to back +feathers much broader than in forms of <i>crepitans</i>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Salt Marshes of Pacific coast north to Washington.</p> + +<p><b>212. Virginia Rail</b> (<i>Rallus virginianus</i>). L. 9.5; +B. 1.5. <i>Ads.</i> Above blackish and grayish brown; +wing-coverts reddish brown; below cinnamon, flanks +black and white. Resembling a King Rail in color, but +much smaller. <i>Notes.</i> Calls, <i>kep</i> or <i>kik</i>; song, a +grunting sound and <i>cut</i>, <i>cûtta-cûtta-cûtta</i>. (Brewster.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North America; breeds from Pennsylvania, Long Island, +northern Illinois, and middle California north to Labrador, Manitoba, +and British Columbia; winters from about its southern breeding limits +south to Cuba and Guatemala.</p> + +<p><b>215. Yellow Rail.</b> (<i>Porzana noveboracensis</i>). L. 7; +B. .5. <i>Ads.</i> Above black and buffy barred with +white; breast buffy; sides brownish barred with white. +Notes. An abrupt cackling, <i>'krék</i>, <i>'krek</i>, <i>'krek</i>, <i>'krek</i>, +<i>kûk</i>, <i>'k'k'k</i>. (Nuttall.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America north to New Brunswick, Quebec, +and Hudson Bay, west to Manitoba and rarely California; probably +breeds chiefly north; winters in southern States.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_097.png" width="198" height="696" title="bird images" alt="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg_98]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><a name="No211" id="No211"></a> +<b>211. Clapper Rail, Marsh Hen</b> (<i>Rallus crepitans</i>). +L. 14.5; W. 5; B. 2.5. <i>Ads.</i> Above <i>pale</i> olive bordered +by <i>gray</i>; wing-coverts <i>pale</i> grayish brown; +breast <i>pale</i> cinnamon; flanks barred <i>gray</i> and white. +<i>Notes.</i> <i>Gkak</i>, <i>gkak</i>, <i>gkak</i>, at first loud and rapid, +ending lower and slower.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Salt marshes of the Atlantic coast; breeds from North +Carolina to Connecticut; winters from Long Island (rarely) southward, +north casually to Massachusetts; south casually to Louisiana.</p> + +<p><b>211a. Louisiana Clapper Rail</b> (<i>R. c. saturatus</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No211">No. 211</a>, but above rich brown edged with +olive; breast darker cinnamon; bill more slender, 2.3.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Coast of Louisiana.</p> + +<p><b>211b. Scott Clapper Rail</b> (<i>R. c. scotti</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No211">No. 211</a>, but much darker; sooty brown or black +above edged with olive-brown or olive-gray; breast +and neck cinnamon, washed with brownish; flanks +brown and white. Darkest bird of group.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Gulf coast of Florida.</p> + +<p><b>211c. Wayne Clapper Rail</b> (<i>R. c. waynei</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No211">No. 211</a>, but darker, back rich olive-brown +edged with gray; breast more ashy.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Atlantic coast, North Carolina to eastern Florida.</p> + +<p><b>211.2. Caribbean Clapper Rail</b> (<i>Rallus longirostris +caribæus</i>). L. 14; W. 5.7; B. 2.4. <i>Ads.</i> Above +olive-brown edged with olive-ashy, breast cinnamon; +flanks <i>brown</i> and white.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—West Indies; coast of southeastern Texas (and northeastern +Mexico?).</p> + +<p><b>214. Carolina Rail</b> (<i>Porzana carolina</i>). L. 8.5; B. 8. +<i>Ads.</i> Region about base of bill black. <i>Yng.</i> Similar, +but no black about base of bill; breast more cinnamon. +<i>Notes.</i> Calls, <i>kuk</i> or <i>peep</i>, song, <i>ker-wee</i>; and a +high, rolling <i>whinny</i>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North America; breeds from Long Island, Illinois, Kansas, +and southern California, north to Newfoundland, Hudson Bay region, +and British Columbia; winters from South Carolina, southern Illinois, +and northern California south to South America.</p> + +<p><b>216. Little Black Rail</b> (<i>Porzana jamaicensis</i>): L. 5; +B. 6. <i>Ads.</i> Head, breast, and belly slate; back blackish +brown barred with white; nape reddish brown. <i>Notes.</i> +Probably, <i>kik-kik-kik</i>, <i>quee'ah</i>, or <i>kik-ki-ki-ki</i>, <i>ki</i>, <i>quee'ah</i>, +or variants. (Brewster.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Temperate North America north to Massachusetts, northern +Illinois, and Oregon: south to West Indies and Guatemala." (A. +O. U.) Probably breeds throughout its North American range (Connecticut, +Illinois, Kansas).</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_098.png" width="210" height="696" title="bird images" alt="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg_99]</a></span></p> +<div class="caption3rt">Gallinules and Coot</div> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>218. Purple Gallinule</b> (<i>Ionornis martinica</i>). L. 13. +<i>Ads.</i> Crown-plate bluish, bill carmine tipped with +greenish; back shining green; below purplish blue; +under tail-coverts white. <i>Yng.</i> Above browner; +below with white; no red on bill.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Tropical and subtropical America; breeds only in eastern +North America north to southern Illinois and South Carolina, strays +to Maine and Wisconsin; winters from southern Florida south to +South America.</p> + +<p><b>219. Florida Gallinule</b> (<i>Gallinula galeata</i>). L. +13.5. <i>Ad.</i> Crown-plate red, bill red tipped with +greenish; legs green with a red ring; back olive-brown; +flanks slate <i>streaked with white</i>. <i>Yng.</i> Crown-plate +smaller with bill brownish; no red on legs; below +grayish. <i>Notes.</i> An explosive <i>chuck</i> and many loud +and varied calls suggesting a disturbed brooding hen, +the squawking of a struggling hen, etc.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Temperate and tropical America; breeds locally north to +Maine, Montreal, Minnesota, and northern California; winters from +Gulf States and California southward.</p> + +<p><b>221. American Coot</b> (<i>Fulica americana</i>). L. 15. +Toes with scallops. <i>Ads.</i> Bill whitish; crown-plate +and two spots on bill brownish; head and neck black; +rest of plumage slate. <i>Yng.</i> Whiter below, browner +above, crown-plate smaller. <i>Notes.</i> An explosive +<i>cuck</i> and noisy cackling notes.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North America; breeds in the interior (chiefly northward) +north to the Mackenzie and on Pacific coast to British Columbia; +winters from British Columbia and Gulf States south to Central +America and West Indies.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_099.png" width="203" height="695" title="bird images" alt="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<a name="Order_IX_Snipes_Sandpipers_Curlews_Plovers_Etc_LIMICOLAE_color" id="Order_IX_Snipes_Sandpipers_Curlews_Plovers_Etc_LIMICOLAE_color"></a> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg_100]</a></span></p> + +<div class="caption2"><span class="smcap">Order IX.</span> SHORE BIRDS.</div> +<br /> +<div class="caption2">LIMICOLÆ.</div> +<br /> +<table width="100%" class="caption3nc" summary="Families"> +<tr> + <td>Family 1.</td> + <td>PHALAROPES.</td> + <td class="smcap">Phalaropodidæ.</td> + <td>3 species.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Family 2.</td> + <td>AVOCETS AND STILTS.</td> + <td class="smcap">Recurvirostridæ</td> + <td>2 species.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Family 3.</td> + <td>SNIPES, SANDPIPERS, ETC.</td> + <td class="smcap">Scolopacidæ</td> + <td>33 species, 2 subspecies.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Family 4.</td> + <td>PLOVERS.</td> + <td class="smcap">Charadriidæ.</td> + <td>9 species, 2 subspecies.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Family 5.</td> + <td>SURF BIRDS AND TURNSTONES.</td> + <td class="smcap">Aphrizidæ.</td> + <td>4 species.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Family 6.</td> + <td>OYSTER-CATCHERS.</td> + <td class="smcap">Hæmatopodidæ.</td> + <td>3 species.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Family 7.</td> + <td>JACANAS.</td> + <td class="smcap">Jacanidæ.</td> + <td>1 species.</td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> + +<p>The Phalaropes are swimming Snipes. The Northern and Red +Phalaropes, both of which have well-developed lobes or scalloped webs +on their toes, except when nesting, live at sea a hundred miles or more +off shore, where they find an abundance of food in small forms of marine +life. The Wilson Phalarope is a bird of the interior and consequently, +is far less aquatic than the remaining species of the family; +nevertheless it readily takes to water, swimming buoyantly and gracefully.</p> + +<p>Contrary to the general rule, the female Phalarope is larger and +more brightly colored than the male and this difference in size and +plumage is accompanied by similarly unusual habits; the female taking +the place of the male in the Phalarope household. The female of +necessity lays the eggs, but they are hatched by the male alone, who it +is said, cares for the young, also without the assistance of his mate.</p> + +<p>The Avocets and Stilts are wading Snipes. The Stilts secure their +food by quick thrusts of the bill, but the Avocets use their singular, upturned +member in a more interesting manner. When in water two or +three inches deep, the bill is dropped below the surface, until the +curved lower mandible evidently touches the bottom; then walking +rapidly, or even running, the bill is swung from side to side and the +bird thus explores the mud in its search for food, which, when it is felt, +is picked up in the usual way.</p> + +<p>Many of the members of the family Scolopacidæ are probing Snipe. +The Woodcock, Wilson Snipe, and Dowitcher are good examples. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg_101]</a></span> +Their bill is long and sensitive and they can curve or move its tip +without opening it at the base. When the bill is thrust into the mud +the tip may therefore grasp a worm and it thus becomes a finger as +well as a probe.</p> + +<p>Though not ranked as song birds, many of the Snipes and Plovers have +pleasing calls and whistles and in the breeding season they become +highly musical or indulge in singular vocal performances.</p> + +<p>The song of the Bartramian Sandpiper would attract the attention of +the least observant and the singular aërial evolutions of the Snipe and +Woodcock lend an unusual interest to the study of these birds in the +spring. The Pectoral Sandpiper was observed by Nelson in Alaska, in +May, to fill its œsophagus with air dilating the skin of the neck and +breast and forming a sack as large as the body. Then in the air or on +the ground the bird produced a series of hollow booming notes, constituting +its love song.</p> + +<p>The Plovers have shorter, harder bills than the true Snipe and several +of our species frequent the uplands rather than muddy shore or +tidal flats.</p> + +<p>The Turnstones are true shore birds. Their home with us is on the +seacoast where they feed along the beach turning over shells and +pebbles in their search for food.</p> + +<p>The Oyster-catchers are also strictly maritime. They frequent bars +left bare by the tide and, it is said, use their stout bills to force open +mussels; oysters, or other bivalves left exposed by the water. This +belief, however, does not appear to rest on careful, definite observation.</p> + +<p>The Jacana belongs to a small family of birds with representatives +throughout the tropics. All its members are remarkable for the length +of their toes, the wide extent of which enable these birds to walk over +aquatic vegetation. So, for instance, I have seen them running over +small lily leaves which, sinking slightly beneath the surface, made the +birds appear to be walking on the water.</p> + +<p>The Limicolæ, as a rule, nest on the ground. The Phalaropes, +Snipes, and Plovers lay four eggs, the Oyster-catcher three, the Jacanas, +it is said, four in some species to ten in others. The eggs of all are +proportionately large and pointed or pear-shaped and are usually thickly +marked with dark spots. The young are born covered with down +and leave the nest just after hatching.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg_102]</a></span></p> +<div class="caption3rt">Shore Birds</div> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + + +<p><b>222. Red Phalarope</b> (<i>Crymophilus fulicarius</i>). L. +8.10; B. 9. Bill heavy, wider than deep. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. +Below entirely reddish brown; cap black, back black +and buff. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Similar, but smaller; crown and +back streaked with brown, black, and buff. <i>Yng.</i> +Resemble ♂, but upper tail-coverts plumbeous, underparts +<i>white</i>. <i>Winter.</i> <i>Crown</i> and underparts white, +hindneck black, back gray. <i>Notes.</i> A musical <i>clink</i>, +<i>clink</i>. (Nelson.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Northern parts of northern hemisphere, breeding in the +Arctic regions and migrating south in winter; in the United States +south to the Middle States. Ohio Valley, and Cape St. Lucas; chiefly +maritime." (A. O. U.)</p> + +<p><b>223. Northern Phalarope</b> (<i>Phalaropus lobatus</i>). +L. 7.7; B. .8. Bill short, slender, sharply pointed. +<i>Ad.</i> ♀. Breast rufous; above slaty gray mixed with +ochraceous on back. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Smaller, less rufous; +on throat; above blackish streaked with rusty. <i>Yng.</i> +Underparts and <i>forehead</i> white; crown sooty; back +blackish streaked with straw-color. <i>Winter.</i> Upperparts +gray mixed with white; underparts white. +<i>Notes.</i> A low chippering, clicking note.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Northern hemisphere; breeds from Labrador and northern +British America north to Greenland and Alaska; winters apparently +south of United States where it is known as a migrant chiefly off the +coasts.</p> + +<p><b>224. Wilson Phalarope</b> (<i>Steganopus tricolor</i>). +L. 9.5; B. 1.3. Bill long. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Sides of neck +black and chestnut; crown and back gray. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. +Smaller; chestnut and black much less and duller; +crown and back blackish, latter sometimes with rufous. +<i>Yng.</i> Below white; crown and back black +margined with ochraceous; nape brownish gray. +<i>Winter.</i> Above gray, upper tail-coverts white; below +white. <i>Notes.</i> A soft, trumpet <i>yna</i>, <i>yna</i>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North America, chiefly in the interior; breeds from northern +Illinois (rarely), Minnesota and Central California, north to latitude +55°; winters south of United States to southern South America.</p> + +<p><b>283. Turnstone</b> (<i>Arenaria interpres</i>). Similar to +<a href="#No2831">283.1</a> but larger, W. 6., and upperparts in <i>ad.</i> with +black prevailing. <i>Yng.</i> Blacker than young of 283.1.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern hemisphere, in America, only in Greenland and +Alaska.</p> + +<p><a name="No2831" id="No2831"></a> +<b>283.1. Ruddy Turnstone</b> (<i>Arenaria morinella</i>). +L. 9.5; W. 5.7. <i>Ads.</i> Reddish brown prevailing in +upper surface. <i>Yng.</i> Above and breast grayish +brown margined with buffy, throat, abdomen, rump +and long upper tail-coverts <i>white</i> as in ad.; shorter +upper tail-coverts black. <i>Notes.</i> When flying, a loud +twittering note. (Nuttall.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Nearly cosmopolitan; breeds in Arctic regions; winters in +America south of United States to Patagonia.</p> + +<p><b>288. Mexican Jacana</b> (<i>Jacana spinosa</i>). L. 8. +Toes over 1.5. <i>Ads.</i> Chestnut and black; wings +mostly greenish. <i>Yng.</i> Forehead, line over eye, and +below white. Above grayish brown, sometimes with +rump chestnut, nape black. <i>Notes.</i> A harsh, rapidly +repeated <i>eep</i>, <i>eep</i>, <i>eep</i>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Central America and Mexico north to Lower Rio Grande +Valley, Cuba and Haiti.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_102.png" width="204" height="698" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg_103]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>225. American Avocet</b> (<i>Recurvirostra americana</i>). +L. 16.5; B. 3.7. <i>Ads.</i> Head and neck rufous; belly +white; wings black and white. <i>Yng. and Ads. in winter.</i> +Similar, but head and neck grayish or whitish. +<i>Notes.</i> A rather musical, loud <i>plēē-ēēk</i> hurriedly repeated.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North America west of Mississippi; breeds from northern +States, central California and rarely Texas, north in the interior to +latitude 54°: winters from southern California and western Gulf +States to Central America and West Indies; casual on Atlantic coast.</p> + +<p><a name="No264" id="No264"></a> +<b>264. Long-billed Curlew</b> (<i>Numenius longirostris</i>). +L. 24; B. 6., longest among our Snipe. <i>Ads.</i> Above +black and buffy; tail barred buffy and black; below +buffy, neck and breast finely streaked with dusky. +<i>Yng.</i> Similar, but buff deeper.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North America; breeds on Atlantic coast from Florida to +North Carolina; in interior north to Manitoba and British Columbia; +later strays casually to Newfoundland and Ontario; winters from +Gulf States and southern California southward.</p> + +<p><b>265. Hudsonian Curlew</b> (<i>Numenius hudsonicus</i>). +L. 17; B. 3.7. <i>Ads.</i> Less buff than <a href="#No264">No. 264</a>; above +dark grayish brown and brownish gray; tail barred +with same; below white, breast streaked; sides barred +with blackish.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North America; breeds in Arctic region; winters south of +United States to South America.</p> + +<p><b>266. Eskimo Curlew</b> (<i>Numenius borealis</i>). L. 13.5; +B. 2. <i>Ads.</i> Tail barred with grayish brown and +black; above blackish and buffy; below buffy, the breast +thickly streaked; sides barred with blackish.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America; breeds In Arctic regions; winters +south of United States to South America; migrates chiefly through +interior.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_103.png" width="216" height="697" title="bird images" alt="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg_104]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>226. Black-necked Stilt</b> (<i>Himantopus mexicanus</i>). +L. 15; Tar 4.10. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Forehead, lower back, +and underparts white; crown, hindneck, upper back, +and wings black. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Similar, but upper back +and scapulars grayish brown. <i>Yng.</i> Similar to ♀, +but brown and black feathers lightly margined with +buffy. <i>Notes.</i> A sharp, rapidly uttered <i>ip-ip-ip</i> when +flying; a hoarse <i>k-r-r-r-r-ing</i> note when on the ground.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Temperate and tropical America; breeds north to Gulf +States, (locally and rarely in Mississippi Valley to Minnesota) and +California; winters from southern California and West Indies to +northern South America; rare east of Mississippi except in Gulf +States.</p> + +<p><a name="No286" id="No286"></a> +<b>286. American Oyster-catcher</b> (<i>Hæmatopus palliatus</i>). +L. 19. <i>Ads.</i> Base of tail and longer upper +tail-coverts white, shorter coverts and <i>all</i> back blackish +brown; white in wings conspicuous in flight. +<i>Yng.</i> Similar but feathers above with buffy margins. +<i>Notes.</i> A sharp <i>eep</i>, <i>eep</i>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Temperate and tropical America; breeds on sea coasts +only, north to Virginia and western Mexico; winters south of United +States to South America; casual north to Nova Scotia.</p> + +<p><b>286.1. Frazar Oyster-catcher</b> (<i>Hæmatopus frazari</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No286">No. 286</a>, but darker above, black +breast passing into white belly through a mottled +black and white band; upper tail coverts with brown +markings.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Lower California (both coasts), north to Los Coronados +Islands." (A. O. U.)</p> + +<p><b>287. Black Oyster-catcher</b> (<i>Hæmatopus bachmani</i>). +L. 17. <i>Ads.</i> Black. <i>Yng.</i> Somewhat browner. +<i>Notes.</i> A musical, piping whistle.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Pacific coast of North America from Aleutian Islands to +La Paz, Lower California."</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_104.png" width="203" height="697" title="bird images" alt="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg_105]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>228. American Woodcock</b> (<i>Philohela minor</i>). L. 11. +<i>Ads.</i> Below ochraceous-rufous; <i>no bars</i>; forehead +slaty crown black with rusty bars; back mixed +black, rusty and slaty. <i>Notes.</i> A nasal <i>peent</i> or <i>paip</i>; +a whistling of wings and a twittering whistle.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America; breeds locally from Florida to +Labrador and Manitoba, but chiefly northward; winters from southern +New Jersey and southern Illinois to Gulf States.</p> + +<p><b>230. Wilson Snipe</b> (<i>Gallinago delicata</i>). L. 11.2. +<i>Ads.</i> Throat and belly white or whitish; breast rusty +buff indistinctly streaked; sides <i>barred</i>; above streaked +black and cream-buff; tail black and rusty; outer +feathers barred black and white. <i>Notes.</i> When taking +flight several sudden, hoarse <i>scaipes</i>; a tremulous, +penetrating bleating, thought to be produced by air +rushing through the birds wings; a <i>kûk-kûk-kûk</i>. +(Brewster.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North America; breeds from northern New England (rarely +Connecticut), northern Illinois and northern California north to +Labrador, Hudson Bay, and Alaska; winters from California, southern +Illinois, and South Carolina to northern South America.</p> + +<p><b>261. Bartramian Sandpiper</b> (<i>Bartramia longicauda</i>). +L. 11.5. Outer primary barred black and white. +<i>Ads.</i> Above black, ochraceous, and brownish gray; +breast and sides with dusky arrowheads; throat and +belly whitish. <i>Yng.</i> Similar, but more buffy. <i>Notes.</i> +Call, a soft, bubbling whistle; song, a prolonged, +mournful, mellow whistle, "<i>chr-r-r-r-r-ee-e-e-e-e-e-oo-oo-o-oo</i>."</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North America chiefly interior; breeds locally from Kansas +and Virginia to Alaska and Nova Scotia; winters south of United +States to South America.</p> + +<p><b>262. Buff-breasted Sandpiper</b> (<i>Tryngites subruficollis</i>). +L. 8.5. Inner border of inner web of primaries +beautifully speckled with black and white. <i>Ads.</i> +Above black widely margined with grayish brown; +below ochraceous-buff; a few black spots. <i>Yng.</i> +Above blackish brown, finely and evenly margined +with whitish; below much as in adult.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.-"North America especially in the interior; breeds in the +Yukon district and the interior of British America north to the Arctic +coast; south in winter as far as Uruguay and Peru." (A. O. U.)</p> + +<p><b>281. Mountain Plover</b> (<i>Podasocys montana</i>). L. 9. +No black on breast. <i>Ads.</i> Lores and crown-band +black; above grayish brown washed with pale rusty. +<i>Yng.</i> Similar, but no black, rusty wash deeper. <i>Winter.</i> +Same as last but rusty paler.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Western United States; breeds from Kansas to North +Dakota; winters westward to California, south to Lower California +and Mexico; accidental in Florida.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_105.png" width="215" height="696" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg_106]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>231. Dowitcher</b> (<i>Macrorhamphus griseus</i>) L. 10.5; +B. 2.1, pitted at tip. <i>Ads.</i> <i>Rump</i>, <i>tail</i>, under +wing-coverts, and axillars <i>barred</i> black and white; +above black margined with rusty; rump, white; below +reddish brown, spotted and barred with black. <i>Yng.</i> +Similar, but breast gray tinged with rusty; belly white. +<i>Winter.</i> Above gray, breast gray mixed with dusky, +belly white.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America; breeds chiefly north and northwest +of Hudson Bay; winters from Florida to northern South America.</p> + +<p><b>232. Long-billed Dowitcher</b> (<i>Macrorhamphus scolopaceus</i>). +B. 2.1 to 2.9. Similar to preceding but +larger, bill longer; in adult spring plumage more barred +below. <i>Notes.</i> A lisping, energetic musical, <i>peet-peet</i>; +<i>pĕe-ter-wĕe-too</i>; <i>wĕe-too</i> repeated. (Nelson.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Western North America, breeding in Alaska to the Arctic +coast, migrating south in winter through western United States (including +Mississippi Valley) to Mexico, and less commonly along Atlantic +coast." (A. O. U.)</p> + +<p><b>233. Stilt Sandpiper</b> (<i>Micropalama himantopus</i>). +L. 8.2; tarsus long, 1.6. <i>Ads.</i> Entire underparts and +upper tail-coverts white barred with black; tail not +barred. <i>Yng.</i> Resembles ad. but below white, breast +lightly streaked: rump white no bars. <i>Winter.</i> Similar +to yng. but back gray.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America; breeds within Arctic Circle; winters +from Florida to South America.</p> + +<p><b>234. Knot</b> (<i>Tringa canutus</i>). L. 10.5; B. 1.3. +Upper tail-coverts with black bars and loops; tail +feathers without bars narrowly margined with white. +<i>Ads.</i> Mixed black, gray and reddish brown above, +reddish brown below. <i>Yng.</i> Above gray, margined +with cream-white and black; below white; breast +lightly streaked. <i>Winter.</i> Similar, but above gray.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Northern hemisphere; breeds within Arctic circle; winters +from Florida to South America: migrates chiefly along the coasts, +rare on Pacific coast of United States.</p> + +<p><b>244. Curlew Sandpiper</b> (<i>Erolia ferruginea</i>). L. 8; +B. 1.5, slightly curved. <i>Ads.</i> Below chestnut-rufous, +above rusty and black. <i>Yng.</i> Above brownish gray +margined with whitish; back blacker; below white. +<i>Winter.</i> Above plain brownish gray; below white.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Old World in general; occasional in Eastern North +America and Alaska." (A. O. U.)</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_106.png" width="199" height="697" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg_107]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><a name="No235" id="No235"></a> +<b>235. Purple Sandpiper</b> (<i>Arquatella maritima</i>). +L. 9. <i>Ads.</i> Above black, margined with rusty and +cream-buff; below white, breast and sides heavily +marked with black. <i>Winter.</i> Head, neck, and breast, +slaty; back blacker, margined with slaty; central secondaries +largely white.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Northern portions of the northern hemisphere; in North +America chiefly the northeastern portions, breeding in the high north, +migrating in winter to the Eastern and Middle States (casually to +Florida), the Great Lakes and Upper Mississippi Valley." (A. O. U.)</p> + +<p><a name="No236" id="No236"></a> +<b>236. Aleutian Sandpiper</b> (<i>Arquatella couesi</i>). L. 8.5. +Similar to <a href="#No235">No. 235</a>, but ad. and yng. with more +ochraceous; in winter grayish margins to back lighter +and wider. <i>Notes.</i> When flying, a low, clear, musical +<i>tweo-tweo-tweo</i>; when feeding, <i>clū-clū-clū</i>. (Nelson.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Aleutian Islands and coast of Alaska, north to Kowak +River, west to Commander Islands, Kamchatka." (A. O. U.)</p> + +<p><a name="No256" id="No256"></a> +<b>256. Solitary Sandpiper</b> (<i>Helodromas solitarius</i>). +L. 8.4. Under wing-coverts, axillars, and all but +middle tail-feathers barred black and white. <i>Ads.</i> +Above fuscous with a faint greenish tinge; head and +neck streaked, back spotted with whitish; below white; +throat and breast distinctly streaked with dusky. <i>Yng.</i> +Fewer spots and streaks above; breast markings fused. +<i>Winter.</i> Practically no white markings above.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from Northern States +(rarely and sporadically) northward; little known of breeding habits; +winters south of United States to South America.</p> + +<p><b>256a. Western Solitary Sandpiper</b> (<i>H. s. cinnamomeus</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No256">No. 256</a>, but spots above buffy, especially +in fall; inner margin of outer primary speckled +black and white.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Western North America; breeds in British Columbia (exact +breeding range unknown); winters south of United States.</p> + +<p><b>263. Spotted Sandpiper</b> (<i>Actitis macularia</i>). L. +7.5. <i>Ads.</i> Below white <i>thickly</i> spotted with black; +above brownish gray with a faint greenish lustre, +lightly marked with black. <i>Yng.</i> Similar above but +faintly margined with dusky and buff; below white, +breast grayer; <i>no black marks</i>. <i>Winter.</i> Same but no +margins above. <i>Notes.</i> <i>Peet-weet</i>, repeated.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North America, north to Hudson Bay; breeds throughout +its North American range; winters from southern California and West +Indies to South America.</p> + +<p><b>284. Black Turnstone</b> (<i>Arenaria melanocephala</i>). +L. 9. No rusty; lower back, longer upper tail-coverts +and base of tail white; shorter upper tail-coverts black. +<i>Ads.</i> Above and breast brownish black; belly white. +<i>Yng.</i> Browner margined with whitish. <i>Winter.</i> +Same as Yng, but no margins. <i>Notes.</i> A sharp, <i>weet</i>, +<i>weet</i>, <i>too-weet</i>. (Nelson.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Pacific coast of North America from Point Barrow, Alaska +to Santa Margarita Island, Lower California; breeding from Alaska +to British Columbia." (A. O. U.)</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_107.png" width="204" height="698" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg_108]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>237. Pribilof Sandpiper</b> (<i>Arquatella ptilocnemis</i>). +L. 10. <i>Ads.</i> Similar to <a href="#No236">No. 236</a> above but crown +much lighter; <i>breast</i> with a <i>black patch</i>. <i>Yng.</i> Resemble +adult above but breast grayish indistinctly +streaked and with a pale buff band; belly white. +<i>Winter.</i> Similar to yng. but slaty gray above.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Breeding in the Pribilof Islands, Alaska, and migrating +to coast of adjacent mainland south of Norton Sound." (A. O. U.)</p> + +<p><b>243a. Red-backed Sandpiper</b> (<i>Pelidna alpina pacifica</i>). +L. 8; B. 1.5; slightly curved. <i>Ads.</i> Belly +black; back chiefly rusty. <i>Yng.</i> Breast buffy, lightly +streaked with dusky; belly white <i>spotted</i> with black; +back black, rusty, and buff. <i>Winter.</i> Above brownish +gray; below white; breast grayish, indistinctly +streaked.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North America; breeds in Arctic regions and winters from +Gulf States and California to South America.</p> + +<p><b>246. Semipalmated Sandpiper</b> (<i>Ereunetes pusillus</i>). +L. 6.3; B. .6 to .8. Toes webbed at base. <i>Ads.</i> +Above brownish gray and black; <i>little or no +rusty</i>; below white, breast <i>indistinctly</i> streaked. <i>Yng.</i> +Above with rusty and whitish margins; below white, +breast grayish no streaks. <i>Winter.</i> Above brownish +gray with black shaft streaks; below white. <i>Notes.</i> +<i>weet-weet</i>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America; breeds in Arctic regions; winters +from Gulf States to South America.</p> + +<p><b>247. Western Sandpiper</b> (<i>Ereunetes occidentalis</i>). +Similar to preceding but bill longer .8 to 1.2; ads. more +rusty above, breast streaks more distinct, and more +numerous. <i>Notes.</i> Call, a soft <i>weet-weet</i>; song, uttered on +the wing, "a rapid, uniform series of rather musical +trills." (Nelson.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North America, chiefly west of Mississippi Valley; breeds +in Arctic regions; winters from Gulf States to South America.</p> + +<p><b>248. Sanderling</b> (<i>Calidris arenaria</i>). L. 8. Three +toes, tarsus scaled. <i>Ads.</i> Above rusty, black and +grayish; below white, breast spotted with black and +<i>washed with rusty</i>. <i>Yng.</i> Nape grayish, back <i>black</i>, +feathers with <i>two</i> white or yellowish white terminal +spots; below silky white. <i>Winter.</i> Above brownish +gray with dusky shaft streaks; below silky white.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Nearly cosmopolitan, breeding in Arctic and Sub-Arctic +regions, migrating, in America, south to Chili and Patagonia." +(A. O. U.)</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_108.png" width="213" height="696" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg_109]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>238. Sharp-tailed Sandpiper</b> (<i>Actodromas acuminata</i>). +L. 8.7. <i>Tail feathers pointed.</i> <i>Ads.</i> A white +line over eye; breast buff streaked with blackish. +<i>Yng.</i> Crown as in ad., back black and rusty; below +white, breast buffy, no streaks. <i>Winter.</i> Back grayish +brown streaked with blackish; below as in yng., +but breast grayer and with indistinct streaks. <i>Notes.</i> +A soft metallic <i>pleep-pleep</i>. (Nelson.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Eastern Asia, and coast of Alaska, migrating south to +Java and Australia." (A. O. U.)</p> + +<p><b>239. Pectoral Sandpiper</b> (<i>Actodromas maculata</i>). +L. 9. <i>Ads.</i> Middle tail-feathers longest, pointed, +blackish margined with rusty; above black and rusty; +below white, breast thickly streaked; upper tail-coverts +<i>black</i>. <i>Yng. and in winter</i> much the same. <i>Notes.</i> Call, +a grating whistle; song, a hollow, resonant, musical +<i>tōō-ū</i>, repeated eight times, made after filling æsophagus +with air until it is puffed out to size of the body. +(Nelson.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North America; breeds in Arctic regions; winters south of +United States to South America; rare on Pacific coast.</p> + +<p><b>240. White-rumped Sandpiper</b> (<i>Actodromas fuscicollis</i>). +L. 7.5. Longer upper tail-coverts <i>white</i>. <i>Ads.</i> +Breast white, <i>distinctly spotted</i> or streaked. <i>Yng.</i> More +rufous above; breast less distinctly streaked. <i>Winter.</i> +Brownish gray above; similar to yng. below.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America; breeds in the interior north of +Hudson Bay; winters south of United States to southern South America; +rare on Pacific coast.</p> + +<p><b>241. Baird Sandpiper</b> (<i>Actodromas bairdii</i>). +L. 7.5. No rusty in plumage. <i>Ads.</i> Longest upper +tail-coverts <i>blackish</i>; breast buffy, <i>faintly</i> streaked. +<i>Yng.</i> Similar, but back <i>conspicuously</i> margined with +whitish. <i>Winter.</i> Above "buffy grayish brown," no +white margins.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Interior of North America; breeds in the Arctic regions and +winters south of United States to southern South America.</p> + +<p><b>242. Least Sandpiper</b> (<i>Actodromas minutilla</i>). L. 6. +Smartest of our Sandpipers. <i>Ads.</i> Above black, buff +and rufous; below white breast lightly streaked. <i>Yng.</i> +Similar, but breast less distinctly streaked. <i>Winter.</i> +Above brownish gray, often streaked with black, below +white. <i>Notes.</i> <i>Peep-peep.</i></p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North America; breeds from Sable Island and Magdalens +northward; winters from Gulf States and California south to South +America.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_109.png" width="224" height="695" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg_110]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>249. Marbled Godwit</b> (<i>Limosa fedoa</i>). L. 18; B. 4; +slightly recurved. Tail barred, cinnamon and black; +under wing-coverts cinnamon with more or less fine +black markings. <i>Ads.</i> Above black and ochraceous; +below buffy white finely and uniformly barred with +black. <i>Yng.</i> Similar, but with no or with but few +bars below.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North America; breeds in the interior from western Minnesota, +rarely Iowa and Nebraska northward; winters south of United +States to Central America and West Indies.</p> + +<p><b>250. Pacific Godwit</b> (<i>Limosa lapponica baueri</i>). L. 16. +B. 3.7, slightly recurved, tail barred black and white; +under wing-coverts black and white. <i>Ads.</i> "Head, +neck and lower parts, plain cinnamon color." (Ridgw.) +<i>Winter.</i> Above black, grayish and rusty, former prevailing; +below white; throat streaked, elsewhere with +irregular, black bars. <i>Notes.</i> "A loud ringing <i>kû-we'w</i>, +repeated."</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Shores and Islands of the Pacific Ocean, from New Zealand +and Australia to Kamchatka and Alaska. On the American coast +recorded south of Alaska only from La Paz, Lower California." (A. +O. U.)</p> + +<p><b>251. Hudsonian Godwit</b> (<i>Limosa hæmastica</i>). +L. 15; B. 3.2, slightly recurved. Under wing-coverts +dusky; upper tail-coverts black and white; tail black at +end, white at base. <i>Ads.</i> Above black, rusty and +grayish, below chestnut-red barred with blackish and +faintly tipped with white. <i>Yng.</i> Similar, but below +buffy whitish, breast grayer. <i>Winter.</i> Similar below +but above brownish gray.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America chiefly interior; breeds in Arctic +Regions; winters south of United States to South America.</p> + +<p><b>270. Black-bellied Plover</b> (<i>Squatarola squatarola</i>). +L. 11. Hind-toe present, small. <i>Ads.</i> Above black +and white, no yellowish; below black. <i>Yng.</i> Above +grayish brown spotted with white and some yellowish; +below white. <i>Winter.</i> Similar to preceding but nearly +uniform brownish above.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Northern Hemisphere; breeds in Arctic Regions, winters in +America from Florida to Brazil.</p> + +<p><a name="No272" id="No272"></a> +<b>272. American Golden Plover</b> (<i>Charadrius dominicus</i>). +L. 10.5; W. 7. No hind-toe; axillars dusky. +<i>Ads.</i> Above conspicuously spotted with yellow; below +black, sides of breast white. <i>Yng.</i> Duller above, +below grayish white with dusky marks and yellowish +wash. <i>Winter.</i> Similar but no yellow below. <i>Notes.</i> +Call, a plaintive <i>too-lee-e</i>; song, a marvelously harmonious +succession of notes. (Nelson.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Western Hemisphere; breeds in Arctic Regions; winters +from Florida to Patagonia, rare on Pacific coast.</p> + +<p><b>272a. Pacific Golden Plover</b> (<i>C. d. fulvus</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No272">No. 272</a> but wing shorter, 6.5; yellow richer.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Breeding from northern Asia to the Pribilof Islands +and coast of Alaska, south in winter through China and India to +Australia and Polynesia." (A. O. U.)</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_110.png" width="197" height="695" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg_111]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>254. Greater Yellow-legs</b> (<i>Totanus melanoleucus</i>). +L. 14; B. 2.2. No rusty; upper tail-coverts mostly +white; tail barred with black and white or gray. <i>Ads.</i> +Above black margined with whitish; below white and +black. <i>Yng.</i> Above grayish margined with whitish; +below white, breast lightly streaked. <i>Winter.</i> Similar +but white margins less conspicuous. <i>Notes.</i> A +whistled <i>wheu</i>, <i>wheu-wheu-wheu-wheu-wheu-wheu</i>, <i>wheu-wheu</i>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North America; breeds from Minnesota, rarely northern +Illinois, and Anticosti northward; winters from Gulf States and California +to southern South America.</p> + +<p><b>255. Yellow-legs</b> (<i>Totanus flavipes</i>). L. 10.7; +B. 1.4. Similar in color to preceding but smaller in +size.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North America; breeds rarely in upper Mississippi Valley +but chiefly north of latitude 55°; winters from Gulf States to southern +South America; rare on Pacific coast.</p> + +<p><a name="No258" id="No258"></a> +<b>258. Willet</b> (<i>Symphemia semipalmata</i>). L. 15; +W. 8; B. 2.1. Primaries black with a broad white +band; upper tail-coverts mostly white. <i>Ads.</i> Above +brownish gray, black, and a little buff; below white +heavily marked with black and slightly washed with +buff. <i>Yng.</i> Above brownish gray margined with +buffy; below white, breast lightly streaked with dusky. +<i>Winter.</i> Similar, but above plain brownish gray. +<i>Notes.</i> Song, <i>pilly-will-willet</i>, repeated.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from Florida to southern +New Jersey, later strays casually to Maine; winters from Gulf States +to South America.</p> + +<p><b>258a. Western Willet</b> (<i>S. s. inornata</i>). Similar to +<a href="#No258">No. 258</a> but slightly larger. W. 8.5; B. 2.4. In summer +above paler, less heavily marked with black both +above and below. <i>Yng. and Winter.</i> Indistinguishable +in color from <a href="#No258">No. 258</a>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Western United States; breeds from Texas to Manitoba; +winters from southern California and Gulf States southward. A rare +migrant on Atlantic coast from South Carolina to Florida.</p> + +<p><b>259. Wandering Tattler</b> (<i>Heteractitis incanus</i>). L. +11. Tail-coverts plain slaty gray. <i>Ads.</i> Above plain +slaty gray; below white barred with slaty gray. <i>Yng.</i> +Above slaty gray more or less margined with whitish; +breast and sides slaty gray; throat and belly white. +<i>Winter.</i> Similar, but no white margins above.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Pacific coast; breeds from British Columbia northward; +winters south to Hawaiian Islands and Galapagos.</p> + +<p><b>282. Surf Bird</b> (<i>Aphriza virgata</i>). L. 10; B. 1. +Upper tail-coverts and base of tail-feathers white. +<i>Ads.</i> Above black, slaty, and rusty. <i>Yng.</i> Above +slaty margined with whitish; breast barred slaty and +whitish; belly white spotted with slaty. <i>Winter.</i> The +same, but no whitish margins.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Pacific coast of America, from Alaska to Chili." (A. O. U.)</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_111.png" width="223" height="697" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg_112]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>273. Killdeer</b> (<i>Oxyechus vociferus</i>). L. 10.5. Rump +and upper tail-coverts rusty. <i>Ads.</i> Above grayish +brown and rusty; below white with <i>two</i> black rings. +<i>Notes.</i> A noisy <i>kildeē</i>, <i>kildeē</i>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North America, north to Newfoundland, Manitoba and +British Columbia; (rare on North Atlantic coast); breeds locally +throughout its range; winters from Virginia, Lower Mississippi Valley +and California south to South America.</p> + +<p><a name="No274" id="No274"></a> +<b>274. Semipalmated Plover</b> (<i>Ægialitis semipalmata</i>). +L. 6.7. Web between bases of inner and middle toes. +<i>Ads.</i> <i>One</i> black ring around neck; a white ring in +front of it. <i>Yng.</i> Similar, but black parts brownish; +back margined with whitish. <i>Winter.</i> Same as last +but no whitish margins.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Breeds from Labrador northward; winters from Gulf +States to Brazil.</p> + +<p><b>275. Ring Plover</b> (<i>Ægialitis hiaticula</i>). L. 7.5. +No webs between toes. Similar to <a href="#No274">274</a> but larger, bill +yellow at base, black or brown bands wider.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Northern parts of Old World and portions of Arctic America, +breeding on the west shore of Cumberland Gulf." (A. O. U.)</p> + +<p><a name="No277" id="No277"></a> +<b>277. Piping Plover</b> (<i>Ægialitis meloda</i>). L. 7; B. +short, .5. Very pale above. <i>Ads.</i> Above ashy, +crown and <i>sides</i> of breast black; no rusty. <i>Yng.</i> Similar, +but black replaced by ashy gray. <i>Notes.</i> A short +plaintive, <i>piping</i> whistle, repeated.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from Virginia to Newfoundland; +winters from Florida southward.</p> + +<p><b>277a. Belted Piping Plover</b> (<i>Æ. m. circumcincta</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No277">No. 277</a> but black on sides of breast meeting +to form a breast band.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Mississippi Valley; breeds from northern Illinois and Nebraska +north to Lake Winnipeg, east to Magdalen and Sable Islands; +winters from Gulf southward; casual migrant on Atlantic coast.</p> + +<p><b>278. Snowy Plover</b> (<i>Ægialitis nivosa</i>). L. 6.5. +No complete ring. <i>Ads.</i> Black on crown; ear-coverts +and sides of breast black. <i>Yng.</i> The same, but no +black; above margined with whitish. <i>Winter.</i> Same +as last but no whitish margins.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Western United States east to Texas and Kansas; breeds +from Indian Territory and southern California northward; winters +from Texas and southern California southward.</p> + +<p><b>280. Wilson Plover</b> (<i>Ochthodromus wilsonius</i>). +L. 7.5; B. .8. No black on hindneck. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. One +black breast-and crown-band; some rusty about head. +<i>Ad.</i> ♀. Similar but black areas brownish gray. <i>Yng.</i> +Same as last, but above margined with whitish. +<i>Winter.</i> No whitish margins.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Tropical and temperate America; breeds north to Virginia, +Gulf States, and Lower California; winters southward to Brazil; +casual north to Nova Scotia.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_112.png" width="208" height="696" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<a name="Order_X_Grouse_Partridges_Bob-Whites_Etc_GALLINAE_color"></a> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg_113]</a></span></p> + +<div class="caption2"><span class="smcap">Order X.</span> GROUSE, PARTRIDGES, BOB-WHITES, ETC.</div> +<br /> +<div class="caption2">GALLINAE.</div> +<br /> +<table width="100%" class="caption3nc" summary="Families"> +<tr> + <td>Family 1.</td> + <td>GROUSE, PARTRIDGES, etc.</td> + <td class="smcap">Tetraonidæ.</td> + <td>21 species, 22 subspecies.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Family 2.</td> + <td>TURKEYS, PHEASANTS, etc.</td> + <td class="smcap">Phasianidæ.</td> + <td>1 species. 3 subspecies.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Family 3.</td> + <td>CURASSOWS and GUANS.</td> + <td class="smcap">Cracidæ.</td> + <td>1 species.</td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> + +<p>The members of the family Tetraonidæ are usually placed in three +subfamilies as follows: (1.) Perdicinæ, containing the true Quails +and Partridges of the Old World and with no species in America. (2.) +Odontophorinæ, including the Bob-whites and so-called 'Quails' and +'Partridges' of the New World, and with no species in the eastern +hemisphere. (3.) Tetraoninæ, the Grouse, with representatives in +the northern parts of both hemispheres. All the members of the first +two families have the legs bare, while the Grouse have the legs, and +often even the toes, more or less feathered.</p> + +<p>The application of different names to the members of this family, in +various parts of the country, often make it uncertain just what species +is referred to under a given title. Our Bob-white, for example, is a +'Quail' at the north and a 'Partridge' at the south. As a matter of fact +it is, strictly speaking, neither a true Quail nor Partridge but a member +of a family restricted to America.</p> + +<p>Again, the Ruffed Grouse is a 'Partridge' at the north and a +'Pheasant' at the south, whereas in truth it is neither one nor the +other. So far as the application of these local names goes, it is to +be noted that where the Bob-white is called 'Quail' the Grouse is +called 'Partridge' and that where it is called 'Partridge' the Grouse is +known as 'Pheasant'.</p> + +<p>All the Tetraonidæ are ground-inhabiting birds, and their plumage +of blended browns, buffs and grays brings them into such close harmony +with their surroundings that, as a rule, we are unaware of the +presence of one of these birds until, with a whirring of short, stiff, +rounded wings it springs from the ground at our feet. It is this habit +of 'lying close,' as sportsmen term it, in connection with their excellent +flesh, which makes the members of this family the favorites of the +hunter and epicure and only the most stringent protective measures +will prevent their extinction as their haunts become settled.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg_114]</a></span> +With the Ptarmigan this harmony in color is carried to a remarkable +extreme, the birds being white in winter and brown, buff and black in +summer; while during the early fall they assume a grayish, neutral +tinted plumage to bridge over the period from the end of the nesting +season, in July, to the coming of the snow in September.</p> + +<p>The Tetraonidæ all nest on the ground, laying usually from ten to +twenty eggs. The young, like those of their relative, the domestic +fowl, are born covered with downy feathers and can run about shortly +after birth.</p> + +<p>The Turkey is the only wild member of the Phasianidæ in +this country, but the family +is well-represented in the domesticated +Chickens, Peacocks, and Pheasants, all of which have descended from Old +World ancestors. Our domesticated Turkey is derived from the Wild +Turkey of Mexico, which was introduced into Europe shortly after the +Conquest and was thence brought to eastern North America. It differs +from the Wild Turkey of the eastern United States chiefly in the color of +the tips of the upper tail-coverts. These are whitish in the domesticated +Turkey, as they are in the Mexican race from which, it has descended, +and rusty brown in the Eastern Wild Turkey.</p> + +<p>Besides the five races of Wild Turkey described beyond, another +species of Turkey is found in America. This is the Honduras or Yucatan +Turkey, now largely confined to the peninsula of Yucatan. It is +not so large as our bird, but is even more beautifully colored, its plumage +being a harmonious combination of blue, gray and copper.</p> + +<p>Ring-necked and 'English' Pheasants have been introduced into +various parts of the United States, and in Oregon and Washington and +in the east, on various private game preserves, they have become +naturalized. The true English Pheasant (<i>Phasianus colchicus</i>) is believed +to have been introduced into England from Asia Minor probably +by the Romans. Unlike the Ring-necked Pheasant (<i>Phasianus torquatus</i>) +it has no white collar. The last named species, however, has also +been introduced into England where it freely interbreeds with the earlier +established English Pheasant and individuals without at least a +trace of white on the neck are now comparatively rare.</p> + +<p>The Curassows and Guans are tropical American birds, only one +species reaching the southern border of the United States. They are +arboreal in habit and form an interesting link between the Partridges, +etc. and the Pigeons.</p> +<br /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg_115]</a></span></p> +<div class="caption3rt">Bob-White and Partridge</div> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><a name="No289" id="No289"></a> +<b>289. Bob-white; 'Quail;' 'Partridge'</b> (<i>Colinus virginianus</i>). +L. 10. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Throat, forehead and line +over eye white. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Throat, forehead and line +over eye buff. <i>Notes.</i> Song, a ringing, whistled +<i>Bob-white</i> or <i>buck-wheat-ripe</i>; calls, a conversational +<i>quit-quit</i> and a whistled <i>where-are-you</i> and <i>I'm here</i>, +repeatedly uttered when the individuals of a flock are +separated.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America, resident from southern Dakota, +southern Minnesota, southern Ontario, southern Vermont, New +Hampshire and Maine, south to Georgia and western Florida; west to +South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, and eastern Texas. +"Introduced at various points in Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, Idaho, +California and Washington." (A. O. U.)</p> + +<p><b>289a. Florida Bob-white</b> (<i>C. v. floridanus</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No289">No. 289</a>, but smaller, L. 8.5, and much darker; +black bars below more numerous.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Florida; typical only in southern half of peninsula, +grading into <a href="#No289">No. 289</a> in northern and western parts of the state.</p> + +<p><a name="No289b" id="No289b"></a><b>289b. Texan Bob-white</b> (<i>C. v. texanus</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No289">No. 289</a>, but brown and buff areas paler; black bars +below wider.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Texas, except western part, rarely to western Kansas, +south to Nuevo Leon and Tamaulipas, Mexico.</p> + +<p><b>291. Masked Bob-white</b> (<i>Colinus ridgwayi</i>). L. 9. +<i>Ad.</i> ♂. Throat black; breast and belly reddish brown. +<i>Ad.</i> ♀. Resembles ♀ of <a href="#No289b">No. 289b</a>. <i>Notes.</i> Song, <i>Bob-white</i>; +call, when the birds are scattered, <i>hoo-we</i>. +(H. Brown.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Northern Sonora, Mexico, north to Pima County, Arizona.</p> + +<p><b>296. Mearns Partridge</b> (<i>Cyrtonyx montezumæ +mearnsi</i>). L. 9. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Sides with numerous, +large, crowded white spots. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. <i>Pinkish brown</i>, +above <i>streaked</i> with buffy and marked with chestnut +and black, below with a few broken black bars. <i>Notes.</i> +A low, murmuring whine; a clear <i>dsiup-chiur</i>, when +alarmed, <i>chuk-chuk-chuk</i>. (Bendire.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Northern Mexico, western Texas, southern New Mexico +and southern Arizona.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_115.png" width="220" height="695" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg_116]</a></span></p> +<div class="caption3rt">Partridges</div> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>292. Mountain Partridge</b> (<i>Oreortyx pictus</i>). L. 11. +<i>Ads.</i> <i>Hindhead</i> and <i>nape</i> same color as back; inner +margins of tertials buff. <i>Notes.</i> Song, an explosive +whistle ending in a throaty tone; call, a rapidly repeated +<i>cuh-cuh-cuh-cuh</i>, and a sharp <i>pit-pit</i>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Pacific coast from Santa Barbara, California, north to southern +Washington.</p> + +<p><a name="No292a" id="No292a"></a> +<b>292a. Plumed Partridge</b> (<i>O. p. plumiferus</i>). Hindhead, +nape, and foreback same <i>color as breast</i>; inner +margins of tertials <i>white</i>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Sierra Nevada (both slopes), east to Panamint Mountains; +and to Mount Magruder, Nevada; south in the coast ranges from San +Francisco Bay to Lower California (Campos). (A. O. U.)</p> + +<p><b>292b. San Pedro Partridge</b> (<i>O. p. confinis</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No292a">No. 292a</a>, but upperparts much grayer, the +back, rump, and upper tail-coverts being gray very +slightly tinged with olive; bill stouter. (Ridgway.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—San Pedro Martir Mountains, Lower California.</p> + +<p><a name="No293" id="No293"></a> +<b>293. Scaled Partridge</b> (<i>Callipepla squamata</i>). L. +10. <i>Ads.</i> Belly <i>without</i> chestnut patch; breast and +foreback grayish blue edged with black; back brownish +gray. <i>Notes.</i> A nasal <i>pe-cos' pe-cos'</i> (Bailey.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Tableland of Mexico, from the Valley of Mexico, north to +central and western Texas, Santa Fe, New Mexico and southern Arizona." +(A. O. U.)</p> + +<p><b>293a. Chestnut-bellied Scaled Partridge</b> (<i>C. s. +castanogastris</i>). Similar to <a href="#No293">No. 293</a>, but ♂ with chestnut +patch on belly; ♀ with belly much rustier than in +♀ of <a href="#No293">No. 293</a>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Lower Rio Grande Valley, northwest to Eagle Pass, Texas; +south into northeastern Mexico.</p> + +<p><a name="No294" id="No294"></a> +<b>294. California Partridge</b> (<i>Lophortyx californica</i>). +L. 10. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Above <i>olive-brown</i>; belly patch chestnut. +<i>Ad.</i> ♀. Plumes shorter; throat whitish streaked +with dusky; no distinct chestnut patch on belly. +<i>Notes.</i> Song, a pheasant like crow and a crowing, emphatic +<i>sit-right-down'</i>, <i>sit-right-down'</i>; calls, a sharp +<i>pit-pit pit</i>, and a note like that of a young Robin.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Coast region of California south to Monterey, introduced +in Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia." (A. O. U.)</p> + +<p><b>294a. Valley Partridge</b> (<i>L. c. vallicola</i>). Similar to +<a href="#No294">No. 294</a>, but much grayer above; sometimes plain +bluish gray without brown tinge.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"From western and southern Oregon, except near the +coast, south through western Nevada and the interior of California to +Cape St. Lucas." (Bendire.)</p> + +<p><b>295. Gambel Partridge</b> (<i>Lophortyx gambelii</i>). +L. 10. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Throat, forehead and belly patch +<i>black</i>; hindhead chestnut. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Similar, but throat +grayish buff; forehead gray; no black on belly; hind +head brownish; crest smaller. <i>Notes.</i> Song, <i>yuk-käe-ja.</i></p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Western Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, southern Utah, +southern Nevada, southern California in the Colorado Valley and +south into northwestern Mexico." (A. O. U.)</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_116.png" width="213" height="693" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg_117]</a></span></p> +<div class="caption3rt">Grouse</div> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><a name="No297" id="No297"></a> +<b>297. Dusky Grouse</b> (<i>Dendragapus obscurus</i>). L. +♂, 20. ♀, 18. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Gray tail-band <i>over</i> one inch +wide on middle feather; below grayish slate; above +blackish with fine rusty and grayish markings. <i>Ad.</i> +♀. With more white below; foreback regularly <i>barred</i> +with buffy; middle tail-feathers irregularly barred with +buff or grayish; terminal gray band finely marked with +black. <i>Notes.</i> A loud, ventriloquial, hooting or booming.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Rocky Mountains, from central Montana and southeastern +Idaho to New Mexico and Arizona; east to the Black Hills, South Dakota +and west to East Humboldt Mountains, Nevada." (A. O. U.)</p> + +<p><a name="No297a" id="No297a"></a> +<b>297a. Sooty Grouse</b> (<i>D. o. fuliginosus</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No297">No. 297</a>, but slightly darker, gray band on central +tail feather <i>less</i> than one inch wide.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Northwest Coast Mountains, from California to Sitka, east +to Nevada, western Idaho and portions of British Columbia." (A.O.U.)</p> + +<p><b>297b. Richardson Grouse</b> (<i>D. o. richardsonii</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No297a">No. 297a</a>, but <i>no</i> tail band, or, if showing +indistinctly from above, not visible from below.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Rocky Mountains, especially on the eastern slopes, from +central Montana, northern Wyoming and southeastern Idaho, into +British America to Liard River." (A. O. U.)</p> + +<p><a name="No298" id="No298"></a> +<b>298. Hudsonian Spruce Grouse</b> (<i>Canachites canadensis</i>). +L. 15. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Tail-feathers tipped with +brown; foreback margined with <i>bluish gray</i>. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. +Above, bases of feathers more or less barred with rusty +especially on foreback; throat and breast barred with +rusty and black; belly as in male. <i>Notes.</i> A drumming +sound produced by the beating of the wings. (Bendire.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Labrador and Hudson Bay region.</p> + +<p><b>298b. Alaska Spruce Grouse</b> (<i>C. c. osgoodi</i>). <i>Ad.</i> +♂. Similar to <i>Ad.</i> ♂. of <a href="#No298c">No. 298c</a>, but margins to +feathers of foreback <i>brownish ashy</i>. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Similar +to <i>Ad.</i> ♀ of <a href="#No298c">No. 298c</a>, but paler, barred with buff instead +of rusty.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Alaska.</p> + +<p><a name="No298c" id="No298c"></a> +<b>298c. Canada Grouse</b> (<i>C. c. canace</i>). <i>Ad.</i> ♂. +Similar to <i>Ad.</i> ♂. of <a href="#No298">No. 298</a>. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Similar to <i>Ad.</i> +♀ of <a href="#No298">No. 298</a>, but above more rusty, rusty bars deeper +and more conspicuous, showing throughout upper +surface and on flanks.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Northern New England, northern New York, New Brunswick, +Nova Scotia and Quebec west to northern Minnesota.</p> + +<p><b>299. Franklin Grouse</b> (<i>Canachites franklinii</i>). Resembles +<a href="#No298">No. 298</a>, but tail without brown tips, sometimes +tipped with white.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Northern Rocky Mountains, from northwestern Montana to +the coast ranges of Oregon and Washington, and northward in British +America, reaching the Pacific coast of southern Alaska (latitude 60°)." +(A. O. U.)</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_117.png" width="215" height="695" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg_118]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><a name="No300" id="No300"></a> +<b>300. Ruffed Grouse; 'Partridge;' 'Pheasant'</b> (<i>Bonasa +umbellus</i>). L. 17. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Prevailing color +above rusty brown; tail rusty or gray. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Similar +but neck-tufts smaller. <i>Notes.</i> The male produces +a drumming sound by rapidly beating its wings; +the female utters a <i>cluck</i> and when defending her brood, +a singular low whining sound.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern United States from Minnesota, southern Ontario, +southern New Hampshire and southern Vermont, south to Virginia +and along the Alleghanies to Georgia; west to northwestern Arkansas.</p> + +<p><a name="No300a" id="No300a"></a> +<b>300a. Canadian Ruffed Grouse</b> (<i>B. u. togata</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No300">No. 300</a>, but slightly grayer above; tail +generally gray; bars on breast and belly darker and +better defined.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Spruce forests of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Maine +northern New Hampshire, northern Vermont and south to higher +mountains of Massachusetts and northern New York; west to eastern +slope of coast ranges of Oregon, Washington and British Columbia; +north to James Bay.</p> + +<p><b>300b. Gray Ruffed Grouse</b> (<i>B. u. umbelloides</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No300a">No. 300a</a>, but grayer; prevailing color of +upperparts, including crown, gray; tail always gray.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Rocky Mountains, from Colorado north to latitude 65° in +Alaska, east to Mackenzie and poplar woods of western Manitoba.</p> + +<p><b>300c. Oregon Ruffed Grouse</b> (<i>B. u. sabini</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No300">No. 300</a>, but much darker, prevailing color of +upper parts rusty brown; tail always rusty brown.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Pacific coast ranges from Cape Mendocino, California, +north to British Columbia.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_118.png" width="253" height="695" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg_119]</a></span></p> +<div class="caption3rt">Ptarmigan</div> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><a name="No301" id="No301"></a> +<b>301. Willow Ptarmigan</b> (<i>Lagopus lagopus</i>). L. 15. +Bill large, more than .4 deep at base; tail <i>black</i>, narrowly +tipped with white. <i>Ad.</i> ♂ <i>Summer.</i> Throat and +upper breast rusty brown. <i>Ad.</i> ♂ <i>Fall.</i> Rustier and +more finely marked above. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. <i>Summer.</i> Above +black barred with buff and tipped with white; below +buff barred with black; middle of belly whitish. <i>Ad.</i> +♀. <i>Fall.</i> Much like fall male. <i>Ads.</i>, <i>Winter</i>. White, +tail black tipped with white; <i>no</i> black before eye. +<i>Notes.</i> Song, <i>kû-kû-kû-kû</i> while ascending five or ten +yards in the air; a hard rolling <i>kr-r-r-r</i> when descending. +(Nelson.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Arctic Regions; in America breeding south to Lat. 55° +in winter migrating south to Lat. 50°; recorded once from Penobscot +Co., Maine, and once from Manchester, Mass.</p> + +<p><b>301a. Allen Ptarmigan</b> (<i>L. l. alleni</i>). Similar to +<a href="#No301">No. 301</a>, but ♀ more finely marked; shafts of primaries, +at all seasons, strongly black spreading to the web of +the feather.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Newfoundland.</p> + +<p><a name="No302" id="No302"></a> +<b>302. Rock Ptarmigan</b> (<i>Lagopus rupestris</i>). L. 14. +Bill <i>less</i> than .4 deep at base; tail black. Always to +be known from <a href="#No301">No. 301</a> by its smaller bill. <i>Ad.</i> ♂ +<i>Summer.</i> Above irregularly barred and mottled with +gray and rusty buff; below barred black and white and +rusty buff. <i>Ad.</i> ♂ <i>Fall.</i> Above minutely speckled +black, gray and buff, the prevailing color being grayish +brown. <i>Ad.</i> ♂ <i>Winter.</i> White, lores and tail +black. <i>Ad.</i> ♀ <i>Summer.</i> Above black barred with +rusty and margined with whitish; below rusty barred +with black and tipped with whitish. <i>Ad.</i> ♀ <b>Fall.</b> +Like fall ♂. <i>Ad.</i> ♀ <i>Winter.</i> Like winter ♂ but no +black before eye.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North America from Gulf of St. Lawrence and higher +mountains of British Columbia north to Arctic Regions (except +northern Labrador) west through Alaska to Aleutian Islands.</p> + +<p><b>302a. Reinhardt Ptarmigan</b> (<i>L. r. reinhardti</i>). +<i>Ad.</i> ♂ <i>Summer.</i> Similar to <a href="#No302">No. 302</a>, but "less regularly +and coarsely barred above" (Ridgw.) <i>Ad.</i> ♀ +<i>Summer.</i> Resembles ♀ of <a href="#No302">No. 302</a>. <i>Ads. Fall.</i> Much +grayer than <a href="#No302">No. 302</a> in fall. <i>Ads. Winter.</i> Like +<a href="#No302">No. 302</a> in winter. <i>Notes.</i> When courting the male utters +a growling <i>kurr-kurr</i>. (Turner.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Northern Labrador north to Greenland.</p> + +<p><b>302b. Nelson Ptarmigan</b> (<i>L. r. nelsoni</i>). <i>Ad.</i> ♂, +<i>Summer.</i> Ground color of upperparts deep umber-brown, +very finely and densely vermiculated; chest +barred with bright tawny brown and black. <i>Ad.</i> ♀, +<i>Summer.</i> Similar to ♂ of <a href="#No302">No. 302</a>. (Ridgw.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Unalaska, Aleutian Islands.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_119.png" width="202" height="694" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg_120]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>302c. Turner Ptarmigan</b> (<i>L. r. atkhensis</i>). Lighter +in general hue than 302d and without black blotches +on upperparts. (Elliot.) <i>Ad.</i> ♂, <i>Summer.</i> "Ground +color of upperparts pale raw-umber brown, mixed +with pale grayish; chest and neck barred with pale +brownish ochre and black." <i>Ad.</i> ♀, <i>Summer.</i> Ground +color of upperparts rusty, mixed with pale grayish +buff, narrowly and irregularly barred with black; chest +and neck coarsely barred with rusty and black. +(Ridgw.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Atka, Aleutian Islands.</p> + +<p><b>302d. Townsend Ptarmigan</b> (<i>L. r. townsendi</i>). <i>Ad.</i> +♂, <i>Summer.</i> Above, breast and flanks raw umber +finely vermiculated with black on back; with black +blotches on head, neck and upperpart of back and wings. +<i>Ad.</i> ♀, <i>Summer.</i> Above ochraceous, blotched and +barred with black; lighter below. (Elliot.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Kyska and Adak, Aleutian Islands.</p> + +<p><b>302.1. Evermann Ptarmigan</b> (<i>Lagopus evermanni</i>). +L. 13.9. <i>Ad.</i> ♂, <i>Summer.</i> Above and breast black +slightly marked with rusty. <i>Ad.</i> ♀, <i>Summer.</i> Entire +body plumage, ochraceous, blotched and barred with +black and above tipped with white or ochraceous: below +black bars wider and no white tips. (Elliot.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Attu, Aleutian Islands.</p> + +<p><b>303. Welch Ptarmigan</b> (<i>Lagopus welchi</i>). L. about +14. Bill and tail as in <a href="#No302">No. 302</a>; plumage grayer than +in <a href="#No302">No. 302</a>. <i>Ad.</i> ♂, <i>Summer.</i> Above black <i>finely</i> and +irregularly marked with wavy lines of buff and white. +<i>Ad.</i> ♀, <i>Summer.</i> Above black <i>finely</i> and irregularly +barred with buffy, grayish and white.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Newfoundland.</p> + +<p><a name="No304" id="No304"></a> +<b>304.? White-tailed Ptarmigan</b> (<i>Lagopus leucurus</i>). +L. 13. Tail <i>white</i>. <i>Ad.</i> ♂, <i>Summer.</i> Breast barred, +black and white. <i>Ad.</i> ♀, <i>Summer.</i> Above black +barred with rich buff; below rich buff barred with +black. <i>Ads., Fall.</i> Above and breast rich buff finely +vermiculated with black. <i>Ads., Winter.</i> Entirely +white. <i>Notes.</i> When about to fly and at the beginning +of flight a sharp cackle like that of a frightened hen. (Grinnell.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Alpine summits of Rocky Mountains; south to New +Mexico; north into British America (as far as Fort Halkett, Liard +River); west to higher ranges of Oregon, Washington, and British +Columbia." (Bendire.)</p> + +<p><b>304a.? Kenai White-tailed Ptarmigan</b> (<i>L. l. peninsularis</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No304">No. 304</a>, but in summer buff +markings much paler; in fall, colors much grayer.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Kenai Peninsula, Alaska.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_120.png" width="255" height="337" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg_121]</a></span></p> +<div class="caption3rt">Prairie Hens</div> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><a name="No305" id="No305"></a> +<b>305. Prairie Hen</b> (<i>Tympanuchus americanus</i>). L. +18. Underparts with distinct brown and white bars of +about equal width. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. A neck-tuft of ten or +more <i>rounded</i> feathers. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Neck-tufts much +smaller; whole tail barred. <i>Notes.</i> Song, a loud +"booming."</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Prairies of Mississippi Valley; south to Louisiana and +Texas; east to Kentucky, Indiana, Ohio, Michigan and Ontario; +west through eastern portions of North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, +Kansas and Indian Territory; north to Manitoba; general +tendency to extension of range westward and contraction eastward; +migration north and south in Minnesota, Iowa and Missouri." (A. +O. U.)</p> + +<p><b>305a. Attwater Prairie Hen</b> (<i>T. a. attwateri</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No305">No. 305></a>, but smaller and darker; neck-tufts +proportionately wide; tarsus not fully feathered.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Southwestern Louisiana and eastern Texas.</p> + +<p><b>306. Heath Hen</b> (<i>Tympanuchus cupido</i>). Similar to +No. 305, but smaller; scapulars more broadly tipped +with buff; neck-tuft of <i>less</i> than ten feathers; obtusely +<i>pointed</i>; axillars <i>barred</i> with dusky.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts.</p> + +<p><b>307. Lesser Prairie Hen</b> (<i>Tympanuchus pallidicinctus</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No305">No. 305></a>, but smaller, more buffy +above; brown bars below narrower than whitish +spaces between them. <i>Notes.</i> Doubtless the same as +those of <a href="#No305">No. 305</a>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Southwestern parts of Kansas and western Indian Territory, +western (and southern?) Texas. (Bendire.)</p> + +<p><a name="No308" id="No308"></a> +<b>308. Sharp-tailed Grouse</b> (<i>Pediœcetes phasianellus</i>). +L. 17. Breast feathers with internal <b>V</b> shaped <i>loops</i>; +no neck-tufts. <i>Ads.</i> Prevailing color above <i>black</i>; +narrowly barred with rusty and margined with paler.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range—Interior of British America, east to Rocky Mountains, +about James Bay (Moose Factory) and the west shore of Hudson +Bay, northern Manitoba, north at least to Fort Simpson, Mackenzie +River, northwest territory. (Bendire.)</p> + +<p><a name="No308a" id="No308a"></a> +<b>308a. Columbian Sharp-tailed Grouse</b> (<i>P. p. columbianus</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No308">No. 308</a>, but prevailing color +above buffy.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Northwest United States; south to northeastern California, +northern Nevada and Utah; east to Montana and Wyoming, +west to Oregon and Washington; north, chiefly west of Rocky +Mountains, through British Columbia to central Alaska (Fort Yukon)" +(Bendire.)</p> + +<p><b>308b. Prairie Sharp-tailed Grouse</b> (<i>P. p. campestris</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No308a">No. 308a</a>, but more rusty. <i>Notes.</i> +Song, a bubbling crow, a rattling of tail-feathers, and +stamping of feet. Calls, when disturbed, <i>cack</i>, <i>cack</i>, +<i>cack</i>; a soft clear whistle and a grunt of alarm. (Seton.) +Call of mother to young and of young in reply a guttural, +raucous croak. (Grinnell.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range—"Plains and prairies of United States, north to Manitoba; +east to Wisconsin and northern Illinois; west to eastern Colorado; +south to eastern New Mexico." (Bendire.)</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_121.png" width="213" height="695" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg_122]</a></span></p> +<div class="caption3rt">Grouse, Turkeys and Chachalaca</div> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>309. Sage Grouse</b> (<i>Centrocercus urophasianus</i>). <i>Ad.</i> +♂, L. 29; <i>Ad.</i> ♀, L. 22. Similar to ♂, but smaller, +throat whiter; breast barred black and whitish. <i>Notes.</i> +When courting, low, grunting, guttural sounds; when +alarmed, a sort of cackle, <i>käk</i>, <i>käk</i>. (Bendire.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Sage regions of the Rocky Mountain Plateau, and west +chiefly within the United States, but north to Assiniboia and the dry +interior of British Columbia; east to North Dakota, South Dakota, +Nebraska and Colorado; south to northern New Mexico, Utah and Nevada; +west in California, Oregon and Washington, to the Sierra Nevada +and Cascade Range." (A. O. U.)</p> + +<p><b>Pheasant</b> (<i>Phasianus torquatus × P. colchicus</i>). An +introduced species, see <a href="#Page_114">remarks on page 114</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="No310" id="No310"></a> +<b>310. Wild Turkey</b> (<i>Meleagris gallopavo silvestris</i>). +♂ <i>Ad.</i> L. about 48; upper tail-coverts and tail tipped with +rusty chestnut: white bars in primaries entire, crossing the +webs of the feathers. <i>Notes.</i> Similar to those of the +domesticated Turkey.</p> + +<p>Range.—Eastern United States from Pennsylvania south to central +Florida; west to Nebraska and northeastern Texas.</p> + +<p><a name="No310a" id="No310a"></a> +<b>310a. Merriam Turkey</b> (<i>M. g. merriami</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No310">No. 310</a>, but tail and upper tail-coverts tipped with +whitish.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Mountains of southern Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona +and western Texas; and northern Chihuahua and Sonora, Mexico." +(Bailey.)</p> + +<p><b>310b. Florida Wild Turkey</b> (<i>M. g. osceola</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No310">No. 310</a>, but smaller; primaries with narrow +<i>broken</i> bars <i>not</i> reaching across feather.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Southern Florida.</p> + +<p><b>310c. Rio Grande Turkey</b> (<i>M. g. intermedia</i>). Tips +of upper tail-coverts and of tail rusty buff intermediate +in color between those of Nos. <a href="#No310">310</a> and <a href="#No310a">310a</a>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Lowlands of southern Texas and northeastern Mexico." +(A. O. U.)</p> + +<p><b>311. Chachalaca</b> (<i>Ortalis vetula maccalli</i>). L. 21. +<i>Ads.</i> Above olive-brown; tail blacker, all but middle-feathers +bordered with whitish; belly brownish. <i>Notes.</i> +A loud, trumpeting <i>cha-cha-laca</i>, repeated a number of +times.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Tropical portions of eastern Mexico, from Vera Cruz north +to Lower Rio Grande Valley.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_122.png" width="206" height="698" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<a name="Order_XI_Pigeons_and_Doves_COLUMBAE_color"></a> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg_123]</a></span></p> + +<div class="caption2"><span class="smcap">Order XI.</span> PIGEONS AND DOVES.</div> +<br /> +<div class="caption2">COLUMBÆ.</div> +<br /> +<table width="100%" class="caption3nc" summary="Families"> +<tr> + <td>Family 1.</td> + <td>PIGEONS and DOVES.</td> + <td class="smcap">Columbidæ.</td> + <td>13 species, 3 subspecies.</td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> + +<p>Pigeons are distributed throughout the greater part of the globe, but +their center of abundance appears to be in the Malay Archipelago, +where about one hundred and twenty of the some three hundred +known species are found. One hundred or more species have been +described from the New World but only twelve of these inhabit North +America.</p> + +<p>The various races of domestic Pigeons, 'Pouters,' 'Fantails,' etc. are +descendants of the Rock Dove of Europe, modified in form and habit +through the selection by the breeder or 'fancier.'</p> + +<p>Pigeons build a flimsy, platform nest of twigs and lay two white +eggs. Both sexes incubate, one relieving the other at certain hours +each day. The young are born naked and are fed by regurgitation, +on 'Pigeons' milk,' the parent thrusting its bill into the mouth of its +young and discharging therein food which has been softened in its own +crop.</p> + +<p>Some species of Pigeons nest in isolated pairs, others in large colonies, +but it is the habit of many species to gather in large flocks after +the nesting season.</p> + +<p>The Wild or Passenger Pigeon, once so abundant in this county, was +found in flocks throughout the year. Alexander Wilson, the 'father of +American Ornithology' writing about 1808, estimated that a flock of +Wild Pigeons seen by him near Frankfort, Kentucky, contained at +least 2,230,272,000 individuals. Audubon writes that in 1805 he saw +schooners at the wharves in New York city loaded in bulk with Wild +Pigeons caught up the Hudson River, which were sold at one cent each.</p> + +<p>As late as 1876 or 1877 there was a colony of nesting Wild Pigeons +in Michigan, which was twenty-eight miles long and averaged three or +four miles in width, and in 1881 the birds were still so abundant in +parts of the Mississippi Valley that the writer saw thousands of birds, +trapped in that region, used in a Pigeon match near New York City.</p> + +<p>Today, however, as a result of constant persecution, the Wild Pigeon +is so rare that the observation of a single individual is noteworthy.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg_124]</a></span></p> +<div class="caption3rt">Pigeons and Doves</div> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><a name="No312" id="No312"></a> +<b>312. Band-tailed Pigeon</b> (<i>Columba fasciata</i>). L. +15. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Tail-band ashy above, whiter below; +a white nape-band; tail square. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Similar, or +in some specimens, nape band absent; pinkish of crown +and breast dingy. <i>Notes.</i> An owl-like hooting, sometimes +a calm <i>whoó-hoo-hoo</i>, <i>whoó-koo-hoo</i>, at others a +spirited <i>hoóp-ah-whóo</i>, and again <i>wh'oo-ugh</i>. (Bailey.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Western United States from Rocky Mountains to the +Pacific: north to Washington and British Columbia; south to Mexico +and the highlands of Guatemala; distribution irregular, chiefly in +wooded mountain regions." (A. O. U.)</p> + +<p><b>312a. Viosca Pigeon</b> (<i>C. f. vioscæ</i>). Similar to +<a href="#No312">no. 312</a>, but paler, more clearly bluish slate above; pink of +crown and breast with a grayish <i>bloom</i>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Cape Region of Lower California.</p> + +<p><b>313. Red-billed Pigeon</b> (<i>Columba flavirostris</i>). L. +15. <i>Ads.</i> No tail-band; wings, tail, and belly slate; +head and neck purplish pink; no iridescent markings. +<i>Notes.</i> A fine, loud, <i>coo-whoo-er-whoo</i>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Costa Rica migrating north to southern Texas, New Mexico +and Arizona.</p> + +<p><b>314. White-crowned Pigeon</b> (<i>Columba leucocephala</i>). +L. 13.5 <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Crown white; body slate; lower +hindneck iridescent; nape maroon. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Much +paler; crown ashy.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Greater Antilles and Islands about Anegada Channel, +coast of Honduras, Bahamas and certain Florida Keys.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_124.png" width="199" height="696" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg_125]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>315. Passenger Pigeon, Wild Pigeon</b> (<i>Ectopistes +migratorius</i>). L. 16. Outer tail-feathers chestnut at +base of inner web. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Chin, whole head., and +lower back bluish slate. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Browner above, +breast brownish ashy; neck feathers less iridescent. +<i>Notes.</i> An explosive, squeaky, squawk.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Formerly eastern North America north to Hudson Bay; +now exceedingly rare, less so in the upper Mississippi valley than +elsewhere.</p> + +<p><a name="No316" id="No316"></a> +<b>316. Mourning Dove, Carolina Dove</b> (<i>Zenaidura +macroura</i>). L. 11.8. Outer tail-feathers slate color at +base of inner web. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Chin whitish; sides of +head buffy; <i>a black ear mark</i>. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Similar but +paler, breast more ashy brown, neck-feathers less +iridescent. <i>Notes.</i> <i>Coo-o-o-ah, coo-o-o-coo-o-o-coo-o-o.</i></p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North America, breeding from West Indies and Mexico +north to southern Maine, Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba and British +Columbia; winters from southern New York, southern Illinois, Kansas +and southern California southward.</p> + +<p><b>317. Zenaida Dove</b> (<i>Zenaida zenaida</i>). L. 10. +<i>Ad.</i> ♂. Tail short, <i>without</i> white markings; all but central +pair of feathers tipped with ashy blue; secondaries +tipped with white. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Similar but pinkish of +crown and underparts brownish; neck feathers less +iridescent. <i>Notes.</i> Resemble those of <a href="#No316">No. 316</a>, but +are louder and deeper.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Greater Antilles, coast of Yucatan and Bahamas, north in +April to Florida Keys.</p> + +<p><b>318. White-fronted Dove</b> (<i>Leptotila fulviventris +brachyptera</i>). L. 12. No black ear-mark; under wing-coverts +rusty chestnut. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Forehead whitish; +all but central pair of tail-feathers tipped with white. +<i>Ad.</i> ♀. Forehead dingier; breast brownish ashy; +neck feathers less iridescent. <i>Notes.</i> A short, soft +<i>coo</i>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Central America and Mexico, north in February to valley +of Lower Rio Grande.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_125.png" width="208" height="695" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg_126]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>319. White-winged Dove</b> (<i>Melopelia leucoptera</i>). +L. 12. Wing-coverts, externally, widely margined +with white; large black ear marks. <i>Ads.</i> All but central +pair of tail-feathers bluish slate with a black band +and whitish tip. <i>Notes.</i> A loud, crowing <i>cookeree-cookeree-coo-ree-coo</i>, +<i>crow-co-er-coo</i>, <i>crow-co-er-coo</i>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Southern border of United States from Texas to Arizona +south to Lower California and Central America, Cuba and Jamaica, +casual at Key West, Florida.</p> + +<p><a name="No320" id="No320"></a> +<b>320. Ground Dove; Mourning Dove</b> (<i>Columbigallina +passerina terrestris</i>). L. 6.7. Smallest of our +Doves. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Forehead and underparts deep vinaceous +pink; hindhead and nape ashy blue margined +with dusky; base of bill <i>coral</i>, tip black. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. +Forehead and breast brownish gray; breast feathers +with dusky centers and margins. <i>Notes.</i> A soft, +crooning <i>coo</i>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Atlantic and Gulf States north to northern North Carolina, +west to eastern Texas; more common near coast.</p> + +<p><a name="No320a" id="No320a"></a> +<b>320a. Mexican Ground Dove</b> (<i>C. p. pallescens</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No320">No. 320</a>, but forehead and underparts much +paler; back grayer.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Texas to southern California and south to Central America.</p> + +<p><b>320b. Bermuda Ground Dove</b> (<i>C. p. bermudiana</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No320a">320a</a>, but smaller and paler; bill wholly +black. (Bangs and Bradlee.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Bermuda.</p> + +<p><b>321. Inca Dove</b> (<i>Scardafella inca</i>). L. 8. <i>Ads.</i> +Tail long, outer feathers tipped with white; plumage +above and below margined with dusky, giving a scaled +appearance.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Southern Texas (San Antonio), southern Mexico and +southern Arizona south to Lower California and Central America.</p> + +<p><b>322. Key West Quail-Dove</b> (<i>Geotrygon chrysia</i>). +L. 12. <i>Ads.</i> A white line below eye; belly white; +back rich rusty with beautiful, metallic, purplish, <i>green</i> +and <i>blue</i> reflections; tail rusty with no white.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Cuba, Hayti, Bahamas and, rarely, Florida Keys.</p> +<p><b>322.1. Ruddy Quail-Dove</b> (<i>Geotrygon montana</i>). +L. 11. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. No white line below eye; breast dull +pinkish; belly deep buff; back rich rusty with purplish +reflections, tail rusty without white. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Above +olive-brown with greenish reflections; below rusty +buff.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Mexico south to Brazil; West Indies; casual at Key West +Florida.</p> + +<p><b>323. Blue-headed Quail Dove</b> (<i>Starnœnas cyanocephala</i>). +L. 12. <i>Ads.</i> Crown and sides of throat dull +blue; middle of upper breast black with white bars +and pinkish tips; belly rusty brown, lower back as in +<a href="#No316">No. 316</a>. <i>Notes.</i> A hollow sounding <i>hu-up</i>, the first +syllable long, the second short. (Gundlach.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Cuba, and rarely Florida Keys.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_126.png" width="216" height="695" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<a name="Order_XII_Vultures_Hawks_and_Owls_RAPTORES_color"></a> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg_127]</a></span></p> + +<div class="caption2"><span class="smcap">Order XII.</span> VULTURES, HAWKS, AND OWLS.</div> +<br /> +<div class="caption2">RAPTORES.</div> +<br /> +<table width="100%" class="caption3nc" summary="Families"> +<tr> + <td>Family 1.</td> + <td>AMERICAN VULTURES.</td> + <td class="smcap">Cathartidæ.</td> + <td>3 species.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Family 2.</td> + <td>FALCONS, HAWKS, EAGLES, etc.</td> + <td class="smcap">Falconidæ.</td> + <td>33 species, 13 subspecies.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Family 3.</td> + <td>BARN OWLS.</td> + <td class="smcap">Strigidæ.</td> + <td>1 species.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Family 4.</td> + <td>HORNED OWLS.</td> + <td class="smcap">Bubonidæ.</td> + <td>19 species, 20 subspecies.</td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> + +<p>In the Raptores we have a group of birds of great value to man but +whose services for the most part, are so little appreciated that, far from +protecting these birds, we have actually persecuted them.</p> + +<p>The Vultures, it is true, are given credit for their good work as +scavengers and they are protected both by law and by public sentiment. +Every one knows that a living Vulture is infinitely more useful than a +dead one. As a result throughout countries inhabited by these birds +they are usually both abundant and tame, entering the cities to feed +in the streets with an assurance born of years of immunity from harm.</p> + +<p>But how differently their kin of the family Falconidæ act in their +relations to man! 'Wild as a Hawk' has become an adage. These +birds are universally condemned. To kill one is a commendable act. +Every ones hand is raised against them. In some localities a price +has actually been set upon their heads.</p> + +<p>A fondness for chickens, it is alleged, is the chief crime of Hawks, +and in popular parlance all Hawks are 'Chicken Hawks' and as such +are to be killed on sight.</p> + +<p>Naturalists have long been aware that only one of our common +Hawks habitually preys upon poultry while most of our species, by +feeding largely on meadow mice, are actually beneficial. It was not, +however, until this matter received the attention of the Biological +Survey of the United States Department of Agriculture, that the +economic status of Hawks, as well as of Owls, was placed on a sound +scientific basis. In Dr. A. K. Fisher's report on the food of Hawks +and Owls, issued by the Biologic Survey in 1893, the results of +the examination of the contents of several thousands stomachs of these +birds is tabulated. It is stated, for example, that only three out of +two hundred and twenty stomachs of the so-called 'Chicken' or Red-shouldered +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg_128]</a></span> +Hawk contained the remains of poultry, while mice were +found in no less than one hundred and two, and insects in ninety-two.</p> + +<p>That the Sparrow Hawk is also wrongly named is clear from a study +of its food, only fifty-four out of three hundred and twenty stomachs +examined containing remains of birds, while insects were found in two +hundred and fifteen.</p> + +<p>As a matter of fact, among our commoner Hawks, the Cooper and +Sharp-shinned are the only ones feeding largely on birds and poultry, +and if the farmer will take the pains to ascertain what kind of Hawk it +is that pays unwelcome visits to his barn-yard, he will be spared the +injustice of condemning all Hawks for the sins of one or two.</p> + +<p>Feeding after sunset, when the small mammals are most active, +Owls are even more beneficial than Hawks. The Great Horned Owl, +it is true, has an undue fondness for poultry, but the bird is generally +so rare near thickly populated regions that on the whole it does comparatively +little harm.</p> + +<p>Fortunately, it is those Owls which are most common in settled +regions which are of most value to man. Thus, our little Screech Owl +feeds chiefly on mice and insects. Only one of the two hundred and +fifty-five stomachs examined by Dr. Fisher contained the remains of +poultry while mice were found in ninety-one and insects in one hundred. +Of the Short-eared or Marsh Owl, seventy-seven out of one hundred +and one stomachs contained mice remains, and the same injurious +little rodents were found in eighty-four out of one hundred and seven +stomachs of the Long-eared Owl.</p> + +<p>The bones and hair of the small mammals eaten by Owls are rolled +into oblong pellets in the stomach and are ejected at the mouth. +These pellets may often be found in large numbers beneath the roosts +in which Owls pass the day. In 200 such castings of the Barn Owl Dr. +Fisher found the remains of 454 small mammals of which no less than +225 were meadow mice.</p> + +<p>Hawks build large-bulky nests of sticks placing them usually well up +in large trees, and lay, as a rule, four eggs which are generally whitish, +blotched with brown. The Marsh Hawk is an exception. Its nest +built largely of grasses, is placed on the ground in marshes and the +eggs, often numbering six and rarely eight, are bluish white unmarked.</p> + +<p>The Owls nest in holes in trees or banks, or, in some instances, an +old Hawk or Crow nest may be occupied. The eggs usually number +three to five and are always pure white.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg_129]</a></span></p> +<div class="caption3rt">Vultures and Osprey</div> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>324. California Vulture</b> (<i>Gymnogyps californianus</i>). +L. 44-55; Ex. 8 1-2 to nearly 11 feet. (Ridgw.) <i>Ads.</i> +Head and neck orange, blue, and red, unfeathered; +feathers around neck and on underparts narrow and +stiffened; greater wing-coverts tipped with white; +<i>under wing-coverts white</i>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Coast ranges of southern California from Monterey Bay, +south to Lower California and east to Arizona" (Bailey). Recorded +from Burrard Inlet, British Columbia (Fannin).</p> + +<p><b>325. Turkey Vulture; Turkey Buzzard</b> (<i>Cathartes +aura</i>). L. 30; T. 11. <i>Ads.</i> Head and neck <i>red</i> unfeathered; +brownish black; no white in plumage; bill +whitish. <i>Notes.</i> A low hissing sound when disturbed.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range—Western Hemisphere from central and northeast New +Jersey, central Illinois, northern Minnesota, the Saskatchewan region +and British Columbia, south to Patagonia; winters from southern +New Jersey, southern Illinois and southern California southward.</p> + +<p><b>326. Black Vulture; Carrion Crow</b> (<i>Catharista +urubu</i>). L. 24. T. 8. <i>Ads.</i> Head and neck unfeathered, +black, plumage black; <i>under surface of wings silvery</i>. +<i>Notes.</i> A low grunting sound when disturbed.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Tropical America, north, as a resident to North Carolina, +southern Illinois and southern Kansas; west to the Plains, south to +northern South America, strays as far north as Maine and South Dakota.</p> + +<p><b>364. American Osprey; Fish Hawk</b> (<i>Pandion haliaëtus +carolinensis</i>). L. 23. Nape white; feet large; no +bars on primaries. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Below white with few or +no spots on breast. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Similar, but breast with +numerous grayish brown spots and streaks. <i>Notes.</i> +Loud, plaintive, whistles.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—America; breeds from Florida, Texas and Lower California, +north to Labrador, Great Slave Lake and northern Alaska; winters +from South Carolina and Lower Mississippi Valley to northern South +America.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_129.png" width="215" height="695" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg_130]</a></span></p> +<div class="caption3rt">Kites and Marsh Hawks</div> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>327. Swallow-tailed Kite</b> (<i>Elanoides forficatus</i>). L. +24. <i>Ads.</i> Back purplish black, wings and tail blue-black. +<i>Notes.</i> A shrill, keen, <i>e-e-e</i> or <i>we-we-we</i>. (Bendire.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Middle America; summers north to Virginia, central Illinois, +northern Minnesota, Manitoba and Dakota; west to central Kansas, +rarely to Colorado; winters in Central and South America.</p> + +<p><b>328. White-tailed Kite</b> (<i>Elanus leucurus</i>). L. 15.5. +<i>Ads.</i> Shoulders black; back and middle tail-feathers +ashy gray; rest of tail-feathers, forehead and underparts +white. <i>Yng.</i> Upperparts with rusty. <i>Notes.</i> A plaintive, +musical whistle. (Barlow.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Middle America north to South Carolina, southern Illinois, +Indian Territory, western Texas, Arizona and central California; +south to Argentine Republic; rare east of the the Mississippi.</p> + +<p><b>329. Mississippi Kite</b> (<i>Ictinia mississippiensis</i>). L. +14. <i>Ads.</i> Head, ends of secondaries, and underparts +bluish gray; back bluish slate; tail black without bars. +<i>Yng.</i> Head streaked black and white; back blackish, +tipped with rusty; tail with three or four broken white +bars; underparts buffy, streaked with rusty and +blackish.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Middle America; breeds north to South Carolina, southern +Illinois and Kansas; winters in tropics.</p> + +<p><b>330. Everglade Kite; Snail Hawk</b> (<i>Rostrhamus sociabilis</i>). +L. 18. Longer upper tail-coverts and base +of tail white. <i>Ads.</i> Slaty black; end of tail with +brownish and whitish bands. <i>Yng.</i> Above blackish +brown tipped with rusty; below mottled rusty, blackish +and buff.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Tropical America north to southern Florida and eastern +Mexico; south to Argentine Republic.</p> + +<p><b>331. Marsh Hawk; Harrier</b> (<i>Circus hudsonius</i>). +L. ♂, 19; ♀, 22. Upper tail-coverts and base of tail +white. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Above gray or ashy; underparts with +rusty spots. <i>Ad.</i> ♀, and <i>Yng.</i> Above brownish +black with more or less rusty, particularly on the nape; +below brownish rusty with black streaks on breast. +<i>Notes.</i> A peevish scream and peculiar clucking or +cackling. (Preston.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North America; breeds locally north to about latitude 60°; +winters from southern New York, northern Illinois, northern Kansas, +Colorado and British Columbia south to Central America.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_130.png" width="213" height="696" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg_131]</a></span></p> +<div class="caption3rt">Hawks</div> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><a name="No332" id="No332"></a> +<b>332. Sharp-shinned Hawk</b> (<i>Accipiter velox</i>). L. ♂, +11.2; ♀, 13.5; T. ♂, 5.5; ♀, 7. Tail <i>square</i> at end. +<i>Ads.</i> Above slaty gray; crown darker; below barred +white and rusty brown. <i>Yng.</i> Above blackish brown +lightly margined with rusty; below white streaked +with brown. Note the relatively long tail in this and +the two following species. <i>Notes.</i> <i>Cac-cac-cac.</i> +(Ralph.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North America; breeds throughout its range but chiefly +northward; winters from Massachusetts and Vancouver Island southward.</p> + +<p><b>333. Cooper Hawk</b> (<i>Accipiter cooperii</i>). L. ♂, +15.5; ♀, 19; T. ♂, 7.7; ♀, 9. Similar in color to +<a href="#No332">No. 332</a>, but tail <i>rounded</i>; adult with crown +blacker. <i>Notes.</i> A cackling or chattering. (Bendire.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North America; breeds from southern Mexico north to +British America; winters from Massachusetts, Lower Mississippi Valley +and Oregon southward.</p> + +<p><a name="No334" id="No334"></a> +<b>334. American Goshawk</b> (<i>Accipiter atricapillus</i>). +L. ♂, 22; ♀, 24; T. ♂, 10; ♀, 11.5. <i>Ads.</i> Above +bluish slate; crown darker; a whitish line over the eye +to the nape; below <i>finely</i> marked with gray and white. +<i>Yng.</i> Above blackish brown, rusty and buff; below +buffy white streaked with blackish.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North America; breeds chiefly north of United States; +winters south to New Jersey, rarely Virginia, Illinois, Missouri and +Kansas; west to Oregon.</p> + +<p><b>334a. Western Goshawk</b> (<i>A. a. striatulus</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No334">No. 334</a>, but <i>Ad.</i> dark plumbeous above, markings +on lower parts heavier and darker. Stripes on +lower parts of <i>Yng.</i> broader and blacker. (Ridgw.) +<i>Notes.</i> A shrill scream and a frequently repeated +<i>keeah</i> or <i>kreeah</i>. (Bendire.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Western North America; north to Sitka, Alaska; south to +California; east to Idaho. Breeds in the Sierra Nevada south to +latitude 38°." (A. O. U.)</p> + +<p><b>346. Mexican Goshawk</b> (<i>Asturina plagiata</i>). L. +17. <i>Ads.</i> Above slaty gray; below barred slaty-gray +and white. <i>Yng.</i> Above blackish brown with rusty +markings, particularly on wing-coverts; longer upper +tail-coverts white with black spots or bars; tail brownish +with numerous black bars; below whitish with +large elongate spots. <i>Notes.</i> A peculiar piping note +uttered while hovering in the air. (Bendire.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Middle America, from Panama north, in March, to Mexican +border of United States.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_131.png" width="209" height="694" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg_132]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>335. Harris Hawk</b> (<i>Parabuteo unicinctus harrisi</i>). +L. ♂, 19; ♀, 22. Longer upper tail-coverts, base and +tip of tail white. <i>Ads.</i> Shoulders, thighs and under +wing-coverts, reddish brown; under tail-coverts white. +<i>Yng.</i> Similar but streaked below with rusty, buff and +black; legs barred with white. <i>Notes.</i> A long, harsh, +Buteo-like scream. (V. Bailey.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Middle America from Panama north to southern Texas, +rarely Mississippi and southern California.</p> + +<p><a name="No337" id="No337"></a> +<b>337 Red-tailed Hawk</b> (<i>Buteo borealis</i>). L. ♂, 20; +♀, 23. <i>Four</i> outer primaries notched. <i>Ads.</i> Tail +rusty brown with a black band, sometimes broken, +near its tip; below buffy white, a band of spots across +the belly; legs usually without bars. <i>Yng.</i> Tail grayish +brown with a rusty tinge and numerous blackish +bars; upper tail-coverts barred black and white; below +less buffy than in adult; legs more often barred. <i>Notes.</i> +A shrill whistle, suggesting the sound of escaping +steam.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America, west to the Great Plains, north to +about latitude 60°; breeds throughout its range; winters from Massachusetts, +Illinois and South Dakota southward.</p> + +<p><b>337a. Krider Hawk</b> (<i>B. b. kriderii</i>). Similar to +<a href="#No337">No. 337</a>, but nearly or wholly white below. <i>Ads.</i> +Usually without black tail band.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Great Plains of United States from Minnesota to Texas;, +east irregularly or casually to Iowa and northern Illinois." (Bendire).</p> + +<p><b>337b. Western Red-tail</b> (<i>B. b. calurus</i>). Very +variable in color. <i>Ads.</i> Sometimes sooty brown +above and below with more or less rusty; in light phase +resembles <a href="#No337">No. 337</a>, but tail <i>averages</i> paler and sometimes +has more than one bar; the underparts are deeper +and legs are usually <i>barred with rusty</i>. <i>Yng.</i> Similar +to <i>Yng.</i> of <a href="#No337">No. 337</a>, but markings below heavier; +flanks more barred.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Western North America from Rocky Mountains to Pacific; +north to British Columbia, south to central America; generally resident.</p> + +<p><b>337d. Harlan Hawk</b> (<i>B. b. harlani</i>). <i>Ads.</i> Above +sooty brown; tail closely <i>mottled</i> with blackish, rusty +and whitish; below varying from white, more or less-spotted +on belly to sooty brown. <i>Yng.</i> Similar, but +tail barred with blackish, gray, rusty or whitish.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Gulf States and Lower Mississippi Valley, north (casually) +to Kansas, Iowa, Illinois and Pennsylvania; east to Georgia, +and Florida." (Bendire).</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_132.png" width="205" height="695" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg_133]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><a name="No339" id="No339"></a> +<b>339. Red-shouldered Hawk</b> (<i>Buteo lineatus</i>). L. +♂, 18.3; ♀, 20.3. <i>Four</i> outer primaries notched. <i>Ads.</i> +Lesser wing-coverts bright reddish brown. <i>Yng.</i> Below +whitish <i>streaked</i> with brownish; lesser wing-coverts +less reddish; primaries with <i>rusty buff</i>. <i>Notes.</i> A +loud screaming <i>keé-yer</i>, <i>keé-yer</i>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern United States to Oklahoma, eastern Kansas, +eastern Nebraska and Minnesota, north to Maine, south to northern +Florida; generally resident.</p> + +<p><b>339a. Florida Red-shouldered Hawk</b> (<i>B. l. alleni</i>). +Smaller than <a href="#No339">No. 339</a>. (W. ♂, 11.) <i>Ad.</i> Much +grayer above, no rusty on head, much paler below.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Florida north along coast to South Carolina; west along +coast to eastern Texas.</p> + +<p><b>339b. Red-bellied Hawk</b> (<i>B. l. elegans</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No339">No. 339</a>, but rusty of breast usually unbroken. +Young with lower parts deep brownish or dusky prevailing; +less buff on primaries. (Ridgw.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Pacific coast from Lower California north to British +Columbia; east rarely to Colorado and western Texas.</p> + +<p><b>342. Swainson Hawk</b> (<i>Buteo swainsoni</i>). L. ♂, 20. +<i>Three</i> outer primaries notched. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Breast patch +rusty brown. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Breast-patch grayish brown. +Dark phase. Brownish black more or less varied with +rusty; tail obscurely barred. <i>Yng.</i> Below <i>rich</i> rusty +buff with elongate black spots. <i>Notes.</i> <i>Pi-tick</i>, <i>pi-tick</i>, +frequently repeated. (Bendire.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Western North America from Wisconsin, Illinois, Arkansas +and Texas to the Pacific coast; north to Arctic regions and +south to Argentine Republic, casual east to Maine and Massachusetts. +Breeds nearly throughout its North American range." (A. O. +U.)</p> + +<p><b>343. Broad-winged Hawk</b> (<i>Buteo platypterus</i>). L. +♂, 15.8; ♀, 16.7. <i>Three</i> outer primaries notched. <i>Ads.</i> +Tail with two whitish bands and a brownish tip; below +<i>barred</i> with rusty brown. <i>Yng.</i> <i>No</i> buff in primaries; +tail brownish with several black bars; below +whitish, streaked with blackish. <i>Notes.</i> A high, +sharp, keen, penetrating whistle.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America, breeds west to Plains, north to +New Brunswick and Saskatchewan; winters from southern New +Jersey south to northern South America.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_133.png" width="203" height="694" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg_134]</a></span></p> +<div class="caption3rt">Hawks and Caracara</div> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>340. Zone-tailed Hawk</b> (<i>Buteo abbreviatus</i>). L. ♂, +19; ♀, 21. <i>Ads.</i> Tail with little if any white tip; +<i>inner</i> webs of all but middle feathers with black and +white bars. <i>Yng.</i> Browner; tail grayish brown; white +on inner webs, with numerous blackish bars. <i>Notes.</i> +Not unlike those of <i>Buteo borealis</i>. (Belding.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Tropical America north to southern Texas, southern Arizona +and southern California.</p> + +<p><b>344. Short-tailed Hawk</b> (<i>Buteo brachyurus</i>). L. +17; T. 7. <i>Ads.</i> Above slaty gray, tail barred with +black and tipped with white; sides of breast rusty; rest +of underparts <i>white</i>. Dark phase. Blackish, forehead +whitish; tail lighter than back, barred with black. +<i>Yng.</i> Above blackish brown, below cream buff, +<i>without</i> black markings. <i>Notes.</i> Somewhat resembling +the scream of the Red-shouldered Hawk, but more +prolonged. (Pennock.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Tropical America, north to eastern Mexico; rare in Florida.</p> + +<p><b>345. Mexican Black Hawk</b> (<i>Urubitinga anthracina</i>). +L. ♂, 19; ♀, 21. <i>Ads.</i> Tail with a white tip and +broad white band across <i>all</i> the feathers. <i>Yng.</i> Above +brownish black, buff and rusty; below buffy striped +with blackish; tail with several black and whitish bars. +<i>Notes.</i> Piping cries like the spring whistle of <i>Numenius +longirostris</i>. (Bendire.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Tropical America in general, north to central Arizona, +and the Lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas." (Bendire).</p> + +<p><a name="No362" id="No362"></a> +<b>362. Audubon Caracara</b> (<i>Polyborus cheriway</i>). +L. 22. Tail white with a black end and numerous +black bars. <i>Ads.</i> Breast and hindneck barred; belly +black. <i>Yng.</i> Crown, back, and belly dark brown; +hindneck, breast and belly <i>streaked</i> with buffy. <i>Notes.</i> +Generally silent, but sometimes utters a prolonged +cackling note. (B. F. Goss.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Northern South America, north to southern Texas, southern +Arizona and Lower California; interior of southern Florida; resident.</p> + +<p><b>363. Guadalupe Caracara</b> (<i>Polyborus lutosus</i>). +Resembles <a href="#No362">No. 362</a>, but has rump and upper tail-coverts +dull brownish buff broadly barred with dull brown; +tail brownish buff with broad bars of grayish brown +bordered by narrower zigzag bars or lines of dusky; +terminal band less than 2.00 wide. (Ridgway.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Guadalupe Island, west of Lower California.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_134.png" width="206" height="696" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg_135]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>341. Sennett White-tailed Hawk</b> (<i>Buteo albicaudatus +sennetti</i>). L. ♂, 21; ♀, 23. Three outer primaries +cut. <i>Ads.</i> Grayish slate above. <i>Yng.</i> Above +brownish black; breast usually white, throat blackish, +belly heavily marked with rusty and blackish; sometimes +wholly black below; tail generally <i>silvery gray</i>., +white on inner webs with numerous indistinct blackish +bars. <i>Notes.</i> A cry much like the bleating of a goat +(Merrill.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"From southern Texas and Arizona south to Mexico." +(Bailey.)</p> + +<p><a name="No347a" id="No347a"></a> +<b>347a. American Rough-legged Hawk</b> (<i>Archibuteo +lagopus sancti-johannis</i>). B. .7 deep, <i>smaller</i> than in +<a href="#No348">No. 348</a>. L. ♂, 21; ♀, 23. Legs feathered to the +toes. <i>Ads.</i> Basal half of tail white, end half barred +with black; belly with more or less black. <i>Yng.</i> No +black bars on end half of tail; buffier below, more +black on belly. Black phase. Black more or less +varied with brown and rusty as it approaches light +plumage of ad. or yng; but to be known by feathered +legs.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North America; breeds north of United States; winters +south to Virginia, Missouri and central California.</p> + +<p><a name="No348" id="No348"></a> +<b>348. Ferruginous Rough-Leg</b> (<i>Archibuteo ferrugineus</i>). +B. 1. deep, larger than in <a href="#No347a">No. 347a</a>; L. ♂, 22; +♀, 24. Legs feathered to toes. <i>Ads.</i> Above rich +rusty streaked with black; legs rusty barred with +black; tail grayish sometimes washed with rusty. +<i>Yng.</i> Above blackish brown margined with rusty; +below white; breast with a few streaks; legs <i>spotted</i>; +tail with inner webs and base white; outer webs grayish. +Dark phase. Sooty brown more or less varied with +rusty; <i>tail as in ad</i>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Western North America from the Plains (east North Dakota +to Texas), west to the Pacific and from the Saskatchewan region +south into Mexico; casually east to Illinois. Breeds from Utah, Colorado +and Kansas north to the Saskatchewan Plains." (A. O. U.)</p> + +<p><b>355. Prairie Falcon</b> (<i>Falco mexicanus</i>). L. ♂, +17; ♀, 20. A blackish patch on the sides. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. +Above including middle tail feathers, grayish brown; +back with more or less concealed buffy bars. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. +No buffy bars on back. <i>Yng.</i> Above margined with +rusty and whitish; head much as in ad. <i>Notes.</i> <i>Kee</i>, +<i>kée</i>, <i>kee</i> and a sort of cackle. (Bendire.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"United States from the eastern border of the Plains to the +Pacific and from the Dakotas south into Mexico; casual east to Illinois. +Breeds throughout its United States range." (A. O. U.)</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_135.png" width="208" height="697" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg_136]</a></span></p> +<div class="caption3rt">Eagles and Gyrfalcon</div> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>349. Golden Eagle</b> (<i>Aquila chrysaëtos</i>). L. ♂, 30-35; +♀, 35-40; Ex. ♂, 78-84; ♀, 84-90. (Ridgw.) Legs +feathered to toes. <i>Ads.</i> Back of head and nape paler +than body; basal two-thirds of tail white. <i>Yng.</i> Base +of tail with broken grayish bars. <i>Notes.</i> A shrill, +<i>kee-kee-kee</i>, and, when alarmed, <i>kiah-kiah</i> repeated a +number of times. (Bendire.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range—Northern parts of northern hemisphere; in America south +into Mexico; rare east of Mississippi, more common in Rocky Mountains +and mountains of Pacific coast.</p> + +<p><a name="No352" id="No352"></a> +<b>352. Bald Eagle</b> (<i>Haliæetus leucocephalus</i>). L. ♂, +33; ♀ 35; Ex. ♂, 84; ♀, 89. Legs <i>not</i> feathered to +toes. <i>Ads.</i> Head, neck and tail white. <i>Yng.</i> Head +and body blackish, more or less varied with white; +tail blackish mottled with white. <i>Notes.</i> Of the male, +a loud, clear <i>cac cac-cac</i>; of the female harsh and broken. +(Ralph.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North America breeding locally throughout its range, more +frequently near the Atlantic coast; resident in United States.</p> + +<p><b>352a. Alaska Bald Eagle</b> (<i>H. l. alascanus</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No352">No. 352</a>, but larger. W. ♂, 23.8; ♀, 24.6; T. +♂, 11.5; ♀, 12; Tar. ♂, 4.1; ♀, 3.7. (Townsend.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Alaska.</p> + +<p><b>353. White Gyrfalcon</b> (<i>Falco islandus</i>). L. ♂, 22; +♀, 24. Tarsus feathered in front nearly to toes; only +outer primary notched. Under tail coverts <i>pure</i> white. +<i>Ads.</i> Below white with few or no black markings. +<i>Yng.</i> Dark areas above larger, below with elongate +blackish spots.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Arctic regions, in America south in winter casually to +Maine.</p> + +<p><a name="No354" id="No354"></a> +<b>354. Gray Gyrfalcon</b> (<i>Falco rusticolus</i>). L. ♂, 22; +♀, 24. Tarsus feathered in front nearly to toes; only +outer primary notched. Under tail coverts <i>with</i> dusky +margins. <i>Ads.</i> Crown usually more white than +dusky; above <i>barred</i> with blackish and grayish; below +white, breast streaked; sides and legs barred with +dusky. <i>Yng.</i> Above dark brown with broken +buffy bars and margins: tail with white and brown +bars of nearly equal width, below white everywhere +streaked with blackish.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Arctic regions; south in winter to the northern border of +the United States; casually as far as Kansas and Maine.</p> + +<p><b>354a. Gyrfalcon</b> (<i>F. r. gyrfalco</i>). Similar to +<a href="#No354">No. 354</a>, but head usually with more dusky than white; +back in ad. indistinctly barred with grayish. <i>Yng.</i> +With dark stripes of lower parts usually about equal in +width to white interspaces.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Northern Europe and Arctic America, from northern Labrador +and coasts of Hudson Bay to Alaska" (Ridgw.); south in winter +casually, to northern border of United States as far as Long Island.</p> + +<p><b>354b. Black Gyrfalcon</b> (<i>F. r. obsoletus</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No348">No. 354</a>, but much darker; above plain dusky with +few or no buffy markings; below dusky margined with +buffy, the former prevailing. <i>Notes.</i> A chattering +<i>ke-a</i>, <i>ke-a</i>, <i>ke-a</i>, blending into a rattling scream. +(Turner.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Labrador: south in winter to northern New England; casually +to Long Island.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_136.png" width="216" height="695" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg_137]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>356. Duck Hawk</b> (<i>Falco peregrinus anatum</i>). L. +♂, 16; ♀, 19. Sides of throat black. <i>Ads.</i> Above +bluish slate; below buffy. <i>Yng.</i> Above blackish +margined with rusty; tail with broken rusty bars and +whitish tip; below <i>deep</i> rusty buff streaked with blackish; +under surface of wing uniformly barred. <i>Notes.</i> +Loud screams and noisy cacklings. (Bendire.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Western Hemisphere; breeds locally from Southern States +to Arctic regions; winters from Northern States southward; more +common west of Rocky Mountains.</p> + +<p><b>356a. Peale Falcon</b> (<i>F. p. pealei</i>). <i>Ads.</i> Crown +uniform with back; chest heavily spotted with blackish; +bars of remaining underparts very broad. (Ridgw.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Pacific coast region of North America from Oregon to the +Aleutian and Commander Islands, breeding throughout its range." +(A. O. U.)</p> + +<p><a name="No357" id="No357"></a> +<b>357. Pigeon Hawk</b> (<i>Falco columbarius</i>). L. ♂, +10.5; ♀, 13. Two outer primaries notched. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. +Above slaty blue; middle tail feather with not more +than <i>four</i> black bands. <i>Ad.</i> ♀ and <i>Yng.</i> Above dark +blackish brown; bars in middle tail feather five or less; +below more heavily barred than in ♂.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North America; breeds chiefly north of United States from +Rocky Mountains and westward; breeds from Colorado and California +north to Alaska; winters from Gulf States, Colorado and California, +south to northern South America.</p> + +<p><b>357a. Black Merlin</b> (<i>F. c. suckleyi</i>). Similar to +<a href="#No357">No. 357</a>, but much darker above and more heavily, marked +below; bars on tail and under side of wing nearly obsolete.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Pacific coast from northern California to Sitka; east to +eastern Oregon and Washington.</p> + +<p><b>358. Richardson Merlin</b> (<i>Falco richardsonii</i>). Resembles +<a href="#No357">No. 357</a>, but is paler and has the central tail +feather crossed by six light bars, counting the terminal +one.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Interior of North America from eastern border of Great +Plains west; rare west of Rockies; north to, at least, latitude 53°; +south to Mexico.</p> + +<p><b>359. Aplomado Falcon</b> (<i>Falco fusco-cærulescens</i>). +L. ♂, 16; ♀, 17.5. Middle of belly black. <i>Ads.</i> +Above slaty gray; breast buff, lower belly rusty. <i>Yng.</i> +Similar but grayish brown above, belly paler.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—South and Central America north to southern border of the +United States.</p> + +<p><a name="No360" id="No360"></a> +<b>360. Sparrow Hawk</b> (<i>Falco sparverius</i>). L. 10; +♀, 11. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Tail with one black bar; below +<i>spotted</i>. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Whole back barred; tail with numerous +black bars; below <i>streaked</i>. <i>Notes.</i> A rapidly repeated +<i>killy-killy-killy</i>, usually uttered while on the +wing.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America west to Rocky Mountains; breeds +from Gulf States to Hudson Bay; winters from southern Illinois and New +Jersey southward.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_137.png" width="203" height="695" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg_138]</a></span></p> +<div class="caption3rt">Hawks and Owls</div> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><a name="No360a" id="No360a"></a> +<b>360a. Desert Sparrow Hawk</b> (<i>F. s. phalæna</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No360">No. 360</a>, but slightly larger and appreciably +paler; ♀ with black bars above narrower; streakings of +underparts finer and more rusty. ♂, L. 10.6; W. 7.5; +T. 5.3; ♀, L. 10.8; W. 7.7; T. 5.3. (Mearns.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Western United States, north to western British Columbia +and western Montana south, to Mazatlan in northwestern Mexico." +(A. O. U.)</p> + +<p><b>360b. St. Lucas Sparrow Hawk</b> (<i>F. s. peninsularis</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No360a">No. 360a</a>, but paler; smaller than +<a href="#No360">No. 360</a>. +♂, W. 6.4; T. 4.5; ♀, W. 7; T. 4.7. (Mearns.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range—Lower California (Cape Region only?)</p> + +<p><b>365. Barn Owl; Monkey-faced Owl</b> (<i>Strix pratincola</i>). +L. 18. No ear-tufts; eyes black. <i>Ads.</i> Above +gray and yellowish buff; below white more or less +washed with buff and spotted with black. <i>Yng.</i> More +buffy below. <i>Notes.</i> A sudden, harsh scream and a +screaming <i>cr-r-r-r-e-e</i>, repeated several times generally +when flying.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—United States north to Long Island, (rarely Massachusetts), +southern Ontario, Minnesota and Oregon; migrates slightly south +and winters south to Mexico.</p> + +<p><b>366. American Long-eared Owl</b> (<i>Asio wilsonianus</i>). +L. 14.8. Ear-tufts long; eyes yellow. <i>Ads.</i> Above +varied with <i>gray</i>; belly <i>barred</i>. <i>Notes.</i> Usually silent +except during the breeding season when they utter a +soft toned, slow <i>wu-hunk</i>, <i>wu-hunk</i> and a low, twittering, +whistling <i>dicky</i>, <i>dicky</i>, <i>dicky</i>. (Bendire.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North America; breeds from Nova Scotia, Manitoba, and +British Columbia south into Mexico.</p> + +<p><b>367. Short-eared Owl</b> (<i>Asio accipitrinus</i>). L. 15.5. +Ear tufts short; eyes yellow. <i>Ads.</i> No gray above; +belly <i>streaked</i>. <i>Notes.</i> A shrill barking call like the +<i>ki-yi</i> of a small dog. (Lawrence.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Nearly cosmopolitan;" in America breeds locally from +Virginia, northern Mississippi Valley, and Dakotas northward; winters +from northern United States southward.</p> + +<p><a name="No378" id="No378"></a> +<b>378. Burrowing Owl</b> (<i>Speotyto cunicularia hypogæa</i>). +L. 10. Tarsi bare behind. <i>Ads.</i> Spotted above with +buffy; belly barred; chin and breast-patch white. <i>Yng.</i> +Less distinctly spotted above; belly without bars. +<i>Notes.</i> A mellow, sonorous <i>coo-c-o-o</i>; a chattering note +uttered when flying, and a short, shrill alarm-note, +<i>tzip-tzip</i>. (Bendire.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Western North America from humid coast region east to +prairies of Mississippi Valley (western Nebraska, central Kansas, +western Minnesota); north to about line of Canadian Pacific R. R.; +south to Central America.</p> + +<p><b>378a. Florida Burrowing Owl</b> (<i>S. c. floridana</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No378">No. 378</a>, but slightly smaller and whiter +throughout; spots above white with little if any buff; +tarsi nearly bare.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Interior of southern Florida.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_138.png" width="215" height="697" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg_139]</a></span></p> +<div class="caption3rt">Owls</div> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><a name="No368" id="No368"></a> +<b>368. Barred Owl</b> (<i>Syrnium varium</i>). L. 80. No +ear-tufts; eyes black. <i>Ads.</i> Head, back and breast +<i>barred</i>; <i>toes feathered nearly if not quite to the nails</i>. <i>Notes.</i> +A loud, sonorous <i>whoo-whoo-whoo-too-whoo</i>, <i>to-whoo-ah</i>; +a long-drawn, <i>whoo-ah</i>; rarely a wild scream; and when +two individuals meet, a remarkable medley of hoots +and <i>ha-has</i>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America except Gulf Coast; north to Nova +Scotia and Manitoba; west to Colorado; resident, except at northern +limit of range.</p> + +<p><a name="No368a" id="No368a"></a> +<b>368a. Florida Barred Owl</b> (<i>S. v. alleni</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No368">No. 368</a>, but smaller, darker; black bars especially +on breast, wider; <i>toes nearly if not quite bare</i>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Florida; north along coast to South Carolina; west along +coast to Texas.</p> +<p><b>368b. Texas Barred Owl</b> (<i>S. v. helveolum</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No368">No. 368</a> in color, but with the toes bare as in +<a href="#No368a">No. 368a</a>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Southern Texas.</p> + +<p><a name="No369" id="No369"></a> +<b>369. Spotted Owl</b> (<i>Syrnium occidentale</i>). Resembles +<a href="#No368">No. 368</a>, but has the head and neck <i>spotted</i> with +white; primaries with broad, whitish tips. <i>Notes.</i> +Probably similar to those of <a href="#No368">No. 368</a>. (Bendire.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Western United States from southern Colorado and New +Mexico, west to California, south to Lower California and Guanajuato, +Mexico.</p> + +<p><b>369a. Northern Spotted Owl</b> (<i>S. o. caurinum</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No369">No. 369</a>, but darker; white markings smaller; +white spots on head and neck reduced to minimum; +white tips to primaries nearly obsolete. (Merriam.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Western Washington and British Columbia.</p> + +<p><b>370. Great Gray Owl</b> (<i>Scotiaptex nebulosa</i>). L. 27. +No ear-tufts; eyes yellow. <i>Ads.</i> Above black finely +and <i>irregularly</i> marked with white; breast <i>streaked</i>; +feet feathered to toe-nails. <i>Notes.</i> Said to be a tremulous, +vibrating sound. (Fisher.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North America; breeds north of Lat. 55°; winters south to +northern border of United States casually as far as New Jersey, Illinois, +Minnesota, Idaho, and northern California.</p> + +<p><a name="No371" id="No371"></a><b>371. Richardson Owl</b> (<i>Nyctala tengmalmi richardsoni</i>). +L. 10. <i>Ads.</i> Above <i>grayish</i> brown with numerous +white <i>spots</i>, particularly on head; feet feathered +to toes and usually with indistinct, dusky bars. <i>Notes.</i> +A musical, soft whistle. (Wheelright.) A peculiar +grating cry. (Nelson.) (See <a href="#Page_140">next page</a>.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Northern North America; breeds from Gulf of St. Lawrence +and Manitoba northward; winters south to northern border of +United States, casually to Massachusetts, Iowa, and Colorado; no +Pacific coast record (?).</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_139.png" width="212" height="691" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg_140]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><a name="No372" id="No372"></a> +<b>372. Saw-whet Owl; Acadian Owl</b> (<i>Nyctala acadica</i>). +L. 8. <i>Ads.</i> Above <i>cinnamon</i> brown; forehead with +many, hindhead with few <i>streaks</i>; back with white +spots; feet and legs less heavily feathered than in <a href="#No371">No. 371</a> +and <i>without</i> dusky bars. <i>Yng.</i> Breast and back +cinnamon brown with few white markings; belly <i>rusty +buff, unstreaked</i>. <i>Notes.</i> A frequently repeated whistle; +sometimes high, sometimes low; generally begins slow +and ends rapidly; resembles noise of saw-filing. +(Ralph.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North America; breeds from mountains of Pennsylvania, +Massachusetts (rarely), northern New York, northern Illinois; and, in +Rocky Mountains, from Mexico northward; winters south to Virginia, +Kansas and central California.</p> + +<p><b>372a. Northwest Saw-whet Owl</b> (<i>N. a. scotæa</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No372">No. 372</a>, but darker both above and below, +dark markings everywhere heavier; flanks, legs and +feet more rufescent. (Osgood.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia.</p> + +<p><a name="No379" id="No379"></a> +<b>379. Pygmy Owl</b> (<i>Glaucidium gnoma</i>). L. 7. +Top of head <i>spotted</i>. <i>Ads.</i> Above grayish brown; +spots whitish. <i>Yng.</i> No spots on head. <i>Notes.</i> A soft +cooing <i>coohuh</i>, <i>coohuh</i>, repeated a number of times. +(Bendire.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Timbered regions of western North America, from southern +Rocky Mountains in Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona," west to +California, Oregon, and Washington, except coast belt, south into +Mexico.</p> + +<p><a name="No379a" id="No379a"></a> +<b>379a. California Pygmy Owl</b> (G. g. californicum). +Similar to <a href="#No379">No. 379</a>, but darker; spots above buff or +rusty.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Humid coast region from Monterey, California, north to +British Columbia.</p> + +<p><b>379.1. Hoskin Pygmy Owl</b> (<i>Glaucidium hoskinsii</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No379a">No. 379a</a>, but smaller and grayer, the forehead +and facial disc with more white, the upperparts +less distinctly spotted. (Brewst.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Southern Lower California.</p> + +<p><b>380. Ferruginous Pygmy Owl</b> (<i>Glaucidium phalænoides</i>). +L. 7. Top of head <i>streaked</i>. <i>Ads.</i> Above +varying from grayish brown marked with whitish to +plain reddish brown without marks; below white +streaked with grayish brown or reddish brown. <i>Yng.</i> +No streaks on head. <i>Notes.</i> A softly whistled <i>coo</i> repeated +many times at intervals of about one second.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Tropical America; from Brazil north to Mexican border of +United States.</p> + +<p><b>381. Elf Owl</b> (<i>Micropallas whitneyi</i>). L. 6. Smallest +of our Owls. <i>Ads.</i> Above grayish brown, head +spotted; back barred with rusty; below mixed rusty, +white and grayish. <i>Notes.</i> A tremulous <i>cha-cha</i>, <i>cha-cha</i>, +in different keys, sometimes low, sometimes distinct. +(Bendire.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Tableland of Mexico from Puebla north to Mexican border +of United States; Lower California, and (rarely) California.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_140.png" width="210" height="694" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg_141]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><a name="No373" id="No373"></a> +<b>373. Screech Owl</b> (<i>Megascops asio</i>). L. 9.4; W. +6.4; T. 3. Two color phases; with ear-tufts; eyes +yellow. <i>Ad.</i> Gray phase. Above buffy gray irregularly +marked with black; below gray, white, rusty +and black. <i>Ad.</i> Red phase. Above bright rusty +brown with a few black streaks; below white streaked +with black and barred with rusty brown. <i>Yng.</i> Above +gray or rusty <i>barred</i> with black and white; below +white thickly barred with blackish. <i>Notes.</i> A frequently +repeated tremulous, wailing whistle; often +followed by a slower refrain-like call; a castanet-like +snapping of the mandibles.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America from Florida north to New Brunswick, +Ontario and Minnesota, west to the Great Plains; resident.</p> + +<p><b>373a. Florida Screech Owl</b> (<i>M. a. floridanus</i>). +Smaller than <a href="#No373">No. 373</a>, W. 6.0; T. 2.8. Two color +phases. Similar to those of <a href="#No373">No. 373</a>, but averaging +darker and more heavily marked below; especially in +red phase.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Florida, north along coast to South Carolina; west along +coast to Louisiana.</p> + +<p><a name="No373b" id="No373b"></a> +<b>373b. Texas Screech Owl</b> (<i>M. a. mccalli</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No373">No. 373</a>, but smaller, W. 6.1; underparts, especially +sides of belly, with more black bars; toes +barer. I have seen only a gray phase.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"From western and southern Texas across east border of +tablelands of Mexico." (Bailey.)</p> + +<p><b>373c. California Screech Owl</b> (<i>M. a. bendirei</i>). W. 6.6. A gray +color phase only. Resembling <a href="#No373">No. 373</a>, but somewhat +darker above; less buff about the nape; black streakings more regularly +distributed; underparts much as in <a href="#No373b">No. 373b</a>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—California and southern Oregon.</p> + +<p><b>373d. Kennicott Screech Owl</b> (<i>M. a. kennicottii</i>). +L. 10; W. 7.25. <i>Ads.</i> Sooty brown prevailing above; +blackish markings below nearly if not fully as wide as +white ones; darkest of our Screech Owls.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Pacific coast from Oregon to Sitka.</p> + +<p><b>373e. Rocky Mountain Screech Owl</b> (<i>M. a. maxwelliæ</i>). +W. 7. Similar to <a href="#No373f">No. 373f</a> +above but paler; pale grayish buff predominating; +black markings throughout much narrower and less numerous than in +<a href="#No373g">No. 373g</a>; palest of our Screech Owls.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Foothills and adjacent plains of the east Rocky Mountains +from Colorado north to Montana" (Bendire).</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_141.png" width="204" height="516" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg_142]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><a name="No373f" id="No373f"></a> +<b>373f. Mexican Screech Owl</b> (<i>M. a. cineraceus</i>). +A gray color phase only. Similar to <a href="#No373b">No. 373b</a>. but +much grayer above; buff markings of <a href="#No373b">No. 373b</a> almost +wholly absent; below black bars more numerous and +narrower than in <a href="#No373b">No. 373b</a>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"New Mexico, Arizona, Lower California, and western +Mexico." (A. O. U.)</p> + +<p><a name="No373g" id="No373g"></a> +<b>373g. Aiken Screech Owl</b> (<i>M. a. aikeni</i>). A gray +color phase only. W. 6.5. Similar to <a href="#No373f">373f</a>, but still +grayer; almost no buff above; black markings wider on +head, back, and underparts.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Plains, El Paso County, Colorado, south probably to +central New Mexico and northeastern Arizona." (A. O. U.)</p> + +<p><b>373h. MacFarlane Screech Owl</b> (<i>M. a. macfarlanei</i>). +A gray color phase only. <i>Ads.</i> Of the size of <i>kennicottii</i>, +but with color and markings of <i>bendirei</i>. W. 7.2; +T. 3.8. (Brewst.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Eastern Washington and Oregon to western Montana +and probably intermediate regions, and north to the interior of +British Columbia." (Bailey.)</p> + +<p><b>373.1. Spotted Screech Owl</b> (<i>Megascops trichopsis</i>). +L. 7.7. <i>Ads.</i> Above mixed black, grayish brown and +buff; black prevailing on head; feathers of foreback +with buffy white <i>spots</i> on either side near the end; +below much as in <a href="#No373f">No. 373f</a>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Southern Arizona and southward into northern Mexico.</p> + +<p><b>373.2. Xantus Screech Owl</b> (<i>Megascops xantusi</i>). +W. 5.3. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Above drab, back tinged with pinkish +rusty and faintly vermiculated with reddish brown; +breast paler ashy faintly suffused with pinkish or +rusty; belly whitish; underparts finely barred with reddish +brown and streaked with clove-brown. (Brewst.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Cape Region of Lower California.</p> + +<p><a name="No374" id="No374"></a> +<b>374. Flammulated Screech Owl</b> (<i>Megascops flammeola</i>). +L. 7. <i>Ads.</i> Ear-tufts small; eye surrounded +by rusty, then by gray; crown, nape and tips of scapulars +largely rusty; neck band rusty.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Mountains of Guatemala north to Colorado (11 specimens, +7 from Boulder County, Cook), west rarely to California (2 +specimens).</p> + +<p><b>374a. Dwarf Screech Owl</b> (<i>M. f. idahoensis</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No374">No. 374</a>, but slightly smaller and paler, especially +on underparts where ground color is white and black markings are restricted.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Idaho, eastern Oregon and California (San Bernardino +Mountains, 3 specimens, Grinnell).</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_142.png" width="229" height="293" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg_143]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><a name="No375" id="No375"></a> +<b>375. Great Horned Owl</b> (<i>Bubo virginianus</i>). ♂, +L. 22; W. 15. <i>Ads.</i> Ears conspicuous; the feathers +nearly throughout the body rusty basally; facial disc +rich rusty. <i>Notes.</i> A loud, low, deep-toned <i>whoo</i>, <i>hoo-hoo-hoo</i>, +whooo-whooo, variable, but usually on the same +note; rarely a hair-raising scream.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America; north to Labrador, south to Central +America; resident.</p> + +<p><b>375a. Western Horned Owl</b> (<i>B. v. pallescens</i>). +Smaller and paler than <a href="#No375">No. 375</a>, W. 13.7; facial disc +washed with rusty.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Western United States, except Pacific coast region, east +to Great Plains; casually Wisconsin and Illinois north to Manitoba +and British Columbia; south to Mexico.</p> + +<p><a name="No375b" id="No375b"></a> +<b>375b. Arctic Horned Owl</b> (<i>B. v. arcticus</i>). Black +and white prevailing above; bases of feathers light +yellowish buff; below black and white with +little or no buffy; facial disc gray.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Interior of Arctic America, from Rocky Mountains east to +Hudson Bay; breeds north of Lat. 51°; in winter straggles southward +to adjacent border of United States; rarely to Wyoming and +Nebraska.</p> + +<p><a name="No375c" id="No375c"></a> +<b>375c. Dusky Horned Owl</b> (<i>B. v. saturatus</i>). Size +of <a href="#No375b">No. 375b</a>, but much darker; black bars below equalling +white ones in width; darkest bird of group.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Pacific coast region from Monterey Bay, California, +north to Alaska; east to Hudson Bay and Labrador." (A. O. U.)</p> + +<p><b>375d. Pacific Horned Owl</b> (<i>B. v. pacificus</i>). Somewhat +smaller than <a href="#No375b">No. 375b</a>, W. 13.5; more like +<a href="#No375">No. 375</a> in color but less rusty.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—California, except humid coast region; east to Arizona.</p> + +<p><b>375e. Dwarf Horned Owl</b> (<i>B. v. elachistus</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No375c">No. 375c</a>, but very much smaller. W. ♂, 12.8; +♀, 13.4. (Brewster.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Lower California.</p> + +<p><b>376. Snowy Owl</b> (<i>Nyctea nyctea</i>). L. 25. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. +White more or less barred with blackish. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Similar, +but more heavily barred.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Northern parts of northern hemisphere; in America breeds +from Lat. 50° northward; winters south to northern United States; +straggles as far as Texas and California.</p> + +<p><b>377a. American Hawk Owl</b> (<i>Surnia ulula caparoch</i>). +L. 15; T. 7.2 long and <i>rounded</i>. <i>Ads.</i> Above +brownish black, crown thickly spotted, scapulars conspicuously +margined with white; chin blackish; belly +barred. <i>Notes.</i> A shrill cry generally uttered while +flying. (Fisher.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Northern North America: breeds from Newfoundland and +northern Montana northward; winters south to northern United +States, rarely to New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Illinois; rare on +Pacific coast.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_143.png" width="215" height="695" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg_144]</a></span></p> +<a name="Order_XIII_Paroquets_and_Parrots_PSITTACI_color"></a> +<div class="caption2"><span class="smcap">Order XIII.</span> PAROQUETS AND PARROTS.</div> + +<div class="caption2">PSITTACI.</div> +<br /> +<table width="100%" class="caption3nc" summary="Families"> +<tr> + <td>Family 1.</td> + <td>PARROTS and PAROQUETS.</td> + <td class="smcap">Psittacidæ.</td> + <td>2 species.</td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> + +<p>Parrots are found throughout the warmer parts of the earth. About +one hundred and fifty of the some five hundred known species inhabit +America. The Carolina Paroquet, practically the only member +of this family found in the United States, since the Thick-billed Parrot +barely reaches our border in Arizona, was once an abundant bird +in the Southern States, but it is now restricted to a few localities in +Florida and possibly Indian Territory.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<a name="Order_XIV_CUCKOOS_TROGONS_KINGFISHERS_Etc_COCCYGES_color" id="Order_XIV_CUCKOOS_TROGONS_KINGFISHERS_Etc_COCCYGES_color"></a> +<div class="caption2"><span class="smcap">Order XIV.</span> CUCKOOS, TROGONS, KINGFISHERS, <span class="smcap">Etc.</span></div> +<br /> +<div class="caption2">COCCYGES.</div> +<br /> +<table width="100%" class="caption3nc" summary="Families"> +<tr> + <td>Family 1.</td> + <td>CUCKOOS, ANIS, etc.</td> + <td class="smcap">Cuculidæ.</td> + <td>5 species 2 subspecies.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Family 2.</td> + <td>TROGONS.</td> + <td class="smcap">Trogonidæ.</td> + <td>1 species.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Family 3.</td> + <td>KINGFISHERS.</td> + <td class="smcap">Alcedinidæ.</td> + <td>2 species.</td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> + +<p>The Cuckoos are a group of world-wide distribution, but are more +numerous in the eastern than in the western hemisphere where only +thirty-five of the some one hundred and seventy-five species are found. +The habit of the European Cuckoo in placing its eggs in the nest of +other birds is well known. The American species, however, build +nests of their own though it is true they are far from well made structures. +With the Anis one nest serves for several females who may deposit +as many as thirty eggs, incubation and the care of the young +being subsequently shared by the members of this singular family.</p> + +<p>Trogons are found in the tropics of both the Old and New Worlds. +They are quiet, sedentary birds inhabiting forests and feeding largely +on fruit. So far as is known they nest in hollow trees.</p> + +<p>Only eight of the one hundred and eighty or more known Kingfishers +are found in America, the remaining species being confined to +the Old World where they are most numerous in the Malay Archipelago.</p> +<br /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg_145]</a></span></p> +<div class="caption3rt">Parrots and Paroquets</div> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>382.1. Thick-billed Parrot</b> (<i>Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha</i>). +L. 16.5. <i>Ads.</i> Forehead, loral region, +stripe over eye, bend of wing and thighs red; greater +under wing-coverts yellow; rest of plumage green.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range—Central Mexico north rarely to southern Arizona.</p> + +<p><b>382. Carolina Paroquet</b> (<i>Conurus carolinensis</i>). L. +12.5 <i>Ads.</i> Forehead and cheeks deep orange, rest of +head yellow. <i>Yng.</i> Forehead and loral region orange; +rest of head green like back; no yellow on bend of +wing. <i>Notes.</i> A sharp, rolling <i>kr-r-r-r-r-r</i>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Formerly eastern United States, north to Maryland, Great +Lakes, and Iowa; west to Colorado, Oklahoma and eastern Texas; +now restricted to southern Florida and parts of Indian Territory.</p> +<br /> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_145.png" width="210" height="544" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg_146]</a></span></p> +<div class="caption3rt">Cuckoos</div> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>383. Ani</b> (<i>Crotophaga ani</i>). Resembling <a href="#No384">No. 384</a> +but upper mandible without grooves. <i>Notes.</i> A complaining +whistled <i>oo-eeek</i>, <i>oo-eeek</i>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range eastern South America; north to West Indies and Bahamas, +rarely to southern Florida; accidental in Louisiana and Pennsylvania.</p> + +<p><a name="No384" id="No384"></a> +<b>384. Groove-billed Ani</b> (<i>Crotophaga sulcirostris</i>). +L. 12.5 B. .7 <i>high</i>; the upper mandible with ridges +and furrows. <i>Ads.</i> Blue-black, many of the feathers +with iridescent margins.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Northwestern South America, north through Mexico to +Lower California and southeastern Texas; casually Arizona, Louisiana +and Florida.</p> + +<p><b>385. Road-runner</b> (<i>Geococcyx californianus</i>). L. 23. +Toes two in front, two behind. <i>Ads.</i> Above glossy +olive-brown with whitish and rusty margins, tail +much rounded, outer tail-feathers tipped with white. +<i>Notes.</i> A soft cooing and a low <i>chittering</i> note produced +by striking the mandibles together. Bendire mentions +a note like that of a hen calling her brood.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range central Mexico north, rarely to southwestern Kansas, +southern Colorado, and Sacramento Valley, California, rarely to +southern Oregon.</p> + +<p><a name="No386" id="No386"></a> +<b>386. Mangrove Cuckoo</b> (<i>Coccyzus minor</i>). L. 13. +<i>Ads.</i> Underparts <i>uniformly</i> rich buff; above grayish +brown, crown grayer; ear-coverts black; tail black, +outer feathers broadly tipped with white.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Northern South America, north through Central America, +Mexico and Greater Antilles (except Porto Rico?) to Florida and +Louisiana, migrating south in fall.</p> + +<p><b>386a. Maynard Cuckoo</b> (<i>C. m. maynardi</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No386">No. 386</a>, but underparts paler, the throat and +forebreast more or less ashy white.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Bahamas and (eastern?) Florida Keys.</p> + +<p><a name="No387" id="No387"></a> +<b>387. Yellow-billed Cuckoo</b> (<i>Coccyzus americanus</i>). +L. 12.2. <i>Ads.</i> Below white; lower mandible largely +yellow, tail black, outer feathers widely tipped with +white. <i>Notes.</i> <i>Tut-tut</i>, <i>tut-tut</i>, <i>tut-tut</i>, <i>tut-tut</i>, <i>cl-uck</i>, +<i>cl-uck</i>, <i>cl-uck</i>, <i>cl-uck</i>, <i>cl-uck</i>, <i>cl-uck</i>, <i>cow</i>, <i>cow</i>, <i>cow</i>, <i>cow</i>, +<i>cow</i>, <i>cow</i>, usually given in part.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from Florida to New +Brunswick and Minnesota; winters in Central and South America.</p> + +<p><b>387a. California Cuckoo</b> (<i>C. a. occidentalis</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No387">No. 387</a> but somewhat grayer and larger; the +bill slightly longer, 1.05.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Western North America; north to southern British Columbia; +east to Western Texas; winters south into Mexico.</p> + +<p><b>388. Black-billed Cuckoo</b> (<i>Coccyzus erythrophthalmus</i>). +L. 11.8. <i>Ads.</i> White below; bill <i>black</i>; tail, +seen from below, grayish <i>narrowly</i> tipped with white; +above, especially on crown, browner than <a href="#No387">No. 387</a>. +<i>Notes.</i> Similar to those of <a href="#No387">No. 387</a>, but softer, the <i>cow</i> +notes connected.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America; west to Rocky Mountains; breeds +north to Labrador and Manitoba; winters south of United States to +Brazil.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_146.png" width="197" height="695" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg_147]</a></span></p> +<div class="caption3rt">Trogon and Kingfishers</div> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>389. Coppery-tailed Trogon</b> (<i>Trogon ambiguus</i>). +L. 12. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Wing-coverts finely vermiculated; tail +coppery tipped with black; outer web and end of outer +feathers white, mottled with black. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Ear-coverts +gray; back grayish brown; middle tail-feathers +rusty brown tipped with black; breast brownish; upper +belly grayish; ventral region pink. <i>Notes.</i> Resemble +those of a hen Turkey. (Fisher.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Southern Mexico north to Lower Rio Grande and Arizona.</p> + +<p><b>390. Belted Kingfisher</b> (<i>Ceryle alcyon</i>). L. 13. +<i>Ad.</i> ♂. Breast-band and sides like back. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. +Breast-band and sides rusty. <i>Notes.</i> A loud, harsh +rattle.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North America; breeds from Florida, Texas, and California +north to Arctic regions; winters from Virginia, Kansas, and southern +California south to northern South America.</p> + +<p><b>391. Texas Kingfisher</b> (<i>Ceryle americana septentrionalis</i>). +L. 8.7. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Breast rusty brown; back +greenish; a white collar. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Throat and breast +white, sometimes tinged with buffy; a breast and belly +band of greenish spots. <i>Notes.</i> When flying, a sharp, +rattling twitter; when perching, a rapid, excited ticking.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Tropical America, from Panama north to southern Texas.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_147.png" width="218" height="589" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<a name="Order_XV_Woodpeckers_PICI_color"></a> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg_148]</a></span></p> + +<div class="caption2"><span class="smcap">Order XV.</span> WOODPECKERS.</div> +<br /> +<div class="caption2">PICI.</div> +<br /> +<table width="100%" class="caption3nc" summary="Families"> +<tr> + <td>Family 1.</td> + <td>WOODPECKERS.</td> + <td class="smcap">Picidæ.</td> + <td>24 species, 22 subspecies.</td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> + +<p>The some three hundred and fifty known species of Woodpeckers are +distributed throughout the wooded parts of the world, except in Australia +and Madagascar, nearly one half of this number being found in +the New World. Feeding largely upon the eggs and larvæ of insects, +which they can obtain at all seasons, most of the North American +species are not highly migratory but are represented in the more northern +parts of their range at all times of the year.</p> + +<p>Woodpeckers nest in holes in trees generally excavated by themselves. +The eggs, four to eight or nine in number, like those of most +birds that lay in covered situations, are pure white. The young are +born naked and are reared in the nest.</p> + +<p>In few birds is the close relation between structure and habit more +strikingly illustrated than in the Woodpeckers. Their lengthened toes +placed two before and two behind (except in one genus) and armed +with strong nails enable them readily to grasp the bark of trees up +which they climb. Their stiffened, pointed tail-feathers are also of +assistance to them in retaining their position on tree trunks, serving as +a prop on which they may rest while chiseling out their homes or laying +bare the tunnels of the grubs of wood boring beetles. For this +purpose they use their bill, a marvellously effective tool with which +some of the large Woodpeckers perform astonishing feats. I have +seen an opening made by a Pileated Woodpecker in a white pine tree, +twelve inches long, four inches wide, and eight inches deep, through +perfectly sound wood to reach the larvæ at work in the heart of the +tree. The bill is also used as a musical instrument, the 'song' of +Woodpeckers being a rolling tattoo produced by rapid tappings on +some resonant limb.</p> + +<p>As might be supposed the Woodpeckers are great of economic value. +Professor Beal states that at least two-thirds to three-fourths of the +food of our common Downy and Hairy Woodpeckers consists chiefly +of noxious insects.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg_149]</a></span></p> +<div class="caption3rt">Woodpeckers</div> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>392. Ivory-billed Woodpecker</b> (<i>Campephilus principalis</i>). +L. 20; B. 2.7, ivory white. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Crest +scarlet. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Similar to the ♂, but crest black. +<i>Notes.</i> A sharp, penny trumpet-like <i>yap-yap</i>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Florida west to eastern Texas; north to southern Missouri +and Oklahoma; formerly north to North Carolina, Illinois, and +Indiana.</p> + +<p><b>400. Arctic Three-toed Woodpecker</b> (<i>Picoides arcticus</i>). +L. 9.5. Back shining black <i>without</i> white; toes +two in front, one behind <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Crown yellow. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. +Crown black. <i>Notes.</i> A sharp, shrill, <i>chirk</i>, <i>chirk</i>. +(Hardy.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Northern North America, from the Arctic regions south to +northern United States, (New England, New York, Michigan, Minnesota +and Idaho), and in the Sierra Nevadas to Lake Tahoe." (A. O. U.)</p> + +<p><a name="No401" id="No401"></a> +<b>401. American Three-toed Woodpecker</b> (<i>Picoides +americanus</i>). L. 8.7. Back <i>with</i> white: toes two in +front, one behind. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Crown yellow; white bars +on back broken, detached <i>not</i> confluent. <i>Notes.</i> A +prolonged squealing, rarely uttered. (Turner.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Northern North America; west to Rocky Mountains; +breeds from Maine, mountains of New Hampshire, northern New +York, and northern Minnesota northward; south in winter, rarely to +Massachusetts, central New York, and northern Illinois.</p> + +<p><a name="No401a" id="No401a"></a> +<b>401a. Alaskan Three-toed Woodpecker</b> (<i>P. a. +fasciatus</i>). Similar to <a href="#No401">No. 401</a>, but white bars on back +confluent forming a more or less continuous white patch.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Alaska Territory; casually? south through western +British Columbia to northwestern Washington (vicinity of Mt. +Baker); east irregularly to Great Bear Lake and the Mackenzie +River Valley, Northwest Territory." (Bendire.)</p> + +<p><b>401 b. Alpine Three-toed Woodpecker</b> (<i>P. a. dorsalis</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No401a">No. 401a</a>, but larger. W. 5; bill +narrower. <i>Notes.</i> A harsh, nasal cry; a sudden, +sharp <i>whip</i>, <i>whip</i>, <i>whip</i>, (Mearns.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Rocky Mountain region from British Columbia and +Idaho south into New Mexico." (A. O. U.)</p> + +<p><a name="No405" id="No405"></a> +<b>405. Pileated Woodpecker</b> (<i>Ceophlœus pileatus</i>). +L. 17. W. 8.9. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Crown, crest, and streaks +on sides of throat red; sides of neck and patch on wing +white. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Forehead brownish, no red on sides of +throat. <i>Notes.</i> A sonorous <i>cow-cow-cow</i>, repeated slowly +many times and a <i>wichew</i> call when two birds meet; +both suggesting calls of the Flicker.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Southern United States, north to South Carolina.</p> + +<p><b>405a. Northern Pileated Woodpecker</b> (<i>C. p. abieticola</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No405">No. 405</a>, but slightly larger, W. 9; +T. 6.2.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Locally distributed throughout more heavily wooded +regions of North America, except in southern United States, north to +Lat. 63°.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_149.png" width="195" height="677" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg_150]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><a name="No393" id="No393"></a> +<b>393. Hairy Woodpecker</b> (<i>Dryobates villosus</i>). L. +9; W. 4.7 Outer tail-feathers white <i>without</i> terminal +black marks. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Wing-coverts spotted, underparts +white; nape with a red band. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Similar +but nape band white. <i>Notes.</i> A sharp <i>peek</i> and a Kingfisher-like +rattle.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern United States from North Carolina to Canada.</p> + +<p><a name="No393a" id="No393a"></a> +<b>393a. Northern Hairy Woodpecker</b> (<i>D. v. leucomelas</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No393">No. 393</a>, but larger; L. 10; W. 5.2.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—British America north to Alaska.</p> + +<p><b>393b. Southern Hairy Woodpecker</b> (<i>D. v. audubonii</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No393">No. 393</a>, but smaller; L. 8; W. 4.2.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—South Atlantic and Gulf States, north to South Carolina.</p> + +<p><a name="No393c" id="No393c"></a> +<b>393c. Harris Woodpecker</b> (<i>D. v. harrisi</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No393">No. 393</a>, but wing-coverts usually <i>without</i> white +spots; underparts dirty, dusky, brownish.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Pacific coast from northern California to British Columbia.</p> + +<p><b>393d. Cabanis Woodpecker</b> (<i>D. v. hyloscopus</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No393c">No. 393c</a>, but whiter below.</p> + +<p>Range.—California, east to Arizona.</p> + +<p><b>393e. Rocky Mountain Hairy Woodpecker</b> (<i>D. v. +monticola</i>). Similar to <a href="#No393c">No. 393c</a>, but pure white below; +larger, size of <a href="#No393a">No. 393a</a>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Rocky Mountain region from northern New Mexico north +to British Columbia.</p> + +<p><b>393f. Queen Charlotte Woodpecker</b> (<i>D. v. picoideus</i>) +Similar to <a href="#No393c">No. 393c</a>, but middle of back barred and +spotted with black; flanks streaked with black. (Osgood.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia.</p> + +<p><a name="No394" id="No394"></a> +<b>394. Southern Downy Woodpecker</b> (<i>Dryobates +pubescens</i>). L. 6; W. 3.5. Outer tail-feathers white +<i>with</i> terminal black marks. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Nape-band red; +smallest of group, underparts dingier than in <a href="#No394c">No. 394c</a>; +white of less extent; wing-coverts spotted. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. +Similar but nape-band white. <i>Notes.</i> A sharp <i>peek</i> +and a rattle similar to that of <a href="#No393">No. 393</a>, but not so loud.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—South Carolina, Georgia, and Gulf States to Texas.</p> + +<p><a name="No394a" id="No394a"></a> +<b>394a. Gairdner Woodpecker</b> (<i>D. p. gairdnerii</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No394b">No. 394b</a>, but underparts sooty gray; the +darkest below of any form in the group.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Pacific coast from northern California north to British +Columbia.</p> + +<p><a name="No394b" id="No394b"></a> +<b>394b. Batchelder Woodpecker</b> (<i>D. p. homorus</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No394c">No. 394c</a>, but wing-coverts with few or no +white spots, under tail-coverts without dusky streaks.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Rocky Mountain region of the United States." (A. O. +U.)</p> + +<p><a name="No394c" id="No394c"></a> +<b>394c. Northern Downy Woodpecker</b> (<i>D. p. medianus</i>). +L. 6.5; W. 3.7. Similar to <a href="#No394">No. 394</a>, but larger; +whiter below; white markings of greater extent.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America south to South Carolina.</p> + +<p><b>394d. Alaskan Downy Woodpecker</b> (<i>D. p. nelsoni</i>). +W. 4. Similar to <a href="#No394c">No. 394c</a>, but still larger and whiter; +largest of the group.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Alaska.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_150.png" width="185" height="675" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg_151]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>394e. Willow Woodpecker</b> (<i>D. p. turati</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No394a">No. 394a</a>, but smaller, W. 3.8. superciliary patch +and underparts whiter; tertials always more or less spotted with white. (W. K. Fisher.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"California, <i>except</i>: desert ranges and eastern slope of +Sierra Nevada, coast region north of Marin Co., and region north of +upper end of Sacramento Valley." (W. K. Fisher.)</p> + +<p><b>395. Red-cockaded Woodpecker</b> (<i>Dryobates borealis</i>). +L. 8.4. Sides of head and neck white bordered +by black below. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. A nearly concealed red tuft +on either side of the hindhead. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Similar, but +no red on head. <i>Notes.</i> A loud, hoarse, <i>yank</i>, <i>yank</i>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Southern United States; west to eastern Texas; north to +Virginia and Arkansas.</p> + +<p><a name="No396" id="No396"></a> +<b>396. Texan Woodpecker</b> (<i>Dryobates scalaris bairdi</i>). +L. 7.5. Outer tail-feathers barred to their base; nasal +tufts brownish. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. All crown feathers tipped +with red; back barred: below <i>brownish white</i>, spotted +and streaked with black. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Similar but top of head +wholly black.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Northern Mexico, north to Texas boundary, New Mexico, +southern Colorado, southern Nevada, southwestern Utah, and southeastern +California.</p> + +<p><b>396a. Saint Lucas Woodpecker</b> (<i>D. s. lucasanus</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No396">No. 396</a>, but outer tail-feather barred with +black only on terminal half or less, except sometimes +on inner web. (Ridgw.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Lower California, north, rarely to Colorado Desert, California.</p> + +<p><b>397. Nuttall Woodpecker</b> (<i>Dryobates nuttallii</i>). +L. 7.5. Below white only <i>slightly</i> soiled; outer tail-feather +barred only on end half. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Crown +<i>black</i> streaked with white; nape red. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Similar +but top of head entirely black, usually, with a few +white spots. <i>Yng.</i> Top of head dull red. <i>Notes.</i> A +sharp <i>quee-quee-quee-queep</i>; a diminutive <i>chittah</i>. Bailey. +Loud rattling notes. (Henshaw.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Northern Lower California, north locally, to southern +Oregon.</p> + +<p><b>398. Arizona Woodpecker</b> (<i>Dryobates arizonæ</i>). +L. 8.2. Above <i>brown</i>, below <i>spotted</i>. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. A red +nape band. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Similar but no red on nape, +brown of crown continuous with that of back. <i>Yng.</i> +Whole crown red.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Northwestern Mexico north to southern Arizona and +southwestern New Mexico.</p> + +<p><b>399. White-headed Woodpecker</b> (<i>Xenopicus albolarvatus</i>). +L. 9. Whole head and part of wings +white. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Nape red. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Nape white. +<i>Notes.</i> A sharp, clear <i>witt-witt</i>; a rather silent bird. +(Bendire.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Mountains of western United States from southern California +north to southern British Columbia; east to western Idaho and +western Nevada.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_151.png" width="192" height="676" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg_152]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><a name="No402" id="No402"></a> +<b>402. Yellow-bellied Sapsucker</b> (<i>Sphyrapicus varius</i>). +L. 8.5; W. 4.8. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Crown and throat red; a +<i>whitish</i> band from eye to eye across nape; belly washed +with yellow; breast patch black <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Similar, but +throat white; crown rarely black. <i>Yng.</i> Breast grayish +with internal dark rings or bars; crown dirty yellowish +margined with dusky; red feathers soon appear +on throat and crown. <i>Notes.</i> A clear ringing <i>cleur</i> repeated; +a low snarling cry resembling <i>mew</i> of Catbird. +(Brewster.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from Massachusetts and +northern Illinois north to about Lat. 63° 30'; south in Alleghanies +to northwest Georgia; winters from southern Illinois and southern +Virginia to Central America.</p> + +<p><b>402a. Red-naped Sapsucker</b> (<i>S. v. nuchalis</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No402">No. 402</a>, but slightly larger. W. 5; the nape +band red; <i>red</i> of throat encroaching on black bordering +streaks; female the same but chin white.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Rocky Mountain region; breeds from Colorado and northeastern +California (?), north to British Columbia; winters from southern +California south to northwestern Mexico.</p> + +<p><a name="No403" id="No403"></a> +<b>403. Red-breasted Sapsucker</b> (<i>Sphyrapicus ruber</i>). +L. 9. <i>Ads.</i> Crown, whole throat and <i>breast</i> dull red; +in other respects resembling <a href="#No402">No. 402</a>. <i>Notes.</i> <i>Jay</i> or +<i>chaē</i>, <i>peeye</i>, <i>pinck</i>, and <i>peurr</i>: (Bendire.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Breeds in mountains from northern Lower California north +to southern Oregon.</p> + +<p><b>403a. Northern Red-breasted Sapsucker</b> (<i>S. r. +notkensis</i>). Similar to <a href="#No403">No. 403</a>, but colors deeper, red +brighter; belly yellower.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Pacific coast region from Santa Cruz Mountains, California, +north to southern Alaska.</p> + +<p><b>404. Williamson Sapsucker</b> (<i>Sphyrapicus thyroideus</i>). +L. 9. Belly <i>bright</i> yellow; rump white. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. +Above black;, a red stripe on throat; lesser wing-coverts +white. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Crown and throat brownish; +back and lesser wing-coverts barred black and whitish. +<i>Yng.</i> Similar to ♀, but breast barred like sides. <i>Notes.</i> +A shrill <i>huit-huit</i> uttered when flying. (Bendire.) The +roll of this Woodpecker is not continuous, but is broken +or interrupted.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Higher mountain ranges of western United States; breeds +from northern New Mexico, Arizona, and southeastern California +north to Wyoming and southern British Columbia; winters from +southern California and western Texas into Mexico.</p> + +<p><b>408. Lewis Woodpecker</b> (<i>Asyndesmus torquatus</i>). +L. 11. <i>Ads.</i> Breast and a collar around the neck +gray; region about base of bill dark red; belly pinkish +red; above shining green black. <i>Yng.</i> No gray +collar; crown suffused with red. <i>Notes.</i> A weak, +peeping twitter. (Lawrence). Generally a silent +bird.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Western United States; breeds from New Mexico, Arizona, +and southern California north to southern Alberta and British +Columbia; winters from southern Oregon and Colorado south to +western Texas and southern California.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_152.png" width="215" height="679" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg_153]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>406. Red-headed Woodpecker</b> (<i>Melanerpes erythrocephalus</i>). +L. 9.7. <i>Ads.</i> Whole head and breast red; +end half of secondaries white. <i>Yng.</i> Whole head and +breast grayish streaked with blackish; back black +margined with grayish; end half of secondaries white +with black bars. <i>Notes.</i> A tree-toad-like <i>ker-r-ruck, +ker-r-ruck</i>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern United States west to Rocky Mountains: breeds +from Florida and Texas north to New York and Manitoba; local and +irregular in northern parts of range; winters from Virginia, and occasionally +from New York, southward.</p> + +<p><a name="No407" id="No407"></a> +<b>407. Striped-breasted Woodpecker</b> (<i>Melanerpes +formicivorus</i>). L. 9.5. Breast band <i>streaked with white</i>; +rump white. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Forehead, white, <i>crown</i>, nape, +and breast-spot red. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Center of crown with a +black band of <i>same</i> width as white band on forehead. +<i>Notes.</i> A loud <i>tchurr, tchurr</i>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Mexico north to southwest Texas and Arizona.</p> + +<p><b>407a. Californian Woodpecker</b> (<i>M. f. bairdi</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No407">No. 407</a>, but black breast-band with white +only on its posterior margin.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Pacific coast region from northern California to southern +Oregon.</p> + +<p><b>407b. Narrow-fronted Woodpecker</b> (<i>M. f. angustifrons</i>). +<i>Ad.</i> ♂. Similar to <a href="#No407">No. 407</a>, but smaller, W. +5.2; the throat brighter yellow. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. With black +crown-band <i>wider</i> than white forehead band.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Cape Region of Lower California.</p> + +<p><b>409. Red-bellied Woodpecker</b> (<i>Centurus carolinus</i>). +L. 9.5. Center of belly reddish. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Top of +head and nape entirely red. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Nape red, crown +grayish, forehead tinged with red. <i>Notes.</i> A hoarse, +<i>chûh-chûh</i>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern United States, west to the Plains; breeds from +Florida and Texas to Maryland, Ontario, and South Dakota; winters +from Virginia and southern Ohio southward; casually north as far as +Massachusetts.</p> + +<p><b>410. Golden-fronted Woodpecker</b> (<i>Centurus aurifrons</i>). +L. 10.5; center of belly yellow. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Forehead +yellow, crown-patch red, nape orange. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. +Forehead and nape yellow, crown entirely gray. +<i>Notes.</i> Loud and penetrating. (Bailey.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Mexico, north to central Texas.</p> + +<p><b>411. Gila Woodpecker</b> (<i>Centurus uropygialis</i>). L. +10. Center of belly yellow. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Top of head +and nape <i>sooty</i> gray; a red-crown patch. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Top +of head and nape entirely sooty gray. <i>Notes.</i> <i>Dchūrr, +dchūrr</i>; when flying, a shrill <i>huit</i> like call-note of +Phainopepla. (Bendire.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Northwestern Mexico, north to southwestern New Mexico, +and Lower California.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_153.png" width="188" height="643" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg_154]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><a name="No412" id="No412"></a> +<b>412. Southern Flicker</b> (<i>Colaptes auratus</i>). Smaller +than <a href="#No412a">No. 412a</a>, W. 5.6.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Southeastern United States north to South Carolina.</p> + +<p><a name="No412a" id="No412a"></a> +<b>412a. Northern Flicker</b> (<i>C. a. luteus</i>). L. 13; W. +6.4. Crown bluish gray; throat pinkish brown; a +scarlet nape-band; lining of wings and tail yellow. <i>Ad.</i> +♂. With black patches on the sides of the throat. +<i>Ad.</i> ♀. Without black throat patches. <i>Notes.</i> A loud, +emphatic <i>keé-yer</i>; a low chuckle when taking flight; a +<i>weéchew</i> repeated and used only when two or more birds +are together; and a mellow <i>cûh-cûh-cûh-cûh</i>, repeated, +doubtless a song.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America west to the Rocky Mountains and +Alaska; rare on the Pacific coast; apparently hybridizing with +<a href="#No413">No. 413</a> at the western border of its range.</p> + +<p><a name="No413" id="No413"></a> +<b>413. Red-shafted Flicker</b> (<i>Colaptes cafer collaris</i>). +L. 13. No red nape band; crown brownish; throat +bluish gray; lining of wings and tail reddish. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. +Patches at side of throat red. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. No red throat +patches. <i>Notes.</i> Resemble those of <a href="#No412">No. 412</a>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Western United States, except northwest coast region; +east to the Rocky Mountain region; apparently hybridizing with +<a href="#No412">No. 412</a> at the eastern border of its range.</p> + +<p><b>413a. Northwestern Flicker</b> (<i>C. c. saturatior</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No413">No. 413</a>, but much darker throughout, back +vinous-brown.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Pacific coast region; breeds from Oregon north to southern +Alaska; winters south to northwest California.</p> + +<p><a name="No414" id="No414"></a> +<b>414. Gilded Flicker</b> (<i>Colaptes chrysoides</i>). L. 12; +W. 5.7. Crown cinnamon; under surface of wings +and tail yellow. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. No red band on nape; throat +bluish gray, its sides with a red patch. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. No +red on sides of throat. <i>Notes.</i> Resemble those of +<a href="#No412">No. 412</a>. (Bendire.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Central and southern Arizona from Lat. 34° to southern +Sonora, and Lower California south of Lat. 30°." (A. O. U.)</p> + +<p><b>414a. Brown Flicker</b> (<i>C. c. brunnescens</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No414">No. 414</a>, but slightly smaller; upperparts darker. +(Anthony).</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Lower California north of Lat. 30°.</p> + +<p><b>415. Guadalupe Flicker</b> (<i>Colaptes rufipileus</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No413">No. 413</a>, but bill 1.6 or more; more slender, +wing averaging less than 6.2; crown cinnamon-brown; +rump vinaceous-white. (Ridgw.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Guadalupe Island, Lower California.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_154.png" width="221" height="676" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<a name="Order_XVI_GOATSUCKERS_SWIFTS_AND_HUMMINGBIRDS_MACROCHIRES_color"></a> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg_155]</a></span></p> + +<div class="caption2">Order XVI. GOATSUCKERS, SWIFTS, AND HUMMINGBIRDS.</div> +<br /> +<div class="caption2">MACROCHIRES.</div> +<br /> +<table width="100%" class="caption3nc" summary="Families"> +<tr> + <td>Family 1.</td> + <td>GOATSUCKERS. </td> + <td class="smcap">Caprimulgidæ.</td> + <td>6 species, 6 subspecies.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Family 2.</td> + <td>SWIFTS.</td> + <td class="smcap">Micropodidæ.</td> + <td>4 species.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Family 3.</td> + <td>HUMMINGBIRDS.</td> + <td class="smcap">Trochilidæ.</td> + <td>17 species.</td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> + +<p>The Goatsuckers are birds of the dusk and early morning. They +live chiefly on insects which they capture on the wing, their enormous +mouths being especially well adapted to this kind of hunting. Our +species build no nest but lay their two mottled eggs on the bare ground +or leaves. The young are hatched covered with down and can follow +their parents about long before they acquire the power of flight. Goatsuckers +are noted for their singular calls, most of the species uttering +loud, characteristic notes which, heard at night, are especially effective.</p> + +<p>Swifts are birds of world-wide distribution; about half the seventy-five +known species being found in America. They are pre-eminently +birds of the air with wings so well developed that few birds can surpass +them in power of flight, but with feet so weak and small that +many species cannot perch as do most birds, but, when resting, cling to +a vertical surface and use their tail to aid their feet in supporting +themselves. Their nests are often marvels of architectural skill and +constructive ability. The eggs, four to six in number, are white.</p> + +<p>Hummingbirds are found only in America where they range from +Patagonia to Alaska, but the larger part of the some five hundred +known species are found in the Andean region of Columbia and Ecuador. +Only one species is found east of the Mississippi, and nine +of our sixteen western species advance but little beyond our Mexican +border.</p> + +<p>Hummingbirds nests are the most exquisite of birds' homes. +Their eggs, so far as is known, number two, and are pure white. The +young are born naked and, in the case of our Ruby-throat, at least, +spend about three weeks in the nest.</p> + +<p>The notes of some tropical Hummingbirds are sufficiently varied to +be classed as songs but our species utter only sharp squeaks and excited +chipperings.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg_156]</a></span></p> +<div class="caption3rt">Goatsuckers</div> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>416. Chuck-will's-widow</b> (<i>Antrostomus carolinensis</i>). +L. 12. Mouth bristles with fine, hair-like branches +near their base. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. End half of outer tail-feathers +white, <i>rusty, and black on outer webs</i>; chin chiefly +<i>rusty</i>; throat-patch buffy. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. No white in tail. +<i>Notes.</i> A loudly whistled <i>chuck-will's-widow</i>, repeated +many times.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—South Atlantic and Gulf States; breeds north to Virginia +and Illinois; west to Kansas and central Texas; winters from southern +Florida southward.</p> + +<p><a name="No417" id="No417"></a> +<b>417. Whip-poor-will</b> (Antrostomus vociferus). L. +9.7. Mouth bristles <i>without</i> branches. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Three +outer tail-feathers <i>broadly</i> tipped with white; white on +inner vane of outer feather 1.4 or more wide; throat +patch white; chin chiefly black. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Three outer +tail-feathers narrowly tipped with rusty buff; throat +patch rusty buff. <i>Notes.</i> A rapid, vigorous, whistled +<i>whip-poor-will</i>, repeated many times.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from +Gulf States north to New Brunswick and Manitoba; winters from +Gulf States southward.</p> + +<p><b>417a. Stephens Whip-poor-will</b> (<i>A. v. macromystax</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No417">No. 417</a>, but slightly larger, W. 6.5; +mouth bristles much longer; male with throat-patch +rusty; white on inner web of outer feather <i>less</i> than 1.3 +wide.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Arizona, New Mexico, and southwestern Texas, south +over mountains bordering tablelands of Mexico to Guatemala." +(Bailey.)</p> + +<p><a name="No418" id="No418"></a> +<b>418. Poor-will</b> (<i>Phalænoptilus nuttallii</i>). L. 7.7. +Primaries <i>rusty</i> barred with black. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Three +outer tail-feathers <i>evenly</i> tipped with white; a <i>large</i> +white throat patch; plumage above suggesting in color +the wings of certain moths. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Similar, but tail-tips +buffy. <i>Notes.</i> Variously rendered <i>poor-will</i>, <i>cow-day</i>, +<i>pearl-rob-it</i>, <i>puir-whee-er</i>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Western United States; breeds from Kansas, Nebraska, +and Dakota west to eastern slope of Sierra Nevadas: north to Montana +and British Columbia; winters from Mexican border southward.</p> + +<p><b>418a. Frosted Poor-will</b> (<i>P. n. nitidus</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No418">No. 418</a>, but paler, the upperparts especially whiter, +more <i>frosty</i>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Texas to Arizona and from western Kansas south to +northern Mexico." (Bailey.) Lower California.</p> + +<p><b>418b. California Poor-will</b> (<i>P. n. californicus</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No418">No. 418</a>, but darker.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Breeds on coast of California, north to Butte County; +winters from southern California southward.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_156.png" width="193" height="678" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg_157]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>419. Merrill Parauque</b> (<i>Nyctidromus albicollis merrilli</i>). +L. 12; T. 6.2. Outer tail-feather without +white. Two color phases, one gray, one rusty. <i>Ad.</i> +♂. Outer tail-feather black with sometimes a little +rusty, next feather white on inner web, third feather +white except at base. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Outer tail-feathers +brownish with broken rusty bars; next two with white +at tip. <i>Notes.</i> A vigorous <i>ker-whee-you</i> repeated and +sometimes running into a <i>whit-whit-whit</i>, <i>ker-whee-you</i>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Mexico north to southern Texas; winters chiefly south of +Rio Grande.</p> + +<p><a name="No420" id="No420"></a> +<b>420. Nighthawk</b> (<i>Chordeiles virginianus</i>). L. 10; +W. 7.8. Primaries blackish with a white bar and no +rusty spots; darkest of our Nighthawks. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. +Above black with white and buff markings; throat and +band near end of tail white. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Throat rusty, no +white band in tail. <i>Notes.</i> A nasal <i>peent</i>; and in the +breeding season, a booming sound produced by diving +from a height earthward.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern United States, chiefly, breeds from Florida to +Labrador, west and northwest to northern California, British Columbia, +and Alaska; winters south of United States.</p> + +<p><b>420a. Western Nighthawk</b> (<i>C. v. henryi</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No420">No. 420</a>, but markings above rusty and more +numerous; belly washed with rusty.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Western United States, east to the Plains, wintering south +of United States; exact distribution unknown.</p> + +<p><a name="No420b" id="No420b"></a> +<b>420b. Florida Nighthawk</b> (<i>C. v. chapmani</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No420">No. 420</a>, but smaller (L. 8.6; W. 7.1;) and +paler; white and buff markings above larger and more +numerous.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Florida, west along Gulf Coast to eastern Texas; south in +winter to South America.</p> + +<p><b>420c. Sennett Nighthawk</b> (<i>C. v. sennetti</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No420b">No. 420b</a>, but still paler, white and buff prevailing +on back and scapulars; palest of our Nighthawks.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Great Plains north to Saskatchewan; winters south of the +United States.</p> + +<p><b>421. Texan Nighthawk</b> (<i>Chordeiles acutipennis texensis</i>). +Wing quills <i>with</i> rusty spots; outer primary +shorter than one next to it; belly conspicuously washed +with rusty buff. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Throat-patch and band near +end of tail white. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. No white band in tail. +<i>Notes.</i> A mewing call and a tapping accompanied by a +humming sound. (Merrill.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Central America; breeding north to southern Texas, southern +New Mexico, southern Utah, southern Nevada, and Lat. 38° in +California; winters south of United States.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_157.png" width="204" height="681" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg_158]</a></span></p> +<div class="caption3rt">Swifts</div> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>422. Black Swift</b> (<i>Cypseloides niger borealis</i>). L. 7; +W. 6.5. Tail without spines, slightly forked. <i>Ads.</i> +Sooty black, paler below; a black spot before the eye; +forehead whitish. <i>Notes.</i> Generally silent. (Bendire.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Breeds from Central America north, in mountains of +western United States, to British Columbia; east to Colorado; winters +south of United States; more common in Pacific coast states.</p> + +<p><a name="No423" id="No423"></a> +<b>423. Chimney Swift</b> (<i>Chætura pelagica</i>). L. 5.4; +W. 4.9. Tail with protruding spines. <i>Ads.</i> Above +sooty, rump and underparts paler; throat whitish. +<i>Notes.</i> A rolling twitter.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from +Florida to Labrador and Manitoba; winters south of United States, to +Central America.</p> + +<p><b>424. Vaux Swift</b> (<i>Chætura vauxii</i>). L. 4.5; W. 4.4. +<i>Ads.</i> Similar to <a href="#No423">No. 423</a>, but smaller and somewhat +browner. <i>Notes.</i> Resemble those of <a href="#No423">No. 423</a>, but are +less frequently uttered. (Bendire.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Western United States; breeds on Pacific coast, locally, +north to British Columbia; east casually to Montana and Arizona; +winters south of United States to Central America.</p> + +<p><b>425. White-throated Swift</b> (<i>Aëronautes melanoleucus</i>). +L. 6.5. Tail forked, without spines. <i>Ads.</i> +Above sooty brownish black; breast, middle of belly +and flank patches white. <i>Notes.</i> A sharp, metallic +twitter.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Western United States; east to western Nebraska and +Black Hills; breeds in Rocky Mountains north to Montana; on Pacific +coast north to Lat. 38°; winters south of United States to Central +America.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_158.png" width="205" height="678" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg_159]</a></span></p> +<div class="caption3rt">Hummingbirds</div> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>426. Rivoli Hummingbird</b> (<i>Eugenes fulgens</i>). L. +5.1. A small white spot behind eye. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Crown +purple, throat bright green, back bronzy green; tail +somewhat more bronzy. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Above bronzy green, +all but central tail-feathers with blackish ends and +narrow grayish tips; below grayish, all but throat +feathers <i>green centrally</i>. <i>Yng.</i> ♂. Throat with more or +less green, belly and above more bronzy than in ♀.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Nicaragua, north in mountains to mountains of southeastern +Arizona, and southwest New Mexico; winters south of United +States.</p> + +<p><b>429. Black-chinned Hummingbird</b> (<i>Trochilus alexandri</i>). +L. 3.5; W. 1.7. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Chin and upper +throat black, lower throat amethyst; tail forked, +feathers pointed. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Throat grayish white; +<i>chin buffy</i>; tail feathers more rounded, three outer ones +tipped with white. <i>Yng.</i> ♂. Similar ♀, but throat +with dusky spots.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Western United States; breeds from San Antonio, Texas, +New Mexico, Arizona, and California north to Montana and British +Columbia; rare on Pacific coast north of southern California; winters +south of United States.</p> + +<p><b>430. Costa Hummingbird</b> (<i>Calypte costæ</i>). L. 3.1. +No rusty in plumage. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Crown, throat and +lengthened neck-feathers amethyst, back dull green. +<i>Ad.</i> ♀. Below grayish white; above grayish green; +outer tail-feathers <i>gray</i> at base, then black and at tip +white. <i>Yng.</i> ♂. Similar to ♀, but throat usually with +some amethyst spots; tip of outer tail-feather grayish.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Northwestern Mexico; breeds north throughout Lower +California, to southern California, northern Nevada, southwestern +Utah, and southwestern New Mexico; winters from Mexican border +southward.</p> + +<p><b>437. Lucifer Hummingbird</b> (<i>Calothorax lucifer</i>). +L. 3.6; B. .8. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Throat purplish pink, feathers +at its side much lengthened; tail feathers very narrow, +the outer ones less than .05 in. wide on end half. +<i>Ad.</i> ♀. Below nearly uniform <i>rusty buff</i>, above bronzy +green; tail-feathers white-tipped.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"From western Texas and southern Arizona south to the +city of Mexico and Puebla." (Bailey.)</p> + +<p><b>440. Xantus Hummingbird</b> (<i>Basilinna xantusi</i>). +L. 3.6. A white streak behind eye. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Chin, +forehead and cheeks <i>black</i>; throat green; tail rusty +brown. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Below uniform rusty, above green; +outer tail-feathers rusty brown.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Lower California, north to Lat. 29°; most common in +Cape Region.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_159.png" width="208" height="675" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg_160]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>427. Blue-throated Hummingbird</b> (<i>Cœligena clemenciæ</i>). +L. 5.2. A white <i>stripe</i> behind, and a smaller +one before eye. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Throat blue; belly grayish; +back green; tail blue-black, outer feathers broadly +white tipped. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Similar but throat dusky gray.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Southern Mexico north. In mountains to mountains of +southwestern New Mexico and southern Arizona; winters south of +United States.</p> + +<p><a name="No438" id="No438"></a> +<b>438. Reiffer Hummingbird</b> (<i>Amazilis tzacatl</i>). L. +4.1. <i>Ads.</i> Above, <i>throat</i> and <i>breast</i> shining green; +belly <i>grayish</i>; tail square, rusty brown, <i>narrowly</i> margined +with coppery. <i>Yng.</i> Similar but more rusty +above.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Northern South America; north, rarely, to Lower Rio +Grande Valley, Texas.</p> + +<p><b>439. Buff-bellied Hummingbird</b> (<i>Amazilis cerviniventris +chalconota</i>). Similar to <a href="#No438">No. 438</a>, but belly <i>rusty +gray</i>, tail forked and <i>broadly</i> margined with coppery +green.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Central America, north, in spring, to Lower Rio Grande +Valley, Texas.</p> + +<p><b>440.1. White-eared Hummingbird</b> (<i>Basilinna leucotis</i>). +L. 3.7. A white line behind eye. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. +Chin, forehead and cheeks <i>blue</i>, throat and breast +green, tail blackish bronzy green. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Crown +rusty, back bronzy green, below gray spotted with +green; outer tail-feathers tipped with gray. <i>Yng.</i> ♂. +Similar.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Nicaragua +north, in spring, through mountains to southern Arizona.</p> + +<p><b>441. Broad-billed Hummingbird</b> (<i>Iache latirostris</i>). +L. 4. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Above green; below darker; throat +purplish blue; tail darker. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Below gray; outer +tail-feathers green at base, then bluish black tipped +with gray. <i>Yng.</i> ♂. Similar to <i>Ad.</i> ♀, but tail blue +black with faint gray tips; throat with metallic green +feathers.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Southern Mexico; breeds north through mountains to +southern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico.</p> + +<p><b>428. Ruby-throated Hummingbird</b> (<i>Trochilus colubris</i>). +L. 3.5; W. 1.5. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Throat ruby, chin +blackish; tail forked, the feathers pointed. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. +Throat grayish, tail-feathers rounded, three outer ones +tipped with white. <i>Yng.</i> ♂. Like ♀ but throat with +dusky spots. (See <a href="#Page_161">next page</a>)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America, west to about Long. 100°; breeds +from Florida and eastern Mexico, north to Labrador and Hudson Bay +region; winters from southern Florida to Central America.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_160.png" width="195" height="676" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg_161]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>431. Anna Hummingbird</b> (<i>Calypte annæ</i>). L. 3.6. +<i>Ad.</i> ♂. <i>Crown</i> and throat glittering purplish pink; +feathers at sides of throat much lengthened. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. +Above green; below grayish washed with green; throat +usually with pink feathers; tail with a narrow white +tip. <i>Yng.</i> Similar but browner above.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Western United States, from northern Lower California +north to northern California; east to southern Arizona; south in winter +to Mexico; recorded from Guadalupe Island.</p> + +<p><b>432. Broad-tailed Hummingbird</b> (<i>Selasphorus platycercus</i>). +L. 4. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Outer primary very narrow, +end sharp; crown green, throat <i>pink</i>; tail green above, +purplish below without white tips. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Outer +tail-feathers rusty at base, then black with a broad +white tip; middle feathers <i>entirely</i> green; above bronzy +green; throat feathers with dusky centers; sides rusty.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Rocky Mountains: west, rarely to eastern California; +north to southern Wyoming and Idaho; winters south of United States.</p> + +<p><a name="No433" id="No433"></a> +<b>433. Rufous Hummingbird</b> (<i>Selasphorus rufus</i>), +L. 3.6. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Next to middle pair of tail-feathers +<i>notched</i> near tip of inner web; back <i>reddish brown</i> sometimes +washed with green. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Sides <i>rusty</i>, back +green, throat spotted with green and sometimes ruby, +outer tail-feathers rusty at base, then black and a +white tip, the feather <i>more</i> than .12 wide; middle tail-feathers +green at base, end black. <i>Yng.</i> ♂. Similar to +♀ but <i>all</i> tail-feathers rusty at base.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Western United States; breeds from the higher mountains +of southern California and Arizona, north to Lat. 61° in Alaska; during +migrations east to Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, +and western Texas; winters in southern Mexico.</p> + +<p><b>434. Allen Hummingbird</b> (<i>Selasphorus alleni</i>). L. +3.6. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Crown and <i>back green</i>, and tail rusty +tipped with dusky, no notch in tail-feathers; in other +respects like <a href="#No433">No. 433</a>. <i>Ad.</i> ♀ <i>and Yng.</i> ♂. Like the +same of <a href="#No433">No. 433</a>, but outer tail-feather less than .12 in. +wide.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Pacific coast, from Monterey, California, north to British +Columbia; migrates south through Arizona, and southern California +to Mexico.</p> + +<p><b>435. Morcom Hummingbird</b> (<i>Atthis morcomi</i>). +L. 2.9. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Above bronzy green; middle tail-feathers +bronzy green tinged with rusty on basal half; +rest of tail-feathers rusty brown, then green, then black +and tipped with white; below white, sides rusty, +throat spotted with bronze-green. (Ridgw.) Male +unknown.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Huachuca Mountains, southern Arizona, (known from one +specimen.)</p> + +<p><b>436. Calliope Hummingbird</b> (<i>Stellula calliope</i>). +L. 3. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Throat purplish pink, white at base +<i>showing through</i>; above green. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Sides rusty, +throat with green spots, above green, outer tail-feathers +gray at base, then black, then white <i>in nearly equal +amounts</i>. <i>Yng.</i> ♂. Similar to ♀.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Mountains of western United States; breeds north to +Montana, Idaho, and British Columbia; west to eastern Oregon and +eastern California; winters, south of United States; rare on Pacific +coast of United States.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_161.png" width="209" height="675" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<br /> +<br /> + +<a name="Order_XVII_Perching_Birds_PASSERES_color"></a> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg_162]</a></span></p> + +<div class="caption2">Order XVII. PERCHING BIRDS.</div> +<br /> +<div class="caption2">PASSERES.</div> +<br /> +<table width="100%" class="caption3nc" summary="Families"> +<tr> + <td>Family 1.</td> + <td>FLYCATCHERS.</td> + <td class="smcap">Tyrannidæ.</td> + <td>32 species, 7 subspecies.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Family 2.</td> + <td>LARKS.</td> + <td class="smcap">Alaudidæ.</td> + <td>1 species, 13 subspecies.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Family 3.</td> + <td>CROWS AND JAYS.</td> + <td class="smcap">Corvidæ.</td> + <td>21 species, 14 subspecies.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Family 4.</td> + <td>BLACKBIRDS, ORIOLES, ETC.</td> + <td class="smcap">Icteridæ.</td> + <td>18 species, 14 subspecies.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Family 5.</td> + <td>FINCHES, SPARROWS, ETC.</td> + <td class="smcap">Fringillidæ.</td> + <td>87 species, 92 subspecies.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Family 6.</td> + <td>TANAGERS.</td> + <td class="smcap">Tanagridæ.</td> + <td>4 species, 1 subspecies.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Family 7.</td> + <td>SWALLOWS.</td> + <td class="smcap">Hirundinidæ.</td> + <td>9 species, 2 subspecies.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Family 8.</td> + <td>WAXWINGS.</td> + <td class="smcap">Ampelidæ.</td> + <td>3 species.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Family 9.</td> + <td>SHRIKES.</td> + <td class="smcap">Laniidæ.</td> + <td>2 species, 3 subspecies.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Family 10.</td> + <td>VIREOS.</td> + <td class="smcap">Vireonidæ.</td> + <td>13 species, 10 subspecies.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Family 11.</td> + <td>WARBLERS.</td> + <td class="smcap">Mniotiltidæ.</td> + <td>55 species, 18 subspecies.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Family 12.</td> + <td>WAGTAILS.</td> + <td class="smcap">Motacillidæ.</td> + <td>3 species.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Family 13.</td> + <td>DIPPERS.</td> + <td class="smcap">Cinclidæ.</td> + <td>1 species.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Family 14.</td> + <td>WRENS, THRASHERS, ETC.</td> + <td class="smcap">Troglodytidæ.</td> + <td>26 species, 24 subspecies.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Family 15.</td> + <td>CREEPERS.</td> + <td class="smcap">Certhiidæ.</td> + <td>1 species, 4 subspecies.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Family 16.</td> + <td>NUTHATCHES AND TITS.</td> + <td class="smcap">Paridæ.</td> + <td>21 species, 20 subspecies.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Family 17.</td> + <td>KINGLETS, GNATCATCHERS, ETC.</td> + <td class="smcap">Sylviidæ.</td> + <td>7 species, 3 subspecies.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Family 18.</td> + <td>THRUSHES, BLUEBIRDS, ETC.</td> + <td>Turdidæ.</td> + <td>13 species, 14 subspecies.</td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> + +<p>The North American members of the Order PASSERES are placed +in two Suborders, the <i>Clamatores</i>, or so-called Songless Perching Birds, +which includes all the Flycatchers, and the Suborder <i>Oscines</i>, or Singing +Perching Birds, which includes all our remaining Perching Birds. +While the Flycatchers are therefore technically classed as songless +birds, it does not follow that they have no songs. Sing they do, but +because of the less developed condition of their voice-producing organ, +they cannot give utterance to the longer and more musical songs of +the Oscines, which are supplied with a better musical instrument.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg_163]</a></span></p> + +<p>The Flycatchers, (Family <i>Tyrannidæ</i>) number somewhat over +three hundred and fifty species, and are found only in America, where +they are most abundant in the tropics. Feeding almost exclusively on +insects, those species which visit the United States are of necessity +migratory, not more than half a dozen of the thirty species which nest +with us, remaining in the United States during the winter, and these +are found only on our southern borders.</p> + +<p>Flycatchers as a rule, capture their prey on the wing. When perching, +their pose is usually erect and hawk-like. They often raise their +crown feathers, which in many species are somewhat lengthened, a +habit giving them a certain big-headed appearance.</p> + +<p>Flycatchers are most useful birds. The food of the Kingbird, for +example, a species which is erroneously believed to destroy honey bees, +has been found to consist of 90 per cent. insects, mostly injurious species, +while only fourteen out of two hundred and eighty-one stomachs +contained the remains of honey bees; forty of the fifty bees found being +drones.</p> + +<p>The true Larks, (Family <i>Alaudidæ</i>) are chiefly Old World birds, the +Skylark being the best known member of the Family. In America we +have only the Horned or Shore Larks, one species of which shows so +much climatic variation in color throughout its wide range, that no less +than thirteen subspecies or geographical races of it are recognized in +the United States.</p> + +<p>The Horned Lark is a bird of the plains and prairies and is less +common in the Atlantic States than westward. Like the Skylark it +sings in the air, but its vocal powers are limited and not to be compared +with those of its famous relative.</p> + +<p>The Crows and Jays, (Family <i>Corvidæ</i>) number about two hundred +species of which some twenty-five inhabit the western hemisphere. +To this family belong the Raven, Rook, Magpie and Jackdaw, all birds +of marked intelligence; and our Crows and Jays are fully worthy of +being classed with these widely known and distinguished members of +their family.</p> + +<p>The Crows and Jays, by varying their food with the season, are rarely +at loss for supplies of one kind or another and most species are represented +throughout their ranges at all times of the year. In the more +northern parts of their homes, however, some of these birds are +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg_164]</a></span> +migratory, and Crows, as is well known, gather in great flocks during +the winter, returning each night to a roost frequented, in some +instances, by two or three hundred thousand Crows.</p> + +<p>While the Crows and Jays are technically 'Song Birds' their voices +are far from musical. Nevertheless they possess much range of +expression and several species learn to enunciate words with more +or less ease.</p> + +<p>The Starlings, (Family <i>Sturnidæ</i>) are Old World birds represented +in America only by the European Starling which was introduced into +Central Park, New York City, in 1890 and is now common in the surrounding +country.</p> + +<p>The Blackbirds, Orioles, and Meadowlarks, (Family <i>Icteridæ</i>) number +about one hundred and fifty species and are found only in the New +World. The Blackbirds are most numerous in North America, where, +migrating in vast armies and often living in large colonies, they become +among the most characteristic and conspicuous of our birds.</p> + +<p>The Orioles are most numerous in the tropics, where some thirty +species are known. Apparently all of them are remarkable as nest +builders, the large Cassiques, nearly related, great yellow and black +birds, weaving pouches three and four feet long, several dozen of +which, all occupied, may be seen swinging from the branches of a +single tree.</p> + +<p>The Finches, Sparrows, Grosbeaks, etc., (Family <i>Fringillidæ</i>) number +nearly six hundred species, a greater number than is contained in any +other family of birds. They are distributed throughout the world, +except in the Australian region, some ninety odd species inhabiting +North America.</p> + +<p>Varying widely in color, the Fringillidæ all agree in possessing +stout, conical bills, which are of service to them in crushing the seeds +on which they feed so largely.</p> + +<p>The streaked, brownish Sparrows, often so difficult of identification, +are usually inhabitants of plains, fields, or marshes, where they are +rendered inconspicuous by their dull colors. The more gayly attired +Grosbeaks, Buntings, Cardinals etc., frequent trees or bushy growths, +where their plumage either harmonizes with their surroundings or +where they have the protection afforded by the vegetation.</p> + +<p>Most of the members of this family are good singers, some of them +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg_165]</a></span> +indeed being noted for their powers of song. They are less migratory +than insect-eating birds and some species are with us at all seasons. +Their abundance, musical gifts, and constant presence render them, +from the field student's point of view, highly important members of +the great class Aves.</p> + +<p>From an economic standpoint the Fringillidæ are no less deserving +of our esteem. Some species are of incalculable +value as destroyers of the seeds of noxious weeds. Fifteen hundred seeds have been +found in the stomach of one Snowflake or Snowbunting, and it has +been estimated by Professor Beal, of the Biological Survey of the +United States Department of Agriculture, that during the winter +season, in the single State of Iowa, where his studies were made, +Tree Sparrows devour no less than 875 <i>tons</i> of weed seeds, chiefly +of the ragweed.</p> + +<p>The Tanagers, (Family <i>Tanagridæ</i>) are found only in the New +World, where they are most numerously represented in the tropics. +As a family they are remarkable for the brilliancy of their colors; the +common, but mistaken idea that most tropical birds are brightly clad +being in no small part due to the abundance of Tanagers and beauty of +their plumage.</p> + +<p>Only five of the some three hundred and fifty known species reach +the United States and these are migratory, coming to us in the spring +and returning to the tropics in the fall. Tanagers, as a rule, are not +possessed of much vocal ability, our species ranking high in their family +as songsters, the notes of many species being far less musical.</p> + +<p>Like most gaily costumed birds the plumages of many Tanagers undergo +striking changes in color with age and season. The male of our +Scarlet Tanager, for example, is olive-green with black wing-coverts +during his first winter, the scarlet plumage not being acquired until the +following spring. It is worn, however, only during the nesting season +after which the less conspicuous olive-green dress is again acquired, +the wings and tail, however, remaining black.</p> + +<p>Swallows, (Family <i>Hirundinidæ</i>) are of world-wide distribution, and +as might be expected in birds possessing such remarkable powers of +flight, many of the species have unusually extended ranges. Our Barn +Swallow, for example, is found throughout North America in summer, +and in the winter it migrates as far south as southern Brazil.</p> + +<p>Birds of the air, the aërial habits of Swallows are reflected in their +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg_166]</a></span> +long wings and small, weak feet; while their small bills and broad, +widely opening mouths indicate their manner of feeding.</p> + +<p>In spite of their poor equipment of tools, Swallows take high rank +as nest builders, and it is interesting to observe that although the birds +are structurally much alike, their nests often differ widely in character. +Compare for instance, the mud-made dwellings of the Barn and Cliff +Swallows with the tunneled hole of the Bank Swallow and one realizes +how little the character of a bird's home may depend on the structure +of it's builder.</p> + +<p>The food of Swallows, remarks Professor Beal, "consists of many +small species of beetles which are much on the wing, many species of +diptera (mosquitoes and their allies), with large quantities of flying +ants and a few insects of similar kinds. Most of them are either injurious +or annoying, and the numbers destroyed by Swallows are not +only beyond calculation, but almost beyond imagination."</p> + +<p>The true Waxwings, (Family <i>Ampelidæ</i>) number only three species +with representatives in the northern parts of both hemispheres. Their +notes, as a rule are limited to a few unmusical calls, which, with our +Cedar Waxwing, are usually uttered when the bird is about to fly.</p> + +<p>Waxwings are found in small flocks during the greater part of the +year and roam about the country as though they were quite as much at +home in one place as in another, provided food be plenty. Small fruits, +chiefly wild ones, constitute their usual fare, but they also feed on +insects, the injurious elm beetle being among their victims.</p> + +<p>The Shrikes, (Family <i>Laniidæ</i>) are represented in America by only +two species, the remaining two hundred or more members of this family +being found in the Old World. Shrikes are noted for their singular habit +of impaling their prey on thorns or similarly sharp-pointed growths, +or occasionally they may hang it in the crotch of a limb. This proceeding +enables them to tear it to pieces more readily, for it will be observed +that while Shrikes have a hawk-like bill, their feet are comparatively +weak and sparrow-like and evidently of no assistance to them in dissecting +their food.</p> + +<p>Our Northern Shrike, or Butcherbird, feeds chiefly on small birds +and mice, while the southern species, or Loggerhead, is a great destroyer +of grasshoppers and he also eats lizards and small snakes.</p> + +<p>The Vireos, (Family <i>Vireonidæ</i>) number fifty species, all American. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg_167]</a></span> +They search the foliage carefully for leaf-eating insects and their +eggs, and examine the crevices in the bark for eggs of the injurious +wood-boring insects. They are therefore unusually beneficial birds.</p> + +<p>Bearing a general resemblance in size and color to many of the +Warblers, Vireos are sometimes confused with members of that family. +They are, however, as a rule, more deliberate in their motions and not +such active flutterers as are many of the Warblers. They are also +more musical, all the Vireos having characteristic songs, which if not +always highly musical, are generally noticeable, pronounced and unmistakable.</p> + +<p>The nests of all our Vireos are pendant, deeply cup-shaped structures +usually hung between the forks of a crotch, to the arms of which +they are most skilfully woven.</p> + +<p>The Warblers, (Family <i>Mniotiltidæ</i>) like the Vireos are distinctly +American birds, indeed they may be called characteristic North American +birds since most of the one hundred odd species are found north of +Mexico. Between thirty and forty species of these active, beautiful +little creatures may be found in the course of a year at a single locality +in the Eastern States and they therefore constitute an exceedingly +important element in our bird-life. Most of them come in May at the +height of the spring migration; when the woods often swarm with them +as they flit from limb to limb in pursuit of their insect food. The larger +number of them pass onward to their northern homes and in September +they return to us in increased numbers.</p> + +<p>The beauty of their plumage, the briefness but regularity of their +visits, the rarity of certain species, combine to make the Warblers especially +attractive to the field student and their charms are heightened +by the difficulty with which many of them are identified. Study them +as we may there are still species which have escaped us.</p> + +<p>By far the larger number of Warblers may be described as flutterers +that feed agilely about the terminal branches, (genera <i>Dendroica</i> and +<i>Helminthophila</i>); others are true flycatchers, so far as feeding habit is +concerned, (genera <i>Setophaga</i> and <i>Wilsonia</i>,) while others still feed in +the undergrowth or on the ground, (genera <i>Geothlypis</i> and <i>Seiurus</i>). +Insects constitute almost their entire fare and they are among our +most beneficial birds.</p> + +<p>Most of the Wagtails (Family <i>Motacillidæ</i>), are inhabitants of the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg_168]</a></span> +Old World, only three of the sixty odd species being found in this +country. Our Pipit or Titlark is our best known, most widely distributed +species.</p> + +<p>Like other members of its family it has the habit of wagging or tipping +its tail both when walking (for it should be noted that these birds +are ground-inhabiting and walkers) and at rest.</p> + +<p>The Dippers (Family <i>Cinclidæ</i>) though numbering only twelve +species are distributed throughout the larger part of the world from +the Andes of South America to the mountains of Alaska, Europe, Asia +and Africa.</p> + +<p>Everywhere they are haunters of streams, usually dashing mountain +torrents, over and <i>under</i> which they seem equally at home. Darting +into the rushing waters they fly beneath the surface or feed on the +bottom with perfect ease, their thick, dense plumage evidently forming +a water-proof covering. Their nests are great balls of moss often +placed so near some boiling cascade as to receive frequent showers of +spray. The opening, however, is at the side, and the eggs and young +are well protected by an effective roof.</p> + +<p>The Wrens, Thrashers, and Mockingbirds, (Family <i>Troglodytidæ</i>) +form two well defined subfamilies. The Wrens, (Subfamily <i>Troglodytinæ</i>) +number about one hundred and fifty species all but a dozen of +which are confined to America. The Thrashers and Mockingbirds, +(Subfamily <i>Miminæ</i>) number some fifty species, all of which are confined +to America.</p> + +<p>As their dull, neutral colors would lead us to suppose, both Wrens +and Thrashers are inhabitants of the lower growth rather than of the +tree-tops, and while they may seek an elevated perch whence to deliver +their song, their food is secured and their time consequently largely +passed near or on the ground.</p> + +<p>Few families of birds contain so many noted musicians, nearly every +member of this family being a singer of more than usual ability.</p> + +<p>The Creepers, (Family <i>Certhiidæ</i>) number twelve species, only +one of which is found in America. This, however has a wide range +and, presenting more or less climatic variation in color, is recognized +under several subspecific names. Its habits, nevertheless, are much +the same everywhere. It climbs the trees of the mountains of Mexico +or of California with the same ceaseless energy it shows in Maine.</p> + +<p>The sharply-pointed, stiffened tail-feathers of the Creeper are of +evident use to it as it ascends trees and pauses here and there to pick +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg_169]</a></span> +out an insect's egg from the bark. The same type of tail feather is +shown by Woodpeckers, an excellent illustration of similar structure +accompanying similar habits in birds not at all closely related.</p> + +<p>The Nuthatches and Titmice, (Family <i>Paridæ</i>), like the Wrens and +Thrashers, belong in two well marked Subfamilies; The Nuthatches, +(Subfamily <i>Sittinæ</i>) number about twenty species, only four of which +inhabit America; the Titmice, (Subfamily <i>Parinæ</i>) number some seventy-five +species, of which thirteen are American.</p> + +<p>Nuthatches are tree-creepers, but climbing up or down with equal +ease, their tail is not employed as a prop, and consequently shows no +special development of pointed or stiffened feathers. Their toes, +however, are long, and their nails large and strong, evidently giving +them a firm grip on the bark of trees.</p> + +<p>The Chickadees are generally resident birds and, as a rule, whatever +species we find in a given locality are apt to be there throughout the +year. We therefore become better acquainted with some of these +lairds than with others which are with us only a short season. This is +especially true of our eastern Black-capped Chickadee, which comes +familiarly about our homes in winter to partake of the feast of nuts and +suet which we spread for him at that season.</p> + +<p>Feeding largely on the eggs or larvæ of insects particularly injurious +to trees, the Nuthatches and Titmice are of great value to man.</p> + +<p>The Kinglets, Gnatcatchers, and Old World Warblers, (Family <i>Sylviidæ</i>) +number about one hundred and twenty-five species, which are +divided among the following well-defined subfamilies: The Kinglets, +(Subfamily <i>Regulinæ</i>) seven species, three of which are American; the +Gnatcatchers, (Subfamily <i>Polioptilinæ</i>) some fifteen species, all American; +the Old World Warblers, (Subfamily <i>Sylviinæ</i>) about one hundred +species, all Old World except one which inhabits the Bering Sea coast +of Alaska.</p> + +<p>The Kinglets are small, olive green birds which may be mistaken for +Warblers but, aside from structural differences not evident in the field, +they may be known by their smaller size, greater tameness, and habit +of nervously flitting their wings at frequent intervals. One of our +species, the Ruby-crown, possesses a remarkably loud, clear, and musical +song, a surprising performance for so tiny a songster. Kinglets +build large nests of moss and feathers and lay as many as ten eggs.</p> + +<p>The Gnatcatchers are small, slender, grayish birds which once well +seen will not be confused with other species. The Gnatcatchers, like +the Kinglets, are architects of more than usual ability, building a nest +beautifully covered with lichens.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg_170]</a></span> +The Thrushes, (Family <i>Turdidæ</i>) are variously classified by different +ornithologists, but under the ruling of the American Ornithologists' +Union they are grouped in the same family with the Bluebird, Solitaires, +and Stonechats. This family numbers about three hundred species, +of which about one-half are true Thrushes (Subfamily <i>Turdinæ</i>). The +members of this subfamily are, as a rule, fine singers, many of them +being among the best known song birds, and from a musical point of +view the group, as a whole, is usually given the first place among birds. +If, however, all the fifteen known species of Solitaires sing as well +as the four species it has been my privilege to hear, I am assured that +no one would dispute their claim to the highest rank which can be +awarded singing birds.</p> + +<p>In the succeeding pages, the five hundred and fifty odd species and +subspecies included in the preceding families of the Order Passeres are +grouped according to some obvious color character in order to facilitate +their identification in life. A satisfactory arrangement of this kind is +out of the question. Lines sharply separating the groups proposed do not +exist and some species appear to fit in one section as well as in +another. Nevertheless, it is hoped that in most instances, the system +will be found to serve the purpose intended. Under its ruling our +Perching Birds are grouped as follows:</p> + +<ol> +<li><a href="#Page_171">With red markings.</a></li> +<li><a href="#Page_180">With blue markings.</a></li> +<li><a href="#Page_186">With orange or yellow markings.</a></li> +<li><a href="#Page_204">With reddish brown or chestnut markings</a>, chiefly in the form of +patches or uniformly colored areas.</li> +<li><a href="#Page_218">Brownish, generally streaked birds.</a></li> +<li><a href="#Page_208">Dull, inconspicuously colored birds</a>, without prominent markings.</li> +<li><a href="#Page_240">Gray, black, or black and white birds.</a></li> +</ol> + +<p>While the first object of the bird student is to learn to name birds I +would again urge him to acquaint himself with at least the arrangement +of the Orders and Families of our birds and their leading structural +characters. (see <a href="#Page_2">page 2</a>.)</p> + +<p>Having identified a bird, its family may always be determined by referring +to its number in the systematic list of birds at the end of the +book; and the more important characters of its Order and Family will +be found in the synopsis of Orders and Families beginning on page 9.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg_171]</a></span></p> +<div class="caption3rt">Perching Birds Marked With Red</div> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>607. Louisiana Tanager</b> (<i>Piranga ludoviciana</i>). +L. 7.5. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Yellow; back, wings, and tail black, head +more or less red. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Above olive-green, head +rarely red-tinged; below dusky greenish yellow; wings +and tail brownish edged with greenish, two yellowish +white wing-bars. <i>Yng.</i> ♂. Like ♀, but head and +rump greener, underparts yellower. <i>Notes.</i> Call, <i>clit-tuck</i>; +song, resembles that of <a href="#No608">No. 608</a>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Western United States from the Plains to the Pacific; +breeds from Arizona to British Columbia; winters in Mexico and Central +America.</p> + +<p><a name="No608" id="No608"></a> +<b>608. Scarlet Tanager</b> (<i>Piranga erythromelas</i>). L. +7.4. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Scarlet; wings and tail black. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. +Olive-green, yellower below, wings and tail blackish +brown, no wing-bars. <i>Yng.</i> ♂. Like ♀, but brighter, +wing-coverts black. <i>Ad.</i> ♂, <i>Winter</i>. Like Yng. ♀, but +wings and tail black. <i>Notes.</i> Call, <i>chip-churr</i>; song, a +rather forced whistle, suggesting a Robin's song, but +less musical, <i>Look-up</i>, <i>way-up</i>, <i>look-at-me</i>, <i>tree-top</i>; repeated +with pauses.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern United States, west to the Plains: breeds from +Virginia and southern Illinois north to New Brunswick and Manitoba; +winters in Central and South America.</p> + +<p><b>609. Hepatic Tanager</b> (<i>Piranga hepatica</i>). L. 7.8. +Bill large. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Vermilion, back grayish; tail dull red. +<i>Ad.</i> ♀. <i>No wing-bars</i>; above <i>grayish</i> olive; crown and +tail greener; below dusky yellow. <i>Yng.</i> ♂. Like ♀. +and variously intermediate between it and ad. ♂. +<i>Notes.</i> Call, <i>clut-tuck</i>; song, like that of <a href="#No608">No. 608</a>, but +somewhat more robin-like.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—From Guatemala north in spring to New Mexico and Arizona; +winters in Mexico and Central America.</p> + +<p><a name="No610" id="No610"></a> +<b>610. Summer Tanager</b> (<i>Piranga rubra</i>). L. 7.5; +W. 3.8. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Rosy red. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. 9. Olive-yellow +above, dusky saffron below. <i>Yng.</i> ♂. Variously intermediate +between Ad. ♂ and ♀. <i>Notes.</i> Call, +<i>chicky-tucky-tuck</i>; song, resembles in form that of +<a href="#No608">No. 608</a> but is more musical and less forced.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern United States, west to the Plains; breeds from +Florida and western Texas north to southern New Jersey, southern +Illinois, and Kansas; winters in Central and South America.</p> + +<p><b>610a. Cooper Tanager</b> (<i>P. r. cooperi</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No610">No. 610</a>, but larger; W. 4; bill more swollen, colors +paler.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Breeds from southwestern Texas to the Colorado Valley, +California, and from Arizona and New Mexico to northwestern Mexico; +south in winter to western Mexico; casually to Colorado."</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_171.png" width="206" height="677" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg_172]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><a name="No593" id="No593"></a> +<b>593. Cardinal</b> (<i>Cardinalis cardinalis</i>). L. 9; W. +3.7; T. 4.1. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Forehead with a well-defined +black band; feathers of back (except in worn plumage) +tipped with <i>olive-brown</i> or <i>olive-gray</i>. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Above +olive-brown; crest, wings and tail dull red edged with +olive-brown; throat and region at base of bill gray; +breast buffy, sometimes tinged with red; belly whiter. +<i>Notes.</i> Call, a sharp, insignificant <i>tsip</i>; song, a rich, +sympathetic whistle, <i>whe-e-e-you</i>, <i>whe-e-e</i>, <i>hurry-hurry-hurry</i>, +<i>quick-quick-quick</i>, and other notes.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern United States; resident from northern Florida and +eastern Texas north to southern New York and Iowa.</p> + +<p><a name="No593a" id="No593a"></a> +<b>593a. Arizona Cardinal</b> (<i>C. c. superbus</i>). Largest +of our Cardinals, L. 9.5; W. 4; T. 4.9. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. +Paler, more rosy, than <a href="#No593">No. 593</a>; margins to back +feathers usually gray; black on forehead usually separated +by base of culmen. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Gray above like +<a href="#No593c">No. 593c</a>, but breast richer, +much as in <a href="#No593d">No. 593d</a>; gray +of throat more restricted and often confined to the +chin.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Southern Arizona and northern Sonora, Mexico.</p> + +<p><b>593b. Saint Lucas Cardinal</b> (<i>C. c. igneus</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No593a">No. 593a</a>, but smaller; W. 3.6; T. 4; ♂ with +even less, sometimes almost no black on forehead; ♀ +paler; gray on chin and about base of bill less defined.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Southern Lower California.</p> + +<p><a name="No593c" id="No593c"></a> +<b>593c. Gray-tailed Cardinal</b> (<i>C. c. canicaudus</i>). W. +3.7. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Red bright as in <a href="#No593d">No. 593d</a>, but black on +forehead narrower, usually separated by base of culmen. +<i>Ad.</i> ♀. Grayer than ♀ of <a href="#No593">No. 593</a>, the edgings +of wings and tail usually gray <i>without</i> an olive tinge.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Texas, except western and northeastern parts, and northeastern +Mexico.</p> + +<p><a name="No593d" id="No593d"></a> +<b>593d. Florida Cardinal</b> (<i>C. c. floridanus</i>). Smaller +than <a href="#No593">No. 593</a>, W. 3.4; ♂ averaging deeper red; ♀ +darker and richer in color, particularly on breast.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Southern half of Florida.</p> + +<p><a name="No594" id="No594"></a> +<b>594. Arizona Pyrrhuloxia</b> (<i>Pyrrhuloxia sinuata</i>). +L. 9; W. 3.6; T. 4.1. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Gray; in fresh plumage +washed with brownish; crest, wings and tail externally +dull red; under wing-coverts, center of breast and of +belly, throat, and region about base of bill, rosy red. +<i>Ad.</i> ♀. Usually little or no red about bill or on underparts. +<i>Notes.</i> Call, several flat, thin notes; song, +a clear, straight whistle. (Bailey.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Northwestern Mexico, north to western Texas, southwestern +New Mexico, and Arizona.</p> + +<p><b>594a. Texas Pyrrhuloxia</b> (<i>P. s. texana</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No594">No. 594</a>, but bill larger; underparts averaging +slightly grayer; red before eyes averaging duskier.</p> + +<p><b>594b. Saint Lucas Pyrrhuloxia</b> (<i>P. s. peninsulæ</i>). +Similar in color to <a href="#No594">No. 594</a>, but decidedly smaller, with +the bill larger; W. 3.4; T. 3.7. (Ridgw.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Cape Region of Lower California.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_172.png" width="240" height="674" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg_173]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><a name="No515" id="No515"></a> +<b>515. Pine Grosbeak</b> (<i>Pinicola enucleator leucura</i>). +L. 8.5; W. 4.6. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Rosy red in varying amounts; +belly gray; wings, tail and center of back feathers +blackish brown; two white wing-bars. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Gray, +head and rump greenish; breast tinged with greenish. +<i>Yng.</i> ♂. Like ♀, but with head and rump reddish. +<i>Notes.</i> Song, sweet; in winter strong and cheery; in +spring tender and plaintive. (Chamberlain.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Northeastern North America; breeds from New Brunswick +and northern New England northward; winters south, irregularly, to +southern New England, Ohio, and Manitoba, and casually to District +of Columbia and Kansas.</p> + +<p><b>515a. Rocky Mountain Pine Grosbeak</b> (<i>P. e. montana</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No515b">No. 515b</a>, but decidedly larger, W. +4.8, and coloration slightly darker; the adult male with +the red of a darker, more carmine hue. (Ridgw.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Rocky Mountains of United States, from Montana and +Idaho to New Mexico." (Ridgway.)</p> + +<p><a name="No515b" id="No515b"></a> +<b>515b. California Pine Grosbeak</b> (<i>P. e. californica</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No515">No. 515</a>, but ♂ with red much brighter; +feathers of back plain ashy gray without darker +centers; ♀ with little if any greenish on rump.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Higher parts of "Central Sierra Nevada, north to Placer +County and south to Fresno County, California." (Grinnell.)</p> + +<p><b>515c. Alaskan Pine Grosbeak</b> (<i>P. e. alascensis</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No515">No. 515</a>, but decidedly larger with smaller or +shorter bill and paler coloration, both sexes having the +gray parts of the plumage distinctly lighter, more ashy. +(Ridgw.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Northwestern North America except Pacific coast, breeding +in interior of Alaska; south, in winter, to eastern British Columbia, +Montana (Bitterroot Valley), etc." (Ridgway.)</p> + +<p><b>515d. Kadiak Pine Grosbeak</b> (<i>P. e. flammula</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No515">No. 515</a>, but with much larger, relatively +longer and more strongly hooked bill; wings and tail +grayish brown instead of dull blackish.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Kadiak Island and south on the coast to Sitka, Alaska." +(Ridgway.)</p> + +<p><a name="No521" id="No521"></a> +<b>521. American Crossbill</b> (<i>Loxia curvirostra minor</i>). +L. 6.1; W. 3.4; B. .66. Tips of mandibles crossed. +<i>Ad.</i> ♂. Red, more or less suffused with greenish or +yellow. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Olive-green, rump and underparts +yellower. <i>Yng.</i> Resemble Ad. ♀. <i>Notes.</i> Calls, +when feeding, a conversational twittering; louder and +more pronounced when flying; song, sweet, varied and +musical, but of small volume.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Northern North America, chiefly eastward; breeds from +northern New England (in Alleghanies from Georgia) north and west +to Alaska; winters south irregularly to Virginia and Nevada; casually +to South Carolina and Louisiana.</p> + +<p><b>521a. Mexican Crossbill</b> (<i>L. c. stricklandi</i>). Similar to +<a href="#No521">No. 521</a>, but larger; W. 4; B. .78.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Mountains of Wyoming and Colorado, west to the Sierra +Nevada, and south through New Mexico, Arizona and the tablelands +of Mexico to Guatemala." (A. O. U.)</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_173.png" width="222" height="400" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg_174]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>522. White-winged Crossbill</b> (<i>Loxia leucoptera</i>). +L. 6. Tips of mandibles crossed. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Rose-pink; +middle of back black; wings with <i>two white bars</i>. +<i>Ad.</i> ♀. Olive-green and dusky; rump and underparts +yellower; <i>wings with two white bars</i>. <i>Yng.</i> Like +Ad. ♀. <i>Notes.</i> Resemble those of <a href="#No521">No. 521</a>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Northern North America; breeds from northern New +England, northern New York and northern Michigan northward; +winters south irregularly to Virginia, Illinois, British Columbia, and +Nevada.</p> + +<p><a name="No595" id="No595"></a> +<b>595. Rose-breasted Grosbeak</b> (<i>Zamelodia ludoviciana</i>). +L. 8. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Black; rump, belly, tips of +inner vanes of outer tail-feathers and patch in wing +white; under wing-coverts and breast rose. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. +Under wing-coverts saffron; above streaked brown and +black; below whitish streaked with blackish; a <i>white +line over eye</i>; two white wing-bars. <i>Yng.</i> ♂. Resembles +♀, but under wing-coverts <i>rose</i>; breast more or +less rose-tinged. <i>Notes.</i> Call, a sharp, steely <i>peek</i>; +song, a rich, fluent, joyous carol.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern United States, west to the Plains; breeds from +northern New Jersey, northern Ohio, and northern Indiana (and +south in Alleghanies to North Carolina), north to Nova Scotia and +Manitoba; winters in Central and South America.</p> + +<p><a name="No517" id="No517"></a> +<b>517. Purple Finch</b> (<i>Carpodacus purpureus</i>). L. 6.2; +W. 3.2. Bill swollen and rounded; nostrils large, +partially covered by projecting, grayish, bristly feathers; +tail slightly forked. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Dull rose, head and +rump brightest; back brownish; lower belly white. +<i>Ad.</i> ♀. Above grayish brown, slightly edged with +whitish and brownish ashy; below white streaked with +dark brownish; a more or less distinct whitish stripe +over the eye. <i>Yng.</i> Resemble Ad. ♀. <i>Notes.</i> Call, +<i>creak, creak</i>, and a querulous whistle; song, a sweet, +rapidly flowing warble. (See <a href="#Page_175">page 175</a>.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from +northern New Jersey, the mountains of Pennsylvania, and northern +Illinois northward; winters from the northern States to the Gulf of +Mexico.</p> + +<p><a name="No517a" id="No517a"></a> +<b>517a. California Purple Finch</b> (<i>C. p. californicus</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No517">No. 517</a>, but ♂ duller and darker; ♀ <i>decidedly</i> +olive greenish above. (See <a href="#Page_175">page 175</a>.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Pacific coast region; breeds in the mountains of California; +west of the Sierra north to British Columbia; winters from central +Oregon to southern Arizona.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_174.png" width="207" height="353" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg_175]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>518. Cassin Purple Finch</b> (<i>Carpodacus cassini</i>). L. +6.5. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Similar to Ad. ♂ of +<a href="#No517">No. 517</a> and <a href="#No517a">No. 517a</a>, +but back much blacker, streaks more sharply +defined; crown as bright but appearing <i>like a cap</i>; below +much paler. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Similar to Ad. ♀ of +<a href="#No517a">No. 517a</a>, but larger and more sharply streaked with black, +both above and below. <i>Notes.</i> Resemble those of +<a href="#No517">No. 517</a>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Western United States, east to the eastern base of the +Rockies, west to the Pacific; breeds in the mountains from New +Mexico north to British Columbia.</p> + +<p><a name="No519" id="No519"></a> +<b>519. House Finch</b> (<i>Carpodacus mexicanus frontalis</i>). +L. 6.1; W. 3.1. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Throat, breast, <i>forehead</i>, <i>line +over eye</i>, and rump, bright rose-red; back grayish +brown tinged with red; belly white, streaked with +brownish. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Above brownish gray obscurely +streaked with brownish, <i>no olive</i> tint; below white +streaked with brownish. <i>Ad.</i> ♂ <i>in Winter</i>. Red +areas dull purplish pink tipped with grayish. <i>Yng.</i> +Resemble Ad. ♀. <i>Notes.</i> Call, nasal, in chorus, +chattering; song, a musical cheery, varied warble, reminding +one of that of <a href="#No517">No. 517</a>, but recognizably different.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Western United States, east to the Plains, west to the +Pacific, and from northern Mexico north to southern Wyoming and +Oregon.</p> + +<p><b>519b. St. Lucas House Finch</b> (<i>C. m. ruberrimus</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No519">No. 519</a>, but smaller, W. 2.8; red more extended, +always showing in males on under tail-coverts.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Southern Lower California.</p> + +<p><b>519c. San Clemente House Finch</b> (<i>C. m. clementis</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No519">No. 519</a>, but wing and tail averaging shorter, +the bill decidedly, and feet slightly larger; coloration +somewhat darker. W. 3; B. .48. (Ridgw.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Santa Barbara Island, California; Todos Santos Island, +Lower California.</p> + +<p><b>520. Guadalupe House Finch</b> (<i>Carpodacus amplus</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No519">No. 519</a>, but red deeper; back dark brown +without red suffusion.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Guadalupe Island, Lower California.</p> + +<p><b>520.1 San Benito House Finch</b> (<i>Carpodacus mcgregori</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No519">No. 519</a>, but much larger with +relatively shorter wings and tail; above much grayer +and more distinctly streaked; red areas paler, more +flesh-colored, often dull yellow; W. 3.2; T. 2.5; B. .5. +(Ridgw.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—San Benito Island, Lower California.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_175.png" width="192" height="672" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg_176]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><a name="No527" id="No527"></a> +<b>527. Greenland Redpoll</b> (<i>Acanthis hornemannii</i>). +L. 6.1; W. 3.3. A red crown-patch. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Rump, +lower breast, sides and belly <i>white</i>, generally <i>unstreaked</i>; +breast and rump sometimes faintly tinged with pink. +In winter. Throat, breast, and above washed with +buff. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Similar to ♂, but no pink on breast or +rump, sides sometimes lightly streaked.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Breeds in Greenland; winters south to Labrador.</p> + +<p><b>527a. Hoary Redpoll</b> (<i>A. h. exilipes</i>). Similar to +<a href="#No527">No. 527</a> but smaller and darker; rump still <i>white</i>, but +with sides more apt to be streaked; L. 5; W. 3; T. 2.3; +B. .3.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Breeds in Arctic regions; in America, winters south irregularly +to Massachusetts, Ontario, northern Illinois, and Michigan.</p> + +<p><a name="No528" id="No528"></a> +<b>528. Redpoll</b> (<i>Acanthis linaria</i>). L. 5.3; W. 2.8; +T. 2.3. B. .36. Crown-cap red. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Above +blackish brown edged with yellowish brown and some +whitish; rump <i>heavily</i> streaked with blackish edged +with whitish and tinged with rose; breast rose; sides +heavily streaked. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Similar, but no pink on +rump or breast. <i>Yng.</i> ♂. Like female. <i>Notes.</i> Call +like that of Goldfinch or Siskin and <i>chit</i>; song like +that of American Goldfinch but distinct. (Minot.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Breeds in northern parts of northern hemisphere; in America, +winters south to northern United States, irregularly to Virginia, +Alabama, Kansas, Colorado, and northern California.</p> + +<p><b>528a. Holbœll Redpoll</b> (<i>A. l. holbœllii</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No528">No. 528</a>, but larger, the bill longer; W. 3.2; T. 2.3; +B. .38.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Breeds in northern parts of northern hemisphere; in America, +winters south, casually to northern United States, (Quebec, Ontario, +and Massachusetts.)</p> + +<p><b>528b. Greater Redpoll</b> (<i>A. l. rostrata</i>). Similar to +<a href="#No528">No. 528</a>, but larger, above darker; L. 5.5; W. 3.2; T. +2.5; B. .35; depth at base, .28.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Southern Greenland in summer, migrating south in +winter, through Labrador to (sparingly) the northern border of the +United States, (New England, lower Hudson Valley, northern Illinois, +etc.), and west to Manitoba." (Ridgway.)</p> + +<p><a name="No749" id="No749"></a> +<b>749. Ruby-crowned Kinglet</b> (<i>Regulus calendula</i>). +L. 4.4. A conspicuous whitish eye-ring. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. A +more or less concealed vermilion crown-patch; back +olive-green; underparts soiled whitish more or less +tinged with buffy; two white wing-bars. <i>Ad.</i> ♀ <i>and +Yng.</i> Similar, but no crown-patch. <i>Notes.</i> Call, a +wren-like <i>cack</i>; song, a surprisingly loud, rich, musical, +varied, flute-like whistle.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North America; breeds from the northern border of the +United States northward and south in the Rocky Mountains to Arizona +and on the Sierra Nevada of California; winters from South Carolina +and Oregon southward to Central America.</p> + +<p><b>749a. Sitkan Kinglet</b> (<i>R. c. grinnelli</i>). Similar to +<a href="#No749">No. 749</a>, but more olive-green above, more buffy below.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Pacific coast; breeds In southern Alaska; winters southward +to California.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_176.png" width="193" height="683" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg_177]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>750. Dusky Kinglet</b> (<i>Regulus obscurus</i>). Similar to +<a href="#No749">No. 749</a>, but above sooty olive. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. With crown-patch +pinkish or purplish vermilion-red. (Ridgw.) +(See <a href="#Page_176">page 176</a>.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Guadalupe Island, Lower California.</p> + +<p>—<b>European Goldfinch</b> (<i>Carduelis carduelis</i>). L. 5.50. +Feathers at base of bill red; crown and neck-stripe +black; back brownish; wings with a yellow band; +inner webs of tail-feathers tipped with white; below +white tinged with brownish. <i>Notes.</i> Call, <i>twit</i>; song, +"sweet and varied." (See <a href="#Page_176">page 176</a>.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Introduced in this country near Hoboken, N. J., in 1878; +now not uncommon near New York City.</p> + +<p><b>443. Scissor-tailed Flycatcher</b> (<i>Muscivora forficata</i>). +L. 14.5. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Above gray, back washed +with red or yellow; crown-patch red. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Similar, +but tail shorter, red less bright, back grayer. <i>Notes.</i> +Loud, harsh, chattering notes uttered on the wing.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Central America and Mexico; breeds through Texas north +to southern Kansas and western Louisiana, and winters south to Central +America: accidental in Florida and as far north as Connecticut +and Hudson Bay.</p> + +<p><b>471. Vermilion Flycatcher</b> (<i>Pyrocephalus rubineus +mexicanus</i>). L. 6. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Crown and underparts +red; back grayish brown. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Above brownish, +below white, breast streaked with dusky, belly red or +yellow. <i>Yng.</i> ♂. Similar to ♀ but spotted with red +below and on crown. <i>Notes.</i> A shrill <i>zi-bréé</i>, <i>zi-bréé</i>, +uttered while the bird hovers twenty or thirty feet up +in the air. (Bendire.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Central America and Mexico, breeding north to southern +Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, southwestern Utah (rarely); "winter visitant +to southern California." (Grinnell.)</p> + +<p><b>688. Painted Redstart</b> (<i>Setophaga picta</i>). L. 5.4. +<i>Ads.</i> Black; center of breast and belly deep red, patch +in wings and outer tail-feathers white.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range—Mexican Plateau north to southwest New Mexico and Arizona.</p> + +<p><b>690. Red-faced Warbler</b> (<i>Cardellina rubrifrons</i>). +L. 5.2. <i>Ads.</i> Forehead, face, throat and sides of neck +red, crown and ear-coverts black, nape band and rump +whitish; back gray; no white in wings or tail. <i>Notes.</i> +A prolonged, very clear, whistled song. (Scott.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—From Guatemala north over the Mexican Plateau to southern +Arizona and western New Mexico.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_177.png" width="192" height="680" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg_178]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><a name="No498" id="No498"></a> +<b>498. Red-winged Blackbird</b> (<i>Agelaius phœniceus</i>). +L. ♂, 9.5; W. 4.7; B. .88; depth at base, .5. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. +Black, in winter more or less tipped with rusty; lesser +wing-coverts scarlet; median wing-coverts buff, tips in +summer whitish. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Above brownish black, +widely margined with buffy and rusty; below whitish +heavily streaked with black; throat tinged with orange +or yellow; lesser wing-coverts tinged with red. <i>Yng.</i> +♂. Similar to <i>Ad.</i> ♂, but heavily margined with rusty +above and less so below; lesser wing-coverts duller and +narrowly edged with black. <i>Notes.</i> Call, <i>chût</i>, <i>chûck</i>, +a reedy <i>cack</i>; song, a chorus song, a liquid <i>kong-quĕr-rēē</i>; +alarm note a shrill <i>chee-e-e-e-e</i>. The notes of this species +are subject to much variation with locality, but I find +it impossible to express on paper differences perfectly +apparent when heard.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from Gulf of Mexico north +to New Brunswick and Manitoba; winters from Virginia and southern +Illinois southward.</p> + +<p><a name="No498a" id="No498a"></a> +<b>498a. Sonoran Red-wing</b> (<i>A. p. sonoriensis</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No498">No. 498</a>, but larger, bill more slender; ♀ paler, +streaking below browner. W. ♀, 4.8; B. .95; depth at +base .5.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Lower Colorado Valley in California and Arizona, southern +Arizona and south over coast plain of Sonora; Cape St. Lucas.</p> + +<p><b>498b. Bahaman Red-wing</b> (<i>A. p. bryanti</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No498">No. 498</a>, but bill slightly longer, the female +streaked below with brownish instead of black.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Bahamas and southern Florida.</p> + +<p><b>498c. Florida Red-wing</b> (<i>A. p. floridanus</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No498">No. 498</a>, but smaller, the bill longer and more +slender; ♂, W. 4.2; B. .9; depth at base .4.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Florida, except extreme southern portion; west along +Gulf coast to Texas.</p> + +<p><b>498d. Thick-billed Red-wing</b> (<i>A. p. fortis</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No498">No. 498</a>, but larger, bill shorter and proportionately +thicker. W. 5; B. .8; depth at base .5.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Breeds on Mackenzie River, Athabasca, and other interior +districts of British America; during migrations Great Plains, from +Rockies to Minnesota, Iowa, western Illinois, northern Kentucky, and +southwest to western Texas and Arizona. (Ridgway.)</p> + +<p><b>498e. San Diego Red-wing</b> (<i>A. p. neutralis</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No498a">No. 498a</a>, but slightly smaller, the ♀ with +streaks below wider. W. 4.7; B. .95; depth at base .5.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Great Basin region from southern British Columbia south +to Mexico, western Texas, to southern California and northern Lower +California; in winter as far east as Brownsville, Texas. (Ridgway.)</p> + +<p><b>498f. Northwestern Red-wing</b> (<i>A. p. caurinum</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No498">No. 498</a>, but slightly larger, bill somewhat +longer and more slender, the ♂ with median wing-coverts +deeper buff, the ♀ much darker, streaks below +wider, darkest ♀ of group. W. 4.8; B. .9; depth +at base .45.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Pacific coast from northern California to British Columbia; +south in winter to southern California.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_178.png" width="186" height="677" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg_179]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>499. Bicolored Blackbird</b> (<i>Agelaius gubernator +californicus</i>). <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Similar to +<a href="#No498">No. 498</a>, but median +wing-coverts darker and broadly tipped with black, +concealing as a rule, their brownish bases. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. +Very different from ♀ of <a href="#No498">No. 498</a>; above and below +blackish slightly edged with rusty. <i>Notes.</i> Similar in +character to those of <a href="#No498">No. 498</a>, but with easily recognizable +differences. (See <a href="#Page_178">page 178</a>.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Pacific coast; breeds from northern Lower California +northward, west of Sierra Nevada and Cascade ranges, to Washington; +migratory at north part of range.</p> + +<p><b>500. Tricolored Blackbird</b> (<i>Agelaius tricolor</i>). +<i>Ad.</i> ♂. Similar to <a href="#No498">No. 498</a>, but glossier, lesser wing-coverts +darker, median wing-coverts <i>white</i>; in winter +black more or less edged with grayish brown; median +wing-coverts dingy. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. No rusty; above blackish +edged with grayish; below black bordered with +whitish. <i>Notes.</i> "Said to be quite different" from +those of <a href="#No498">No. 498</a>. (Bendire.) (See <a href="#Page_178">page 178</a>.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Northern Lower California north to southern Oregon; local +in valleys of interior.</p> + +<p><b>523. Aleutian Leucosticte</b> (<i>Leucosticte griseonucha</i>). +Like <a href="#No524a">No. 524a</a>, but much darker, breast chestnut-chocolate; +larger, W. 4.4.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Islands of Bering Sea (resident); in winter, Shumagin +Islands, lower portion of Alaska Peninsula and Kadiak Island.</p> + +<p><a name="No524" id="No524"></a> +<b>524. Gray-crowned Leucosticte</b> (<i>Leucosticte tephrocotis</i>). +L. 6.7; W. 4.1. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Reddish brown +more or less tipped with grayish; rump, upper tail-coverts, +lesser wing-coverts, outer edges of primaries, +and lower belly tipped with <i>pink</i>; forecrown black; +hindhead gray; cheeks <i>down to blackish throat brown</i>. +<i>Ad.</i> ♀. Similar but duller. <i>Yng.</i> Nearly uniform +brownish; margins of primaries showing some +pink. <i>Notes.</i> A quick alarm note, <i>qui</i>, <i>qui</i>. (Silloway.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Western United States; breeds in higher parts of Sierra +Nevada of California, from Mt. Shasta south to Mt. Whitney, and on +White Mountains (Grinnell); north in Rocky Mountains to British +Columbia; in winter east to Manitoba, Colorado, and Nebraska.</p> + +<p><a name="No524a" id="No524a"></a> +<b>524a. Hepburn Leucosticte</b> (<i>L. t. littoralis</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No524">No. 524</a>, but cheeks <i>gray</i> like hindhead; throat +often grayish.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Higher mountains of Washington and British Columbia; +north to Alaska; winters south to Colorado and, on Pacific Coast, as +far north as Kadiak Island.</p> + +<p><b>525. Black Leucosticte</b> (<i>Leucosticte atrata</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No524">No. 524</a>, but brown replaced by brownish black +in <i>Ad.</i> ♂, or dusky slate brownish in <i>Ad.</i> ♀ and <i>Yng.</i></p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Breeds on higher mountains of Idaho and Wyoming; +winters south to Colorado and Utah.</p> + +<p><b>526. Brown-capped Leucosticte</b> (<i>Leucosticte australis</i>). +Resembles <a href="#No524">No. 524</a>, but little or no gray on +hindhead, the black of forehead passing gradually into +brown of nape and back.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Breeds in mountains of Colorado at about 12000 feet altitude, +winters at lower altitudes and south to New Mexico.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_179.png" width="197" height="678" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg_180]</a></span></p> +<div class="caption3rt">Perching Birds Marked With Blue</div> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>599. Lazuli Bunting</b> (<i>Cyanospiza amœna</i>). L. 5.5. +<i>Ad.</i> ♂. Two white wing-bars; breast cinnamon, +throat and upperparts light blue; back blacker. In +winter more or less tipped with rusty. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Middle +wing-coverts <i>tipped</i> with <i>whitish</i>; above grayish brown +with generally a blue tinge, strongest on rump and +lesser wing-coverts; below whitish, breast buff. <i>Yng.</i> +Like ♀, but browner, no blue. <i>Notes.</i> Suggest those +of the Indigo Bunting.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Western United States, east to western Kansas; breeds +north to Montana and British Columbia; winters in Mexico.</p> + +<p><a name="No600" id="No600"></a> +<b>600. Varied Bunting</b> (<i>Cyanospiza versicolor</i>). L. +5.5. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Reddish purple, crown and rump blue, +nape red. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Above brownish gray; below +whitish washed with buff; a slight tinge of blue on +rump, wings and tail. Much like ♀ of +<a href="#No598">No. 598</a>, but +less brown above and no streaks below. <i>Yng.</i> Resemble ♀.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Mexico; breeding north to southern Texas and southern +Arizona; winters south of United States.</p> + +<p><b>600a. Beautiful Bunting</b> (<i>C. v. pulchra</i>). Similar to +<a href="#No600">No. 600</a>, but slightly smaller, rump more purple, +throat with less red.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Southern Lower California.</p> + +<p><b>601. Painted Bunting; Nonpareil</b> (<i>Cyanospiza +ciris</i>). L. 5.4. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Below red, rump duller, +back green, head dark blue. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. <i>Bright</i>, shining +olive-green above; greenish yellow below. <i>Yng.</i> ♂. +Like ♀; second year variously intermediate between +Ad. ♂ and ♀. <i>Notes.</i> Resemble those of the Indigo +Bunting but possess less volume.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Southern United States; breeds north to North Carolina, +southern Illinois, and Kansas, and west to southern Arizona; winters +in Mexico and Central America.</p> + +<p><a name="No654" id="No654"></a> +<b>654. Black-throated Blue Warbler</b> (<i>Dendroica +cærulescens</i>). L. 5.2. A white patch or spot at base of +primaries. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Throat and sides black; belly +white; above dark grayish blue; outer tail-feathers +with white. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Grayish olive-green; below +yellowish white; a narrow white line over eye; white +wing-patch small, sometimes barely showing above +coverts; tail with a bluish tinge. <i>Yng.</i> ♂. Like <i>Ad.</i> ♀, +but greenish above; black areas smaller and tipped +with whitish. <i>Notes.</i> Call, a sharp, characteristic +<i>chip</i>; song, usually, <i>zwee-zwee-zwee</i> in an ascending +scale.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from northern Connecticut, +mountains of Pennsylvania, southern Michigan, and northern Minnesota, +north to Labrador and Hudson Bay region; winters in Central +and South America.</p> + +<p><b>654a. Cairns Warbler</b> (<i>D. c. cairnsi</i>). Similar to +<a href="#No654">No. 654</a>, but ♂ darker, +the back with more or less black; ♀ darker and duller.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Breeds in higher portions of southern Alleghanies; winters +south of United States.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_180.png" width="198" height="676" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg_181]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>658. Cerulean Warbler</b> (<i>Dendroica cerulea</i>). L. 5. +<i>Ad.</i> ♂. A gray-blue breast band; above bright gray-blue +streaked with black; wing-bars and spots in tail +white. <i>Ad.</i> ♀ and <i>Yng.</i> ♂. Above blue-gray washed +with greenish, below yellowish white; a whitish line +over eye. <i>Notes.</i> Call, a warbler <i>lisp</i> and <i>tchip</i> of the +Myrtle Warbler; song resembling that of Parula +Warbler. (Brewster.) (See <a href="#Page_180">page 180</a>.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Mississippi Valley, breeding north to Minnesota and east +to Cayuga County, New York, Maryland, and West Virginia; generally +rare east of Alleghanies; migrates south through Texas and +winters in Central and South America.</p> + +<p><a name="No597" id="No597"></a> +<b>597. Blue Grosbeak</b> (<i>Guiraca cærulea</i>). L. 7; W. +3.4. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Deep, dark blue, back blacker and +sometimes with brownish edgings; lesser wing-coverts +broadly, greater wing-coverts narrowly tipped with +chestnut. In winter more or less tipped with brownish +above and below. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Above grayish brown, +deepest on head; below grayish white washed with +buffy; wing-bars buff. Some specimens show more or +less blue, particularly about head. <i>Yng.</i> ♂. Like ♀, +but browner. <i>Notes.</i> Call, a strong, harsh, <i>ptchick</i>; +song, a beautiful but feeble warble, somewhat like +that of Purple Finch and with a slight resemblance to +that of Rose-breasted Grosbeak. (Ridgw.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern United States; breeds from the Gulf north to +Maryland and southern Illinois; winters south of United States into +Mexico and Central America; casually north as far as Maine and +Quebec.</p> + +<p><b>597a. Western Blue Grosbeak</b> (<i>G. c. lazula</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No597">No. 597</a>, but larger, W. 3.6; male brighter blue; +back blacker; tips of wing-coverts paler, those of greater +coverts usually decidedly paler than those of lesser +coverts and averaging wider than those of <a href="#No597">No. 597</a>. +Female averaging paler, less brown.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Western United States; breeds from Mexico north to +Kansas, southern Nebraska, Colorado, and northern California; +winters in Mexico and Central America.</p> + +<p><a name="No598" id="No598"></a> +<b>598. Indigo Bunting</b> (<i>Cyanospiza cyanea</i>). L. 5.4. +No white wing-bars. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Deep blue, darkest +on head. In winter brown, paler below, more or less +mixed with blue. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Above brown; below +whitish washed with brown with a <i>suggestion of streaks</i>; +lesser wing-coverts and margins of tail-feathers usually +tinged with blue. <i>Yng.</i> Similar to ♀ but below more +streaked; browner, and generally without blue tinge. +<i>Notes.</i> Call, a sharp <i>pit</i>; song, a tinkling, unsympathetic, +rapid warble, <i>July, July, summer-summer's here</i>; +<i>morning, noontide, evening, list to me</i>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern United States, west to the Plains, casually to Colorado; +breeds north to Nova Scotia and Manitoba; winters in Central +America.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_181.png" width="231" height="403" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg_182]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><a name="No766" id="No766"></a> +<b>766. Bluebird</b> (<i>Sialia sialis</i>). L. 7. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Above, +including wings and tail, bright blue; throat and breast +rusty brown, belly whitish. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Above grayer, +below paler. In winter specimens of both sexes have +upperparts tipped with rusty. <i>Notes.</i> Call, <i>tur-wee, +tur-wee</i>; song, a rich and sweet but short warble.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern United States; breeds from the Gulf States to +Nova Scotia and Manitoba; winters from southern New England and +southern Illinois southward.</p> + +<p><b>766a. Azure Bluebird</b> (<i>S. s. azurea</i>). Similar to +<a href="#No766">No. 766</a>, but breast paler, upperparts less deep, more +cerulean.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Mountains of eastern Mexico north to southern Arizona.</p> + +<p><a name="No767" id="No767"></a> +<b>767. Western Bluebird</b> (<i>Sialia mexicana occidentalis</i>). +L. 7. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Above bright blue, foreback with more or +less rust-brown, but rarely wholly chestnut; <i>throat +blue</i>, breast rust-brown, belly bluish gray. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. +Above grayish blue; rust on foreback faintly indicated; +throat bluish gray, breast paler than in ♂. <i>Notes.</i> +Call, suggests that of <a href="#No766">No. 766</a>, but is louder and +wilder.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Pacific coast region from northern Lower California north +to British Columbia, east to western Nevada and casually, during migrations, +to New Mexico. (Ridgway.)</p> + +<p><b>767a. Chestnut-backed Bluebird</b> (<i>S. m. bairdi</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No767">No. 767</a>, but foreback <i>wholly</i> rust-brown.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Rocky Mountain region from Wyoming south into Mexico.</p> + +<p><b>767b. San Pedro Bluebird</b> (<i>S. m. anabelæ</i>). +Rust-brown of back and breast greatly reduced in extent, +usually wholly wanting or barely indicated on +back, and divided into two patches on breast by backward +extension of blue of throat; W. 4.2. (Ridgw.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—San Pedro Martir Mountains, Lower California.</p> + +<p><b>768. Mountain Bluebird</b> (<i>Sialia arctica</i>). L. 7.5. +<i>Ad.</i> ♂. Above beautiful cerulean blue, throat and +breast paler, belly whitish. Winter specimens are +more or less tipped with brownish. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Above +brownish gray, rump blue, throat and breast grayish +buff; belly whitish. <i>Notes.</i> Call, suggests that +of <a href="#No766">No. 766</a>, but in fall is merely a feeble chirp. +(Ridgw.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Western United States, except Pacific coast; breeds from +the Sierra Nevada east to the Plains and from New Mexico north to +the Great Slave Lake region; winters from the Mexico boundary +states south into Mexico.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_182.png" width="227" height="486" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg_183]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><a name="No477" id="No477"></a> +<b>477. Blue Jay</b> (<i>Cyanocitta cristata</i>). L. 11.7. <i>Ads.</i> +Above gray-blue, breast and sides washed with <i>grayish</i>; +white tip to outer tail-feather rarely less than one inch +long. <i>Notes.</i> Varied; commonly a loud harsh <i>jay jay</i>; +often whistling calls and imitations of the notes of +other birds, particularly of common Hawks.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from +Georgia and northern Texas north to Labrador and Hudson Bay +region; resident, except at northern part of range.</p> + +<p><b>477a. Florida Blue Jay</b> (<i>C. c. florincola</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No477">No. 477</a>, but smaller, L. 10; blue above with a +purplish tinge; greater wing-coverts more narrowly +barred with black and tipped with white.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Florida and Gulf Coast to southeastern Texas.</p> + +<p><a name="No482" id="No482"></a> +<b>482. Arizona Jay</b> (<i>Aphelocoma sieberii arizonæ</i>). L. +13; W. 6.3; T. 5.8. <i>Ads.</i> Above grayish blue, head, +wings and tail brighter than back; below unstreaked, +gray breast tinged with bluish; belly whiter. <i>Notes.</i> +Noisy, harsh, and far-reaching. (Bendire.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Northern Mexico, north to southern New Mexico and +Arizona.</p> + +<p><b>482a. Couch Jay</b> (<i>A. s. couchi</i>). Similar to +<a href="#No482">No. 482</a>, but smaller; W. 5.8; T. 5.3; bluer above, throat +whiter.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Eastern Mexico, extending to western Texas in the Chisos +Mountains." (Bailey.)</p> + +<p><b>492. Pinon Jay</b> (<i>Cyanocephalus cyanocephalus</i>). L. +11; T. 4.8. <i>Ads.</i> Above nearly uniform grayish blue, +head slightly darker; below slightly paler, throat streaked +with white. <i>Notes.</i> Variable, some as harsh as +those of <a href="#No491">No. 491</a>, others like gabble of Magpie; others +like Jays' common call a shrill, querulous, <i>peeh, peeh</i>; +when on ground maintain a constant chatter. (Bendire.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Western North America, from New Mexico and Lower +California north to southern British Columbia; east to Rockies, west +to Sierra Nevada and Cascade Ranges.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_183.png" width="212" height="680" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg_184]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><a name="No479" id="No479"></a> +<b>479. Florida Jay</b> (<i>Aphelocoma cyanea</i>). L. 11.5. +<i>Ads.</i> foreback clay-color or pale brownish gray; head, +nape, wings, tail, sides of throat and faint breast-streaks +blue; a grayish line over eye; throat gray; +belly dingier; forehead usually hoary. <i>Notes.</i> Harsh +and unmusical calls.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Florida; confined mostly to coast of the middle portions of +the peninsula.</p> + +<p><a name="No480" id="No480"></a> +<b>480. Woodhouse Jay</b> (<i>Aphelocoma woodhousei</i>). L. +12; W. 5. <i>Ads.</i> Back <i>grayish or brownish blue</i>, usually +not sharply defined from nape; crown, nape, wings +and tail blue; throat <i>gray</i>; belly dingier; breast streaked +with blue; <i>under tail-coverts blue</i>; a <i>narrow white</i> line +over eye. Resembles <a href="#No479">No. 479</a>, but is larger, back +bluer, forehead not hoary; line over eye sharper.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Western United States (chiefly Great Basin region), from +northern Mexico north to southeastern Oregon and southern Wyoming; +east to western Texas and Colorado; west to California, east of the +Sierras.</p> + +<p><a name="No4801" id="No4801"></a> +<b>480.1. Blue-eared Jay</b> (<i>Aphelocoma cyanotis</i>). Resembling +<a href="#No480">No. 480</a>, but larger; W. 5. 5; under tail-coverts +<i>white</i>; back slaty-gray tinged with blue; white line +over eye less evident.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Mexican tableland north casually to Sutton County, +Texas." (Bailey.)</p> + +<p><b>480.2. Texan Jay</b> (<i>Aphelocoma texana</i>). Similar to +<a href="#No4801">No. 480.1</a>, but white line over eye more distinct, below +paler and browner gray, lower throat and chest with +obsolete grayish streaks instead of blue streaks. +Differs from <a href="#No480">No. 480</a> in having pure white under tail +coverts and in other respects. (Ridgw.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Southeastern Texas, from Concho and Kerr Counties +west to the Davis Mountains." (Bailey.)</p> + +<p><a name="No481" id="No481"></a> +<b>481. California Jay</b> (<i>Aphelocoma californica</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No480">No. 480</a>, but back <i>brown</i>; usually sharply defined +from nape; blue areas brighter, throat and belly +whiter; breast less streaked with blue. <i>Notes.</i> Varied, +usual call a harsh, metallic squawking.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Pacific coast from northern Lower California, north to +southern Washington, east, in California, to the Sierra Nevada.</p> + +<p><b>481a. Xantus Jay</b> (<i>A. c. hypoleuca</i>). Similar to +<a href="#No481">No. 481</a>, but blue areas somewhat lighter, underparts decidedly +whiter.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Lower California, north to Lat. 28°.</p> + +<p><b>481b. Belding Jay</b> (<i>A. c. obscura</i>). Similar to +<a href="#No481">No. 481</a>, but darker and with smaller feet; W. 4.7. (Anthony.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—San Pedro Martir Mountains, Lower California.</p> + +<p><b>481.1. Santa Cruz Jay</b> (<i>Aphelocoma insularis</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No481">No. 481</a>, but larger; W. 5.6; blue areas +much deeper, back much darker, grayish sooty +tinged with blue.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Santa Cruz Island, California.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_184.png" width="193" height="677" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg_185]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><a name="No478" id="No478"></a> +<b>478. Steller Jay</b> (<i>Cyanocitta stelleri</i>). L. 13. <i>Ads.</i> +Crest, back and upper breast sooty brown; rump and +belly dark, (Antwerp) blue; forehead more or less +streaked with blue. <i>Notes.</i> Varied, usual call a loud, +harsh squawking; the bird is a mimic and also a +whistler.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Pacific coast from Monterey, California, north to near +Cook Inlet, Alaska, including Vancouver Island.</p> + +<p><a name="No478a" id="No478a"></a> +<b>478a. Blue-fronted Jay</b> (<i>C. s. frontalis</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No478">No. 478</a>, but back paler, grayer, rump and belly +turquoise, forehead with more blue which sometimes +extends to the crest.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Southern coast ranges and Sierra Nevada of California +and western Nevada, from Fort Crook south to northern Lower California." +(A. O. U.)</p> + +<p><a name="No478b" id="No478b"></a> +<b>478b. Long-crested Jay</b> (<i>C. s. diademata</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No478">No. 478</a>, but paler, grayer above, blue turquoise, +as in <a href="#No478a">No. 478a</a>; crest longer, the forehead with pale, +<i>bluish white</i> streaks; a white spot over the eye.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Southern Rocky Mountains; north to southern Wyoming; +west to Uintah Mountains, in eastern Utah, and the higher ranges of +northwestern Arizona; south to New Mexico." (Bendire.)</p> + +<p><b>478c. Black-headed Jay</b> (<i>C. s. annectens</i>). Between +<a href="#No478">No. 478</a> and <a href="#No478b">No. 478b</a>. Forehead streaks, and +spot over eye much as in latter; color of body dark as +in former.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Northern Rocky Mountain region from northern Utah and +southern Wyoming north to Alberta and British Columbia.</p> + +<p><b>478d. Queen Charlotte Jay</b> (<i>C. s. carlottæ</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No478">No. 478</a>, but darker, sooty slate above, blue deeper.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia.</p> + +<p><b>483. Green Jay</b> (<i>Xanthoura luxuosa glaucescens</i>). +L. 11. <i>Ads.</i> Crown and patches at side of throat +blue; back, wings, and central tail-feathers green; +outer tail-feathers yellow; throat black, breast and +belly greenish yellow. <i>Notes.</i> Noisy and harsh often +suggesting certain of the Blue Jay's calls.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas, and south into northeastern +Mexico.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_185.png" width="211" height="680" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg_186]</a></span></p> +<div class="caption3rt">Perching Birds with Yellow or Orange</div> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>503. Audubon Oriole</b> (<i>Icterus audubonii</i>). L. 9.5. +<i>Ads.</i> Head, breast, wings and tail black; belly yellow; +back greenish yellow. <i>Yng.</i> Greenish yellow below; +olive-green above. <i>Notes.</i> See <a href="#No507">No. 507</a>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Mexico north to the Lower Rio Grande; casually as far as +San Antonio, Texas; resident.</p> + +<p><b>504. Scott Oriole</b> (<i>Icterus parisorum</i>). L. 8; B. .95; +<i>Ad.</i> ♂. Lesser wing-coverts, base of tail, rump and +belly yellow; rest of plumage black. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Yellowish +below, olive-green above, two white wing-bars. +<i>Yng.</i> ♂. Like female, but throat black. <i>Notes.</i> See +<a href="#No507">No. 507</a>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Mexican tableland, migrating north to western Texas, +northern New Mexico, southern Nevada and southeastern California; +winters in Mexico.</p> + +<p><a name="No505" id="No505"></a> +<b>505. Hooded Oriole</b> (<i>Icterus cucullatus sennetti</i>). +L. 8; B. .75. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. <i>Orange</i>; forehead, face, throat, +foreback, wings and tail black; lesser wing-coverts and +tips to greater ones white. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Yellowish below, +brownish olive-green above, two white wing-bars. +<i>Yng.</i> ♂. Like ♀, but throat black. <i>Notes.</i> See <a href="#No507">No. +507</a>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Mexico; migrating north to the Lower Rio Grande; winters +in Mexico.</p> + +<p><b>505a. Arizona Hooded Oriole</b> (<i>I. c. nelsoni</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No505">No. 505</a>, but head, rump, etc. yellow instead of +orange.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Northwestern Mexico and Lower California, migrating +north to southwestern New Mexico, Arizona, and southern California, +west of Sierra Nevada; winters in Mexico.</p> + +<p><a name="No507" id="No507"></a> +<b>507. Baltimore Oriole</b> (<i>Icterus galbula</i>). L. 7.5. +<i>Ad.</i> ♂. Throat, whole head, foreback, wings and +middle tail-feathers black; breast, belly, rump, lesser +wing-coverts and ends of outer tail-feathers orange; +wing-coverts and tertials margined with white. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. +Head and foreback olive-yellow spotted with black; +rump and tail brownish yellow; below dull yellow, +throat generally blackish. <i>Notes.</i> The notes of all +the orange and black Orioles known to me are mellow, +musical, querulous whistles generally given in detached +fragments, all much alike in character but distinguishable +when one becomes familiar with them.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America west to the Rocky Mountains; +breeds from Florida and eastern Texas north to New Brunswick and +the Saskatchewan; winters in Central and South America.</p> + +<p><b>508. Bullock Oriole</b> (<i>Icterus bullocki</i>). L. 7.5. +<i>Ad.</i> ♂. <i>Cheeks</i>, most of underparts, forehead and line +over eye orange; rump and outer tail-feathers yellower; +center of throat, crown, foreback and middle tail-feathers +black; a large white wing-patch. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Above +olive grayish brown; below yellowish, belly +whiter; tail olive-yellow; wings blackish, median coverts +tipped, greater coverts externally margined with +white; chin sometimes blackish. <i>Yng.</i> ♂. Like ♀, +but center of throat and lores black. <i>Notes.</i> See +<a href="#No507">No. 507</a>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Western North America, from Mexico north to Assiniboia +and British Columbia; east to western Texas; west to the Pacific; +winters in Mexico.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_186.png" width="197" height="700" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg_187]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>637. Prothonotary Warbler</b> (<i>Protonotaria citrea</i>). +L. 5.5. Tail-feathers with large white areas. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. +Whole head and underparts orange-yellow; back +greenish yellow; rump gray. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Crown greenish +like back; yellow paler; belly whitish; less white in +tail. <i>Notes.</i> Call, a sharp, metallic <i>chink</i>; song, a +"high pitched, penetrating and startling" "<i>peet</i>, <i>tsweet</i>, +<i>tsweet</i>, <i>tsweet</i>, <i>tsweet</i>, <i>tsweet</i>." (Jones.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from the Gulf States north +to Virginia, Ohio, and southern Minnesota; winters in the tropics.</p> + +<p><b>651. Olive Warbler</b> (<i>Dendroica olivacea</i>). L. 5.2. +<i>Ad.</i> ♂. Head and breast orange brown, a black band +through the eye; back olive-gray; belly grayish; wing-bars +white; outer tail-feathers largely white. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. +Above olive-gray, head yellower; eye-band dusky; +breast yellow; belly white. <i>Notes.</i> Song, a liquid <i>quirt +quirt</i>, <i>quirt</i>, in a descending scale. (Price.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Highlands of Guatemala and Mexico north to mountains of +Arizona and New Mexico.</p> + +<p><b>662. Blackburnian Warbler</b> (<i>Dendroica blackburniæ</i>). +L. 5.2. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Throat, line over eye, center +of crown, and sides of neck bright orange; back black +with a few whitish streaks; wing-bars broadly white; +tail-spots white. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Yellow areas paler; above +grayish streaked with blackish. <i>Yng. and Ad. in Winter.</i> +Similar to Ad. ♂, but throat paler, back browner; +wing with two distinct bars. <i>Notes.</i> Song, <i>wee-see-wee-see, +tsee-tsee</i>, <i>tsee</i>, <i>tsee-tsee</i>, <i>tsee</i>, <i>tsee</i>, in an ascending +scale, the last shrill and fine.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from northern New England +(and in Berkshire and Worcester counties, Massachusetts), +and northern Minnesota, north to Labrador and Hudson Bay region, +(and south in Alleghanies to South Carolina); winters in tropics.</p> + +<p><b>687. Redstart</b> (<i>Setophaga ruticilla</i>). L. 5.4. <i>Ad.</i> +♂. Black; sides of breast, band in wings and in tail rich +salmon. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Sides of breast, band in wings and +in tail dull yellow; back olive-brown, crown gray; below +whitish. <i>Yng.</i> ♂. Intermediate between adults. +<i>Notes.</i> Song, <i>ching</i>, <i>ching</i>, <i>chee</i>; <i>ser-wee</i>, <i>swee</i>, <i>swe-e-e</i>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North America; rare on the Pacific coast; breeds from +North Carolina, and Kansas north to Labrador and Alaska; winters +in the West Indies, Central and South America.</p> + +<p><a name="No748" id="No748"></a> +<b>748. Golden-crowned Kinglet</b> (<i>Regulus satrapa</i>). +L. 4.1. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Crown orange and yellow bordered +by black; a whitish line over eye; back grayish olive-green; +below soiled whitish. A blackish band in wing +bordered basally by yellowish white. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. No +orange in crown, its whole center yellow. <i>Notes.</i> +Call, a fine, high <i>ti-ti</i>; song, five or six fine, shrill +high-pitched notes ending in a short, rapid, rather explosive +warble, "<i>tzee</i>, <i>tzee</i>, <i>tzee</i>, <i>tzee</i>, <i>ti</i>, <i>ti</i>, <i>ter</i>, <i>ti-ti-ti</i>."</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North America; breeds from northern United States northward, +and southward along the Rockies into Mexico and in the Alleghanies +to North Carolina; winters from about its southern breeding +limit to the Gulf States and Mexico.</p> + +<p><b>748a. Western Golden-crowned Kinglet</b> (<i>R. s. +olivaceus</i>). Similar to <a href="#No748">No. 748</a>, but upperparts brighter +olive-green; underparts with a brownish tinge.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Pacific coast region; breeds from the higher Sierra Nevada +of California north to southern Alaska.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_187.png" width="209" height="698" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg_188]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>666. Golden-cheeked Warbler</b> (<i>Dendroica chrysoparia</i>). +L. 5. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Throat, crown and <i>back</i> +black; cheeks and spot in forehead yellow; a narrow +black line through eye; wing-bars and tail-patches +white. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Above olive green with <i>black streaks</i>; +cheeks duller than in ♂, eye-streak dusky; throat +yellow, breast blackish; belly <i>white</i>. <i>Notes.</i> Song, +<i>tser</i>, <i>weasy-weasy</i>, <i>twea</i>, resembling song of +<a href="#No667">No. 667</a>. (Nehrling.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Western central and southern Texas and south through +eastern Mexico to highlands of Guatemala. (Ridgway.)</p> + +<p><a name="No667" id="No667"></a> +<b>667. Black-throated Green Warbler</b> (<i>Dendroica +virens</i>). L. 5. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Throat and breast black; +cheeks greenish yellow; back olive-green; wing-bars +and tail patches white. <i>Ad.</i> ♀ and <i>Yng.</i> ♂. Similar, +but throat yellowish; black breast tipped with yellowish; +<i>belly tinged with yellow</i>; back <i>without</i> black <i>streaks</i>. +<i>Yng.</i> ♀. Throat and breast yellowish white, little or +no black. <i>Notes.</i> Song, a droning <i>zēē</i>, <i>zēē</i>, <i>zĕ-ēē'</i>, <i>zēē</i>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from Connecticut and +northern Illinois north to Nova Scotia and Hudson Bay, and south in +Alleghanies to South Carolina; winters in Central America.</p> + +<p><b>668. Townsend Warbler</b> (Dendroica townsendi). +L. 5.1. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. A black eye-patch bordered by yellow +stripes; crown and throat black; back olive-green +spotted with black; wing-bars and tail-patches white. +<i>Ad.</i> ♀. Eye-patch olive; throat yellow, indistinctly +blackish; crown and back olive-green, with few black +streaks. <i>Yng.</i> Similar, but yellower. <i>Notes.</i> Song, <i>de-de</i>, +<i>de-de</i>, <i>de</i>, like that of <a href="#No667">No. 667</a>. (Merrill.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Western North America; breeds from mountains of southern +California north to Alaska, east to western Colorado; in migrations +to western Texas; winters in Mexico.</p> + +<p><b>669. Hermit Warbler</b> (<i>Dendroica occidentalis</i>). L. +5.1. Underparts <i>without</i> streaks. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Crown +and cheeks yellow; throat black; back gray spotted +with black; wing-bars and tail-patches white. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. +Crown less yellow; throat yellowish; back olive-gray, +usually without spots. <i>Yng.</i> ♀. Similar, but yellower. +<i>Yng.</i> ♂. Throat dusky; forehead and cheeks +yellow; back olive-green with concealed black spots. +Much like Yng of <a href="#No667">No. 667</a>, but forehead yellower, no +streaks below. <i>Notes.</i> Song, <i>zeegle-zeegle-zeegle-zeek</i>. +(Barlow.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Western United States; breeds in high mountains +from British Columbia to California, and from Pacific Coast +district of United States to Rocky Mountains; migrates to Lower +California, Mexico, and Guatemala. (Bailey.)</p> + +<p><b>684. Hooded Warbler</b> (<i>Wilsonia mitrata</i>). L. 5.7. +Outer tail-feather with white patches. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Forehead +and cheeks yellow; hindhead extending to breast +and throat black; belly yellow; back olive-green. +<i>Ad.</i> ♀. Throat yellow, hindhead olive-green usually +with black. <i>Notes.</i> Call, a sharp <i>cheep</i>; song, a +gracefully whistled <i>you must come to the woods, or you +wont see me</i>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern United States; breeds north to southern Connecticut, +central western New York, and southern Michigan; winters in +Central America.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_188.png" width="207" height="698" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg_189]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>531. Lawrence Goldfinch</b> (<i>Astragalinus lawrencei</i>). +L. 4.7. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Crown, throat and front of cheeks +black; body <i>gray</i>, breast, rump, wings and, to a less degree, +back with yellow; outer tail feathers with large +white spots near the end. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Similar, but no +black, back browner and without yellow. <i>Notes.</i> +Suggesting those of the Goldfinch, but weaker.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range—California, west of the Sierra; breeds from northern Lower +California north to Chico, California; winters to Arizona and New +Mexico.</p> + +<p><a name="No642" id="No642"></a> +<b>642. Golden-winged Warbler</b> (<i>Helminthophila chrysoptera</i>). +L. 5. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Crown yellow, wing-bars +broadly yellow; above bluish gray; below grayish +white; throat-patch and eye-stripe black. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. +Crown duller; throat-patch and eye-stripe gray. <i>Notes.</i> +Song, a lazy <i>zee-zee-zee-zee</i> all on same note.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern United States; breeds from northern New Jersey +and northern Indiana north to Vermont, southern Ontario, and Michigan, +and south along Alleghanies to South Carolina; winters in Central +America.</p> + +<p><b>678. Connecticut Warbler</b> (<i>Geothlypis agilis</i>). L. +5.5. Eye-ring white; no white in wings or tail. <i>Ad.</i> +♂. Crown and cheeks bluish slate; throat and breast +paler, the latter with no black; above olive-green; below +yellow, sides greenish. <i>Ad.</i> ♀ <i>and Yng.</i> Throat +and breast olive <i>brown</i>; belly yellow; back brownish +olive-green; crown browner. <i>Notes.</i> Call, a sharp +<i>peek</i>; song, suggesting that of Maryland Yellow-throat +and also that of Oven-bird, <i>free-chapple</i>, <i>free-chapple</i>, <i>free-chapple</i>, +<i>whoit</i>. (Seton.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America, north to Maine and Manitoba; +known to breed only in Manitoba; winters in northern South America.</p> + +<p><a name="No679" id="No679"></a> +<b>679. Mourning Warbler</b> (<i>Geothlypis philadelphia</i>). +L. 5.4. No white in wings or tail. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. No white +eye-ring; crown and cheeks bluish slate; throat blackish; +breast black more or less veiled by slaty; belly +yellow; back olive-green. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Head slaty; throat +and breast <i>grayish</i>; an inconspicuous white eye-ring. +<i>Yng.</i> Similar, but browner above; throat more yellow. +<i>Notes.</i> Song, clear and whistled, <i>tee te-o te-o te-o we-se</i>, +the last couplet accented and much higher pitched. +(Jones.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from northern New England, +northern New York and eastern Nebraska north to Nova Scotia +and Manitoba, and south along the Alleghanies to West Virginia; +winters in Central and South America.</p> + +<p><a name="No680" id="No680"></a> +<b>680. Macgillivray Warbler</b> (<i>Geothlypis tolmiei</i>), +L. 5.4. <i>Ads.</i> Similar to <a href="#No679">No. 679</a>, +but with an incomplete white eye-ring showing above and below eye.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Western North America from the Rocky Mountains to the +Pacific; breeds from western Texas and mountains of southern California +north to British Columbia; in migrations ranges east to Nebraska +and middle Texas; winters in Mexico and Central America.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_189.png" width="208" height="694" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg_190]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><a name="No656" id="No656"></a> +<b>656. Audubon Warbler</b> (<i>Dendroica auduboni</i>). L. +5.6. Crown, sides of breast, rump, and <i>throat</i> usually +with yellow. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Throat bright yellow; breast +black; back blue-gray streaked with black; wing-bars +broadly white; outer tail-feathers with white. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. +Similar to male, but breast grayish; yellow less bright; +less white in wings. ♂, <i>Winter</i>. Like same plumage +of <a href="#No655">No. 655</a>, but throat, yellowish; more white in tail. +♀, <i>Winter</i>. Similar, but less yellow, throat sometimes +without yellow, when like <a href="#No655">No. 655</a>, but white on four +or five outer tail-feathers instead of on two or three.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Western United States; breeding in higher mountains +from southern California and New Mexico north to British Columbia; +winters south into Mexico.</p> + +<p><b>656a. Black-fronted Warbler</b> (<i>D. a. nigrifrons</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No656">No. 656</a>, but <i>Ad.</i> ♂. with forehead, sides of +crown, and ears black; back black, narrowly margined +with bluish gray. <i>In winter.</i> Bluish gray, not brownish +above. Ad. ♀ darker, more heavily streaked with +black above. (Ridgw.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Mountains of northern Mexico north to southern Arizona.</p> + +<p><b>657. Magnolia Warbler</b> (<i>Dendroica maculosa</i>). L. +5.1. Rump yellow; seen from below a white band +across middle of tail. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Crown ashy, back +black; wing-coverts broadly white; below yellow +streaked with black. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Duller; fewer black +stripes below; wing-bars separated, narrow. <i>Yng. and +Ad in winter.</i> Crown and sides of head brownish ashy, +back olive-green; below yellow, sides occasionally +streaked. <i>Notes.</i> Song, a loud, clear whistle, <i>chee-to</i>, +<i>chee-to</i>, <i>chee-tee-ee</i>, uttered rapidly and with a falling inflection, +(Langille.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America, west in migrations, to the Rockies; +breeds from northern New England, northern Michigan (and +south along the Alleghanies to Pennsylvania), north to Quebec and +Hudson Bay region; winters in Central America.</p> + +<p><a name="No663" id="No663"></a> +<b>663. Yellow-throated Warbler</b> (<i>Dendroica dominica</i>). +L. 5.2. <i>Ads.</i> Throat and <i>line from bill to eye</i> +yellow; cheeks and forehead black; back bluish gray; +two broad white wing-bars; tail-patches white. <i>Notes.</i> +Song, loud, ringing and ventriloquial; suggesting that +of Indigo Bunting but shorter.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Southeastern United States; breeds from Florida north to +Virginia and winters from Florida south into West Indies.</p> + +<p><b>663a. Sycamore Warbler</b> (<i>D. d. albilora</i>). Similar to +<a href="#No663"> No. 663</a>, but bill smaller, line from eye to bill white +or with but traces of yellow.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Mississippi Valley; breeds from Texas north to +Kansas, southern Indiana, southern Illinois, and West Virginia; winters in +Mexico and Central America.</p> + +<p><b>664. Grace Warbler</b> (<i>Dendroica graciæ</i>). L. 5. +<i>Ad.</i> ♂. Throat and line over eye yellow; cheeks gray; +above gray, crown and back with black streaks; wing-bars +and tail-patches white. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Similar, but +duller, back sometimes brownish.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Northwestern Mexico, north to New Mexico, southwestern +Colorado, and Arizona.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_190.png" width="197" height="698" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg_191]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>686. Canadian Warbler</b> (<i>Wilsonia canadensis</i>). +L. 5.6. No white in wings or tail. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. A necklace +of black spots on breast; back gray; belly yellow; +forehead black. <i>Ad.</i> ♀ <i>and Yng.</i> ♂. Black areas +smaller. <i>Yng.</i> ♀. Slightly yellowish above; necklace +slightly indicated by dusky spots. <i>Notes.</i> Song, <i>tu-tu</i>, +<i>tswe</i>, <i>tu</i>, <i>tu</i>, longer or shorter and suggesting in style of +utterance both the Yellow Warbler and Goldfinch. +(Jones.) (See <a href="#Page_190">page 190</a>.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from Massachusetts, central +New York, and northern Michigan north to Labrador and Manitoba, +and south along the Alleghanies to North Carolina; winters in +Central and South America.</p> + +<p><b>640. Bachman Warbler</b> (<i>Helminthophila bachmanii</i>). +L. 4.2. Outer tail-feathers usually with a white patch +more or less distinct. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Breast-patch and +crown-band black; forehead, chin and belly yellow; +back olive-green, hindhead grayish. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Above +grayish olive-green, head grayer; below dingy grayish +with a yellow tinge. <i>Notes.</i> Song, when migrating, resembles +that of Parula Warbler, (Brewster); when +breeding, that of Worm-eating Warbler, Junco or Chippy. (Widmann).</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Southeastern United States, west to Louisiana, north to +Virginia and southern Indiana; rare on Atlantic coast; known to breed +only in Missouri; winters south of United States.</p> + +<p><a name="No641" id="No641"></a> +<b>641. Blue-winged Warbler</b> (<i>Helminthophila pinus</i>). +L. 4.8. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Crown and underparts yellow; back +olive-green; a black stripe through eye; two whitish +wing-bars; outer tail-feathers with white patches. <i>Ad.</i> +♀. Similar, less yellow on head, duller below. <i>Notes.</i> +Song, a wheezy, <i>swee-chee</i>, the first inhaled, the second +exhaled; also, later, <i>wēē</i>, <i>chi-chi-chi-chi</i>, <i>chūr</i>, <i>chēē-chūr</i>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern United States; breeds north to southern Connecticut +and Minnesota, occasionally wanders to Massachusetts; winters +south of United States.</p> + +<p><b>670. Kirtland Warbler</b> (<i>Dendroica kirtlandi</i>). L. +5.7. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Above bluish gray streaked with black; +below pale yellow, sides streaked with black; wing-bars +grayish; tail-patches white. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Similar, +but browner. <i>Notes.</i> Song, said to resemble that of +Maryland Yellow-throat and also that of Yellow-throated +Warbler.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern United States; has been found from April to October +in United States as follows: in Florida, South Carolina, Virginia, +Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Minnesota, Michigan, and Ontario, +in all some twenty odd specimens; found breeding in summer +of 1903 in Oscoda County, Michigan; winters in Bahamas where +some fifty specimens have been taken.</p> + +<p><b>671. Pine Warbler</b> (<i>Dendroica vigorsii</i>). L. 5.5. +<i>Ad.</i> ♂. Throat and breast greenish yellow; above +bright yellowish green; wing-bars and tail-patches +white. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Similar, but breast duller, back +browner. <i>Yng.</i> ♂. Similar to Ad. ♂, but browner. +<i>Yng.</i> ♀. Below buffy white, breast slightly or not all +yellowish; back olive-brown. <i>Notes.</i> Song, suggesting +a Chipping Sparrow's but more musical.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from Gulf States north to +New Brunswick, Minnesota, and Manitoba; winters from Virginia and +southern Illinois to Gulf States.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_191.png" width="208" height="695" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg_192]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>696. Siberian Yellow Wagtail</b> (<i>Budytes flavus leucostriatus</i>). +L. 6.5. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Crown bluish slate, a +white line over eye; back olive-green; below yellow; +wing-bars yellowish; outer tail-feathers largely white. +<i>Ad.</i> ♀. Similar, but duller, head and wing-bars +browner. <i>Notes.</i> Call, a sharp, <i>plé-plé-ple</i>; song, a +low, clear, medley of jingling notes uttered on the +wing. (Nelson.) (See <a href="#Page_191">page 191</a>.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—China, Eastern Siberia, and Bering Sea portion of eastern +Alaska.</p> + +<p><a name="No529" id="No529"></a> +<b>529. American Goldfinch</b> (<i>Astragalinus tristis</i>). +L. 5.1; W. 2.8. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Yellow, cap, wings and tail +black; wing-coverts, secondaries and inner margins of +tail-feathers tipped with white. <i>Ad.</i> ♀, Above grayish +olive-brown; below buffy whitish; throat yellowish; +wings and tail duller than in male; white tips to +tail not distinct. <i>Yng.</i> ♂ <i>and Ad.</i> ♂ <i>in winter</i>. Similar +to ♀ but wings and tail black; white markings +grayer than in summer. <i>Notes.</i> Calls, when perching, +<i>hear me</i>, <i>hear me</i>, <i>dearie</i>, soft and sweet, when flying, +<i>per-chic'-o-ree</i>; <i>per-chic'-o-ree</i>; song, sweet, rapid, +varied and canary-like.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America west to the Rockies; breeds from +Virginia and Missouri north to Labrador and Manitoba; winters from +northern United States to the Gulf States.</p> + +<p><b>529a. Western Goldfinch</b> (<i>A. t. pallidus</i>). Similar to +<a href="#No529">No. 529</a>, but larger, W. 3.05. <i>Ad.</i> ♂, <i>in summer</i>, +similar in color to <a href="#No529">No. 529</a>. ♀ and ♂, <i>in winter</i>. +Much paler, the white areas greater in extent.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Rocky Mountain region from northern Mexico north to +British Columbia.</p> + +<p><b>529b. California Goldfinch</b> (<i>A. t. salicamans</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No529">No. 529</a>, but wings and tail shorter and +color darker. <i>Ad.</i> ♂ <i>in summer</i>. With back always +(?) tinged with pale olive-green; in winter darker than +<a href="#No529">No. 529</a>, but with white areas as large as in 529a. +(Ridgw.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—California, west of the Sierra, south to Lower California, +north to Washington.</p> + +<p><a name="No530" id="No530"></a> +<b>530. Arkansas Goldfinch</b> (<i>Astragalinus psaltria</i>). +L. 4.1. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Cap, wings, and tail black, most of +primaries and tail white basally; back and cheeks olive-green, +often marked with black; below yellow <i>Ad.</i> ♀. +No black cap; above olive-green; below dull yellowish; +wings and tail brownish black, former with white +much reduced, latter with little or no white. <i>Yng.</i> Resemble +female. <i>Notes.</i> Call, <i>se-e-e-ep</i>; song, sweet, +varied and musical.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Western United States, from the Plains to the Pacific; +breeds from northern Lower California and western Texas, north to +Colorado, southern Idaho, and Oregon; winters from the southern +part of its breeding range southward.</p> + +<p><b>530b. Mexican Goldfinch</b> (<i>A. p. mexicanus</i>). Resembles +No. 530, but <i>cheeks and entire upperparts black</i>; +♀ as in <a href="#No530">No. 530</a>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Mexico, north to southern Texas.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_192.png" width="219" height="529" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg_193]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><a name="No685" id="No685"></a> +<b>685. Wilson Warbler</b> (<i>Wilsonia pusilla</i>). L. 5. +No white in plumage. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Crown shining black; +forehead, cheeks and underparts yellow; back olive-green. +<i>Ad.</i> ♀. Similar, but crown-patch often +smaller, sometimes absent. <i>Yng.</i> ♀. Crown-patch +absent. <i>Notes.</i> Song, <i>'tsh-'tsk-'tsh-'tshea</i>. (Nuttall.) +Suggests that of Redstart or Yellow Warbler. (Minot.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from Nova Scotia, northeastern +Maine, and Ontario north to Labrador and Hudson Bay region; +winters in Mexico and Central America; "occasional during migration +in Colorado … and other parts of the Rocky Mountain district" +(Ridgw.) (See <a href="#Page_192">page 192</a>.)</p> + +<p><a name="No685a" id="No685a"></a> +<b>685a. Pileolated Warbler</b> (<i>W. p. pileolata</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No685">No. 685</a>, but yellow deeper, olive brighter.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Western North America; breeding throughout the Rocky +Mountain district from western Texas in higher mountains, northward +to Alaska, coast and interior; westward to eastern Oregon and +Queen Charlotte Islands; in migrations over all of western North America +and east to Minnesota; in winter south to Central America. +(Ridgw.) (See <a href="#Page_192">page 192</a>.)</p> + +<p><b>685b. Golden Pileolated Warbler</b> (<i>W. p. chryseola</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No685a">No. 685a</a>, but still brighter, richer +yellow; forehead nearly orange; back brighter green.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Pacific coast; breeds from southern California north to +British Columbia; in migration east to eastern Oregon; south to +Chihuahua and Lower California. (Ridgw.) (See <a href="#Page_192">page 192</a>.)</p> + +<p><b>677. Kentucky Warbler</b> (<i>Geothlypis formosa</i>). L. +5.6. No white in plumage. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Cheeks and +crown black the latter tipped with ashy; back olive-green; +a yellow line over eye; below bright yellow. +<i>Ad.</i> ♀. Similar, but less black in crown and on cheeks; +yellow duller. <i>Notes.</i> Song, a <i>loud musical</i> whistle, +<i>turdle</i>, <i>turdle</i>, <i>turdle</i>, suggesting notes of Carolina +Wren.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern United States; breeds from Gulf States north to +lower Hudson Valley, southern Michigan and eastern Nebraska; +winters in Central and northern South America.</p> + +<p><a name="No681" id="No681"></a> +<b>681. Maryland Yellow-throat</b> (<i>Geothlypis trichas</i>). +L. 5.2; W. 2.1. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Forehead and cheeks black, +bordered behind by ashy; back olive-green; throat and +breast yellow, belly whitish washed with yellow, sides +brownish. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. No black mask; above dull olive-green, +forehead brownish; throat and breast more or +less washed with yellow, belly whitish, sides brownish. +<i>Yng.</i> ♂. Similar to Ad. ♂, but browner; breast +yellow; cheeks and forehead with more or less half-concealed +black. <i>Notes.</i> Calls, <i>pit</i>, <i>chit</i>, or <i>chack</i>; +song, variable, often <i>wichity</i>, <i>wichity</i>, <i>wichity</i>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Atlantic Coast district of United States; breeding in Virginia, +District of Columbia, Maryland and southern Pennsylvania +(Carlisle), probably also in Delaware and southern New Jersey and +in upland portions of Carolinas and Georgia; … south in winter to +Bahamas …" (Ridgw.)</p> + +<p><a name="No681a" id="No681a"></a> +<b>681a. Western Yellow-throat</b> (<i>G. t. occidentalis</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No681d">No. 681d</a>, but yellow below richer, border of +mask whiter and broader.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Arid western United States; east to western portions of +Great Plains, north to Montana and eastern Washington (?); west to +southern California: breeding southward to northern Chihuahua and +northern Lower California; southward in winter to western Mexico and +Cape St. Lucas. (Ridgw.)</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_193.png" width="229" height="367" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg_194]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>681b. Florida Yellow-throat</b> (<i>G. t. ignota</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No681d">No. 681d</a>, but yellow below more extended and +deeper, sides browner; black mask wider; upperparts, +especially hindhead, browner.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—South Atlantic and Gulf Coast districts of United States +from southeastern Virginia to Florida and westward along Gulf lowlands +to eastern Texas; winters from at least coast of South Carolina +southward; also in Cuba. (Ridgw.)</p> + +<p><a name="No681c" id="No681c"></a> +<b>681c. Pacific Yellow-throat</b> (<i>G. t. arizela</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No681a">No. 681a</a>, but bill smaller, wings and tail shorter, +color duller, whitish margin of mask narrower, yellow +usually less orange; W. 2.2; T. 2.1. (Ridgw.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Pacific Coast district, from British Columbia southward; +breeding southward to Los Angeles County, California, and eastward +to Fort Klamath, Oregon; during migration to Cape St. Lucas." +(Ridgw.)</p> + +<p><a name="No681d" id="No681d"></a> +<b>681d. Northern Yellow-throat</b> (<i>G. t. brachidactyla</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No681">No. 681</a>, but averaging larger; W. 2.2. +<i>Ad.</i> ♂. More yellow below, more olive-green above. +<i>Ad.</i> ♀. Usually with yellow below brighter and +more extended. (Ridgw.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Northeastern United States from northern New Jersey to +Newfoundland; west to northern Ontario and eastern Dakota, and +south through Mississippi Valley to upland districts of the Gulf +States and east central Texas; in winter Bahamas, Mexico, and Central +America. (Ridgw.)</p> + +<p><b>681e. Salt Marsh Yellow-throat</b> (<i>G. t. sinuosa</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No681c">No. 681c</a>, but much smaller and slightly +darker, especially on sides and flanks; W. 2.1. +(Ridgw.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Salt Marshes of San Francisco Bay, California.</p> + +<p><b>682. Belding Yellow-throat</b> (<i>Geothlypis beldingi</i>). +L. 5.7. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Black mask crossing head diagonally +bordered behind by yellow; rest of plumage much as in +No. 681a. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Similar to ♂ of <a href="#No681">No. 681</a>, but +larger.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Lower California.</p> + +<p><b>682.1. Rio Grande Yellow-throat</b> (<i>Geothlypis poliocephala</i>). +L. 5.7. <i>Ads.</i> Lores and forehead black, +crown gray, back olive-green; underparts yellow.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas and southward into +Mexico.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_194.png" width="267" height="443" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg_195]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><a name="No645" id="No645"></a> +<b>645. Nashville Warbler</b> (<i>Helminthophila rubricapilla</i>). +L. 4.8. No wing-bars; no white in tail. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. A +chocolate crown-patch; rest of head and cheeks bluish +gray; a white eye-ring; back olive-green; below bright +yellow. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Similar, but little or no chocolate in +crown; yellow duller. <i>Yng.</i> Head brownish; underparts +washed with brownish, particularly on throat +and flanks. <i>Notes.</i> Song, <i>ke-tsee-ke-tsee-ke-tsee-chip-ee</i>, +<i>chip-ee-chip-ee-chip</i>, first half like Black and White +Warbler's, second half like Chipping Sparrow's. +(Langille.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from southern New York, +Connecticut, and northern Illinois, north to Labrador and Hudson +Bay region; winters south of United States.</p> + +<p><b>645a. Calaveras Warbler</b> (<i>H. r. gutturalis</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No645">No. 645</a>, but rump brighter; underparts richer +yellow.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Western United States; breeds on high mountains, from +the Sierra Nevada to British Columbia, east to eastern Oregon, +northern Idaho; south in migration to Lower California and Mexico; +southeast to Texas. (Ridgw.)</p> + +<p><a name="No648" id="No648"></a> +<b>648. Parula Warbler</b> (<i>Compsothlypis americana</i>). +L. 4.5; W. 2.3. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Above grayish blue, a +<i>yellowish patch in the back</i>; breast yellow washed with +chestnut and with an indistinct blackish band; belly, +wing-bars, spot near tip of outer tail-feathers white. +<i>Ad.</i> ♀. Paler, breast without black, sometimes no +chestnut. <i>Notes.</i> A short, little, guttural, lisping +trill.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Breeds in south Atlantic and Gulf states east of Texas +north near the Atlantic coast to the District of Columbia and Mount +Carmel, Illinois (Brewst.); winters from Gulf States southward.</p> + +<p><b>648a. Northern Parula Warbler</b> (<i>C. a. usneæ</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No648">No. 648</a>, but bill averaging slightly smaller, +the wing longer, 2.4; black breast-band averaging +wider; the chestnut wash stronger.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Breeds in New England, New York and west along the +northern tier of states, north into Maritime Provinces and Canada; +winters from Gulf states southward.</p> + +<p><b>649. Sennett Warbler</b> (<i>Compsothlypis nigrilora</i>). +L. 4.5. Similar to <a href="#No648">No. 648</a>, but yellow below reaching +to belly; breast without black and with only a slight +brownish wash; lores and ear-coverts black. <i>Notes.</i> +Song probably resembles that of <a href="#No648">No. 648</a>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Lower Rio Grande Valley south into eastern Mexico.</p> + +<p><a name="No746" id="No746"></a> +<b>746. Verdin</b> (<i>Auriparus flaviceps</i>). L. 4.2; W. 2.2; +T. 1.9. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Head and throat yellow; forehead +usually with some concealed orange-brown; lesser +wing-coverts reddish chestnut; back brownish gray; +belly whitish. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Similar, but less yellow.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Southern border of the United States and northern Mexico +from southern Texas to southern California; north to southwestern Utah +and southern Nevada.</p> + +<p><b>746a. Baird Verdin</b> (<i>A. f. lamprocephalus</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No746">No. 746</a>, but tail shorter; wing somewhat shorter; +yellow of head brighter; W. 2.0; T. 1.6. (Oberholser.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Lower California.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_195.png" width="222" height="697" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg_196]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>650. Cape May Warbler</b> (<i>Dendroica tigrina</i>). L. +5.1. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Ear-coverts and wash on throat chestnut; +crown blackish; back olive-green with black spots; +below yellow streaked with black; wing-coverts broadly +white; outer tail-feathers with white. <i>Ad.</i> ♀ <i>and +Yng.</i> ♂. Duller; crown like back; no chestnut. <i>Yng.</i> +♀. Above olive-gray; below whitish faintly tinged +with yellow; wing-bars, narrow. <i>Notes.</i> Song, a wiry +"<i>a-wit</i>, <i>a wit</i>, <i>a-wit</i>, <i>a-wit</i>", repeated. (Butler.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from northern New England, +rarely, and Manitoba north to Hudson Bay region; winters south +of United States.</p> + +<p><a name="No652" id="No652"></a> +<b>652. Yellow Warbler</b> (<i>Dendroica æstiva</i>). L. 5.1. +Inner vanes of tail-feathers yellow. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Crown +<i>yellow</i>, back bright yellowish green; below yellow +thickly streaked with reddish brown. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. <i>and Yng.</i> +♂. Duller above, crown like back; below much paler, +few or no streaks. <i>Yng.</i> ♀. Similar to last but still +duller. <i>Notes.</i> Song, a rather loud <i>wee-chee</i>, <i>chee</i>, <i>chee</i>, +<i>cher-wee</i>, variable in form but recognizable in tone.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North America, except Alaska, Pacific coast from Vancouver +north, and southwestern United States (western Texas to +Arizona). (Ridgw.); breeds throughout most of its range, and winters +in Central and South America.</p> + +<p><b>652a. Sonora Yellow Warbler</b> (<i>D. æ. sonorana</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No652">No. 652</a>, but ♂ much yellower, less green +above, the crown and rump bright yellow; below +brighter yellow, reddish brown streaks narrower, fewer +sometimes almost wanting. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Similar to Ad. +♂ of <a href="#No652">No. 652</a>, but grayer above and whiter below.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range—Northern Mexico; breeding north to western Texas and +southern Arizona; winters south of United States.</p> + +<p><b>652b. Alaskan Yellow Warbler</b> (<i>D. æ. rubiginosa</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No652">No. 652</a>, but ♂ darker above, the crown of +about the same color as back; ♀ duller.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Breeds on Pacific coast from Vancouver northward and in +Alaska; winters south of United States.</p> + +<p><b>653. Mangrove Warbler</b> (<i>Dendroica bryanti castaneiceps</i>). +L. 5. Inner vanes of tail-feathers yellow. +<i>Ad.</i> ♂. Whole head reddish chestnut; back olive-green; +below yellow lightly streaked with reddish +brown. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Olive-green above; yellow below.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Cape Region of Lower California and Pacific coast of Central +America and Mexico.</p> + +<p><a name="No672" id="No672"></a> +<b>672. Palm Warbler</b> (<i>Dendroica palmarum</i>). L. 5.2. +No white wing-bars; tail patches white. <i>Ads.</i> Crown +dark chestnut; line over eye, throat, and breast yellow; +breast and sides with reddish brown streaks; <i>belly</i> +much paler, often <i>grayish</i> washed with yellow; back +olive-brown; rump brighter. <i>Ad. in Winter and Yng.</i> +No crown-patch; above grayish olive-brown indistinctly +streaked; rump yellowish; below grayish white +washed with yellow and streaked with brownish; +<i>under tail coverts bright yellow</i>. <i>Notes.</i> Call, a recognizable +<i>chip</i>; song, a short, simple trill.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range—Eastern North America; breeds in interior of British America +west of Hudson Bay; migrates south through Mississippi Valley +and rarely north Atlantic States; winters in Florida and West Indies.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_196.png" width="211" height="697" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg_197]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>672a. Yellow Palm Warbler</b> (<i>D. p. hypochrysea</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No672">No. 672</a>, but underparts <i>entirely</i> bright yellow; +upperparts yellower. Winter specimens are +whiter below but are still conspicuously yellow.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern United States; breeds from Nova Scotia northward, +east of Hudson Bay; migrates through Atlantic States and +winters in Florida and west to Louisiana.</p> + +<p><b>673. * Prairie Warbler</b> (<i>Dendroica discolor</i>). L. 4.7. +Wing-bars yellowish; tail-patches white. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. +Above bright olive-green with reddish chestnut spots +in the back; below yellow, sides with black streaks. +<i>Ad.</i> ♀. Similar, but usually duller; chestnut spots +smaller, sometimes absent. <i>Yng.</i> Similar to ♀ Ad., +but browner. <i>Notes.</i> Song, a high, thin <i>zee</i>, <i>zee</i>, <i>zee</i>, +<i>zee</i>, <i>zee-e</i>, <i>zee</i>, the next to last highest. (See <a href="#Page_196">page 196</a>.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern United States; breeds from Florida to Massachusetts, +southern Ontario, and southern Michigan; winters from southern +Florida into the West Indies.</p> + +<p><b>Lawrence Warbler</b> (<i>Helminthophila lawrencei</i>). Resembles +<a href="#No641">No. 641</a>, but has a black breast patch and +a broad black stripe through the eye as in <a href="#No642">No. 642</a>. +It is believed to be a hybrid between the two. Some +15 specimens are known. Its notes are said to resemble +those of both <a href="#No642">No. 642</a> and <a href="#No641">No. 641</a>.</p> + +<p><b>641. Brewster Warbler</b> (<i>Helminthophila leucobronchialis</i>). +Resembles <a href="#No642">No. 642</a> above, but is white usually +tinged with yellow below, this type being connected +with <a href="#No641">No. 641</a>, by specimens showing more green above +and yellow below. Hybridism and dichromatism are +believed to account for these birds of which somewhat +over a hundred specimens are known, chiefly from the +lower Hudson and Connecticut Valleys. Some songs +resemble those of <a href="#No642">No. 642</a>, others those of 641.</p> + +<p><b>644. Virginia Warbler</b> (Helminthophila virginiæ). +L. 4.5. No white in wings or tail. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Above +gray, crown-patch chocolate; upper tail-coverts yellowish; +below whitish, breast-patch and under tail-coverts +yellow. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Similar, but less (sometimes +no) chocolate in crown and yellow on tail-coverts; +duller below. <i>Yng.</i> No crown patch; below washed +with buff, little or no yellow on breast. <i>Notes.</i> Very +musical, with a song of remarkable fullness for so +small a bird. (Aitken.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Rocky Mountain region from Nevada and Colorado (rarely +Wyoming) south into Mexico.</p> + +<p><a name="No655" id="No655"></a> +<b>655. Myrtle Warbler</b> (<i>Dendroica coronata</i>). L. 5.6. +Crown, sides of breast and rump yellow. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. +Above blue-gray streaked with black; throat white, +breast largely black; two white wing-bars; outer tail-feathers +with white. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Browner above, less black +on breast. ♂ <i>in winter</i>. Above brown, back indistinctly +streaked with black; below whitish, breast and +sides streaked with black. <i>Yng.</i> ♀. Similar, but less +yellow on crown and sides. <i>Notes.</i> Call, a characteristic +<i>tchip</i>; song, a trill.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America, west in migrations, to the Rockies; +breeds from northern New England and northern Minnesota north to +Labrador and Alaska; winters from Massachusetts and Kansas south +into West Indies and Central America.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_197.png" width="213" height="696" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg_198]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>659. Chestnut-sided Warbler</b> (<i>Dendroica pensylvanica</i>). +L. 5. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Sides chestnut, crown yellow; +back streaked black and greenish yellow; cheek-patch +and sides of throat black. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Crown duller; +chestnut and black reduced. <i>Yng.</i> Above bright +yellow-green, back with or without black spots; below +grayish white, sides sometimes with traces of +chestnut; wing-bars yellowish white. <i>Notes.</i> Song, +resembles that of Yellow Warbler. (See <a href="#Page_197">page 197</a>.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from northern New Jersey +and Central Illinois north to Newfoundland and Manitoba (and south +in the Alleghanies to South Carolina); winters in Central America.</p> + +<p><b>604. Dickcissel</b> (<i>Spiza americana</i>). L. 6.2. <i>Ad.</i> +♂. Breast, bend of wing, line over eye and at side of +throat yellow; throat-patch black; lesser wing-coverts +reddish chestnut; no white in tail. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Less +yellow and chestnut, no black on throat. <i>Notes.</i> +Song, an earnest, but unmusical <i>dick</i>, <i>dick</i>, <i>che-che-che</i>, +<i>che</i>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Middle United States east of the Rockies, west of Alleghanies, +breeds from Alabama and Texas to Minnesota; casual in +Atlantic States; winters in Central and northern South America.</p> + +<p><b>618. Bohemian Waxwing</b> (<i>Ampelis garrulus</i>). L. +8. Crested. <i>Ads.</i> Brownish gray; under tail-coverts, +forecrown and sides of throat chestnut-rufous; <i>throat</i> +and eye-stripe black; wing-quills and primary coverts +tipped with white or yellow; secondaries usually with +red tips; tail tipped with yellow.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Northern parts of northern hemisphere; breeds in far +north; winters south irregularly to northern United States, casually +to Pennsylvania, Illinois, Kansas, and northern California.</p> + +<p><b>619. Cedar Waxwing</b> (<i>Ampelis cedrorum</i>). L. 7. +Crested. <i>Ads.</i> Grayish brown; belly <i>yellowish</i>; under +tail-coverts white; no white tips on wing-quills; +secondaries with red tips; tail tipped with yellow and +rarely with red tips. <i>Notes.</i> A fine, lisping note; a +string of notes usually uttered when taking flight.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North America: breeds from Virginia and the highlands of +South Carolina, Kansas, and Oregon, north to Labrador and southern +Alaska (?); winters from northern United States to Central America.</p> + +<p><b>628. Yellow-throated Vireo</b> (<i>Vireo flavifrons</i>). L. +5.5. <i>Ads.</i> Throat and breast <i>bright</i> yellow, belly +white; above <i>bright</i> olive-green, rump gray; two white +wing-bars. <i>Notes.</i> Call, a scolding <i>cack</i>; song like +Red-eye's but richer, more deliberate, <i>see me</i>; <i>I'm here</i>; +<i>where are you</i>? in varying forms; also a mellow trill.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern United States; breeds from Florida and Texas to +Newfoundland and Manitoba; winters in tropics.</p> + +<p><b>683. Yellow-breasted Chat</b> (<i>Icteria virens</i>). L. 7.5; +T. 3.07. <i>Ads.</i> Throat and breast bright yellow; lower +belly white; above olive-green; line over eye and at +side of throat white. <i>Notes.</i> Call, a gasping, mewing +<i>keè-yuck</i> and <i>chut</i>, <i>chut</i>; song, of whistles, caws and +chucks, sometimes uttered in flight.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern United States; breeds from northeastern Mexico +(but not in Florida?) north to South Dakota, southern Minnesota, and +Massachusetts (locally); winters in Mexico and Central America.</p> + +<p><b>683a. Long-tailed Chat</b> (<i>I. v. longicauda</i>). Similar +to No. 683, but grayer above; tail slightly longer.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Western United States, east to Plains; breeds from Mexico +north to North Dakota and British Columbia; winters in Mexico.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_198.png" width="196" height="696" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg_199]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>497. Yellow-headed Blackbird</b> (<i>Xanthocephalus +xanthocephalus</i>). L. 10. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Black; head and +breast orange yellow; outer wing-coverts white, +black tipped. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Brownish, line over eye, throat +and breast dull yellow, lower breast streaked with +white; ear-coverts rusty. <i>Notes.</i> Call, a hoarse <i>chuck</i>; +song, a variety of hoarse grunting, guttural whistles; +usually uttered with apparent great effort and bodily +contortion. The young utter a rolling, whistling call.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Western North America, east to Kansas, northern Illinois, +and northwestern Indiana; west to the Pacific coast ranges; breeds +locally from Texas (?), New Mexico, Arizona, and Southern California +north to the Hudson Bay region, and southern British Columbia; +winters from southwestern Louisiana, and California southward.</p> + +<p><a name="No501" id="No501"></a> +<b>501. Meadowlark</b> (<i>Sturnella magna</i>). L. 10.7; W. +4.8. <i>Ads.</i> Above black varied with chestnut and buff; +below yellow, a black breast-crescent; bars on middle +tail-feathers <i>fused</i> along shaft, yellow of throat <i>not</i> +spreading on to its sides. <i>Notes.</i> Calls, a nasal note +and a rolling twitter; song, a high fife like whistle of +rarely more than eight or ten notes; without gurgles or +grace notes.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America west to about Long. 100°, north to +New Brunswick and Minnesota; winters from Massachusetts and Illinois +southward.</p> + +<p><b>501a. Texas Meadowlark</b> (<i>S. m. hoopesi</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No501b">No. 501b</a>, but yellow not spreading on to sides of +the throat. <i>Notes.</i> Resemble in character those of +<a href="#No501">No. 501</a>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Not well determined; known from Corpus Christi, Texas, +west along Mexican boundary to southern Arizona and northern Sonora, +Mexico.</p> + +<p><a name="No501b" id="No501b"></a> +<b>501b. Western Meadowlark</b> (<i>S. m. neglecta</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No501">No. 501</a>, but bars on middle tail-feathers usually +distinct, <i>not</i> confluent along shaft; yellow of throat +spreading on to its sides; general color paler. <i>Notes.</i> +Calls, a liquid <i>chûck</i> and a wooden, rolling <i>b-r-r-r-r-r-r-r</i>; +song, rich, musical, flute-like with intricate gurgles +and grace notes; wholly unlike that of <a href="#No501">No. 501</a>.</p> + +<p><b>501c. Florida Meadowlark</b> (<i>S. m. argutula</i>). Similar to +<a href="#No501">No. 501</a>, but smaller and darker; W. 4.4.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Florida and Gulf coast to Louisiana.</p> + +<p><a name="No514" id="No514"></a> +<b>514. Evening Grosbeak</b> (<i>Hesperiphona vespertina</i>). +L. 8. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Brownish yellow; wings, tail, and +crown black; exposed part of tertials white. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. +Dingy brownish gray, more or less tinged with yellowish; +throat and belly whitish; <i>tail-coverts</i> and tail-feathers, +on inner web, tipped with white. <i>Notes.</i> +Call, loud; song, short, but melodious, resembling that +of Robin or Black-headed Grosbeak. (Cooper.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Rocky Mountain region of British America, south, in winter, +to the upper Mississippi Valley, rarely to Ohio and casually +through New York to New England.</p> + +<p><b>514a. Western Evening Grosbeak</b> (<i>H. v. montana</i>). +♂ not distinguishable from ♀ of <a href="#No514">No. 514</a>; ♀ more buffy, +especially below.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Mountains of western United States from New Mexico +north to British Columbia.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_199.png" width="219" height="695" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[Pg_200]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<div class="smcap center">EASTERN HORNED LARKS.</div> + +<p><a name="No474" id="No474"></a> +<b>474<a name="FNanchor_A_1" id="FNanchor_A_1"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_A_1" class="fnanchor">[A]</a>. Horned Lark</b> (<i>Otocoris alpestris</i>). L. 7.7, W. +♂, 4.3; ♀, 4.1. Hind toe-nail much the longest. <i>Ad.</i> +♂, <i>winter</i>. Throat and line over eye distinctly <i>yellow</i>; +black feathers over eye lengthened, forming when raised +little tufts; breast-patch, sides of throat, line over eye +and forecrown black, more or less tipped, especially on +head, with yellowish or brownish; back brownish indistinctly +streaked with blackish; nape, wing and tail-coverts +pinkish brown; belly white, lower breast dusky, +sides pinkish brown; tail mostly black, outer margin of +outer feathers white. ♂, <i>summer</i>. Yellow areas whiter; +black areas more distinct; back pinker. <i>Ad.</i> ♀, +<i>winter</i>. Similar to ♂, but throat and line over eye less +yellow; black areas smaller; back more distinctly +streaked. ♀, <i>summer</i>. More distinctly streaked above. +<i>Notes.</i> Call, a <i>tseep</i>, <i>tseep</i>; song, an unmusical, twittering +warble sung during soaring flight.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_A_1" id="Footnote_A_1"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_A_1"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> +Fourteen subspecies of this wide-ranging, variable form are now +recognized in America, north of Mexico. Many of them are too +closely related to be distinguished even by detailed descriptions. When +breeding, they may be identified, in life, by a knowledge of the area +which each form alone inhabits at this season. But during their migrations, +and in winter, when several forms may be associated, it is +usually not possible to identify them in the field. The reader is referred +to admirable monographs of this group by J. Dwight, Jr. (The +Auk, vii, 1890, pp. 138-150), and H. C. Oberholser (Proc. U. S. Nat. +Mus., xxiv, 1902, pp. 801-884).</p> +</div> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America; breeds in Labrador and region east +of Hudson Bay; winters south to South Carolina (chiefly on coast) +and in the Mississippi Valley to Illinois.</p> + +<p><a name="No474b" id="No474b"></a> +<b>474b. Prairie Horned Lark</b> (<i>O. a. praticola</i>). W. +♂ 4; ♀, 3.8. Line over eye <i>white</i>. Similar to +<a href="#No474">No. 474</a>, but smaller, line over eye and forehead generally +white, the throat often white and never so yellow as +in winter specimens of <a href="#No474">No. 474</a>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Breeds in the Mississippi Valley, south to southern Illinois +and Missouri west to eastern Nebraska and Assiniboia; east through +northwestern Pennsylvania and central New York to western and +northern New England; north to Quebec and Ontario; winters south +to South Carolina, Kentucky, and Texas.</p> + +<p><b>474d. Texan Horned Lark</b> (<i>O. a. giraudi</i>). W. ♂ +3.9; ♀, 3.6. Similar to <a href="#No474b">No. 474b</a>, but somewhat +smaller and paler; throat, forehead and line over eye +yellow; <i>breast, in males, generally tinged with yellow</i>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Coast of Texas from Galveston to the Rio Grande.</p> +<p>NORTHERN HORNED LARKS.</p> + +<p><b>474a. Pallid Horned Lark</b> (<i>O. a. arcticola</i>). W. +♂, 4.4; ♀, 4.2. Largest of our Horned Larks; <i>no yellow</i> +in plumage; throat, forehead and line over eye +white; back brown with grayish edgings.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"In summer, Alaska (chiefly in the interior) with the Valley +of the Upper Yukon River; in winter south to Oregon, Utah, and +Montana." (Oberholser.)</p> + +<p><b>474k. Hoyt Horned Lark</b> (<i>O. a. hoyti</i>). W. ♂, +4.4; ♀, 4.2. Throat tinged with yellow; line over eye +white; back darker, pink areas richer than in 474a. +An intermediate form between Nos. 474 and 474a.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"In summer, British America from the west shore of Hudson +Bay to the Valley of the Mackenzie River, north to the Arctic +Coast, south to Lake Athabasca; in winter, southward to Nevada, +Utah, Kansas, and Michigan, casually to Ohio and New York (Long +Island)." (Oberholser.)</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_200.png" width="221" height="413" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg_201]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<div class="smcap center">WESTERN HORNED LARKS.</div> + +<p><a name="No474c" id="No474c"></a> +<b>474c. Desert Horned Lark</b> (<i>O. a. leucolæma</i>). W. +♂, 4.1; ♀, 3.8. Forehead and line over eye very +slightly, often not at all, tinged with yellow; throat +yellow; back brown edged with pinkish gray; resembles +<a href="#No474b">No. 474b</a>, but is paler and less distinctly streaked +above.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"In summer, western United States from central Dakota, +western Kansas and western Nebraska to Idaho and Nevada, north on +the eastern side of the Rocky Mountains to Alberta; in winter, south +to Texas, Chihuahua, Sonora, and southeastern California." (Oberholser.)</p> + +<p><a name="No474e" id="No474e"></a> +<b>474e. California Horned Lark</b> (<i>O. a. actia</i>). W. +♂, 3.9; ♀, 3.6. ♂, <i>summer</i>. Back of head and nape, +spreading on to sides of breast, pinkish cinnamon; back +distinctly streaked with brownish black; throat always, +forehead and line over eye usually tinged with yellow. ♂, +<i>winter</i>. Less distinctly streaked above; cinnamon areas +paler and with grayish tips; black areas more or less +tipped with yellowish. ♀, <i>summer</i>. Crown and back +uniformly streaked with blackish margined with pinkish +gray. ♀, <i>winter</i>. Less distinctly streaked; black +areas tipped with whitish.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Northern Lower California north, west of the Sierra, +to Marin and San Joaquin Counties, California.</p> + +<p><a name="No474f" id="No474f"></a> +<b>474f. Ruddy Horned Lark</b> (<i>O. a. rubea</i>). Similar to +<a href="#No474e">No. 474e</a>, but nape region, sides of breast, etc., +much deeper in color, deeper than in any other of our +Horned Larks; back less distinctly streaked with +blackish and more ruddy in tone, <i>not</i> sharply defined +from nape; yellow areas richer in color.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Sacramento County, California.</p> + +<p><a name="No474g" id="No474g"></a> +<b>474g. Streaked Horned Lark</b> (<i>O. a. strigata</i>). +Cinnamon areas less extensive but nearly as deeply +colored as in <a href="#No474f">No. 474f</a>; back <i>distinctly and widely</i> streaked +with blackish; forehead, line over eye, throat and +<i>breast</i> washed with yellow.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range—"In summer, the states of Oregon and Washington west +of the Cascade Mountains; in winter, to eastern Oregon and Washington, +south to northern California." (Oberholser.)</p> + +<p><a name="No474h" id="No474h"></a> +<b>474h. Scorched Horned Lark</b> (<i>O. a. adusta</i>). W. +♂, 4; ♀, 3.8. Nearest to <a href="#No474l">No. 474l</a>, but the male +differs in being nearly uniform pinkish brown above, +back with only a few indistinct brownish streaks; +color deeper, browner, more ruddy.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"In summer, the central part of extreme southern Arizona; +in winter, northern Sonora and Chihuahua, Mexico." (Oberholser.)</p> + +<p><b>474i. Dusky Horned Lark</b> (<i>O. a. merrilli</i>). W. ♂, +4; ♀, 3.8. Similar to <a href="#No474b">No. 474b</a>, but somewhat darker +above, the line over the eye usually tinged with yellow.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"In summer, northwestern United States, and southern +British Columbia, from northeastern California and northwestern +Nevada, northward through Oregon and Washington east of the Cascade +Mountains to British Columbia and extreme northern Idaho; in +winter, south to central California." (Oberholser.)</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_201.png" width="202" height="692" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg_202]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>474j. Sonoran Horned Lark</b> (<i>O. a. pallida</i>). W. +♂, 3.8; ♀, 3.6. Nape very pale pinkish; back pale +grayish brown edged with grayish; forehead, line over +eye, and throat tinged with yellowish. Resembles +<a href="#No474l">No. 474l</a>, but is still paler.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range,—"Region immediately adjacent to the head of the Gulf of +California, Mexico." (Oberholser.)</p> + +<p><a name="No474l" id="No474l"></a> +<b>474l. Montezuma Horned Lark</b> (<i>O. a. occidentalis</i>). +W. ♂, 4; ♀, 3.8. No distinct blackish streaks above; +back pale brownish edged with pinkish gray; throat +yellow, forehead and line over eye tinged with yellow. +Similar to <a href="#No474h">No. 474h</a>, but paler, less ruddy above; differs +from <a href="#No474c">No. 474c</a> in being browner and less streaked +above.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—In summer, central New Mexico, west to central Arizona; +in winter, south to northern Sonora and Chihuahua, Mexico and +southeast Texas." (Oberholser.)</p> + +<p><b>474m. Island Horned Lark</b> (<i>O. a. insularis</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No474g">No. 474g</a>, but slightly darker above, breast +usually <i>without</i> a yellow tinge.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Santa Barbara Islands, California.</p> + +<p><a name="No446" id="No446"></a> +<b>446. Couch Kingbird</b> (<i>Tyrannus melancholicus +couchii</i>). L. 9.5. <i>Ads.</i> Throat <i>white</i>, breast and belly +yellow, tail <i>dark brown</i>; crown gray with an orange +patch, back grayish green; <i>Yng.</i> Similar, but no +crown-patch.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Guatemala, north in spring as far as Lower Rio Grande, +Texas.</p> + +<p><a name="No447" id="No447"></a> +<b>447. Arkansas Kingbird</b> (<i>Tyrannus verticalis</i>). L. +9. <i>Ads.</i> Throat <i>light gray</i> spreading over breast to +yellow belly; tail <i>black</i>, outer margin of outer feather +<i>wholly white</i>; above resembling <a href="#No446">No. 446</a>. <i>Yng.</i> With +no crown-patch. <i>Notes.</i> Squeaky, rattling, rolling +notes; a noisy bird.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Western United States; breeds east to about Long. 100°, +north to Assiniboia, southern Alberta, southern British Columbia, west +to the Pacific; winters south of United States; to Central America.</p> + +<p><b>448. Cassin Kingbird</b> (<i>Tyrannus vociferans</i>). L. +9. <i>Ads.</i> Throat and breast <i>dark gray</i>, belly yellow; +tail black, outer web of outer feather not wholly white; +above as in <a href="#No447">No. 447</a>. <i>Yng.</i> With no crown-patch. +<i>Notes.</i> Less noisy than <a href="#No447">No. 447</a>. (Bendire.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Western United States, northwestern Mexico and north +through Rockies, from western Texas, New Mexico and Arizona, to +southern Wyoming; in California north to San Benito County; winters +south of United States to Central America.</p> + +<p><b>449. Derby Flycatcher</b> (<i>Pitangus derbianus</i>). L. +11. <i>Ads.</i> Back brown, wings and tail externally +rusty; a yellow crown-patch; forehead, line over eye +and across nape white; throat white, below yellow. +<i>Notes.</i> <i>Kiskadee</i>, repeated. (Richmond.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Northern South America; breeds north as far as Lower +Rio Grande, Texas.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_202.png" width="199" height="694" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg_203]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>451. Sulphur-bellied Flycatcher</b> (<i>Myiodynastes luteiventris</i>). +L. 8. Below sulphur streaked with +black; tail largely rusty brown; a yellow crown-patch; +inner wing feathers widely margined with whitish; +back grayish brown streaked with dusky. <i>Yng.</i> With +no crown-patch. <i>Notes.</i> A screech, like squeaking +of a wagon wheel, and a single note. (Poling.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Central America; breeds north as far as southern Arizona.</p> + +<p><a name="No452" id="No452"></a> +<b>452. Crested Flycatcher</b> (<i>Myiarchus crinitus</i>). L. +9. Inner webs of all but middle tail-feathers rust-brown. +<i>Ads.</i> Throat and breast gray, belly <i>bright</i> +sulphur; back grayish <i>olive-green</i>; greenest above and +yellowest below of our larger <i>Myiarchi</i>. <i>Notes.</i> Loud, +chuckling, grating whistles.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America; west to the Plains; breeds from +Florida and Texas north to New Brunswick and Manitoba; winters +from southern Florida south to northern South America.</p> + +<p><a name="No453" id="No453"></a> +<b>453. Mexican Crested Flycatcher</b> (<i>Myiarchus mexicanus</i>). +L. 9.2; W. 4. Inner webs of all but middle +tail-feathers rust brown. <i>Ads.</i> Throat and breast +gray, belly sulphur, both paler than <a href="#No452">No. 452</a>; back +grayish brown, with little or no green tinge. <i>Notes.</i> +Resemble those of <a href="#No452">No. 452</a>. (Merrill.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Central America; breeds north as far as Lower Rio Grande, +Texas.</p> + +<p><b>453a. Arizona Crested Flycatcher</b> (<i>M. m. magister</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No453">No. 453</a>, but larger, L. 9.4, W. 4.2, +and averaging slightly paler.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Western Mexico; north to southern Arizona and southwest +New Mexico; south in winter to Tehuantepec, Mexico."</p> + +<p><a name="No454" id="No454"></a> +<b>454. Ash-throated Flycatcher</b> (<i>Myiarchus cinerascens</i>). +L. 8.; W. 4. Inner webs of all but middle +tail-feathers rust-brown, outer pair dusky at tip of +inner web. <i>Ads.</i> Throat and breast pale grayish +white, belly white tinged with yellow, above grayish +brown, outer web of outer tail-feather whitish. Palest +below of our <i>Myiarchi</i>. <i>Notes.</i> A rather resonant but +wooden <i>chūck-pr-r-r-r</i>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Western United States: breeds from western Texas and +Lower California north to Colorado and Oregon; winters in southern +Mexico and Central America.</p> + +<p><a name="No454a" id="No454a"></a> +<b>454a. Nutting Flycatcher</b> (<i>M. c. nuttingi</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No454">No. 454</a>, but smaller, W. 3.6, outer margin of +outer tail-feather not whitish, tip of its inner web +rusty, not dusky.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Breeds in southern Arizona and western Mexico; winters +in Central America.</p> + +<p><b>454b. Lower California Flycatcher</b> (<i>M. c. pertinax</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No454a">No. 454a</a>, but bill larger and stouter; above +grayer; below less yellow. (Brewster.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Lower California.</p> + +<p><b>455a. Olivaceous Flycatcher</b> (Myiarchus lawrencei +olivascens). L. 7. <i>Ads.</i> Inner webs of tail-feathers +like outer webs; tail-feathers margined with rusty; +breast and belly as in <a href="#No452">No. 452</a>; crown brownish, back +grayish olive-green. <i>Notes.</i> A short mournful <i>peeur</i>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Breeds from western Mexico north to southern Arizona; +winters south to southern Mexico; casual in Colorado.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_203.png" width="203" height="694" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[Pg_204]</a></span></p> +<div class="caption3rt">Perching Birds Marked With Chestnut or Reddish Brown</div> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><a name="No587" id="No587"></a> +<b>587. Towhee; Chewink</b> (<i>Pipilo erythrophthalmus</i>). +L. 8. Three outer tail-feathers with white; iris red. +<i>Ad.</i> ♂. Above and breast black; sides reddish chestnut; +belly white. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Above and breast brown. +Call, <i>chewink</i> or <i>towheé</i>; song, a loud, not over +musical <i>sweet bird sin-n-ng</i>, and a tremulous refrain <i>I'll try</i>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from +Georgia and Louisiana north to Maine, Ontario, and Manitoba; winters +from Virginia and southern Illinois to Florida and eastern Texas.</p> + +<p><b>587a. White-eyed Towhee</b> (<i>P. e. alleni</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No587">No. 587</a>, but iris whitish; only two outer tail-feathers +with white tips, or if on third, a mere spot. <i>Notes.</i> +Call, <i>towhee</i>, much sharper than that of <a href="#No587">No. 587</a>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Florida, north along coast to South Carolina.</p> + +<p><a name="No588" id="No588"></a> +<b>588. Arctic Towhee</b> (<i>Pipilo maculatus arcticus</i>). L. +8.7. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. White tip of outer tail-feather more than 1.3 +long; scapulars and back marked with white; back +black more or less tipped with brownish. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. +Breast and back grayish brown; fewer white markings +than in ♂. <i>Notes.</i> Call, a Catbird-like <i>mew</i>; song, +suggesting that of <a href="#No587">No. 587</a>, but shorter, more wooden, +less musical.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Great Plains; breeding from southern Montana and western +North Dakota, north to Saskatchewan; winters south and west to +Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Texas; east to eastern Kansas.</p> + +<p><a name="No588a" id="No588a"></a> +<b>588a. Spurred Towhee</b> (<i>P. m. megalonyx</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No588">No. 588</a>, but blacker above, no brownish edgings +on front of back; white markings on back less numerous; +white tip to outer tail-feather <i>less</i> than 1.3 long.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Rocky Mountain region and west to the Pacific; breeds +from Mexico to British Columbia; migratory in the northern part of +range.</p> + +<p><a name="No588b" id="No588b"></a> +<b>588b. Oregon Towhee</b> (<i>P. m. oregonus</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No588a">No. 588a</a>, but darker; practically no brownish edgings +on back of male; sides much deeper; white markings +much reduced, the white tip to outer tail-feather +less than 1. long; sides much deeper.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Pacific coast from San Francisco to British Columbia; +winters south to southern California.</p> + +<p><b>588c. San Clemente Towhee</b> (<i>P. m. clementæ</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No588a">No. 588a</a>, but adult male with black duller or +grayer; female lighter brown. (Ridgw.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"San Clemente, Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa, and Santa Catalina +Islands," southern California. (Grinnell.)</p> + +<p><b>588d. San Diego Towhee</b> (<i>P. m. atratus</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No588a">No. 588a</a>, but decidedly darker, with white markings +of wings, tail, etc., more restricted; rump deep black.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—The southern coast district of southern California, south +into Lower California. (Ridgw.)</p> + +<p><b>588e. Mountain Towhee</b> (<i>P. m. magnirostris</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No588">No. 588</a>, but bill much larger, rufous below paler, +above browner and tinged with olive. (Brewster.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Cape Region of Lower California.</p> + +<p><b>589. Guadalupe Towhee</b> (<i>Pipilo consobrinus</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No588b">No. 588b</a> in restriction of white markings, but +wings and tail much shorter, W. 3.1; T. 3.2, hind claw +much larger; <i>Ad.</i> ♂ sooty rather than black. (Ridgw.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Guadalupe Island, Lower California.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_204.png" width="211" height="696" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[Pg_205]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>457. Say Phoebe</b> (<i>Sayornis saya</i>). L. 7.5. <i>Ads.</i> +Breast rusty gray changing to rusty on belly; above +gray with a brown tinge; tail <i>black</i>. <i>Notes.</i> A plaintive +<i>phee-eur</i>; a short, plaintive, twittering warble. (Bendire.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Western North America, east to about Long. 100°: breeds +from southwestern Texas, southern California, north to the Yukon, +Alaska; winters in Mexico; accidental in Wisconsin, Illinois, and +Massachusetts.</p> + +<p><a name="No591" id="No591"></a> +<b>591. Canon Towhee</b> (<i>Pipilo fuscus mesoleucus</i>). L. +9.; W. 3.7. <i>Ads.</i> Crown cinnamon-brown; back +brownish gray; throat buffy bordered by blackish +spots; lower belly and under tail-coverts cinnamon. +<i>Notes.</i> Calls, a loud, metallic <i>chip</i> repeated four times; +in flight a robin-like <i>screep-eep-eep</i>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Northern Mexico north to western Texas, Arkansas Valley, +Colorado, and Arizona; resident.</p> + +<p><b>591a. St. Lucas Towhee</b> (<i>P. f. albigula</i>). W. 3.3. +Similar to <a href="#No591">No. 591</a>, but smaller; abdomen whiter, without +cinnamon.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Southern Lower California.</p> + +<p><a name="No591b" id="No591b"></a> +<b>591b. California Towhee</b> (<i>P. f. crissalis</i>) W. 3.9. +Similar to <a href="#No591">No. 591</a>, but much browner above; throat +and under tail-coverts rusty brown; breast brownish +gray; scarcely lighter on the belly.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—California, west of the Sierra.</p> + +<p><b>591c. Anthony Towhee</b> (<i>P. f. senicula</i>). W. 3.7. +Similar to <a href="#No591b">No. 591b</a>, but smaller and grayer, the abdomen +whiter.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Northern Lower California north to southern California.</p> + +<p><b>592. Abert Towhee</b> (<i>Pipilo aberti</i>). L. 9. <i>Ads.</i> +No crown-cap; lores and chin blackish; below pinkish +cinnamon; above grayish brown. <i>Notes.</i> Call, a loud, +clear, sharp <i>chirp</i>. Song, resembling that of the Spurred +Towhee group. (B. B. and R.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Southern California, Arizona, and northwestern New +Mexico, north to southern Nevada and southwestern Utah.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_205.png" width="215" height="696" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[Pg_206]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>506. Orchard Oriole</b> (<i>Icterus spurius</i>) L. 7.3. <i>Ad.</i> +♂. Black: breast, belly, rump, and lesser wing-coverts +chestnut. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Above olive-green, below +greenish-yellow; two white wing-bars. <i>Yng. Male.</i> +First fall like ♀; first spring like ♂, but throat black. +<i>Notes.</i> Song much richer and more finished than that +of the orange and black Orioles; the difference is indescribable +but easily recognizable.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from +Florida and Texas north to Massachusetts, Ontario, Michigan, and +North Dakota; winters in Central America and northern South America.</p> + +<p><b>592.1. Green-tailed Townee</b> (<i>Oreospiza chlorura</i>). +L. 7. <i>Ads.</i> Center and sides of breast grayish, +middle of throat and abdomen white; above olive-green +more or less washed with grayish; crown reddish +chestnut. <i>Notes.</i> Call, a high, thin kitten-like mew; +song, musical, suggesting that of the Thick-billed +Sparrow.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Mountains of western United States, from more eastern +Rockies to Coast Range in California; north to central Montana, +Idaho, and eastern Washington; south, at least in winter, into Mexico. +(Ridgw.)</p> + +<p><b>643. Lucy Warbler</b> (<i>Helminthophila luciæ</i>). L. 4.2. +<i>Ad.</i> ♂. Above gray; crown-patch and upper tail-coverts +chocolate; below whitish. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Chocolate +areas smaller. <i>Yng.</i> No chocolate in crown; upper +tail-coverts cinnamon.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Northwestern Mexico; breeding north to Arizona and +southwestern Utah.</p> + +<p><b>660. Bay-breasted Warbler</b> (<i>Dendroica castanea</i>). +L. 5.6. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Throat, sides and crown rich chestnut; +cheeks black; sides of neck buff; back black and +gray; wing-bars and tail-spots white. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Less +chestnut; cheeks grayish. <i>Yng. and Ad. in Winter.</i> +Above olive-green streaked with black; below <i>buffy</i> +white, the flanks usually with a trace of chestnut. +<i>Notes.</i> Song, a very soft warble, <i>tse-chee</i>, repeated five +times, too liquid to admit of exact spelling. (Langille.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from northern New England +and northern Michigan north to Labrador and Hudson Bay region; +winters in Central and northern South America.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_206.png" width="197" height="696" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[Pg_207]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>596. Black-headed Grosbeak</b> (<i>Zamelodia melanocephala</i>). +L. 8.1. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Black; neck-ring, rump, +back-streaks and underparts bright cinnamon; center +of belly and under wing-coverts yellow; patch in wing, +wing-bars and tips of inner vanes of outer tail-feathers +white. In winter tipped with brown above and on +breast below with black spots. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Under wing-coverts +yellow as in ♂; above as in <a href="#No595">No. 595</a>; below +less streaked, breast buff. <i>Yng.</i> ♂. Like ♀ but +breast deeper buff; few streaks below; sides of crown +blacker. <i>Notes.</i> Call and song like those of the Rose-breasted +Grosbeak, but the latter more fluent.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Western United States, east to the Plains; breeds from +Mexico north to Dakota and British Columbia; winters south of +United States into Mexico.</p> + +<p><a name="No761" id="No761"></a> +<b>761. American Robin</b> (<i>Merula migratoria</i>). L. 10; +W. 4.9; T. 3.8. Outer tail-feathers with white tips. +<i>Ad.</i> ♂. Breast and belly rich rust-brown; above dark +slaty, head and spots in back black. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Similar +but paler below, little or no black above. <i>Winter.</i> +Underparts margined with whitish; black above more +or less concealed by ashy. <i>Notes.</i> Calls, varied and +characteristic; song, a loud, hearty, <i>cheer-up cheerily</i>, +<i>cheerily</i>, <i>cheerily</i>, repeated and varied.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America, west to the Rockies, northwest to +Alaska; breeding south to Virginia and, in the mountains, Georgia; +winters from northern States southward.</p> + +<p><b>761a. Western Robin</b> (<i>M. m. propinqua</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No761">No. 761</a>, but no white tips to tail-feathers. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. +Without black spots in back.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Western United States, from the eastern base of the Rocky +Mountains west to the Pacific; breeds from the southern end of the +Mexican tableland north to British Columbia; winters from Oregon +and southern Colorado southward.</p> + +<p><b>761b. Southern Robin</b> (<i>M. m. achrustera</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No761">No. 761</a>, but smaller and in general much lighter +and duller; W. 4.7; T. 3.5. (Batchelder.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Carolinas and Georgia, except mountainous districts, +lowlands of Virginia.</p> + +<p><b>762. St. Lucas Robin</b> (<i>Merula confinis</i>). Resembling +<a href="#No761">No. 761</a> in plan of coloration but everywhere +much paler; breast and belly buff; no black in head.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Cape Region of Lower California.</p> + +<p><a name="No763" id="No763"></a> +<b>763. Varied Thrush</b> (<i>Ixoreus nævius</i>). L. 10; W. +4.7. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Below rust-brown, belly whiter, a +broad black breast-band; above slaty, line behind eye +and bars in wing rusty; outer tail-feathers with white +tips. In winter washed with brownish above; breast +band with rusty. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Paler below, breast-band +faintly indicated; above washed with brownish. <i>Notes.</i> +Song, a weird vibrant, long-drawn whistle repeated +on different notes.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Pacific coast from higher mountains of northern California +north to Alaska; south in winter along the coast.</p> + +<p><b>763a. Pale Varied Thrush</b> (<i>I. n. meruloides</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No763">No. 763</a>, but wing longer, 5.1; ♀ paler and +grayer. (Grinnell.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—- Interior of British Columbia north to north Alaska; south +in winter, through interior, to southern California.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_207.png" width="202" height="694" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[Pg_208]</a></span></p> +<div class="caption3rt">Perching Birds Chiefly Dull Colored</div> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>456. Phœbe</b> (<i>Sayornis phœbe</i>). L. 7. <i>Ads.</i> +Above grayish olive, crown <i>blackish</i>; outer web of +outer tail-feather <i>whitish</i>; below white tinged with yellow, +sides of breast grayish; bill <i>black</i>. <i>Yng.</i> Greener +above, yellower below. <i>Notes.</i> <i>Pewit-phœbe</i>, <i>pewit-phœbe</i>; +call, <i>pee</i>, <i>pee</i>, rarely a flight song.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America, west to the Rockies; breeds from +South Carolina and western Texas north to Newfoundland and Manitoba; +winters from North Carolina and northern Texas south to Cuba +and Mexico.</p> + +<p><b>459. Olive-sided Flycatcher</b> (<i>Nuttalornis borealis</i>). +L. 7.4. <i>Ads.</i> Throat and middle of belly white with a +yellow tinge; sides and most of breast grayish; above +brownish gray with an olive-tinge, crown darker, the +feathers lengthened. <i>Notes.</i> <i>Hip-hip</i> or <i>quilp-quilp</i>, +less often a loud, emphatic <i>whip-péw-hip</i>. (Head.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North America; breeds from Massachusetts (rarely), +northern New York, and Minnesota, northward to Alaska, south +through the Rockies and Coast Range to Mexico; winters in Central +and South America.</p> + +<p><b>460. Coues Flycatcher</b> (<i>Contopus pertinax pallidiventris</i>). +L. 7.7. <i>Ads.</i> Below nearly uniform gray, +belly paler; above gray, crown slightly darker, the +feathers lengthened. <i>Notes.</i> A plaintive musical four +or five noted whistle with regular intervals and a +singularly human-like quality.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Western Mexico, north to central Arizona; winters south +of United States.</p> + +<p><a name="No461" id="No461"></a> +<b>461. Wood Pewee</b> (<i>Contopus virens</i>). L. 6.5; W. +3.3. <i>Ads.</i> Above dark olive, crown blacker; below +dusky grayish, throat whitish, belly yellowish; lower +mandible yellowish. <i>Yng.</i> Greener above, yellower +below. <i>Notes.</i> <i>Pee-a-wee</i>, <i>peer</i> and <i>pee</i>; all plaintive +and musical.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America, west to about Long. 100°; breeds +from Florida and Texas north to New Brunswick and Manitoba; winters +in Central America.</p> + +<p><a name="No462" id="No462"></a> +<b>462. Western Wood Pewee</b> (<i>Contopus richardsonii</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No461">No. 461</a>, but above with usually no greenish +tinge; below less yellow; under mandible brownish. +<i>Notes.</i> A nasal, rather emphatic <i>pēē-a</i>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Western United States, east to about Long. 100°; breeds +from western Texas and Lower California north to Manitoba, Alberta, +and British Columbia; winters in Mexico and Central America.</p> + +<p><b>462a. Large-billed Wood Pewee</b> (<i>C. r. peninsulæ</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No462">No. 462</a>, but smaller, W. 3.3; the bill larger, +length from nostril .42, width at nostril, .31; upperparts +grayer. (Brewster.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Cape Region of Lower California.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_208.png" width="206" height="694" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[Pg_209]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><a name="No466" id="No466"></a> +<b>466. Traill Flycatcher</b> (<i>Empidonax traillii</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No466a">No. 466a</a>, but upperparts browner with little if any real greenish tinge; +bill averaging narrower.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Western United States; breeds from western Texas and +southern California north to Alaska and Great Slave Lake, east to +Kansas, Missouri and Illinois; winters in the tropics.</p> + +<p><a name="No466a" id="No466a"></a> +<b>466a. Alder Flycatcher</b> (<i>E. t. alnorum</i>). L. 6.1; +W. 2.8. <i>Ads.</i> Lower mandible horn color; below +white, breast grayish; breast and sides faintly washed +with yellow; above <i>brownish</i> olive-green; wing-bars +usually buffy. Like <a href="#No467">No. 467</a>, but larger. <i>Notes.</i> +<i>Pĕp</i> of alarm, and an explosive <i>ēē-zēē-e-ûp</i> with stress +on the rasping <i>zēē</i>. (Dwight.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern United States, west to Michigan; breeds from +northern New Jersey (locally) north to New Brunswick; winters in the +tropics.</p> + +<p><a name="No467" id="No467"></a> +<b>467. Least Flycatcher</b> (<i>Empidonax minimus</i>). +5.4; W. 2.5. <i>Ads.</i> Similar in color to <a href="#No466a">No. 466a</a>, but +smaller, tail slightly forked. <i>Yng.</i> Wing-bars more +buffy. <i>Notes.</i> a vigorous <i>chebec</i>, <i>chebec</i>; rarely a flight +song, "<i>chebec</i>, <i>tooral-ooral</i>."</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America, west to western Texas and eastern +Colorado; breeds from Pennsylvania (North Carolina, in the Alleghanies) +north to New Brunswick and Great Slave Lake; winters in +Central America.</p> + +<p><a name="No468" id="No468"></a> +<b>468. Hammond Flycatcher</b> (<i>Empidonax hammondi</i>). +L. 5.5. <i>Ads.</i> Bill smallest of our <i>Empidonaces, lower</i> +mandible <i>brown</i>; <i>throat</i> and breast grayish, breast and +belly slightly washed with sulphur; above grayish with +a slight olive tint. Like <a href="#No467">No. 467</a>, but bill smaller, +lower mandible browner, throat grayer.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Western North America; breeds from the mountains of +New Mexico, Arizona, and southern Athabasca, east to Colorado, +winters in Mexico.</p> + +<p><b>469. Wright Flycatcher</b> (<i>Empidonax wrightii</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No468">No. 468</a>, but underparts whiter; bill much +longer, longest and narrowest of our <i>Empidonaces</i>; +lower mandible whitish at base, brownish at tip; outer +web of outer tail-feather white.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Western United States, east to eastern slope of Rockies; +breeds from mountains of New Mexico, Arizona, and southern California +north to Montana and southern Oregon; winters in Mexico.</p> + +<p><b>469.1. Gray Flycatcher</b> (<i>Empidonax griseus</i>). L. +6. <i>Ads.</i> Above gray with a <i>slight</i> brownish tinge; +below grayish white with little or no yellow. Grayest +of our <i>Empidonaces</i>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Western Mexico and Lower California north to southern +California and Arizona, (Fort Verde.)</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_209.png" width="213" height="697" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[Pg_210]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><a name="No463" id="No463"></a> +<b>463. Yellow-bellied Flycatcher</b> (<i>Empidonax flaviventris</i>). +L. 5.6. <i>Ads.</i> Below distinctly greenish +yellow, belly brighter; above <i>bright</i> olive-green. <i>Yng.</i> +Brighter, wing-bars buffy. <i>Notes.</i> <i>Psĕ-ĕk'</i> in one harsh +explosive syllable; a plaintive <i>chū-ē-é-p</i>. (Dwight.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from +northern New England (south in Alleghanies to Pennsylvania), +northern New York, and Minnesota, north to Labrador and Northwest +Territories; winters in Central America.</p> + +<p><a name="No464" id="No464"></a> +<b>464. Western Flycatcher</b> (<i>Empidonax difficilis</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No463">No. 463</a>, but brighter yellow below, breast +washed with brownish instead of greenish; above +yellower. <i>Notes.</i> A soft low note, and a wailing <i>pee-eu</i>. +(C. A. Allen.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Western North America; east to about Long. 100°; breeds +from Mexican border north to southern Alaska; winters in Mexico and +Central America.</p> + +<p><b>464.1. St. Lucas Flycatcher</b> (<i>Empidonax cineritius</i>). +Most like <a href="#No464">No. 464</a>, but much duller; scarcely a tinge of +green above; no decided yellow below except on throat +and abdomen. (Brewster.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Lower California, from Cape Region north, rarely, to +southern California.</p> + +<p><b>464.2. Santa Barbara Flycatcher</b> (<i>Empidonax insulicola</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No464">No. 464</a>, but above darker and +browner; below paler. (Oberholser.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Santa Barbara Islands, California.</p> + +<p><b>465. Green-crested Flycatcher</b> (Empidonax virescens). +L. 5.7. <i>Ads.</i> Throat and belly <i>white</i>, breast +grayish; sides, breast and sometimes belly, washed +with sulphur; back olive-green, a tint lighter than in +<a href="#No463">No. 463</a>; lower mandible <i>whitish</i>; wing-bars buffy. +<i>Notes.</i> <i>Spee</i> or <i>peet</i> and <i>pee-e-yuk'</i>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern United States, west to the Plains; breeds from the +Gulf States to southern Connecticut and Manitoba; winters in Central +America.</p> + +<p><a name="No646" id="No646"></a> +<b>646. Orange-crowned Warbler</b> (<i>Helminthophila celata</i>). +L. 5. No white in wings or tail. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. +Above olive-green more or less washed with grayish; +a concealed, reddish orange crown-patch; below dusky +yellowish green. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Similar, but grayer, crown-patch +smaller or wanting. <i>Yng.</i> Like ♀, but no +crown-patch. <i>Notes.</i> Song full and strong, not very +high pitched and ending abruptly on a rising scale, +<i>chee</i>, <i>chee</i>, <i>chee</i>, <i>chw'</i>, <i>chw'</i>. (Jones.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Interior of North America, breeding from Manitoba and +mountains of New Mexico to Alaska; winters in Gulf States and +southward; rare in Atlantic states north of South Carolina.</p> + +<p><a name="No646a" id="No646a"></a> +<b>646a. Lutescent Warbler</b> (<i>H. c. lutescens</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No646">No. 646</a>, but greener above, yellower below; underparts +distinctly yellow with a dusky wash.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Pacific coast; breeding in mountains from southern California +to Kenai Peninsula, Alaska; winters from California south +into Mexico; east to Colorado in migrations.</p> + +<p><b>646b. Dusky Warbler</b> (<i>H. c. sordida</i>). Similar to +<a href="#No646a">No. 646a</a>, but decidedly darker, bill and feet larger, +wing shorter and tail longer. (Ridgw.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Breeds in Santa Barbara Islands, California; later occurs +on adjoining mainland.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_210.png" width="153" height="698" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[Pg_211]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><a name="No472" id="No472"></a> +<b>472. Beardless Flycatcher</b> (<i>Ornithion imberbe</i>). +L. 4.5; W. 2.10. <i>Ads.</i> Bill small, narrow, upper +mandible decidedly curved; above gray tinged with +olive, below grayish white with a yellow tinge.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Central America; north in spring to Lower Rio Grande +Texas.</p> + +<p><b>472a. Ridgway Flycatcher</b> (<i>O. i. ridgwayi</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No472">No. 472</a>, but larger, W. 2.2; grayer, little if any +sulphur tinge on underparts. (Ridgw.) <i>Notes.</i> Call, +a shrill <i>piér</i> repeated; song, from the tree-tops, <i>yoop</i>, +<i>yoop</i>, <i>yoopeédeedledee</i>. (Stephens.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Southern border of Mexican tableland north in spring to +southern Arizona.</p> + +<p><b>616. Bank Swallow</b> (<i>Riparia riparia</i>). L. 5.2. <i>Ads.</i> +Below white, a broad grayish brown band across the +breast; above grayish brown. <i>Yng.</i> Similar, but +brown areas more or less tipped with rusty.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Northern hemisphere: in America, breeds from northern +New Jersey, Kansas, and southern California, north to Labrador, and +Alaska; winters south to Brazil.</p> + +<p><b>617. Rough-winged Swallow</b> (<i>Stelgidopteryx serripennis</i>). +L. 5.5. <i>Ads.</i> Above grayish brown; below +grayish white, whiter on belly; barbs on outer vane of +outer primary recurved. <i>Yng.</i> Plumage more or less +tipped with rusty.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—United States; breeds from Mexico north to Massachusetts, +Manitoba, and British Columbia; winters in Central America.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_211.png" width="234" height="564" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[Pg_212]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>623. Black-whiskered Vireo</b> (<i>Vireo calidris barbatulus</i>). +L. 6. <i>Ads.</i> <i>A dusky streak on either side of the +throat</i>, crown slate <i>without</i> a black border; back olive-green; +below white, lower belly, under tail-and under +wing-coverts yellowish; no wing-bars. <i>Notes.</i> Resemble +those of <a href="#No624">No. 624</a> but song more emphatic and +hesitating.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Breeds in Cuba, Bahamas and southern Florida; winters +in Central America.</p> + +<p><a name="No624" id="No624"></a> +<b>624. Red-eyed Vireo</b> (<i>Vireo olivaceus</i>). L. 6.2. +<i>Ads.</i> Crown slate, on either side a narrow black +border; a white line over eye; above olive-green; below +white; under wing-coverts sulphur; no wing-bars; +no dusky streaks on throat. <i>Notes.</i> Call, a petulant, +complaining <i>whang</i>; song, a broken, rambling recitative +"you see it—you know it—do you hear me?—do you +believe it?"</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern United States, west to the Rockies and British +Columbia, east of Cascades; breeds from the Gulf States to Labrador, +Manitoba, and British Columbia; winters in Central and South America.</p> + +<p><a name="No632" id="No632"></a> +<b>632. Hutton Vireo</b> (<i>Vireo huttoni</i>). L. 4.6. <i>Ads.</i> +Underparts dusky grayish white with a faint yellow +tinge; above dusky olive-green; lores and eye-ring +grayish, not conspicuous; two white wing-bars. <i>Notes.</i> +A piping whistle like the call of a young bird, <i>peé-yer</i>, +<i>peé-yer</i>; and a hoarse whistle <i>oh-my'</i>, <i>oh-my'</i>, <i>oh-my'</i>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—California, west of Sierra; resident.</p> + +<p><b>632a. Stephen Vireo</b> (<i>V. h. stephensi</i>). Similar to +<a href="#No632">No. 622</a>, but grayer above, whiter below, wing-bars +broader.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Mexican boundary from western Texas to southeastern +California.</p> + +<p><b>632c. Anthony Vireo</b> (<i>V. h. obscurus</i>). Similar to +<a href="#No632">No. 632</a>, but darker, and averaging slightly smaller.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Pacific coast, from Oregon to southern British Columbia; +south in winter to California." (A. O. U.)</p> + +<p><b>647. Tennessee Warbler</b> (<i>Helminthophila peregrina</i>). +L. 5. No wing-bars; little or no white in tail. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. +Head bluish gray; a whitish line over eye; back olive-green; +below grayish white. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Gray of head +with more or less olive-green; stripe over eye and underparts +yellower. <i>Yng.</i> Similar to ♀, but entirely +bright olive-green above; yellower below. <i>Notes.</i> +Song scarcely distinguishable from that of the Chipping +Sparrow, but first two syllables <i>twip</i> instead of +<i>chip</i>. (Jones.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range:—Eastern North America, west in migrations to the Rocky +Mountains; breeds from New Brunswick, northern New England, +northern New York, and Minnesota, north to Quebec and Alaska; +winters in Central and northern South America.</p> + +<p><b>747. Kennicott Willow Warbler</b> (<i>Phyllopseustes +borealis</i>). L. 5. <i>Ads.</i> Above olive-green; below +white tinged with yellowish, sides greenish; a whitish +line over eye; a narrow whitish wing-bar; no white in +tail. <i>Notes.</i> Call, a monotonous <i>dzit</i>; song, resembles +trill of Redpoll. (Seebohm.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Asia, east to western Alaska.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_212.png" width="192" height="695" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[Pg_213]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>625. Yellow-green Vireo</b> (<i>Vireo flavoviridis</i>). L. +6.4. Resembling <a href="#No624">No. 624</a>, but greener above, the +sides heavily washed with greenish yellow.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Northern South America, north to the Lower Rio Grande.</p> + +<p><b>626. Philadelphia Vireo</b> (<i>Vireo philadelphicus</i>). L. +4.8. <i>Ads.</i> No distinct crown-cap; above olive-green; +below yellowish; a whitish line over eye; no wing-bars. +<i>Notes.</i> Resemble those of the Red-eyed Vireo but generally +higher pitched; also a very abrupt, double-syllabled +utterance with a rising inflection which comes in +with the song at irregular intervals. (Brewster.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from Maine, +New Hampshire and Manitoba northward; winters in the tropics.</p> + +<p><a name="No627" id="No627"></a> +<b>627. Warbling Vireo</b> (<i>Vireo gilvus</i>). L. 5.4; W. +2.8. <i>Ads.</i> Above grayish olive-green, crown slightly +grayer but without distinct cap as in <a href="#No624">No. 624</a>; a whitish +line over eye but no black line above it; below +white, the sides washed with yellowish; no wing-bars. +<i>Notes.</i> Call, resembles that of the Red-eyed Vireo; +song; a rich, firm, unbroken warble with an alto undertone.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern United States, west to the Plains; breeds from +Gulf States north to Hudson Bay region; winters in Mexico.</p> + +<p><b>627a. Western Warbling Vireo</b> (<i>V. g. swainsoni</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No627">No. 627</a>, but averaging smaller, W. 2.6, the +bill more slender; upperparts, particularly crown, +grayer.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Western United States, east to the Rockies; breeds from +Mexico to British Columbia; winters in Mexico.</p> + +<p><a name="No631" id="No631"></a> +<b>631. White-eyed Vireo</b> (<i>Vireo noveboracensis</i>). L. +5; W. 2.4.; B. .4. <i>Ads.</i> Eye-ring and lores yellow; +iris white; above olive-green more or less washed with +grayish; Below white, sides yellowish; two whitish +wing-bars. <i>Notes.</i> Calls, varied, often harsh and +scolding; song, an emphatic whistle <i>who are you, eh</i>? or +<i>what's that you say?</i>, and a low medley often including +imitations of the notes of other birds.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern United States; breeds from Florida and Texas +north to New Hampshire and Minnesota; winters from Florida to Central +America.</p> + +<p><b>631a. Key West Vireo</b> (<i>V. n. maynardi</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No631">No. 631</a>, but bill heavier, sides averaging less yellow.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Southern Florida; resident.</p> + +<p><b>621b. Bermuda White-eyed Vireo</b> (<i>V. n. bermudianus</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No631">No. 631</a>, but wing shorter, 2.30; no +yellow on sides. (Bangs and Bradlee.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Resident in Bermudas.</p> + +<p><b>631c. Small White-eyed Vireo</b> (<i>V. n. micrus</i>). +Smaller than <a href="#No631">No. 631</a>, W. 2.2; averaging grayer above; +sides with less yellow.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Northeastern Mexico, north to southeastern Texas.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_213.png" width="184" height="694" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[Pg_214]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><a name="No629" id="No629"></a> +<b>629. Blue-headed Vireo</b> (<i>Vireo solitarius</i>). L. 5.5; +W. 2.9; B. .4. <i>Ads.</i> Lores and eye-ring white; crown +and cheeks bluish slate-color; back olive-green; below +white, sides washed with greenish yellow; two whitish +wing-bars. <i>Notes.</i> Resembling in form those of Red-eyed +or Yellow-throated Vireos but more varied, sometimes +a continuous warble; a musical chatter, like that of +the Yellow-throated and a trilled whistle. (Torrey.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from Connecticut (and +south along Alleghanies) north to New Brunswick and Manitoba; +winters from Florida to Central America.</p> + +<p><a name="No629a" id="No629a"></a> +<b>629a. Cassin Vireo</b> (<i>V. s. cassini</i>). Like <a href="#No629">No. 629</a>, +but back washed with the color of the head; white on +breast and throat less pure.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Breeds from British Columbia and Idaho south along Pacific +coast region and Nevada to Lower California; migrates to Arizona, +New Mexico; and northern Mexico." (Bailey.)</p> + +<p><b>629b. Plumbeous Vireo</b> (<i>V. s. plumbeus</i>). Above +wholly plumbeous-gray with scarcely, if any, olive +tinge, below white, the sides gray <i>faintly</i> tinged with +greenish yellow; size of <a href="#No629c">No. 629c</a>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Rocky Mountain region; breeds from northern Mexico +north to southwestern Dakota and Wyoming; winters south to southern +Mexico.</p> + +<p><a name="No629c" id="No629c"></a> +<b>629c. Mountain Solitary Vireo</b> (<i>V. s. alticola</i>). +Larger than <a href="#No629">No. 629</a>, W. 3.15, B. .46; head darker, its +color extending over most of the back.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Breeds in Alleghanies from North Carolina to Georgia; +winters in Florida.</p> + +<p><b>629d. St. Lucas Solitary Vireo</b> (<i>V. s. lucasanus</i>). +Smaller than <a href="#No629a">No. 629a</a>, but bill longer and stouter, +sides and flanks much yellower; young without +brownish below, and resembling young of <a href="#No629">No. 629</a>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Cape Region of Lower California.</p> + +<p><b>633. Bell Vireo</b> (<i>Vireo bellii</i>). L. 5. Above olive-green, +crown grayer; lores and eye-ring white; two inconspicuous +whitish wing-bars; below white, sides +tinged with yellowish. Most like <a href="#No627">No. 627</a>, but back +greener, no white line <i>back</i> of eye. <i>Notes.</i> Resemble +those of the White-eyed Vireo, but less harsh, song +less emphatic. (Goss.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Interior states from Illinois west to Plains; breeds from +Texas to Minnesota; winters in Mexico.</p> + +<p><b>633.1. Least Vireo</b> (<i>Vireo pusillus</i>). L. 4.8. <i>Ads.</i> +Above gray, slightly tinged with greenish toward rump; +below white, sides with little if any greenish tinge; +one inconspicuous whitish wing-bar; lores and eye-ring +inconspicuously grayish.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Northwestern Mexico and northern Lower California; +breeds north to Arizona and middle California.</p> + +<p><b>634. Gray Vireo</b> (<i>Vireo vicinior</i>). L. 5.5. Above +slaty gray; below white tinged with grayish; one inconspicuous +wing-bar; lores and eye-ring gray; bill +short. <i>Notes.</i> Song may be compared with the finest +efforts of the Blue-headed Vireo with the added charm +and mellowness of the song of the Yellow-throated +Vireo. (Henshaw.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Northern Mexico, north to western Texas, southeastern +California, and southern Nevada; winters in Mexico.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_214.png" width="216" height="699" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[Pg_215]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><a name="No749c2" id="No749c2"></a> +<b>749. Ruby-crowned Kinglet</b> (<i>Regulus calendula</i>). +L. 4.4. A conspicuous whitish eye-ring. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. A +more or less concealed crown-patch; back olive-green; +underparts soiled whitish more or less tinged with +buffy; two white wing-bars. <i>Ad.</i> ♀ and <i>Yng.</i> (Here +figured.) Similar, but no crown-patch.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North America; breeds from the northern border of the +United States northward, and south in the Rocky Mountains to Arizona, +and in the Sierra Nevada of California; winters from south Carolina +and Oregon southward to Central America.</p> + +<p><b>749a. Sitkan Kinglet</b> (<i>R. c. grinnelli</i>). Similar to +<a href="#No749c2">No. 749</a>, but more olive-green above; more buffy below.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Pacific coast; breeds in southern Alaska; winters southward +to California.</p> + +<p><b>470a. Buff-breasted Flycatcher</b> (<i>Empidonax fulvifrons +pygmæus</i>). L. 4.7. <i>Ads.</i> Below rusty buff; +above grayish brown.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Western Mexico; north in spring to southwestern New +Mexico and Arizona.</p> + +<p><b>586. Texas Sparrow</b> (<i>Arremonops rufivirgata</i>). L. +6.5. <i>Ads.</i> Above olive-green, sides of crown brownish, +its center grayish; below whitish; bend of wing +<i>yellow</i>. <i>Notes.</i> Song resembles that of the Chipping +Sparrow but with somewhat of the sweetness and +modulation of that of the Yellow Warbler.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern Mexico, north to southeastern Texas; casually to +Louisiana.</p> + +<p><b>638. Swainson Warbler</b> (<i>Helinaia swainsonii</i>). L. 5. +Bill large; no white in wings or tail. <i>Ads.</i> Crown +brown, back, wings and tail olive-brown; a whitish +line over eye; below whitish tinged with yellow. +<i>Notes.</i> Song, "a series of clear, ringing whistles, the +first four uttered rather slowly and in the same key, +the remaining five or six given more rapidly and in an +evenly descending scale." (Brewster.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Southeastern United States; breeds from Gulf States +north to southeastern Virginia, southern Indiana and southern Missouri.</p> + +<p><b>639. Worm-eating Warbler</b> (<i>Helmitheros vermivorus</i>). +L. 5.5. Bill large; no white in wings or tail +<i>Ads.</i> Crown black with three buff stripes; back, +wings and tail olive-green; below buffy white deeper on +breast. <i>Yng.</i> Buff everywhere richer. <i>Notes.</i> Call, +a sharp <i>chip</i>; song, resembles that of Chipping Sparrow +but is somewhat weaker.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern United States; breeds north to southern Connecticut, +southern Illinois and southern Wisconsin; winters south of +United States.</p> + +<p><a name="No742" id="No742"></a> +<b>742. Pallid Wren-tit</b> (<i>Chamæa fasciata</i>). L. 6.7; +T. 5.4. Outer tail-feathers shortest. <i>Ads.</i> Above +brownish gray; below buffy obscurely streaked with +gray. <i>Notes.</i> Song wooden and unmusical, beginning +deliberately and ending in a roll, <i>chick</i>: <i>chick</i>; <i>chick</i>, +<i>chick-chick-chick-chick-chick-chick</i>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Interior of California, including the western slope of the +Sierra Nevada, from the head of the Sacramento Valley south to +northern Lower California." (A. O. U.)</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_215.png" width="220" height="696" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[Pg_216]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>742a. Coast Wren-tit</b> (<i>C. f. phæa</i>). Similar to +<a href="#No742">No. 742</a>, but much browner above and deeper more pink +below; sides as dark as back.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Pacific Coast from Monterey County, California, north to +southern Oregon.</p> + +<p><a name="No707" id="No707"></a> +<b>707. Curve-billed Thrasher</b> (<i>Toxostoma curvirostre</i>). +L. 11.2. <i>Ads.</i> Above brownish gray; below mottled +with brownish gray; lower belly buffy; four outer pairs +of tail-feathers <i>tipped with white</i>; two narrow white +wing-bars. <i>Notes.</i> Call, a sharp, <i>whit-whit</i>; one of the +most silent of song Thrushes. (Merrill.) Song, remarkably +melodious and attractive. (Couch.)</p> + +<p>Range.—Mexican boundary region of Texas and New Mexico south +over the Mexico tableland to Oaxaca.</p> + +<p><b>707a. Palmer Thrasher</b> (<i>T. c. palmeri</i>). Similar to +<a href="#No707">No. 707</a>, but wing-bars less evident; outer tail-feathers +<i>without</i> white tips.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Southern Arizona, from about fifty miles northwest of +Phoenix, south to Guaymas, Sonora." (A. O. U.)</p> + +<p><b>708. Bendire Thrasher</b> (<i>Toxostoma bendirei</i>). L. +10.2. <i>Ads.</i> Above brownish ashy; below soiled +whitish washed with buffy and lightly spotted with +dusky, chiefly on breast; outer tail-feathers narrowly +tipped with whitish. <i>Notes.</i> Call, <i>tirup</i>, <i>tirup</i>, <i>tirup</i>. +(Brown.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Desert regions of southern Arizona south into Sonora, +Mexico; west rarely to southeastern California; resident except at +extreme northern limit of its range.</p> + +<p><a name="No709" id="No709"></a> +<b>709. St. Lucas Thrasher</b> (<i>Toxostoma cinereum</i>). +L. 10. <i>Ads.</i> Above grayish brown; below white with +numerous wedge-shaped spots; outer tail-feathers +tipped with white.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Southern Lower California.</p> + +<p><b>709a. Mearns Thrasher</b> (<i>T. c. mearnsi</i>). Differs +from <a href="#No709">No. 709</a> in much darker upperparts, more rusty +flanks and crissum, much larger and more intensely +black spots on lower parts and less curved bill. (Anthony.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Northern Lower California, south to about Lat. 30° 30'.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_216.png" width="195" height="694" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[Pg_217]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><a name="No710" id="No710"></a> +<b>710. Californian Thrasher</b> (<i>Toxostoma redivivum</i>). +L. 12. <i>Ads.</i> Above grayish brown; belly distinctly +buff; breast grayish, throat whitish, washed with buff; +no white in wings or tail. <i>Notes.</i> Song suggesting +both that of the Brown Thrasher and the Mockingbird.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—California west of the Sierra Nevada, north of about Lat. +35°; south into Lower California.</p> + +<p><b>710a. Pasadena Thrasher</b> (<i>T. r. pasadenense</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No710">No. 710</a>, but grayer above; belly paler, throat +whiter.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Southern California.</p> + +<p><a name="No711" id="No711"></a> +<b>711. Leconte Thrasher</b> (<i>Toxostoma lecontei</i>). L. +10.5. <i>Ads.</i> Above brownish ashy, below creamy +white, under tail-coverts buff. <i>Notes.</i> Call, a sharply +reiterated <i>whit</i> or <i>quit</i>; song, remarkable for its loud +rich tone; can be heard distinctly for more than a mile. +(Mearns.) Call, low and musical, <i>hueé-e</i>, whistled +through the teeth. (Stephens.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Desert region of southern California, Nevada, and extreme +southwestern Utah, from Benton, Cal. (Lat. 38°), southeastward +through Arizona to Sonora (Lat. 30°). Local in San Joaquin +Valley." (A. O. U.)</p> + +<p><b>711a. Desert Thrasher</b> (<i>T. l. arenicola</i>). Differing +from <a href="#No711">No. 711</a> in having upperparts darker and +grayer, tail blacker, and breast gray. (Anthony.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Northern Lower California. (Rosalia Bay.)</p> + +<p><b>712. Crissal Thrasher</b> (<i>Toxostoma crissalis</i>). L. +12. <i>Ads.</i> Under tail-coverts reddish <i>chestnut</i>; upperparts +brownish gray; underparts ashy, chin white. +<i>Notes.</i> No loud call note; song of remarkable scope +and sweetness. (Mearns.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Southwestern United States, from western Texas to the +Colorado Desert, California, and northern Lower California; north to +Charleston Mountains, Nevada, and St. George, Utah." (A. O. U.)</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_217.png" width="210" height="691" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[Pg_218]</a></span></p> +<div class="caption3rt">Perching Birds Chiefly Brown or Streaked</div> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>538. Chestnut-collared Longspur</b> (<i>Calcarius ornatus</i>). +L. 6.2. Hind toe-nail as long as toe; all but +middle pair of tail-feathers (and sometimes these) with +white, <i>two</i> outer pairs white <i>to the tip</i>. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Throat +and cheeks buff; breast and belly black; crown black, +nape chestnut; lesser wing-coverts black tipped with +white. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Above grayish brown streaked with +black; below pale buff. ♂ <i>in winter</i>. Like summer ♂ +but black and chestnut areas more or less tipped with +grayish brown. <i>Notes.</i> Song, short, shrill, but very +sweet, often uttered on the wing. (Allen.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Great Plains: breeds from central Kansas and eastern +Colorado north to the Saskatchewan; winters from eastern Colorado +and Nebraska south into Mexico.</p> + +<p><b>539. McCown Longspur</b> (<i>Rhynchophanes mccownii</i>). +L. 6. Hind toe-nail as long as toe; all but middle pair +of tail-feathers with white, the outer <i>one</i> white <i>to the +tip</i>, the others tipped with black; lesser wing-coverts +<i>chestnut</i>. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Throat and belly white, breast and +crown black; back grayish brown streaked with +black. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Below white washed with brownish; +above grayish brown streaked with black. ♂ <i>in winter</i>. +Like ♀ but a partly concealed black breast patch; tail +with more white. <i>Notes.</i> Call, a <i>chip</i> at each stroke +of the wing; song, of soft, twittering, pleasing notes. +(Goss.) "A twittering, hurried chant, suggestive of +the Horned Lark's performance, but terminating in decreasing +power." (Silloway.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Great Plains; breeds from northwestern Kansas to Montana +and the Saskatchewan; winters from eastern Colorado and Kansas +south into Mexico.</p> + +<p><a name="No552" id="No552"></a> +<b>552. Lark Sparrow</b> (<i>Chondestes grammacus</i>). L. +6.2; <i>Ads.</i> Sides of the crown and ear-coverts chestnut; +all but middle tail-feathers tipped with white; back +broadly streaked with black; sides of throat and spot +on breast black. <i>Notes.</i> Song, loud and musical suggesting +both a Song Sparrow's and a Canary's.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Interior of North America from the Plains east to Illinois; +casually east of the Alleghanies; breeds from Texas to Manitoba; +winters south into Mexico.</p> + +<p><b>552a. Western Lark Sparrow</b> (<i>C. g. strigatus</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No552">No. 552</a>, but streaks on upperparts generally +narrower.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Western United States from the Plains to Pacific; breeds +from Mexico to Manitoba and British Columbia; winters south to +Central America.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_218.png" width="211" height="693" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[Pg_219]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><a name="No536" id="No536"></a> +<b>536. Lapland Longspur</b> (<i>Calcarius lapponicus</i>). L. +6.2 Hind toe-nail as long as or longer than toe; two +outer tail-feathers with white <i>at the end</i>. <i>Ad.</i> ♂, <i>summer</i>. +Nape chestnut; crown, cheeks, throat and upper-breast +black; back black margined with <i>rusty brown</i>. +<i>Ad.</i> ♀, summer. Crown and back black margined +with rusty; nape brighter; below whitish; breast feathers +dusky at base; sides streaked with blackish. <i>Winter</i>, +♂. Black areas and nape veiled with whitish or +buffy tips; ♀, like ♀ in summer.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Breeds in northern Europe and northeast North America +south to northern Labrador; in America, winters south, irregularly, to +South Carolina, Kentucky, Kansas, Texas; west to Manitoba. +(Ridgw.)</p> + +<p><b>536a. Alaskan Longspur</b> (<i>C. l. alascensis</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No536">No. 536</a>, but margins to back feathers much +paler, brownish gray or buffy; nape in winter more +buffy. <i>Notes.</i> Song, uttered on wing as bird with up-stretched +wings floats downward, sweet, liquid, tinkling, +of same general character as that of Bobolink, +but shorter, less powerful. (Nelson.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Breeds in Alaska, Aleutian and Pribilof Islands east to Fort +Simpson; winters south to eastern Oregon, Colorado, and western +Kansas. (Ridgw.)</p> + +<p><b>553. Harris Sparrow</b> (<i>Zonotrichia querula</i>). L. +7.5. <i>Ads. summer.</i> Throat and crown black; nape +chestnut, cheeks brownish; two white wing-bars. +<i>Ads. winter.</i> Throat mottled with white, crown tipped +with grayish. <i>Notes.</i> A queer, chuckling note; song +of pleasing, plaintive whistling notes in musical tone +like those of <a href="#No558">No. 558</a>, but delivered in a different song. +(Cooke.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Interior of North America; from Illinois west to the Dakotas; +in summer, the region west of Hudson Bay (exact breeding range +unknown); south in winter to Texas (and Mexico?); accidental in +British Columbia, Oregon and California.</p> + +<p><b>565. Black-chinned Sparrow</b> (<i>Spizella atrogularis</i>). +L. 5.7. Below slaty gray. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Throat and +front of face <i>black</i>; rest of head and underparts slaty +gray, the belly whitish; back reddish brown narrowly +streaked with black. <i>Ad.</i> ♀, Throat with little or +no black; crown washed with brownish. <i>Yng.</i> Similar +to Ad. ♀, but never with black on throat; crown +more heavily washed with brownish. <i>Notes.</i> Song +said to resemble that of <a href="#No563">No. 563</a>. (Bailey.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Mexico and southwestern United States; breeds from +southern New Mexico and southern California southward; winters +south into Mexico and southern Lower California.</p> + +<p><b>—English Sparrow</b> (<i>Passer domesticus</i>). L. 6.3. +<i>Ad.</i> ♂. Throat and upper breast black; crown <i>slate</i>; +band behind eye and on nape chestnut. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. +Below dirty white; crown and rump dingy grayish +brown; back streaked with black and rusty brown; a +buffy stripe behind eye. <i>Yng.</i> ♂. Similar to Ad. +but throat and head tipped with brownish gray. <i>Notes.</i> +Harsh and discordant.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Introduced into America from Europe in 1851 and later +dates; now distributed throughout the greater part of the United +States.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_219.png" width="208" height="694" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[Pg_220]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>537. Smith Longspur</b> (<i>Calcarius pictus</i>). L. 6.6. +Hind toe-nail as long as toe; <i>two</i> outer tail-feathers +mostly white. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. <i>Throat</i>, <i>breast</i> and belly buff; +nape buff; crown and cheeks black; ear-coverts and +line over eye white; lesser wing-coverts black margined +with white. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Above brownish black margined +with buff and rusty brown; below pale buff, +sides of breast and flanks streaked with brown. ♂ <i>in +winter</i>. Like ♀ but lesser wing-coverts black and +white. <i>Notes.</i> Call constantly <i>chirrup</i> as they fly. +(Goss.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Middle western United States; breeds in northern British. +America; winters south over the plains and prairies to Texas; east to +Illinois.</p> + +<p><b>579. Rufous-winged Sparrow</b> (<i>Aimophila carpalis</i>). +L. 5.7. Outer tail-feathers shortest. <i>Ads.</i> Lesser +wing-coverts bright reddish brown; crown reddish +brown or chestnut margined with gray; back streaked +with black and margined with <i>grayish brown</i>; below +whitish; <i>two</i> black streaks from either side of the base +of the lower mandible. <i>Notes.</i> Call, <i>zib</i>, <i>zib</i>, <i>zib</i>. +(Bendire.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Southern Arizona, north to Tucson and Camp Lowell and +south through Sonora to northern Sinaloa. (Ridgw.)</p> + +<p><a name="No580" id="No580"></a> +<b>580. Rufous-crowned Sparrow</b> (<i>Aimophila ruficeps</i>). +L. 4; T. 2.6. No yellow at bend of wing; outer tail-feathers +shortest. <i>Ads.</i> Above reddish brown margined +with buffy gray (no black streaks); below, including +middle of belly, brownish; sides of throat with +black lines. <i>Notes.</i> Song, very sweet, resembling +that of Lazuli Bunting, but distinguishable. (C. A. +Allen.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Northern Lower California north to Marin County and +Sacramento Valley, California; local.</p> + +<p><a name="No580a" id="No580a"></a> +<b>580a. Scott Sparrow</b> (<i>A. r. scottii</i>). Similar to +<a href="#No580">No. 580</a>, but above brighter reddish brown, the margins to +the feathers grayer, the underparts much paler, the +breast grayish, the throat and middle of the belly +whitish.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Northwestern portion of Mexican plateau and adjacent +portions of Arizona, New Mexico and western Texas (El Paso Co.) +(Ridgw.)</p> + +<p><b>580b. Rook Sparrow</b> (<i>A. r. eremœca</i>). L. 6. +<i>Ads.</i> Crown reddish chestnut, back olive-brown +margined with gray. Similar to <a href="#No580a">No. 580a</a>, but back of +a different color from crown, the grayish margins +wider.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Limestone Hill districts of middle Texas, from Kinney and +Maverick counties on the Rio Grande, northeastward to Cook County +and westward at least to Tom Green County; south in winter to Mexico. +(Ridgw.)</p> + +<p><b>580c. Laguna Sparrow</b> (<i>A. r. sororia</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No580a">No. 580a</a>, but bill somewhat stouter, reddish brown +above averaging brighter and wider.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Southern Lower California.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_220.png" width="188" height="694" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[Pg_221]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><a name="No540" id="No540"></a> +<b>540. Vesper Sparrow</b> (<i>Poœcetes gramineus</i>). L. +6.1. Outer tail-feather mostly white; hind toe-nail +not longer than toe; <i>lesser</i> wing-coverts reddish brown. +<i>Ads.</i> Above grayish brown streaked with black and +chestnut; below whitish, breast and sides streaked with +black and chestnut. <i>Notes.</i> Call, <i>chip</i>. Song, loud +and musical <i>Look-look</i>, <i>see-see</i>, <i>me-me-me-me-me-me-sing</i>, +followed by a confusion of notes.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from Virginia, Illinois and +Missouri north to New Brunswick and Manitoba; winters from Virginia +and southern Illinois to the Gulf of Mexico.</p> + +<p><a name="No540a" id="No540a"></a> +<b>540a. Western Vesper Sparrow</b> (<i>P. g. confinis</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No540">No. 540</a>, but paler, less black above; bill +somewhat more slender.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Western United States from the Plains to the Sierra; +breeds from Arizona and New Mexico north to the Saskatchewan and +British Columbia; winters south into Mexico.</p> + +<p><b>540b. Oregon Vesper Sparrow</b> (<i>P. g. affinis</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No540a">No. 540a</a>, but smaller, W. 3; bill still more +slender; plumage browner, more buffy; browner even +than <a href="#No540">No. 540</a>, the underparts, including belly, suffused +with buff.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Pacific coast; breeds in western Oregon (and north?); +winters southwest of the Sierra to San Diego, California.</p> + +<p><a name="No575" id="No575"></a> +<b>575. Pine-woods Sparrow</b> (<i>Peucæa æstivalis</i>). L. +5.8; T. 2.5. Bend of the wing yellow; outer tail-feathers +much shorter than the middle pair. <i>Ads.</i> +Above reddish chestnut, <i>head</i> and back streaked with +black and margined with gray; below whitish, breast +faintly tinged with buff. <i>Notes.</i> Song, exceedingly sweet +and plaintive.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Florida and southern Georgia; winters in southern Florida.</p> + +<p><b>575a. Bachman Sparrow</b> (<i>T. æ. bachmanii</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No575">No. 575</a>, but above brighter reddish chestnut, +black speaks fewer and usually confined to back; +breast and sides deeper buff.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Lower Mississippi Valley, west to southern Indiana and +southern Illinois, east to Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, +and Virginia (rarely); west to Concho County, Texas; winters south in +Atlantic States, to southern Florida.</p> + +<p><b>576. Botteri Sparrow</b> (<i>Peucæa botteri</i>). L. 6; T. +2.8. Bend of wing yellow; outer tail-feathers shortest. +<i>Ads</i>. Above bright rusty brown (about the color of a +Field Sparrow), head and back streaked with black +and margined with gray; below buffy, the center of the +belly whitish. <i>Notes.</i> Song, begins with a faint trill +followed by a succession of disjointed syllables, <i>cha</i>, +<i>cheewee</i>, <i>wee</i>, <i>wee</i>, <i>wee</i>, <i>wir</i>. (Henshaw.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Entire plateau of Mexico north to Lower Rio Grande Valley +in Texas and southern Arizona. (Ridgw.)</p> + +<p><b>578. Cassin Sparrow</b> (<i>Peucæa cassini</i>). L. 6; T. +2.8. Bend of wing yellow, outer tail-feathers shortest, +their ends with distinct <i>grayish</i> patches. <i>Ads.</i> Above +<i>gray</i> streaked with <i>dull</i> reddish brown and <i>spotted</i> or +<i>barred</i> with black; below grayish white. <i>Notes.</i> Song, +lengthened and pleasing, usually sung on wing.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Texas and southern Kansas west to southern Nevada and +Arizona south into Mexico.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_221.png" width="209" height="695" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[Pg_222]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><a name="No559" id="No559"></a> +<b>559. Tree Sparrow</b> (<i>Spizella monticola</i>). L. 6.3. +A black spot in the center of the breast. <i>Ads.</i> Cap +reddish brown, no black on head; two white wing-bars, +back streaked black, reddish brown and buff; below +whitish; upper mandible black, lower yellowish. +<i>Notes.</i> Call, a musical, tinkling, <i>too-lay-it</i>, song, "a +loud, clear and powerful chant."</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds in +Labrador and region west of Hudson Bay; winters south to South +Carolina, Tennessee and Indian Territory.</p> + +<p><b>559a. Western Tree Sparrow</b> (<i>S. m. ochracea</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No559">No. 559</a>, but back with much less reddish +brown, largely brownish buff streaked with black.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Western North America east to the Plains; breeds in +Alaska; winters south to Mexican border.</p> + +<p><a name="No560" id="No560"></a> +<b>560. Chipping Sparrow</b> (<i>Spizella socialis</i>). L. 5.3. +<i>Ads.</i> Crown reddish chestnut, forehead <i>blackish</i>; a +black line from eye to nape; back streaked with black, +<i>reddish brown</i> and grayish brown; wing-bars not conspicuous; +below grayish white; bill largely black. <i>Yng.</i> +Crown like back; cheeks brownish. <i>Notes.</i> Call, +<i>chip</i>; song, an unmusical <i>chippy</i>, <i>chippy</i>, <i>chippy</i>, repeated.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from +Gulf States to Newfoundland and Great Slave Lake; winters in the +Gulf States and Mexico.</p> + +<p><b>560a. Western Chipping Sparrow</b> (<i>S. s. arizonæ</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No560">No. 560</a>, but much grayer above; back with +little or no reddish brown.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Western North America; breeds from Mexican border +states to Alaska; winters from California and Mexican border states +to southern Mexico.</p> + +<p><a name="No563" id="No563"></a> +<b>563. Field Sparrow</b> (<i>Spizella pusilla</i>). L. 5.6; T. +2.5. Bill entirely pinkish brown. <i>Ads.</i> Crown <i>reddish</i> +brown, a gray line over the eye, a reddish brown +stripe from behind it to nape; back <i>reddish</i> brown +streaked with black; below whitish, <i>no</i> streaks, breast +washed with buffy; two white wing-bars. <i>Notes.</i> Call, +<i>chip</i>; song, a musical whistle, <i>cher-weé</i>, <i>cher-weé-cher-weé</i>, +<i>cheé-o</i>, <i>dee-e-e-e-e</i>; with many variations but usually ending +in a trill.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from South Carolina, +Alabama and central Texas north to Quebec and Manitoba; winters +from Virginia and Illinois to Gulf States.</p> + +<p><a name="No563a" id="No563a"></a> +<b>563a. Western Field Sparrow</b> (<i>S. p. arenacea</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No563">No. 563</a>, but much paler above; crown largely +grayish; back with but little reddish brown, breast +with little or no buff; tail longer, 2.7.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Great Plains of interior; breeds from Nebraska and South +Dakota to eastern Montana; winters south to northeastern Mexico; +casually to Louisiana. (Ridgw.)</p> + +<p><b>584. Swamp Sparrow</b> (<i>Melospiza georgiana</i>). L. +5.8. <i>Ads.</i> Forehead black with a gray median line; +crown bright chestnut; below grayish white; <i>sides +brownish</i>, nape gray; back grayish, black, and buff. +Yng. Crown streaked chestnut and black; gray line +over the eye sometimes tinged with yellow; other parts +deeper in color. <i>Notes.</i> Call, a sharp <i>cheep</i>; song, a +simple <i>tweet-tweet-tweet</i>, etc., all on one note.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from +New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and northern Illinois, north to Labrador +and Manitoba; winters from Kansas, southern Illinois, and Massachusetts +to Gulf States.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_222.png" width="205" height="694" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[Pg_223]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><a name="No542" id="No542"></a> +<b>542. Sandwich Sparrow</b> (<i>Passerculus sandwichensis</i>). +L. 5.7; W. 2.9 A yellow line from the bill passing +<i>over</i> the eye; bend of wing usually tinged with yellow. +<i>Ads.</i> Above streaked with black, chestnut and brownish +gray; below white, (buffy in fall and winter), +breast and sides streaked with black, the streaks narrowly +margined with chestnut. <i>Notes.</i> Doubtless resemble +those of <a href="#No542a">No. 542a</a>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Northwest coast; breeds in western Alaska; winters south +to northern California.</p> + +<p><a name="No542a" id="No542a"></a> +<b>542a. Savannah Sparrow</b> (<i>P. s. savanna</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No542">No. 542</a>, but smaller, W. 2.7; yellow line over eye +shorter and less pronounced; bill smaller. <i>Notes.</i> Call +a sharp <i>tsip</i>, frequently uttered; song, a weak, musical +little trill following a grasshopperlike introduction, +<i>tsip</i>, <i>tsip</i>, <i>tsip</i>, <i>sē-e-e-s'r-r-r</i>. (Dwight.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from +northern New Jersey (rarely), eastern Long Island, and Missouri +north to Labrador and western Hudson Bay; winters from Virginia +and southern Illinois to Cuba and Mexico.</p> + +<p><a name="No542b" id="No542b"></a> +<b>542b. Western Savannah Sparrow</b> (<i>P. s. alaudinus</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No542a">No. 542a</a>, but bill more slender, color averaging +paler, the yellow line not passing <i>over</i> the eye, +less evident before it and often wholly wanting.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Western North America from the Plains west to the Sierra; +breeds from Mexico City north to Alaska; winters from southern +California southward.</p> + +<p><a name="No542c" id="No542c"></a> +<b>542c. Bryant Marsh Sparrow</b> (<i>P. s. bryanti</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No542b">No. 542b</a>, but smaller, W. 2.6; colors much +darker, streaks below heavier; yellow over eye more +pronounced. A darker bird even than <a href="#No542a">No. 542a</a>, but +with the bill slender as in <a href="#No542b">No. 542b</a>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Resident in salt marshes about San Francisco and Monterey +Bay; winters south to San Pedro (Grinnell); casually to Mexico +City. (Ridgw.)</p> + +<p><b>543. Belding Sparrow</b> (<i>Passerculus beldingi</i>). L. 5; +W. 2.5. <i>Ads.</i> Similar to <a href="#No542c">No. 542c</a>, but somewhat +smaller, above darker and with a slight olive caste; underparts +more heavily streaked.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Pacific Coast; salt marshes from Todos Santos Island, +Lower California, north to Santa Barbara.</p> + +<p><a name="No544" id="No544"></a> +<b>544. Large-billed Sparrow</b> (<i>Passerculus rostratus</i>). +L. 5.5; W. 2.6. Bill stout, upper mandible <i>curved</i>; no +yellow before eye or on bend of wing. <i>Ads.</i> Above +grayish brown marked with brown and blackish but +<i>without</i> well-defined streaks; below white, breast and +sides streaked with grayish brown, the streaked +feathers centrally blackish.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Coast of southern California north to Santa Barbara; winters +south to Cape St. Lucas and northwestern Mexico.</p> + +<p><a name="No544a" id="No544a"></a> +<b>544a. St. Lucas Sparrow</b> (<i>P. r. guttatus</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No544">No. 544</a>, but smaller, W. 2.5; bill more slender; +upperparts brownish gray with an <i>olive tint</i> and streaked +with darker; similar to <a href="#No544c">No. 544c</a>, but smaller, upperparts +more olive and more widely, but less sharply +streaked.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Cape Region of Lower California in winter; breeding +range unknown.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_223.png" width="223" height="536" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[Pg_224]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>544b. Lagoon Sparrow</b> (<i>P. r. halophilus</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No544a">No. 544a</a>, but larger, W. 2.7, and darker; streaks on +chest with little if any brown edging; differing from +No. 543, in more uniform coloration of upperparts, in less +narrow and decidedly blackish streaks on chest, etc.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Salt marshes, Abreojos Point, Lower California.</p> + +<p><a name="No544c" id="No544c"></a> +<b>544c. San Benito Sparrow</b> (<i>P. r. sanctorum</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No544">No. 544</a>, but bill more slender; above grayer +(brownish <i>gray</i>) distinctly streaked with blackish, the +streaks margined with brown; below streaked with +<i>black</i>, the streaks narrowly margined with brownish.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Breeds on San Benito Island, Lower California; in winter +to Cape Region of Lower California.</p> + +<p><b>545. Baird Sparrow</b> (<i>Coturniculus bairdii</i>). L. 5.7. +Tail-feathers pointed, middle ones shortest. <i>Ads.</i> +Crown yellowish brown, streaked with black; back +black margined with chestnut and grayish; below +whitish, breast and sides streaked with black. In +fall and winter, colors richer. <i>Notes.</i> Song, "<i>trick-e-trik-eeeee-chiky-le-roit</i>, +with a peculiar tinkling utterance."</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Great Plains; breeds from western Minnesota, North +Dakota, eastern Montana, north to Manitoba and Assiniboia; winters +south to Texas, Arizona and New Mexico. (Ridgw.)</p> + +<p><a name="No546" id="No546"></a> +<b>546. Grasshopper Sparrow</b> (<i>Coturniculus savannarum +passerinus</i>). L. 5.3. Line before eye orange; bend of +wing yellow; tail-feathers pointed. <i>Ads.</i> Crown black +with a buffy central stripe; nape <i>chestnut and gray</i>; +back black, chestnut buff and gray; below buffy, unstreaked, +belly whiter. <i>Notes.</i> Call, a sharp <i>chip</i>; +song, a weak, insect-like <i>pit-tuck</i>, <i>zee-e-e-e-e-e-e</i>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from +the Gulf States to Massachusetts, Vermont, and Minnesota; winters +from North Carolina to Cuba and Mexico.</p> + +<p><b>546a. Western Grasshopper Sparrow</b> (<i>C. s. bimaculatus</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No546">No. 546</a>, but paler below and +with less black and more chestnut above.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Western United States from the Plains to the Pacific; +breeds from Mexican border states north to Montana and British Columbia; +winters south into Mexico.</p> + +<p><b>546b. Florida Grasshopper Sparrow</b> (<i>C. s. floridanus</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No546">No. 546</a>, but smaller, W. 3; darker +above, paler below; sides of crown almost solid +black; chestnut above largely replaced by black.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Kissimmee Prairies, Florida.</p> + +<p><a name="No547" id="No547"></a> +<b>547. Henslow Sparrow</b> (<i>Ammodramus henslowii</i>). +L. 5. Bend of wing yellow; tail-feathers pointed, the +outer ones much the shortest. <i>Ads.</i> Crown and +nape pale <i>olive-green</i> streaked with blackish; back +bright reddish brown streaked with black and gray; +below white; breast and sides washed with buff and +streaked with black. <i>Notes.</i> Call, <i>tee-wick</i>; song, <i>sis-r-r-rit-srit-srit</i>. +(Jouy.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America; breeds locally, from Virginia and +Missouri, north to New Hampshire, southern Ontario and Minnesota; +winters from Virginia and Missouri south to the Gulf of Mexico.</p> + +<p><b>547a. Western Henslow Sparrow</b> (<i>A. h. occidentalis</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No547">No. 547</a>, but paler, in summer little or +no buff below.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Central western states; breeding, so far as known, in South +Dakota; in winter south to Texas.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_224.png" width="213" height="696" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[Pg_225]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>548. Leconte Sparrow</b> (<i>Ammodramus lecontei</i>), +L. 5. No yellow on wing; tail-feathers pointed, outer +ones much the shortest. <i>Ads.</i> Broad line over eye, +throat, breast and sides rich buff; nape chestnut and +gray; back black narrowly margined with chestnut and, +at the sides, broadly with buff; sides streaked; breast +rarely with a few streaks. <i>Notes.</i> Call, a thin, sharp, +<i>tweet</i>, and a long-drawn <i>bizz</i>; song, a tiny, husky, +<i>reese</i>, <i>reese</i>. (Seton.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Great Plains and more western prairies; breeding from +Dakota, Minnesota, etc., to Manitoba, migrating south and east, in +winter, through Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, etc., to South Carolina and +Gulf States from Florida to Texas." (Ridgw.)</p> + +<p><b>533. Pine Finch</b> (<i>Spinus pinus</i>). L. 5. Bill sharply +pointed; a tuft of bristly feathers over the nostril; +tail slightly forked. <i>Ads.</i> Base of tail, of inner wing-feathers +and outer edges of primaries yellow; above +brownish; below whitish streaked with black. <i>Notes.</i> +Call, a metallic note; song, tinkling and musical often +sung on the wing as with <a href="#No529">No. 529</a>, the song of which +it resembles.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North America; breeds from northern boundary states to +Alaska; in the Alleghanies south to North Carolina; and in the Rockies +and Sierra south to Mexico; winters from the northern states to +Gulf states and Lower California.</p> + +<p><b>541. Ipswich Sparrow</b> (<i>Passerculus princeps</i>). L. +6.2. <i>Ads.</i> Above <i>pale</i> brownish gray streaked with +brown; below white, breast and sides streaked with +<i>brownish</i>; spot above eye and bend of wing often pale +sulphur yellow. <i>Notes.</i> Resemble those of <a href="#No542a">No. 542a</a>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Breeds on Sable Island, Nova Scotia, winters south along +coast, regularly to Virginia, rarely to Georgia.</p> + +<p><a name="No549" id="No549"></a> +<b>549. Sharp-tailed Sparrow</b> (<i>Ammodramus caudacutus</i>). +L. 5.8. Tail-feathers sharply pointed, outer +ones shortest. <i>Ads.</i> Below white, breast and sides +washed with buff and distinctly <i>streaked with black</i>; +nape olive-green; cheeks orange-buff; ear-coverts gray; +crown olive-chocolate with a blue-gray central line; +back olive, buff, black and gray. <i>Notes.</i> Call, <i>chip</i>; +song, an unmusical, short, "husky," "gasping" effort, +uttered from a perch or on fluttering wings above the +reeds.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Atlantic coast; breeds from South Carolina to New Hampshire; +winters from North Carolina to Florida.</p> + +<p><a name="No5491" id="No5491"></a> +<b>549.1. Nelson Sparrow</b> (<i>Ammodramus nelsoni</i>). +L. 5.5. Tail-feathers pointed, outer ones shortest. +<i>Ads.</i> Similar to <a href="#No549">No. 549</a>, but breast and sides much +deeper buff, the former with few or no streaks; upperparts +more richly colored. <i>Notes.</i> Resemble those of +<a href="#No549">No. 549</a>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Breeds in interior from northern Illinois to Manitoba and +South Dakota; migrates east to New York and winters south to South +Carolina and Texas; accidental in California.</p> + +<p><b>549.1a. Acadian Sharp-tailed Sparrow</b> (<i>A. n. subvirgatus</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No5491">No. 549.1</a>, but breast and sides +paler, the former lightly but distinctly streaked with +grayish; upperparts less richly colored.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Atlantic coast; breeds in marshes of eastern Maine, +southern New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island; winters south to +South Carolina.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_225.png" width="215" height="692" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[Pg_226]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><a name="No550" id="No550"></a> +<b>550. Seaside Sparrow</b> (<i>Ammodramus maritimus</i>). +L. 6: W. 2.5. Tail-feathers pointed, the outer ones +shortest; spot before eye and bend of wing yellow. +<i>Ads.</i> Above olive-green and gray (no black); below +white, breast and sides grayish and, in first plumage, +streaked with buff. <i>Notes.</i> Similar in character to +those of <a href="#No549">No. 549</a>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Atlantic coast; breeds in salt marshes from North Carolina +to southern Massachusetts; winters from Virginia to Georgia.</p> + +<p><a name="No550a" id="No550a"></a> +<b>550a. Scott Seaside Sparrow</b> (<i>A. m. peninsulæ</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No550">No. 550</a>, but smaller, W. 2.3; above black +margined by olive-brown and olive-green; below whitish, +breast and sides heavily streaked with blackish.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Atlantic coast from northeastern Florida to South Carolina; +Gulf Coast of Florida.</p> + +<p><b>550b. Texas Seaside Sparrow</b> (<i>A. m. sennetti</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No550">No. 550</a>, but greener above; the feathers of +head and back usually, those of nape always, with +black centres.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Coast of Texas.</p> + +<p><a name="No550c" id="No550c"></a> +<b>550c. Fisher Seaside Sparrow</b> (<i>A. m. fisheri</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No550a">No. 550a</a>, but darker above, the breast and +sides heavily washed with rusty buff and streaked +with black.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Coast of Louisiana, south in winter, at least as far as +Corpus Christi, Texas; casual on Gulf coast of Florida.</p> + +<p><b>550d. Macgillivray Seaside Sparrow</b> (<i>A. m. macgillivraii</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No550c">No. 550c</a>, but above grayer, +less black, breast and flanks but faintly washed +with buff and streaked with dusky grayish. Grayer +above than <a href="#No550a">No. 550a</a>, and less heavily streaked below.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Local on coast of South Carolina.</p> + +<p><b>551. Dusky Seaside Sparrow</b> (<i>Ammodramus nigrescens</i>). +L. 5.9. Above <i>black</i> lightly margined with +gray; below white heavily streaked with black; spot +before eye and bend of wing yellow. <i>Notes.</i> Similar +in character to those of <a href="#No550">No. 550</a>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Marshes at head of Indian River, Florida, from Banana +River to Haulover Canal.</p> + +<p><a name="No583" id="No583"></a> +<b>583. Lincoln Sparrow</b> (<i>Melospiza lincolnii</i>). L. 5.7. +<i>Ads.</i> <i>A broad buff band across the breast</i>; center of +crown with a <i>gray</i> stripe, its sides striped chestnut and +black; back grayish brown streaked with black and +chestnut, below streaked with black except on middle +of white belly. <i>Notes.</i> Call, a sharp <i>chirp</i>; song, +suggests bubbling, guttural notes of House Wren combined +with rippling music of the Purple Finch. +(Dwight.) (See, also, Brewster, Bird-Lore II, P. 111.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North America; breeds from northern New York, northern +Illinois and higher parts of Rockies and Sierra north to Alaska; +winters from southern Illinois and southern California into Mexico; +rare east of Alleghanies.</p> + +<p><b>583a. Forbush Sparrow</b> (<i>M. l. striata</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No583">No. 583</a>, but browner above, crown-stripe and line +over eye more brown than gray.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Pacific coast from British Columbia to California; breeding +range unknown.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_226.png" width="201" height="693" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[Pg_227]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>554. White-crowned Sparrow</b> (<i>Zonotrichia leucophrys</i>). +L. 6.9. No yellow before eye. <i>Ads.</i> +White stripe over eye <i>not</i> reaching to bill; lores black; +breast gray, throat but little paler; back <i>gray</i> streaked +with brown, rump browner, <i>Yng.</i> Black crown-stripes +replaced by chestnut, the white ones by buff; +back much browner, no gray. <i>Notes.</i> Call, a sharp +<i>chip</i>; song, a plaintive, musical whistle usually of five +or six notes, the first two longest.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North America; breeds from northern New England and +(in the higher Rockies and Sierra) New Mexico, Arizona, and California +north to Labrador and Hudson Bay region; winters from +southern United States into Mexico.</p> + +<p><a name="No554a" id="No554a"></a> +<b>554a. Intermediate Sparrow</b> (<i>Z. l. gambeli</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No544">No. 544</a>, but the lores wholly gray or whitish, +the white line over the eye reaching the bill.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Western North America; breeds from Montana and eastern +Oregon northeast of Coast Mountains, to lower Mackenzie and northern +Alaska: winters from southern United States into Mexico; casual +in migrations east to Mississippi River States.</p> + +<p><b>554b. Nuttall Sparrow</b> (<i>Z. l. nuttalli</i>). Similar to +<a href="#No554a">No. 554a</a>, but smaller, L. 6.5, margins to feathers of +back browner, underparts browner, bend of wing +yellow.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Pacific coast district, breeding from Monterey, California, +to Mt. Simpson, British Columbia, south in winter to San Pedro +Martir Mountains, Lower California." (Ridgw.)</p> + +<p><b>557. Golden-crowned Sparrow</b> (<i>Zonotrichia coronata</i>). +L. 7.2. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Center of crown yellow, its +sides black; below grayish white, sides brownish; +back brown streaked with black; two white wing-bars; +bend of wing yellow. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Crown like back; its +front tinged with yellow; breast washed with brownish.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Pacific coast; breeds in Alaska; winters from Oregon +south to northern Lower California.</p> + +<p><a name="No558" id="No558"></a> +<b>558. White-throated Sparrow</b> (<i>Zonotrichia albicollis</i>). +L. 6.7. A yellow mark before the eye and on +bend of wing. <i>Ads.</i> Crown black, a narrow white +stripe through its center and bounded by white <i>behind</i> +the eye; throat white sharply defined from <i>gray</i> breast; +back <i>reddish brown</i> streaked with black. <i>Yng.</i> Less +yellow before eye, crown browner, its stripe gray; +throat grayer, sometimes like breast. <i>Notes.</i> Call, a +low <i>tseep</i>, and sharp <i>chink</i>; song, a musical, clearly +whistled <i>sow-wheat peverly</i>, <i>peverly</i>, <i>peverly</i>; or <i>peabody</i>, +<i>peabody</i>, <i>peabody</i>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America, west to the Plains, casually to the +Pacific; breeds from Massachusetts (locally); northern New York, +northern Michigan, and eastern Montana, north to Labrador and West +Hudson Bay region; winters from Massachusetts (rarely) and Illinois +south to the Gulf.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_227.png" width="215" height="693" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[Pg_228]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><a name="No561" id="No561"></a> +<b>561. Clay-colored Sparrow</b> (<i>Spizella pallida</i>). +L. 5.4. No reddish brown. <i>Ads.</i> Above grayish +<i>brown</i> streaked with black; sides of crown <i>largely-black</i>, +a grayish line through its center; sides of head +<i>brownish</i>; below white. <i>Notes.</i> Song, three notes, +and a slight trill. (Coues.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Interior of North America, from Illinois to the Rockies; +breeds from eastern Colorado, and northwestern Illinois north to Saskatchewan; +winters from southern Texas into Mexico.</p> + +<p><b>562. Brewer Sparrow</b> (<i>Spizella breweri</i>). L. 5.4. +<i>No</i> reddish brown. <i>Ads.</i> Back and <i>crown</i> brownish +<i>gray</i>, uniformly and narrowly streaked with black; +sides of head <i>grayish</i>; below white. Grayer than +<a href="#No561">No. 561</a>, the sides of the crown <i>not</i> largely black. <i>Notes.</i> +Call, <i>chip</i>; song, a reedy warble resembling in tone +that of a Long-billed Marsh Wren.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Western United States, from the Rockies to central California; +breeds from Mexican border States north to British Columbia; +winters from southern California south into Mexico.</p> + +<p><a name="No574" id="No574"></a> +<b>574. Bell Sparrow</b> (<i>Amphispiza belli</i>). L. 6.1; W. +2.7. <i>Ads.</i> Sides of throat with black streaks; center +of breast with black spots; above grayish <i>brown</i>, usually +<i>without</i> distinct streaks, no white in tail.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Pacific coast, from northern Lower California northwest of +Sierras, to Warren county, California; resident.</p> + +<p><b>574a. Sage Sparrow</b> (<i>A. b. nevadensis</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No574">No. 574</a>, but larger, W. 3.1; back brownish gray, +usually finely but distinctly streaked with black; less +black at sides of throat, usually a white stripe <i>over</i> the +eye. <i>Notes.</i> Call, a chipping twitter; song, feeble, +but sweet and sad. (B. B. & R.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Great Basin region; breeds from New Mexico, Arizona, +and southeastern California north to Idaho and eastern Oregon; winters +south to western Texas and southern California.</p> + +<p><b>574b. Gray Sage Sparrow</b> (<i>A. b. cinerea</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No574">No. 574</a>, but paler above, throat-stripes narrower, +more interrupted, breast-spot smaller, both stripes and +spot dull grayish instead of blackish. (Ridgw.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Lower California.</p> + +<p><b>564. Worthen Sparrow</b> (<i>Spizella wortheni</i>). Resembles +<a href="#No563a">No. 563a</a>, but sides of head plain gray, no +brownish streak behind eye; tail shorter, 2.5.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Southern New Mexico (Silver City), southward over eastern +border of Mexican plateau to southern Puebla; breeding from +Tamaulipas northward. (Ridgw.)</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_228.png" width="192" height="695" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[Pg_229]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<div class="smcap center">EASTERN SONG SPARROW GROUP.</div> + +<p><a name="No581" id="No581"></a> +<b>581. Song Sparrow</b> (<i>Melospiza cinerea melodia</i>). L. +6.2. <i>Ads.</i> Above reddish brown and gray with black +streaks; tail with a decided rufous tinge; black streaks +below conspicuously margined with reddish brown, +those of center of breast forming a patch. <i>Notes.</i> +Call, a characteristic <i>chimp</i> or <i>trink</i>; song, too variable +in form to admit of brief description but unmistakable +in tone throughout the whole group.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America west to the Plains; breeds from +Virginia and northern Illinois north to Quebec and Manitoba; winters +from southern Illinois and Massachusetts to Gulf States.</p> + +<p><a name="No581b" id="No581b"></a> +<b>581b. Mountain Song Sparrow</b> (<i>M. c. montana</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No581">No. 581</a>, but grayer; reddish brown not so +bright; bill smaller.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Rocky Mountain district of United States west to, and including +Sierra Nevada in California; north to eastern Oregon, southern +Idaho, and southern Montana; south in winter to western Texas +and northern Mexico. (Ridgw.)</p> + +<p><b>581k. Merrill Song Sparrow</b> (<i>M. c. merrilli</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No581b">No. 581b</a>, but slightly darker and more uniform +above, with grayish edgings to interscapulars and +scapulars less strongly contrasted with the darker +mesial streaks, the latter usually with more brown +than black. (Ridgw.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Breeds from northern California (Shasta County) in +mountains and through Oregon and Washington east of Cascade +Mountains, to northwestern Idaho; winters south into Mexico. +(Ridgw.)</p> + +<p><b>581j. Dakota Song Sparrow</b> (<i>M. c. juddi</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No581">No. 581</a>, but above paler, especially line over +eye and sides of neck; white below clearer; interscapulars +with black center broader, reddish brown portions +narrower; dark markings on breast restricted and +more sharply defined. (Bishop.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Turtle Mountains and vicinity, North Dakota." (A. O. +U.)</p> + +<div class="smcap center">DESERT SONG SPARROWS.</div> + +<p><a name="No581a" id="No581a"></a> +<b>581a. Desert Song Sparrow</b> (<i>Melospiza cinerea +fallax</i>). W. 2.5. Above reddish brown and gray; +below white with <i>reddish brown</i> streaks; usually <i>no +black</i> in plumage.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Lower Sonoran district of southwest Arizona, southern Nevada, +southeast California and northwest Lower California and Sonora. +(Ridgw.)</p> + +<p><b>581g. Brown Song Sparrow</b> (<i>M. c. rivularis</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No581a">No. 581a</a>, but larger, W. 2.7, with longer, more +slender and more compressed bill; still less strongly +contrasted markings, and duller, less rufescent colors. +(Ridgw.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Mountain districts of southern Lower California. (Ridgw.)</p> + +<div class="smcap center">CALIFORNIA SONG SPARROWS.</div> + +<p><a name="No581c" id="No581c"></a> +<b>581c. Heermann Song Sparrow</b> (<i>Melospiza cinerea +heermanni</i>). L. 6.5; W. 2.5. <i>Ads.</i> Above <i>chestnut</i> +olive-gray with usually distinct black streaks; tail +<i>without</i> a decided rufous tinge; black streaks below not +conspicuously bordered by rufous.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Central valleys of California including lower levels of +Sacramento and San Joaquin basins. (Ridgw.)</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_229.png" width="201" height="696" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[Pg_230]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<div class="smcap center">CALIFORNIA SONG SPARROWS.</div> + +<p><a name="No581m" id="No581m"></a> +<b>581m. San Diego Sparrow</b> (<i>M. c. cooperi</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No581c">No. 581c</a>, but slightly smaller, W. 2.4, much +lighter and grayer.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Southern coast district of California north to Monterey +Bay, east to Ft. Tejon, San Bernardino, etc., and north Pacific coast +district of Lower California south to San Quentin Bay. (Ridgw.)</p> + +<p><b>581d. Samuels Song Sparrow</b> (<i>M. c. samuelis</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No581c">No. 581c</a>, but smaller, W. 2.4, bill more +slender.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Coast slope of central California (except salt marshes of +San Francisco Bay), from Santa Cruz County to Humboldt County, +north, at least in winter, to Humboldt Bay. (Ridgw.)</p> + +<p><b>581l. Alameda Song Sparrow</b> (<i>M. c. pusillula</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No581a">No. 581a</a>, but smaller, W. 2.3, less rusty, +underparts more heavily streaked, usually more or less +suffused with <i>yellowish</i>.</p> + +<p>Range.—Salt marshes of San Francisco Bay, California. (Ridgw.)</p> + +<p><a name="No581i" id="No581i"></a> +<b>581i. San Clemente Song Sparrow</b> (<i>M. c. clementæ</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No581m">No. 581m</a>, but larger and grayer.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—San Clemente, San Miguel, and Santa Rosa Islands, +Santa Barbara Group, California; Coronados Islands, Lower California. +(Ridgw.)</p> + +<p><b>581h. Santa Barbara Song Sparrow</b> (<i>M. c. graminea</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No581i">No. 581i</a>, but much smaller, W. 2.4.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Santa Barbara Islands, California mainland in winter.</p> + +<div class="smcap center">NORTHWEST COAST SONG SPARROWS.</div> + +<p><a name="No581e" id="No581e"></a><b>581e. Rusty Song Sparrow</b> (<i>M. c. morphna</i>). W. +2.7. <i>Ads.</i> Above without clear gray and <i>not</i> distinctly +streaked; prevailing color dark reddish brown; below +<i>heavily</i> streaked with same.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Northwest coast region, Oregon to British Columbia;<br /> +south in winter to southern California.</p> + +<p><a name="No581f" id="No581f"></a> +<b>581f. Sooty Song Sparrow</b> (<i>M. c. rufina</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No581e">No. 581e</a>, but larger, W. 2.9, more sooty above and below, +underparts more heavily streaked.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Pacific coast region from British Columbia north to southern +Alaska.</p> + +<p><b>581n. Yukutat Song Sparrow</b> (<i>M. c. caurina</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No581f">No. 581f</a>, bill longer and more slender, color +grayer.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Coast of Mt. St. Elias district of Alaska, from Yakutat +Bay to Lituya Bay.</p> + +<p><a name="No581o" id="No581o"></a> +<b>581o. Kenai Song Sparrow</b> (<i>M. c. kenaiensis</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No582">No. 582</a>, but smaller, W. 3, plumage darker, +more sooty, less rufous.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Coast of Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, from east side of Cook +Inlet to Prince William Sound. (Ridgw.)</p> + +<p><a name="No5811" id="No5811"></a> +<b>581.1. Kadiak Island Song Sparrow</b> (<i>M. c. insignis</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No581o">No. 581o</a>, but larger, W. 3.2, bill longer, +color grayer.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Kadiak Island and opposite coast of Alaska. (Ridgw.)</p> + +<p><a name="No582" id="No582"></a> +<b>582. Aleutian Song Sparrow</b> (<i>Melospiza cinerea</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No5811">No. 581.1</a>, but larger and grayer; largest and +grayest bird of group; L. 8; W. 3.4.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Western portion of Alaska Peninsula (Stepovak Bay, +opposite Shumagin Islands), Shumagin Islands, and Aleutian Islands, +from Unalaska to Atka, Adak, and Attu." (Ridgw.)</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_230.png" width="184" height="240" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[Pg_231]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><a name="No585" id="No585"></a> +<b>585. Fox Sparrow</b> (<i>Passerella iliaca</i>). L. 7.2. +Back <i>streaked</i>, gray and reddish brown; tail and spots +below bright reddish brown. <i>Notes.</i> Call, a weak +<i>tseep</i>; song, loud, sweet, varied, ringing and joyous.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from Magdalen Islands and +Manitoba, northwest to Alaska; winters from Virginia to the Gulf +States.</p> + +<p><a name="No585a" id="No585a"></a> +<b>585a. Shumagin Fox Sparrow</b> (<i>P. i. unalaschensis</i>). +Back <i>not</i> distinctly streaked, much paler than +<a href="#No585">No. 585</a>; spots below grayish brown; palest of present +group.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Alaska, Shumagin Islands, and Alaskan Peninsula to Cook +Inlet.</p> + +<p><b>—Kadiak Fox Sparrow</b> (<i>P. i. insularis</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No585a">No. 585a</a>, but browner above and below; tail nearly +same as back; breast spots larger.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Kadiak Island, Alaska, in summer; in winter south along +the coast slope to southern California." (Ridgw.)</p> + +<p><b>—Sooty Fox Sparrow</b> (<i>P. i. fuliginosa</i>). <i>Ads.</i> +Above, including wings and tail, uniform brownish +umber, <i>unstreaked</i>; below heavily spotted with same.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Coast of British Columbia and northwest Washington; +south in winter to San Francisco, California. (Ridgw.)</p> + +<p><b>—Townsend Fox Sparrow</b> (<i>P. i. townsendi</i>). Similar +to <i>fuliginosa</i> but more rufous.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Southern Alaska north to Cross Sound; south in winter to +northern California. (Ridgw.)</p> + +<p><b>—Yakutat Fox Sparrow</b> (<i>P. i. annectens</i>). Similar +to <i>townsendi</i> but less rufous; very near <i>fuliginosa</i>, but +not quite so deeply colored.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Coast of Alaska, from Cross Sound to Prince William +Sound (to Cook Inlet?); in winter, south to California. (Ridgw.)</p> + +<p><a name="No585b" id="No585b"></a> +<b>585b. Thick-billed Sparrow</b> (<i>P. i. megarhyncha</i>). +L. 7.3; W. 3.3; depth of B. at base, .4. <i>Ads.</i> Above +and spots below <i>gray</i>; wings and tail light brown; +bill large. <i>Notes.</i> Song, resembles that of <a href="#No585">No. 585</a>, +but is recognizably different.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Breeding in the Sierra Nevada (both slopes) from Mt. +Shasta southward; in winter beyond Sierras as far as Los Angeles +County, California. (Ridgw.)</p> + +<p><b>585c. Slate-colored Sparrow</b> (<i>P. i. schistacea</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No585b">No. 585b</a>, but smaller, bill smaller; W. 3.2; +depth of B. at base, .35.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Rocky Mountain district of United States and British Columbia; +breeds from more eastern ranges of Colorado west to White +Mountains in southeastern Colorado, mountains of northeastern California +and eastern Oregon; north to interior of British Columbia; in +migrations, New Mexico, Arizona, western slopes of Sierra Nevada, +western Kansas. (Ridgw.)</p> + +<p><b>585d. Stephens Sparrow</b> (<i>P. i. stephensi</i>). Similar +in coloration to <a href="#No585b">No. 585b</a>, but larger, the bill conspicuously +so; W. 3.4; depth of B. at base .6. (Ridgw.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Breeding on San Bernardino and San Jacinto Mountains; +southern California. (Ridgw.)</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_231.png" width="208" height="694" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[Pg_232]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>674. Oven-bird</b> (<i>Seiurus aurocapillus</i>). L. 6.1. +<i>Ads.</i> No wing-bars; no white in tail; above brownish +olive-green; crown orange-brown bordered by black; +below white streaked with black. <i>Notes.</i> Call, a +weak <i>cheep</i>; song, a crescendo <i>teacher</i> repeated about +five times; also a wild, ecstatic flight song.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America, west to the Rockies; breeds from +Virginia and Kansas north to Labrador and northwest to Alaska; winters +from Florida south to West Indies and Central America. (Said to +breed in Bahamas.)</p> + +<p><a name="No675" id="No675"></a> +<b>675. Water-Thrush</b> (<i>Seiurus noveboracensis</i>). L. +6; W. 3. A whitish line over eye; above olive; below +pale <i>sulphur yellow</i> heavily streaked with blackish; +<i>throat spotted</i>; no wing-bars or tail-patches. <i>Notes.</i> +Call, a sharp <i>chink</i>; song, a high-pitched, liquid +whistle, <i>sweet</i>, <i>sweet</i>, <i>sweet</i>, <i>chu-chu-wee chu</i>. (Jones.) +Also a flight song.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from northern New England +and northern Illinois, north to Newfoundland and Hudson Bay, +and south along the Alleghanies to West Virginia; winters from Florida +to northern South America.</p> + +<p><b>675a. Grinnell Water-Thrush</b> (<i>S. n. notabilis</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No675">No. 675</a>, but larger, W. 3.1; upperparts +darker, less olive; underparts less yellow.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Western North America; breeds from Minnesota, western +Nebraska, and probably more northern Rocky Mountain district of +United States, north to Alaska; winters from southern United +States southward; in migration east to Mississippi valley, rarely to +Atlantic States from New Jersey southward.</p> + +<p><b>676. Louisiana Water-Thrush</b> (<i>Seiurus motacilla</i>). +L. 6.2. <i>Ads.</i> A <i>white</i> line over eye; above grayish +olive; below <i>buffy</i> white; breast and sides streaked; <i>no</i> +spots on throat; no wing-bars or tail-patches. <i>Notes.</i> +Call, a sharp, metallic <i>chink</i>; song, a sudden outburst +of loud wild, ringing notes; also a flight song.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern United States; breeds from Gulf States to +Connecticut, lower Hudson Valley, and Minnesota; winters in tropics.</p> + +<p><b>697. American Pipit: Titlark</b> (<i>Anthus pensilvanicus</i>). +L. 6.4. Hind toe-nail much the longest. <i>Ads.</i> Outer +tail-feather largely white; next one only tipped with +white; upperparts grayish brown indistinctly streaked; +underparts rich buff, breast and <i>sides</i> streaked with +blackish. <i>Yng. and Ads. in Winter.</i> Less gray above, +paler below. <i>Notes.</i> Call, a soft <i>dee-dee</i> usually uttered +in flight; a flight song.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North America breeding in Arctic regions and in the higher +parts of the Rockies from Colorado northward (also on Mt. +Shasta?); winters from southern California, Nevada and Gulf States +south through Mexico to Central America.</p> + +<p><b>700. Sprague Pipit</b> (<i>Anthus spraguei</i>). L. 6.2. +Hind toe-nail much lengthened; two outer tail-feathers +<i>largely</i> white. <i>Ads.</i> Above streaked with buff and +blackish brown; below white tinged with buff; breast +streaked. In winter, similar, but less brown above, +less buff below. <i>Notes.</i> Song, uttered on the wing +when several hundred feet above the earth, sweet and +far reaching, resembling at beginning song of Skylark.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Interior plains of North America, breeding from plains of +the Yellowstone northward to Saskatchewan district and from the Red +River westward (probably to the Rocky Mountains); south in winter +on the tablelands of Mexico to Puebla; accidental in South Carolina."</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_232.png" width="203" height="692" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[Pg_233]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>702. Sage Thrasher</b> (<i>Oroscoptes montanus</i>). L. +8.7. <i>Ads.</i> Above brownish gray; below whitish +heavily streaked with blackish; outer tail-feathers +<i>tipped</i> with white. <i>Notes.</i> Call, a low chuck; song, +deficient in power but possessing sweetness, vivacity +and variety; resembling song of Ruby-crowned Kinglet. +(Ridgway.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Western United States from western South Dakota, western +Nebraska and eastern Colorado, north to Montana, west to the +Cascades and Sierra Nevada, south into northern Mexico and Lower +California." (A. O. U.)</p> + +<p><a name="No705" id="No705"></a> +<b>705. Brown Thrasher</b> (<i>Toxostoma rufum</i>). L. 11.5; +W. 4.1; B. .95. <i>Ads.</i> Above, wings and tail rufous +or rusty brown; below white heavily streaked with +blackish; two white wing-bars. <i>Notes.</i> Calls, a sharp +kissing note and a clearly whistled <i>wheéu</i>; song, loud, +musical, varied, finished and rich in tone.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from the Gulf States north +to Maine and Manitoba; winters from Virginia and the lower Mississippi +Valley southward.</p> + +<p><b>706. Sennett Thrasher</b> (<i>Toxostoma longirostre sennetti</i>). +L. 11.5; W. 4; B. 1.1. <i>Ads.</i> Similar to +<a href="#No705">No. 705</a>, but wing shorter, bill longer, upperparts less +bright, streaks below blacker. <i>Notes.</i> Resemble those +of <a href="#No705">No. 705</a>, but song even finer.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Southeastern Texas from Corpus Christi south into northeastern +Mexico.</p> + +<p><a name="No713" id="No713"></a> +<b>713? Texan Cactus Wren</b> (<i>Heleodytes brunneicapillus +couesi</i>). L. 8.5. Largest of our Wrens. <i>Ads.</i> +Above brown, head darker, back streaked with white; +below, <i>including chin</i>, heavily marked with black. +<i>Notes.</i> A loud, harsh <i>cack-cack-cack-cack</i>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Rio Grande region of Texas and adjoining Mexican +states, west to the eastern Desert Tract, south over the Mexican +tableland." (Mearns.)</p> + +<p><b>713a. Bryant Cactus Wren</b> (<i>H. b. bryanti</i>). Differs +from <a href="#No713b">No. 713b</a>, in heavier spotting below, and in +perfectly barred tail and slight wash of rufous on belly +and flanks. (Anthony.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Northern Lower California and southern California, west +of the Coast Range." (Mearns.)</p> + +<p><a name="No713b" id="No713b"></a> +<b>713b. St. Lucas Cactus Wren</b> (<i>H. b. affinis</i>). Resembling +<a href="#No713c">No. 713c</a>, but all the tail-feathers, except +middle pair, barred with white for their whole length; +flanks white or very pale buff, with large rounded or +tear-shaped spots. (Ridgw.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Southern Lower California.</p> + +<p><a name="No713c" id="No713c"></a> +<b>713c? Desert Cactus Wren</b> (<i>H. b. anthonyi</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No713">No. 713</a>, but paler above; chin <i>without</i> spots.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Interior deserts of the southwestern United States, south +into Mexico and northeastern Lower California. (Mearns.)</p> + +<p><b>755. Wood Thrush</b> (<i>Hylocichla mustelina</i>). L. +8.2. <i>Ads.</i> Above bright cinnamon, <i>brightest on head</i>; +below white with <i>large</i>, <i>rounded</i> black spots. <i>Notes.</i> +Calls, a sharp <i>pit-pit</i>, a liquid <i>quirt</i>, and a soft <i>tut-tut-tut</i>; +song, both flute-like and bell-like; sung with frequent +pauses and low notes.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern United States; breeds from Virginia and Kansas +to Vermont, Quebec, and Minnesota; winters in Central America.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_233.png" width="180" height="696" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[Pg_234]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><a name="No715" id="No715"></a> +<b>715. Rock Wren</b> (<i>Salpinctes obsoletus</i>). L. 5.7. +<i>Ads.</i> Rump rusty; tail tipped and <i>outer</i> feathers +barred with pale rusty; above grayish brown lightly +speckled with blackish; below, including belly, whitish; +breast obscurely streaked with brownish. <i>Notes.</i> +Calls, Wren-like; song, sweet, varied and Mockingbird-like.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Western United States, from the western border of the +Plains to the Pacific, north to Dakota, Montana, and British Columbia; +south on the tablelands of Mexico and Guatemala to Salvador; +breeds throughout its range, and is resident from about the southern, +border of the United States southward." (A. O. U.)</p> + +<p><b>716. Guadalupe Rock Wren</b> (<i>Salpinctes guadeloupensis</i>). +Resembling <a href="#No715">No. 715</a>, but darker and browner, +with chest, etc., more distinctly speckled; wings and +tail shorter; bill and tarsi longer; W. 2.6; T. 2.2. +(Ridgw.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Guadalupe Island, Lower California.</p> + +<p><a name="No717" id="No717"></a> +<b>717. White-throated Wren</b> (<i>Catherpes mexicanus +albifrons</i>). L. 6; W. 2.7. <i>Ads.</i> <i>Belly</i>, rump, and <i>all</i> +tail-feathers rusty; tail barred with black; throat white; +back rusty brown.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas and southward into +northeastern Mexico.</p> + +<p><a name="No717a" id="No717a"></a> +<b>717a. Canon Wren</b> (<i>C. m. conspersus</i>). Similar to +<a href="#No717">No. 717</a>, but smaller, W. 2.3; tail-bars narrower. +<i>Notes.</i> Call, a "ringing <i>dink</i>;" song, a series of about +seven, loud, ringing whistles uttered in a regularly descending +scale.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Great Basin and Rocky Mountain region, from the Sierra +Nevada and Cascades eastward to southern Idaho, Wyoming, Colorado +and western Texas: south on the tableland of Mexico to Aguas +Calientes; breeds nearly throughout its range; resident in southern +parts of its United States distribution." (A. O. U.)</p> + +<p><b>717b. Dotted Canon Wren</b> (<i>C. m. punctulatus</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No717a">No. 717a</a>, but darker; more nearly resembling +<a href="#No717">No. 717</a> in colors, but smaller in size.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Pacific coast from Lower California north to Oregon; resident.</p> + +<p><a name="No718" id="No718"></a> +<b>718. Carolina Wren</b> (<i>Thryothorus ludovicianus</i>). +L. 5.5; W. 2.3; B. .6. <i>Ads.</i> Above bright rust-brown; +below washed with same, throat and line over eye +white. <i>Notes.</i> Calls, Wren-like; song, a great variety +of loud, musical whistles, <i>whee-udel</i>, <i>whee-udel</i>, <i>whee-udel</i> +or <i>tea-kettle</i>, <i>tea-kettle</i>, <i>tea-kettle</i>, etc.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range—Eastern United States; breeds from the Gulf States north +to the lower Hudson Valley (and casually Massachusetts), northern +Illinois, and southern Iowa; resident.</p> + +<p><b>718a. Florida Wren</b> (<i>T. l. miamensis</i>). Similar to +<a href="#No718">No. 718</a>, but darker above, more deeply colored below; +larger, W. 2.4; B. .7.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Florida, from Pasco and Brevard counties southward.</p> + +<p><b>718b. Lomita Wren</b> (<i>T. l. lomitensis</i>). Similar to +<a href="#No718">No. 718</a>, but browner, less rufous above, rump with +more white spots; below paler, the flanks usually +barred.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Southeastern Texas.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_234.png" width="217" height="620" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[Pg_235]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><a name="No719" id="No719"></a> +<b>719. Bewick Wren</b> (<i>Thryomanes bewickii</i>). L. 5; +W. 2.2; T. 2.1. <i>Ads.</i> Above rich, dark cinnamon-brown, +tail grayer; below grayish white; all but middle +pair of tail-feathers <i>black</i>, outer ones barred, others +tipped with grayish. <i>Notes.</i> Call, "a soft, low, <i>plit</i>;" +song, strongly suggesting that of Song Sparrow.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Mississippi Valley west to the Plains, north to Lat. 40°, +east to Alleghanies and locally to Atlantic States from southern New +Jersey to Georgia.</p> + +<p><a name="No719a" id="No719a"></a> +<b>719a. Vigors Wren</b> (<i>T. b. spilurus</i>). Similar to +<a href="#No719">No. 719</a>, but smaller, W. 2; upperparts less cinnamon or +reddish.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—California, west of Sierra Nevada and south to Santa +Cruz Island. (Bailey.)</p> + +<p><a name="No719b" id="No719b"></a> +<b>719b. Baird Wren</b> (<i>T. b. leucogaster</i>). Similar to +<a href="#No719c">No. 719c</a>, but upperparts grayer.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Western Texas to southeastern California, and from +southern Nevada Utah, and Colorado south over tablelands of Mexico +to Zacatecas." (Bailey.)</p> + +<p><a name="No719c" id="No719c"></a> +<b>719c. Texas Bewick Wren</b> (<i>T. b. cryptus</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No719">No. 719</a>, but grayer, brown of upperparts not so +rich; slightly larger, W. 2.3.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Texas, except the extreme western corner, states of Nuevo +Leon and Tamaulipas, in Mexico, with probably Kansas, Indian Territory +and Oklahoma; migratory north of Texas." (Oberholser.)</p> + +<p><a name="No719d" id="No719d"></a> +<b>719d. Southwest Bewick Wren</b> (<i>T. b. charienturus</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No719b">No. 719b</a> but flanks and upper surface darker, +eye-stripe rather broader, under tail-coverts more +heavily barred, wing shorter, 2. (Oberholser.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Coast region of southern California, north to about Pasadena, +south to Lat. 28°, Lower California, Santa Catalina Island; +resident. (Oberholser.)</p> + +<p><b>729e. Northwest Bewick Wren</b> (<i>T. b. calophonus</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No719a">No. 719a</a>, but bill larger, upper surface +usually rather deeper and richer brown, flanks somewhat +more rufescent; W. 2.1; B. .6. (Oberholser.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Pacific slope from Oregon north to southern Vancouver +Island, valley of the Fraser River, and slightly farther along the +mainland coast; probably resident. (Oberholser.)</p> + +<p><b>719.1. San Clemente Wren</b> (<i>Thryomanes leucophrys</i>) +Similar to <a href="#No719d">No. 719d</a>, but flanks and upperparts rather +grayer and paler, bill longer, under tail-coverts less +heavily barred. (Oberholser.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—San Clemente Island, California.</p> + +<p><b>720. Guadalupe Wren</b> (<i>Thryomanes brevicauda</i>). +L. 4.5; W. 1.9. <i>Ads.</i> Resembling <a href="#No719a">No. 719a</a>, but +rump with few or no concealed white spots; tail dull +grayish brown, narrowly and indistinctly barred with +dusky, two or three outer feathers with brownish gray +tips. (Ridgw.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Guadalupe Island, Lower California.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_235.png" width="211" height="228" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[Pg_236]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><a name="No721" id="No721"></a> +<b>721. House Wren</b> (<i>Troglodytes aëdon</i>). L. 4.7; T. +1.7. <i>Ads.</i> Above cinnamon brown, sometimes obscurely +barred; tail the same, <i>all</i> the feathers barred; +below grayish with a brownish wash, lower belly and +flanks usually more or less barred. <i>Notes.</i> Call, a +scolding <i>krrring</i>; song, a bubbling, rippling, irrepressible +little melody.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America; breeds north to Maine, Montreal, +and Manitoba; winters from South Carolina and the Lower Mississippi +Valley southward into Mexico.</p> + +<p><b>721a. Parkman Wren</b> (<i>T. a. parkmanii</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No721">No. 721</a>, but less cinnamon above; intermediate in +color between <a href="#No721">No. 721</a> and <a href="#No721b">No. 721b</a>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Pacific coast; breeds from southern California north to +British Columbia; winters from southern California southward.</p> + +<p><a name="No721b" id="No721b"></a> +<b>721b. Western House Wren</b> (<i>T. a. aztecus</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No721">No. 721</a>, but much grayer above and paler below; +back more frequently barred.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Western United States from the Sierra Nevada east to the +Mississippi Valley; winters south into Lower California and Mexico.</p> + +<p><a name="No722" id="No722"></a> +<b>722. Winter Wren</b> (<i>Olbiorchilus hiemalis</i>). L. 4; +T. 1.2. <i>Ads.</i> Above cinnamon, much brighter than +in <a href="#No721">No. 721</a>; below pale cinnamon, sides and belly +heavily barred with blackish. <i>Notes.</i> Call, <i>chimp-chimp</i>, +resembling call of Song Sparrow; song, tinkling, +rippling, full of trills, runs and grace notes. +(Bailey.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from northern New England +and northern New York northward, and southward along the Alleghanies +to North Carolina; winters from Massachusetts and Illinois +to Florida.</p> + +<p><a name="No722a" id="No722a"></a> +<b>722a. Western Winter Wren</b> (<i>O. h. pacificus</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No722">No. 722</a>, but much deeper colored both +above and below, and more heavily barred.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Breeds on the Pacific coast from southern California north +to Alaska; east to Idaho; winters south into Mexico.</p> + +<p><b>722b. Kadiak Winter Wren</b> (<i>O. h. helleri</i>). Slightly +larger and paler than <a href="#No722a">No. 722a</a>. (Osgood.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Kadiak Island, Alaska.</p> + +<p><a name="No723" id="No723"></a> +<b>723. Alaskan Wren</b> (<i>Olbiorchilus alascensis</i>). Resembling +<a href="#No722a">No. 722a</a>, but paler and larger, W. 2.1, B. .6.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range—Breeds on Kadiak Island, Alaska; winter range unknown.</p> + +<p><b>723.1. Aleutian Wren</b> (<i>Olbiorchilus meligerus</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No723">No. 723</a>, but darker, less reddish; rump and upper +tail-coverts more evidently barred; bars on belly +heavier. (Oberholser.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Westernmost part of the Aleutian group, Alaska." (Oberholser.)</p> + +<p><b>724. Short-billed Marsh Wren</b> (<i>Cistothorus stellaris</i>). +L. 4; T. 1.4; B. .4. <i>Ads.</i> <i>Crown</i> and back +streaked with whitish; breast-band, sides and under +tail-coverts rusty; wing-coverts tipped with whitish. +<i>Notes.</i> Call, like sound produced by striking two +pebbles together; song, <i>chap—chap—chap-chap</i>, <i>chap-chap-chap +p-p-rrr</i>. (Seton.) (See <a href="#Page_237">next page</a>.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America, ranging west to Utah; breeds +from the Gulf States north to Massachusetts and Manitoba; winters +from the Gulf States southward.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_236.png" width="175" height="310" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[Pg_237]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><a name="No725" id="No725"></a> +<b>725. Long-billed Marsh Wren</b> (<i>Telmatodytes palustris</i>). +L. 5.2; T. 1.6; B. .5. <i>Ads.</i> Crown and foreback +largely black, the latter with white streaks; a +white stripe over eye; rump cinnamon; below white, +sides washed with cinnamon; outer tail-feathers <i>black</i>, +broadly barred with pale cinnamon. <i>Notes.</i> Call, +scolding, a characteristic Wren-like <i>cacking</i>; song, a +reedy, guttural, bubbling trill often sung in flight.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America west to the Rocky Mountains; +breeds from the Gulf States north to Massachusetts and Manitoba; +winters locally from Massachusetts, south into Mexico.</p> + +<p><a name="No725a" id="No725a"></a> +<b>725a. Tule Wren</b> (<i>T. p. paludicola</i>). Similar to +<a href="#No725">No. 725</a>, but upper tail-coverts barred, middle tail-feathers +more distinctly and broadly barred; underparts +usually browner.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Pacific coast; breeds from southern California to British +Columbia: winters from Washington to Guatemala.</p> + +<p><b>725b. Worthington Marsh Wren</b> (<i>T. p. griseus</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No725">No. 725</a>, but with less black above; upperparts, +sides and flanks pale grayish; dark markings of under +tail-coverts, flanks, sides and breast, faint, confused +and inconspicuous, sometimes practically wanting. +(Brewster.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Coast of South Carolina and Georgia.</p> + +<p><b>725c. Interior Tule Wren</b> (<i>T. p. plesius</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No725a">No. 725a</a>, but paler.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Western United States, except the Pacific coast; north to +British Columbia and Alberta, east to the Rocky Mountains and Texas, +south into Mexico." (Oberholser.)</p> + +<p><b>725.1. Marian Marsh Wren</b> (<i>Telmatodytes marianæ</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No725">No. 725</a>, but upperparts darker; sides and +flanks of about same color as rump; under tail-coverts +and sometimes breast barred or spotted with black.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Gulf coast of Florida.</p> + +<p><a name="No726" id="No726"></a> +<b>726. Brown Creeper</b> (<i>Certhia familiaris americana</i>). +L. 5.6; B. .63. Tail-feathers stiffened and pointed. +<i>Ads.</i> Rump <i>rusty</i>; a <i>buffy white</i> band in the wing; +back and crown streaked with whitish, black and +rusty; below white. <i>Notes.</i> Call, a faint, high, thin +<i>tseep</i>; song, "an exquisitely pure, tender song of four +notes." (Brewster.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America: breeds from Maine and Minnesota +(casually Missouri) northward; winters from about the southern +breeding limits to the Gulf States.</p> + +<p><b>726a. Mexican Creeper</b> (<i>C. f. albescens</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No726">No. 726</a>, but rump rich rusty brown, back black, +crown <i>black</i> streaked with white, band in wing white.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Mexican plateau region north to southern Arizona.</p> + +<p><a name="No726b" id="No726b"></a> +<b>726b. Rocky Mountain Creeper</b> (<i>C. f. montana</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No726">No. 726</a>, but bill longer, .7; band in wing +averaging whiter.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Rocky Mountains from New Mexico and Arizona northward +to Alaska.</p> + +<p><a name="No726c" id="No726c"></a> +<b>726c. Californian Creeper</b> (<i>C. f. occidentalis</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No726">No. 726</a>, but much rustier; prevailing color +of upperparts yellowish rusty.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Pacific coast; breeds from Santa Cruz Mountains, California, +northward to Alaska.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_237.png" width="216" height="698" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[Pg_238]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>726d. Sierra Creeper</b> (<i>C. f. zelotes</i>). Similar to +<a href="#No726c">No. 726c</a>, but colors more dusky and less rufescent; +similar to <a href="#No726b">No. 726b</a>, but much darker; light centers of +feathers on head and back much reduced. (Osgood.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Southern Cascade Mountains of Oregon and Sierra +Nevada of California." (Osgood.)</p> + +<p><a name="No756" id="No756"></a> +<b>756. Wilson Thrush; Veery</b> (<i>Hylocichla fuscescens</i>). +L. 7.5. <i>Ads.</i> Above, wings and tail, <i>uniform</i> cinnamon +brown; below white, sides grayish, breast and +throat buff rather faintly marked with triangular spots +the color of the back. <i>Notes.</i> Call, a clearly whistled +<i>wheé-you</i> and a softer <i>too-whee</i>; song, a weird, <i>spiral</i> of +blended alto and soprano tones largely on one note.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from northern New Jersey, +the mountains of Pennsylvania, and northern Illinois north to Newfoundland +and Manitoba; winters in Central America.</p> + +<p><b>756a. Willow Thrush</b> (<i>H. f. salicicola</i>). Similar to +<a href="#No756">No. 756</a>, but more olive above.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Rocky Mountains north to British Columbia, east to +Dakota; in migration, casually to Illinois and South Carolina; winters +as far south as southern Brazil.</p> + +<p><a name="No759" id="No759"></a> +<b>759. Alaskan Hermit Thrush</b> (<i>Hylocichla guttata</i>), +L. 6.5. W. 3.5; tail <i>rufous</i>, <i>much</i> brighter than back. +<i>Ads.</i> Eye-ring whitish, not deep buff; back olive-brown; +breast tinged with buff and heavily spotted +with large, wedge-shaped marks.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Breeds in northwest coast region from British Columbia +to Alaska; in winter south to Mexico.</p> + +<p><b>759a. Audubon Hermit Thrush</b> (<i>H. g. auduboni</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No759">No. 759</a>, but larger, W. 4; back grayer, tail +paler, flanks less heavily washed with gray.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Rocky Mountain region of United States south to Guatemala.</p> + +<p><b>759b. Hermit Thrush</b> (<i>H. g. pallasii</i>). Similar to +<a href="#No759">No. 759</a>, but back and sides browner. <i>Notes.</i> Call, a +low <i>chuck</i>; song, highly musical and probably exceeding +in spiritual quality that of any of our birds.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from Michigan, Alleghanies +in Pennsylvania, Catskills, higher mountains of Massachusetts +(rarely at sea level), north to Labrador; winters from New Jersey to +Gulf States.</p> + +<p><b>759c. Dwarf Hermit Thrush</b> (<i>H. g. nana</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No759">No. 759</a>, but smaller, W. 3.2, back slightly +browner.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Pacific coast; breeds from Washington south through +Sierra Nevadas; east, in migrations, to Nevada and Arizona; south to +Lower California and western Mexico. (A. O. U.)</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_238.png" width="209" height="693" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[Pg_239]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><a name="No757" id="No757"></a> +<b>757. Gray-cheeked Thrush</b> (<i>Hylocichla aliciæ</i>). L. +7.5; W. 4. <i>Ads.</i> Tail and back the <i>same</i> color, olive +without brownish tinge; eye-ring and lores <i>whitish</i>, +cheeks and breast only <i>slightly</i> tinged with buff, breast +with wedge-shaped spots. <i>Notes.</i> Doubtless like +those of <a href="#No757a">No. 757a</a>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Breeds in Labrador and west to Alaska: migrates through +eastern North America and winters in Central America.</p> + +<p><a name="No757a" id="No757a"></a> +<b>757a. Bicknell Thrush</b> (<i>H. a. bicknelli</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No757">No. 757</a>, but smaller, L. 7; W. 3.5. <i>Notes.</i> Calls, +<i>pheu</i> like that of Veery; a low <i>cluck</i> like that of Hermit +Thrush, and rarely, a pip or <i>peenk</i> like that of Olive-backed +Thrush; song, like that of Veery but more interrupted. +(Brewster.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Breeds in the high parts of the +Catskills and north to White Mountains and Nova Scotia; winters in tropics.</p> + +<p><a name="No758" id="No758"></a> +<b>758. Russet-backed Thrush</b> (<i>Hylocichla ustulata</i>). +L. 7.2; W. 4. Tail <i>not</i> decidedly more rufous than +back. <i>Ads.</i> Eye-ring, cheeks, sides of neck and +breast <i>distinctly buffy</i>; breast with wedge-shaped spots; +back and <i>flanks</i> olive-brown; tail slightly browner. +The most deeply colored bird of the <i>ustulata</i> group.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Pacific coast; breeds from Oregon to Alaska; winters +south to Guatemala.</p> + +<p><a name="No758a" id="No758a"></a> +<b>758a. Olive-backed Thrush</b> (<i>H. u. swainsonii</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No758">No. 758</a>, but back, tail, and flanks without +brownish or rufescent tinge. <i>Notes.</i> Call, a liquid +<i>puit</i>; song, suggesting both that of Hermit Thrush and +the Veery.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America; breeds in Alleghanies from Pennsylvania +and the Catskills, north to New Brunswick and Manitoba; +winters in Central and South America.</p> + +<p><b>758b. California Olive-backed Thrush</b> (<i>H. u. +œdica</i>). Differs from <a href="#No758">758</a> and <a href="#No758a">758a</a>, in more rufescent +coloration on the flanks; sides and upper surface +usually paler than <a href="#No758">No. 758</a>. (Oberholser.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—California, except north coast; north in interior to southern +Oregon; south, in winter to Arizona and southern Mexico. (Oberholser.)</p> + +<p><b>758c. Alma Thrush</b> (<i>H. u. almæ</i>). Similar to +<a href="#No758a">No. 758a</a>, but back and flanks grayer. The palest bird of +the <i>ustulata</i> group.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Alaska, except Yukon Basin, south in Rocky Mountain +region, and west to Utah and eastern Nevada. (A. O. U.)</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_239.png" width="204" height="577" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[Pg_240]</a></span></p> +<div class="caption3rt">Perching Birds Chiefly Gray, Black, or Black and White</div> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<div class="smcap center">GRAY-HEADED JUNCOS.</div> + +<p><b>566. White-winged Junco</b> (<i>Junco aikeni</i>). L. 6.5; +W. 3.30. <i>Ads.</i> Resembling <a href="#No567">No. 567</a>, but larger, +paler, wings generally with two white bars; <i>three</i> outer +tail-feathers mostly or entirely white; fourth partly +white.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Breeds in Wyoming and western North Dakota; winters in +Colorado, western Kansas, casually to Indiana and Wisconsin. +(Ridgw.)</p> + +<p><a name="No567" id="No567"></a> +<b>567. Slate-colored Junco</b> (<i>Junco hyemalis</i>). L. 6.2. +W. 3. <i>Ad.</i> ♂, <i>summer</i>. Head and back gray, the +crown sometimes slightly darker, the feathers usually +more or less tipped with brownish; breast and sides +<i>gray</i>; belly white; third outer tail-feather with white. +<i>Ad.</i> ♀, <i>summer</i>. Similar, but brown wash stronger. +<i>Ads., winter.</i> Brown tips to feathers longer, sides +sometimes brownish. <i>Notes.</i> Calls, a sharp, kissing +note and a rapid <i>chew-chew-chew</i>, song, a simple, twittering +trill.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America, breeds from northern New England, +northern New York, and northern Minnesota north to Labrador +and northwest to Alaska; and southward along the Alleghanies to +Pennsylvania; winters south to the Gulf States.</p> + +<p><b>567e. Carolina Junco</b> (<i>J. h. carolinensis</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No567">No. 567</a>, but slightly larger, W. 3.2, the upperparts +and breast uniform slate-gray <i>without</i> a brownish wash +the bill horn color.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Alleghanies from Virginia to Georgia.</p> + +<p><a name="No568" id="No568"></a> +<b>568. Pink-sided Junco</b> (<i>Junco mearnsi</i>). L. 6.2. +<i>Ad.</i> ♂, <i>summer</i>. Sides <i>broadly</i> brownish pink, center +of belly white; breast pale slate-gray, crown darker, +back washed with brownish. <i>Ad.</i> ♀ in <i>summer</i>. Similar +to the ♂, but with less pink on sides, the crown +washed with gray. <i>Ads. winter.</i> Similar to summer +Ads., but with more brownish.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Breeds in southern Idaho and south-central Montana; +winters south through Wyoming and Colorado to northern Mexico.</p> + +<p><a name="No5671" id="No5671"></a> +<b>567.1 Montana Junco</b> (<i>Junco montanus</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No568">No. 568</a>, but with less pink on the sides, the throat +and breast darker slate.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Breeding from northwestern Montana and northern Idaho +north to northwest Territory and Alberta; in winter south to Mexico, +east more or less irregularly to the Mississippi, Massachusetts, and +Maryland. (Ridgw.)</p> + +<p><b>571. Baird Junco</b> (<i>Junco bairdi</i>). Back and sides +rusty cinnamon, head gray, throat and breast grayish +white, belly white.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Cape Region of Lower California.</p> + +<p><b>572. Guadalupe Junco</b> (<i>Junco insularis</i>). Similar +to mearnsi but smaller, W. 2.7, bill longer, head and +breast darker.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Guadalupe Island, Lower California.</p> + +<p><b>571.1. Townsend Junco</b> (<i>Junco townsendi</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No5671">No. 567.1</a>, but with the back grayer, the brownish +wash much reduced.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—San Pedro Martir Mountains, northern Lower California.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_240.png" width="195" height="693" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[Pg_241]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<div class="smcap center">GRAY-HEADED, BROWN-BACKED JUNCOS.</div> + +<p><b>569. Gray-headed Junco</b> (<i>Junco caniceps</i>). L. 6.5; +W. 3.2; T. 2.9. <i>Ads.</i> Head, breast and <i>sides</i> gray; +back reddish brown; <i>no</i> reddish brown on wings; three +outer tail-feathers with white; <i>upper</i> and lower mandibles +pinkish.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Breeds in mountains of southern Wyoming, Colorado, +Utah, Nevada, and northern New Mexico. (Ridgw.)</p> + +<p><b>570. Arizona Junco</b> (<i>Junco phæonotus palliatus</i>). +L. 6.5; W. 3.2; T. 2.9. <i>Ads.</i> Head gray; underparts +<i>grayish white</i>; back, and to a greater or less extent, +<i>wing-coverts</i> and <i>tertials</i>, reddish brown; three outer +tail-feathers with white; iris <i>yellow</i>; upper mandible +blackish, lower <i>yellowish</i>. <i>Notes.</i> Calls, resemble +those of <a href="#No567">No. 567</a>; song suggests that of Song Sparrow.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Breeds in mountains of southern Arizona and southward.</p> + +<p><b>570a. Red-backed Junco</b> (<i>Junco dorsalis</i>) L. 6.7; +W. 3.3; T. 3. <i>Ads.</i> Head gray; underparts <i>grayish +white</i>; back reddish brown; <i>no</i> reddish brown on wings; +three outer tail-feathers with white; upper mandible +blackish, lower <i>flesh-color</i>; iris "brown."</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Breeds on high mountains of New Mexico and central +Arizona; winters south to northern Mexico and western Texas.</p> + +<div class="smcap center">BLACK-HEADED JUNCOS.</div> + +<p><a name="No567a" id="No567a"></a> +<b>567a. Oregon Junco</b> (<i>Junco oreganus</i>). L. 6.2; +W. 3. <i>Ad.</i> ♂, <i>summer</i>. Head, neck, throat and +breast black sharply defined from the mahogany brown +back, third outer tail-feather with little or no white; +sides washed with pinkish brown. <i>Ad.</i> ♀, <i>summer</i>. +Head and breast grayer, back paler. <i>Ads. winter.</i> +Back deeper, the head and neck more or less tipped with +brown, the breast with gray, these areas less sharply +defined from the back and belly.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Pacific coast; breeds from northern British Columbia to +Alaska; winters south to California.</p> + +<p><b>—Shufeldt Junco</b> (<i>J. o. shufeldti</i>). Similar to +<a href="#No567a">No. 567a</a>, but larger, W. 3.1, brown of back less intense.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Pacific coast; breeds from Oregon north to British Columbia +(and eastward in humid regions to Montana?); winters south to +northern Mexico.</p> + +<p><b>567b. Coues Junco</b> (<i>J. o. connectens</i>). Similar to +<i>shufeldti</i>, but back paler, brownish gray, breast grayer, +sides with less pinkish brown, head and breast still +sharply defined from adjacent areas.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Breeds in the interior of British Columbia and probably in +arid districts southward (breeding areas not definitely known); winters +southward doubtless to Mexican boundary.</p> + +<p><a name="No567c" id="No567c"></a> +<b>567c. Thurber Junco</b> (<i>J. o. thurberi</i>). Similar to +<a href="#No567">No. 567</a>, but back much paler, a bright pinkish brown; +head and breast black as in <a href="#No567">No. 567</a>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Breeds in mountains from southern Oregon south to +southern California; east to western Nevada.</p> + +<p><b>567d. Point Pinos Junco</b> (<i>J. o. pinosus</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No567c">No. 567c</a>, but throat and breast slate-color.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Santa Cruz district of California; breeds from King +Mountain, south at least to Point Sur, County; wanders eastward +in winter into Santa Clara and San Benito Valleys. (Grinnell.)</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_241.png" width="201" height="696" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[Pg_242]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><a name="No733" id="No733"></a> +<b>733. Plain Titmouse</b> (<i>Bæolophus inornatus</i>). L. +5.5. <i>Ads.</i> Head crested; above grayish <i>brown</i>; below +grayish <i>white</i>, belly white, sides often buffy. <i>Notes.</i> +Similar to those of the Tufted Titmouse, but weaker +and less varied. (Ridgw.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—California, west of the Sierra; north to Oregon.</p> + +<p><a name="No733a" id="No733a"></a> +<b>733a. Gray Titmouse</b> (<i>B. i. griseus</i>). Similar to +<a href="#No733">No. 733</a>, but above <i>gray</i>, below whitish <i>gray</i>, no buff +on sides.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Southwestern United States: from southeastern California +and Nevada to Colorado and New Mexico.</p> + +<p><b>733b. Ashy Titmouse</b> (<i>B. i. cineraceus</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No733a">No. 733a</a>, but underparts grayish <i>white</i>, not whitish +<i>gray</i>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Cape Region of Lower California.</p> + +<p><a name="No743" id="No743"></a> +<b>743. Bush-Tit</b> (<i>Psaltriparus minimus</i>). L, 4.2; T. +2.1. <i>Ads.</i> Crown <i>sooty</i> brown; back grayish brown; +below brownish white, sides darker.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Pacific coast from northern California to Washington.</p> + +<p><b>743a. California Bush-Tit</b> (<i>P. m. californicus</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No743">No. 743</a>, but crown much lighter, brighter brown, +quite different from the brownish gray back; underparts +paler. <i>Notes.</i> When feeding, a faint <i>tsit</i>, <i>tsit</i>, +<i>tsit</i>, <i>tsit</i>, when moving about, <i>tsit</i>, <i>tsit</i>, <i>tsit</i>, <i>sre-e-e-e</i>; <i>tsit</i>, +sre-e-e-e; when a bird is separated from its companions, +same as last but uttered more hurriedly; alarm note, a +greatly intensified <i>tsit´´</i>; <i>tsit´´</i>; <i>tsit´´</i>; <i>tsit´</i>: in presence of +Hawk or Owl a shrill, quavering trill, <i>sre-e-e-e-e-e</i>. +(Grinnell.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—California, except the north coast region.</p> + +<p><b>743b. Grinda Bush-Tit</b> (<i>P. m. grindæ</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No743">No. 743</a>, but back bluish ash-gray. (Ridgw.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Cape Region of Lower California.</p> + +<p><a name="No744" id="No744"></a> +<b>744. Lead-colored Bush-Tit</b> (<i>Psaltriparus plumbeus</i>). +L. 4.5. <i>Ads.</i> <i>Crown</i> and back bluish gray, sides of +head brownish; below dingy white with a buffy tint on +belly.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Western United States from eastern Oregon and eastern +California east to Wyoming, Colorado, and western Texas.</p> + +<p><b>744.1. Santa Rita Bush-Tit</b> (<i>Psaltriparus santaritæ</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No744">No. 744</a>, but smaller, sides of head paler, +male with a more or less distinct blackish line along +sides of head as in female of <a href="#No745">No. 745</a>. (Ridgw.) +(Now considered the same as <a href="#No745">745</a>.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Santa Rita Mountains, southern Arizona.</p> + +<p><a name="No745" id="No745"></a> +<b>745. Lloyd Bush-Tit</b> (<i>Psaltriparus lloydi</i>). L. 4.2. +<i>Ad.</i> ♂. Sides of head shining black, crown blue-gray, +back browner; chin blackish, underparts whitish, the +belly and sides buffy. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Sides of head brownish, +ear-coverts bordered above by a narrow black line; +no black on chin. <i>Yng.</i> Similar to ♀, but no black +in head.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Mountains of western Texas, between the Pecos and Rio +Grande Rivers" (Sennett), south into Mexico.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_242.png" width="202" height="695" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[Pg_243]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><a name="No731" id="No731"></a> +<b>731. Tufted Titmouse</b> (<i>Bæolophus bicolor</i>). L. 6. +<i>Ads.</i> Head crested; forehead <i>black</i>; above gray; below +whitish, sides rusty. <i>Notes.</i> A clearly whistled <i>péto</i>, +<i>péto</i>, and a hoarse <i>de-de-de</i>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern United States; resident from the Gulf States north +to northern New Jersey and southern Iowa; straying somewhat +further north in summer after breeding.</p> + +<p><b>731a. Texan Tufted Titmouse</b> (<i>B. b. texensis</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No731">No. 731</a>, but forehead rusty, upperparts +paler.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Southeastern Texas.</p> + +<p><b>732. Black-crested Titmouse</b> (<i>Bæolophus atricristatus</i>). +L. 6.1. <i>Ads.</i> Head with a <i>black</i> crest; forehead +white or tinged with rusty; back gray; below +whitish, sides rusty. <i>Notes.</i> An abbreviation of the +call of <a href="#No731">No. 731</a>, <i>pete-pete-pete-pete</i>. (Bailey.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"From southeastern Texas west to El Paso, south to eastern +Mexico." (Bailey.)</p> + +<p><b>751. Blue-gray Gnatcatcher</b> (<i>Polioptila cærulea</i>). +L. 4.5; T. 2. Outer tail-feathers with white, white +tip of next to outer one at least 1.00 long. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. +Above bluish gray, forehead narrowly black; below +grayish white. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Similar, but lighter gray; no +black on forehead. <i>Notes.</i> Call, a twanging <i>ting</i>; +song, sweet and varied but of small volume.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern United States, west to Colorado; breeds from the +Gulf States north to southern New Jersey, and Ontario; wanders casually +as far north as Maine and Minnesota; winters from the Gulf +States southward.</p> + +<p><b>751a. Western Gnatcatcher</b> (<i>P. c. obscura</i>). Similar +to No.. 751, but slightly grayer above; white tip to +next to outer tail-feather <i>less</i> than 1.00 long.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Western United States from western Texas west to California +and Lower California.</p> + +<p><a name="No752" id="No752"></a> +<b>752. Plumbeous Gnatcatcher</b> (<i>Polioptila plumbea</i>). +L. 4.4. Outer web of outer tail-feather <i>wholly</i> white, +inner web black except at tip. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Crown shining +black, back blue-gray; underparts grayish white. +<i>Ad.</i> ♀ <i>and Yng</i>. ♂. Similar, but no black on head. +Yng. ♀. Back and sides with a brownish wash. +<i>Notes.</i> Call, a faint mew; song, "a harsh ditty of five +notes, something like a Wren's song with notes like +those of a Swallow." (Cooper.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Mexican boundary region, from western Texas to southeastern +California and Lower California.</p> + +<p><b>753. Black-tailed Gnatcatcher</b> (<i>Polioptila californica</i>). +L. 4.5; T. 2.1. Similar to <a href="#No752">No. 752</a>, but outer +vane of outer tail-feather <i>black</i> margined with white; +back darker, underparts much grayer, flanks brownish.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Pacific coast region of southern California and northern +Lower California.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_243.png" width="225" height="692" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[Pg_244]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>734. Bridled Titmouse</b> (<i>Bæolophus wollweberi</i>). +L. 5.2. <i>Ads.</i> Head crested, black and gray; throat +black; hind neck with a white band bounded by black; +back olive-gray; below whitish. <i>Notes.</i> Chickadee-like +but fainter. (Henshaw.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Tableland of Mexico north to western Texas and southern +Arizona.</p> + +<p><b>738. Mountain Chickadee</b> (<i>Parus gambeli</i>). L. 5.5. +<i>Ads.</i> A white line over the eye and a black through +it; back gray; belly whitish. <i>Notes.</i> A hoarse, <i>dee-dee-dee</i>, +a two or three-noted <i>phe-be</i> whistle exactly like +that of the Chickadee and an exceedingly sweet three-noted +whistle of regular intervals, <i>d</i>, <i>c</i>, <i>a</i>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Mountainous portions of the western United States from +the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains to the Sierra Nevada, north +to British Columbia, Idaho, etc., and south to northern Lower California." +(A. O. U.)</p> + +<p><a name="No740" id="No740"></a> +<b>740. Hudsonian Chickadee</b> (<i>Parus hudsonicus</i>). +L. 5.2; W. 2.6. <i>Ads.</i> Crown hair-brown, back a +more yellow brown; sides of head and neck grayish +white; throat black, belly white, sides rusty. <i>Notes.</i> +<i>Tscha-dee-dee-dee-dee</i>; the <i>dee-dee</i> notes repeated with +almost incessant volubility. (Brewer.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—British America, from the west side of Hudson Bay northwestward +to the Lower Yukon.</p> + +<p><b>740a. Kowak Chickadee</b> (<i>P. h. stoneyi</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No740">No. 740</a>, but larger, W. 2.7. above grayer, crown +much paler.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Kowak River region, Alaska.</p> + +<p><b>740b. Columbian Chickadee</b> (<i>P. h. columbianus</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No740">No. 740</a>, but grayer above, crown slaty-drab.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Rocky Mountains from Montana northward; Kenai Peninsula, +Alaska.</p> + +<p><b>—Canadian Chickadee</b> (<i>P. h. littoralis</i>). Similar to +<a href="#No740">No. 740</a>, but smaller, W. 2.5, crown duller brown.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—British America east and south of Hudson Bay; northern +New York, northern New England, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia.</p> + +<p><b>739. Alaskan Chickadee</b> (<i>Parus cinctus alascensis</i>). +L. 5.2. <i>Ads.</i> Crown <i>brown</i>, back <i>brighter</i>; sides of +head and neck <i>pure white</i>; throat blackish; belly whitish, +sides buffy.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Northern Alaska and eastern Siberia." (A. O. U.)</p> + +<p><a name="No741" id="No741"></a> +<b>741. Chestnut-backed Chickadee</b> (<i>Parus rufescens</i>). +L. 4.6. <i>Ads.</i> Back and sides rusty chestnut, crown sooty +brown, throat black. <i>Notes.</i> A lisping <i>the-the-the-te-te</i>. +(Kobbe.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Pacific coast from Oregon to southern Alaska.</p> + +<p><a name="No741a" id="No741a"></a> +<b>741a. California Chickadee</b> (<i>P. r. neglectus</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No741">No. 741</a>, but with only a tinge of rusty on +flanks.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Coast of California from Monterey County northward." +(A. O. U.)</p> + +<p><b>741b. Barlow Chickadee</b> (<i>P. r. barlowi</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No741a">No. 741a</a>, but with no rusty on flanks.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Vicinity of Monterey, California.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_244.png" width="202" height="694" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[Pg_245]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><a name="No735" id="No735"></a> +<b>735. Black-capped Chickadee</b> (<i>Parus atricapillus</i>). +L. 5.2; T. 2.5. <i>Ads.</i> Cap and throat black; back +gray with a brownish tinge; outer margins of wing-coverts +<i>grayish white</i>; flanks, cream buff. <i>Notes.</i> <i>Chickadee-dee</i>, +liquid gurgles and chuckling notes and a +sweet, clearly whistled, <i>phe-be</i> or <i>phe-be-e</i>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from southern Illinois and +Pennsylvania north to Labrador, and south along Alleghanies to +North Carolina; migrates a short distance below its southern breeding +limits.</p> + +<p><b>735a. Long-tailed Chickadee</b> (<i>P. a. septentrionalis</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No735">No. 735</a>, but tail longer, 2.7, flanks paler, +white edgings broader.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Rocky Mountain region north to British Columbia; east to +Manitoba and the Plains.</p> + +<p><b>735b. Oregon Chickadee</b> (<i>P. a. occidentalis</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No735">No. 735</a>, but much darker; flanks grayish.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Pacific coast from northern California to Sitka.</p> + +<p><a name="No736" id="No736"></a> +<b>736. Carolina Chickadee</b> (<i>Parus carolinensis</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No735">No. 735</a>, but smaller, L. 4.6; T. 2., the greater +wing-coverts <i>not</i> margined with whitish. <i>Notes.</i> +Whistle "<i>tswee-dee</i>, <i>twsee-dee</i>."</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Southeastern United States north to middle New Jersey, +and southern Illinois; resident from southern New Jersey southward.</p> + +<p><b>736a. Plumbeous Chickadee</b> (<i>P. c. agilis</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No736">No. 736</a>, but paler above, whiter below.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Eastern and central Texas (Bee, Victoria, Cook, and +Concho Counties, etc.") (A. O. U.)</p> + +<p><b>737. Mexican Chickadee</b> (<i>Parus sclateri</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No735">No. 735</a>, but sides broadly gray like back, black +more extended. <i>Notes.</i> A rapid, vigorous double-noted +whistle repeated three times, wholly unlike that +of the Chickadee.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Mountainous portions of the Mexican tableland north to +southern Arizona.</p> + +<p><b>630. Black-capped Vireo</b> (<i>Vireo atricapillus</i>). L. +4.5. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Crown and cheeks shining black; lores +and eye-ring white; back olive-green; below white, +sides tinged with greenish yellow; two whitish wing-bars. +<i>Ad.</i> ♀. Similar, but black of head duller. +<i>Yng.</i> "Top and sides of head dull grayish brown; +lores, orbital ring and lower parts dull buffy white or +pale buffy." (Ridgw.) <i>Notes.</i> "Of the general character +of the White-eye or <i>bellii</i> type." (Bailey.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Breeds in central and western Texas; north to southern +Kansas; winters in southern Mexico.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_245.png" width="213" height="695" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[Pg_246]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><a name="No727" id="No727"></a> +<b>727. White-breasted Nuthatch</b> (<i>Sitta carolinensis</i>). +L. 6. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Crown and foreback <i>bluish</i> black; +sides of head and neck grayish white; tertials with +<i>distinct</i> black marks rounded at end. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Similar +but black of head and shoulders washed with gray. +<i>Notes.</i> Call, a nasal <i>yank-yank</i> and conversational +notes; song, a tenor, <i>ha-ha-ha-ha-ha-ha</i>, all on the same +note.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America west to the Rocky Mountains, +breeds from the Gulf States to Minnesota and New Brunswick; resident.</p> + +<p><a name="No727a" id="No727a"></a> +<b>727a. Slender-billed Nuthatch</b> (<i>S. c. aculeata</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No727">No. 727</a>, but head usually greenish black; +black of tertials less deep and one next to inner one +usually pointed at end.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Western North America west of the Rockies: breeds from +Lower California north to British Columbia; resident.</p> + +<p><b>727b. Florida White-breasted Nuthatch</b> (<i>S. c. +atkinsi</i>). Similar to <a href="#No727">No. 727</a>, but somewhat smaller, +wing-coverts and tertials not tipped with grayish; ♀ +with head black as in ♂.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Florida and north along the coast to South Carolina.</p> + +<p><b>727c. Rocky Mountain Nuthatch</b> (<i>S. c. nelsoni</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No727a">No. 727a</a>, but larger, W. 3.7, with somewhat +more white in tail and more rusty on flanks and +lower belly.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Wooded mountains of northern Chihuahua and Sonora, +Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, and northward. (Mearns.)</p> + +<p><b>727d. St. Lucas Nuthatch</b> (<i>S. c. lagunæ</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No727a">No. 727a</a>, but with the wings and tail shorter, +the black tips of the outer tail-feathers more restricted; +W. 3.2; T. 1.7. (Brewster.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Higher mountains south of La Paz, Lower California. +(Brewster.)</p> + +<p><b>728. Red-breasted Nuthatch</b> (<i>Sitta canadensis</i>). +L. 4.6. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. A stripe through the eye and crown, +black; line <i>over</i> eye white; underparts rusty. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. +Similar, but crown gray like back, line through the +eye blackish, paler below. <i>Notes.</i> A fine, thin, nasal, +penny-trumpet like, drawled <i>yna-yna</i>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North America, breeding from the northern portions of the +northern tier of States northward, and southward in the Alleghanies +to Virginia, in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado, and in the Sierra +Nevada in California; winters irregularly southward to the Gulf +States and Arizona.</p> + +<p><b>729. Brown-headed Nuthatch</b> (<i>Sitta pusilla</i>). L. +4.3. <i>Ads.</i> Crown brown; a white patch on nape; +back bluish gray; below grayish white, sometimes +tinged with buff. <i>Yng.</i> Crown whitish. <i>Notes.</i> A +conversational, twittering <i>tnee-tnee</i>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—South Atlantic and Gulf States north to Delaware, accidentally +to New York and casually to Missouri.</p> + +<p><a name="No730" id="No730"></a> +<b>730. Pygmy Nuthatch</b> (<i>Sitta pygmæa</i>). L. 4.3. +<i>Ads.</i> Crown grayish olive; a whitish patch on nape; +a dark brown line through eye; below white tinged +with buff. <i>Yng.</i> Crown gray like back. <i>Notes.</i> A +metallic, clinking clittick, clittick.,</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Western North America, east to the Rocky Mountains; +breeds from Mexico to British Columbia.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_246.png" width="198" height="688" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[Pg_247]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>730a. White-naped Nuthatch</b> (<i>S. p. leuconucha</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No730">No. 730</a>, but bill larger, crown grayer, back +less bluish gray, nape patch more conspicuous, underparts +white with scarcely more than a trace of buffy. (Ridgw.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Lower California.</p> + +<p><b>444. Kingbird</b> (<i>Tyrannus tyrannus</i>). L. 8.5. Tail +tipped with white. <i>Ads.</i> Above slaty, crown blacker +with an orange patch. <i>Yng.</i> Similar, but no crown-patch. +<i>Notes.</i> An unmusical, steely chatter. "A +soft and very pleasing song," heard only in the early +morning. (O. T. Miller.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North America, breeds from Florida north to New Brunswick +and Manitoba, and from eastern Texas northwest to Utah, Nevada, +northeast California and western British Columbia; winters +south of United States, to Central and South America.</p> + +<p><b>445. Gray Kingbird</b> (<i>Tyrannus dominicensis</i>). L. +9. <i>Ads.</i> No-white tip on tail; an orange crown-patch; +under wing-coverts sulphur; ear-coverts black; above +gray; below white. <i>Notes.</i> A loud, chattering, +<i>pitírri</i>, <i>pitírri</i>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—West Indies, breeding north through Florida along the +coast to South Carolina; winters in Lesser Antilles, Mexico, and Central +America.</p> + +<p><b>701. American Dipper; Water Ouzel</b> (<i>Cinclus mexicanus</i>). +L. 8. <i>Ads.</i> Slaty gray, head and neck +browner. In winter more or less tipped with whitish. +<i>Notes.</i> Song, remarkably sweet and lively, in modulation +resembling somewhat that of Brown Thrasher, +but less powerful though sweeter in effect. (Ridgway.) +Call, a sharp, pebbly <i>cack-cack-cack</i>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"The mountainous parts of central and western North +America, from the Yukon Valley and Unalaska to Guatemala; east in +the United States, to the eastern base of the Rocky mountains. +Apparently resident throughout its range." (A. O. U.)</p> + +<p><b>704. Catbird</b> (<i>Galeoscoptes carolinensis</i>). L. 8.9. +<i>Ads.</i> Slaty gray, cap and tail black, under tail-coverts +reddish chestnut. <i>Notes.</i> Call, a whining, nasal <i>tchay</i>; +song, rich, musical, and varied.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North America; west to British Columbia and rarely Pacific +coast states; breeds from the Gulf States north to New Brunswick +and the Saskatchewan; winters from Gulf States southward.</p> + +<p><b>754. Townsend Solitaire</b> (<i>Myadestes townsendii</i>). L. +8.5. <i>Ads.</i> Brownish gray; eye-ring, tips of outer +tail-feathers, a narrow wing-bar white; wing with a +buff band showing in flight. <i>Notes.</i> Song, a rich, +flowing, Grosbeak-like warbling, sung with great +vigor and freedom and often for comparatively long +periods.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Western United States, from the Plains westward to the +Pacific coast, north to British Columbia and south in winter to the +southern border of Arizona and northern Lower California; breeds +from the mountains of New Mexico, southern Arizona, and central +California northward."</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_247.png" width="208" height="691" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[Pg_248]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>621. Northern Shrike</b> (<i>Lanius borealis</i>). L. 10.2. +Lores grayish. <i>Ads.</i> Above bluish gray; tail +black, outer feathers tipped with white; below white, +usually with wavy bars. <i>Yng.</i> Above washed with +brown; below more distinctly and more heavily barred +<i>Notes.</i> Song, not unlike that of the Brown Thrasher +but more disconnected, less loud.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North America; breeds from Labrador to Alaska; winters +south, irregularly, to Virginia, Kansas, Arizona, and California.</p> + +<p><a name="No622" id="No622"></a> +<b>622. Loggerhead Shrike</b> (<i>Lanius ludovicianus</i>). +9. Lores black. <i>Ads.</i> Underparts white <i>without</i> bars; +above bluish gray; rump and upper tail-coverts little if +any paler; tail black, outer feathers tipped with white. +<i>Yng.</i> Underparts, head, and rump more or less narrowly +barred. <i>Notes.</i> Call, harsh and discordant; +song, a series of guttural gurgles, squeaky whistles.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern United States; breeds from Florida to Virginia; +In Mississippi Valley, northeast to western Pennsylvania, central and +northern New York, Massachusetts, western New Hampshire, Maine, +and British Columbia; migrates down Atlantic States, as well as Mississippi +Valley, and winters in southern States.</p> + +<p><b>622a. White-rumped Shrike</b> (<i>L. l. excubitorides</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No622">No. 622</a>, but paler above, rump and upper +tail-coverts whiter; bill less deep.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Western North America, from eastern border of the Plains +to the Pacific, except coast of California, and from Manitoba and the +Plains of the Saskatchewan south over tablelands of Mexico."</p> + +<p><a name="No622b" id="No622b"></a> +<b>622b. California Shrike</b> (<i>L. l. gambeli</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No622">No. 622</a>, but rump paler, breast usually with indistinct +wavy bars and tinged with brownish.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Pacific coast, from Lower California to British Columbia.</p> + +<p><b>622c. Island Shrike</b> (<i>L. l. anthonyi</i>). Similar to +<a href="#No622b">No. 622b</a>, but darker and smaller, W. 3.7.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Santa Barbara Islands, California.</p> + +<p><a name="No703" id="No703"></a> +<b>703. Mockingbird</b> (<i>Mimus polyglottos</i>). L. 10.5. +<i>Ads.</i> Above ashy gray; below soiled whitish; outer +tail-feathers with white; wing-coverts narrowly tipped +with white; primaries white basally. <i>Notes.</i> Call, a +harsh, kissing note; song indescribable.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Southeastern United States and Bahamas, west to northeastern +Texas; breeds north to southern New Jersey (rarely +Massachusetts), and southern Illinois; winters from Virginia and +lower Mississippi Valley southward.</p> + +<p><b>703a. Western Mockingbird</b> (<i>M. p. leucopterus</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No703">No. 703</a>, but with a very slight brownish +tinge below and white areas in wing averaging larger.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Southwestern United States and northern Mexico from +Indian Territory and eastern Texas west to California.</p> + +<p><a name="No765" id="No765"></a> +<b>765. Wheatear</b> (<i>Saxicola œnanthe</i>). L. 6; W. 3.7. +<i>Ad.</i> ♂. Back gray, upper tail-coverts and base of +tail white; below white more or less washed with buff. +<i>Ad.</i> ♀. Browner above and below, no black through +eye. <i>Ads. in winter and Yng.</i> Similar to ♀, but cinnamon +brown above, cinnamon below.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Asia; migrating in summer to Alaska.</p> + +<p><b>765a. Greenland Wheatear</b> (<i>S. œ. leucorhoa</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No765">No. 765</a>, but larger, W. 4.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Western Europe; breeds in Greenland and on adjoining +mainland; rarely south to St. Lawrence; casually to Louisiana.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_248.png" width="197" height="694" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[Pg_249]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><a name="No573" id="No573"></a> +<b>573. Black-throated Sparrow</b> (<i>Amphispiza bilineata</i>). +L. 5.3.<i> Ads.</i> Throat, upper breast, and front +of face black; a white stripe over eye and another at +the side of the throat; above grayish brown unstreaked; +outer web of outer tail-feather white, except at tip; at +least half an inch of tip of inner web white. <i>Notes.</i> +Song, simple but sweet, three ascending and three +descending notes.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Middle and eastern Texas (except along coast?), north to +Oklahoma and western Kansas; winters from central Texas south into +northeastern Mexico.</p> + +<p><b>573a. Desert Sparrow</b> (<i>A. b. deserticola</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No573">No. 573</a>, but above grayer, the white tip to outer +tail-feather <i>less</i> than half an inch long.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Western United States and northern Mexico, from western +Texas to southeastern California; breeds north to southern Colorado, +and western Nevada; winters south into Mexico.</p> + +<p><b>602. Morellet Seed-eater</b> (<i>Sporophila morelleti</i>). +L. 4.6. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Entire upperparts, cheeks, tail, +wings and breast-band black; bases of wing-feathers, +tips to coverts and underparts, except breast-band, +whitish. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Above grayish brown, below uniform +buffy. <i>Yng.</i> ♂. Variously intermediate between +Ad. ♂ and Ad. ♀. At least two years evidently +required to reach mature plumage.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern Mexico, north to southeastern Texas.</p> + +<p><b>636. Black and White Warbler</b> (<i>Mniotilta varia</i>). +L. 5.3. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Above streaked black and white; +throat black or white; belly white; sides streaked +black and white. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Less black; whiter below; +throat always white. <i>Notes.</i> Song, a thin, wiry, +<i>see-see-see-see</i>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from Virginia, Louisiana, +and northern Texas, north to Hudson Bay region; winters from Gulf +States south to northern South America; accidental in California.</p> + +<p><b>661. Black-poll Warbler</b> (<i>Dendroica striata</i>). L. +5.6. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Crown black, cheeks white; back streaked, +gray and black; below white streaked with black; +wing-bars and tail-spots white. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. No black +cap; above olive-green streaked with black. <i>Yng. and +Ad. in winter.</i> Above olive-green lightly streaked with +black; below <i>yellowish</i> white; breast obscurely streaked. +<i>Notes.</i> Song, a slender, wiry <i>tree-tree-tree-tree-tree-tree-tree-tree</i>, +rapidly uttered. (Langille.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America, west to the Rockies; breeds from +northern New England, northern New York, northern Michigan, and +Colorado, north to Labrador and Alaska; winters in West Indies and +northern South America.</p> + +<p><b>665. Black-throated Gray Warbler</b> (<i>Dendroica nigrescens</i>). +L. 5. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Crown, cheeks and throat +black, a white stripe at sides of throat, a yellow line +before eye; back gray streaked with black; wing-bars +and tail-patches white. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Similar, but crown +not always wholly black. <i>Yng.</i> Above washed with +brownish, black areas tipped with white. <i>Notes.</i> +Song, <i>zee-ee-zee-ee</i>, <i>ze</i>, <i>ze</i>, <i>ze</i>, with the quality of the +song of <i>Dendroica virens</i> or <i>D. cærulescens</i>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Western United States; breeds in mountains from Arizona +and northern Lower California, north to Colorado and Vancouver +Island; winters in Mexico.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_249.png" width="205" height="695" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[Pg_250]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><a name="No611" id="No611"></a> +<b>611. Purple Martin</b> (<i>Progne subis</i>). L. 7.8. <i>Ad.</i> +♂. Shining blue-black, all feathers with dusky +bases. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Above dull blue-black; breast grayish +edged with white; belly whitish. <i>Yng.</i> ♂. Variously +intermediate between ♀ and Ad. ♂.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North America, except Pacific coast; breeds north to Newfoundland +and the Saskatchewan; winters in tropics.</p> + +<p><b>611a. Western Martin</b> (<i>P. s. hesperia</i>). ♂ similar +to ♂ of <a href="#No611">No. 611</a>; ♀ belly whiter; forehead grayish.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Pacific coast from northern Lower California to Washington +(and British Columbia?); winters in tropics.</p> + +<p><b>611.1. Cuban Martin</b> (<i>Progne cryptoleuca</i>). W. 5.50. +<i>Ad.</i> ♂. With feathers of ventral region basally marked +with white. <i>Ad.</i> ♀ <i>and Yng</i>. ♂. With breast +and flanks sooty grayish brown, belly <i>pure white</i>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Cuba, north in spring to southern Florida.</p> + +<p><a name="No612" id="No612"></a> +<b>612. Cliff Swallow</b> (<i>Petrochelidon lunifrons</i>). L. +5.5. <i>Ads.</i> Throat chestnut, forehead and rump cinnamon-buff; +nape gray; crown and back glossy blue-black, +the back streaked with white. <i>Yng.</i> Throat +dusky, often mixed with chestnut; back blackish +brown; rump cinnamon-buff, forehead usually with +same.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"North America, north to the limit of trees, breeding +south to the valleys of the Potomac and Ohio, southern Texas, +southern Arizona, and California; Central and South America in winter; +not recorded from Florida or West Indies." (A. O. U.)</p> + +<p><b>612.2. Mexican Cliff Swallow</b> (<i>Petrochelidon melanogastra</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No612">No. 612</a>, but smaller, W. 4.1, +forehead deeper, usually chestnut, like throat, rump +darker, more rusty.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Mexico, north to southern Arizona.</p> + +<p><b>613. Barn Swallow</b> (<i>Hirundo erythrogastra</i>). L. +♂, 7.5; ♀, 6.5. Tail deeply forked. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Above +glossy blue-black, forehead chestnut; throat and upper +breast chestnut, belly paler. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Forehead, and +underparts paler; tail less deeply forked. <i>Notes.</i> Song, +a sweet, twittering, warbling song. (The notes of all +our Swallows, while simple, are diagnostic but difficult +of description.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North America, north to Greenland and Alaska; breeds +through most of range; winters south to southern Brazil.</p> + +<p><b>614. Tree Swallow</b> (<i>Iridoprocne bicolor</i>). L. 6. +<i>Ads.</i> Above steel-blue or steel-green; below white. +<i>Yng.</i> Sooty gray above; white below.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North America; breeds locally from Lat. 41° on Atlantic +coast and Lat. 38° on Pacific coast north to Labrador and Alaska; +winters from South Carolina and southern California to the tropics.</p> + +<p><a name="No615" id="No615"></a> +<b>615. Northern Violet-Green Swallow</b> (<i>Tachycineta +thalassina lepida</i>). L. 5.2; W. 4.5. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Above +bronze-green; upper tail-coverts greener; an indistinct +nape-ring; mark above eye, cheeks and underparts +white; flank-patches white, often showing from above. +<i>Ad.</i> ♀. Much duller, the head browner, <i>Yng.</i> +Above brownish sooty with a greenish tinge; a whitish +mark above and behind eye; below white.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Western United States, from eastern base of Rockies to +Pacific; breeds from Mexico north to British Columbia; winters in +Mexico and Central America.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_250.png" width="211" height="693" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[Pg_251]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>615a. St. Lucas Swallow</b> (<i>T. t. brachyptera</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No615">No. 615</a>, but wing shorter, ♂, 4.1, ♀, 4. +(Brewster.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Lower California.</p> + +<p><a name="No458" id="No458"></a> +<b>458. Black Phœbe</b> (<i>Sayornis nigricans</i>). L. 7.2. +<i>Ads.</i> Breast and head black, back grayer; outer web +of outer tail-feather white; belly black, under tail-coverts +white <i>streaked with dusky</i>. <i>Notes.</i> A liquid <i>hip</i>, a +rising <i>kee-ree</i>, and a falling <i>kee-wray</i>. (Bailey.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Mexico, except Yucatan and Pacific coast from Colima +northward, north into Texas, New Mexico, and southeastern Arizona.</p> + +<p><b>458a. Western Black Phœbe</b> (<i>S. n. semiatra</i>). +Similar to <a href="#No458">No. 458</a>, but under tail-coverts white without +dusky streaks.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range—Pacific coast of Mexico and United States, from Colima to +Oregon, including most of Arizona. (Nelson.)</p> + +<p><b>494. Bobolink; Reed bird</b> (<i>Dolichonyx oryzivorus</i>). +<i>Ad.</i> ♂, <i>summer</i>. Black; nape buffy, lower back, +scapulars and upper tail-coverts white. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. +Above yellowish brown streaked with buff, and black. +below yellowish white, sides streaked with black. +<i>Winter plumage, Ads and Yng.</i> Like ♀ but yellower. +<i>Notes.</i> Song, an irrepressible bubbling outburst of +"mad music" often given on the wing; calls, a blackbird-like +<i>chuck</i> and a metallic, far carrying, <i>chink</i>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America, west to Utah; breeds from northern +New Jersey, Illinois and Kansas, north to Nova Scotia, Manitoba, +and Montana; migrates south through Florida and West Indies, and +winters south of Amazon.</p> + +<p><a name="No534" id="No534"></a> +<b>534. Snowflake</b> (<i>Passerina nivalis</i>). L. 6.9. Hind +toe-nail twice as long as shortest toe-nail. <i>Ad.</i> ♂, +<i>summer</i>. Head, rump, secondaries, outer tail-feathers +and below white; rest of plumage largely black. <i>Ad.</i> +♀, <i>summer</i>. Similar, but crown blackish, back edged +with rusty or grayish. <i>Winter.</i> Above rusty and +black, below white, breast tinged with rusty. <i>Notes.</i> +Calls, a clearly piped whistle, and a peculiar <i>chirr</i>, +often uttered when taking wing; song, short, simple, +but rather sweet. (Minot.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Breeds in northern parts of northern hemisphere; in winter +south to northern states; irregularly to Georgia, southern Indiana, +Kansas, Colorado, and eastern Oregon.</p> + +<p><b>534a. Pribilof Snowflake</b> (<i>P. n. townsendi</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No534">No. 534</a>, but larger, with relatively longer bill; +♂, W. 4.7; B. .5. (Ridgw.).</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Aleutian and Commander Islands, Pribilof Islands, Shumagin +Islands. (Ridgw.).</p> + +<p><b>535. McKay Snowflake</b> (<i>Passerina hyperborea</i>). +L. 7.5; W. 4.6; B .4. Similar to <a href="#No534">No. 534</a>, but with +more white. <i>Ad.</i> ♂, <i>summer</i>. Back and scapulars +entirely white. <i>Ad.</i> ♀, <i>summer</i>. Crown and hindneck +white. <i>Yng.</i> Not certainly distinguishable from +Yng. of <a href="#No534">No. 534</a>. (Ridgw.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Breeds on Hall and St. Mathews Islands, Bering Sea; in +winter west coast of Alaska.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_251.png" width="222" height="694" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[Pg_252]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>605. Lark Bunting</b> (<i>Calamospiza melanocorys</i>). L. +7.2. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Black, patch in wing white, outer tail-feathers +tipped, tertials margined with white. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. +Above grayish brown streaked with blackish; below +white conspicuously streaked with black; all but central +tail-feathers with white tips; broad wing-bars buff. +<i>Yng.</i> ♂. Variously intermediate between Ad. ♂ and ♀. +(See <a href="#Page_251">page 251</a>).</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Western United States, chiefly east of Rockies; breeds +from western Kansas and eastern Colorado, north to western Minnesota +and Assiniboia; winters in Mexico; irregular west in migrations +to Idaho and southern California.</p> + +<p><a name="No484" id="No484"></a> +<b>484. Canada Jay; Whiskey Jack</b> (<i>Perisoreus canadensis</i>). +L. 11.5. <i>Ads.</i> Black of hindhead reaching +to back of eye; back, wings, and tail gray, belly lighter, +throat white; forehead buffy white. <i>Notes.</i> <i>ca-ca-ca</i> +and a number of peculiar sounds impossible to reproduce +on paper. (Bendire.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America; Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, +northern New England, northern New York, northern Michigan; +northern Minnesota, north to Newfoundland and Hudson Bay region, +west to the Rockies in Alberta.</p> + +<p><b>484a. Rocky Mountain Jay</b> (<i>P. c. capitalis</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No484">No. 484</a>, but head white, black of hindhead +grayer and <i>not</i> reaching to eye.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Rocky Mountain region from New Mexico and Arizona +north to Montana and Idaho.</p> + +<p><b>484b. Alaskan Jay</b> (<i>P. c. fumifrons</i>). Very near to +<a href="#No484">No. 484</a>, but forehead averaging more yellowish.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Alaska; interior and west to Cook Inlet, north of southern +coast region.</p> + +<p><b>484c. Labrador Jay</b> (<i>P. c. nigricapillus</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No484">No. 484</a>, but black of hindhead deeper and reaching +forward as a well defined ring around the eye; below +browner.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Labrador.</p> + +<p><a name="No485" id="No485"></a> +<b>485. Oregon Jay</b> (<i>Perisoreus obscurus</i>). Similar to +<a href="#No484">No. 484</a>, but back feathers with <i>light shaft streaks</i>, forehead +less white, underparts nearly uniform white.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Pacific coast from northern California to southern British +Columbia.</p> + +<p><b>485a. Gray Jay</b> (<i>P. o. griseus</i>). Similar to +<a href="#No485">No. 485</a>, but larger and grayer; back, etc., deep mouse +gray, instead of brown; below grayish white instead of +brownish white. (Ridgw.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and northern +California, east of Coast and Cascade Ranges. (Ridgw.)</p> + +<p><a name="No491" id="No491"></a> +<b>491. Clarke Nutcracker</b> (<i>Nucifraga columbiana</i>). +L. 12. <i>Ads.</i> Gray; wings and middle tail-feathers +black, tips of secondaries and outer tail-feathers white. +<i>Notes.</i> A loud, harsh, <i>car-r-car-r</i>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Mountains of western North America, from northern Lower +California, Arizona and New Mexico, north to northern Alaska: +casually east to Mississippi Valley.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_252.png" width="213" height="693" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[Pg_253]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><a name="No475" id="No475"></a> +<b>475. American Magpie</b> (<i>Pica pica hudsonia</i>). L. +20. <i>Ads.</i> Bill <i>black</i>; scapulars, belly and most of +inner margins of primaries white; wings glossy blue +black, tail externally greenish; back and breast velvety +black. <i>Notes.</i> <i>Cack</i>, <i>cack</i>, also garrulous gabble +intermixed with whistling notes. (Bendire.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Western North America, east to the Plains, west to Cascade +and Sierra Ranges; breeds from northern New Mexico and +northern Arizona north to Alaska strays farther east in winter.</p> + +<p><b>476. Yellow-billed Magpie</b> (<i>Pica nuttalli</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No475">No. 475</a>, but bill and eye-space <i>yellow</i>; smaller, L. +18. <i>Notes.</i> A harsh, rasping, <i>cac-cac-cac</i>; and a low, +rich whistle, audible only at a short distance.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—California, west of Sierra Nevada, "north to Red Bluff +and south to Santa Paula." (Grinnell.)</p> + +<p><b>493. Starling</b> (<i>Sturnus vulgaris</i>). L. 8.5; T. 2.5. +<i>Ad. summer</i>, Metallic green and purple spotted above +with buffy; bill <i>yellow</i>. <i>Ad. winter.</i> Similar, but +above heavily spotted with brownish buff; below +heavily spotted with white; bill blackish. <i>Notes.</i> A +long-drawn, two-noted whistle, the second lower; and +a chattering, metallic call when in flocks.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Europe and northern Asia; accidental in Greenland; introduced +into New York City in 1890; now common, extending east +to New Haven, Connecticut, north to Ossining, New York, south to +Staten Island and Plainfield, New Jersey.</p> + +<p><a name="No495" id="No495"></a> +<b>495. Cowbird</b> (<i>Molothrus ater</i>). L. 7.9; W. 4.2. +<i>Ad.</i> ♂. Head and neck coffee-brown, body greenish +black. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Brownish gray, throat lighter. <i>Yng.</i> +Like ♀. <i>Notes.</i> A metallic twitter, and by the male, +a long-drawn, glassy <i>kluck-tse-e-e</i>; and watery gurgling +notes uttered with spread wings and tail.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—United States: rare west of Rockies; breeds from Florida +and Texas north to New Brunswick and Little Slave Lake; west to +eastern Oregon, Nevada, and southeastern California; winters from +southern New Jersey, southern Illinois, Indian Territory, northern +Texas, and southeastern California, southward.</p> + +<p><b>495a. Dwarf Cowbird</b> (<i>M. a. obscurus</i>). Similar to +<a href="#No495">No. 495</a>, but smaller, L. 7.5; W. 4.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Southwestern United States; from Gulf Coast of Texas +west along Mexican boundary to Arizona and Lower California; winters +south of United States.</p> + +<p><b>496. Red-eyed Cowbird</b> (<i>Callothrus robustus</i>). +L. 9. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Velvety bronze-black; wings and tail +shining blue-black. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Dull black, wings and +tail with slight greenish reflections.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Southern and eastern Mexico north, in spring, to Lower +Rio Grande, Texas.</p> + +<p><b>620. Phainopepla</b> (<i>Phainopepla nitens</i>). L. 7.5. +Crested. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Shining black; inner vanes of +primaries largely white, showing in flight. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. +Dark gray, tail blacker, wing-coverts and quills narrowly +margined with whitish. <i>Yng.</i> Like ♀. <i>Notes.</i> +Calls, commonest, like call of young Robin; male +has also a scold, a Meadowlark-like note and a +harsh <i>ca-rack</i> or <i>ca-racack</i>; song, a jumble of flute-like +tones and weak, squeaky notes. (Bailey.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Mexico north to western Texas, southern Utah and southern +California; winters from Mexican border southward.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_253.png" width="191" height="692" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[Pg_254]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><b>509. Rusty Blackbird</b> (<i>Scolecophagus carolinus</i>). +L. 9.5. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Nearly uniform greenish black, +sometimes with rusty edgings. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Slaty gray, +generally with some rusty edgings. Winter plumage +of both sexes similar to summer but widely tipped with +rusty above and yellowish rusty below. <i>Notes.</i> More +musical than those of other Blackbirds; calls, <i>tcback</i> or +<i>turalee</i> repeated several times. (Bendire.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America west to the Plains; breeds from +New Brunswick, northern New England, northern New York, and +Manitoba, north to Labrador and Alaska; winters from Virginia, +southern Illinois, and Kansas, southward.</p> + +<p><b>510. Brewer Blackbird</b> (<i>Scolecophagus cyanocephalus</i>). +L. 10. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Whole head violet-purple, rest +of plumage bright greenish black. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. Grayish +brown, throat paler, wings and tail greenish black, no +rusty. Winter plumage with light grayish brown +edgings to the feathers of the anterior part of the body. +<i>Notes.</i> <i>Chack</i> and a loud, shrill whistle. (Bailey.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Western North America from the Plains to the Pacific; +breeds from Texas and northern Lower California north to the Saskatchewan +and British Columbia; winters in the southern parts of its +range; casually east to Mississippi River states.</p> + +<p><a name="No511" id="No511"></a> +<b>511. Purple Grackle</b> (<i>Quiscalus quiscula</i>). L. ♂, +12. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Head, purple, steel-green or steel-blue; +back purple, brassy green or greenish; the feathers +<i>always</i> with <i>iridescent</i> bars. <i>Notes.</i> <i>Tchak</i> and a short +unmusical call uttered with spread wings and tail.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern United States; breeds in lower Mississippi Valley +and east of Alleghanies, from Georgia to Massachusetts; winters +from Virginia southward through its breeding range.</p> + +<p><b>511a. Florida Grackle</b> (<i>Q. q. aglæus</i>). Similar to +511, but slightly smaller, head always violet purple; +back always bottle-green, with iridescent bars.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Florida, north on the Atlantic coast to Virginia, west on the +Gulf Coast to Texas.</p> + +<p><b>511b. Bronzed Grackle </b> (<i>Q. q. æneus</i>). Head as in +<a href="#No511">No. 511</a>, back and belly bronze, the feathers <i>wholly +without</i> iridescent bars.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern United States west to the Rockies; breeds from +southern Texas to Great Slave Lake, east to Alleghanies, and, in +New York, east and northeast to Connecticut, Massachusetts, and +Labrador; winters chiefly in lower Mississippi valley; migrates in part +east of the Alleghanies.</p> + +<p><a name="No513" id="No513"></a> +<b>513. Boat-tailed Grackle</b> (<i>Megaquiscalus major</i>). L. +♂, 16; W. 7.5; T. 7. <i>Ad.</i> ♂. Head and neck glossy +purple; back and belly glossy greenish blue. <i>Ad.</i> ♀. +Much smaller, T. 5.2; above blackish brown; below +soiled rusty buff. <i>Notes.</i> <i>Tchack</i>, a variety of hoarse, +rather forced whistles and a gurgling roll as of a Coot +pattering over the water.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Florida, north along the coast to Virginia; west along +coast to Texas.</p> + +<p><b>513a. Great-tailed Grackle</b> (<i>M. m. macrourus</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No513">No. 513</a>, but larger, ♂, L. 18; T. 9. Foreback +and breast, as well as head and neck, purple, only +rump and lower belly greenish blue; ♀ blacker both +above and below than ♂ of <a href="#No513">513</a>. <i>Notes.</i> <i>Tchack</i>, and +a greater variety of squeaky calls and hoarse whistles +than are uttered by <a href="#No513">No. 513</a>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern Texas and south into Mexico.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_254.png" width="218" height="694" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[Pg_255]</a></span></p> +<table width="100%" style="padding:7px;" summary="descriptions and images"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p><a name="No486" id="No486"></a> +<b>486. American Raven</b> (<i>Corvus corax sinuatus</i>). L. +24; W. 16; B. 2.7. <i>Ads.</i> Resembling <a href="#No488">No. 488</a>, in +color but glossier below and with the feathers of throat +narrow and lengthened; nape feathers gray at base. +<i>Notes.</i> A hoarse, croaking, <i>craack-craack</i>, sometimes a +deep, grunting <i>koeer-koeer</i>; a clucking, and a metallic +<i>klunk</i>. (Bendire.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Western North America, from Guatemala north to British +Columbia; east to the Rockies, west to Pacific.</p> + +<p><b>486a. Northern Raven</b> (<i>C. c. principalis</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No486">No. 486</a>, but larger, L. 25; W. 17; B. 3.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Eastern North America, from mountains of northern +Georgia and coast of Maine, north to Greenland; west to the Rocky +Mountains.</p> + +<p><b>487. White-necked Raven</b> (<i>Corvus cryptoleucus</i>). L. +18.5. <i>Ads.</i> Blue-black; feathers of throat narrow +and lengthened and with feathers of neck all around, +<i>white at the base</i>. <i>Notes.</i> <i>Kwank-kwank</i>, less loud and +penetrating than those of <a href="#No486">No. 486</a>. (Bendire.)</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Northern Mexico, north to western Kansas, eastern Colorado +(rarely), and southern California; east to western Texas.</p> + +<p><a name="No488" id="No488"></a> +<b>488. American Crow</b> (<i>Corvus americanus</i>). L. 19.3; +W. 12.1; B. 2.00. Black with steel-blue or deep, +purplish reflections; below duller, neck feathers not +lengthened. <i>Notes.</i> <i>Caw</i>, <i>caw</i>, with many variations; +song, <i>car-r-r-uck</i>, <i>oo-oo-oo-oo-ah</i>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—North America, north to Arctic Circle; winters from northern +United States southward; local in west.</p> + +<p><b>488a. Florida Crow</b> (<i>C. a. pascuus</i>). Similar to +<a href="#No488">No. 488</a>, but wings and tail somewhat shorter, bill and +feet slightly larger, W. 12; T. 7.3; B. 2.1.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Florida.</p> + +<p><b>489. Northwest Crow</b> (<i>Corvus caurinus</i>). Similar +to <a href="#No488">No. 488</a> in color but smaller; L. 16; W. 11; B. 1.7.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Northwest coast, from Oregon to Kadiak Island, Alaska.</p> + +<p><b>490. Fish Crow</b> (<i>Corvus ossifragus</i>). L. 16; W. +11; B. 1.5. <i>Ads.</i> Resemble <a href="#No488">No. 488</a>, in color, but back +feathers are uniform blue-black <i>without</i> dull margins; +underparts are nearly as bright as upperparts. <i>Notes.</i> +A hoarse, nasal, reedy <i>car</i> resembling the call of the +young of <a href="#No488">No. 488</a>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Atlantic coast north to Connecticut, (casually Massachusetts), +west along Gulf coast to Louisiana; resident, except at northern +limit of range.</p> + +</td> + <td> + <img src="images/pg_255.png" width="221" height="695" alt="bird images" title="bird images" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[Pg_256]</a></span></p> +<br /> +<br /> +</div> + +<div class="book"> +<a name="SYSTEMATIC_TABLE_OF_NORTH_AMERICAN_BIRDS"></a> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">[Pg_257]</a></span></p> + +<div class="caption2">SYSTEMATIC TABLE</div> + +<p>Of the Birds of America north of Mexico, arranged according</p> + +<p>to the American Ornithologists' Union's 'Check-List</p> + +<p>of North American Birds', Third Edition</p> + +<p>1910, and Supplement<a name="FNanchor_B_2" id="FNanchor_B_2"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_B_2" class="fnanchor">[B]</a>, July, 1912.</p> + +<p>(<i>The presence of brackets</i>, [ ], <i>indicates that the species is an accidental visitant</i>).</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_B_2" id="Footnote_B_2"></a> +<span class="label"><a href="#FNanchor_B_2">[B]</a></span> The Auk, xxix, 1912, pp. 380-387.</p> + +<p><a name="Footnote_C_3" id="Footnote_C_3"></a> +<span class="label"><a href="#FNanchor_C_3">[C]</a></span> Note that trinomials are now employed for all the races of a species including +the first one described. Hence in place of No. 13, Puffin, <i>Fratercula +arctica</i>, we now have No. 13, Puffin, <i>Fratercula arctica arctica</i>. +(See <a href="#Page_6">pages 6 and 7</a> for an explanation of this method.)</p> + +<p><a name="Footnote_D_4" id="Footnote_D_4"></a> +<span class="label"><a href="#FNanchor_D_4">[D]</a></span> Note also that in accordance with a ruling of the A. O. U., the apostrophe +is used with the names of birds named after individuals. Thus in place of No. +16, Cassin Auklet, we have No. 16, Cassin's Auklet. These changes affect all +similar cases throughout the Color Key. After identifying a species, therefore, +the student should turn to its number in the Systematic Table to learn whether +any change has been made in its name. All alterations other than those of +mere nomenclature are given beyond in <a href="#Page_293">Appendix I</a>.</p> +</div> +<br /> +<br /> + +<a name="Order_PYGOPODES_Diving_Birds"></a> +<div class="caption2">Order PYGOPODES. Diving Birds</div> + +<div class="caption3">Family COLYMBIDÆ. <span class="smcap">Grebes.</span></div> + +<table width="100%" summary="taxonomic listing"> +<tr> + <td>A.O.U.<br /> No.</td> + <td>COMMON NAME</td> + <td>SCIENTIFIC NAME</td> + <td class="text_rt"><span class="smcap">Page</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>1</td> + <td>Western Grebe</td> + <td>Æchmophorus occidentalis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>2</td> + <td>Holbœll's Grebe</td> + <td>Colymbus holbœlli</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_43">43</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>3</td> + <td>Horned Grebe</td> + <td> " auritus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_43">43</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>4</td> + <td>Eared Grebe</td> + <td> " nigricollis californicus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_43">43</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>5</td> + <td>Mexican Grebe</td> + <td> " dominicus brachypterus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_43">43</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>6</td> + <td>Pied-bill Grebe</td> + <td>Podilymbus podiceps</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_43">43</a></td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption3">Family GAVIIDÆ. <span class="smcap">Loons.</span></div> +<table width="100%" summary="taxonomic listing"> +<tr> + <td>A.O.U.<br /> No.</td> + <td>COMMON NAME</td> + <td>SCIENTIFIC NAME</td> + <td class="text_rt"><span class="smcap">Page</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>7</td> + <td>Loon</td> + <td>Gavia immer</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>8</td> + <td>Yellow-billed Loon</td> + <td> " adamsi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>9</td> + <td>Black-throated Loon</td> + <td> " arctica</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>10</td> + <td>Pacific Loon</td> + <td> " pacifica</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>11</td> + <td>Red-throated Loon</td> + <td> " stellata</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<a name="Family_ALCIDAE_Auks_Murres_and_Puffins"></a> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[Pg_258]</a></span></p> + +<div class="caption3">Family ALCIDÆ. <span class="smcap">Auks, Murres, and Puffins</span>.</div> + +<table width="100%" summary="taxonomic listing"> +<tr> + <td>A.O.U.<br /> No.</td> + <td>COMMON NAME</td> + <td>SCIENTIFIC NAME</td> + <td class="text_rt"><span class="smcap">Page</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>12</td> + <td>Tufted Puffin</td> + <td>Lunda cirrhata</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_45">45</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>13</td> + <td>Puffin</td> + <td>Fratercula arctica arctica + <a name="FNanchor_C_3" id="FNanchor_C_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_C_3">[C]</a></td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_45">45</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>13<i>a</i></td> + <td>Large-billed Puffin</td> + <td> " + + " naumanni</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_45">45</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>14</td> + <td>Horned Puffin</td> + <td> " + corniculata</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_45">45</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>15</td> + <td>Rhinoceros Auklet</td> + <td>Cerorhinca monocerata</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_45">45</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>16</td> + <td>Cassin's Auklet<a name="FNanchor_D_4" id="FNanchor_D_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_D_4">[D]</a></td> + <td>Ptychoramphus aleuticus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_46">46</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>17</td> + <td>Paroquet Auklet</td> + <td>Phaleris psittacula</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_47">47</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>18</td> + <td>Crested Auklet</td> + <td>Æthia cristatella</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_47">47</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>19</td> + <td>Whiskered Auklet</td> + <td> " pygmæa</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_47">47</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>20</td> + <td>Least Auklet</td> + <td> " pusilla</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_47">47</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>21</td> + <td>Ancient Murrelet</td> + <td>Synthliboramphus antiquus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_47">47</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>23</td> + <td>Marbled Murrelet</td> + <td>Brachyramphus marmoratus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_46">46</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>24</td> + <td>Kittlitz's Murrelet</td> + <td> " brevirostris</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_46">46</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>25</td> + <td>Xantus's Murrelet</td> + <td> " hypoleucus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_46">46</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>26</td> + <td>Craveri's Murrelet</td> + <td> " craverii</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_46">46</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>27</td> + <td>Black Guillemot</td> + <td>Cepphus grylle</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>28</td> + <td>Mandt's Guillemot</td> + <td> " mandti</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>29</td> + <td>Pigeon Guillemot</td> + <td> " columba</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>30</td> + <td>Murre</td> + <td>Uria troile troile</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>30<i>a</i></td> + <td>California Murre</td> + <td> " " + californica</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>31</td> + <td>Brunnich's Murre</td> + <td> " lomvia lomvia</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>31<i>a</i></td> + <td>Pallas's Murre</td> + <td> " " + arra</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>32</td> + <td>Razor-billed Auk</td> + <td>Alca torda</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>33</td> + <td>Great Auk</td> + <td>Plautus impennis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>34</td> + <td>Dovekie</td> + <td>Alle alle</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_46">46</a></td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<a name="Order_LONGIPENNES_Long_Winged_Swimmers" id="Order_LONGIPENNES_Long_Winged_Swimmers"></a> +<div class="caption2">Order LONGIPENNES. Long Winged Swimmers</div> + +<div class="caption3">Family STERCORARIIDÆ. + <span class="smcap">Skuas and Jaegers</span></div> + +<table width="100%" summary="taxonomic listing"> +<tr> + <td>A.O.U.<br /> No.</td> + <td>COMMON NAME</td> + <td>SCIENTIFIC NAME</td> + <td class="text_rt"><span class="smcap">Page</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>35</td> + <td>Skua</td> + <td>Megalestris skua</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>36</td> + <td>Pomarine Jaeger</td> + <td>Stercorarius pomarinus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>37</td> + <td>Parasitic Jaeger</td> + <td> " parasiticus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>38</td> + <td>Long-tailed Jaeger</td> + <td> " longicaudus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption3">Family LARIDÆ. <span class="smcap">Gulls and Terns</span></div> + +<table width="100%" summary="taxonomic listing"> +<tr> + <td>A.O.U.<br /> No.</td> + <td>COMMON NAME</td> + <td>SCIENTIFIC NAME</td> + <td class="text_rt"><span class="smcap">Page</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>39</td> + <td>Ivory Gull</td> + <td>Pagophila alba</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_52">52</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>40</td> + <td>Kittiwake</td> + <td>Rissa tridactyla tridactyla</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_52">52</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>40<i>a</i></td> + <td>Pacific Kittiwake</td> + <td> " " + pollicaris</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_52">52</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>41</td> + <td>Red-legged Kittiwake</td> + <td>Rissa brevirostris</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_52">52</a> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[Pg_259]</a></span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>42</td> + <td>Glaucous Gull</td> + <td>Larus hyperboreus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_53">53</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>43</td> + <td>Iceland Gull</td> + <td> " leucopterus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_53">53</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>44</td> + <td>Glaucous-winged Gull</td> + <td> " glaucescens</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_53">53</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>45</td> + <td>Kumlien's Gull</td> + <td> " kumlieni</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_53">53</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>46</td> + <td>Nelson's Gull</td> + <td> " nelsoni</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_53">53</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>47</td> + <td>Great Black-backed Gull</td> + <td> " marinus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_54">54</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>48</td> + <td>Slaty-backed Gull</td> + <td> " schistisagus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_54">54</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>49</td> + <td>Western Gull</td> + <td> " occidentalis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_54">54</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[50]</td> + <td>Siberian Gull</td> + <td> " affinis</td> + <td class="text_rt">A.V.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>51</td> + <td>Herring Gull</td> + <td> " argentatus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[52]</td> + <td>Vega Gull</td> + <td> " vegæ</td> + <td class="text_rt">A.V.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>53</td> + <td>California Gull</td> + <td> " californicus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>54</td> + <td>Ring-billed Gull</td> + <td> " delawarensis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_52">52</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>55</td> + <td>Short-billed Gull</td> + <td> " brachyrhynchus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_52">52</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[56]</td> + <td>Mew Gull</td> + <td> " canus</td> + <td class="text_rt">A.V.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>57</td> + <td>Heermann's Gull</td> + <td> " heermanni</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_54">54</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>58</td> + <td>Laughing Gull</td> + <td> " atricilla</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>59</td> + <td>Franklin's Gull</td> + <td> " franklini</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>60</td> + <td>Bonaparte's Gull</td> + <td> " philadelphia</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[60.1]</td> + <td>Little Gull</td> + <td> " minutus</td> + <td class="text_rt">A.V.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>61</td> + <td>Ross's Gull</td> + <td>Rhodostethia rosea</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>62</td> + <td>Sabine's Gull</td> + <td>Xema sabini</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>63</td> + <td>Gull-billed Tern</td> + <td>Gelochelidon nilotica</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_58">58</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>64</td> + <td>Caspian Tern</td> + <td>Sterna caspia</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_57">57</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>65</td> + <td>Royal Tern</td> + <td> " maxima</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_57">57</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>66</td> + <td>Elegant Tern</td> + <td> " elegans</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_57">57</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>67</td> + <td>Cabot's Tern</td> + <td> " sandvicensis acuflavida</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_57">57</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[68]</td> + <td>Trudeau's Tern</td> + <td> " trudeaui</td> + <td class="text_rt">A.V.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>69</td> + <td>Forster's Tern</td> + <td> " forsteri</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_59">59</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>70</td> + <td>Common Tern</td> + <td> " hirundo</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_59">59</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>71</td> + <td>Arctic Tern</td> + <td> " paradisæa</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_59">59</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>72</td> + <td>Roseate Tern</td> + <td> " dougalli</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_59">59</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>73</td> + <td>Aleutian Tern</td> + <td> " aleutica</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_58">58</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>74</td> + <td>Least Tern</td> + <td> " antillarum</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_58">58</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>75</td> + <td>Sooty Tern</td> + <td> " fuscata</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_60">60</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[76]</td> + <td>Bridled Tern</td> + <td> " anætheta</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_58">58</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>77</td> + <td>Black Tern</td> + <td>Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_60">60</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[78]</td> + <td>White-winged Black Tern</td> + <td> " leucoptera</td> + <td class="text_rt">A.V.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>79</td> + <td>Noddy</td> + <td>Anoüs stolidus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_60">60</a></td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[Pg_260]</a></span></p> +<div class="caption3">Family RYNCHOPIDÆ. <span class="smcap">Skimmers.</span></div> + +<table width="100%" summary="taxonomic listing"> +<tr> + <td>A.O.U.<br /> No.</td> + <td>COMMON NAME</td> + <td>SCIENTIFIC NAME</td> + <td class="text_rt"><span class="smcap">Page</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>80</td> + <td>Black Skimmer</td> + <td>Rynchops nigra</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_60">60</a></td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<a name="Order_TUBINARES_Tube-nosed_Swimmers" id="Order_TUBINARES_Tube-nosed_Swimmers"></a> +<div class="caption2">Order TUBINARES. Tube-nosed Swimmers</div> +<br /> +<div class="caption3">Family DIOMEDEIDÆ. <span class="smcap">Albatrosses.</span></div> + +<table width="100%" summary="taxonomic listing"> +<tr> + <td>A.O.U.<br /> No.</td> + <td>COMMON NAME</td> + <td>SCIENTIFIC NAME</td> + <td class="text_rt"><span class="smcap">Page</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>81</td> + <td>Black-footed Albatross</td> + <td>Diomedea nigripes</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>82</td> + <td>Short-tailed Albatross</td> + <td> " albatrus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>82.1</td> + <td>Laysan Albatross</td> + <td> " immutabilis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[83]</td> + <td>Yellow-nosed Albatross</td> + <td>Thalassogeron culminatus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[84]</td> + <td>Sooty Albatross</td> + <td>Phœbetria palpebrata</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption3">Family PROCELLARIIDÆ. <span class="smcap">Fulmars, Shearwaters, and Petrels.</span></div> + +<table width="100%" summary="taxonomic listing"> +<tr> + <td>A.O.U.<br /> No.</td> + <td>COMMON NAME</td> + <td>SCIENTIFIC NAME</td> + <td class="text_rt"><span class="smcap">Page</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[85]</td> + <td>Giant Fulmar</td> + <td>Macronectes giganteus</td> + <td class="text_rt">A.V.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>86</td> + <td>Fulmar</td> + <td>Fulmarus glacialis glacialis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_63">63</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>86<i>b</i></td> + <td>Pacific Fulmar</td> + <td> " " glupischa</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_63">63</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>86.1</td> + <td>Rodger's Fulmar</td> + <td> " rodgersi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_63">63</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>87</td> + <td>Slender-billed Fulmar</td> + <td>Priocella glacialoides</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_63">63</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[102]</td> + <td>Pintado Petrel</td> + <td>Daption capense</td> + <td class="text_rt">A.V.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>88</td> + <td>Cory's Shearwater</td> + <td>Puffinus borealis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_64">64</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>89</td> + <td>Greater Shearwater</td> + <td> " gravis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_64">64</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[90]</td> + <td>Manx Shearwater</td> + <td> " puffinus</td> + <td class="text_rt">A.V.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>91</td> + <td>Pink-footed Shearwater</td> + <td> " creatopus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_64">64</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>92</td> + <td>Audubon's Shearwater</td> + <td>Puffinus lherminieri</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_64">64</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[92.1]</td> + <td>Allied Shearwater</td> + <td> " assimilis</td> + <td class="text_rt">A.V.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>93</td> + <td>Black-vented Shearwater</td> + <td> " opisthomelas</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_64">64</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>93.1</td> + <td>Townsend's Shearwater</td> + <td> " auricularis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_64">64</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>95</td> + <td>Sooty Shearwater</td> + <td> " griseus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_63">63</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>96</td> + <td>Slender-billed Shearwater</td> + <td> " tenuirostris</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_64">64</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>96.1</td> + <td>Wedge-tailed Shearwater</td> + <td> " cuneatus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_63">63</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[96.2]</td> + <td>New Zealand Shearwater</td> + <td> " bulleri</td> + <td class="text_rt">A.V.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[97]</td> + <td>Black-tailed Shearwater</td> + <td>Priofinus cinereus</td> + <td class="text_rt">A.V.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[98]</td> + <td>Black-capped Petrel</td> + <td>Æstrelata hasitata</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_65">65</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[99]</td> + <td>Scaled Petrel</td> + <td> " scalaris</td> + <td class="text_rt">A.V.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>100</td> + <td>Fisher's Petrel</td> + <td> " fisheri</td> + <td class="text_rt">A.V.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[101]</td> + <td>Bulwer's Petrel</td> + <td>Bulweria bulweri</td> + <td class="text_rt">A.V.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>103</td> + <td>Least Petrel</td> + <td>Halocyptena microsoma</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_65">65</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>104</td> + <td>Stormy Petrel</td> + <td>Thalassidroma pelagica</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>105</td> + <td>Forked-tailed Petrel</td> + <td>Oceanodroma furcata</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_65">65</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>105.2</td> + <td>Kaeding's Petrel</td> + <td>Oceanodroma kaedingi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_65">65</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">[Pg_261]</a></span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>106</td> + <td>Leach's Petrel</td> + <td> " leucorhoa</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>106.1</td> + <td>Guadalupe Petrel</td> + <td> " macrodactyla</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[106.2]</td> + <td>Hawaiian Petrel</td> + <td> " castro</td> + <td class="text_rt">A.V.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>107</td> + <td>Black Petrel</td> + <td> " melania</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>108</td> + <td>Ashy Petrel</td> + <td> " homochroa</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_65">65</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>108.1</td> + <td>Socorro Petrel</td> + <td> " socorroensis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>109</td> + <td>Wilson's Petrel</td> + <td>Oceanites oceanicus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[110]</td> + <td>White-bellied Petrel</td> + <td>Fregetta grallaria</td> + <td class="text_rt">A.V.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[111]</td> + <td>White-faced Petrel</td> + <td>Pelagodroma marina</td> + <td class="text_rt">A.V.</td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> +<a name="Order_STEGANOPODES_Totipalmate_Swimmers" id="Order_STEGANOPODES_Totipalmate_Swimmers"></a> +<div class="caption2">Order STEGANOPODES. Totipalmate Swimmers</div> + +<div class="caption3">Family PHAËTHONTIDÆ. <span class="smcap">Tropic Birds.</span></div> + +<table width="100%" summary="taxonomic listing"> +<tr> + <td>A.O.U.<br /> No.</td> + <td>COMMON NAME</td> + <td>SCIENTIFIC NAME</td> + <td class="text_rt"><span class="smcap">Page</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>112</td> + <td>Yellow-billed Tropic-bird</td> + <td>Phaëthon americanus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_69">69</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>113</td> + <td>Red-billed Tropic-bird</td> + <td> " æthereus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_69">69</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[113.1]</td> + <td>Red-tailed Tropic-bird</td> + <td> " rubricaudus</td> + <td class="text_rt">A.V.</td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> +<div class="caption3">Family SULIDÆ. <span class="smcap">Gannets.</span></div> + +<table width="100%" summary="taxonomic listing"> +<tr> + <td>A.O.U.<br /> No.</td> + <td>COMMON NAME</td> + <td>SCIENTIFIC NAME</td> + <td class="text_rt"><span class="smcap">Page</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[114]</td> + <td>Blue-faced Booby</td> + <td>Sula cyanops</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_70">70</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>114.1</td> + <td>Blue-footed Booby</td> + <td> " nebouxi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_70">70</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>115</td> + <td>Booby</td> + <td> " leucogastra</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_70">70</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>115.1</td> + <td>Brewster's Booby</td> + <td> " brewsteri</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_70">70</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[116]</td> + <td>Red-footed Booby</td> + <td> " piscator</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_70">70</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>117</td> + <td>Gannet</td> + <td> " bassana</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_69">69</a></td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> +<div class="caption3">Family ANHINGIDÆ. <span class="smcap">Darters.</span></div> + +<table width="100%" summary="taxonomic listing"> +<tr> + <td>A.O.U.<br /> No.</td> + <td>COMMON NAME</td> + <td>SCIENTIFIC NAME</td> + <td class="text_rt"><span class="smcap">Page</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>118</td> + <td>Water-Turkey</td> + <td>Anhinga anhinga</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_73">73</a></td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption3">Family PHALACROCORACIDÆ. <span class="smcap">Cormorants.</span></div> + +<table width="100%" summary="taxonomic listing"> +<tr> + <td>A.O.U.<br /> No.</td> + <td>COMMON NAME</td> + <td>SCIENTIFIC NAME</td> + <td class="text_rt"><span class="smcap">Page</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>119</td> + <td>Cormorant</td> + <td>Phalacrocorax carbo</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_70">70</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>120</td> + <td>Double-crested Cormorant</td> + <td> " auritus auritus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_71">71</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>120<i>a</i></td> + <td>Florida Cormorant</td> + <td> " " floridanus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_71">71</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>120<i>b</i></td> + <td>White-crested Cormorant</td> + <td> " " cincinatus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_71">71</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>120<i>c</i></td> + <td>Farallon Cormorant</td> + <td> " " albociliatus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_71">71</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>121</td> + <td>Mexican Cormorant</td> + <td> " vigua mexicanus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_71">71</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>122</td> + <td>Brandt's Cormorant</td> + <td> " penicillatus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_72">72</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>123</td> + <td>Pelagic Cormorant</td> + <td> " pelagicus pelagicus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_72">72</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>123<i>a</i></td> + <td>Violet-green Cormorant</td> + <td> " " robustus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_72">72</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>123<i>b</i></td> + <td>Baird's Cormorant</td> + <td> " " resplendens</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_72">72</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>124</td> + <td>Red-faced Cormorant</td> + <td> " urile</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_72">72</a></td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">[Pg_262]</a></span></p> + +<div class="caption3">Family PELECANIDÆ. <span class="smcap">Pelicans.</span></div> + +<table width="100%" summary="taxonomic listing"> +<tr> + <td>A.O.U.<br /> No.</td> + <td>COMMON NAME</td> + <td>SCIENTIFIC NAME</td> + <td class="text_rt"><span class="smcap">Page</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>125</td> + <td>White Pelican</td> + <td>Pelecanus erythrorhynchos</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_73">73</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>126</td> + <td>Brown Pelican</td> + <td> " occidentalis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_73">73</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>127</td> + <td>California Brown Pelican</td> + <td> " californicus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_73">73</a></td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption3">Family FREGATIDÆ. <span class="smcap">Man-o'-War Birds.</span></div> + +<table width="100%" summary="taxonomic listing"> +<tr> + <td>A.O.U.<br /> No.</td> + <td>COMMON NAME</td> + <td>SCIENTIFIC NAME</td> + <td class="text_rt"><span class="smcap">Page</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>128</td> + <td>Man-o'-war-bird</td> + <td>Fregata aquila</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_73">73</a></td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<a name="Order_ANSERES_Lamellirostral_Swimmers" id="Order_ANSERES_Lamellirostral_Swimmers"></a> +<div class="caption2">Order ANSERES. Lamellirostral Swimmers</div> +<div class="caption3">Family ANATIDÆ. <span class="smcap">Ducks, Geese, and Swans.</span></div> + +<table width="100%" summary="taxonomic listing"> +<tr> + <td>A.O.U.<br /> No.</td> + <td>COMMON NAME</td> + <td>SCIENTIFIC NAME</td> + <td class="text_rt"><span class="smcap">Page</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>129</td> + <td>American Merganser</td> + <td>Mergus americanus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_76">76</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>130</td> + <td>Red-breasted Merganser</td> + <td> " serrator</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_76">76</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>131</td> + <td>Hooded Merganser</td> + <td>Lophodytes cucullatus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_76">76</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[131.1]</td> + <td>Smew</td> + <td>Mergellus albellus</td> + <td class="text_rt">A.V.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>132</td> + <td>Mallard</td> + <td>Anas platyrhynchos</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_76">76</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>133</td> + <td>Black Duck</td> + <td> " rubripes</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_77">77</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>134</td> + <td>Florida Duck</td> + <td> " fulvigula fulvigula</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_77">77</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>134<i>a</i></td> + <td>Mottled Duck</td> + <td> " " maculosa</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_77">77</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>135</td> + <td>Gadwall</td> + <td>Chaulelasmus streperus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_77">77</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>136</td> + <td>European Widgeon</td> + <td>Mareca penelope</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_77">77</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>137</td> + <td>Baldpate</td> + <td> " americana</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_77">77</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[138]</td> + <td>European Teal</td> + <td>Nettion crecca</td> + <td class="text_rt">A.V.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>139</td> + <td>Green-winged Teal</td> + <td> " carolinense</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_78">78</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>140</td> + <td>Blue-winged Teal</td> + <td>Querquedula discors</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_78">78</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>141</td> + <td>Cinnamon Teal</td> + <td> " cyanoptera</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_78">78</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[141.1]</td> + <td>Ruddy Sheldrake</td> + <td>Casarca ferruginea</td> + <td class="text_rt">A.V.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>142</td> + <td>Shoveller</td> + <td>Spatula clypeata</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_78">78</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>143</td> + <td>Pintail</td> + <td>Dafila acuta</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_76">76</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>144</td> + <td>Wood Duck</td> + <td>Aix sponsa</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_78">78</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[145]</td> + <td>Rufous-crested Duck</td> + <td>Netta rufina</td> + <td class="text_rt">A.V.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>146</td> + <td>Redhead</td> + <td>Marila americana</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_79">79</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>147</td> + <td>Canvas-back</td> + <td> " valisineria</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_79">79</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>148</td> + <td>American Scaup Duck</td> + <td> " marila</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_79">79</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>149</td> + <td>Lesser Scaup Duck</td> + <td> " affinis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_79">79</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>150</td> + <td>Ring-necked Duck</td> + <td> " collaris</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_79">79</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>151</td> + <td>American Golden-eye</td> + <td>Clangula clangula americana</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_80">80</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>152</td> + <td>Barrow's Golden-eye</td> + <td> " islandica</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_80">80</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>153</td> + <td>Buffle-head</td> + <td>Charitonetta albeola</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_80">80</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>154</td> + <td>Old-squaw</td> + <td>Harelda hyemalis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_81">81</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>155</td> + <td>Harlequin Duck</td> + <td>Histrionicus histrionicus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_81">81</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[Pg_263]</a></span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>156</td> + <td>Labrador Duck</td> + <td>Camptorhynchus labradorius</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_81">81</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>157</td> + <td>Steller's Eider</td> + <td>Polysticta stelleri</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_81">81</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>158</td> + <td>Spectacled Eider</td> + <td>Arctonetta fischeri</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_82">82</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>159</td> + <td>Northern Eider</td> + <td>Somateria mollissima borealis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_82">82</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>160</td> + <td>American Eider</td> + <td> " dresseri</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_82">82</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>161</td> + <td>Pacific Eider</td> + <td> " v-nigra</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_82">82</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>162</td> + <td>King Eider</td> + <td> " spectabilis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_82">82</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>163</td> + <td>American Scoter</td> + <td>Oidemia americana</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_83">83</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[164]</td> + <td>Velvet Scoter</td> + <td> " fusca</td> + <td class="text_rt">A.V.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>165</td> + <td>White-winged Scoter</td> + <td> " deglandi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_83">83</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>166</td> + <td>Surf Scoter</td> + <td> " perspicillata</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_83">83</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>167</td> + <td>Ruddy Duck</td> + <td>Erismatura jamaicensis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_80">80</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[168]</td> + <td>Masked Duck</td> + <td>Nomonyx dominicus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_80">80</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>169</td> + <td>Lesser Snow Goose</td> + <td>Chen hyperboreus hyperboreus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>169<i>a</i></td> + <td>Greater Snow Goose</td> + <td> " " nivalis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>169.1</td> + <td>Blue Goose</td> + <td> " cærulescens</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_85">85</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>170</td> + <td>Ross's Goose</td> + <td> " rossi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[171]</td> + <td>European White-fronted Goose</td> + <td>Anser albifrons albifrons</td> + <td class="text_rt">A.V.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>171<i>a</i></td> + <td>White-fronted Goose</td> + <td> " " gambeli</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_85">85</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[171.1]</td> + <td>Bean Goose</td> + <td> " fabalis</td> + <td class="text_rt">A.V.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[171.2]</td> + <td>Pink-footed Goose</td> + <td> " brachyrhynchus</td> + <td class="text_rt">A.V.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>172</td> + <td>Canada Goose</td> + <td>Branta canadensis canadensis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_86">86</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>172<i>a</i></td> + <td>Hutchins's Goose</td> + <td> " " hutchinsi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_86">86</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>172<i>b</i></td> + <td>White-cheeked Goose</td> + <td> " " occidentalis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_86">86</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>172<i>c</i></td> + <td>Cackling Goose</td> + <td> " " minima</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_86">86</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>173<i>a</i></td> + <td>Brant</td> + <td> " bernicla glaucogastra</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_86">86</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>174</td> + <td>Black Brant</td> + <td> " nigricans</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_86">86</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[175]</td> + <td>Barnacle Goose</td> + <td> " leucopsis</td> + <td class="text_rt">A.V.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>176</td> + <td>Emperor Goose</td> + <td>Philacte canagica</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_85">85</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>177</td> + <td>Black-bellied Tree-duck</td> + <td>Dendrocygna autumnalis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_83">83</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>178</td> + <td>Fulvous Tree-duck</td> + <td> " bicolor</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_83">83</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[179]</td> + <td>Whooper Swan</td> + <td>Olor cygnus</td> + <td class="text_rt">A.V.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>180</td> + <td>Whistling Swan</td> + <td> " columbianus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>181</td> + <td>Trumpeter Swan</td> + <td> " buccinator</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<a name="Order_ODONTOGLOSSAE_Lamellirostral_Grallatores" id="Order_ODONTOGLOSSAE_Lamellirostral_Grallatores"></a> +<div class="caption2">Order ODONTOGLOSSÆ. Lamellirostral Grallatores</div> + +<div class="caption3">Family PHŒNICOPTERIDÆ. <span class="smcap">Flamingoes.</span></div> + +<table width="100%" summary="taxonomic listing"> +<tr> + <td>A.O.U.<br /> No.</td> + <td>COMMON NAME</td> + <td>SCIENTIFIC NAME</td> + <td class="text_rt"><span class="smcap">Page</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>182</td> + <td>Flamingo</td> + <td>Phœnicopterus ruber</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_89">89</a></td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[Pg_264]</a></span></p> + +<a name="Order_HERODIONES_Herons_Storks_Ibises_etc" id="Order_HERODIONES_Herons_Storks_Ibises_etc"></a> +<div class="caption2">Order HERODIONES. Herons, Storks, Ibises, etc.</div> + +<div class="caption3">Family PLATALEIDÆ. <span class="smcap">Spoonbills.</span></div> + +<table width="100%" summary="taxonomic listing"> +<tr> + <td>A.O.U.<br /> No.</td> + <td>COMMON NAME</td> + <td>SCIENTIFIC NAME</td> + <td class="text_rt"><span class="smcap">Page</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>183</td> + <td>Roseate Spoonbill</td> + <td>Ajaia ajaja</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_89">89</a></td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption3">Family IBIDIDÆ. <span class="smcap">Ibises.</span></div> + +<table width="100%" summary="taxonomic listing"> +<tr> + <td>A.O.U.<br /> No.</td> + <td>COMMON NAME</td> + <td>SCIENTIFIC NAME</td> + <td class="text_rt"><span class="smcap">Page</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>184</td> + <td>White Ibis</td> + <td>Guara alba</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_90">90</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[185]</td> + <td>Scarlet Ibis</td> + <td> " rubra</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_89">89</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>186</td> + <td>Glossy Ibis</td> + <td>Plegadis autumnalis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_90">90</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>187</td> + <td>White-faced Glossy Ibis</td> + <td> " guarauna</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_90">90</a></td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption3">Family CICONDIIDÆ. <span class="smcap">Storks and Wood Ibises.</span></div> + +<table width="100%" summary="taxonomic listing"> +<tr> + <td>A.O.U.<br /> No.</td> + <td>COMMON NAME</td> + <td>SCIENTIFIC NAME</td> + <td class="text_rt"><span class="smcap">Page</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>188</td> + <td>Wood Ibis</td> + <td>Mycteria americana</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_90">90</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[189]</td> + <td>Jabiru</td> + <td>Jabiru mycteria</td> + <td class="text_rt">A.V.</td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption3">Family ARDEIDÆ. <span class="smcap">Herons, Bitterns, etc.</span></div> + +<table width="100%" summary="taxonomic listing"> +<tr> + <td>A.O.U.<br /> No.</td> + <td>COMMON NAME</td> + <td>SCIENTIFIC NAME</td> + <td class="text_rt"><span class="smcap">Page</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>190</td> + <td>American Bittern</td> + <td>Botaurus lentiginosus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_91">91</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>191</td> + <td>Least Bittern</td> + <td>Ixobrychus exilis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_91">91</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>191.1</td> + <td>Cory's Least Bittern</td> + <td> " neoxenus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_91">91</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>192</td> + <td>Great White Heron</td> + <td>Ardea occidentalis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_92">92</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>194</td> + <td>Great Blue Heron</td> + <td> " herodias herodias</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_93">93</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>194<i>a</i></td> + <td>Northwestern Coast Heron</td> + <td> " " fannini</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_93">93</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>194<i>b</i></td> + <td>Ward's Heron</td> + <td> " " wardi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_93">93</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[195]</td> + <td>European Heron</td> + <td> " cinerea</td> + <td class="text_rt">A.V.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>196</td> + <td>American Egret</td> + <td>Herodias egretta</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_92">92</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>197</td> + <td>Snowy Egret</td> + <td>Egretta candidissima candidissima</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_92">92</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>197<i>a</i></td> + <td>Brewster's Egret</td> + <td> " " brewsteri</td> + <td> class="text_rt">94</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>198</td> + <td>Reddish Egret</td> + <td>Dichromanassa rufescens</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>199</td> + <td>Louisiana Heron</td> + <td>Hydranassa tricolor ruficollis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>200</td> + <td>Little Blue Heron</td> + <td>Florida cærulea</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>201</td> + <td>Green Heron</td> + <td>Butorides virescens virescens</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>201<i>a</i></td> + <td>Frazar's Green Heron</td> + <td> " " frazari</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>201<i>b</i></td> + <td>Anthony's Green Heron</td> + <td> " " anthonyi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>202</td> + <td>Black-crowned Night Heron</td> + <td>Nycticorax nycticorax nævius</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_93">93</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>203</td> + <td>Yellow-crowned Night Heron</td> + <td>Nyctanassa violacea</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_93">93</a></td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<a name="Order_PALUDICOLAE_Cranes_Rails_etc" id="Order_PALUDICOLAE_Cranes_Rails_etc"></a> +<div class="caption2">Order PALUDICOLÆ. Cranes, Rails, etc.</div> + +<div class="caption3">Family GRUIDÆ. <span class="smcap">Cranes.</span></div> + +<table width="100%" summary="taxonomic listing"> +<tr> + <td>A.O.U.<br /> No.</td> + <td>COMMON NAME</td> + <td>SCIENTIFIC NAME</td> + <td class="text_rt"><span class="smcap">Page</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>204</td> + <td>Whooping Crane</td> + <td>Grus americana</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>205</td> + <td>Little Brown Crane</td> + <td> " canadensis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>206</td> + <td>Sandhill Crane</td> + <td> " mexicana</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">[Pg_265]</a></span></p> + +<div class="caption3">Family ARAMIDÆ. <span class="smcap">Courlans.</span></div> + +<table width="100%" summary="taxonomic listing"> +<tr> + <td>A.O.U.<br /> No.</td> + <td>COMMON NAME</td> + <td>SCIENTIFIC NAME</td> + <td class="text_rt"><span class="smcap">Page</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>207</td> + <td>Limpkin</td> + <td>Aramus vociferus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption3">Family RALLIDÆ. <span class="smcap">Rails, Gallinules, and Coots.</span></div> + +<table width="100%" summary="taxonomic listing"> +<tr> + <td>A.O.U.<br /> No.</td> + <td>COMMON NAME</td> + <td>SCIENTIFIC NAME</td> + <td class="text_rt"><span class="smcap">Page</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>208</td> + <td>King Rail</td> + <td>Rallus elegans</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>209</td> + <td>Belding's Rail</td> + <td> " beldingi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>210</td> + <td>California Clapper Rail</td> + <td> " obsoletus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>210.1</td> + <td>Light-footed Rail</td> + <td> " levipes</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_294">294</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>211</td> + <td>Clapper Rail</td> + <td> " crepitans crepitans</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>211<i>a</i></td> + <td>Louisiana Clapper Rail</td> + <td> " " saturatus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>211<i>b</i></td> + <td>Florida Clapper Rail</td> + <td> " " scotti</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>211<i>c</i></td> + <td>Wayne's Clapper Rail</td> + <td> " " waynei</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>211.2</td> + <td>Caribbean Clapper Rail</td> + <td> " longirostris caribæus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>212</td> + <td>Virginia Rail</td> + <td> " virginianus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[213]</td> + <td>Spotted Crake</td> + <td>Porzana porzana</td> + <td class="text_rt">A.V.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>214</td> + <td>Sora</td> + <td> " carolina</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>215</td> + <td>Yellow Rail</td> + <td>Coturnicops noveboracensis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>216</td> + <td>Black Rail</td> + <td>Creciscus jamaicensis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>216.1</td> + <td>Farallon Rail</td> + <td> " coturniculus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_294">294</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[217]</td> + <td>Corn Crake</td> + <td>Crex crex</td> + <td class="text_rt">A.V.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>218</td> + <td>Purple Gallinule</td> + <td>Ionornis martinicus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_99">99</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>219</td> + <td>Florida Gallinule</td> + <td>Gallinula galeata</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_99">99</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[220]</td> + <td>European Coot</td> + <td>Fulica atra</td> + <td class="text_rt">A.V.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>221</td> + <td>Coot</td> + <td> " americana</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_99">99</a></td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<a name="Order_LIMICOLAE_Shore_Birds" id="Order_LIMICOLAE_Shore_Birds"></a> +<div class="caption2">Order LIMICOLÆ. Shore Birds.</div> + +<div class="caption3">Family PHALAROPODIDÆ. <span class="smcap">Phalaropes.</span></div> + +<table width="100%" summary="taxonomic listing"> +<tr> + <td>A.O.U.<br /> No.</td> + <td>COMMON NAME</td> + <td>SCIENTIFIC NAME</td> + <td class="text_rt"><span class="smcap">Page</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>222</td> + <td>Red Phalarope</td> + <td>Phalaropus fulicarius</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_102">102</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>223</td> + <td>Northern Phalarope</td> + <td>Lobipes lobatus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_102">102</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>224</td> + <td>Wilson's Phalarope</td> + <td>Steganopus tricolor</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_102">102</a></td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption3">Family RECURVIROSTRIDÆ. <span class="smcap">Avocets and Stilts.</span></div> + +<table width="100%" summary="taxonomic listing"> +<tr> + <td>A.O.U.<br /> No.</td> + <td>COMMON NAME</td> + <td>SCIENTIFIC NAME</td> + <td class="text_rt"><span class="smcap">Page</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>225</td> + <td>Avocet</td> + <td>Recurvirostra americana</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_103">103</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>226</td> + <td>Black-necked Stilt</td> + <td>Himantopus mexicanus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_105">105</a></td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption3">Family SCOLOPACIDÆ. <span class="smcap">Snipes, Sandpipers, etc.</span></div> + +<table width="100%" summary="taxonomic listing"> +<tr> + <td>A.O.U.<br /> No.</td> + <td>COMMON NAME</td> + <td>SCIENTIFIC NAME</td> + <td class="text_rt"><span class="smcap">Page</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[227]</td> + <td>European Woodcock</td> + <td>Scolopax rusticola</td> + <td class="text_rt">A.V.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>228</td> + <td>Woodcock</td> + <td>Philohela minor</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_105">105</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[229]</td> + <td>European Snipe</td> + <td>Gallinago gallinago</td> + <td class="text_rt">A.V.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>230</td> + <td>Wilson's Snipe</td> + <td> " delicata</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_105">105</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">[Pg_266]</a></span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[230.1]</td> + <td>Great Snipe</td> + <td> " media</td> + <td class="text_rt">A.V.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>231</td> + <td>Dowitcher</td> + <td>Macrorhamphus griseus griseus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_106">106</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>232</td> + <td>Long-billed Dowitcher</td> + <td> " " scolopaceus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_106">106</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>233</td> + <td>Stilt Sandpiper</td> + <td>Micropalama himantopus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_106">106</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>234</td> + <td>Knot</td> + <td>Tringa canutus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_106">106</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>235</td> + <td>Purple Sandpiper</td> + <td>Arquatella maritima maritima</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_107">107</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>235<i>a</i></td> + <td>Aleutian Sandpiper</td> + <td> " " couesi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_107">107</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>235<i>b</i></td> + <td>Pribilof Sandpiper</td> + <td> " " ptilocnemis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_108">108</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>238</td> + <td>Sharp-tailed Sandpiper</td> + <td>Pisobia aurita</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_109">109</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>239</td> + <td>Pectoral Sandpiper</td> + <td> " maculata</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_109">109</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>240</td> + <td>White-rumped Sandpiper</td> + <td> " fuscicollis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_109">109</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>241</td> + <td>Baird's Sandpiper</td> + <td> " bairdi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_109">109</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>242</td> + <td>Least Sandpiper</td> + <td> " minutilla</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_109">109</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[242.1]</td> + <td>Long-toed Stint</td> + <td> " damacensis</td> + <td class="text_rt">A.V.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[243]</td> + <td>Dunlin</td> + <td>Pelidna alpina alpina</td> + <td class="text_rt">A.V.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>243<i>a</i></td> + <td>Red-backed Sandpiper</td> + <td> " " sakhalina</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_108">108</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>244</td> + <td>Curlew Sandpiper</td> + <td>Erolia ferruginea</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_106">106</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[245]</td> + <td>Spoonbill Sandpiper</td> + <td>Eurynorhynchus pygmæus</td> + <td class="text_rt">A.V.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>246</td> + <td>Semipalmated Sandpiper</td> + <td>Ereunetes pusillus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_108">108</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>247</td> + <td>Western Sandpiper</td> + <td> " mauri</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_108">108</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>248</td> + <td>Sanderling</td> + <td>Calidris leucophæa</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_108">108</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>249</td> + <td>Marbled Godwit</td> + <td>Limosa fedoa</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_110">110</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>250</td> + <td>Pacific Godwit</td> + <td> " lapponica baueri</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_110">110</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>251</td> + <td>Hudsonian Godwit</td> + <td> " hæmastica</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_110">110</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[252]</td> + <td>Black-tailed Godwit</td> + <td> " limosa</td> + <td class="text_rt">A.V.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[253]</td> + <td>Green-shank</td> + <td>Glottis nebularia</td> + <td class="text_rt">A.V.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[253.1]</td> + <td>Red-shank</td> + <td>Totanus totanus</td> + <td class="text_rt">A.V.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>254</td> + <td>Greater Yellow-legs</td> + <td> " melanoleucus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_111">111</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>255</td> + <td>Yellow-legs</td> + <td> " flavipes</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_111">111</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>256</td> + <td>Solitary Sandpiper</td> + <td>Helodromas solitarius solitarius</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_107">107</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>256<i>a</i></td> + <td>Western Solitary Sandpiper</td> + <td> " " cinnamomeus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_107">107</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[257]</td> + <td>Green Sandpiper</td> + <td> " ocrophus</td> + <td class="text_rt">A.V.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>258</td> + <td>Willet</td> + <td>Catoptrophorus semipalmatus semipalmatus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_111">111</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>258<i>a</i></td> + <td>Western Willet</td> + <td>Catoptrophorus semipalmatus inornatus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_111">111</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>259</td> + <td>Wandering Tattler</td> + <td>Heteractitis incanus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_111">111</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[260]</td> + <td>Ruff</td> + <td>Machetes pugnax</td> + <td class="text_rt">A.V.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>261</td> + <td>Upland Plover</td> + <td>Bartramia longicauda</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_105">105</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>262</td> + <td>Buff-breasted Sandpiper</td> + <td>Tryngites subruficollis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_105">105</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>263</td> + <td>Spotted Sandpiper</td> + <td>Actitis macularia</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_107">107</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>264</td> + <td>Long-billed Curlew</td> + <td>Numenius americanus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_103">103</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">[Pg_267]</a></span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>265</td> + <td>Hudsonian Curlew</td> + <td>Numenius hudsonicus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_103">103</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>266</td> + <td>Eskimo Curlew</td> + <td> " borealis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_103">103</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[267]</td> + <td>Whimbrel</td> + <td> " phæopus</td> + <td class="text_rt">A.V.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>268</td> + <td>Bristle-thighed Curlew</td> + <td> " tahitiensis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_295">295</a></td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption3">Family CHARADRIIDÆ. <span class="smcap">Plovers.</span></div> + +<table width="100%" summary="taxonomic listing"> +<tr> + <td>A.O.U.<br /> No.</td> + <td>COMMON NAME</td> + <td>SCIENTIFIC NAME</td> + <td class="text_rt"><span class="smcap">Page</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[269]</td> + <td>Lapwing</td> + <td>Vanellus vanellus</td> + <td class="text_rt">A.V.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[269.1]</td> + <td>Dotterel</td> + <td>Eudromias morinellus</td> + <td class="text_rt">A.V.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>270</td> + <td>Black-bellied Plover</td> + <td>Squatarola squatarola</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_110">110</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[271]</td> + <td>European Golden Plover</td> + <td>Charadrius apricarius</td> + <td class="text_rt">A.V.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>272</td> + <td>Golden Plover</td> + <td> " dominicus dominicus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_110">110</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>272<i>a</i></td> + <td>Pacific Golden Plover</td> + <td> " " fulvus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_110">110</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>273</td> + <td>Killdeer</td> + <td>Oxyechus vociferus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_112">112</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>274</td> + <td>Semipalmated Plover</td> + <td>Ægialitis semipalmata</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_112">112</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>275</td> + <td>Ringed Plover</td> + <td> " hiaticula</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_112">112</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[276]</td> + <td>Little Ringed Plover</td> + <td> " dubia</td> + <td class="text_rt">A.V.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>277</td> + <td>Piping Plover</td> + <td> " meloda</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_112">112</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>278</td> + <td>Snowy Plover</td> + <td> " nivosa</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_112">112</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[279]</td> + <td>Mongolian Plover</td> + <td> " mongola</td> + <td class="text_rt">A.V.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>280</td> + <td>Wilson's Plover</td> + <td>Ochthodromus wilsonius</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_112">112</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>281</td> + <td>Mountain Plover</td> + <td>Podasocys montanus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_105">105</a></td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption3">Family APHRIZIDÆ. <span class="smcap">Surf Birds and Turnstones.</span></div> + +<table width="100%" summary="taxonomic listing"> +<tr> + <td>A.O.U.<br /> No.</td> + <td>COMMON NAME</td> + <td>SCIENTIFIC NAME</td> + <td class="text_rt"><span class="smcap">Page</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>282</td> + <td>Surf-bird</td> + <td>Aphriza virgata</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_111">111</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>283</td> + <td>Turnstone</td> + <td>Arenaria interpres interpres</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_102">102</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>283<i>a</i></td> + <td>Ruddy Turnstone</td> + <td> " " morinella</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_102">102</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>284</td> + <td>Black Turnstone</td> + <td> " melanocephala</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_107">107</a></td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption3">Family HÆMATOPODIDÆ. <span class="smcap">Oyster-Catchers.</span></div> + +<table width="100%" summary="taxonomic listing"> +<tr> + <td>A.O.U.<br /> No.</td> + <td>COMMON NAME</td> + <td>SCIENTIFIC NAME</td> + <td class="text_rt"><span class="smcap">Page</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[285]</td> + <td>European Oyster-catcher</td> + <td>Hæmatopus ostralegus</td> + <td class="text_rt">A.V.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>286</td> + <td>Oyster-catcher</td> + <td> " palliatus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_104">104</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>286.1</td> + <td>Frazar's Oyster-catcher</td> + <td> " frazari</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_104">104</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>287</td> + <td>Black Oyster-catcher</td> + <td> " bachmani</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_104">104</a></td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption3">Family JACANIDÆ. <span class="smcap">Jacanas.</span></div> + +<table width="100%" summary="taxonomic listing"> +<tr> + <td>A.O.U.<br /> No.</td> + <td>COMMON NAME</td> + <td>SCIENTIFIC NAME</td> + <td class="text_rt"><span class="smcap">Page</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[288]</td> + <td>Mexican Jacana</td> + <td>Jacana spinosa</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_102">102</a></td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">[Pg_268]</a></span></p> + +<a name="Order_GALLINAE_Gallinaceous_Birds" id="Order_GALLINAE_Gallinaceous_Birds"></a> +<div class="caption2">Order GALLINÆ. Gallinaceous Birds</div> + +<div class="caption3">Family ODONTOPHORIDÆ. <span class="smcap">Bob-whites, Quails, etc.</span></div> + +<table width="100%" summary="taxonomic listing"> +<tr> + <td>A.O.U.<br /> No.</td> + <td>COMMON NAME</td> + <td>SCIENTIFIC NAME</td> + <td class="text_rt"><span class="smcap">Page</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>289</td> + <td>Bob-white</td> + <td>Colinus virginianus virginianus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_115">115</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>289<i>a</i></td> + <td>Florida Bob-white</td> + <td> " " floridanus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_115">115</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>289<i>b</i></td> + <td>Texas Bob-white</td> + <td> " " texanus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_115">115</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>291</td> + <td>Masked Bob-white</td> + <td> " ridgwayi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_115">115</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>292</td> + <td>Mountain Quail</td> + <td>Oreortyx picta picta</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_116">116</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>292<i>a</i></td> + <td>Plumed Quail</td> + <td> " " plumifera</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_116">116</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>292<i>b</i></td> + <td>San Pedro Quail</td> + <td> " " confinis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_116">116</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>293</td> + <td>Scaled Quail</td> + <td>Callipepla squamata squamata</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_116">116</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>293<i>a</i></td> + <td>Chestnut-bellied Scaled Quail</td> + <td> " " castanogastris</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_116">116</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>294</td> + <td>California Quail</td> + <td>Lophortyx californica californica</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_116">116</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>294<i>a</i></td> + <td>Valley Quail</td> + <td> " " vallicola</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_116">116</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>295</td> + <td>Gambel's Quail</td> + <td> " gambeli</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_116">116</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>296</td> + <td>Mearns's Quail</td> + <td>Cyrtonyx montezumæ mearnsi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_115">115</a></td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption3">Family TETRAONIDÆ. <span class="smcap">Grouse, Partridges, etc.</span></div> + +<table width="100%" summary="taxonomic listing"> +<tr> + <td>A.O.U.<br /> No.</td> + <td>COMMON NAME</td> + <td>SCIENTIFIC NAME</td> + <td class="text_rt"><span class="smcap">Page</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>297</td> + <td>Dusky Grouse</td> + <td>Dendragapus obscurus obscurus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_117">117</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>297<i>a</i></td> + <td>Sooty Grouse</td> + <td> " " fuliginosus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_117">117</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>297<i>b</i></td> + <td>Richardson's Grouse</td> + <td> " " richardsoni</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_117">117</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>297<i>c</i></td> + <td>Sierra Grouse</td> + <td> " " sierræ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_295">295</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>298</td> + <td>Hudsonian Spruce Partridge</td> + <td>Canachites canadensis canadensis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_117">117</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>298<i>b</i></td> + <td>Alaska Spruce Partridge</td> + <td> " " osgoodi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_117">117</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>298<i>c</i></td> + <td>Canada Spruce Partridge</td> + <td> " " canace</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_117">117</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>299</td> + <td>Franklin's Grouse</td> + <td> " franklini</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_117">117</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>300</td> + <td>Ruffed Grouse</td> + <td>Bonasa umbellus umbellus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_118">118</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>300<i>a</i></td> + <td>Canada Ruffed Grouse</td> + <td> " " togata</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_118">118</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>300<i>b</i></td> + <td>Gray Ruffed Grouse</td> + <td> " " umbelloides</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_118">118</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>300<i>c</i></td> + <td>Oregon Ruffed Grouse</td> + <td> " " sabini</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_118">118</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>301</td> + <td>Willow Ptarmigan</td> + <td>Lagopus lagopus lagopus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_119">119</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>301<i>a</i></td> + <td>Allen's Ptarmigan</td> + <td> " " alleni</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_119">119</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>301<i>b</i></td> + <td>Alexander's Ptarmigan</td> + <td> " " alexandræ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_295">295</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>301<i>c</i></td> + <td>Ungava Ptarmigan</td> + <td> " " ungavus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_295">295</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>302</td> + <td>Rock Ptarmigan</td> + <td> " rupestris rupestris</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_119">119</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>302<i>a</i></td> + <td>Reinhardt's Ptarmigan</td> + <td> " " reinhardi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_119">119</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>302<i>b</i></td> + <td>Nelson's Ptarmigan</td> + <td> " " nelsoni</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_119">119</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>302<i>c</i></td> + <td>Turner's Ptarmigan</td> + <td> " " atkhensis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_120">120</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>302<i>d</i></td> + <td>Townsend's Ptarmigan</td> + <td> " " townsendi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_120">120</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>302<i>e</i></td> + <td>Adak Ptarmigan</td> + <td> " " chamberlaini</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_296">296</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>302<i>f</i></td> + <td>Dixon's Ptarmigan</td> + <td> " " dixoni</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_296">296</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>302.1</td> + <td>Evermann's Ptarmigan</td> + <td> " evermanni</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_120">120</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>303</td> + <td>Welch's Ptarmigan</td> + <td> " welchi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_120">120</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">[Pg_269]</a></span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>304</td> + <td>White-tailed Ptarmigan</td> + <td>Lagopus leucurus leucurus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_118">118</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>304<i>a</i></td> + <td>Kenai White-tailed Ptarmigan</td> + <td> " " peninsularis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_118">118</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>305</td> + <td>Prairie Chicken</td> + <td>Tympanuchus americanus americanus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_121">121</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>305<i>a</i></td> + <td>Attwater's Prairie Chicken</td> + <td> " " attwateri</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_121">121</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>306</td> + <td>Heath Hen</td> + <td> " cupido</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_121">121</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>307</td> + <td>Lesser Prairie Chicken</td> + <td> " pallidicinctus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_121">121</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>308</td> + <td>Sharp-tailed Grouse</td> + <td>Pediœcetes phasianellus phasianellus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_121">121</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>308<i>a</i></td> + <td>Columbian Sharp-tailed Grouse</td> + <td>Pediœcetes phasianellus columbianus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_121">121</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>308<i>b</i></td> + <td>Prairie Sharp-tailed Grouse</td> + <td> " " campestris</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_121">121</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>309</td> + <td>Sage Hen</td> + <td>Centrocercus urophasianus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_122">122</a></td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption3">Family MELEAGRIDÆ. <span class="smcap">Turkeys.</span></div> + +<table width="100%" summary="taxonomic listing"> +<tr> + <td>A.O.U.<br /> No.</td> + <td>COMMON NAME</td> + <td>SCIENTIFIC NAME</td> + <td class="text_rt"><span class="smcap">Page</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>310</td> + <td>Merriam's Turkey</td> + <td>Meleagris gallopavo merriami</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_122">122</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>310<i>a</i></td> + <td>Wild Turkey</td> + <td> " " silvestris</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_122">122</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>310<i>b</i></td> + <td>Florida Turkey</td> + <td> " " osceola</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_122">122</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>310<i>c</i></td> + <td>Rio Grande Turkey</td> + <td> " " intermedia</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_122">122</a></td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">Family CRACIDÆ. <span class="smcap">Curassows and Guans.</span></div> + +<table width="100%" summary="taxonomic listing"> +<tr> + <td>A.O.U.<br /> No.</td> + <td>COMMON NAME</td> + <td>SCIENTIFIC NAME</td> + <td class="text_rt smcap"><span class="smcap">Page</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>311</td> + <td>Chachalaca</td> + <td>Ortalis vetula mccalli</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_122">122</a></td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<a name="Order_COLUMBAE_Pigeons"></a> +<div class="caption2">Order COLUMBÆ. Pigeons</div> + +<div class="caption2">Family COLUMBIDÆ. <span class="smcap">Pigeons.</span></div> + +<table width="100%" summary="taxonomic listing"> +<tr> + <td>A.O.U.<br /> No.</td> + <td>COMMON NAME</td> + <td>SCIENTIFIC NAME</td> + <td class="text_rt smcap"><span class="smcap">Page</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>312</td> + <td>Band-tailed Pigeon</td> + <td>Columba fasciata fasciata</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_124">124</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>312<i>a</i></td> + <td>Viosca's Pigeon</td> + <td> " " vioscæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_124">124</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>313</td> + <td>Red-billed Pigeon</td> + <td> " flavirostris</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_124">124</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>314</td> + <td>White-crowned Pigeon</td> + <td> " leucocephala</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_124">124</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[314.1]</td> + <td>Scaled Pigeon</td> + <td> " squamosa</td> + <td class="text_rt">A.V.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>315</td> + <td>Passenger Pigeon</td> + <td>Ectopistes migratorius</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_125">125</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>316</td> + <td>Mourning Dove</td> + <td>Zenaidura macroura carolinensis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_125">125</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>316<i>i</i></td> + <td>Western Mourning Dove</td> + <td> " " marginella</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_296">296</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>317</td> + <td>Zenaida Dove</td> + <td>Zenaida zenaida</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_125">125</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>318</td> + <td>White-fronted Dove</td> + <td>Leptotila fulviventris brachyptera</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_125">125</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>319</td> + <td>West Indian White-winged Dove</td> + <td>Melopelia asiatica asiatica</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_126">126</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>319<i>a</i></td> + <td>White-winged Dove</td> + <td> " " trudeaui</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_296">296</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>320</td> + <td>Ground Dove</td> + <td>Chæmepelia passerina terrestris</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_126">126</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>320<i>a</i></td> + <td>Mexican Ground Dove</td> + <td> " " pallescens</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_126">126</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>320<i>b</i></td> + <td>Bermuda Ground Dove</td> + <td> " " bermudiana</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_126">126</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">[Pg_270]</a></span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>321</td> + <td>Inca Dove</td> + <td>Scardafella inca</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_126">126</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[322]</td> + <td>Key West Quail-dove</td> + <td>Geotrygon chrysia</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_126">126</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[322.1]</td> + <td>Ruddy Quail-dove</td> + <td> " montana</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_126">126</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[323]</td> + <td>Blue-headed Quail-dove</td> + <td>Starnœnas cyanocephala</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_126">126</a></td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<a name="Order_RAPTORES_Birds_of_Prey" id="Order_RAPTORES_Birds_of_Prey"></a> +<div class="caption2">Order RAPTORES. Birds of Prey.</div> + +<div class="caption3">Family CATHARTIDÆ. <span class="smcap">American Vultures.</span></div> + +<table width="100%" summary="taxonomic listing"> +<tr> + <td>A.O.U.<br /> No.</td> + <td>COMMON NAME</td> + <td>SCIENTIFIC NAME</td> + <td class="text_rt"><span class="smcap">Page</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>324</td> + <td>California Vulture</td> + <td>Gymnogyps californianus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_129">129</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>325</td> + <td>Turkey Vulture</td> + <td>Cathartes aura septentrionalis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_129">129</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>326</td> + <td>Black Vulture</td> + <td>Catharista urubu</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_129">129</a></td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption3">Family BUTEONIDÆ. <span class="smcap">Hawks, Eagles, Kites, etc.</span></div> + +<table width="100%" summary="taxonomic listing"> +<tr> + <td>A.O.U.<br /> No.</td> + <td>COMMON NAME</td> + <td>SCIENTIFIC NAME</td> + <td class="text_rt"><span class="smcap">Page</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>327</td> + <td>Swallow-tailed Kite</td> + <td>Elanoides forficatus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_130">130</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>328</td> + <td>White-tailed Kite</td> + <td>Elanus leucurus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_130">130</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>329</td> + <td>Mississippi Kite</td> + <td>Ictinia mississippiensis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_130">130</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>330</td> + <td>Everglade Kite</td> + <td>Rostrhamus sociabilis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_130">130</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>331</td> + <td>Marsh Hawk</td> + <td>Circus hudsonius</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_130">130</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>332</td> + <td>Sharp-shinned Hawk</td> + <td>Accipiter velox</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_131">131</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>333</td> + <td>Cooper's Hawk</td> + <td> " cooperi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_131">131</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>334</td> + <td>Goshawk</td> + <td> " atricapillus atricapillus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_131">131</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>334<i>a</i></td> + <td>Western Goshawk</td> + <td> " " striatulus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_131">131</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>335</td> + <td>Harris's Hawk</td> + <td>Parabuteo unicinctus harrisi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_132">132</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>337</td> + <td>Red-tailed Hawk</td> + <td>Buteo borealis borealis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_132">132</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>337<i>a</i></td> + <td>Krider's Hawk</td> + <td> " " krideri</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_132">132</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>337<i>b</i></td> + <td>Western Red-tail</td> + <td> " " calurus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_132">132</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>337<i>d</i></td> + <td>Harlan's Hawk</td> + <td> " " harlani</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_132">132</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>337<i>e</i></td> + <td>Alaska Red-tail</td> + <td> " " alascensis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_296">296</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>339</td> + <td>Red-shouldered Hawk</td> + <td> " lineatus lineatus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_133">133</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>339<i>a</i></td> + <td>Florida Red-shouldered Hawk</td> + <td> " " alleni</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_133">133</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>339<i>b</i></td> + <td>Red-bellied Hawk</td> + <td> " " elegans</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_133">133</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>340</td> + <td>Zone-tailed Hawk</td> + <td> " abbreviatus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_134">134</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>341</td> + <td>Sennett's White-tailed Hawk</td> + <td> " albicaudatus sennetti</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_135">135</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>342</td> + <td>Swainson's Hawk</td> + <td> " swainsoni</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_133">133</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>343</td> + <td>Broad-winged Hawk</td> + <td> " platypterus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_133">133</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>344</td> + <td>Short-tailed Hawk</td> + <td> " brachyurus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_135">135</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>345</td> + <td>Mexican Black Hawk</td> + <td>Urubitinga anthracina</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_134">134</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>346</td> + <td>Mexican Goshawk</td> + <td>Asturina plagiata</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_131">131</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>347<i>a</i></td> + <td>Rough-legged Hawk</td> + <td>Archibuteo lagopus sancti-johannis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_135">135</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>348</td> + <td>Ferruginous Rough-leg</td> + <td> " ferrugineus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_135">135</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>349</td> + <td>Golden Eagle</td> + <td>Aquila chrysaëtos</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_136">136</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">[Pg_271]</a></span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[351]</td> + <td>Gray Sea Eagle</td> + <td>Haliæetus albicilla</td> + <td class="text_rt">A.V.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>352</td> + <td>Bald Eagle</td> + <td> " leucocephalus leucocephalus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_136">136</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>352a</td> + <td>Northern Bald Eagle</td> + <td> " " alascanus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_136">136</a></td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption3">Family FALCONDIDÆ. <span class="smcap">Falcons, Caracaras, etc.</span></div> + +<table width="100%" summary="taxonomic listing"> +<tr> + <td>A.O.U.<br /> No.</td> + <td>COMMON NAME</td> + <td>SCIENTIFIC NAME</td> + <td class="text_rt"><span class="smcap">Page</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>353</td> + <td>White Gyrfalcon</td> + <td>Falco islandus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_136">136</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>354</td> + <td>Gray Gyrfalcon</td> + <td> " rusticolus rusticolus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_136">136</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>354<i>a</i></td> + <td>Gyrfalcon</td> + <td> " " gyrfalco</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_136">136</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>354<i>b</i></td> + <td>Black Gyrfalcon</td> + <td> " " obsoletus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_137">137</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>355</td> + <td>Prairie Falcon</td> + <td> " mexicanus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_135">135</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[356]</td> + <td>Peregrine Falcon</td> + <td>Falco peregrinus peregrinus</td> + <td class="text_rt">A.V.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>356<i>a</i></td> + <td>Duck Hawk</td> + <td> " " anatum</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_137">137</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>356<i>b</i></td> + <td>Peale's Falcon</td> + <td> " " pealei</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_137">137</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>357</td> + <td>Pigeon Hawk</td> + <td>Falco columbarius columbarius</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_137">137</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>357<i>a</i></td> + <td>Black Pigeon Hawk</td> + <td> " " suckleyi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_137">137</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>358</td> + <td>Richardson's Pigeon Hawk</td> + <td> " " richardsoni</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_137">137</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[358.1]</td> + <td>Merlin</td> + <td> " æsalon</td> + <td class="text_rt">A.V.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>359</td> + <td>Aplomado Falcon</td> + <td> " fusco-cærulescens</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_137">137</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[359.1]</td> + <td>Kestrel</td> + <td> " tinnunculus</td> + <td class="text_rt">A.V.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>360</td> + <td>Sparrow Hawk</td> + <td> " sparverius sparverius</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_137">137</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>360<i>a</i></td> + <td>Desert Sparrow Hawk</td> + <td> " " phalæna</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_138">138</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>360<i>b</i></td> + <td>San Lucas Sparrow Hawk</td> + <td> " " peninsularis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_138">138</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>360<i>c</i></td> + <td>Little Sparrow Hawk</td> + <td> " " paulus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_296">296</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[361]</td> + <td>Cuban Sparrow Hawk</td> + <td> " sparveroides</td> + <td class="text_rt">A.V.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>362</td> + <td>Audubon's Caracara</td> + <td>Polyborus cheriway</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_134">134</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>363</td> + <td>Guadalupe Caracara</td> + <td> " lutosus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_134">134</a></td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption3">Family PANDIONIDÆ. <span class="smcap">Ospreys.</span></div> + +<table width="100%" summary="taxonomic listing"> +<tr> + <td>A.O.U.<br /> No.</td> + <td>COMMON NAME</td> + <td>SCIENTIFIC NAME</td> + <td class="text_rt"><span class="smcap">Page</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>364</td> + <td>Osprey</td> + <td>Pandion haliaëtus carolinensis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_129">129</a></td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption3">Family ALUCONDIDÆ. <span class="smcap">Barn Owls.</span></div> + +<table width="100%" summary="taxonomic listing"> +<tr> + <td>A.O.U.<br /> No.</td> + <td>COMMON NAME</td> + <td>SCIENTIFIC NAME</td> + <td class="text_rt"><span class="smcap">Page</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>365</td> + <td>Barn Owl</td> + <td>Aluco pratincola</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_138">138</a></td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption3">Family STRIGIDÆ. <span class="smcap">Horned Owls, etc.</span></div> + +<table width="100%" summary="taxonomic listing"> +<tr> + <td>A.O.U.<br /> No.</td> + <td>COMMON NAME</td> + <td>SCIENTIFIC NAME</td> + <td class="text_rt"><span class="smcap">Page</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>366</td> + <td>Long-eared Owl</td> + <td>Asio wilsonianus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_138">138</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>367</td> + <td>Short-eared Owl</td> + <td> " flammeus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_138">138</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>368</td> + <td>Barred Owl</td> + <td>Strix varia varia</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_139">139</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>368<i>a</i></td> + <td>Florida Barred Owl</td> + <td> " " alleni</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_139">139</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>368<b>b</b></td> + <td>Texas Barred Owl</td> + <td> " " albogilva</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_139">139</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">[Pg_272]</a></span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>369</td> + <td>Spotted Owl</td> + <td>Strix occidentalis occidentalis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_139">139</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>369<i>a</i></td> + <td>Northern Spotted Owl</td> + <td> " " caurina</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_139">139</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>370</td> + <td>Great Gray Owl</td> + <td>Scotiaptex nebulosa nebulosa</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_139">139</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[370<i>a</i>]</td> + <td>Lapp Owl</td> + <td> " " lapponica</td> + <td class="text_rt">A.V.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>371</td> + <td>Richardson's Owl</td> + <td>Cryptoglaux funerea richardsoni</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_139">139</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>372</td> + <td>Saw-whet Owl</td> + <td> " " acadica acadica</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_140">140</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>372<i>a</i></td> + <td>Northwestern Saw-whet Owl</td> + <td> " " scotæa</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_140">140</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>373</td> + <td>Screech Owl</td> + <td>Otus asio asio</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_141">141</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>373<i>a</i></td> + <td>Florida Screech Owl</td> + <td> " " floridanus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_141">141</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>373<i>b</i></td> + <td>Texas Screech Owl</td> + <td> " " mccalli</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_141">141</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>373<i>c</i></td> + <td>California Screech Owl</td> + <td> " " bendirei</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_141">141</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>373<i>d</i></td> + <td>Kennicott's Screech Owl</td> + <td> " " kennicotti</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_141">141</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>373<i>e</i></td> + <td>Rocky Mountain Screech Owl</td> + <td> " " maxwelliæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_141">141</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>373<i>f</i></td> + <td>Mexican Screech Owl</td> + <td> " " cineraceus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_142">142</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>373<i>g</i></td> + <td>Aiken's Screech Owl</td> + <td> " " aikeni</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_142">142</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>373<i>h</i></td> + <td>MacFarlane's Screech Owl</td> + <td> " " macfarlanei</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_142">142</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>373<i>i</i></td> + <td>Sahuaro Screech Owl</td> + <td> " " gilmani</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_297">297</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>373.1</td> + <td>Spotted Screech Owl</td> + <td> " " trichopsis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_142">142</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>373.2</td> + <td>Xantus's Screech Owl</td> + <td> " xantusi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_142">142</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>374</td> + <td>Flammulated Screech Owl</td> + <td> " flammeolus flammeolus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_142">142</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>374<i>a</i></td> + <td>Dwarf Screech Owl</td> + <td> " " idahoensis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_142">142</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>375</td> + <td>Great Horned Owl</td> + <td>Bubo virginianus virginianus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_143">143</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>375<i>a</i></td> + <td>Western Horned Owl</td> + <td> " " pallescens</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_143">143</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>375<i>b</i></td> + <td>Arctic Horned Owl</td> + <td> " " subarcticus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_143">143</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>375<i>c</i></td> + <td>Dusky Horned Owl</td> + <td> " " saturatus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_143">143</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>375<i>d</i></td> + <td>Pacific Horned Owl</td> + <td> " " pacificus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_143">143</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>375<i>e</i></td> + <td>Dwarf Horned Owl</td> + <td> " " elachistus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_143">143</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>375<i>f</i></td> + <td>Labrador Horned Owl</td> + <td> " " heterocnemis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_297">297</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>375<i>g</i></td> + <td>Saint Michael Horned Owl</td> + <td> " " algistus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_297">297</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>376</td> + <td>Snowy Owl</td> + <td>Nyctea nyctea</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_143">143</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[377]</td> + <td>European Hawk Owl</td> + <td>Surnia ulula ulula</td> + <td class="text_rt">A.V.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>377<i>a</i></td> + <td>Hawk Owl</td> + <td> " " caparoch</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_143">143</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>378</td> + <td>Burrowing Owl</td> + <td>Speotyto cunicularia hypogæa</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_138">138</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>378<i>a</i></td> + <td>Florida Burrowing Owl</td> + <td> " " floridana</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_138">138</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>379</td> + <td>Rocky Mountain Pygmy Owl</td> + <td>Glaucidium gnoma pinicola</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_140">140</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>379<i>a</i></td> + <td>California Pygmy Owl</td> + <td> " " californicum</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_140">140</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>379.1</td> + <td>Hoskins's Pygmy Owl</td> + <td> " hoskinsi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_140">140</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>380</td> + <td>Ferruginous Pygmy Owl</td> + <td> " phalænoides</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_140">140</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>381</td> + <td>Elf Owl</td> + <td>Micropallas whitneyi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_140">140</a></td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<a name="Order_XIII_PSITTACI_Paroquets_and_Parrots"></a> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">[Pg_273]</a></span></p> + +<div class="caption2">Order PSITTACI. Parrots, Macaws, Paroquets, etc.</div> +<br /> +<div class="caption3">Family PSITTACIDÆ. <span class="smcap">Parrots and Paroquets.</span></div> +<br /> +<table width="100%" summary="taxonomic listing"> +<tr> + <td>A.O.U.<br /> No.</td> + <td>COMMON NAME</td> + <td>SCIENTIFIC NAME</td> + <td class="text_rt"><span class="smcap">Page</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>382</td> + <td>Carolina Paroquet</td> + <td>Conuropsis carolinensis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_145">145</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>382.1</td> + <td>Thick-billed Parrot</td> + <td>Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_145">145</a></td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<a name="Order_XIV_COCCYGES_CUCKOOS_TROGONS_KINGFISHERS_Etc" id="Order_XIV_COCCYGES_CUCKOOS_TROGONS_KINGFISHERS_Etc"></a> +<div class="caption2">Order COCCYGES. Cuckoos, etc.</div> +<br /> +<div class="caption3">Family CUCULIDÆ. <span class="smcap">Cuckoos, Anis, etc.</span></div> +<br /> +<table width="100%" summary="taxonomic listing"> +<tr> + <td>A.O.U.<br /> No.</td> + <td>COMMON NAME</td> + <td>SCIENTIFIC NAME</td> + <td class="text_rt"><span class="smcap">Page</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[383]</td> + <td>Ani</td> + <td>Crotophaga ani</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_146">146</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>384</td> + <td>Groove-billed Ani</td> + <td> " sulcirostris</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_146">146</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>385</td> + <td>Road-runner</td> + <td>Geococcyx californianus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_146">146</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>386</td> + <td>Mangrove Cuckoo</td> + <td>Coccyzus minor minor</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_146">146</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[386<i>a</i>]</td> + <td>Maynard's Cuckoo</td> + <td> " " maynardi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_146">146</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>387</td> + <td>Yellow-billed Cuckoo</td> + <td> " americanus americanus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_146">146</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>387<i>a</i></td> + <td>California Cuckoo</td> + <td> " " occidentalis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_146">146</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>388</td> + <td>Black-billed Cuckoo</td> + <td> " erythrophthalmus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_146">146</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[388.1]</td> + <td>Kamchatka Cuckoo</td> + <td>Cuculus canorus telephonus</td> + <td class="text_rt">A.V.</td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption3">Family TROGONIDÆ. <span class="smcap">Trogons.</span></div> + +<table width="100%" summary="taxonomic listing"> +<tr> + <td>A.O.U.<br /> No.</td> + <td>COMMON NAME</td> + <td>SCIENTIFIC NAME</td> + <td class="text_rt"><span class="smcap">Page</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>389</td> + <td>Coppery-tailed Trogon</td> + <td>Trogon ambiguus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_147">147</a></td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption3">Family ALCEDINIDÆ. <span class="smcap">Kingfishers.</span></div> + +<table width="100%" summary="taxonomic listing"> +<tr> + <td>A.O.U.<br /> No.</td> + <td>COMMON NAME</td> + <td>SCIENTIFIC NAME</td> + <td class="text_rt"><span class="smcap">Page</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>390</td> + <td>Belted Kingfisher</td> + <td>Ceryle alcyon alcyon</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_147">147</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>390<i>a</i></td> + <td>Northwestern Belted Kingfisher</td> + <td> " " caurina</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_297">297</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[390.1]</td> + <td>Ringed Kingfisher</td> + <td> " torquata</td> + <td class="text_rt">A.V.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>391</td> + <td>Texas Kingfisher</td> + <td> " americana septentrionalis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_147">147</a></td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<a name="Order_PICI_Woodpeckers_Wrynecks_etc" id="Order_PICI_Woodpeckers_Wrynecks_etc"></a> +<div class="caption2">Order PICI. Woodpeckers, Wrynecks, etc.</div> + +<div class="caption3">Family PICIDÆ. <span class="smcap">Woodpeckers.</span></div> + +<table width="100%" summary="taxonomic listing"> +<tr> + <td>A.O.U.<br /> No.</td> + <td>COMMON NAME</td> + <td>SCIENTIFIC NAME</td> + <td class="text_rt"><span class="smcap">Page</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>392</td> + <td>Ivory-billed Woodpecker</td> + <td>Campephilus principalis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_149">149</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>393</td> + <td>Hairy Woodpecker</td> + <td>Dryobates villosus villosus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_150">150</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>393<i>a</i></td> + <td>Northern Hairy Woodpecker</td> + <td> " " leucomelas</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_150">150</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>393<i>b</i></td> + <td>Southern Hairy Woodpecker</td> + <td> " " auduboni</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_150">150</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>393<i>c</i></td> + <td>Harris's Woodpecker</td> + <td> " " harrisi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_150">150</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>393<i>d</i></td> + <td>Cabanis's Woodpecker</td> + <td> " " hyloscopus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_150">150</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>393<i>e</i></td> + <td>Rocky Mt. Hairy Woodpecker</td> + <td> " " monticola</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_150">150</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>393<i>f</i></td> + <td>Queen Charlotte Woodpecker</td> + <td> " " picoideus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_150">150</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>393<i>g</i></td> + <td>Newfoundland Woodpecker</td> + <td> " " terrænovæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_297">297</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">[Pg_274]</a></span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>393<i>h</i></td> + <td>White-breasted Woodpecker</td> + <td>Dryobates villosus leucothorectis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_297">297</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>394</td> + <td>Southern Downy Woodpecker</td> + <td> " pubescens pubescens</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_150">150</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>394<i>a</i></td> + <td>Gairdner's Woodpecker</td> + <td> " " gairdneri</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_150">150</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>394<i>b</i></td> + <td>Batchelder's Woodpecker</td> + <td> " " homorus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_150">150</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>394<i>c</i></td> + <td>Downy Woodpecker</td> + <td> " " medianus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_150">150</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>394<i>d</i></td> + <td>Nelson's Downy Woodpecker</td> + <td> " " nelsoni</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_150">150</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>394<i>e</i></td> + <td>Willow Woodpecker</td> + <td> " " turati</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_151">151</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>395</td> + <td>Red-cockaded Woodpecker</td> + <td> " borealis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_151">151</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>396</td> + <td>Cactus Woodpecker</td> + <td> " scalaris cactophilus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_151">151</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>396<i>a</i></td> + <td>San Lucas Woodpecker</td> + <td> " " lucasanus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_151">151</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>396<i>b</i></td> + <td>San Fernando Woodpecker</td> + <td> " " eremicus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_297">297</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>397</td> + <td>Nuttall's Woodpecker</td> + <td> " nuttalli</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_151">151</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>398</td> + <td>Arizona Woodpecker</td> + <td> " arizonæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_141">141</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>399</td> + <td>White-headed Woodpecker</td> + <td>Xenopicus albolarvatus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_151">151</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>400</td> + <td>Arctic Three-toed Woodpecker</td> + <td>Picoides arcticus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_149">149</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>401</td> + <td>Amer. Three-toed Woodpecker</td> + <td> " americanus americanus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_149">149</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>401<i>a</i></td> + <td>Alaska Three-toed Woodpecker</td> + <td> " " fasciatus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_149">149</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>401<i>b</i></td> + <td>Alpine Three-toed Woodpecker</td> + <td> " " dorsalis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_149">149</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>402</td> + <td>Yellow-bellied Sapsucker</td> + <td>Sphyrapicus varius varius</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_152">152</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>402<i>a</i></td> + <td>Red-naped Sapsucker</td> + <td> " " nuchalis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_152">152</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>403</td> + <td>Red-breasted Sapsucker</td> + <td> " ruber ruber</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_152">152</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>403<i>a</i></td> + <td>Northern Red-breasted Sapsucker</td> + <td> " " notkensis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_152">152</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>404</td> + <td>Williamson's Sapsucker</td> + <td> " thyroideus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_152">152</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>405</td> + <td>Pileated Woodpecker</td> + <td>Ceophlœus pileatus pileatus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_149">149</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>405<i>a</i></td> + <td>Northern Pileated Woodpecker</td> + <td> " " abieticola</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_149">149</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>406</td> + <td>Red-headed Woodpecker</td> + <td>Melanerpes erythrocephalus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_153">153</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>407</td> + <td>Ant-eating Woodpecker</td> + <td> " formicivorus formicivorus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_153">153</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>407<i>a</i></td> + <td>Californian Woodpecker</td> + <td> " " bairdi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_153">153</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>407<i>b</i></td> + <td>Narrow-fronted Woodpecker</td> + <td> " " angustifrons</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_153">153</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>408</td> + <td>Lewis's Woodpecker</td> + <td>Asyndesmus lewisi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_152">152</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>409</td> + <td>Red-bellied Woodpecker</td> + <td>Centurus carolinus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_153">153</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>410</td> + <td>Golden-fronted Woodpecker</td> + <td> " aurifrons</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_153">153</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>411</td> + <td>Gila Woodpecker</td> + <td> " uropygialis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_153">153</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>412</td> + <td>Southern Flicker</td> + <td>Colaptes auratus auratus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_154">154</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>412<i>a</i></td> + <td>Northern Flicker</td> + <td> " " luteus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_154">154</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>413</td> + <td>Red-shafted Flicker</td> + <td> " cafer collaris</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_154">154</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>413<i>a</i></td> + <td>Northwestern Flicker</td> + <td> " " saturatior</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_154">154</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>414</td> + <td>Gilded Flicker</td> + <td> " chrysoides chrysoides</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_154">154</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>414<i>a</i></td> + <td>San Fernando Flicker</td> + <td> " " brunnescens</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_154">154</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>414<i>b</i></td> + <td>Mearns's Gilded Flicker</td> + <td> " " mearnsi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_298">298</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>415</td> + <td>Guadalupe Flicker</td> + <td> " rufipileus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_154">154</a></td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<a name="Order_MACROCHIRES_Goatsuckers_Swifts_etc" id="Order_MACROCHIRES_Goatsuckers_Swifts_etc"></a> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">[Pg_275]</a></span></p> +<div class="caption2">Order MACROCHIRES. Goatsuckers, Swifts, etc.</div> + +<div class="caption3">Family CAPRIMULGIDÆ. <span class="smcap">Goatsuckers, etc.</span></div> + +<table width="100%" summary="taxonomic listing"> +<tr> + <td>A.O.U.<br /> No.</td> + <td>COMMON NAME</td> + <td>SCIENTIFIC NAME</td> + <td class="text_rt"><span class="smcap">Page</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>416</td> + <td>Chuck-will's-widow</td> + <td>Antrostomus carolinensis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_156">156</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>417</td> + <td>Whip-poor-will</td> + <td> " vociferus vociferus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_156">156</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>417<i>a</i></td> + <td>Stephen's Whip-poor-will</td> + <td> " " macromystax</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_156">156</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>418</td> + <td>Poor-will</td> + <td>Phalænoptilus nuttalli nuttalli</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_156">156</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>418<i>a</i></td> + <td>Frosted Poor-will</td> + <td> " " nitidus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_156">156</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>418<i>b</i></td> + <td>Dusky Poor-will</td> + <td> " " californicus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_156">156</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>419</td> + <td>Merrill's Parauque</td> + <td>Nyctidromus albicollis merrilli</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_157">157</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>420</td> + <td>Nighthawk</td> + <td>Chordeiles virginianus virginianus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_157">157</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>420<i>a</i></td> + <td>Western Nighthawk</td> + <td> " " henryi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_157">157</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>420<i>b</i></td> + <td>Florida Nighthawk</td> + <td> " " chapmani</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_157">157</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>420<i>c</i></td> + <td>Sennett's Nighthawk</td> + <td> " " sennetti</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_157">157</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>421</td> + <td>Texas Nighthawk</td> + <td> " acutipennis texensis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_157">157</a></td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption3">Family MICROPODIDÆ. <span class="smcap">Swifts.</span></div> + +<table width="100%" summary="taxonomic listing"> +<tr> + <td>A.O.U.<br /> No.</td> + <td>COMMON NAME</td> + <td>SCIENTIFIC NAME</td> + <td class="text_rt"><span class="smcap">Page</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>422</td> + <td>Black Swift</td> + <td>Cypseloides niger borealis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_158">158</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>423</td> + <td>Chimney Swift</td> + <td>Chætura pelagica</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_158">158</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>424</td> + <td>Vaux's Swift</td> + <td> " vauxi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_158">158</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>425</td> + <td>White-throated Swift</td> + <td>Aëronautes melanoleucus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_158">158</a></td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption3">Family TROCHILIDÆ. <span class="smcap">Hummingbirds.</span></div> + +<table width="100%" summary="taxonomic listing"> +<tr> + <td>A.O.U.<br /> No.</td> + <td>COMMON NAME</td> + <td>SCIENTIFIC NAME</td> + <td class="text_rt"><span class="smcap">Page</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>426</td> + <td>Rivoli's Hummingbird</td> + <td>Eugenes fulgens</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_159">159</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>427</td> + <td>Blue-throated Hummingbird</td> + <td>Cyanolæmus clemenciæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_160">160</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>428</td> + <td>Ruby-throated Hummingbird</td> + <td>Archilochus colubris</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_160">160</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>429</td> + <td>Black-chinned Hummingbird</td> + <td> " alexandri</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_159">159</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>430</td> + <td>Costa's Hummingbird</td> + <td>Calypte costæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_159">159</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>431</td> + <td>Anna's Hummingbird</td> + <td> " anna</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_161">161</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>432</td> + <td>Broad-tailed Hummingbird</td> + <td>Selasphorus platycercus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_161">161</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>433</td> + <td>Rufous Hummingbird</td> + <td> " rufus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_161">161</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>434</td> + <td>Allen's Hummingbird</td> + <td>Selasphorus alleni</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_161">161</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>435</td> + <td>Morcom's Hummingbird</td> + <td>Atthis morcomi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_161">161</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>436</td> + <td>Calliope Hummingbird</td> + <td>Stellula calliope</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_161">161</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>437</td> + <td>Lucifer Hummingbird</td> + <td>Calothorax lucifer</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_159">159</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>438</td> + <td>Rieffer's Hummingbird</td> + <td>Amizilis tzacatl</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_169">169</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>439</td> + <td>Buff-bellied Hummingbird</td> + <td> " cerviniventris chalconota</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_160">160</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>439.1</td> + <td>Salvin's Hummingbird</td> + <td>Uranomitra salvini</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_298">298</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>440</td> + <td>Xantus's Hummingbird</td> + <td>Basilinna xantusi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_159">159</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>440.1</td> + <td>White-eared Hummingbird</td> + <td> " leucotis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_160">160</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>441</td> + <td>Broad-billed Hummingbird</td> + <td>Cynanthus latirostris</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_160">160</a></td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<a name="Order_PASSERES_Perching_Birds" id="Order_PASSERES_Perching_Birds"></a> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">[Pg_276]</a></span></p> +<div class="caption2">Order PASSERES. Perching Birds</div> + +<div class="caption3">Family COTINGIDÆ. <span class="smcap">Cotingas.</span></div> + +<table width="100%" summary="taxonomic listing"> +<tr> + <td>A.O.U.<br /> No.</td> + <td>COMMON NAME</td> + <td>SCIENTIFIC NAME</td> + <td class="text_rt"><span class="smcap">Page</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[441.1]</td> + <td>Xantus's Becard</td> + <td>Platypsaris aglaiæ albiventris</td> + <td class="text_rt">A.V.</td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption3">Family TYRANNIDÆ. <span class="smcap">Tyrant Flycatchers.</span></div> + +<table width="100%" summary="taxonomic listing"> +<tr> + <td>A.O.U.<br /> No.</td> + <td>COMMON NAME</td> + <td>SCIENTIFIC NAME</td> + <td class="text_rt"><span class="smcap">Page</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[442]</td> + <td>Fork-tailed Flycatcher</td> + <td>Muscivora tyrannus</td> + <td class="text_rt">A.V.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>443</td> + <td>Scissor-tailed Flycatcher</td> + <td> " forficata</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_177">177</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>444</td> + <td>Kingbird</td> + <td>Tyrannus tyrannus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_247">247</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>445</td> + <td>Gray Kingbird</td> + <td> " dominicensis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_247">247</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>446</td> + <td>Couch's Kingbird</td> + <td> " melancholicus couchi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_202">202</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>447</td> + <td>Arkansas Kingbird</td> + <td> " verticalis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_202">202</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>448</td> + <td>Cassin's Kingbird</td> + <td> " vociferans</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_202">202</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>449</td> + <td>Derby Flycatcher</td> + <td>Pitangus sulphuratus derbianus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_202">202</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>451</td> + <td>Sulphur-bellied Flycatcher</td> + <td>Myiodynastes luteiventris</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_203">203</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>452</td> + <td>Crested Flycatcher</td> + <td>Myiarchus crinitus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_203">203</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>453</td> + <td>Arizona Crested Flycatcher</td> + <td> " magister magister</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_203">203</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>453<i>a</i></td> + <td>Mexican Crested Flycatcher</td> + <td> " " nelsoni</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_203">203</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>454</td> + <td>Ash-throated Flycatcher</td> + <td> " cinerascens cinerascens</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_203">203</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>454<i>b</i></td> + <td>Lower California Flycatcher</td> + <td> " " pertinax</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_203">203</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>455<i>a</i></td> + <td>Olivaceous Flycatcher</td> + <td> " lawrencei olivascens</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_203">203</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>456</td> + <td>Phœbe</td> + <td>Sayornis phœbe</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_208">208</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>457</td> + <td>Say's Phœbe</td> + <td> " sayus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_205">205</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>458</td> + <td>Black Phœbe</td> + <td> " nigricans</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_251">251</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>459</td> + <td>Olive-sided Flycatcher</td> + <td>Nuttallornis borealis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_208">208</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>460</td> + <td>Coues's Flycatcher</td> + <td>Myiochanes pertinax pallidiventris</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_208">208</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>461</td> + <td>Wood Pewee</td> + <td> " virens</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_208">208</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>462</td> + <td>Western Wood Pewee</td> + <td> " richardsoni richardsoni</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_208">208</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>462<i>a</i></td> + <td>Large-billed Wood Pewee</td> + <td> " richardsoni peninsulæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_208">208</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>463</td> + <td>Yellow-bellied Flycatcher</td> + <td>Empidonax flaviventris</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_211">211</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>464</td> + <td>Western Flycatcher</td> + <td> " difficilis difficilis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_210">210</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>464.1</td> + <td>San Lucas Flycatcher</td> + <td> " " cineritius</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_210">210</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>465</td> + <td>Acadian Flycatcher</td> + <td> " virescens</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_210">210</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>466</td> + <td>Traill's Flycatcher</td> + <td> " trailli trailli</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_209">209</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>466<i>a</i></td> + <td>Alder Flycatcher</td> + <td> " " alnorum</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_209">209</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>467</td> + <td>Least Flycatcher</td> + <td> " minimus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_209">209</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>468</td> + <td>Hammond's Flycatcher</td> + <td> " hammondi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_209">209</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>469</td> + <td>Wright's Flycatcher</td> + <td> " wrighti</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_209">209</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>469.1</td> + <td>Gray Flycatcher</td> + <td> " griseus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_209">209</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>470<i>a</i></td> + <td>Buff-breasted Flycatcher</td> + <td> " fulvifrons pygmæus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_215">215</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>471</td> + <td>Vermilion Flycatcher</td> + <td>Pyrocephalus rubinus mexicanus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_177">177</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>472</td> + <td>Beardless Flycatcher</td> + <td>Camptostoma imberbe</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_211">211</a></td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277">[Pg_277]</a></span></p> + +<div class="caption3">Family ALAUDIDÆ. <span class="smcap">Larks.</span></div> + +<table width="100%" summary="taxonomic listing"> +<tr> + <td>A.O.U.<br /> No.</td> + <td>COMMON NAME</td> + <td>SCIENTIFIC NAME</td> + <td class="text_rt"><span class="smcap">Page</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[473]</td> + <td>Skylark</td> + <td>Alauda arvensis</td> + <td class="text_rt">A.V.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>474</td> + <td>Horned Lark</td> + <td>Octocoris alpestris alpestris</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_200">200</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>474<i>a</i></td> + <td>Pallid Horned Lark</td> + <td> " " articola</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_200">200</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>474<i>b</i></td> + <td>Prairie Horned Lark</td> + <td> " " praticola</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_200">200</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>474<i>c</i></td> + <td>Desert Horned Lark</td> + <td> " " leucolæma</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_201">201</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>474<i>d</i></td> + <td>Texas Horned Lark</td> + <td> " " giraudi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_200">200</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>474<i>e</i></td> + <td>California Horned Lark</td> + <td> " " actia</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_201">201</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>474<i>f</i></td> + <td>Ruddy Horned Lark</td> + <td> " " rubea</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_201">201</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>474<i>g</i></td> + <td>Streaked Horned Lark</td> + <td> " " strigata</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_201">201</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>474<i>h</i></td> + <td>Scorched Horned Lark</td> + <td> " " adusta</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_201">201</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>474<i>i</i></td> + <td>Dusky Horned Lark</td> + <td> " " merrilli</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_201">201</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>474<i>j</i></td> + <td>Sonora Horned Lark</td> + <td> " " pallida</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_201">201</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>474<i>k</i></td> + <td>Hoyt's Horned Lark</td> + <td> " " hoyti</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_200">200</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>474<i>l</i></td> + <td>Montezuma Horned Lark </td> + <td> " " occidentalis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_201">201</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>474<i>m</i></td> + <td>Island Horned Lark</td> + <td> " " insularis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_201">201</a></td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption3">Family CORVIDÆ. <span class="smcap">Crows, Jays, Magpies, etc.</span></div> + +<table width="100%" summary="taxonomic listing"> +<tr> + <td>A.O.U.<br /> No.</td> + <td>COMMON NAME</td> + <td>SCIENTIFIC NAME</td> + <td class="text_rt"><span class="smcap">Page</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>475</td> + <td>Magpie</td> + <td>Pica pica hudsonia</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_253">253</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>476</td> + <td>Yellow-billed Magpie</td> + <td> " nuttalli</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_253">253</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>477</td> + <td>Blue Jay</td> + <td>Cyanocitta cristata cristata</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_183">183</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>477<i>a</i></td> + <td>Florida Blue Jay</td> + <td> " " florincola</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_183">183</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>478</td> + <td>Steller's Jay</td> + <td> " stelleri stelleri</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_185">185</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>478<i>a</i></td> + <td>Blue-fronted Jay</td> + <td> " " frontalis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_185">185</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>478<i>b</i></td> + <td>Long-crested Jay</td> + <td> " " diademata</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_185">185</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>478<i>c</i></td> + <td>Black-headed Jay</td> + <td> " " annectens</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_185">185</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>478<i>d</i></td> + <td>Queen Charlotte Jay</td> + <td> " " carlottæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_185">185</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>478<i>e</i></td> + <td>Coast Jay</td> + <td> " " carbonacea</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_298">298</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>479</td> + <td>Florida Jay</td> + <td>Aphelocoma cyanea</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_184">184</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>480</td> + <td>Woodhouse's Jay</td> + <td> " woodhousei</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_184">184</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>480.1</td> + <td>Blue-eared Jay</td> + <td> " cyanotis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_184">184</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>480.2</td> + <td>Texas Jay</td> + <td> " texana</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_184">184</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>481</td> + <td>California Jay</td> + <td> " californica californica</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_184">184</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>481<i>a</i></td> + <td>Xantus's Jay</td> + <td> " " hypoleuca</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_184">184</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>481<i>b</i></td> + <td>Belding's Jay</td> + <td> " " obscura</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_184">184</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>481.1</td> + <td>Santa Cruz Jay</td> + <td> " insularis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_184">184</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>482</td> + <td>Arizona Jay</td> + <td> " sieberi arizonæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_183">183</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>482<i>a</i></td> + <td>Couch's Jay</td> + <td> " " couchi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_183">183</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>483</td> + <td>Green Jay</td> + <td>Xanthoura luxuosa glaucescens</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_185">185</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">[Pg_278]</a></span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>484</td> + <td>Canada Jay</td> + <td>Perisoreus canadensis canadensis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_252">252</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>484<i>a</i></td> + <td>Rocky Mountain Jay</td> + <td> " " capitalis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_252">252</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>484<i>b</i></td> + <td>Alaska Jay</td> + <td> " " fumifrons</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_252">252</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>484<i>c</i></td> + <td>Labrador Jay</td> + <td> " " nigricapillus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_252">252</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>485</td> + <td>Oregon Jay</td> + <td> " " obscurus obscurus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_252">252</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>485<i>a</i></td> + <td>Gray Jay</td> + <td> " " griseus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_252">252</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>486</td> + <td>American Raven</td> + <td>Corvus corax sinuatus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_255">255</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>486<i>a</i></td> + <td>Northern Raven</td> + <td> " " principalis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_255">255</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>487</td> + <td>White-necked Raven</td> + <td> " cryptoleucus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_255">255</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>488</td> + <td>American Crow</td> + <td> " brachyrhynchos brachyrhynchos</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_255">255</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>488<i>a</i></td> + <td>Florida Crow</td> + <td> " brachyrhnchos pascuus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_255">255</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>488<i>b</i></td> + <td>Western Crow</td> + <td> " " hesperis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_304">304</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>489</td> + <td>Northwestern Crow</td> + <td> " caurinus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_255">255</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>490</td> + <td>Fish Crow</td> + <td> " ossifragus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_255">255</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[490.1]</td> + <td>Rook</td> + <td> " frugilegus</td> + <td class="text_rt">A.V.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[490.2]</td> + <td>Hooded Crow</td> + <td> " cornix</td> + <td class="text_rt">A.V.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>491</td> + <td>Clarke's Crow</td> + <td>Nucifraga columbiana</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_252">252</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>492</td> + <td>Piñon Jay</td> + <td>Cyanocephalus cyanocephalus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_183">183</a></td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption3">Family STURNIDÆ. <span class="smcap">Starlings.</span></div> + +<table width="100%" summary="taxonomic listing"> +<tr> + <td>A.O.U.<br /> No.</td> + <td>COMMON NAME</td> + <td>SCIENTIFIC NAME</td> + <td class="text_rt"><span class="smcap">Page</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[493]</td> + <td>Starling</td> + <td>Sturnus vulgaris</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_253">253</a></td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption3">Family ICTERIDÆ. <span class="smcap">Blackbirds, Orioles, etc.</span></div> + +<table width="100%" summary="taxonomic listing"> +<tr> + <td>A.O.U.<br /> No.</td> + <td>COMMON NAME</td> + <td>SCIENTIFIC NAME</td> + <td class="text_rt"><span class="smcap">Page</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>494</td> + <td>Bobolink</td> + <td>Dolichonyx oryzivorus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_251">251</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>495</td> + <td>Cowbird</td> + <td>Molothrus ater ater</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_253">253</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>495<i>a</i></td> + <td>Dwarf Cowbird</td> + <td> " " obscurus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_253">253</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>496</td> + <td>Red-eyed Cowbird</td> + <td>Tangavius æneus involucratus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_253">253</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>496a</td> + <td>Bronzed Cowbird</td> + <td> " " æneus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_304">304</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>497</td> + <td>Yellow-headed Blackbird</td> + <td>Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_199">199</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>498</td> + <td>Red-winged Blackbird</td> + <td>Agelaius phœniceus phœniceus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_178">178</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>498<i>a</i></td> + <td>Sonora Red-wing</td> + <td> " " sonoriensis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_178">178</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>498<i>b</i></td> + <td>Bahama Red-wing</td> + <td> " " bryanti</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_178">178</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>498<i>c</i></td> + <td>Florida Red-wing</td> + <td> " " floridanus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_178">178</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>498<i>d</i></td> + <td>Thick-billed Red-wing</td> + <td> " " fortis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_178">178</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>498<i>e</i></td> + <td>San Diego Red-wing</td> + <td> " " neutralis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_178">178</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>498<i>f</i></td> + <td>Northwestern Red-wing</td> + <td> " " caurinus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_178">178</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>498<i>g</i></td> + <td>Vera Cruz Red-wing</td> + <td> " " richmondi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_298">298</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>499</td> + <td>Bicolored Blackbird</td> + <td> " gubernator californicus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_179">179</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>500</td> + <td>Tricolored Blackbird</td> + <td> " tricolor</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_179">179</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">[Pg_279]</a></span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>501</td> + <td>Meadowlark</td> + <td>Sturnella magna magna</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_199">199</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>501<i>a</i></td> + <td>Rio Grande Meadowlark</td> + <td> " " hoopesi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_199">199</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>501<i>c</i></td> + <td>Southern Meadowlark</td> + <td> " " argutula</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_199">199</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>501.1</td> + <td>Western Meadowlark</td> + <td>" neglecta</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_199">199</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>503</td> + <td>Audubon's Oriole</td> + <td>Icterus melanocephalus auduboni</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_180">180</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>504</td> + <td>Scott's Oriole</td> + <td> " parisorum</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_186">186</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>505</td> + <td>Sennett's Oriole</td> + <td> " cucullatus sennetti</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_186">186</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>505<i>a</i></td> + <td>Arizona Hooded Oriole</td> + <td>" " nelsoni</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_186">186</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>506</td> + <td>Orchard Oriole</td> + <td> " spurius</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_206">206</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>507</td> + <td>Baltimore Oriole</td> + <td> " galbula</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_186">186</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>508</td> + <td>Bullock's Oriole</td> + <td> " bullocki</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_186">186</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>509</td> + <td>Rusty Blackbird</td> + <td>Euphagus carolinus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_254">254</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>510</td> + <td>Brewer's Blackbird</td> + <td> " cyanocephalus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_254">254</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>511</td> + <td>Purple Grackle</td> + <td>Quiscalus quiscula quiscula</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_254">254</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>511<i>a</i></td> + <td>Florida Grackle</td> + <td> " " aglæus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_254">254</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>511<i>b</i></td> + <td>Bronzed Grackle</td> + <td> " " æneus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_254">254</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>513</td> + <td>Boat-tailed Grackle</td> + <td>Megaquiscalus major major</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_254">254</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>513<i>a</i></td> + <td>Great-tailed Grackle</td> + <td> " " macrourus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_254">254</a></td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<a name="FAMILY_FRINGILLIDAE" id="FAMILY_FRINGILLIDAE"></a> +<div class="caption3">Family FRINGILLIDÆ. <span class="smcap">Finches, Sparrows, etc.</span></div> + +<table width="100%" summary="taxonomic listing"> +<tr> + <td>A.O.U.<br /> No.</td> + <td>COMMON NAME</td> + <td>SCIENTIFIC NAME</td> + <td class="text_rt"><span class="smcap">Page</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>514</td> + <td>Evening Grosbeak</td> + <td>Hesperiphona vespertina vespertina</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_199">199</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>514<i>a</i></td> + <td>Western Evening Grosbeak</td> + <td> " " montana</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_199">199</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>515</td> + <td>Pine Grosbeak</td> + <td>Pinicola enucleator leucura</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_171">171</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>515<i>a</i></td> + <td>Rocky Mt. Pine Grosbeak</td> + <td> " " montana</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_171">171</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>515<i>b</i></td> + <td>California Pine Grosbeak</td> + <td> " " californica</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_171">171</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>515<i>c</i></td> + <td>Alaska Pine Grosbeak</td> + <td> " " alascensis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_171">171</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>515<i>d</i></td> + <td>Kadiak Pine Grosbeak</td> + <td> " " flammula</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_171">171</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[516]</td> + <td>Cassin's Bullfinch</td> + <td>Pyrrhula cassini</td> + <td class="text_rt">A.V.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>517</td> + <td>Purple Finch</td> + <td>Carpodacus purpureus purpureus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_171">171</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>517<i>a</i></td> + <td>California Purple Finch</td> + <td> " " californicus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_171">171</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>518</td> + <td>Cassin's Purple Finch</td> + <td> " cassini</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_175">175</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>519</td> + <td>House Finch</td> + <td> " mexicanus frontalis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_175">175</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>519<i>b</i></td> + <td>San Lucas House Finch</td> + <td> " " ruberrimus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_175">175</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>519<i>c</i></td> + <td>San Clemente House Finch</td> + <td> " " clementis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_175">175</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>520</td> + <td>Guadalupe House Finch</td> + <td> " amplus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_175">175</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>520.1</td> + <td>McGregor's House Finch</td> + <td> " mcgregori</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_175">175</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>521</td> + <td>American Crossbill</td> + <td>Loxia curvirostra minor</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_173">173</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>521<i>a</i></td> + <td>Mexican Crossbill</td> + <td> " " stricklandi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_173">173</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>522</td> + <td>White-winged Crossbill</td> + <td> " leucoptera</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_171">171</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>523</td> + <td>Aleutian Rosy Finch</td> + <td>Leucosticte griseonucha</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_179">179</a> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">[Pg_280]</a></span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>524</td> + <td>Gray-crowned Rosy Finch</td> + <td> " tephrocotis tephrocotis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_179">179</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>524<i>a</i></td> + <td>Hepburn's Rosy Finch</td> + <td> " " littoralis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_179">179</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>525</td> + <td>Black Rosy Finch</td> + <td> " atrata</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_179">179</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>526</td> + <td>Brown-capped Rosy Finch</td> + <td> " australis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_179">179</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>527</td> + <td>Greenland Redpoll</td> + <td>Acanthis hornemanni hornemanni</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_176">176</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>527<i>a</i></td> + <td>Hoary Redpoll</td> + <td> " " + exilipes</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_176">176</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>528</td> + <td>Redpoll</td> + <td> " linaria linaria</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_176">176</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>528<i>a</i></td> + <td>Holbœll's Redpoll</td> + <td> " " + holbœlli</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_176">176</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>528<i>b</i></td> + <td>Greater Redpoll</td> + <td> " " + rostrata</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_176">176</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>529</td> + <td>Goldfinch</td> + <td>Astragalinus tristis tristis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_192">192</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>529<i>a</i></td> + <td>Pale Goldfinch</td> + <td> " " + pallidus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_192">192</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>529<i>b</i></td> + <td>Willow Goldfinch</td> + <td> " " + salicamans</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_192">192</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>530</td> + <td>Arkansas Goldfinch</td> + <td> " psaltria psaltria</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_192">192</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>530<i>a</i></td> + <td>Green-backed Goldfinch</td> + <td> " " + hesperophilus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_299">299</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>531</td> + <td>Lawrence's Goldfinch</td> + <td> " lawrencei</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_189">189</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[532]</td> + <td>Black-headed Goldfinch</td> + <td>Spinus notatus</td> + <td class="text_rt">A.V.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>533</td> + <td>Pine Siskin</td> + <td> " pinus pinus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_225">225</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>534</td> + <td>Snow Bunting</td> + <td>Plectrophenax nivalis nivalis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_211">211</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>534<i>a</i></td> + <td>Pribilof Snow Bunting</td> + <td> " + " townsendi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_211">211</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>535</td> + <td>McKay's Snow Bunting</td> + <td> " hyperboreus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_211">211</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>536</td> + <td>Lapland Longspur</td> + <td>Calcarius lapponicus lapponicus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_219">219</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>536<i>a</i></td> + <td>Alaska Longspur</td> + <td> " " + alascensis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_219">219</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>537</td> + <td>Smith's Longspur</td> + <td> " pictus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_220">220</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>538</td> + <td>Chestnut-collared Longspur</td> + <td> " ornatus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_218">218</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>539</td> + <td>McCown's Longspur</td> + <td>Rhynchophanes mccowni</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_218">218</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>540</td> + <td>Vesper Sparrow</td> + <td>Poœcetes gramineus gramineus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_221">221</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>540<i>a</i></td> + <td>Western Vesper Sparrow</td> + <td> " " + confinis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_221">221</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>540<i>b</i></td> + <td>Oregon Vesper Sparrow</td> + <td> " " + affinis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_221">221</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>541</td> + <td>Ipswich Sparrow</td> + <td>Passerculus princeps</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_225">225</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>542</td> + <td>Aleutian Savannah Sparrow</td> + <td> " sandwichensis sandwichensis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_223">223</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>542<i>a</i></td> + <td>Savannah Sparrow</td> + <td> " sandwichensis savanna</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_223">223</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>542<i>b</i></td> + <td>Western Savannah Sparrow</td> + <td> " " + alaudinus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_223">223</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>542<i>c</i></td> + <td>Bryant's Sparrow</td> + <td> " " + bryanti</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_223">223</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>542<i>d</i></td> + <td>Nevada Savannah Sparrow</td> + <td> " " + nevadensis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_300">300</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>543</td> + <td>Belding's Sparrow</td> + <td> " beldingi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_223">223</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>544</td> + <td>Large-billed Sparrow</td> + <td> " rostratus rostratus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_223">223</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>544<i>a</i></td> + <td>San Lucas Sparrow</td> + <td> " " + guttatus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_223">223</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>544<i>c</i></td> + <td>San Benito Sparrow</td> + <td> " " + sanctorum</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_224">224</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>545</td> + <td>Baird's Sparrow</td> + <td>Ammodramus bairdi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_224">224</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>546</td> + <td>Grasshopper Sparrow</td> + <td> " savannarum australis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_224">224</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>546<i>a</i></td> + <td>Western Grasshopper Sparrow</td> + <td>Ammodramus savannarum bimaculatus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_224">224</a> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">[Pg_281]</a></span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>546<i>b</i></td> + <td>Florida Grasshopper Sparrow</td> + <td> " " + floridanus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_224">224</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>547</td> + <td>Henslow's Sparrow</td> + <td>Passerherbulus henslowi henslowi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_224">224</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>547<i>a</i></td> + <td>Western Henslow's Sparrow</td> + <td> " + " occidentalis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_224">224</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>548</td> + <td>Leconte's Sparrow</td> + <td> " lecontei</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_225">225</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>549</td> + <td>Sharp-tailed Sparrow</td> + <td> " caudacutus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_225">225</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>549.1</td> + <td>Nelson's Sparrow</td> + <td> " nelsoni nelsoni</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_225">225</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>549.1<i>a</i></td> + <td>Acadian Sharp-tailed Sparrow</td> + <td> " + " subvirgatus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_225">225</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>550</td> + <td>Seaside Sparrow</td> + <td> " + maritimus maritimus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_226">226</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>550<i>a</i></td> + <td>Scott's Seaside Sparrow</td> + <td> " + " peninsulæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_226">226</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>550<i>b</i></td> + <td>Texas Seaside Sparrow</td> + <td> " + " sennetti</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_226">226</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>550<i>c</i></td> + <td>Fisher's Seaside Sparrow</td> + <td> " + " fisheri</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_226">226</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>550<i>d</i></td> + <td>Macgillivray's Seaside Sparrow</td> + <td> " + " macgillivraii</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_226">226</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>551</td> + <td>Dusky Seaside Sparrow</td> + <td> " nigrescens</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_226">226</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>552</td> + <td>Lark Sparrow</td> + <td>Chondestes grammacus grammacus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_228">228</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>552<i>a</i></td> + <td>Western Lark Sparrow</td> + <td> " " + strigatus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_228">228</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>553</td> + <td>Harris's Sparrow</td> + <td>Zonotrichia querula</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_229">229</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>554</td> + <td>White-crowned Sparrow</td> + <td> " leucophrys leucophrys</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_227">227</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>554<i>a</i></td> + <td>Gambel's Sparrow</td> + <td> " " + gambeli</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_227">227</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>554<i>b</i></td> + <td>Nuttall's Sparrow</td> + <td> " " + nuttalli</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_227">227</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>557</td> + <td>Golden-crowned Sparrow</td> + <td> " coronata</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_227">227</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>558</td> + <td>White-throated Sparrow</td> + <td> " albicollis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_227">227</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>559</td> + <td>Tree Sparrow</td> + <td>Spizella monticola monticola</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_222">222</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>559<i>a</i></td> + <td>Western Tree Sparrow</td> + <td> " " + ochracea</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_222">222</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>560</td> + <td>Chipping Sparrow</td> + <td> " passerina passerina</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_222">222</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>560<i>a</i></td> + <td>Western Chipping Sparrow</td> + <td> " " + arizonæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_222">222</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>561</td> + <td>Clay-colored Sparrow</td> + <td> " pallida</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_228">228</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>562</td> + <td>Brewer's Sparrow</td> + <td> " breweri</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_228">228</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>563</td> + <td>Field Sparrow</td> + <td> " pusilla pusilla</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_222">222</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>563<i>a</i></td> + <td>Western Field Sparrow</td> + <td> " " + arenacea</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_222">222</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>564</td> + <td>Worthen's Sparrow</td> + <td> " wortheni</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_228">228</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>565</td> + <td>Black-chinned Sparrow</td> + <td> " atrogularis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_219">219</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>566</td> + <td>White-winged Junco</td> + <td>Junco aikeni</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_240">240</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>567</td> + <td>Slate-Colored Junco</td> + <td> " hyemalis hyemalis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_240">240</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>567<i>a</i></td> + <td>Oregon Junco</td> + <td> " " oreganus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_241">241</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>567<i>b</i></td> + <td>Shufeldt's Junco</td> + <td> " " connectens</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_241">241</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>567<i>c</i></td> + <td>Thurber's Junco</td> + <td> " " thurberi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_241">241</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>567<i>d</i></td> + <td>Point Pinos Junco</td> + <td> " " pinosus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_241">241</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>567<i>e</i></td> + <td>Carolina Junco</td> + <td> " " carolinensis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_240">240</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>567<i>f</i></td> + <td>Montana Junco</td> + <td> " " montanus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_240">240</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>567<i>g</i></td> + <td>Pink-sided Junco</td> + <td>Junco hyemalis mearnsi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_240">240</a> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">[Pg_282]</a></span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>567<i>h</i></td> + <td>Ridgway's Junco</td> + <td> " " annectens</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_303">303</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>567<i>i</i></td> + <td>Townsend's Junco</td> + <td> " " townsendi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_240">240</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>570</td> + <td>Arizona Junco</td> + <td> " phæonotus palliatus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_241">241</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>570<i>a</i></td> + <td>Red-backed Junco</td> + <td> " " dorsalis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_241">241</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>570<i>b</i></td> + <td>Gray-headed Junco</td> + <td> " " caniceps</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_241">241</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>571</td> + <td>Baird's Junco</td> + <td> " bairdi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_240">240</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>572</td> + <td>Guadalupe Junco</td> + <td> " insularis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_240">240</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>573</td> + <td>Black-throated Sparrow</td> + <td>Amphispiza bilineata bilineata</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_249">249</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>573<i>a</i></td> + <td>Desert Black-throated Sparrow</td> + <td> " " + deserticola</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_249">249</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>574</td> + <td>Bell's Sparrow</td> + <td> " belli</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_228">228</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>574.1</td> + <td>Sage Sparrow</td> + <td> " nevadensis nevadensis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_228">228</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>574.1<i>a</i></td> + <td>Gray Sage Sparrow</td> + <td> " " + cinerea</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_228">228</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>574.1<i>b</i></td> + <td>California Sage Sparrow</td> + <td> " " + canescens</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_300">300</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>575</td> + <td>Pine-woods Sparrow</td> + <td>Peucæa æstivalis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_221">221</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>575<i>a</i></td> + <td>Bachman's Sparrow</td> + <td> " " bachmani</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_221">221</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>576</td> + <td>Botteri's Sparrow</td> + <td> " botterii</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_221">221</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>578</td> + <td>Cassin's Sparrow</td> + <td> " cassini</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_221">221</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>579</td> + <td>Rufous-winged Sparrow</td> + <td>Aimophila carpalis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_220">220</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>580</td> + <td>Rufous-crowned Sparrow</td> + <td> " ruficeps ruficeps</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_220">220</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>580<i>a</i></td> + <td>Scott's Sparrow</td> + <td> " " + scotti</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_220">220</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>580<i>b</i></td> + <td>Rock Sparrow</td> + <td> " " + eremœca</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_220">220</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>580<i>c</i></td> + <td>Laguna Sparrow</td> + <td> " " + sororia</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_220">220</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>581</td> + <td>Song Sparrow</td> + <td>Melospiza melodia melodia</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_229">229</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>581<i>a</i></td> + <td>Desert Song Sparrow</td> + <td> " " + fallax</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_229">229</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>581<i>b</i></td> + <td>Mountain Song Sparrow</td> + <td> " " + montana</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_229">229</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>581<i>c</i></td> + <td>Heermann's Song Sparrow</td> + <td> " " + heermanni</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_229">229</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>581<i>d</i></td> + <td>Samuel's Song Sparrow</td> + <td> " " + samuelis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_230">230</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>581<i>e</i></td> + <td>Rusty Song Sparrow</td> + <td> " " + morphna</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_230">230</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>581<i>f</i></td> + <td>Sooty Song Sparrow</td> + <td> " " + rufina</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_230">230</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>581<i>g</i></td> + <td>Brown's Song Sparrow</td> + <td> " " + rivularis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_229">229</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>581<i>h</i></td> + <td>Santa Barbara Song Sparrow</td> + <td> " " + graminea</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_230">230</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>581<i>i</i></td> + <td>San Clemente Song Sparrow</td> + <td> " " + clementæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_230">230</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>581<i>j</i></td> + <td>Dakota Song Sparrow</td> + <td> " " + juddi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_229">229</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>581<i>k</i></td> + <td>Merrill's Song Sparrow</td> + <td> " " + merrilli</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_229">229</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>581<i>l</i></td> + <td>Alameda Song Sparrow</td> + <td> " " + pusillula</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_230">230</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>581<i>m</i></td> + <td>San Diego Song Sparrow</td> + <td> " " + cooperi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_230">230</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>581<i>n</i></td> + <td>Yakutat Song Sparrow</td> + <td> " " + caurina</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_230">230</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>581<i>o</i></td> + <td>Kenai Song Sparrow</td> + <td> " " + kenaiensis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_230">230</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>581<i>p</i></td> + <td>Mendocino Song Sparrow</td> + <td> " " + cleonensis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_301">301</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>581<i>q</i></td> + <td>Kadiak Song Sparrow</td> + <td> " " + insignis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_230">230</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>581<i>r</i></td> + <td>Aleutian Song Sparrow</td> + <td>Melospiza melodia sanaka</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_230">230</a> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">[Pg_283]</a></span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>581<i>s</i></td> + <td>Suisun Song Sparrow</td> + <td> " " + maxillaris</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_300">300</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>583</td> + <td>Lincoln's Sparrow</td> + <td> " lincolni lincolni</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_226">226</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>583<i>a</i></td> + <td>Forbush's Sparrow</td> + <td> " " + striata</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_226">226</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>584</td> + <td>Swamp Sparrow</td> + <td> " georgiana</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_222">222</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>585</td> + <td>Fox Sparrow</td> + <td>Passerella iliaca iliaca</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_231">231</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>585<i>a</i></td> + <td>Shumagin Sparrow</td> + <td> " " + unalaschcensis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_231">231</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>585<i>b</i></td> + <td>Thick-billed Sparrow</td> + <td> " " + megarhyncha</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_231">231</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>585<i>c</i></td> + <td>Slate-colored Sparrow</td> + <td> " " + schistacea</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_231">231</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>585<i>d</i></td> + <td>Stephen's Sparrow</td> + <td> " " + stephensi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_231">231</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>585<i>e</i></td> + <td>Sooty Fox Sparrow</td> + <td> " " + fuliginosa</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_301">301</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>585<i>f</i></td> + <td>Kadiak Fox Sparrow</td> + <td> " " + insularis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_301">301</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>586</td> + <td>Texas Sparrow</td> + <td>Arremonops rufivirgatus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_215">215</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>587</td> + <td>Towhee</td> + <td>Pipilo erythrophthalmus erythrophthalmus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_204">204</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>587<i>a</i></td> + <td>White-eyed Towhee</td> + <td> " erythrophthalmus alleni</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_204">204</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>588</td> + <td>Arctic Towhee</td> + <td> " maculatus arcticus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_204">204</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>588<i>a</i></td> + <td>Spurred Towhee</td> + <td> " " + montanus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_204">204</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>588<i>b</i></td> + <td>Oregon Towhee</td> + <td> " " + oregonus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_204">204</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>588<i>c</i></td> + <td>San Clemente Towhee</td> + <td> " " + clementæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_204">204</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>588<i>d</i></td> + <td>San Diego Towhee</td> + <td> " " + megalonyx</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_204">204</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>588<i>e</i></td> + <td>Large-billed Towhee</td> + <td> " " magnirostris</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_204">204</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>589</td> + <td>Guadalupe Towhee</td> + <td> " consobrinus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_204">204</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>591</td> + <td>Cañon Towhee</td> + <td> " fuscus mesoleucus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_205">205</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>591<i>a</i></td> + <td>San Lucas Towhee</td> + <td> " " albigula</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_205">205</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>591.1</td> + <td>California Towhee</td> + <td> " crissalis crissalis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_205">205</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>591.1<i>a</i></td> + <td>Anthony's Towhee</td> + <td> " " senicula</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_205">205</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>592</td> + <td>Abert's Towhee</td> + <td> " aberti</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_205">205</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>592.1</td> + <td>Green-tailed Towhee</td> + <td>Oreospiza chlorura</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_206">206</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>593</td> + <td>Cardinal</td> + <td>Cardinalis cardinalis cardinalis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_177">177</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>593<i>a</i></td> + <td>Arizona Cardinal</td> + <td> " " superbus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_172">172</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>593<i>b</i></td> + <td>San Lucas Cardinal</td> + <td> " " igneus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_172">172</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>593<i>c</i></td> + <td>Gray-tailed Cardinal</td> + <td> " " canicaudus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_172">172</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>593<i>d</i></td> + <td>Florida Cardinal</td> + <td> " " floridanus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_172">172</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>594</td> + <td>Arizona Pyrrhuloxia</td> + <td>Pyrrhuloxia sinuata sinuata</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_172">172</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>594<i>a</i></td> + <td>Texas Pyrrhuloxia</td> + <td> " " texana</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_172">172</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>594<i>b</i></td> + <td>San Lucas Pyrrhuloxia</td> + <td> " " peninsulæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_172">172</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>595</td> + <td>Rose-breasted Grosbeak</td> + <td>Zamelodia ludoviciana</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_174">174</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>596</td> + <td>Black-headed Grosbeak</td> + <td> " melanocephala</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_207">207</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>597</td> + <td>Blue Grosbeak</td> + <td>Guiraca cærulea cærulea</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_181">181</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>597<i>a</i></td> + <td>Western Blue Grosbeak</td> + <td>Guiraca cærulea lazula</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_181">181</a> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">[Pg_284]</a></span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>598</td> + <td>Indigo Bunting</td> + <td>Passerina cyanea</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_181">181</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>599</td> + <td>Lazuli Bunting</td> + <td> " amœna</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_180">180</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>600</td> + <td>Varied Bunting</td> + <td> " versicolor versicolor</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_180">180</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>600<i>a</i></td> + <td>Beautiful Bunting</td> + <td> " " pulchra</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_180">180</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>601</td> + <td>Painted Bunting</td> + <td> " ciris</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_180">180</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>602</td> + <td>Sharpe's Seed-eater</td> + <td>Sporophila morelleti sharpei</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_249">249</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[603]</td> + <td>Grassquit</td> + <td>Tiaris bicolor</td> + <td class="text_rt">A.V.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[603.1]</td> + <td>Melodious Grassquit</td> + <td> " canora</td> + <td class="text_rt">A.V.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>604</td> + <td>Dickcissel</td> + <td>Spiza americana</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_198">198</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>605</td> + <td>Lark Bunting</td> + <td>Calamospiza melanocorys</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_252">252</a></td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption3">Family TANGARIDÆ. <span class="smcap">Tanagers.</span></div> + +<table width="100%" summary="taxonomic listing"> +<tr> + <td>A.O.U.<br /> No.</td> + <td>COMMON NAME</td> + <td>SCIENTIFIC NAME</td> + <td class="text_rt"><span class="smcap">Page</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>607</td> + <td>Western Tanager</td> + <td>Piranga ludoviciana</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_171">171</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>608</td> + <td>Scarlet Tanager</td> + <td> " erythromelas</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_171">171</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>609</td> + <td>Hepatic Tanager</td> + <td> " hepatica</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_171">171</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>610</td> + <td>Summer Tanager</td> + <td> " rubra rubra</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_171">171</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>610<i>a</i></td> + <td>Cooper's Tanager</td> + <td> " " + cooperi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_171">171</a></td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption3">Family HIRUNDINIDÆ. <span class="smcap">Swallows.</span></div> + +<table width="100%" summary="taxonomic listing"> +<tr> + <td>A.O.U.<br /> No.</td> + <td>COMMON NAME</td> + <td>SCIENTIFIC NAME</td> + <td class="text_rt"><span class="smcap">Page</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>611</td> + <td>Purple Martin</td> + <td>Progne subis subis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_250">250</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>611<i>a</i></td> + <td>Western Martin</td> + <td> " " + hesperia</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_250">250</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>611.1</td> + <td>Cuban Martin</td> + <td> " cryptoleuca</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_250">250</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>611.2</td> + <td>Gray-breasted Martin</td> + <td> " chalybea</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_304">304</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>612</td> + <td>Cliff Swallow</td> + <td>Petrochelidon lunifrons lunifrons</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_250">250</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>612<i>a</i></td> + <td>Lesser Cliff Swallow</td> + <td> " " + tachina</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_304">304</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>612<i>b</i></td> + <td>Mexican Cliff Swallow</td> + <td> " " + melanogastra</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_250">250</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[612.1]</td> + <td>Cuban Cliff Swallow</td> + <td> " fulva</td> + <td class="text_rt">A.V.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>613</td> + <td>Barn Swallow</td> + <td>Hirundo erythrogastra</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_250">250</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[613.1]</td> + <td>European Swallow</td> + <td> " rustica</td> + <td class="text_rt">A.V.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>614</td> + <td> Tree Swallow</td> + <td>Iridoprocne bicolor</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_250">250</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>615</td> + <td>Northern Violet-green Swallow</td> + <td>Tachycineta thalassina lepida</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_250">250</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>615<i>a</i></td> + <td>San Lucas Swallow</td> + <td> " " + brachyptera</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_250">250</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[615.1]</td> + <td>Bahama Swallow</td> + <td>Callichelidon cyanoviridis</td> + <td class="text_rt">A.V.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[615.2]</td> + <td>European Martin</td> + <td>Chelidonaria urbica</td> + <td class="text_rt">A.V.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>616</td> + <td>Bank Swallow</td> + <td>Riparia riparia</td> + <td class="text_rt">A.V.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>617</td> + <td>Rough-winged Swallow</td> + <td>Stelgidopteryx serripennis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_211">211</a></td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption3">Family BOMBYCILLIDÆ. <span class="smcap">Waxwings.</span></div> + +<table width="100%" summary="taxonomic listing"> +<tr> + <td>A.O.U.<br /> No.</td> + <td>COMMON NAME</td> + <td>SCIENTIFIC NAME</td> + <td class="text_rt"><span class="smcap">Page</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>618</td> + <td>Bohemian Waxwing</td> + <td>Bombycilla garrula</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_198">198</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>619</td> + <td>Cedar Waxwing</td> + <td> " cedrorum</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_198">198</a></td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">[Pg_285]</a></span></p> + +<div class="caption3">Family PTILOGONATIDÆ. <span class="smcap">Silky Flycatchers.</span></div> + +<table width="100%" summary="taxonomic listing"> +<tr> + <td>A.O.U.<br /> No.</td> + <td>COMMON NAME</td> + <td>SCIENTIFIC NAME</td> + <td class="text_rt"><span class="smcap">Page</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>620</td> + <td>Phainopepla</td> + <td>Phainopepla nitens</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_253">253</a></td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption3">Family LANIIDÆ. <span class="smcap">Shrikes.</span></div> + +<table width="100%" summary="taxonomic listing"> +<tr> + <td>A.O.U.<br /> No.</td> + <td>COMMON NAME</td> + <td>SCIENTIFIC NAME</td> + <td class="text_rt"><span class="smcap">Page</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>621</td> + <td>Northern Shrike</td> + <td>Lanius borealis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_248">248</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>622</td> + <td>Loggerhead Shrike</td> + <td> " ludovicianus ludovicianus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_248">248</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>622<i>a</i></td> + <td>White-rumped Shrike</td> + <td> " " excubitorides</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_248">248</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>622<i>b</i></td> + <td>California Shrike</td> + <td> " " gambeli</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_248">248</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>622<i>c</i></td> + <td>Island Shrike</td> + <td> " " anthonyi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_248">248</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>622<i>e</i></td> + <td>Migrant Shrike</td> + <td> " " migrans</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_304">304</a></td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption3">Family VIREONIDÆ. <span class="smcap">Vireos.</span></div> + +<table width="100%" summary="taxonomic listing"> +<tr> + <td>A.O.U.<br /> No.</td> + <td>COMMON NAME</td> + <td>SCIENTIFIC NAME</td> + <td class="text_rt"><span class="smcap">Page</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>623</td> + <td>Black-whiskered Vireo</td> + <td>Vireosylva calidris barbatula</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_212">212</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>624</td> + <td>Red-eyed Vireo</td> + <td> " olivacea</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_212">212</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[625]</td> + <td>Yellow-green Vireo</td> + <td> " viridis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_233">233</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>626</td> + <td>Philadelphia Vireo</td> + <td> " philadelphica</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_213">213</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>627</td> + <td>Warbling Vireo</td> + <td> " gilva gilva</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_213">213</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>627<i>a</i></td> + <td>Western Warbling Vireo</td> + <td> " " swainsoni</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_213">213</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>628</td> + <td>Yellow-throated Vireo</td> + <td>Lanivireo flavifrons</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_198">198</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>629</td> + <td>Blue-headed Vireo</td> + <td> " solitarius solitarius</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_213">213</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>629<i>a</i></td> + <td>Cassin's Vireo</td> + <td> " " cassini</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_213">213</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>629<i>b</i></td> + <td>Plumbeous Vireo</td> + <td> " " plumbeus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_213">213</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>629<i>c</i></td> + <td>Mountain Solitary Vireo</td> + <td> " " alticola</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_213">213</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>629<i>d</i></td> + <td>San Lucas Solitary Vireo</td> + <td> " " lucasanus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_213">213</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>630</td> + <td>Black-capped Vireo</td> + <td>Vireo atricapillus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_245">245</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>631</td> + <td>White-eyed Vireo</td> + <td> " griseus griseus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_213">213</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>631<i>a</i></td> + <td>Key West Vireo</td> + <td> " " griseus maynardi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_213">213</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>631<i>b</i></td> + <td>Bermuda Vireo</td> + <td> " " bermudianus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_213">213</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>631<i>c</i></td> + <td>Small White-eyed Vireo</td> + <td> " " micrus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_213">213</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>632</td> + <td>Hutton's Vireo</td> + <td> " huttoni huttoni</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_212">212</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>632<i>a</i></td> + <td>Stephens's Vireo</td> + <td> " " stephensi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_212">212</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>632<i>c</i></td> + <td>Anthony's Vireo</td> + <td> " " obscurus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_212">212</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>632<i>d</i></td> + <td>Frazar's Vireo</td> + <td> " " cognatus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_299">299</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>633</td> + <td>Bell's Vireo</td> + <td> " " belli belli</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_214">214</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>633<i>a</i></td> + <td>Least Vireo</td> + <td> " " pusillus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_214">214</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>633<i>b</i></td> + <td>Texas Vireo</td> + <td> " " medius</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_299">299</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>634</td> + <td>Gray Vireo</td> + <td> " vicinior</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_214">214</a></td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption3">Family CŒREBIDÆ. <span class="smcap">Honey Creepers.</span></div> + +<table width="100%" summary="taxonomic listing"> +<tr> + <td>A.O.U.<br /> No.</td> + <td>COMMON NAME</td> + <td>SCIENTIFIC NAME</td> + <td class="text_rt"><span class="smcap">Page</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[635]</td> + <td>Bahama Honey Creeper</td> + <td>Cœreba bahamensis</td> + <td class="text_rt">A.V.</td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">[Pg_286]</a></span></p> +<div class="caption3">Family MNIOTILTIDÆ. <span class="smcap">Wood Warblers.</span></div> + +<table width="100%" summary="taxonomic listing"> +<tr> + <td>A.O.U.<br /> No.</td> + <td>COMMON NAME</td> + <td>SCIENTIFIC NAME</td> + <td class="text_rt"><span class="smcap">Page</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>636</td> + <td>Black and White Warbler</td> + <td>Mniotilta varia</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_249">249</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>637</td> + <td>Prothonotary Warbler</td> + <td>Protonotaria citrea</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_187">187</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>638</td> + <td>Swainson's Warbler</td> + <td>Helinaia swainsoni</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_215">215</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>639</td> + <td>Worm-eating Warbler</td> + <td>Helmitheros vermivorus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_215">215</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>640</td> + <td>Bachman's Warbler</td> + <td>Vermivora bachmani</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_191">191</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>641</td> + <td>Blue-winged Warbler</td> + <td> " pinus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_191">191</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>642</td> + <td>Golden-winged Warbler</td> + <td> " chrysoptera</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_189">189</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>643</td> + <td>Lucy's Warbler</td> + <td> " luciæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_206">206</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>644</td> + <td>Virginia's Warbler</td> + <td> " virginiæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_197">197</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>645</td> + <td>Nashville Warbler</td> + <td> " rubricapilla rubricapilla</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_195">195</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>645<i>a</i></td> + <td>Calaveras Warbler</td> + <td> " " gutturalis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_195">195</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>646</td> + <td>Orange-crowned Warbler</td> + <td> " celata celata</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_219">219</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>646<i>a</i></td> + <td>Lutescent Warbler</td> + <td> " " lutescens</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_210">210</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>646<i>b</i></td> + <td>Dusky Warbler</td> + <td> " " sordida</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_212">212</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>647</td> + <td>Tennessee Warbler</td> + <td> " peregrina</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_212">212</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>648</td> + <td>Parula Warbler</td> + <td>Compsothlypis americana americana</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_195">195</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>648<i>a</i></td> + <td>Northern Parula Warbler</td> + <td> " americana usneæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_195">195</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>649</td> + <td>Sennett's Warbler</td> + <td> " pitiayumi nigrilora</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_195">195</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>651</td> + <td>Olive Warbler</td> + <td>Peucedramus olivaceus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_187">187</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>650</td> + <td>Cape May Warbler</td> + <td>Dendroica tigrina</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_196">196</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>652</td> + <td>Yellow Warbler</td> + <td> " æstiva æstiva</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_196">196</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>652<i>a</i></td> + <td>Sonora Yellow Warbler</td> + <td>Dendroica æstiva sonorana</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_196">196</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>652<i>b</i></td> + <td>Alaska Yellow Warbler</td> + <td> " " rubiginosa</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_196">196</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>652<i>c</i></td> + <td>California Yellow Warbler</td> + <td> " " brewsteri</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_299">299</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>653</td> + <td>Mangrove Warbler</td> + <td> " bryanti castaneiceps</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_196">196</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>654</td> + <td>Black-throated Blue Warbler</td> + <td> " cærulescens cærulescens</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_180">180</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>654<i>a</i></td> + <td>Cairns's Warbler</td> + <td> " " cairnsi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_180">180</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>655</td> + <td>Myrtle Warbler</td> + <td> " coronata</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_197">197</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>656</td> + <td>Audubon's Warbler</td> + <td> " auduboni auduboni</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_190">190</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>656<i>a</i></td> + <td>Black-fronted Warbler</td> + <td> " " nigrifrons</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_190">190</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>657</td> + <td>Magnolia Warbler</td> + <td> " magnolia</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_190">190</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>658</td> + <td>Cerulean Warbler</td> + <td> " cerulea</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_181">181</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>659</td> + <td>Chestnut-sided Warbler</td> + <td> " pensylvania</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_198">198</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>660</td> + <td>Bay-breasted Warbler</td> + <td> " castanea</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_206">206</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>661</td> + <td>Black-poll Warbler</td> + <td> " striata</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_249">249</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>662</td> + <td>Blackburnian Warbler</td> + <td> " fusca</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_187">187</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>663</td> + <td>Yellow-throated Warbler</td> + <td> " dominica dominica</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_190">190</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>663<i>a</i></td> + <td>Sycamore Warbler</td> + <td> " " albilora</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_190">190</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">[Pg_287]</a></span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>664</td> + <td>Grace's Warbler</td> + <td>Dendroica graciæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_190">190</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>665</td> + <td>Black-throated Gray Warbler</td> + <td> " nigrescens</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_249">249</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>666</td> + <td>Golden-cheeked Warbler</td> + <td> " chrysoparia</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_188">188</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>667</td> + <td>Black-throated Green Warbler</td> + <td> " virens</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_188">188</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>668</td> + <td>Townsend's Warbler</td> + <td> " townsendi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_188">188</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>669</td> + <td>Hermit Warbler</td> + <td> " occidentalis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_188">188</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>670</td> + <td>Kirtland's Warbler</td> + <td> " kirtlandi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_191">191</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>671</td> + <td>Pine Warbler</td> + <td> " vigorsi vigorsi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_191">191</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>672</td> + <td>Palm Warbler</td> + <td> " palmarum palmarum</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_196">196</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>672<i>a</i></td> + <td>Yellow Palm Warbler</td> + <td> " " hypochrysea</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_197">197</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>673</td> + <td>Prairie Warbler</td> + <td> " discolor</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_197">197</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>674</td> + <td>Oven-bird</td> + <td>Seiurus aurocapillus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_232">232</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>675</td> + <td>Water-Thrush</td> + <td> " noveboracensis noveboracensis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_232">232</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>675<i>a</i></td> + <td>Grinnell's Water-Thrush</td> + <td> " noveboracensis notabilis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_232">232</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>676</td> + <td>Louisiana Water-Thrush</td> + <td> " motacilla</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_232">232</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>677</td> + <td>Kentucky Warbler</td> + <td>Oporornis formosus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_193">193</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>678</td> + <td>Connecticut Warbler</td> + <td> " agilis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_189">189</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>679</td> + <td>Mourning Warbler</td> + <td> " philadelphia</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_189">189</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>680</td> + <td>Macgillivray's Warbler</td> + <td> " tolmiei</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_189">189</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>681</td> + <td>Maryland Yellow-throat</td> + <td>Geothlypis trichas trichas</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_193">193</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>681<i>a</i></td> + <td>Western Yellow-throat</td> + <td> " " occidentalis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_193">193</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>681<i>b</i></td> + <td>Florida Yellow-throat</td> + <td> " " ignota</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_194">194</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>681<i>c</i></td> + <td>Pacific Yellow-throat</td> + <td> " " arizela</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_194">194</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>681<i>e</i></td> + <td>Salt Marsh Yellow-throat</td> + <td> " " sinuosa</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_194">194</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>682</td> + <td>Belding's Yellow-throat</td> + <td> " beldingi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_194">194</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>682.1</td> + <td>Rio Grande Yellow-throat</td> + <td>Chamæthlypis poliocephala</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_194">194</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>683</td> + <td>Yellow-breasted Chat</td> + <td>Icteria virens virens</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_198">198</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>683<i>a</i></td> + <td>Long-tailed Chat</td> + <td> " " longicauda</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_198">198</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>684</td> + <td>Hooded Warbler</td> + <td>Wilsonia citrina</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_188">188</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>685</td> + <td>Wilson's Warbler</td> + <td> " pusilla pusilla</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_193">193</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>685<i>a</i></td> + <td>Pileolated Warbler</td> + <td> " " pileolata</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_193">193</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>685<i>b</i></td> + <td>Golden Pileolated Warbler</td> + <td> " " chryseola</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_193">193</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>686</td> + <td>Canadian Warbler</td> + <td> " canadensis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_191">191</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>687</td> + <td>American Redstart</td> + <td>Setophaga ruticilla</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_187">187</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>688</td> + <td>Painted Redstart</td> + <td> " picta</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_177">177</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>690</td> + <td>Red-faced Warbler</td> + <td>Cardellina rubrifrons</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_177">177</a></td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">[Pg_288]</a></span></p> + +<div class="caption3">Family MOTACILLIDÆ. <span class="smcap">Wagtails and Pipits.</span></div> + +<table width="100%" summary="taxonomic listing"> +<tr> + <td>A.O.U.<br /> No.</td> + <td>COMMON NAME</td> + <td>SCIENTIFIC NAME</td> + <td class="text_rt"><span class="smcap">Page</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[694]</td> + <td>White Wagtail</td> + <td>Motacilla alba</td> + <td class="text_rt">A.V.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[695]</td> + <td>Swinhoe Wagtail</td> + <td> " ocularis</td> + <td class="text_rt">A.V.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>696</td> + <td>Alaska Yellow Wagtail</td> + <td>Budytes flavus alascensis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_192">192</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>697</td> + <td>Pipit</td> + <td>Anthus rubescens</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_232">232</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[698]</td> + <td>Meadow Pipit</td> + <td> " pratensis</td> + <td class="text_rt">A.V.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[699]</td> + <td>Red-throated Pipit</td> + <td> " cervinus</td> + <td class="text_rt">A.V.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>700</td> + <td>Sprague's Pipit</td> + <td> " spraguei</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_232">232</a></td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption3">Family CINCLIDÆ. <span class="smcap">Dippers.</span></div> + +<table width="100%" summary="taxonomic listing"> +<tr> + <td>A.O.U.<br /> No.</td> + <td>COMMON NAME</td> + <td>SCIENTIFIC NAME</td> + <td class="text_rt"><span class="smcap">Page</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>701</td> + <td>Dipper</td> + <td>Cinclus mexicanus unicolor</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_247">247</a></td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption3">Family MIMIDÆ. <span class="smcap">Thrashers, Mockingbirds, etc.</span></div> + +<table width="100%" summary="taxonomic listing"> +<tr> + <td>A.O.U.<br /> No.</td> + <td>COMMON NAME</td> + <td>SCIENTIFIC NAME</td> + <td class="text_rt"><span class="smcap">Page</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>702</td> + <td>Sage Thrasher</td> + <td>Oreoscoptes montanus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_233">233</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>703</td> + <td>Mockingbird</td> + <td>Mimus polyglottos polyglottos</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_248">248</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>703<i>a</i></td> + <td>Western Mockingbird</td> + <td> " " leucopterus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_248">248</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>704</td> + <td>Catbird</td> + <td>Dumtella carolinensis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_247">247</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>705</td> + <td>Brown Thrasher</td> + <td>Toxostoma rufum</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_233">233</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>706</td> + <td>Sennett's Thrasher</td> + <td> " longirostre sennetti</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_233">233</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>707</td> + <td>Curve-billed Thrasher</td> + <td> " curvirostre curvirostre</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_216">216</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>707<i>a</i></td> + <td>Palmer's Thrasher</td> + <td> " " palmeri</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_216">216</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>708</td> + <td>Bendire's Thrasher</td> + <td> " bendirei</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_216">216</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>709</td> + <td>San Lucas Thrasher</td> + <td> " cinereum cinereum</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_216">216</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>709<i>a</i></td> + <td>Mearns's Thrasher</td> + <td> " " mearnsi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_216">216</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>710</td> + <td>California Thrasher</td> + <td> " " redivivum redivivum</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_217">217</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>711</td> + <td>Leconte's Thrasher</td> + <td> " lecontei lecontei</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_217">217</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>711<i>a</i></td> + <td>Desert Thrasher</td> + <td> " " arenicola</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_217">217</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>712</td> + <td>Crissal Thrasher</td> + <td> " crissale</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_217">217</a></td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption3">Family TROGLODYTIDÆ. <span class="smcap">Wrens.</span></div> + +<table width="100%" summary="taxonomic listing"> +<tr> + <td>A.O.U.<br /> No.</td> + <td>COMMON NAME</td> + <td>SCIENTIFIC NAME</td> + <td class="text_rt"><span class="smcap">Page</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>713</td> + <td>Cactus Wren</td> + <td>Heleodytes brunneicapillus couesi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_233">233</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>713<i>a</i></td> + <td>Bryant's Cactus Wren</td> + <td> " " bryanti</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_233">233</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>713<i>b</i></td> + <td>San Lucas Cactus Wren</td> + <td> " " affinis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_233">233</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>715</td> + <td>Rock Wren</td> + <td>Salpinctes obsoletus obsoletus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_234">234</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>715<i>a</i></td> + <td>San Nicolas Rock Wren</td> + <td> " " pulverius</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_301">301</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>716</td> + <td>Guadalupe Rock Wren</td> + <td> " " guadeloupensis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_234">234</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>717</td> + <td>White-throated Wren</td> + <td>Catherpes mexicanus albifrons</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_234">234</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>717<i>a</i></td> + <td>Cañon Wren</td> + <td> " " conspersus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_234">234</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>717<i>b</i></td> + <td>Dotted Cañon Wren</td> + <td> " " punctulatus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_234">234</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">[Pg_289]</a></span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>718</td> + <td>Carolina Wren</td> + <td>Thryothorus ludovicianus ludovicianus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_234">234</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>718<i>a</i></td> + <td>Florida Wren</td> + <td> " " miamensis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_234">234</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>718<i>b</i></td> + <td>Lomita Wren</td> + <td> " " lomitensis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_234">234</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>719</td> + <td>Bewick's Wren</td> + <td>Thryomanes bewicki bewicki</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_235">235</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>719<i>a</i></td> + <td>Vigor's Wren</td> + <td> " spilurus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_235">235</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>719<i>b</i></td> + <td>Baird's Wren</td> + <td> " " bairdi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_235">235</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>719<i>c</i></td> + <td>Texas Bewick's Wren</td> + <td> " " cryptus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_235">235</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>719<i>d</i></td> + <td>San Diego Bewick's Wren </td> + <td> " " charienturus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_235">235</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>719<i>e</i></td> + <td>Seattle Bewick's Wren</td> + <td> " calophonus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_235">235</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>719.1</td> + <td>San Clemente Wren</td> + <td> " leucophrys</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_235">235</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>720</td> + <td>Guadalupe Wren</td> + <td> " brevicauda</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_235">235</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>721</td> + <td>House Wren</td> + <td>Troglodytes aëdon aëdon</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_236">236</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>721<i>a</i></td> + <td>Western House Wren</td> + <td> " " parkmani</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_236">236</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>722</td> + <td>Winter Wren</td> + <td>Nannus hiemalis hiemalis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_236">236</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>722<i>a</i></td> + <td>Western Winter Wren</td> + <td> " pacificus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_236">236</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>722<i>b</i></td> + <td>Kadiak Winter Wren</td> + <td> " " helleri</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_236">236</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>723</td> + <td>Alaska Wren</td> + <td> " alascensis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_236">236</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>723.1</td> + <td>Aleutian Wren</td> + <td> " meliger</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_236">236</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>724</td> + <td>Short-billed Marsh Wren</td> + <td>Cistothorus stellaris</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_236">236</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>725</td> + <td>Long-billed Marsh Wren</td> + <td>Telmatodytes palustris palustris</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_237">237</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>725</td> + <td>Tulé Wren</td> + <td> " paludicola</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_237">237</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>725<i>b</i></td> + <td>Worthington's Marsh Wren</td> + <td> " " griseus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_237">237</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>725<i>c</i></td> + <td>Western Tule Wren</td> + <td> " plesius</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_237">237</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>725<i>d</i></td> + <td>Prairie Marsh Wren</td> + <td> " iliacus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_301">301</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>725<i>e</i></td> + <td>Marian's Marsh Wren</td> + <td> " " mariannæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_237">237</a></td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption3">Family CERTHIIDÆ. <span class="smcap">Creepers.</span></div> + +<table width="100%" summary="taxonomic listing"> +<tr> + <td>A.O.U.<br /> No.</td> + <td>COMMON NAME</td> + <td>SCIENTIFIC NAME</td> + <td class="text_rt"><span class="smcap">Page</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>726</td> + <td>Brown Creeper</td> + <td>Certhia familiaris americana</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_237">237</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>726<i>a</i></td> + <td>Mexican Creeper</td> + <td> " " albescens</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_237">237</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>726<i>b</i></td> + <td>Rocky Mountain Creeper</td> + <td> " " montana</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_237">237</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>726<i>c</i></td> + <td>California Creeper</td> + <td> " " occidentalis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_237">237</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>726<i>d</i></td> + <td>Sierra Creeper</td> + <td> " " zelotes</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_237">237</a></td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption3">Family SITTIDÆ. <span class="smcap">Nuthatches.</span></div> + +<table width="100%" summary="taxonomic listing"> +<tr> + <td>A.O.U.<br /> No.</td> + <td>COMMON NAME</td> + <td>SCIENTIFIC NAME</td> + <td class="text_rt"><span class="smcap">Page</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>727</td> + <td>White-breasted Nuthatch</td> + <td>Sitta carolinensis carolinensis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_246">246</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>727<i>a</i></td> + <td>Slender-billed Nuthatch</td> + <td> " " aculeata</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_246">246</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>727<i>b</i></td> + <td>Florida White-breasted Nuthatch</td> + <td> " " atkinsi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_246">246</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>727<i>c</i></td> + <td>Rocky Mountain Nuthatch</td> + <td> " " nelsoni</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_246">246</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>727<i>d</i></td> + <td>San Lucas Nuthatch</td> + <td> " " lagunæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_246">246</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290">[Pg_290]</a></span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>728</td> + <td>Red-breasted Nuthatch</td> + <td>Sitta canadensis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_246">246</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>729</td> + <td>Brown-headed Nuthatch</td> + <td> " pusilla</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_246">246</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>730</td> + <td>Pygmy Nuthatch</td> + <td> " pygmæa pygmæa</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_246">246</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>730<i>a</i></td> + <td>White-naped Nuthatch</td> + <td> " " leuconucha</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_247">247</a></td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption3">Family PARIDÆ. <span class="smcap">Titmice.</span></div> + +<table width="100%" summary="taxonomic listing"> +<tr> + <td>A.O.U.<br /> No.</td> + <td>COMMON NAME</td> + <td>SCIENTIFIC NAME</td> + <td class="text_rt"><span class="smcap">Page</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>731</td> + <td>Tufted Titmouse</td> + <td>Bæolophus bicolor</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_243">243</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>732</td> + <td>Black-crested Titmouse</td> + <td> " atricristatus atricristatus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_242">242</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>732<i>a</i></td> + <td>Sennett's Titmouse</td> + <td> " " sennetti</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_303">303</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>733</td> + <td>Plain Titmouse</td> + <td>Bæolophus inornatus inornatus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_242">242</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>733<i>a</i></td> + <td>Gray Titmouse</td> + <td> " " griseus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_242">242</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>733<i>b</i></td> + <td>Ashy Titmouse</td> + <td> " " cineraceus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_242">242</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>734</td> + <td>Bridled Titmouse</td> + <td> " wollweberi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_244">244</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>735</td> + <td>Chickadee</td> + <td>Penthestes atricapillus atricapillus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_245">245</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>735<i>a</i></td> + <td>Long-tailed Chickadee</td> + <td>" " septentrionalis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_245">245</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>735<i>b</i></td> + <td>Oregon Chickadee</td> + <td> " " occidentalis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_245">245</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>735<i>c</i></td> + <td>Yukon Chickadee</td> + <td> " " turneri</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_303">303</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>736</td> + <td>Carolina Chickadee</td> + <td> " carolinensis carolinensis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_245">245</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>736<i>a</i></td> + <td>Plumbeous Chickadee</td> + <td> " " agilis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_245">245</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>736<i>b</i></td> + <td>Florida Chickadee</td> + <td> " " impiger</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_303">303</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>737</td> + <td>Mexican Chickadee</td> + <td> " sclateri</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_245">245</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>738</td> + <td>Mountain Chickadee</td> + <td> " gambeli gambeli</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_244">244</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>738<i>a</i></td> + <td>Bailey's Mountain Chickadee</td> + <td> " " baileyæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_303">303</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>739</td> + <td>Alaska Chickadee</td> + <td> " cinctus alascensis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_244">244</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>740</td> + <td>Hudsonian Chickadee</td> + <td> " hudsonicus hudsonicus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_244">244</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>740<i>a</i></td> + <td>Acadian Chickadee</td> + <td> " " littoralis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_244">244</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>741</td> + <td>Chestnut-backed Chickadee</td> + <td> " rufescens rufescens</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_244">244</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>741<i>a</i></td> + <td>California Chickadee</td> + <td> " " neglectus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_244">244</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>741<i>b</i></td> + <td>Barlow's Chickadee</td> + <td> " " barlowi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_244">244</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>741<i>c</i></td> + <td>Valdez Chestnut-sided Chickadee</td> + <td> " " vivax</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_303">303</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>743</td> + <td>Bush-Tit</td> + <td>Psaltriparus minimus minimus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_242">242</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>743<i>a</i></td> + <td>California Bush-Tit</td> + <td> " " californicus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_242">242</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>743<i>b</i></td> + <td>Grinda's Bush-Tit</td> + <td> " " grindæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_242">242</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>744</td> + <td>Lead-colored Bush-Tit</td> + <td> " plumbeus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_242">242</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>745</td> + <td>Lloyd's Bush-Tit</td> + <td> " melanotis lloydi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_242">242</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>746</td> + <td>Verdin</td> + <td>Auriparus flaviceps flaviceps</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_195">195</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>746<i>a</i></td> + <td>Cape Verdin</td> + <td> " " lamprocephalus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_195">195</a></td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_291" id="Page_291">[Pg_291]</a></span></p> + +<div class="caption3">Family CHAMÆIDÆ. <span class="smcap">Wren-Tits.</span></div> + +<table width="100%" summary="taxonomic listing"> +<tr> + <td>A.O.U.<br /> No.</td> + <td>COMMON NAME</td> + <td>SCIENTIFIC NAME</td> + <td class="text_rt"><span class="smcap">Page</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>742</td> + <td>Wren-Tit</td> + <td>Chamæa fasciata fasciata</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_215">215</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>742<i>a</i></td> + <td>Pallid Wren-Tit</td> + <td> " " henshawi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_215">215</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>742<i>b</i></td> + <td>Coast Wren-Tit</td> + <td> " " phæa</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_300">300</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>742<i>c</i></td> + <td>Ruddy Wren-Tit</td> + <td> " " rufula</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_300">300</a></td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption3">Family SYLVIIDÆ. <span class="smcap">Warblers, Kinglets, Gnatcatchers.</span></div> + +<table width="100%" summary="taxonomic listing"> +<tr> + <td>A.O.U.<br /> No.</td> + <td>COMMON NAME</td> + <td>SCIENTIFIC NAME</td> + <td class="text_rt"><span class="smcap">Page</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>747</td> + <td>Kennicott's Willow Warbler</td> + <td>Acanthopneuste borealis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_212">212</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>748</td> + <td>Golden-crowned Kinglet</td> + <td>Regulus satrapa satrapa</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_187">187</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>748<i>a</i></td> + <td>Western Golden-crowned Kinglet</td> + <td> " " + olivaceus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_187">187</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>749</td> + <td>Ruby-crowned Kinglet</td> + <td> " calendula calendula</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_176">176</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>749<i>a</i></td> + <td>Sitkan Kinglet</td> + <td> " " + grinnelli</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_176">176</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>750</td> + <td>Dusky Kinglet</td> + <td> " " + obscurus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_177">177</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>751</td> + <td>Blue-gray Gnatcatcher</td> + <td>Polioptila cærulea cærulea</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_243">243</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>751<i>a</i></td> + <td>Western Gnatcatcher</td> + <td> " " + obscura</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_243">243</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>752</td> + <td>Plumbeous Gnatcatcher</td> + <td> " plumbea</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_243">243</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>753</td> + <td>Black-tailed Gnatcatcher</td> + <td> " californica</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_243">243</a></td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption3">Family <span class="smcap">TURDIDÆ. Thrushes, Solitaires, Stonechats, +Bluebirds, etc.</span></div> + +<table width="100%" summary="taxonomic listing"> +<tr> + <td>A.O.U.<br /> No.</td> + <td>COMMON NAME</td> + <td>SCIENTIFIC NAME</td> + <td class="text_rt"><span class="smcap">Page</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>754</td> + <td>Townsend's Solitaire</td> + <td>Myadestes townsendi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_247">247</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>755</td> + <td>Wood Thrush</td> + <td>Hylocichla mustelina</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_233">233</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>756</td> + <td>Veery</td> + <td> " fuscescens fuscescens</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_238">238</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>756<i>a</i></td> + <td>Willow Thrush</td> + <td> " " salicicola</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_238">238</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>757</td> + <td>Gray-cheeked Thrush</td> + <td> " aliciæ aliciæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_239">239</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>757<i>a</i></td> + <td>Bicknell's Thrush</td> + <td> " " bicknelli</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_239">239</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>758</td> + <td>Russet-backed Thrush</td> + <td> " ustulata ustulata</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_239">239</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>758<i>a</i></td> + <td>Olive-backed Thrush</td> + <td> " " swainsoni</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_239">239</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>759</td> + <td>Alaska Hermit Thrush</td> + <td> " guttata guttata</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_238">238</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>759<i>a</i></td> + <td>Audubon's Hermit Thrush</td> + <td> " " auduboni</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_238">238</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>759<i>b</i></td> + <td>Hermit Thrush</td> + <td> " " pallasi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_238">238</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>759<i>c</i></td> + <td>Dwarf Hermit Thrush</td> + <td> " " nana</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_238">238</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>759<i>d</i></td> + <td>Monterey Hermit Thrush</td> + <td> " " slevini</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_302">302</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>759<i>e</i></td> + <td>Sierra Hermit Thrush</td> + <td> " " sequoiensis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_302">302</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[760]</td> + <td>Red-winged Thrush</td> + <td>Turdus musicus</td> + <td class="text_rt">A.V.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>761</td> + <td>Robin</td> + <td>Planesticus migratorius migratorius</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_207">207</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>761<i>a</i></td> + <td>Western Robin</td> + <td> " " propinquus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_207">207</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>761<i>b</i></td> + <td>Southern Robin</td> + <td> " " achrusterus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_207">207</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>762</td> + <td>San Lucas Robin</td> + <td> " confinis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_207">207</a> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">[Pg_292]</a></span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>763</td> + <td>Varied Thrush</td> + <td>Ixoreus nævius nævius</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_207">207</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>763<i>a</i></td> + <td>Northern Varied Thrush</td> + <td> " " meruloides</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_207">207</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[764]</td> + <td>Siberian Red-spotted Bluethroat</td> + <td>Cyanosylvia suecica robusta</td> + <td class="text_rt">A.V.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>[764.1]</td> + <td>Greater Kamchatkan Nightingale</td> + <td>Calliope calliope camtschatkensis</td> + <td class="text_rt">A.V.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>765</td> + <td>Wheatear</td> + <td>Saxicola œnanthe œnanthe</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_248">248</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>765<i>a</i></td> + <td>Greenland Wheatear</td> + <td> " " leucorhoa</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_248">248</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>766</td> + <td>Bluebird</td> + <td>Sialia sialis sialis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_182">182</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>766<i>a</i></td> + <td>Azure Bluebird</td> + <td> " " fulva</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_182">182</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>767</td> + <td>Western Bluebird</td> + <td> " mexicana occidentalis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_182">182</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>767<i>a</i></td> + <td>Chestnut-backed Bluebird</td> + <td> " " bairdi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_182">182</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>767<i>b</i></td> + <td>San Pedro Bluebird</td> + <td> " " annabelæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_182">182</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>768</td> + <td>Mountain Bluebird</td> + <td> " currucoides</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_182">182</a></td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> +</div> + +<div class="book"> +<a name="Appendix_I"></a> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_293" id="Page_293">[Pg_293]</a></span></p> +<div class="caption2">APPENDIX I</div> +<br /> +<div class="caption3">ADDITIONS, SUBTRACTIONS, AND EMENDATIONS.</div> +<br /> + +<p>Since the publication of the first edition of the 'Color Key' in 1903, the +American Ornithologists' Union has issued the Third Edition (1910) of its +'Check-List of North American Birds.' This includes all approved additions to +and changes in the preceding edition made since 1903 as well as rulings on a +number of cases which were in abeyance at the time the first edition of the +'Color Key' appeared.</p> + +<p>Mere changes in nomenclature not affecting the status of a species are +given without comment in the preceding Systematic Table, which has been fully +revised and brought up to date. To ascertain the correct, current name of any +species or subspecies of North American bird the student, after determining +its identity in the 'Color Key,' has only to refer to its number in the Systematic +Table to learn whether any change has been made in nomenclature. In +addition to actual changes in nomenclature due to the detection of errors in +earlier names, it should be noted that a third name or trinomial is now employed +for each race of a species, and also that an apostrophe is used in connection +with the names of birds named for individuals. Throughout the 'Color +Key,' therefore, alterations should be made when required by these two changes +in method.</p> + +<p>All other changes than these simple ones of names are included, with explanations, +in this appendix, and the student is urged to make manuscript +cross-references on the pages where such changes occur to avoid their being +overlooked.</p> + +<p>As far as possible the language of the original describer of the new subspecies +of birds is here quoted, while the Ranges are mainly from the A. O. U. +Check-List.</p> + +<p>References to original sources of publication are given only with cases included +in the first supplement to the Third Edition (1910) of the Check List. +In all other instances reference to the original place of description, etc., is +contained in the 'Check-List.'</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294">[Pg_294]</a></span></p> + +<p>Pages <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>. The North American Kites, Hawks, Falcons, Eagles, etc., are +now placed in three families instead of one, as follows: BUTEONIDÆ, containing +the Kites, Hawks and Eagles (Nos. 327-352a); FALCONIDÆ containing +the Falcons and Caracaras (Nos. 353-363), and PANDIONIDÆ, containing the +Osprey (No. 364).</p> + +<p>Pages <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>. The subfamilies Troglodytinæ and Miminæ are now +elevated to full family rank. The Mockingbirds and Thrashers (Nos. 702-712) +are therefore the North American members of the Family MIMIDÆ; and the +Wrens (Nos. 713-725e) the North American members of the Family TROGLODYTIDÆ.</p> + +<p>Pages <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>. The subfamilies Sittinæ and Parinæ are now elevated +to full family rank. The Nuthatches (Nos. 727 to 730a) are therefore the North +American members of the Family SITTIDÆ; and the Titmice (Nos. 732 to 746a, +except Nos. 742 to 742c now placed in the Family CHAMÆIDÆ, see beyond) +the North American members of the Family PARIDÆ.</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_63">63</a>. Cancel No. 94, <i>Puffinus fuliginosus</i>, which proves to be the same +as No. 95, <i>Puffinus griseus</i>. The common name, however, is retained and the +species stands <b>95, Sooty Shearwater</b> (<i>Puffinus griseus</i>). Characters as given.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range—Oceans of Southern Hemisphere; occurs in summer on the Pacific +coast from southern Alaska to Lower California, and on the Atlantic coast from +Gulf of St. Lawrence to South Carolina.</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_77">77</a>. But one form of the Black Duck is recognized by the A. O. U. +It stands as No. 133. Black Duck (<i>Anas rubripes</i>), which name, therefore, +includes both Nos. 133 and 133a.</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_92">92</a>. After No. 197 add: <b>197a. Brewster's Egret</b> (<i>Egretta candidissima +brewsteri</i>). Similar to No. 197 "but larger, bill longer, tarsus longer, and whole +leg <i>very much</i> heavier or thicker." ♂. Tar. 4.36; B. 3.60. ♀. Tar. 4.00; +B. 3.42. (Thayer and Bangs).</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range—"Southern Lower California." (A. O. U.).</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_97">97</a>. After No. 210 add: <b>210.1. Light-footed rail.</b> (<i>Rallus levipes</i>) +"Much smaller than either <i>R. obsoletus</i> or <i>R. beldingi</i>, bill much more slender, +tarsus and foot smaller than in either; superciliary white instead of rusty…." +W. 5.70; T. 2.24; Tar. 1.81; B. 2.24. (Bangs).</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range—"Marshes of southern California, from Santa Barbara south to San +Quintin Bay, Lower California; accidental in Arizona." (A. O. U.)</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_97">98</a>. After No. 216 add: <b>216.1. Farallon Rail</b> (<i>Creciscus coturniculus</i>). +"Smaller [than No. 216] with much slenderer bill; the plumbeous of the under +parts deeper, the chestnut-brown of the upper parts brighter and more extended, +forming a broader patch on the nape and tinging more or less strongly and generally +much of the top of the head where there is often no pure unmixed +plumbeous or slaty save on the forehead." (Brewster).</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range—"Pacific coast of United States. Breeds in coast marshes of California; +casual in Washington, Oregon and Lower California." (A. O. U.)</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295">[Pg_295]</a></span></p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_103">103</a>. After 266 add: <b>268. Bristle-thighed Curlew</b> (<i>Numenius tahitiensis</i>). +Somewhat like <i>N. hudsonicus</i>, but thighs with long bristle-like feathers; +tail pale rusty, barred with black; markings of back and wings pale rusty.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range—"Alaska and Pacific Islands. Breeding range unknown; has been +taken in summer in western Alaska from Kowak River to Kenai Peninsula; also +on Laysan and Phoenix Islands; winters in islands of the South Pacific from +Hawaii to New Caledonia" (A. O. U.). Classed with Accidental Visitants in first +edition of 'Color Key.'</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_112">112</a>. Cancel No. 277a, Belted Piping Plover, which proves to be the +same as No. 277, Piping Plover.</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_117">117</a>. After No. 297b add: <b>297c. Sierra Grouse</b> (<i>D. o. sierræ</i>). Male +resembles male of No. 297, but back less black and more heavily vermiculated +with brown and gray; terminal tail-band narrower and more speckled with +blackish; medium tail-feathers more heavily marked with gray or brownish; +white neck-tufts practically absent; feathers of sides, flanks and under tail-coverts +with less white. Much paler and more heavily vermiculated above than +No. 297b.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range—Ft. Klamath, Oregon south through the Sierras to Mount Pinos in +South California.</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_117">117</a>. The ranges of the races of this bird (now known as Spruce +Partridge, rather than Spruce Grouse) are given in the A. O. U. 'Check-List' as +follows:</p> + +<p><b>298. Hudsonian Spruce Partridge</b> (<i>Canachites canadensis canadensis</i>).</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range—"Boreal forest region from the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains +west of Edmonton, Alberta, east to Labrador Peninsula; also a disconnected area +in Alaska from Bristol Bay to Cook Inlet and Prince William Sound."</p> + +<p><b>298b. Alaska Spruce Partridge</b> (<i>C. c. osgoodi</i>).</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range—"Mt. McKinley and the Yukon region east to Great Slave and +Athabasca lakes."</p> + +<p><b>298c. Canada Spruce Partridge</b> (<i>C. c. canace</i>).</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range—"Manitoba, southern Ontario, and New Brunswick south to northern +parts of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, New York, and New England."</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_119">119</a>. After No. 301a add: <b>301b. Alexander's Ptarmigan</b> (<i>L. l. alexandræ</i>). +Similar to <i>L. l. lagopus</i> in corresponding plumage, "but coloration darker +throughout, especially dorsally; bill smaller and relatively much narrower." +(Grinnell).</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range—Baranof and adjacent islands west to Shumagin Islands (A. O. U.).</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_119">119</a>. After No. 301b. add; <b>301c. Ungava Ptarmigan</b> (<i>L. l. ungavus</i>). +Like No. 301 but with a heavier bill. Culmen, .82; depth of bill at base, .57 +(Riley, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XXIV, 1911, p. 233).</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range—Ungava and probably the eastern shore of Hudson Bay.</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_120">120</a>. Remove the interrogation points from before Nos. 304 and 304a, +the distinctions between which there presented having been accepted by the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_296" id="Page_296">[Pg_296]</a></span> +A. O. U., and amend Range of No. 304a. to read: "Alpine summits from central +Alaska, northern Yukon, and northwestern Mackenzie south to Cook Inlet +region, Kenai Peninsula and southern Yukon." (A. O. U.).</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_120">120</a>. After No. 302e. add: <b>302f. Dixon's Ptarmigan</b> (<i>L. r. dixoni</i>). +Resembling <i>L. r. nelsoni</i> in corresponding plumage, "but much darker; in +extreme blackness of coloration nearly like <i>Lagopus evermanni</i>, but feathers of +chest and back more or less finely vermiculated with hazel." (Grinnell).</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range—Islands near Sitka.</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_120">120</a>. After No. 302d. add: <b>302e. Adak Ptarmigan</b> (<i>L. r. chamberlaini</i>). +Nearest <i>L. r. towsendi</i> but with finer vermiculations above, and with black bars +on neck and upper back reduced to very narrow bars or vermiculations. Grayest +of the Aleutian Ptarmigan. (Clark).</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range—Island of Adak, Aleutian Chain.</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_122">122</a>. A change here in enumeration makes Merriam's Turkey No. +310, while the Wild Turkey (<i>M. g. silvestris</i>) becomes 310a.</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_125">125</a>. After No. 316 add: <b>316a. Western Mourning Dove</b> (<i>Z. m. marginella</i>). +Similar to <i>Z. m. carolinensis</i> but paler. (Mearns, Auk, 1911, p. 490).</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range—"Pacific Coast and San Clemente Island east to Mississippi Valley" +(A. O. U.). The range of No. 316 should be correspondingly restricted.</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_126">126</a>. After No. 319 add: <b>319a. White-winged Dove</b> (<i>M. a. trudeaui</i>). +Similar to <i>M. a. asiatica</i> but "slightly larger, with a much longer bill and much +paler coloration" (Mearns, Auk. 1911, p. 489).</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range—"Lower California, southern Arizona, southwestern New Mexico and +southern Texas, south to Costa Rica. Casual in southeastern California and +Colorado; accidental in Washington" (A. O. U.).</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_126">126</a>. No. 319 becomes West Indian White-winged Dove (<i>Melopelia +asiatica asiatica</i>). Its Range includes Cuba and Jamaica, and it is of casual +occurrence in the Bahamas and Florida.</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_132">132</a>. After No. 337d. add <b>337e. Alaska Red-tail</b> (<i>B. b. alascensis</i>). +Resembling <i>B. b. calurus</i> "but smaller throughout, and, keeping in consideration +the stage of plumage, dark areas blacker and more extended." ♂ W. +13.5; T. 7.67; ♀ W. 14.44; T. 8.69 (Grinnell).</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range—"Southeastern Alaska from Yakutat Bay to Admiralty Island and the +Sitka Islands" (A. O. U.).</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_138">138</a>. After No. 360b. add: <b>360c. Little Sparrow Hawk</b> (<i>F. S. paulus</i>). +Similar to No. 360 but smaller. ♂ W. 6.80; T. 4.12 ♀ W. 6.96; T. 4.00 (Howe).</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range—Southern half of Florida.</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_140">140</a>. No. 379 proves to be separable into southern and northern races. +The former retains the name <i>Glaucidium gnoma gnoma</i>, while the race of northern +Mexico and Western United States, heretofore known by that name, becomes +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_297" id="Page_297">[Pg_297]</a></span> +<i>G. g. pinicola</i>, the Rocky Mountain Pygmy Owl. (Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., +XXIII, 1910, p. 103).</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_142">142</a>. After No. 373h. add: <b>373i. Sahauro Screech Owl</b> (<i>O. a. gilmani</i>). +Nearest No. 373f but smaller and paler and with black markings more restricted +(Swarth, Univ. Cal. Pub. Zool., VII, 1910, p. 1).</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range—"Lower Sonoran Life zone of southeastern California, Arizona, and +probably New Mexico; and northwestern Mexico" (A. O. U.).</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_143">143</a>. After No. 375f. add: <b>375g. Saint Michael Horned Owl</b> (<i>B. v. +algistus</i>). Similar to No. 375d. but larger; face less ochraceous, upper surface +paler ochraceous. W. 14.60 (Oberholser).</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range—"Coast Region of northern Alaska from Bristol Bay and the Yukon +northward" (A. O. U.).</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_143">143</a>. After No. 275e. add: <b>375f. Labrador Horned Owl</b> (<i>B. v. heterocnemis</i>). +Similar to No. 375c. "but bill larger; posterior lower parts paler; feet +lighter colored and less heavily spotted; upper parts with usually less ochraceous." +(Oberholser).</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range—"Northern Ungava and Labrador" (A. O. U.).</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_147">147</a>. After No. 390 add: <b>390a. Northwestern Belted Kingfisher</b> (<i>C. a. +caurina</i>). Similar to No. 370 "but size greater, especially measurements of +flight-feathers." W. 6.54 (Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., V. 1910, p. 388).</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range—Northwestern America, south along the Pacific coast in winter. +Status of California breeding birds still undetermined. (Grinnell, Univ. Cal. Pub. +Zool., V, 1910, p. 289).</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_150">150</a>. After No. 393f. add: <b>393g. Newfoundland Woodpecker</b> (<i>D. v. terrænoræ</i>). +Similar to <i>D. V. villosus</i>, "but slightly larger, the black areas of the +upperparts increased, the white areas reduced both in number and in size, especially +in the remiges and wing-coverts," (Batchelder).</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range—Newfoundland.</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_150">150</a>. After No. 393e. add: <b>393h. White-breasted Woodpecker</b> (<i>D. v. +leucothorectis</i>). "Much like No. 393e. but decidedly smaller; wing-coverts practically +always without white spots." W. 4.83; T. 3.07; B. 1.10 (Oberholser, +Proc. U. S. N. M. 40, 1908, p. 608).</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range—"Canadian and Transition Zones, from southern Utah, northwestern +and central New Mexico and extreme southwestern Texas, south to the mountains +of western Zacatecas, Mexico." (A. O. U.).</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_151">151</a>. After No. 396a. add: <b>396b. San Fernando Woodpecker</b> (<i>D. s. +eremicus</i>). Similar to No. 396a, but larger; lower surface darker; upperparts +darker, the white bars on back averaging narrower and less regular, the neck +bars wider; black bars on posterior lower parts averaging somewhat wider." +♂ W. 4.16; T. 2.67; B. 1.02. (Oberholser, Proc. U. S. N. M. 41, 1911, P. 151).</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range—Lower California, north of Ukai and Plaia Maria Bay, except extreme +northeastern portion" (A. O. U.). The Range of No. 396a is thus restricted to the +southern half of Lower California.</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_151">151</a>. +<i>Dryobates scalaris bairdi</i> proves to be restricted to Mexico; No. +396, its representative in the southwestern United States, has been named +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_298" id="Page_298">[Pg_298]</a></span> +Cactus Woodpecker (<i>D. s. cactophilus</i>). (Oberholser, Proc. U. S. N. M., 41, 1911, +p. 152).</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_154">154</a>. After No. 414a. add: <b>414b. Mearns's Gilded Flicker</b> (<i>C. c. +mearnsi</i>). Similar to <i>C. c. chrysoides</i> but decidedly larger and paler, with pileum +more strongly cinnamomeus, black bars on back, etc., narrower, spots on outer +web of primaries more conspicuous primary coverts also sometimes spotted, +gray of throat, etc. lighter, and spots on underparts usually smaller. W. 5.74; +T. 3.77; B. 1.39 (Ridgway).</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Extreme southwestern California, northern Lower California, and +southern Arizona south to southern Sonora" (A. O. U.). The Range of No. 414 is +now restricted to "southern Lower California," that of No. 414 to "middle Lower +California."</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_160">160</a>. After No. 439 add: <b>391.1 Salvin's Hummingbird</b> (<i>Uranomitra +salvini</i>). Ad. ♂. Head glittering blue; back dark shining green; tail dark +glossy green, outer pair of feathers broadly tipped with drab; below soiled +white; throat tinged with clayey white, sides of throat spotted with blue; +sides of breast greenish blue; sides of body brilliant green. W. 2.07; T. 1.27; +B. 1.02 (Brewster). Yng ♀. Similar but duller, rump edged with rusty; sides of +body brownish gray (Bishop).</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Huachuca Mountains, southern Arizona, and eastern Sonora (only +two specimens known)" (A. O. U.).</p> + +<p>Pages <a href="#Page_162">162</a> and <a href="#Page_166">166</a>. The Waxwings alone now compose the Family BOMBYCILLIDÆ +(formerly AMPELIDÆ) while the Phainopepla is placed in the Family +PTILOGONATIDÆ.</p> + +<p>Pages <a href="#Page_162">162</a> and <a href="#Page_169">169</a>. The subfamily Chamæinæ is now elevated to full family +rank and stands as Family CHAMÆIDÆ, Wren-Tits. It contains solely the +Wren-Tits, (Nos. 742 to 742c) the only family of birds restricted to North +America.</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_178">178</a>. After No. 498f. add: <b>498g. Vera Cruz Red-wing</b> (<i>A. p. richmondi</i>). +Similar to <i>A. p. floridanus</i> but slightly smaller; adult female much lighter +colored (resembling female of <i>A. p. sonoriensis</i>), about intermediate in color +between females of <i>A. p. floridanus</i> and <i>A. p. bryanti</i>. ♂ W. 4.40; T. 3.22; B. +90; depth of B. at base, .44. ♀. W. 3.61; T. 2.67; B. .77; depth of B. at base, 39.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Southern coast and Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas south +through eastern Mexico to Yucatan and eastern Guatemala; winters south to +eastern Nicaragua and Costa Rica." (A. O. U.).</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_185">185</a>. After No. 478d. add: <b>478e. Coast Jay</b> (<i>C. s. carbonacea</i>). "Intermediate +in size and coloration between <i>C. s. stelleri</i> and <i>C. stelleri frontalis</i>. +Dorsal surface sooty black as in <i>stelleri</i>, but with blue on forehead nearly +as extended as in <i>frontalis</i>. Tint of blue of posterior lower parts paler than in +<i><b>stelleri</b></i>, and extending further forward into pectoral region as in <i>frontalis</i>" +(Grinnell).</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299">[Pg_299]</a></span></p> +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Breeds in the humid Pacific coast strip from southern Oregon to the +Santa Lucia mountains, California and east to the mountains on the west side +of Napa Valley; in winter east to the Gabilan and Mt. Diablo ranges" (A. O. U).</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_192">192</a>. Cancel No. 530b, United States specimens of which prove to be +merely adults of No. 530. Further west, however, black-backed birds are not +found, and this western bird has been described as new. (Consequently after No. +530, add: <b>530a). Green-backed Goldfinch</b> (<i>A. p. hesperophilus</i>). Similar to <i>A. p. +psaltria</i> "but ear-coverts, sides of neck with back, nape, and rump, in fully adult +plumage, olive-green instead of black" (Oberholser). Fig. 530 represents this +area.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Southwestern United States. Breeds from southern Oregon and +Utah to southern Lower California, Sonora and extreme southwestern New Mexico; +winters from central California to Cape San Lucas" (A. O. U.).</p> + +<p>The Range of <i>A. g. psaltria</i> is therefore restricted to "northern Colorado to +central northern Texas and south throughout Mexico, except in northwestern +and extreme southern portions; casual in Wyoming." (A. O. U.).</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_194">194</a>. Cancel No. 618d, Northern Yellow-throat, which proves to be the +same as No. 681, Maryland Yellow-throat.</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_196">196</a>. After No. 652b. add: <b>652c. California Yellow Warbler</b> (<i>D. æ. +brewsteri</i>). Differs from <i>D. æ. æstiva</i> in smaller size, paler (or less brightly +yellow) coloration and, in the male, narrower streaking on under surface." +Differs from <i>D. æ. rubiginosa</i> "in much smaller size and yellower coloration," +and "from <i>D. æ. sonorana</i> in smaller size and darker coloration." ♂ W. 2.45; +T. 1.96. ♀. W. 2.33; T. 1.93 (Grinnell).</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Pacific Coast, west of the Cascades, and the Sierra Nevada from +Washington to southern California. (The range of <i>D. æ. æstiva</i> is correspondingly +restricted).</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_210">210</a>. Cancel No. 464.2, Santa Barbara Flycatcher, which proves to be +the same as No. 464, Western Flycatcher.</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_211">211</a>. Cancel No. 472a, Ridgway's Flycatcher, which proves to be the +same as No. 472, Beardless Flycatcher.</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_212">212</a>. After No. 632c. add: <b>632a. Fraser's Vireo</b> (<i>V. h. cognatus</i>). Similar +to <i>V. h. stephensi</i>, but wing averaging decidedly shorter, tarsus longer, and +coloration paler. Wing, 2.48; Tar. .74 (Ridgway).</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Cape San Lucas district of Lower California (Sierra de la Laguna; +Victoria Mountains); resident" (Ridgway).</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_214">214</a>. After No. 633a. add: <b>633b. Texas Vireo</b> (<i>V. b. medius</i>). "Similar +to <i>V. b. belli</i>, but coloration paler and tail averaging longer; pileum and hindneck +brownish gray instead of grayish brown; olive of back, etc. grayer; underparts +whiter with olive-yellow of sides and flanks much paler; under tail-coverts +and axillars white, yellowish white, or very pale sulphur yellow" +(Ridgway).</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Southwestern Texas (Presidio, Brewster and Kinney Counties) south +to Coahuila and Guanajuato, central Mexico" (A. O. U.).</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_300" id="Page_300">[Pg_300]</a></span></p> + +<p>Pages <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>. The Wren-Tits have been revised and their ranges more +correctly defined, and to the two forms given two more have been added. The +four races now recognized stand as follows: <b>742. Wren-Tit</b> (<i>Chamæa fasciata +fasciata</i>). Characters as described and figured.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Upper Sonoran zone on the eastern and southern shores of San +Francisco Bay and adjacent Santa Clara Valley" (A. O. U.).</p> + +<p><b>742a. Pallid Wren-Tit</b> (<i>C. f. henshawi</i>). Similar to <i>C. f. fasciata</i>, "but +decidedly paler, the back, scapulars, rump, etc. grayish brown (deep hair-brown), +the pileum and hindneck brownish gray (nearly mouse-gray or deep +smoke-gray), and general color of underparts varying from very pale grayish +buff to buffy ecru-drab, or pale, vinaceous-buff, fading to nearly white on lower +abdomen" (Ridgway).</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Upper Sonoran Zone of foothills and valleys of interior and southern +California from Shasta County south to northern Lower California, and along +the coast from Monterey Bay southward" (A. O. U.).</p> + +<p><b>742b. Coast Wren-Tit</b> (<i>C. f. phæa</i>). Characters as stated on page 216.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Humid Transition Zone of Pacific Coast of Oregon and northern +California (from Columbia River to Humboldt Bay)" (A. O. U.).</p> + +<p><b>742c. Ruddy Wren-Tit</b> (<i>C. f. rufula</i>). Intermediate in color between No. +742 and No. 742b. More richly colored than the former, but not so dark as the +latter.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Humid Transition coast strip of California from southern Humboldt +County to Santa Cruz" (A. O. U.).</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_217">217</a>. Cancel No. 710a. Pasadena Thrasher, which proves to be the +same as No. 710 California Thrasher.</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_223">223</a>. After No. 542b, add: <b>542d. Nevada Savannah Sparrow</b> (<i>P. s. +nevadensis</i>). Resembles <i>P. s. alaudinus</i> "but much paler throughout in all plumages; +white replacing buff, black streaks thus more conspicuously contrasted, +there being a minimum amount of hazel marginings; size slightly less." Differs +from <i>P. s. savanna</i> "as above, but in greater degree" (Grinnell, Univ. Calif. +Pub. Zool. V, 1910, p. 312).</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Humboldt and Washoe Counties, Nevada, and probably throughout +Great Basin, south in winter to the Colorado Desert and Los Angeles Co., California" +(A. O. U.).</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, after No. 574b (which, as shown in the Systematic Table, now +becomes 574.1a) add: <b>574.1b. California Sage Sparrow</b> (<i>Amphispiza nevadensis +canescens</i>). Similar to <i>Amphispiza belli</i> but size somewhat greater, and coloration +throughout very much paler; resembles <i>Amphispiza nevadensis nevadensis</i>, +but size very much less, and coloration slightly darker. ♂ W. 2.79; T. 3.03. +♀ W. 2.63; T. 2.87 (Grinnell).</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Upper Sonoran Zone in Owens Valley and adjacent areas in eastern +California and extreme western Nevada" (A. O. U.).</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_229">229</a>. After No. 581c. add <b>581s. Suisun Song Sparrow</b> (<i>M. m. maxillaris</i>). +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_301" id="Page_301">[Pg_301]</a></span> +Size of <i>M. m. heermanni</i>; but black streakings everywhere broader, and +the general tone of coloration darker; larger than <i>M. m. samuelis</i> and with +brown more extended and deeper in tone (bay rather than hazel); unique in +having the base of the maxilla inflated or swollen with "lateral bulbosities" +(Grinnell).</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Marshes bordering Suisun Bay, Solano Co., California.</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_230">230</a>. After No. 581d. add: <b>581p. Mendocino Song Sparrow</b> (<i>M. m. +cleonsis</i>). Size of <i>M. m. samuelis</i> but lighter and more rusty; black markings +of back more restricted; spots of breast broadly edged with rusty; black on +side of head and neck almost entirely replaced by rusty or reddish brown" +(McGregor).</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Coast strip of southern Oregon and northern California from +Yaquina Bay, Oregon, to Tomales Bay, California" (A. O. U.).</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_231">231</a>. After No. 585d. add: <b>585e. Sooty Fox Sparrow</b> (<i>P. i. fuliginosa</i>). +"Similar to <i>P. i. townsendi</i> but darker and less rufescent, the upperparts, sides of +head and neck and lateral underparts sepia or sooty brown, the upper tail-coverts +and tail slightly more castaneous; spots on underparts dark sooty +brown, larger and more confluent than in other forms" (Ridgway).</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Northwest coast strip. Breeds on the coast of British Columbia, +Vancouver Island and northwestern Washington; winters south along the coast +to San Francisco, California" (A. O. U.).</p> + +<p><b>No. 585f. Kadiak Fox Sparrow</b> (<i>P. i. insularis</i>). "Similar to <i>P. i. unalaschensis</i> +but much browner and more uniform above (back warm sepia), spots on +chest, etc., larger and much deeper brown and under tail-coverts more strongly +tinged with buff" (Ridgway).</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Alaska coast strip. Breeds on Kadiak Island and on the coast from +Prince William Sound south to Cross Sound; winters along the coast to southern +California" (A. O. U.).</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_234">234</a>. After No. 715 add: <b>715a. San Nicolas Rock Wren</b> (<i>S. o. +pulverius</i>). Similar to <i>S. o. obsoletus</i> "but entire plumage, especially the upperparts, +suffused with ochraceous or dust color, almost identical with the tint +of the soil on San Nicholas Island" (Grinnell).</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—San Nicholas Island, California.</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_236">236</a>. Cancel No. 821b, <i>Troglodytes aëdon aztecus</i>, which proves to be the +same as No. 721a, <i>T. a. parkmani</i>. The common name, Western House Wren, +however, is retained in place of the common name Parkman's Wren.</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_237">237</a>. After No. 725c add: <b>725d. Prairie Marsh Wren</b> (<i>T. p. iliacus</i>). +"Similar to <i>T. p. palustris</i>, but slightly larger and with the coloration more +rufescent, the brown of the upperparts russet-brown to cinnamon-brown or +russet, the flanks conspicuously deep cinnamon-buff or cinnamon" (Ridgway).</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Plains and prairies of central North America. Breeds from central +Alberta and southwestern Keewatin south to central Mississippi Valley and east to +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302">[Pg_302]</a></span> +Indiana; winters southward into Mexico and along the Gulf coast to western +Florida (A. O. U.).</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_238">238</a>. After No. 759c add: <b>759d. Monterey Hermit Thrush</b> (<i>H. g. +slevini</i>). General color extremely pale and ashy, nearly as much so as in <i>H. g. +sequoiensis</i>; above hair-brown, slightly browner on top of head; upper tail-coverts +and tail isabella color; spots on breast sepia, small in size and few in +numbers. (Grinnell).</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Breeds in Transition Zone of the coast belt in California from +northern Trinity County to southern Monterey County; south in migration to +Lower California and Sonora" (A. O. U.).</p> + +<p><b>759e. Sierra Hermit Thrush</b> (<i>H. g. sequoiensis</i>). Similar in coloration to +<i>H. g. slevini</i>, but decidedly larger and slightly darker or browner; similar to +<i>H. g. guttata</i>, but larger, paler, and grayer; decidedly smaller." W. 3.65; T. 2.82. +(Ridgway).</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Breeds in Boreal Zones from southern British Columbia to high +mountains in southern California; south in migration and in winter to Lower +California, western Texas, and northern Mexico" (A. O. U.).</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_239">239</a>. Cancel 758b, Monterey Thrush, and No. 758c, Alma Thrush, which +are now considered to be the same as No. 758, Russet-backed Thrush.</p> + +<p>Pages <a href="#Page_240">240</a> and <a href="#Page_240">241</a>. The decisions of the A. O. U. Committee on numerous +proposed changes in the standing of our Juncos were not published until after +the first edition of the Color Key appeared. One new form (No. 567h) has +been added to those therein given one (<i>J. o. shufeldti</i>) has been omitted and the +following changes have been made in nomenclature:</p> + +<p>No. 568. <i>Junco mearnsi</i>, becomes No. 567g, Junco hyemalis mearnsi, and the +Range of this form is now given as "Rocky Mountain region. Breeds from +southwestern Saskatchewan to southern Idaho and northern Wyoming and +Colorado to southern Arizona, southern New Mexico, and northeastern Sonora" +(A. O. U.).</p> + +<p>No. 567.1 <i>Junco montanus</i>, becomes No. 567f. <i>Junco hyemalis montanus</i>.</p> + +<p>No. 571.1 <i>Junco townsendi</i>, becomes No. 567i, <i>Junco hyemalis townsendi</i>.</p> + +<p>No. 569 <i>Junco caniceps</i>, becomes No. 570b. <i>Junco phæonotus caniceps</i>.</p> + +<p>No. 570a. <i>Junco dorsalis</i>, becomes <i>Junco phæonotus dorsalis</i>.</p> + +<p>No. 567a. <i>Junco oreganus</i>, becomes <i>Junco hyemalis oreganus</i>.</p> + +<p>No. 567c. <i>Junco oreganus thurberi</i>, becomes <i>Junco hyemalis thurberi</i>.</p> + +<p>No. 567d. <i>Junco oreganus pinosus</i>, becomes <i>Junco hyemalis pinosus</i>.</p> + +<p>The common names of all the preceding species remain unchanged.</p> + +<p>No. 567b. Coues' Junco (<i>Junco oreganus connectens</i>) becomes Shufeldt's +Junco (<i>Junco hyemalis connectens</i>), and this form also includes <i>J. o. shufeldti</i> of +the 'Color Key,' which is therefore cancelled. The Range of 567b, thus stands +as follows:</p> + +<p class="smaller">Rocky Mountain region. Breeds from the coast of southern British Columbia +east to west, central Alberta and south to northern Oregon; winters over entire +Rocky Mountain tableland to eastern Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, western +Texas, Chihuahua, and Sonora; casual in northern Lower California" (A. O. U.).</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_303" id="Page_303">[Pg_303]</a></span></p> + +<p>The one new form added follows No. 568. after which insert <b>567h, Ridgway's +Junco</b> (<i>J. h. annectens</i>). Back with a reddish brown patch as in <i>J. p. caniceps</i>, +but sides washed with pinkish brown, as in <i>J. h. mearnsi</i>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Wyoming, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico" (A. O. U.).</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_242">242</a>. Cancel No. 744.1, Santa Rita Bush-Tit, which proves to be the +same as No. 745, Lloyd's Bush-Tit.</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_243">243</a>. Cancel No. 731a, Texan Tufted Titmouse, which proves to be the +same as No. 731, Tufted Titmouse.</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_243">243</a>. After No. 732 add: <b>732a. Sennett's Titmouse</b> (<i>B. a. sennetti</i>). +"Similar to <i>B. a. atricistatus</i>, but decidedly larger; +upper parts much clearer gray, with little, if any olive tinge; adult female with crest feathers more often +and more extensively tipped with gray, and both sexes with the forehead more +often tinged with brown or rusty, sometimes deeply so" (Ridgway).</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Central Texas, "from Tom Green and Concho Counties east to the +Brazos River, and from Young County south to Nueces and Bee Counties" (A. O. U.).</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_244">244</a>. After No. 741b. add: <b>741c. Valdez Chestnut-sided Chickadee</b> (<i>P. +r. vivax</i>). Like <i>P. r. rufescens</i> in coloration but larger, tail proportionately +longer and bill bulkier. W. 2.48; T. 2.32 (Grinnell).</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Prince William Sound Region, Alaska.</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_244">244</a>. Cancel 740a. Kowak Chickadee, and No. 740b, Columbian +Chickadee, which prove to be the same as No. 740, Hudsonian Chickadee. +<i>Parus h. littoralis</i> becomes No. 740a, Acadian Chickadee.</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_244">244</a>. After No. 738 add: <b>738a. Bailey's Mountain Chickadee</b> (<i>P. g. +baileyæ</i>). Similar to <i>P. g. gambeli</i>, "but coloration dorsally and laterally more +plumbeous, less brownish, and bill larger." B. 41 (Grinnell).</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Mountains of Great Basin region and northern Lower California. +Breeds in Canadian and Transition Zones from the Maury Mountains, Oregon, +south over Nevada and eastern California to the San Pedro Martir Mountains, +Lower California" (A. O. U.).</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_245">245</a>. After No. 736a add: <b>736b. Florida Chickadee</b> (<i>P. c. impiger</i>). +Similar to <i>P. c. carolinensis</i> but darker and decidedly smaller (except bill). +W. 2.08; T. 1.81; B. .31 (Ridgway).</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—East central Florida.</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_245">245</a>. After No. 735b add: <b>735c. Yukon Chickadee</b> (<i>P. a. turneri</i>). +"Similar to <i>P. a. septentrionalis</i> but slightly smaller, coloration grayer above and +more extensively or purely white beneath, and white edgings of greater wing-coverts, +secondaries, and outermost rectrices broader, more purely white" +(Ridgway).</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Alaska, north and west of Cook Inlet.</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_248">248</a>. After No. 622c add the northeastern form of the Loggerhead +Shrike, which is intermediate between <i>L. l. ludovicianus</i> and <i>L. l. excubitorides</i> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_304" id="Page_304">[Pg_304]</a></span> +and has been separated as <b>622e. Migrant Shrike</b> (<i>L. l. migrans</i>). Similar to +<i>L. l. ludovicianus</i> but bill smaller and colors averaging paler. Not so pale as, +and lacking the whitish upper tail-coverts of <i>L. l. excubitorides</i>.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Eastern North America. Breeds chiefly in Transition and Upper +Austral Zones from northern Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, southern Ontario, +southern Quebec, Maine, and New Brunswick, south to eastern Kansas, southern +Illinois, Kentucky, western North Carolina and interior of Virginia (locally in the +east); winters from Middle States and southern New England to Texas, Louisiana, +and Mississippi" (A. O. U.).</p> + +<p>The Range of the Loggerhead Shrike (No. 622) is therefore restricted to the +South Atlantic and Gulf States from southern North Carolina south through +Florida and west to Louisiana.</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_250">250</a>. After No. 612 add: <b>612a. Lesser Cliff Swallow</b> (<i>P. l. tachina</i>). +Similar to <i>P. l. lunifrons</i> but decidedly smaller, the forehead ochraceous instead +of cream color. W. 4.08; T. 1.77 (Oberholser).</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Texas and Mexico. Breeds in western Texas, the Rio Grande +Valley, and through eastern Mexico to Vera Cruz" (A. O. U.).</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_250">250</a>. No. 612.2. <i>Petrochelidon melanogastra</i>, becomes No. 612b, <i>Petrochelidon +lunifrons melanogastra</i>.</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_250">250</a>. After No. 611.1 (which is now believed to be of only occasional +occurrence in southern Florida) add: <b>611.2. Gray-breasted Martin</b> (<i>Progne +chalybea</i>). Male much like the female of <i>P. subis</i> but brighter, more uniformly +steel-blue above. Female like female of <i>P. subis</i> but brighter, more uniformly +gray, the belly whiter, without black shaft streaks; the nape without sign of a +collar in either sex. W. 5.2.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—Breeds from Lower Rio Grande in Texas south to southern Brazil.</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_253">253</a>. After No. 496 (which has become <i>Tangavius æneus involucratus</i>) +add: <b>496a. Bronzed Cowbird</b> (<i>T. w. æneus</i>). Similar to <i>T. æ. involucratus</i> but +plumage of the male <i>smoother</i> and more glossy; the female much grayer, more +like female of <i>M. ater</i>.</p> + +<p>Range.—"San Antonio, Texas, south through eastern Mexico, Yucatan and +central America to Panama" (A. O. U.).</p> + +<p class="smaller">The Range of No. 496 is hence restricted to the region from northwestern +Mexico to southern Arizona.</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_255">255</a>. After No. 488a. add: <b>488b. Western Crow</b> (<i>C. b. hesperis</i>). +Similar to No. 488 "but decidedly smaller, with bill relatively smaller and more +slender." ♂ W. 11.88; T. 6.72; B. 1.87; depth of B. at nostril .62 (Ridgway).</p> + +<p class="smaller">Range.—"Western North America, from east central British Columbia and +Montana south to southern California, Arizona, and western Texas" (A. O. U.).</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<a name="Appendix_II"></a> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_305" id="Page_305">[Pg_305]</a></span></p> + +<div class="caption2">APPENDIX II.</div> +<br /> +<div class="caption4">FAUNAL BIBLIOGRAPHY</div> + +<p>When one is engaged in a study of the birds of a certain region or locality +it is of the first importance to learn what has been published about them by +previous workers. Such information may appear in general works on the +bird-life of a large area, but more frequently it is found in 'local lists' of the +birds of a limited district. These lists constitute one of the most characteristic +and numerous types of ornithological publication. They are of value to +the student of distribution and migration, in the broader phases of these +subjects, and they are of especial interest and assistance to students living +in the region to which they relate.</p> + +<p>The appended titles of works of this nature have been selected from a +card catalogue of faunal publications which the author began to prepare +some twenty years ago, in part with regard to their historic importance, but +mainly on the basis of their present working value.</p> + +<p>Unfortunately many of these papers are now out of print or are hidden +in scientific publications of but limited circulation and are therefore correspondingly +inaccessible. When, however, other means to secure them fail, +the Librarian of the American Museum of Natural History, in New York +City, may be consulted with a view to securing, at cost, a type written copy +of any list desired.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_306" id="Page_306">[Pg_306]</a></span></p> +<div class="caption4">THE WORLD</div> + +<p>1875-1895. SHARPE, B., and others. Catalogue of Birds in the British +Museum. 27 vols. with descriptions of the birds of the world, ills.—1885. STEJNEGER, +L., and others. Riverside Natural History. Vol. IV, Birds, 4to, 558 +pp., ills. (Houghton, Mifflin). Classification, structure, habits, distribution.—1893-1836. +NEWTON, A., and others. A Dictionary of Birds. Pop. Ed., 8vo, 1088 +pp., ills. (Macmillan).—1894-95. LYDEKKER, R., and others. Royal Nat. Hist., +Birds, 4to, Vols. III, 584 pp., and IV, 576 pp., ills., General account.—1899. +EVANS, A. H., Birds. Vol. IX, Cambridge Natural History (Macmillan). 8vo, +635 pp. ills. Classification, habits, distribution.—1899-1909. SHARPE, B. A +Hand-List of the Genera and Species of Birds. 8vo, 5 vols. Published by British +Museum. Names and Ranges.—1909. KNOWLTON, F. H., and others. +Birds of the World, sm. 4to, 873 pp., ills. (Holt). Habits, distribution.</p> + +<div class="caption4">NORTH AMERICA</div> + +<p>1804-14, WILSON, A. American Ornithology. 9 vols., 4to Many subsequent +editions, the last, in one volume, by Porter & Coates, Philadelphia, is +crude, but at least places Wilson's text within reach of every one.—1831-39. AUDUBON, +J. J. Ornithological Biography. 5 vols., 8vo of text to accompany the +4 elephant folios of plates (1827-38). Republished in 8 vols., 8vo, 1840-44 and +later editions. The elephant folios with the 5 volumes of text sell for $2500-$3000; +the text can sometimes be purchased at $5 per volume; the first 8vo edition +brings about $350.—1832-34. NUTTALL, T. Manual of the Ornithology of +the United States and Canada. 2 vols. Several later editions, the last revised +by Montague Chamberlain (Little, Brown & Co.), 1903, 2 vols. in one, 473 and +431 pp.—1858. BAIRD, S. F., CASSIN, J., and LAWRENCE, G. N. Pacific R. R. +Reports. Vol. IX. Birds (of North America). 4to. pp. LVI+1005—1872. COUES, +E. Key to North American Birds. 1903, 5th and last ed., 2 vols., roy. 8vo. 1152 +pp. The introduction, of 233 pages, treats of general ornithology and the anatomy +of birds.—1874-1884. BAIRD, S. F., BREWER, T. M., and RIDGWAY, R. +History of North American Birds. Land birds, 3 vols.: water birds, 2 vols., 4to. +The volumes on land birds republished in 8vo size but from same plates, 1905, +596, 590, 560 pp. (Little, Brown & Co).—1886. American Ornithologists' Union +Check-List of North American Birds. New York, Rev. Ed. 1910, 8vo, 430 pp.—1887. +RIDGWAY, R. A Manual of North American Birds. 2d Ed. 1896, 653 pp. +(Lippincott).—1892-5. BENDIRE, C. Life Histories of North American Birds. +I, 414 pp., Gallinaceous birds, Pigeons, Hawks, and Owls; II, 1895, 508 pp., +Parrots, Cuckoos, Trogons, Kingfishers, Woodpeckers, Goatsuckers, Swifts, +Hummingbirds, Cotingas, Flycatchers, Larks, Crows and Jays, Blackbirds and +Orioles. (Pub. by U. S. Nat. Mus.)—1893. NEHRLING, H. Our Native Birds +of Song and Beauty. Vol. I, 371 pp.; Vol. II, 1896, 452 pp. Biographical.—1898. +DAVIE, O. Nests and Eggs of North American Birds. 5th Ed., 8vo, 509 pp. +(Columbus, Ohio).—1901-1911. RIDGWAY, R. The Birds of North and Middle +America. Bull. 50, U. S. Nat. Mus. Part I, 1901, Fringillidæ; Part II, 1902, Tanagridæ, +Icteridæ, Cœrebidæ, Mniotiltidæ; Part III, 1904, Motacillidæ, Hirundinidæ, +Ampelidæ, Ptilogonatidæ, Dulidæ, Vireonidæ, Laniidæ, Corvidæ, Paridæ, +Sittidæ, Certhiidæ, Troglodytidæ, Cinclidæ, Chameidæ, Sylviidæ; Part IV, 1907, +Turdidæ, Zeledoniidæe, Mimidæe, Sturnidæ, Ploceidæ, Alaudidaæ, Oxyruncidæ, +Tyrannidæ, Pipridæ, Cotingidæ. Part V, 1912, Pteroptochidæ, Formicariidæ, +Furnariidæ, Dendrocolaptidæ, Trochilidæ, Micropodidæ, Trogonidæ. Other volumes +to follow. The standard work.—1903. CHAPMAN, F. M. Color Key to +North American Birds. 312 pp., upward 800 col. ills.—1904. REED, C. S. +North American Birds' Eggs. 355 pp., many ills.—1910. American Ornithologists' +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_307" id="Page_307">[Pg_307]</a></span> +Union Abridged Check-List of North American Birds. Pocket Edition, 77 +printed + 77 blank pp. (New York).</p> + +<div class="caption4">EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.</div> + +<p>1872-1881. MAYNARD, C. J. Birds of Eastern North America; 1896, Rev. +Ed., 4to, 721 pp., ills. (West Newton, Mass.).—1884. LANGILLE, J. H…. Our +Birds in Their Haunts. 12mo, 624 pp. (Cassino).—1889. MERRIAM, F. A. +Birds Through an Opera-glass. 12mo, 223 pp. (Houghton).—1895. WRIGHT, +M. O. Birdcraft, 12mo, 317 pp., ills. (Macmillan).—1895. CHAPMAN, F. M. +Handbook of the Birds of Eastern North America, 421 pp., ills.; 1912. Rev. Ed. +(Appleton's).—1897. CHAPMAN, F. M. Bird-Life. A Guide to the Study of our +Common Birds. 12mo. 269 pp. 75 plls.; 1901, Rev. Ed., with col. plls. (Appleton's).—1897. +WRIGHT, M. O., and COUES, E. Citizen Bird, 12mo, 430 pp. ills. +(Macmillan).—1898. BLANCHAN, N. Bird Neighbors, 234 pp., col. Plls. +(Doubleday).—1898. MERRIAM, F. A. Birds of Village and Field. 12mo. 406 +pp., ills. (Houghton).—1898. SCOTT, W. E. D. Bird Studies, an Account of the +Land Birds of Eastern North America. 4to, 363 pp. Many half-tones (Putnam's).—1898. +APGAR, A. C. Birds of the United States East of the Rockies. +12mo, 415 pp. ills. (Am. Book Co.).—1899. CORY, C. B. The Birds of Eastern +North America. 8vo, 387 pp., ills. (Field Museum).—1905-6. REED, C. A. +Bird-Guide. Oblong, 32mo, Part I, 254 pp.; Part II, 197 pp.; many ills. (Doubleday).</p> + +<div class="caption4">GREENLAND</div> + +<p>1861. REINHARDT, J. List of Birds Hitherto Observed in Greenland; +Ibis, III, pp. 1-19, 118 species.—1875. NEWTON, A. Notes on Birds Which +Have Been Found in Greenland, … London, 8vo pamphlet, pp. 94-115 (Author's +extra from Man. Nat. Hist. Greenland). 63+62 species; bibliography.—1889. +HAGERUP, A. Some Account of the Birds of Southern Greenland, from +the MSS.. of A. Hagerup, edited by Montague Chamberlain. Auk, VI, pp. 211-218, +219-297, 39 species.—1891. HAGERUP, A. T. The Birds of Greenland, translated +from the Danish by Fremann B. Arngrimson, edited by Montague Chamberlain, +Boston (Little, Brown & Co.), 8vo, 62 pp.; 139 species.—1892. STONE, W. Birds +Collected by the West Greenland Expedition. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1892, +pp. 145-152; 147 species.—1895. STONE, W. List of Birds Collected by the +Peary Expd. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1895, pp. 502-505; 28 species.—1895. +SCHALOW, H. VON. Ueber eine Voglesammlung aus Westgrönland. Jour. für +Orn., 1895, pp. 457-481; 35 species.—1899. CHAPMAN, F. M. Report on Birds +Received Through the Peary Expeditions to Greenland. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. +Hist., XII, pp. 219-244; 48 pages.—1904. SCHALOW, H. Die Vögel der Arktis, +Band IV, Leiferung, I, pp. 81-288; Gustav Fischer, Jena. A detailed synopsis of +Arctic bird-life.</p> + +<div class="caption4">ALASKA</div> + +<p>1869. DALL, W. H., and BANNISTER, H. M. List of the Birds of Alaska, +with Biographical Notes. Trans. Chic. Acad. Nat. Sci., I, pp. 267-310, pll. +XXVII-XXXIV; 212 species.—1873. DALL, W. H. Notes on the Avifauna of the +Aleutian Islands, from Unalashka, eastward. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. V, pp. 25-35; 53 +species.—1874. DALL, W. H. Notes on the Avifauna of the Aleutian Islands, especially +those west of Unalashka. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. V, pp. 270-281; 45 species.—1875. +COUES, E. A Report upon the Condition of Affairs in the Territory of +Alaska. By H. W. Elliot. 8vo. pp. 277. Chapter IX. Ornithology of the Prybilov +Islands, pp. 166-212; 39 species.—1882. BEAN, T. H. Notes on Birds Collected +during the Summer of 1880 in Alaska and Siberia. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., V, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_308" id="Page_308">[Pg_308]</a></span> +pp. 144-173; 77 species.—1885. MURDOCH, J. Bird Migration at Point Barrow, +Arctic Alaska. Auk, II, p. 63; 50 species.—1883. HARTLAUB, G. Beitrag +zur Ornithologie von Alaska, nach dem Sammlungen und Noten von Dr. +Arthur Krause und Dr. Aurel Krause. Journ für Orn. pp. 257-286; 83 species.—1883. +NELSON, E. W. Birds of Bering Sea and the Arctic Ocean. Cruise of +the Revenue steamer Corwin in Alaska and the N. W. Arctic Ocean in 1881. +Washington.—1885. MURDOCH, J. Report of the International Polar Expedition +to Point Barrow, Alaska. Washington. Birds, pp. 104-128; 54 species.—1885. +TURNER, L. M. Notes on the Birds of the Nearer Islands, Alaska. +Auk, II, pp. 154-159; 69 species.—1887. TOWNSEND, C. H. List of the Midsummer +Birds of the Kowak River, Northern Alaska. Auk, IV, pp. 11-13; 52 +species.—1888. NELSON, E. W. Report upon Natural History Collections +made in Alaska Between the Years 1877 and 1881. Edited by Henry W. Henshaw. +4to. pp. 337. Birds, pp. 19-230, pll. I-XII, colored; 260 species; important.—1888. +TURNER, L. M. Contributions to the Natural History of Alaska. +Results of Investigations made chiefly in the Yukon District and the Aleutian +Islands. 4to, pp. 226; birds, pp. 115-191, pll. I-X, colored; 168 species.—1898. +GRINNELL, J. Summer Birds of Sitka, Alaska. Auk, XV, pp. 122-131; 66 species.—1899. +PALMER, W. The Avifauna of the Pribilov Islands. The Fur +Seals and Fur Seal Islands of the North Pacific Ocean, Part III, pp., 355-431; 68 +species; bibliography.—1900. GRINNELL, J. Birds of the Kotzebue Sound Region, +Alaska. Pacific Coast Avifauna No. 1. Cooper Orn. Club, Los Angeles, +Calif. 80 pp. 1 map; 113 species.—1900. STONE, W. Report on Birds and +Mammals obtained by the McIlhenny Expedition to Pt. Barrow, Alaska, Proc. +Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila, birds, pp. 4-33; 69 species.—1901. OSGOOD, W. H. Natural +History of the Cook Inlet Region, Alaska. North American Fauna, No. 21; +birds, pp. 72-81; 78 species.—1902. McGREGOR, R. C. A List of Birds Collected +in Norton Sound, Alaska. The Condor, IV, pp. 135-144; 63 species.—1904. +OSGOOD, W. H. A Biological Reconnaissance of the Base of the Alaska Peninsula. +North American Fauna, No. 24; birds, pp. 51-81; 134 species.—1906. +McGREGOR, R. C. Birds Observed in the Krenitzin Islands, Alaska. The Condor, +VIII, pp. 114-122; 44 species.—1909. GRINNELL, J. Birds and Mammals +of the 1907 Alexander Expedition to Southeastern Alaska. Univ. Cal. Pub. Zool. +V, 2 pp. 171-264; 99 species.—1909. OSGOOD, W. H. Biological Investigations +in Alaska and Yukon Territory. North American Fauna, No. 30; 96 pp. 6 plls. +I. East Central Alaska, 76 species; II. Ogilvie Range, Yukon, 43 species; III. +The Macmillan River, Yukon, 55 species.—1909. SHELDON, C. List of Birds +Observed on the Upper Toklat River near Mt. McKinley, Alaska, 1907-1908. +The Auk, XXVI, pp. 66-70; 63 species.—1910. CLARK, A. H. The Birds Collected +and Observed in the North Pacific Ocean, and in Bering, Okhotsk, Japan, +and Eastern Seas, from April to December, 1906. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. +1727, pp. 25-74; 175 species.—1910. GRINNELL, J. Birds of the 1908 Alexander +Alaska Expedition, with a note on the Avifaunal Relationships of the Prince +William Sound District, Univ. Cal. Pub. Zool. V, 12, pp. 361-428; 2 plls; 89 species.—1911. +SWARTH, H. S. Birds and Mammals of the 1909 Alexander Alaska +Expedition. Univ. Cal. Pub. Zool. VII, 2, pp. 9-172; 6 plls. Birds, pp. 23-112; +137 species.—1912. BENT, A. C. Notes on Birds Observed during a Brief +visit to the Aleutian Islands and Bering Sea in 1911. Smiths. Miscell. Colls. +Vol. 56 No. 32; pp. 29; 60+22 species.</p> + +<a name="LOWER_CALIFORNIA"></a> +<div class="caption4">LOWER CALIFORNIA</div> + +<p>1859, BAIRD, S. F. Notes on a collection of Birds made by Mr. John +Xantus, at Cape San Lucas, Lower California. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XI, +pp. 299-306; 42 species.—1876. RIDGWAY, R. Ornithology of Guadeloupe +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_309" id="Page_309">[Pg_309]</a></span> +Island based on notes and collections made by Dr. Edward Palmer. Bull. U. S. +Geol. Surv. Terr. Vol. II, pp. 183-195; 10 species.—1877. STREETS, T. H., M. D. +Contributions to the Natural History of the Hawaiian and Fanning Islands and +Lower California. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 7, p 172; birds, pp. 9-33.—1883. +BELDING, L. Catalogue of a Collection of Birds made near the Southern Extremity +of the Peninsula of Lower California. Edited by R. Ridgway. Proc. U. +S. Nat. Mus. V. 1882, pp. 532-550; 154 species (See also <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 527-532; VI, +pp. 344-352).—1888. BRYANT, W. E. Cerros Island. Forest and Stream, XXVII, +pp. 62-64; 27 species.—1887. BRYANT, W. E. Additions to the Ornithology of +Guadeloupe Island. Bull. Cal. Acad. Sci. II, 6, pp. 269-318; 35 species.—1888. GOSS, +N. S. New and Rare Birds found Breeding on the San Pedro Martir Isle. Auk, +V, pp. 240-224; 5 species.—1890. BRYANT, W. E. A catalogue of the Birds of +Lower California, Mexico. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 2nd Ser. II, pp. 237-320, with +map; 320 species; bibliography.—1890. TOWNSEND, C. H. Birds from the +Coasts of Western North America and adjacent Islands Collected in 1888-89, +with Descriptions of New Species. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIII, 1890, pp. 131-142. +Clarion Islands, 10 species; Socorro Island, 9 species; San Benedicte Island, 6 +species; Lower California, 23 species; Mouth of Rio Colorado, Sonora, 3 species; +Cerros Island, 2 species; Guadeloupe Island, Lower California, 3 species; Santa +Barbara Island, California, 4 species; San Clemente Island, California, 9 species; +San Nicolas Island, California, 1 species; Santa Rosa Island, California, 5 +species; Santa Cruz Island, California, 10 species.—1895. ANTHONY, A. W. +Birds of San Fernando, Lower California. Auk, XII, pp. 134-143; 65 species.—1898. +ANTHONY, A. W. Avifauna of Revillagigedo Islands. The Auk, XV, pp. +311-318. San Benedicte Island, 11 species; Socorro Island, 24 species; Clarion +Island, 17 species.—1902. BREWSTER, W. Birds of the Cape Region of Lower +California. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.. No. 1, XLI, 241 pp., 1 map; 255 species; bibliography.—1903. +GRINNELL, J. and DAGGETT, F. S. An Ornithological Visit +to Los Coronados Islands, Lower California. The Auk, XX, pp. 27-37; 22 species; +bibliography.—1904. BRENINGER, G. F. San Clemente Island and its +Birds. The Auk, XXI, pp. 218-223.—1905. KAEDING, H. B. Birds from the +West Coast of Lower California and Adjacent Islands. The Condor, VII, pp. +105-111; 168 species.—1905. STONE, W. and RHOADS, S. N. On a Collection +of Birds and Mammals from the Colorado Delta, Lower California. Proc. Acad. +Nat. Sci Phila., pp. 676-690; 50 species.—1907. THAYER, J. E. and BANGS, O. +Birds Collected by W. W. Brown, Jr., on Cerros, San Benito and Natividad +Islands in the spring of 1906, with Notes on the Biota of the Islands. The Condor, +IX, pp. 77-81. Cerros, 29; Natividad, 9; San Benito, 7 species.—1907. +THAYER, J. E., and BANGS, O. Catalogue of Birds Collected in Middle Lower +California. The Condor IX, pp. 135-140; 73 species.—1908. THAYER, J. E. and +BANGS, O. The Present State of the Ornis of Guadeloupe Island. The Condor, +X, pp. 101-106; 20 species.—1909. OSBORN, P. I. Notes on the Birds of Los +Coronados Islands, Lower California. The Condor XI, pp. 134-138; 34 species.</p> + +<div class="caption4">BRITISH POSSESSIONS</div> +<br /> +<div class="caption4">BERMUDA</div> + +<p>1859. JONES, J. M., WEDDERBURN, J. W., and HURDIS, J. L.. The Naturalist +in Bermuda. Birds, pp. 23-97.—1884. REID, S. G. List of the Birds of +Bermuda. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 25., pp. 165-279; 186 species. (See also, +MERRIAM, C. H., <i>Ibid.</i>, 283, 284).—1901. BANGS, O. and BRADLEE, T. S. +The Resident Land Birds of Bermuda. Auk, XVIII, pp. 249-257; 10 species.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_310" id="Page_310">[Pg_310]</a></span></p> +<div class="caption3">CANADA</div> + +<p>1831. SWAINSON, W., and RICHARDSON, J. Fauna Boreali-Americana. +Part Second, 4to, pp. lxvi-524, pll. 24-73, woodct. 41; 238 species; important.—1863. +BLAKISTON, T. On the Birds of the Interior of British America. +Ibis., V, pp. 39-87, 121-155; 250 species.—1887. CHAMBERLAIN, M. A Catalogue +of Canadian Birds with Notes on the Distribution of the Species. 8vo, pp. +143. St. John, N. B.—1898. RUSSELL, F. Explorations in the Far North, (Lake +Winnipeg, Crow Nest Pass, Alberta, Fort Chippewayan, Fort Rae, Herschel Island.) +Published by University of Iowa. Birds, pp. 253-270; 122 species.—1909. +MACOUN, J. and J. M. Catalogue of Canadian Birds. 8vo, XVIII+761 pp. +Government Ptg. Bureau, Ottawa. Distribution and nesting; important.</p> + +<div class="caption4">ALBERTA</div> + +<p>1892. RAINE, W. (<a href="#SASKATCHEWAN">See Saskatchewan.</a>)—1909. STANSELL, S. S. S., +Birds of Central Alberta. The Auk, XXVI, pp. 391-400; 157 species.</p> + +<a name="BRITISH_COLUMBIA"></a> +<div class="caption4">BRITISH COLUMBIA</div> + +<p>1868. BROWN, R. Synopsis of the Birds of Vancouver Island. Ibis, 2nd +Ser., IV, pp. 414-428; 153 species.—1890. CHAPMAN, F. M. On a Collection of +Birds made by Mr. Clark P. Streator in British Columbia with Field Notes by +the Collector. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., III, pp. 123-158; 160 species, from Westminister, +Mt. Lehman, Ducks, and Ashcroft, B. C., Duncan's Station, Vancouver +Island, and Kalama, Washington.—1891. FANNIN, J. Check-List of British Columbia +Birds. 8vo. pp. XIV+49. Victoria, B. C.; 307 species.—1893. RHOADS, +S. N. The Birds observed in British Columbia and Washington during spring +and summer of 1892. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1893, pp. 21-65; 260 species.—1901. +OSGOOD, W. H. Natural History of the Queen Charlotte Islands, British +Columbia. North American Fauna, No. 21, Birds, pp. 38-50; 98 species.—1903. +BROOKS, A. Notes on the Birds of the Cariboo District, British Columbia. +The Auk, XX, pp. 277-284; 94 species.—1912. SWARTH, H. S. Report on +a Collection of Birds and Mammals from Vancouver Island, Univ. Calif. Pub. +Zool. X, 1, pp. 124; 111 species.</p> + +<div class="caption4">FRANKLIN</div> + +<p>1879. KUMLIEN, L. Contributions to the Natural History of Arctic America, +made in Connection with the Howgate Polar Expedition, 1877-78. Bull. U. +S. Nat. Mus., No. 15. Birds, pp. 69-105; 84 species.—1886. GREELEY, A. W. +Three years of Arctic Service. Roy 8vo, 2 vols, Birds, Vol. II, App. VIII, pp. +372-385; 35+5 species.</p> + +<div class="caption4">KEEWATIN</div> + +<p>1902. PREBLE, E. A. Birds of Keewatin, N. A. Fauna, No. 22, pp. 75-131; +260 species.—1905. EIFRIG, C. W. G. Ornithological Results of the Canadian +Neptune Expedition to Hudson Bay and Northward, 1903-1904. Auk, pp. 233-241; +51 species.</p> + +<div class="caption4">LABRADOR (INCLUDING UNGAVA)</div> + +<p>1861. COUES, E. Notes on the Ornithology of Labrador. Proc. Acad. Nat. +Sci. Phila., XIII, pp. 215-257; 82 species.—1885. TURNER, L. M. List of the +Birds of Labrador, including Ungava, East Main, Moose, and Gulf Districts of +the Hudson Bay Company, together with the Island of Anticosti. Proc. U. S. +Nat. Mus., VIII, pp. 233-254; 207 species. (See also PACKARD, A. S. The Labrador +Coast, 1891).—1887. FRAZAR, M. A. An Ornithologist's Summer in +Labrador. Orn. and Oöl., XII, pp. 1-3, 17-20, 33-35; 62 species.—1902. BIGELOW, +H. B. Birds of the Northwestern Coast of Labrador. Auk, XIX, 1902, +pp. 24-31; 85 species.—1907. TOWNSEND, C. W., and ALLEN, G. M. Birds of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_311" id="Page_311">[Pg_311]</a></span> +Labrador. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXXIII, pp. 277-428, map; 213 species. +(See also TOWNSEND, C. W., and BENT, A. C. The Auk, 1910, pp. 1-18; 93 species.)</p> + +<div class="caption4">MACKENZIE</div> + +<p>1862. ROSS, B. R. List of Mammals, Birds, and Eggs, observed in the +Mackenzie's River District with notices. Canad. Nat. and Geol., VII, pp. 137-155. +Birds, pp. 142-155; 192 species. (See also Nat. Hist. Rev. 2nd Ser. II, pp. 269-290).—1891. +MACFARLANE, R. Notes on and List of Birds and Eggs Collected +in Arctic America, 1861-1866. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, pp. 413-446; 131 +species. (See also Hist. & Sci. Soc. of Man., Trans. 39).—1908. MACFARLANE, +R. List of Birds and Eggs Observed and Collected in the North-West Territories +of Canada, between 1880 and 1894. pp. 285-447 of Mair's "Through the +Mackenzie Basin," Toronto. William Briggs. 220 species.—1908. PREBLE, +E. A. A Biological Investigation of the Athabasca-Mackenzie +Region, N. A. Fauna, No. 27, 574 pp. Birds, pp. 251-500; 296 species; bibliography; +important.—1908. SETON, E. T. Bird Records from Great Slave Lake Region. The +Auk, XXV, pp. 68-74; 88 species.</p> + +<div class="caption4">MANITOBA</div> + +<p>1886. SETON, E. T. The Birds of Western Manitoba. Auk, III, pp. 145-156, +320-329, 453; 258 species.—1891. SETON, E. T. The Birds of Manitoba. +Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIII, pp. 457-643, 1 pl.; 266 species. (See also 14 additions. +Auk, 1893, p. 49.)—1909. SETON, E. T. Fauna of Manitoba. British Assc. +Handbook. Winnipeg, pp. 1-47; 273 species.</p> + +<a name="NEW_BRUNSWICK"></a> +<div class="caption4">NEW BRUNSWICK</div> + +<p>1857. BRYANT, H. A List of Birds Observed at Grand Menan and at Yarmouth, +N. S., from June 16 to July 8. Proc. Bost. Nat. Hist., VI, pp. 114-123; 55 +species.—1873. HERRICK, H. A Partial Catalogue of the Birds of Grand Menan, +N. B., Bull. Essex. Inst., V. pp. 28-41; 194 species.—1879. PEARSALL, R. F. +Grand Menan Notes; Summers of 1877 and 1878. Forest and Stream, XIII, p. +524; 43 species.—1882. BATCHELDER, C. F. Notes on the Summer Birds of +the Upper St. John. Bull. N. O. C, VII, pp. 106-111, 147-152; 105 species.—1882, +CHAMBERLAIN, M. A Catalogue of the Birds of New Brunswick. Bull. Nat. +Hist. Soc. New Brunswick, No. I, pp. 23-68, 269 species.—1912. TOWNSEND, C. +W. Notes on the Summer Birds of the St. John Valley, New Brunswick. The +Auk, XXIX, pp. 16-23; 81 species.</p> + +<div class="caption4">NEWFOUNDLAND</div> + +<p>1869. REEKS, H. Notes on the Zoölogy of Newfoundland. Zoölogist, +2nd ser., IV, pp. 1609-1614, 1698-1695, 1741-1759, 1849-1858; 212 species. See +also Canad. Nat. and Quart. Journ. Sci., V. 1870-71, pp. 38-47, 151-159, 289-304, +406-416; and HARVEY M. Forest and Stream, III, pp. 53, 196, 341.—1900. +PORTER, L. H. Newfoundland Notes. Auk, XVII, pp. 71-73; 50 species summer +birds.—1912. ARNOLD, E. A Short Summer Outing in Newfoundland. +The Auk, XXIX, pp. 72-79; 68 species.</p> + +<div class="caption4">NOVA SCOTIA</div> + +<p>1857. BRYANT, H. (<a href="#NEW_BRUNSWICK">See New Brunswick</a>.)—1858. BLAKISTON, R. A., +BLAND, R. E., and WILLIS, J. R. List of Birds of Nova Scotia. Thirteenth +Ann. Rep. Smiths. Inst., pp. 280-286; 206 species.—1879. JONES, J. MATTHEW. +List of the Birds of Nova Scotia—Land Birds. Forest and Stream, XII, pp. 65, +66, 105, 106, 205, 245; 128 species.—1887. DWIGHT, J., Jr. Summer Birds of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_312" id="Page_312">[Pg_312]</a></span> +the Bras d'Or Region of Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia. Auk, IV, 1887, pp. +13-16; 59 species. (See also ALLEN, F. H., Ibid., 1891.)—1888. DOWNS, A. +Birds of Nova Scotia, edited by Harry Piers, Proc. and Trans. Nova Scotia Inst. +Nat. Sci., VII, ii, pp. 142-178; 240 species.</p> + +<div class="caption4">ONTARIO</div> + +<p>1860. McILWRAITH, T. List of Birds Observed in the Vicinity of Hamilton. +Canad. Journ., V. pp. 387-396. (See also Proc. Essex. Inst., V. 1866, pp. +79-96), 241 species.—1882. MORDEN, J. A., and SAUNDERS, W. E. List of the +Birds of Western Ontario. Canad. Sportsm, and Nat. II, pp. 183-187, 192-194, also +III, pp. 218, 219, 243; 236 species.—1891. FARLEY, W. L. A List of the +Birds of Elgin County, Ontario. The Oölogist, VIII, pp. 81-87; 190 species.—1891. +Ottawa Field Nat. Club. The Birds of Ottawa. Ottawa Nat. V. pp. 31-47; +224 species.—1894. McILWRAITH, T. The Birds of Ontario, 8vo. X+426 pp. +Wm. Briggs, Toronto; 317 species.—1897-8. NASH, C. W. Birds of Ontario in +Relation to Agriculture. Rep. Farmers' Inst. of Ont. 8vo, 32 pp.—1900. NASH, +C. W. Check List of the Birds of Ontario. Warwick Bros, and Rutter, Toronto. +8vo. 58 pp.; 302 species.—1901. FLEMING, J. H. A list of the Birds of the +Districts of Parry Sound and Muskoka, Ont. Auk, XVIII, 1901, pp. 33-45; 196 +species. (See also Ibid., XIX, p. 403.)—1905. NASH, C. W. Check List of the +Birds of Ontario. L. K. Cameron, Printer, Toronto, Ont. 82 pp; 324 species.—1906. +SWALES, B. H., and TAVERNER, P. A. Remarks on the Summer Birds +of Lake Muskoka, Ont. Wilson Bull., XVIII, pp. 60-68; 59 species.—1906-7. +FLEMING, J. H. Birds of Toronto, Ont. Auk, XXIII, pp. 437-453; XXIV, pp. +71-89; 290 species.—1907. HUBEL, F. C. Preliminary List of the Summer +Birds of the Cobalt Mining Region, Nipissing District, Ont. Auk XXIV, pp. 48-52; +76 species.—1907-8. TAVERNER, P. A. and SWALES, B. H. The Birds of +Point Pelee, Wilson Bull. XIX, pp. 37-53; 82-99, 133-153; XX, pp. 79-96, 107-129; +209 species. See also WOOD, N. A., <i>Ibid.</i>, 1910, pp. 63-78.—1910. EIFRIG, G. A. +Winter of Rare Birds at Ottawa. Auk, XXVII, pp. 53-59.</p> + +<div class="caption4">QUEBEC</div> + +<p>1878. CORY, C. B. A Naturalist in the Magdalen Islands (Boston). Part II, +pp. 33-83, list of birds; 109 species.—1882. WINTLE, E. D. Ornithology of the Island +of Montreal. Canad. Sportsm. and Nat., II, pp. 108-110, 116, 117; 168 species.—1882-5. +MERRIAM, C. H. List of Birds Ascertained to Occur within Ten Miles +of Point des Monts, Province of Quebec, Canada; based chiefly upon the notes +of Napoleon A. Comeau. Bull. N. O. C, VII, pp. 233-242, and Addenda, VIII, pp. +244, 245; Auk, I, 1884, p. 295; II, 1885, pp. 113, 315; 180 species.—1884. BREWSTER, +W. Notes on the Birds Observed During a Summer Cruise on the Gulf +of St. Lawrence. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXII, pp. 364-412; 92 species.—1889. +BISHOP, L. B. Notes on the Birds of the Magdalen Islands. Auk, VI, +pp. 144-150; 66 species.—1889. DIONNE, C. E. Catalogue des Oiseaux de la +Province de Quebec avec des Notes sur leur Distribution Geographique…. +Quebec des Presses a Vapeur de J. Dussault, Port Dauphin, 8vo, 119 pp.; 273 +species.—1891. PALMER, WILLIAM. Notes on the Birds Observed During +the Cruise of the United States Fish Commission Schooner Grampus in the Summer +of 1887. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIII, 1890, pp 249-265; 78 species.—1893. +DWIGHT, J., JR. Summer Birds of Prince Edward Island. Auk, X, 1893, pp. +1-15; 81 species.—1896. WINTLE, E. D. The Birds of Montreal. W. Drysdale +& Co., Montreal. 8vo, xiv+181 pp.; 254 species.—1908. MACSWAIN, J. A +Catalogue of the Birds of Prince Edward Island. Proc. and Trans. Nova Scotia +Inst. of Science. XI, pp, 570-592; 220 species.</p> + +<a name="SASKATCHEWAN"></a> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_313" id="Page_313">[Pg_313]</a></span></p> +<div class="caption4">SASKATCHEWAN</div> + +<p>1892. RAINE, W. Bird-nesting in North-West Canada. 8vo. pp. 197; ills. +Toronto.—1907-8. BENT, A. C. Summer Birds of Southern Saskatchewan. The +Auk, XXIV, pp. 407-430; XXV, pp. 25-35; 153 species.—1910. FERRY, J. F. +Birds Observed in Saskatchewan During the Summer of 1909. The Auk, +XXVII, pp. 185-204; 118 species.</p> + +<div class="caption3">UNITED STATES</div> +<br /> +<div class="caption4">WESTERN UNITED STATES</div> + +<p>1856. CASSIN, J. Illustrations of the Birds of California, Texas, Oregon, +British, and Russian America. Intended to Contain descriptions and figures of +all North American Birds not given by former American authors, and a General +Synopsis of North American Ornithology. 1 Vol. large 8vo. pp. viii+298; pll. 50.—1870. +COOPER, J. G. Geological Survey of California. Ornithology. Volume +I. Land Birds. Edited by S. F. Baird. Published by authority of the Legislature. +Vol. I large 8vo, pp. xi+591; ills.—1872. ALLEN, J. A. Notes of an +Ornithological Reconnaissance of Portions of Kansas, Colorado, Wyoming, and +Utah. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. III, pp. 113-183. Annotated lists of birds observed +at Leavenworth, Topeka, Fort Hays and in Northwestern Kansas; between Colorado +City and Denver, at South Park near Mount Lincoln, Colorado; at Cheyenne, +Wyoming, and near Ogden, Utah.—1874. COUES, E. Birds of the Northwest: +A Handbook of the Ornithology of the Region drained by the Missouri +River and its Tributaries. U. S. Geol. Survey of the Territories. Miscellaneous +Publications, No. 3. Washington, 1 Vol. 8vo, pp. xii+791; important.—1874. +YARROW, H. C. and HENSHAW, H. W. Geog. and Geol. Explorations and +Surveys West of the one hundredth Meridian. Reports upon Ornithological +Specimens Collected in the years 1871, 1872, and 1873. 8vo, pp. 1-148. Observations +made in Utah, Nevada, Colorado, New Mexico and Arizona.—1875. HENSHAW, +H. W. Report upon Geograph. and Geol. Explorations and Surveys West +of the One Hundredth Meridian. Vol. V, Zoology. Chap. III, Report upon the +Ornithological Collections made in Portions of Nevada, Utah, California, +Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona, during the years 1871, 1872, 1873 and 1874. +4to, pp. 184-508; pll. xv; 296 species.—1878. COUES, E. Birds of the Colorado +Valley. A Repository of Scientific and Popular Information Concerning North +American Ornithology. Part First. Passeres to Laniidæ. Bibliographical +Appendix. Seventy illustrations.—1890. BELDING, L. Land Birds of the +Pacific District. Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences, +II, 8vo, pp. 1-274; 295 species.—1902. BAILEY, F. M. Handbook of Birds of +Western United States. 12mo, pp. xc-512; many ills. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. +Important.</p> + +<div class="caption4">MISSISSIPPI VALLEY</div> + +<p>1888. COOKE, W. W. Reports on Bird Migration in the Mississippi Valley +in the year 1884 and 1885. Edited and revised by C. Hart Herriam. Bull. No. +2, Div. Economic Ornithology [= Biological Survey]. 313 pp., 1 map.</p> + +<div class="caption4">NEW ENGLAND</div> + +<p>1877. MINOT, H. D. The Land and Game Birds of New England. Second +Ed., edited by Wm. Brewster, 1895, 492 pp. (Houghton).—1881-3. STEARNS, W. +A., and COUES, E. New England Bird-Life, 2 vols., pp. 324-409.—1904. HOFFMANN, +R. A Guide to the Birds of New England and Eastern New York. 350 +pp. (Houghton).—1909. ALLEN, G. M. Birds of New England. Occ. Papers +Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., VII, pp. 1-230; 402 species.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_314" id="Page_314">[Pg_314]</a></span></p> + +<div class="caption4">ALABAMA</div> + +<p>1878-9. BROWN, N. C. A List of Birds Observed at Coosada, Central Alabama. +Bull. N. O. C, III, pp. 168-174; IV, pp. 7-13; 119 species.—1890-1. AVERY, +W. C. Birds Observed in Alabama. Am. Field, XXXIV, pp. 584, 607, 608; XXXV, +1891, pp. 8, 32, 55; 184 species.—1908. SAUNDERS, A. A. Some Birds of +Central Alabama. Auk, XXV, pp. 413-424; 129 species.</p> + +<a name="ARIZONA"></a> +<div class="caption4">ARIZONA</div> + +<p>1853. WOODHOUSE, S. W. Report of an Expedition down the Zuni and +Colorado Rivers, by Captain L. Sitgreaves…. 8vo, pp. 198. Birds, pp. 58-105; +pll. i-vi; 219 species.—1866. COUES, E. List of the Birds of Fort Whipple. +Arizona: with which are incorporated all the other species ascertained to inhabit +the Territory; with brief critical and field notes, descriptions of new +species, etc. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. XVIII, pp. 39-100; 245 species.—1874. +YARROW, H. C., and HENSHAW, H. W. (<a href="#UTAH">see Utah</a>).—1875. HENSHAW, H. +W. Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1875. App. I 2, pp. 153-166. +Annotated list of the Birds of Arizona; 291 species.—1882-3. BREWSTER, W. +On a Collection of Birds lately made by Mr. F. Stephens in Arizona. Bull. +Nutt. Orn. Club, VII, pp. 65-86; 135-147; 193-212; VIII, pp. 21-36; 165 species +(see also The Auk, II, 1885, pp. 84, 85; 196-200).—1886-8. SCOTT, W. E. D. On +the Avifauna of Pinal County with Remarks on Some Birds of Pima and Gila +Counties, Arizona. With annotations by J. A. Allen. Auk, III, 249-258; 383-389; +421-432; IV, pp. 16-24; 196-205; V, pp. 29-36; 159-168; 246 species.—1887. MORCOM, +G. (<a href="#CALIFORNIA">See California</a>).—1890. MEARNS, E. A. Observations on the +Avifauna of Portions of Arizona. Auk, VII, pp. 45-55; 251-264; 100 species.—1890. +MERRIAM, C. H. Results of a Biological Survey of the San Francisco Mountain +region and Desert of the Little Colorado in Arizona. North American Fauna, +No. 3. Part IV, Annotated List of Birds of the San Francisco Mountain Plateau +and Desert of the Little Colorado River, Arizona, pp. 85-101; 151 species.—1892. +RHOADS, S. N. (<a href="#TEXAS">See Texas</a>).—1893. FISHER, A. K. (<a href="#CALIFORNIA">See California</a>).—1903. +OSGOOD, W. H. A List of Birds observed in Cochise County, Arizona. +The Condor, V, pp. 128-131; 149-151; 123 species.—1904. SWARTH, H. S. Birds +of the Huachuca Mountains, Arizona. Pacific Coast Avifauna, No. 4. Cooper +Orn. Club, 8vo, pp. 70; 195 species.—1905. SWARTH, H. S. Summer Birds of +the Papago Indian Reservation and of the Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona. The +Condor, VI, pp. 22-28; 47-50; 77-81; 65+68; species.—1908. SWARTH, H. S. +Some Fall Migration Notes from Huachuca Mountains, Arizona. The Condor, +X, pp. 107-116; 109 species.—1910. VISHER, S. S. Notes of the Birds of Pima +County, Arizona. The Auk, XXVII, pp. 279-288; 127 species.</p> + +<div class="caption4">ARKANSAS</div> + +<p>1911. HOWELL, A. H. Birds of Arkansas. Bull. No. 38, Biological Survey. +8vo, pp. 100, 1 map; 255 species.</p> + +<a name="CALIFORNIA"></a> +<div class="caption4">CALIFORNIA<a name="FNanchor_E_5" id="FNanchor_E_5"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_E_5" class="fnanchor">[E]</a></div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<a name="Footnote_E_5" id="Footnote_E_5"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_E_5"><span class="label">[E]</span></a> See Grinnell, J. A Bibliography of California Ornithology. Pacific Coast Avifauna, No. 5. +</div> + +<p>1846-47. GAMBEL, W. Remarks on the Birds Observed in Upper California +with Descriptions of New Species. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., III, pp. 44-48; +110-114; 154-158; 200-204; 82 species (see also Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., +1847, pp. 25-56; 1849, pp. 215-229; 176 species).—1853. HERRMANN, A. L. +Notes on the Land Birds of California, observed during a residence of three +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_315" id="Page_315">[Pg_315]</a></span> +years in that country. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., II, pp. 259-272; 130 species.—1857. +NEWBERRY, J. S. Report on the Birds Observed in California and +Oregon. Pac. R. R. Rep. Vol. VI, Part VI, pp. 73-110; 174 species.—1859. HERRMANN, +A. L. Report on Birds Collected on the Survey. Pac. R. R. Rep. Vol. +X, No. 2, pp. 29-80; 180 species.—1859. XANTUS, J. Catalogue of Birds Collected +in the vicinity of Fort Tejon, California, with a description of a new +species of <i>Syrnium</i>. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XI, pp. 189-193; 144 species.—1866. +COUES, E. (<a href="#ARIZONA">See Arizona</a>).—1870. COOPER, J. G. The Fauna of California +and its geographical Distribution. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., IV, pp. 61-81.—1875. +COOPER, J. G. New Facts relating to California Ornithology. Proc. +Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci., VI, 1875, pp. 189-202; 45 species.—1875. NELSON, E. W. +(<a href="#UTAH">See Utah</a>).—1876. HENSHAW, H. W. Report on the Ornithology of the Portions +of California visited during the Field Season of 1875; pp. 224-278. Annual +Report upon the Geographical Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian. +Notes from Santa Cruz Island, Santa Barbara, region about Mt. Whitney, Kernville, +and Walker's Basin; 204 species.—1877. HENSHAW, H. W. (<a href="#NEVADA">See Nevada</a>).—1877. +RIDGWAY, R. (<a href="#NEVADA">See Nevada</a>).—1879. BELDING, L. Partial List +of the Birds of Central California. Edited by R. Ridgway. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. +I, pp. 388-449; 220 species.—1879. COOPER, J. G. On Migration and Nesting +Habits of West-Coast Birds. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. II, pp. 241-251.—1880. HENSHAW, +H. W. (<a href="#NEVADA">See Nevada</a>).—1886. EVERMANN, B. W. A List of the Birds +observed in Ventura County, California. Auk, III, pp. 86-94, 179-186; 200 species. +(See also Cooper, <i>Ibid.</i>, IV, pp. 85-94.—1886). STREATOR, C. P. List of Birds +observed in the Vicinity of Santa Barbara, Cal., During the year 1885. Orn. and +Oöl., XI, pp. 51, 52, 66, 67, 89, 90, 107; 187 species.—1887. BLAKE, E. W. JR. +Summer Birds of Santa Cruz Island, California. Auk, IV, pp. 328-330; 28 species.—1887. +MORCOM, G. F. Notes on the birds of Southern California and Southwestern +Arizona. Bull. No. 2, Ridgw. Orn. Club, pp. 36-57; 139 species.—1887. +STREATOR, C. P. The Water Birds of San Miguel Island. Proc. Santa Barbara +Soc. Nat. Hist. Bull. No. I, pp. 21-23; 10 species.—1887. TAYLOR, H. R. +Trip to the Farallone Islands. Orn. and Oöl. XII, pp. 41-43: 12 species.—1887. +TOWNSEND, C. H. Field-Notes on the Mammals, Birds, and Reptiles of +Northern California. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. X, pp. 159-241; Birds, pp. 190-237; +261 species.—1888…. BRYANT, W. E. Birds and Eggs from the Farallon Islands. +Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 2nd Ser. I; 1887, pp. 25-50; 81 species.—1888. STREATOR, +C. P. Notes on the Birds of the Santa Barbara Islands. Orn. and Oöl., XIII, pp. +52-54.—1890. TOWNSEND, C. (<a href="#LOWER_CALIFORNIA">See Lower California</a>).—1890-91. KEELER, +C. A. Geographical Distribution of Land Birds in California. Zoe, I, 1890, pp. +225-230; 257-260; 295-299; 337-343; 1891, 369-373.—1893. FISHER, A. K. Report +on the Ornithology of the Death Valley Expedition N. A. Fauna, No. 7, pp. 7-158; +290 species.—1895. LOOMIS, L. M. California Water Birds. No. 1—Monterey +and Vicinity from the Middle of June to the end of August. Proc. Cal. Acad. +Sci., Ser. 2, V. pp. 177-224; map; 44 species.—1896. LOOMIS, L. M. California +Water Birds, No. II. Vicinity of Monterey in Midwinter. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., +Ser. 2, VI, pp. 1-30; 1 map; 43 species. III, South Farallon in July, Ibid., pp. +353-366; 2 maps; 10 species.—1896. MERRIAM, F. A. A-birding on a Bronco +[in San Diego Co.] 16mo, pp. x+226; ills. Houghton, Mifflin +& Co.—1897. BARLOW, C. The Story of the Farallones. Ob. 16mo, 32 pp. ills. H. R. Taylor, +Alameda.—1897. GRINNELL, J. Report on Birds Recorded during a Visit to +the Islands of Santa Barbara, San Nicolas, and San Clemente in the spring of +1897; pp. 26.—1898. GRINNELL, J. Birds of the Pacific Slope of Los Angeles +County. Pub. No. II, Pasadena Acad. Sci., pp. 52; 300 species.—1898. GRINNELL, +J. Land Birds Observed in Midwinter on Santa Catalina Island, California. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_316" id="Page_316">[Pg_316]</a></span> +Auk, XV, pp. 233-236; 29 species.—1899. KEELER, C. A. Bird Notes +Afield. 12mo, pp. viii+353. D. P. Elder & Morgan Sheppard, San Francisco.—1899. +MERRIAM, C. H. Results of a Biological Survey of Mount Shasta, California. +North American Fauna, No. 16, Birds, pp. 109-134; 136 species.—1900. +LOOMIS, L. M. California Water Birds. No. IV. Vicinity of Monterey in Autumn. +Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 3d Ser. II, pp. 277-322; 1 map; 42 species. V. +Vicinity of Monterey in May and Early June, Ibid., pp. 349-363; 36 species.—1900. +MAILLARD, J. Land Birds of Marin County, Cal. The Condor, II, pp. 62-68; +137 species.—1900. SWARTH, H. S. Avifauna of a 100-acre Ranch [at Los +Angeles]. The Condor, II, pp. 14-16; 37-41; 175 species.—1901. BARLOW, C. +A List of the Land Birds of the Placerville-Lake Tahoe Stage Road. The Condor, +III, pp. 151-184; 130 species.—1901. MAILLARD, J. and J W. Birds Recorded +at Paicines, San Benito Co., California. The Condor, III, pp. 120-127; +168 species.—1901. MCGREGOR, R. C. A List of the Land Birds of Santa +Cruz County, California. Pacific Coast Avifauna No. 2. Cooper Orn. Club, pp. +22; 139 species.—1902. FISHER, W. K. The Redwood Belt of Northwestern +California. The Condor, IV, Faunal Peculiarities, pp. 111-114; Land-Birds, 131-135; +63 species.—1902. FISHER, W. K. List of Birds of Santa Clara Valley +and Santa Cruz Mountains, exclusive of Water-Birds. Bailey's Handbook of +Birds of the Western United States, pp. li-lvi; 147 species.—1902. GRINNELL, +J. Check-List of California Birds. Pacific Coast Avifauna, No. 3, Cooper Orn. +Club, 92 pp.; 2 maps; 491 species.—1902. GRINNELL, J. List of Birds to be +looked for in the Vicinity of Pasadena. Bailey's Handbook of Birds of the Western +United States, pp. lvi-lxiv; 191 species.—1902. KOBBE, W. H. List of +Water Birds of San Francisco Bay. Bailey's Handbook of Birds of the Western +United States, pp. lviii-1; 91 species.—1903. ANDERSON, M. P., and GRINNELL, +J. Birds of the Siskiyou Mountains, California: A Problem in Distribution. +Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., pp. 4-15; 43 species.—1903. KAEDING, H. +B. Bird-Life on the Farallones. The Condor, V, pp. 121-127; 17 species.—1903. +RAY, M. S. A List of Land Birds of Lake Valley, Central Sierra Nevada Mountains, +California. The Auk, pp. 180-193; 109 species.—1903. STEPHENS, F. +Bird Notes from Eastern California and Western Arizona. The Condor, V, pp. +75-78; 100-105; 119 species.—1904. EMERSON, W. O. The Farallones Revisited, +1887-1903. The Condor, VI, pp. 61-67.—1904. RAY, M. S. A Fortnight on +the Farallones. The Auk, XXI, pp. 425-442; 14 species.—1904. WHEELOCK, J. +G. Birds of California: An Introduction to more than Three Hundred Common +Birds of the State and Adjacent Islands. 12mo. xxviii+578 pp.; ills. A. C. +McClurg & Co.—1905. GRINNELL, J. Summer Birds of Mount Pinos, California. +The Auk, XXII, pp. 378-391; 73 species.—1906. DIXON, J. Land Birds +of San Onofre, California. The Condor, VIII, pp. 91-98; 63 species.—1906. RAY. +M. S. Summer Birds of San Francisco County, California. The Condor, VIII, +pp. 42-44; 44 species.—1907. BEAL, F. E. L. Birds of California in Relation to +the Fruit Industry. Bull. No. 30, Biological Survey, pp. 100.—1908. GOLDMAN, +E. A. Summer Birds of the Tulare Lake Region. The Condor, X, pp. 200-205; +83 species.—1908. GRINNELL, J. The Biota of the San Bernardino Mountains. +Univ. Cal. Publ. Zool. V, I, 170 pp. xxiv plls. Birds, pp. 50-54; 139 species.—1908. +HOLLISTER, N. Birds of the Region about Needles, California. The +Auk, XXV, pp. 455-462; 66 species.—1910. BECK, R. H. Water Birds of the +Vicinity of Point Pinos, California. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, III, pp. 57-72; +94 species.—1908. LINTON, C. B. Notes from San Clemente Island. The Condor, +X, pp. 82-86; 58 species.—1908. LINTON, C. B. Notes from Santa Cruz +Island. The Condor, X, pp. 124-129; 88 species (See also Ibid, XIII, pp. 208-210).—1911. +DAWSON, W. L. Another Fortnight on the Farallones. The Condor, +XIII, pp. 171-183; 43 species.—1911. VAN ROSSEM, A. Winter Birds of +the Salton Sea Region. The Condor, XIII, pp. 129-137; 72 species.—1912. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_317" id="Page_317">[Pg_317]</a></span> +LAMB, C. Birds of Mohave Desert Oasis. The Condor, XIV, pp. 32-40; 133 +species.—1912. WILLETT, G. Birds of the Pacific Slope of Southern California, +Pacific Coast Avifauna No. 7. Cooper Orn. Club, pp. 122; 377 species.—1912. +GRINNELL, J. A Systematic List of the Birds of California. Ibid., No. +8, pp. 23; 530 species.</p> +<br /> + +<div class="caption4">COLORADO</div> + +<p>1872. AIKEN, C. E., and HOLDEN, C. H. Jr. (<a href="#WYOMING">See Wyoming</a>).—1873. +RIDGWAY, R. The Birds of Colorado. Bull. Essex Inst. V, pp. 174-195. Distribution +tables and 243 species. Based on the Observations of C. E. Aiken.—1874. +YARROW, H. C., and HENSHAW, H. W. (<a href="#UTAH">See Utah</a>).—1881. DREW, +F. M. Field Notes on the Birds of San Juan Co. Colorado. Bull. Nutt. Orn. +Club, VI, pp 85-91; 138-143; 104 species.—1883. ALLEN, J. A., and BREWSTER, +W. List of Birds Observed in the Vicinity of Colorado Springs, Colorado, During +March, April, and May, 1882. Bull. N. O. C. VIII, pp. 151-161; 189-198; 134 +species.—1885. DREW, F. On the Vertical Range of Birds in Colorado. Auk, +II, pp. 11-18; 277 species. (See also 10 additions by H. Smith, Jr., and A. W. +Anthony, Ibid., III, 1886, pp. 284-286, and also 20 species by P. M. Thorne, Ibid., +IV, 1887, pp. 264, 265).—1885. HOFFMAN, W. J. (<a href="#MONTANA">See Montana</a>).—1888-90. +MORRISON, C. F. A List of the Birds of Colorado. Orn. and Oöl., XIII, pp. 145, +148, 165-168, 181-183; XIV, 1889, pp. 6-9 65-68, 145-150; XV, 1890, pp. 36-38. ("To +be continued.") 233 species to <i>Junco</i>, inclusive.—1890. KELLOGG, V. L. +Summer Birds of Estes Park, Colorado, Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci. XII, pp. 80-90.—1897. +COOKE, W. W. The Birds of Colorado. Bull. 37, State Agricultural +College, Ft. Collins, pp. 144; 360 species; bibliography (See also 1898, Bull. 44, +first appendix, 1900, Bull. No. 56, second appendix; and 1909. The Auk, pp. +400-422, third supplement, increasing total number of species to 397).—1902. +KEYSER, L. S. Birds of the Rockies. With a Complete Check-List of Colorado +Birds. 8vo, xii+355 pp; ills. McClurg, Chicago.—1908. ROCKWELL, R. B. +An Annotated List of the Birds of Mesa County, Colorado. The Condor, X, pp. +152-180; 203 species.—1908. WARREN, E. R. Northwestern Colorado Bird +Notes. The Condor, X, pp. 18-26; 93 species.—1909. FELGER, A. H. Annotated +List of the Water Birds of Weld, Morgan and Adams Counties, Colorado, +south to the first sectional line below the Fortieth Parallel. The Auk, XXVI, pp. +272-291; 3 maps; 107 species, (see also Hersey, L. J. and Rockwell, R. B. The +Condor, XI, 1909, pp. 110-122, and Rockwell, Ibid., XIV, pp. 117-131).—1909. +HENDERSON, J. An Annotated List of the Birds of Boulder Co., Colorado. +Univ. Colo., Studies, VI, pp. 219-242—1910.—FELGER, A. H. Birds and Mammals +of Northwestern Colorado, Univ. Studies Colo. Mus., VII, 2, pp. 132-146; +133 species.—1910. WARREN, E. R. Some Central Colorado Bird Notes. The +Condor, XII, pp. 23-39; 127 species.—1911. WIDMANN, O. List of Birds Observed +in Estes Park, Colorado, from June 10, to July 18, 1910. The Auk, +XXVIII, pp. 304-319; 90 species.—1912. COOKE, W. W. The Present Status of +the Colorado Check-List of Birds. The Condor, XIV, pp. 147-153. Admits 403 +species.—1912. SCLATER, W. L. A History of the Birds of Colorado. Witherby +& Co., London, 8vo, pp. xxiv+576; plls. xvii; 392 species; important.</p> + +<div class="caption4">CONNECTICUT</div> + +<p>1843. LINSLEY, J. H. A Catalogue of the Birds of Connecticut. Am. +Journ. Sci. and Arts, XLIV, pp. 249-274, 302 species. See also Ibid., XLVI, 1844, +pp. 50, 51.—1877. MERRIAM, C. H. A Review of the Birds of Connecticut, +with Remarks on their Habits. Trans, of the Conn. Acad., IV, pp. 1-165; 292 +species.—1887. PLATT, F. A List of the Birds of Meriden, Conn. Trans. Meriden +Scientific Assoc, II, 1885-86, pp. 30-53; III, p. 41; 116 species.—1892. +AVERILL, C. K., JR., List of Birds Found in the Vicinity of Bridgeport, Connecticut. +Bridgeport Scientific Society, 8vo, pp. 1-19, 246 species.—1906. CHAPMAN, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_318" id="Page_318">[Pg_318]</a></span> +F. M. (<a href="#NEW_YORK">See New York</a>).—1908. COMMITTEE. A List of the Birds +of the New Haven Region. Bull. No. 1, New Haven Bird Club, pp. 1-32; 217 +species.</p> + +<div class="caption4">DAKOTA (NORTH and SOUTH)</div> + +<p>1875. GRINNELL, G. B. Report of a Reconnaissance of the Black Hills of +Dakota, made in the summer of 1874. By William Ludlow. Chapter II. Birds, +pp. 85-102; 110 species.—1875. HOFFMAN, W. J. List of Birds Observed at +Grand River Agency, Dakota Ter., from October 7th, 1872, to June 7th, 1873. +Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XVIII, pp. 169-175; 79 species.—1877. McCHESNEY, +C. E., M. D. Birds of the Coteau des Prairies of Eastern Dakota. Forest and +Stream, VIII, pp. 176, 177, 192, 224, 225, 241, 242, 261; 102 species.—1901-2. +BENT, A. C. Nesting habits of the Anatidæ in North Dakota. Auk, XVIII, pp; +328-336; XIX, pp. 11-12; 165-174; 16 species.—1908. REAGAN, A. B. The Birds +of the Rosebud Indian Reservation, South Dakota. The Auk, XXV, pp. 462-467; +108 species.—1909. VISHER, S. S. A List of the Birds of western South Dakota. +The Auk, XXVI, pp. 144-153; 194 species—1911. VISHER, S. S. Annotated +List of the Birds of Harding County, Northwestern South Dakota. The Auk, +XXVIII, pp. 5-16; 154 species.</p> + +<div class="caption4">DELAWARE</div> + +<p>1905. RHOADS, S. N., and PENNOCK, C. J. Birds of Delaware: A Preliminary +List. Auk, XXII, 1905, pp. 194-205; 211 species. (See also Auk, XXV, +1908, pp. 282-288.)—1897-1908. STONE, W., Editor. Numerous Notes on Delaware +Birds. Proc. Del. Valley Orn. Club, Phila.</p> + +<div class="caption4">DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA</div> + +<p>1883. COUES, E. and PRENTISS, D. W. Avifauna Columbiana, Second +Edition. Bull. U. S. Natl. Mus. No. 26, 8vo, pp. 1-133, many woodcuts, 4 maps, +248 species.—1888. RICHMOND, C. W. An Annotated List of Birds Breeding +in the District of Columbia. Auk, V, pp. 18-25; 100 species.—1888. SMITH, +HUGH M., and PALMER, WILLIAM. Additions to the Avifauna of Washington, +D. C., and Vicinity. Auk, V, pp. 147, 148. Adds 12 species to Coues' and Prentiss' +list of 1883.—1898. MAYNARD, L. W. Birds of Washington and Vicinity, +with Introduction by Florence A. Merriam. 12mo. 204 pp. Washington, D. C. +291 species.</p> + +<div class="caption4">GEORGIA</div> + +<p>1883. BAILEY, H. B. Memoranda of a Collection of Eggs from Georgia. +Bull. N. O. C., VIII, pp. 37-43; 104 species—1903. SMITH, R. S. Birds of Kirkwood, +De Kalb Co., Ga. Wilson Bull., XV, pp. 49-59; 125 species.—1909. HOWELL, +A. H. Notes on the Summer Birds of Northern Georgia. Auk, XXVI, pp. +129-137; 76 species.</p> + +<div class="caption4">FLORIDA</div> + +<p>1871. ALLEN, J. A. On the Mammals and Winter Birds of East Florida. +Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoöl., II, pp. 161-450, pll. ix-xiii; 181 species.—1888. CHAPMAN, +F. M. A List of Birds Observed at Gainesville, Florida. Auk, V, pp. 267-277; +149 species.—1888-90. SCOTT, W. E. D. A Summary of Observations on +the Birds of the Gulf Coast of Florida. Auk, V, pp. 373-379; VI, pp. 13-18, 152-160, +245-252, 318-326; VII, pp. 14-22, 114-120; 262 species.—1890. SCOTT, W. E. D. +On Birds Observed at the Dry Tortugas, Florida, during parts of March and +April, 1890. Auk, VII, pp. 301-314; 80 species.—1891. BREWSTER, W., and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_319" id="Page_319">[Pg_319]</a></span> +CHAPMAN, F. M. Notes on the Birds of the Lower Suwanee River. Auk, VIII, +pp. 125-138; 116 species. (See also Brewster, Ibid., pp. 149-157.)—1892. SCOTT, +W. E. D. Notes on the Birds of the Caloosahatchie Region of Florida. Auk, +IX, pp. 209-218, 259 species.—1895. WAYNE, A. T. Notes on the Birds of the +Wacissa and Aucilla River Regions of Florida. Auk, XII, 1895, pp. 362-367; 161 +species.—1896. CORY, C. B. Hunting and Fishing in Florida with a Key to +the Water Birds of the State.—1904. WILLIAMS, R. W., JR. A Preliminary +List of the Birds of Leon County, Florida. Auk, XXI, 1904, pp. 449-462; 156 +species. (See also Ibid., XXIII, pp. 153-161; XXIV, pp. 158, 159.)—1906. FOWLER, +H. W. Birds Observed in June in the Florida Keys. Auk, XXIII, pp. 396-400; +33 species.</p> + +<div class="caption4">IDAHO</div> + +<p>1891. MERRIAM, C. H. Results of a Biological Reconnaissance of Idaho, +south of latitude 45° and east of the thirty-eighth Meridian made during the +summer of 1890. N. A. Fauna, No. 5. Annotated List of Birds Observed in +Idaho during the Summer and Fall of 1890, with Notes on Species previously +Recorded from the State, pp. 90-108; 157 species.—1897-8. MERRILL, J. C. +Notes on the Birds of Fort Sherman, Idaho. Auk, XIV, pp. 347-357, XV, pp. +14-22; 159 species.</p> + +<a name="ILLINOIS"></a> +<div class="caption4">ILLINOIS</div> + +<p>1855. KENNICOTT, R. Catalogue of Animals Observed in Cook County. +Illinois. Trans. Ill., State Agric. Soc. for 1853-54, I, Birds, pp. 580-589; 187 species.—1868. +ALLEN, J. A. (<a href="#IOWA">See Iowa</a>).—1874. RIDGWAY, R. Catalogue of +the Birds Ascertained to Occur in Illinois. Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., X, pp. +364-394; 311 species.—1876. NELSON, E. W. Birds of Northeastern Illinois. +Bull. Essex Inst., VIII, pp. 90-155; 316 species.—1877. NELSON, E. W. Notes +upon Birds Observed in Southern Illinois, between July 17 and September 4, +1875. Bull. Essex. Inst., IX, pp. 32-65; 133 species.—1881. RIDGWAY, R. A. +Revised Catalogue of the Birds Ascertained to Occur in Illinois. Ills. State +Lab. Nat. Hist., Bull. No. 4, pp. 161-208; 352 species.—1884. COOKE, W. W. +Bird Migration in the Mississippi Valley, Southern Illinois. Forest and Stream, +XXIII, pp. 444, 445, 463, 464; 144 species based on Ridgway's list of 1881, and +observations of Cyrus W. Butler in the vicinity of Anna, Ills., during December, +1882, and January 1883.—1887. RIDGWAY, R. List of the Birds Found Breeding +Within the Corporate Limits of Mt. Carmel, Illinois. Bull. No. 2, Ridgway Orn. +Club, pp. 26-35; 85 species.—1890-1895. RIDGWAY, R. The Ornithology of Illinois. +Roy. 8vo, Vol. I, 1890, 520 pp., 32 plls. Land-birds to Gallinæ; Vol. II, 1895, 282 +pp., 33 plls. Gallinæ and Water-birds; 363 species.—1891. LOUCKS, W. E. List +of Birds Found Breeding in the Vicinity of Peoria, Illinois. The Oölogist, VIII, +pp. 224-226; 80 species.—1904. WALTER, H. E. and A. W. Wild Birds in City +Parks. Rev. Ed., Chicago. 16mo, 66 pp.; 145 species.—1907. WOODRUFF, F. +M. The Birds of the Chicago Area. Chicago Acad. Sci. Bull. VI. Nat. Hist. +Surv., 221 pp., 12 plls.; 318 species.—1909. CORY, C. B. Birds of Illinois and +Wisconsin. Field Museum, Zoöl. Ser. IX, 8vo. 764 pp. many ills.; 398 species.—1910. +HESS, I. E. One Hundred Breeding Birds of an Illinois Ten-Mile Radius. +Auk, XXVII, pp. 19-32.</p> + +<div class="caption4">INDIANA</div> + +<p>1869. HAYMOND, R. Birds of Franklin County, Indiana. Cox's Geol. +Surv. Indiana, Rep. for 1869, pp. 209-235; 163 species.—1886. BUTLER, A. W. +A List of the Birds Observed in Franklin Co., Ind. Bull. Brookville Soc. Nat. +Hist., No. 2, pp. 12-39. 253 species.—1888-89. EVERMANN, B. W. Birds of +Carroll County, Indiana. Auk, V. pp. 344-351; VI, pp. 22-30; 203 species.—1891. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_320" id="Page_320">[Pg_320]</a></span> +BUTLER, A. W. The Birds of Indiana, with Illustrations of Many of the Species. +Prepared for the Indiana Horticultural Society and Originally Published +in its Transactions for 1890. 8vo, 135 pp.; 305 species.—1898. BUTLER, A. W. +The Birds of Indiana, a descriptive Catalogue of the Birds that have been observed +within the State with an account of their Habits. Rep. of the State Geologist, +pp. 515-1187; 321 species; bibliography. Important.—1906. McATEE, W. +L. Ecological Notes on the Birds Occurring within a Radius of Five Miles of +the Indiana University Campus. Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci., pp. 65-202, 32 ills., 225 +species.</p> + +<a name="IOWA"></a> +<div class="caption4">IOWA</div> + +<p>1868. ALLEN, J. A. Notes on Birds Observed in Western Iowa, in the +Months of July, August and September; also on Birds Observed in Northern +Illinois, in May and June, and at Richmond, Wayne Co., Indiana, between +June third and tenth. Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, I. pt. IV, pp. 488-526. Ogle +County, Ills., 84 species; Cook County, Ills., 94 species; Richmond, Ind., 72 species; +Western Iowa, 108 species.—1873. TRIPPE, F. M. Notes on the Birds of +Southern Iowa. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XV, pp. 229-242; 162 species.—1888. +KEYES, CHARLES R. and WILLIAMS, H. S. A Preliminary Annotated Catalogue +of the Birds of Iowa. Proc. Davenport Acad. Nat. Sci., V, 8vo, 49 pp.; 260 +species.—1890. COONE, JOHN V. Summer Residents of Buena Vista County, +Iowa. The Oölogist, VII, pp. 45-47; 52 species.—1895. JONES, LYNDS. Bird +Migration at Grinnell, Iowa. Auk, XII, 1895, pp. 117-134, 231-237.—1897. ANDERSON, +R. M. An Annotated List of the Birds of Winnebago and Hancock +Counties, Iowa. Pub. by Author, Forest City, Iowa. 16mo, 19 pp.; 218 species.—1906. +WILSON, B. H. Birds of Scott Co., Iowa. Wilson Bull., XVIII, pp. +1-11; 166 species.—1907. ANDERSON, R. M. The Birds of Iowa. Proc. Davenport +Acad. Sci., XI, pp. 125-417; 355 species.</p> + +<div class="caption4">KANSAS</div> + +<p>1875. SNOW, F. H. A Catalogue of the Birds of Kansas. Contributed to +the Kansas Academy of Science. 8vo, 14 pp. Third Edition. 295 species.—1886. +GOSS, N. S. A Revised Catalogue of the Birds of Kansas, with Descriptive +Notes of the Nests and Eggs of the Birds Known to Breed in the State. +Topeka. 8vo, vi+76 pp.; 335 species. (See also review in Auk, III, 1886, p. +399.)—1891. GOSS, N. S. History of the Birds of Kansas. Illustrating 529 +Birds. Topeka, Kansas. Geo. W. Crane & Co., Royal 8vo, 692 pp., 35 photogravure +plates; 343 species.—1899. LANTZ, D. E. A Review of Kansas Ornithology. +Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci., 1896-7, pp. 224-276; 351 species.—1903. SNOW, +F. H. A Catalogue of the Birds of Kansas. Fifth Edition. Trans. Kans. Acad. +Sciences, XVIII, 23 pp.; 342 species.—1909. WETMORE, A. Fall Notes from +Eastern Kansas. The Condor, XI, pp. 154-164; 74 species.—1912. ISELEY, D. +A List of the Birds of Sedgwick County, Kansas. The Auk, XXIX, pp. 25-43; 208 species.</p> + +<div class="caption4">KENTUCKY</div> + +<p>1882. BECKHAM, C. W. A List of the Birds of Bardstown, Nelson County, +Kentucky. Journ. Cinc. Soc. Nat. Hist., VI, pp. 136-147; 167 species.—1885. +BECKHAM, C. W. List of the Birds of Nelson County. Kentucky Geol. Surv., +John R. Proctor, Director. Author's Edition, 4to, pp. 1-58; 171 species.—1887. +PINDAR, L. O. List of the Birds of Fulton County, Kentucky. Orn. and Oöl. +XII, pp. 54, 55, 84, 85; 122 species.—1889. PINDAR, L. O. List of the Birds of +Fulton County, Kentucky. Auk, VI, pp. 310-316, 183 species.—1910. HOWELL, +A. H. Notes on the Summer Birds of Kentucky and Tennessee. Auk, XXVII +pp. 295-304. Kentucky, 80 species.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_321" id="Page_321">[Pg_321]</a></span></p> +<div class="caption4">LOUISIANA</div> + +<p>1900. BEYER, G. E. The Avifauna of Louisiana. Proc. La. Soc. Nat. 45 +pp.; 323 species.—1904. ALLISON, A. The Birds of West Baton Rouge Parish, +Louisiana. Auk, XXI, 1904, pp. 472-484; 130 species.—1906. BEYER, G. E., ALLISON, +A., KOPMAN, H. H. List of the Birds of Louisiana. Auk, XXIII, 1906, +pp. 1-15, 275-281, XXIV, 314-321; XXV, 173-180; 339-448. 128 species to Pici.—1908. +HOWELL, A. H. Notes on the Winter Birds of Northern Louisiana +Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXI, 119-124 pp.; 70 species.</p> + +<div class="caption4">MAINE</div> + +<p>1862. BOARDMAN, G. A. Catalogue of the Birds Found in the Vicinity +of Calais, Maine, and about the Islands of the Mouth of the Bay of Fundy. +Edited by A. E. Verrill. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., IX, pp. 122-132; 236 + 4 species. +(For 12 additions see Verrill, Ibid., pp. 233, 234.)—1862. VERRILL, A. E. +Catalogue of the Birds Found at Norway, Oxford Co., Maine. Proc. Essex. +Inst., III, pp. 136-160; 159 species.—1872. MAYNARD, C. J. A Catalogue of +the Birds of Coos Co., N. H., and Oxford Co., Maine. With notes by Wm. Brewster, +Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XIV, 1871, pp. 356-385; 164 species.—1882. +BROWN, N. C. A Catalogue of the Birds Known to Occur in Portland, Maine. +Proc. Portl. Soc. Nat. Hist., Dec. 14, 1882, pp, 1-37; 250 species. (See also Proc. +Portl. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1889, pp. 37-40).—1900. HOWE, R. H., JR. Summer Birds +near Isleboro and the Fox Islands. Journ. Maine Orn. Soc. II, pp. 28-32, III, pp. +14, 15; IV, p. 18; 100 species.—1908. KNIGHT, O. W. The Birds of Maine, Pub. +by Author, Bangor 8vo, 693 pp., 30 ills.; 327 species.</p> + +<div class="caption4">MARYLAND</div> + +<p>1895. KIRKWOOD, F. C. A List of the Birds of Maryland. Trans. Md. +Acad. Sci., 1895, pp. 241-382; 290 species.—1900. MERRIAM, C. H., and +PREBLE, E. A. The Summer Birds of Western Maryland. Maryland Geol. +Surv., pp. 291-307; 100 species.—1904. EIFRIG, G. Birds of Allegany and Garrett +Counties, Western Maryland. Auk, XXI, 1904, pp. 234-250; 180 species.</p> + +<div class="caption4">MASSACHUSETTS</div> + +<p>1870. MAYNARD, C. J. Catalogue of the Birds of Eastern Massachusetts. +The Naturalist's Guide, Part II, pp. 81-170; 299 species.—1886. ALLEN, J. A. +A Revised List of the Birds of Massachusetts. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., I, pp. +221-271; 349 species.—1887. CLARK, H. L. The Birds of Amherst and Vicinity, +Including Nearly the Whole of Hampshire County, Mass. 8vo. 55 pp.; 177 species—1888. +BREWSTER, W. Notes on the Birds of Winchendon, Worcester +Co. Auk, V, pp. 386-393; 82 species.—1889. FAXON, W. On the Summer Birds +of Berkshire County, Mass. Auk, VI, pp. 39-46, 99-107. Southern Berkshire, 76 +species; Graylock Mountain, 80 species.—1889. INGALLS, C. E. Birds of Templeton +and the Adjoining Towns. Gardner News, XX, June; 155 species. Not +seen; title from Howe and Allen.—1891. COLBURN, W. W., and MORRIS, R. O. +The Birds of the Connecticut Valley in Massachusetts. 16mo, 24 pp. Springfield. +Published by the Authors. 212 species.—1891. WAKEFIELD, J. R. A +List of the Birds of Dedham. Dedham Hist. Reg., II, pp. 70-74; 181 species. +Not seen; title from Howe and Allen.—1897. MORSE, A. P. Birds of Wellesley. +Published by Author. Wellesley. 16mo, 56 pp.; 224 species.—1900. FAXON, +W., and HOFFMANN, R. The Birds of Berkshire Co. Coll. Berkshire Hist. +and Sci. Soc., III, pp. 109-166; 200 species.—1901. HOWE, R. H. JR., and ALLEN, +G. M. The Birds of Massachusetts. Published by the Authors. 8vo, 154 +pp.; 362 species.—1901. MORRIS, R. O.—The Birds of Springfield, Mass., and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_322" id="Page_322">[Pg_322]</a></span> +Vicinity. H. R. Johnson, Springfield. 8vo, 54 pp.; 255 species.—1905. TOWNSEND, +C. W. The Birds of Essex County, Massachusetts. Memoirs Nutt. Orn. +Club. 4to, 352 pp. Frontispiece and Map; 319 species.—1906. BREWSTER, +W. The Birds of the Cambridge Region of Massachusetts. Memoirs Nutt. Orn. +Club, IV. 426 pp., plls. 7; 249 species.—1909. WRIGHT, H. W. Birds of the +Boston Public Garden. (Houghton, Mifflin), 16mo, 238 pp.; 166 species.—1912. +MORSE, A. P. A Pocket List of the Birds of Eastern Massachusetts with especial +reference to Essex County. Pp. 92. Peabody Academy Science, Salem.</p> + +<div class="caption4">MICHIGAN</div> + +<p>1857. KNEELAND, S. On the Birds of Keeweenan Point, Lake Superior, +Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, VI, 231-241 pp.; 147 species.—1875. BOIES, A. H. +Catalogue of the Birds Ascertained to Occur in Southern Michigan. 8vo, 12 pp.; +211 species.—1876. COVERT, A. B. Birds of Lower Michigan. Forest and +Stream, VI, pp. 99, 132, 163, 214, 318, 354, 402; VII, pp. 147, 164, 276. (See also VI, +p. 197.) 213 species.—1879. GIBBS, M. Annotated List of the Birds of Michigan. +Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geograph. Survey of the Territories, V, 3 pp. 481-497; +310 species.—1880. STEERE, J. B. A List of the Mammals and Birds of Ann +Arbor and Vicinity. 8vo. 8pp.; 111 species of birds.—1884. ATKINS, H. A. +Summer Birds of Locke, Michigan. Orn and Oöl., IX, pp. 43-45; 80 species.—1884. +ATKINS, H. A. Winter Birds of Locke, Michigan. Orn and Oöl., IX, pp. +31, 32; 31 species.—1885. ATKINS, H. A. Summer Birds of Locke, Michigan. +Orn and Oöl., X, p. 3; 82 species.—1885. GIBBS, M. A Catalogue of the Birds +of Kalamazoo County, Michigan. Orn and Oöl., X, pp. 6, 7, 38, 39, 54, 55, 68-70, +86, 87, 118, 119, 133-135, 149-151, 166, 167, 189, 190; 230 species—1885-7. GIBBS, +M. The Birds of Michigan. Forest and Stream, XXIII, pp. 483, 484; XXIV, pp. +5, 6, 26, 27, 44, 45, 65, 84, 104, 105, 124, 125, 144, 145, 184, +224, 267, 268, 288, 289, 307, 347, 387, 388, 427; XXV, pp. 4, 5. 304, 305, 365, 366; +XXVI, pp. 305, 306; XXVII, pp. 123, 124, 223, 224; 68 species—1890. WHITE, T. G. +Birds of Mackinac Island, Michigan. The Oölogist, VII, pp 48, 49; 101 species.—1893. +COOK, A. J. Birds of Michigan. Bull. 94, State Agricultural College. +8vo, 148 pp.; 332 species.—1893. WHITE, S. E. Birds Observed on Mackinac +Island, Michigan, During the Summers of 1889, 1890, and 1891. The Auk, X, +pp. 221-230; 143 species.—1897. BOIES, A. H. Birds of Neebish Island, St. +Mary's River, Michigan. Bull. Mich. Orn. Club, I. pp. 17-20, 27-29; 149 species.—1903. +SWALES, B. H. Notes on the Winter Birds of Wayne Co., Michigan. +Wilson Bull., XIV, pp. 20-24; XV, 1904, p. 82; 71 species.—1903. SWALES, B. H. +A List of the Land Birds of Southeastern Michigan. Bull. Mich. Orn. Club, IV, +pp. 14-17, 35-40; V, pp. 37-43; 165 species. (See also Wilson Bull. XVII, 1905, pp. +108-114; Auk, XXV, pp. 230-232).—1905. WOOD, N. A., and FROTHINGHAM, +E. H. Notes on the Birds of Au Sable Valley, Michigan. Auk, XXII, 1905, pp. +39-154; 103 species.—1906. WOOD, N. A., PEET, M. M., McCREARY, O. +Annotated List of the Birds of Porcupine Mountains [89 species] and Isle Royale +[81 species], Mich. Rep. Geol. Surv. Mich., 1905, pp. 113-127. See also McCreary, +Ibid., pp. 56-57.—1909. BLACKWELDER, E. Summer Birds of Iron County. +Auk, XXVI, pp. 363-370; 80 species.—1910. WOOD, J. CLAIRE. Some Winter +Birds of the Season 1908-9 in Wayne County. Auk, XXVII, pp. 36-41.—1910. +WOOD, N. A., and TINKER, A. D. Notes on Some of the Rarer Birds of Washtenaw +County. Auk, XXVII, pp. 129-141; 34 species.—1910. CHANEY, R. W. +Summer and Fall Birds of the Hamlin Lake Region, Mason County. Auk, +XXVII, pp. 271-279; 119 species.—1911. WOOD, N. A. Expedition to Charity +Islands, Lake Huron. Wilson Bull., XXIII, pp. 78-112; 162 species.—1912. BARROWS, +W. B. Michigan Bird Life. Special Bull. of Mich. Agric. College. 8vo, +pp. xiv + 822; many ills., bibliography; important.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_323" id="Page_323">[Pg_323]</a></span></p> +<div class="caption4">MINNESOTA</div> + +<p>1871. TRIPPE, T. M. Notes on the Birds of Minnesota. Proc. Essex Inst., +VI, pp. 113-119; 138 species.—1874. HATCH, P. L. Report on the Birds of +Minnesota. Bull. Minn. Acad. Nat. Sci., pp. 43-68; 230 species.—1876. ROBERTS, +T. S. A List of Some Birds Observed in the Vicinity of Minneapolis, +Minn., not Enumerated in Dr. Hatch's List. The Scientific Monthly (Toledo, +Ohio), I, 5, p. 231.—1880. ROBERTS, T. S., and BENNER, F. A Contribution +to the Ornithology of Minnesota. Bull. N. O. C., V, pp. 11-20; 86 species.—1881. +HATCH, P. L. A List of the Birds of Minnesota. Ninth Ann. Rep. Geol. and +Nat. Hist. Surv. Minn., for 1880, 1881, pp. 361-372; 281 species.—1881. ROBERTS, +T. S. The Winter Birds of Minnesota. 9th Ann. Rep. Geol. and N. H. +Surv. Minn., for 1880-1881, pp 373-383; 52 species.—1883. BRACKETT, F. H. +Ornithological Notes from Minnesota. Quart. Journ. Bost. Zoöl. Soc. II, pp. 47-49; +III, pp. 7-16; 134 species.—1890. CANTWELL, G. C. A List of the Birds +of Minnesota. Orn. and Oöl., XV, p, 129-139. (See also p. 156 and XVI, +p. 157); 295 species.—1892. HATCH, P. L. Notes on the Birds of Minnesota. +Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey of Minn. 8vo, 487 pp.; 302 species.—1904. CURRIER, +E. S. Summer Birds of the Leech Lake Region, Minn. Auk, XXI, pp. +29-44; 117 species.—1907. ROBERTS, T. S. List of Birds of Becker Co., Minn., +Pioneer Hist. of Becker Co. (Pioneer Press, St. Paul), pp. 159-190; 262 species.—1911. +HONYWILL, A. W. JR.—Notes on some Summer and Fall Birds of the +Crooked Lake Region. Cass and Crow, Wing Counties, Minn. The Auk, XXVIII, +pp. 229-237; 86 species.</p> + +<div class="caption4">MISSISSIPPI</div> + +<p>1905. STOCKARD, C. R. Nesting Habits of Birds in Mississippi. Auk, XXII, +1905, pp. 146-158, 273-285; 83 species.—1906. ALLISON, A. Notes on the Winter +Birds of Hancock Co., Miss., Auk, XXIII, 1906, pp. 44-47; 51 species. Also +Ibid., p. 232.—1907. ALLISON, A. Notes on the Spring Birds of Tishomingo +County, Miss. Auk, XXIV, pp. 12-25.</p> + +<div class="caption4">MISSOURI</div> + +<p>1879. SCOTT, W. E. D. Notes on Birds Observed During the Spring Migration +in Western Missouri. Bull. N. O. C., IV, pp. 139-147; 148 species.—1884. +HURTER J. List of Birds Collected in the Neighborhood of St. Louis, Mo. +Orn. and Oöl., IX, pp. 85-87, 95-97. (see also p. 128); 265 species.—1896. WIDMANN, +O. The Peninsula of Missouri as a Winter Home for Birds. Auk, +XIII, 1896, pp. 216-222.—1907. WIDMANN, O. A Preliminary Catalogue of the +Birds of Missouri. Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, XVIII, pp. 1-288; 383 species—1908. +WOODRUFF, E. S. Birds of Shannon and Carter Counties, Missouri, +Auk, XXV, pp. 191-213; 172 species.</p> + +<a name="MONTANA"></a> +<div class="caption4">MONTANA</div> + +<p>1876. GRINNELL, G. B. Report of a Reconnaissance from Carroll Montana +Territory on the Upper Missouri, to the Yellowstone National Park, and +Return, made in the summer of 1875 by William Ludlow…. Birds, pp. 72-92; 139 +species.—1894. RICHMOND, C. W., and KNOWLTON, F. H. Auk, XI, pp. 298-308; +111 species.—1895. THORNE, P. M. List of Birds observed in the Vicinity +of Fort Keogh, Montana, from July 1888, to September 1892. The Auk, XII, +pp. 211-219; 139 species.—1901. CARY, M. Birds of the Black Hills. The Auk, +XVIII, pp. 231-238; 91 species.—1901. SILLOWAY, P. M. Summer Birds of +Flathead Lake. Bull, No. 3 Univ. Mont. 8vo. 83 pp., 16 plls.; 123 species (see +also, Ibid, No. 6, pp. 289-308).—1903. SILLOWAY, P. M. The Birds of Fergus +County, Montana. Bull. No. 1, Fergus Co. Free High School, Lewiston, Mont. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_324" id="Page_324">[Pg_324]</a></span> +77 pp., 17 ppls.; 179 species.—1907-8. CAMERON, E. S. The Birds of Custer +and Dawson Counties, Montana. The Auk, XXIV, pp. 241-270; 389-406; XXV, +pp. 34-56; 192 species.—1911. SAUNDERS, A. A…. A Preliminary List of +the Birds of Gallatin County, Montana. The Auk, XXVIII, pp. 26-49; 198 species.—1912. +SAUNDERS, A. A. Some Birds of Southwestern Montana. The +Condor, XIV, pp. 22-32; 152 species.</p> + +<div class="caption4">NEBRASKA</div> + +<p>1878. AUGHEY, S. Notes on the Nature of the Food of the Birds of Nebraska. +First Ann. Rep. U. S. Ent. Com. for the year 1877. Appendix II, pp. +13-62; 252 species.—1883. HALL, A. Spring Birds of Nebraska. Forest and +Stream, XX, pp. 265, 266, 284; 114 species.—1888. TAYLOR, W. EDGAR. A +Catalogue of Nebraska Birds … Ann. Rep. Nebr. State Board of Agric., for +the year 1887, pp. 111-118; 314 species.—1888-89. TAYLOR, E. W., and VAN +VLEET, A. H. Notes on Nebraska Birds. Orn. and Oöl., XIII, pp. 49-51, 169-172; +XIV, pp. 163-165; 137 species.—1896. BRUNER., L. Notes on Nebraska +Birds. Rep. Neb. State Hort. Soc., 1896, pp. 48-178; 415 species.—1901. BRUNER, +L. Birds that Nest in Nebraska. Proc. Nebr. Orn. Union, 1901, pp. 48-61; +212 species.—1904. BRUNER, L., WALCOTT, R. H., and SWENK, M. H. A +Preliminary Review of the Birds of Nebraska, 1-116+5 p.; 406 species. Klopp +and Bartlett, Omaha, Nebr.—1909. WALCOTT, R. H. An Analysis of Nebraska's +Bird Fauna. Proc. Neb. Orn. Union, IV, pp. 25-55.</p> + +<a name="NEVADA"></a> +<div class="caption4">NEVADA</div> + +<p>1877. HENSHAW, H. W. Annual Report upon the Survey West of the +One-Hundredth Meridian. Being Appendix N N of the Annual Report of Engineers +for 1877. Report on the Ornithology of Portions of Nevada and California, +pp. 1303-1322.—1877. RIDGWAY, R. Report of Geological Exploration +of the Fortieth Parallel. Clarence King, Geologist, in charge. Vol. IV, Part III, +Ornithology, 4to, pp. 303-670. Mainly limited to that portion of the Great Basin +included between the thirty-ninth and forty-second parallels and extending from +the Sierra Nevada to the Wasatch Mountains; 262 species.—1880. HENSHAW, +H. W. Annual Report upon the Geog. Surv. of the Terr. west of the 100th +Meridian … App. O. O. of the Ann. Rep. of the Chief of Engineers for 1879. +App. L. Ornithological Report from Observations and Collections made in portions +of California, Nevada, and Oregon; pp. 282-335; 184 species.—1881. HOFFMAN, +W. J. Annotated List of the Birds of Nevada. Bull. U. S. Geol. and +Geograph. Survey of the Territories, VI, 2, pp. 203-256; 250 species.—1903. +HANFORD, F. S. The Summer Birds of Washoe Lake, Nevada. The Condor, V, +pp. 49-52; 48 species.—1912. TAYLOR, W. P. Field Notes on Amphibians, +Reptiles and Birds of Northern Humboldt County, Nevada. Univ. Pub. Zool. +VII, 10, pp. 319-436; 103 species.</p> + +<div class="caption4">NEW HAMPSHIRE</div> + +<p>1877. GOODHUE, C. F. The Birds of Webster and Adjoining Towns. +Forest and Stream, VIII, pp. 33, 49, 96, 113, 146; 151 species.—1872. MAYNARD, +C. J. See Maine.—1887. CHADBOURNE, A. P. A List of the Summer Birds of +the Presidential Range of the White Mountains, N. H. Auk, IV, pp. 100-108; +47 species.—1888. FAXON, W., and ALLEN, J. A. Notes on the Summer Birds +of Holderness [65 species], Bethlehem [50 species], and Franconia, N. H. [87 +species]. Auk, V. pp. 149-155.—1889. ALLEN, F. H. Summer Birds at Bridgewater, +N. H. Auk, VI, pp. 76-79.—1882. KNOWLTON, F. H. A Revised List of +the Birds of Brandon, Vt. The Brandon Union, February 10, 1882; 149 species.—1899. +DEARBORN, N. Preliminary List of the Birds of Belknap and Merrimac +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_325" id="Page_325">[Pg_325]</a></span> +Counties, N. H. New Hampshire College, Durham, 8vo, 34 pp.; 175 species.—1900. +BATCHELDER, F. W. and FOGG, E. H. Preliminary List of Birds … +of Manchester, N. H. Proc. Manchester Inst. Arts and Sci., I, pp. 123-138; +132 species. (See also Proc. for 1901, 1902.)—1900 DEARBORN, N. The Birds +of Durham and Vicinity. Cont. Zoöl. Lab. N. H. College Agric. and Mech. Arts, +VI, 121 pp., map.—1904. ALLEN, G. M. The Birds of New Hampshire. Proc. +Manchester Inst. Arts and Sciences, IV, pp. 23-222; 283 species.—1904. COMEY, +A. C. A Partial List of the Summer Birds of Holderness, N. H. Wilson Bull., +XVI, 5-9 pp.; 94 species.</p> + +<div class="caption4">NEW JERSEY</div> + +<p>1885. BARRELL, H. F. Birds of the Upper Passaic Valley, New Jersey. +Orn. and Oöl., X, pp. 21-23, 42, 43; 149 species.—1887. THURBER, E. A List +of Birds of Morris County, New Jersey. True Democratic Banner (newspaper), +Morristown, N. J., Nov. 10, 17, 24; 205 species.—1894. STONE, W. The Birds +of Eastern Pennsylvania and New Jersey. 8vo, 185 pp. Del. Valley Orn. Club, +Phila.; 346 species.—1894. STONE, W. Summer Birds of the Pine Barrens of +New Jersey. Auk, XI, 1894, pp. 138-140; 90 species.—1897-1910. STONE, W., +Editor. Numerous Notes on Birds of Chiefly Southern New Jersey. Proc. Del. +Valley Orn. Club, Phila.—1901. BABSON, W. A. The Birds of Princeton, N. J. +Bull. Bird Club, Princeton Univ. I, pp. 7-28; 230 species.—1906. CHAPMAN, +F. M. (<a href="#NEW_YORK">See New York.</a>)—1907. HOLMES, L. K. Birds Found within a Radius +of 12 Miles of Summit, N. J. Wilson Bull. XIX, pp. 21-27; 201 species. See also +list of Summer Birds, <i>Ibid.</i>, XVII, pp. 8-12; and Hann, List of Summer Birds, +<i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 117-122.—1909. STONE, W. The Birds of New Jersey. Ann. Rep. N. +J. State Museum for 1908, pp. 11-347, 409-419; plls. 1-84.—1909. BAILY, W. L. +Breeding Birds of Passaic and Sussex Counties. Cassinia, pp. 29-36; 94 species.</p> + +<div class="caption4">NEW MEXICO</div> + +<p>1853. WOODHOUSE, S. W. (<a href="#ARIZONA">See Arizona</a>)—1859. HENRY, T. C. Catalogue +of the Birds of New Mexico as compiled from Notes and Observations +made while in that Territory during a residence of Six Years. Proc. Acad. Nat. +Sci. Phila., XI, pp. 104-109; 198 species.—1885-6. HENSHAW, H. W. List of +Birds Observed in Summer and Fall on the Upper Pecos River, New Mexico. +Auk, II, pp. 326-333; III, pp. 73-80; 80 species.—1892. ANTHONY, A. W. Birds +of Southwestern New Mexico. Auk, IX, pp. 357-369; 129 species.—1898. +MITCHELL, W. I. The Summer Birds of San Miguel County, New Mexico. The +Auk, XV, pp. 306-311; 85 species. (See also, Bailey, <i>Ibid.</i>, XXI, 1904, pp. 443-449).—1904. +BAILEY, F. M. Additional Notes on the Birds of the Upper Pecos. +The Auk, XXI, pp. 349-363; 93 species.—1906. HUNN, J. T. S. Notes on Birds +of Silver City, New Mexico. The Auk, XXIII, pp. 418-425; 112 species.—1908. +GILMAN, M. F. Birds on the Navajo Reservation in New Mexico. The Condor, +X, pp. 146-152; 108 species.—1912. BERGTOLD, W. H. October Birds of the +Headwaters of the Gila River, New Mexico. The Auk, XXIX, pp. 327-336; 76 species.</p> + +<a name="NEW_YORK"></a> +<div class="caption4">NEW YORK</div> + +<p>1844. GIRAUD, J. P., JR. The Birds of Long Island … New York, vol. V, +8vo, 397 pp.; 286 species.—1844. DE KAY, JAMES E. Zoölogy of New York. +Part II, Birds. Albany. 1 vol., 4to, xii+380 pp., 141 col. plls.—1876. FOWLER, +H. G. Birds of Central New York. Forest and Stream, VI, pp. 180, 233, 284, 337, +402; VII, pp. 36, 52, 84, 230. Also Additions <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 180; 170 species.—1877. +ROOSEVELT, T., JR., and MINOT, H. D. The Summer Birds of the Adirondacks +in Franklin County, N. Y. 8vo, 4 pp.; 97 species.—1879. RATHBUN, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_326" id="Page_326">[Pg_326]</a></span> +FRANK R. A Revised List of Birds of Central New York. (Cayuga, Onondaga, +Seneca, Wayne, and Yates Counties, Auburn, N. Y.) 44 pp. See also Orn. and +Oöl., VII, 1882, pp. 132, 133; 14 additions.—1879-80. MEARNS, E. A. A List +of the Birds of the Hudson Highlands. Bull. Essex. Inst., X, pp. 166-179; XI, pp. +43-52, 154-168, 189-204; XII, pp. 11-25, 109-128; XIII, pp. 75-93. (See also Auk, +VII, 1890, pp. 55, 56); 214 species.—1880. GREGG, W. H. Revised Catalogue of +the Birds of Chemung County, New York, Elmira, N. Y., O. H. Wheeler; 217 +species.—1881-84. MERRIAM, C. H. Preliminary List of Birds Ascertained to +Occur in the Adirondack Region, Northeastern New York. Bull. N. O. C., VI, pp. +225-235; and Addenda VII, 1882, pp. 128, 256, 257. Auk, I, 1884, pp. 58, 59; +211 species.—1882. BICKNELL, E. P. A Review of the Summer Birds of a part +of the Catskill Mountains, with prefatory remarks on the faunal and floral +features of the region. Trans. of the Linn. Soc. of New York, I, pp. 115-168; 90 +species.—1885 … HOLLICK, A. Preliminary List of the Birds Known to Breed +on Staten Island. Proc. Nat. Sci. Assc. Staten Island. Extra No. 4, December. +67 species.—1886…. BARNUM, M. K. A Preliminary List of the Birds of Onondaga +County, N. Y. Bull. of the Biol. Lab. of Syracuse. 8vo, pp. 1-34; 204 +species.—1886. RALPH, W. L., and BAGG, E. An Annotated List of the +Birds of Oneida County, N. Y., and Its Immediate Vicinity. Trans. Oneida Hist. +Soc., III, pp. 101-147; 224 species. (See also <i>Ibid.</i>, VII, 1890, pp. 2, 29-232.) Orn. +and Col. XIII, 1888, pp. 58, 59. Auk, XI, 1894, pp. 162-164.—1886. WOODRUFF, +L. B., and PAINE, A. G., JR. Birds of Central Park, New York City. A Preliminary +List. Forest and Stream, XXVI, pp. 386, 387, 487; 121 species.—1889. +BERGTOLD, W. H. A List of the Birds of Buffalo and Vicinity. Bull. Buffalo +Nat. Field Club, 1, 7, pp. 1-21; 237 species.—1889. DAVISON, J. L. Birds of +Niagara County, New York, Forest and Stream, XXXIII, pp. 164, 183, 303; 190 +species.—1892. CLUTE, W. N. The Avifauna of Broome Co., N. Y. Wilson +Quart., pp. 59-64; 106 species.—1896. SHORT, E. H. Birds of Western New +York. F. H. Lattin, Albion, N. Y. 20 pp.; 229 species.—1901. EATON, E. H. +Birds of Western New York. Proc. Roch. Acad. IV, 64 pp.; 299 species.—1901. +EMBODY, G. O. Birds of Madison County, N. Y. Bull. Dep't. Geol. and Nat. +Hist., Colgate University, Hamilton, N. Y. 8vo, 36 pp.; 191 species. (See also +Maxon, Auk, XX, p. 263.)—1904. CHAPMAN, F. M. An Annotated +List of the Birds Known to Breed within 50 Miles of New York City. Guide Leaflet, No. 14, +Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 31 pp., 13 ills.—1906. CHAPMAN, F. M. The Birds of the +Vicinity of New York City. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Guide Leaflet, No. 22, Rev. Ed., +96 pp. Numerous ills.; 353 species.—1907. BRAISLIN, W. C. A List of the +Birds of Long Island, N. Y. Abst. Proc. Linnæan Society, N. Y., 1907, pp. 31-123; +364 species. (See also Auk, 1909, pp. 314-316.)—1910. REED, H. D., and +WRIGHT, A. H. Vertebrates of the Cayuga Lake Basin. Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., +XLVIII, pp. 370-459; 257 species.—1910. WRIGHT, A. H. and ALLEN, A. A. +The Increase of Austral Birds at Ithaca. Auk, XXVII, pp. 63-66.—1910. EATON, +E. H. Birds of New York. I, Water and Game Birds. 4to, pp. 1-501, col. plls. +[by Fuertes] 42. Important.—1912. BAGG, E. Annotated List of the Birds of +Oneida County, N. Y., and of the West Canada Creek Valley. Trans. Oneida +Hist. Soc. XII, pp. 16-85; 257 species.</p> + +<div class="caption4">NORTH CAROLINA</div> + +<p>1871. COUES, E. Notes on the Natural History of Fort Macon, N. C. and +Vicinity. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. XXIII, Birds, pp. 18-47. Also <i>Ibid.</i>, 1878, +pp. 22-24; 133 species.—1885. BRIMLEY, H. H. and C. S. Summer Birds of +Raleigh, N. C. Orn. and Oöl., X. pp. 143, 144; 82 species.—1885.—BRIMLEY, H. +H. and C. S. Winter Birds of Raleigh, N. C. Orn. and Oöl., X, p. 128; 72 species.—1886. +BREWSTER, W. An Ornithological Reconnaissance in Western North +Carolina. Auk, III, pp. 94-112, 173-179; 102 species.—1886. BATCHELDER, C. F. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_327" id="Page_327">[Pg_327]</a></span> +The North Carolina Mountains in Winter. Auk, III, pp. 307-314; 40 species.—1887. +ATKINSON, G. F. Preliminary Catalogue of the Birds of North Carolina. +Journ. Elisha Mitchell Society, 1887, Part 2, pp. 44-87; 255 species. A +compilation with some errors.—1887. CAIRNS, J. S. A List of Birds of Buncombe +Co., North Carolina. Orn. and Oöl., XII, pp. 3-6; 169 species.—1887. +SENNETT, G. B. Observations in Western North Carolina Mountains in 1886. +Auk, IV, pp. 240-245; 29 species.—1888. BRIMLEY, C. S. A List of Birds Known +to Breed at Raleigh, N. C. Orn. and Oöl., XIII, pp. 42, 43; 54 species. (See also +<i>Ibid.</i>, p. 187. Auk, XIV, p. 165.)—1889. CAIRNS, J. S. The Summer Birds of +Buncombe County, North Carolina. Orn. and Oöl., XIV, pp. 17-22; 123 species.—1893. +BRIMLEY, C. S. Some Additions to the Avifauna of North Carolina, +with Notes on Some Other Species. Auk, X, 1893, pp. 241-244; 48 species.—1897. +SMITHWICK, J. W. P. Ornithology of North Carolina. Bull. 144, N. C. +Agric. Exp. Sta. 193-228; 303 species.—1899. PEARSON, T. G. Preliminary List +of Birds of Chapel Hill, N. C. Journ. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc., XVI, pp. 33-51; +132 species.—1901. BISHOP, L. B. The Winter Birds of Pea Island, N. C. Auk, +XVIII, pp. 260-268; 42 species.—1905. OBERHOLSER, H. C. Notes on the Mammals +and Summer Birds of Western North Carolina. Published by Biltmore +Forest School. Birds pp. 11-24; 136 species.—1910. PHILIPP, P. B. (<a href="#SOUTH_CAROLINA">see S. C.</a>)</p> + +<div class="caption4">OHIO</div> + +<p>1877 … LANGDON, F. W. A Catalogue of the Birds of the Vicinity of Cincinnati. +8vo, 18 pp. Salem, Mass.; 279 species.—1879. LANGDON, F. W. A +Revised List of Cincinnati Birds. Journ. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., I, 4, pp. 167-193. +(See also <i>Ibid.</i>, III, pp. 121-127; V, 1882, p. 186; VI, 1883, pp. 12-31; 256 species.)—1882. +WHEATON, J. M. Report on the Birds of Ohio, Report of the Geological +Survey of Ohio, IV, I, pp. 188-628; 298 species.—1891. SMITH, R. W. 000 A +List of the Birds of Warren County, Ohio. Journ. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., XIV, pp. +105-133; 189 species.—1896. OBERHOLSER, H. C. A Primary List of the Birds +of Wayne Co. Bull. Ohio Agric. Exp. Sta. I, 4, pp. 243-354; 183 species.—1902. +HENINGER, W. F. A Preliminary List of the Birds of Middle Southern Ohio. +Wilson Bulletin, IX, pp. 77-93; 209 species. (See also <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 130-132; XII, +1905, pp. 89-93).—1902. JONES, L. Bird Studies in Lorain Co., Ohio. Wilson +Bull., IX, pp. 37-58; also pp. 94-100.—1908. DAWSON, W. L. The Birds of Ohio, +4 to xiv+671 pp. Many illus. Columbus, Wheaton Pub. Co.—1903. FIELD, +A. I. Birds of Lecking Co., Ohio. Bull. Sci. Lab. Denison Univ., XV; 203 species.—1903. +JONES, L. The Birds of Ohio. A revised Catalogue, Ohio State Acad. +of Sci., Special Papers No. 6, 141 pp. 1 map; 318 species.—1906. HENINGER, +W. F. A Preliminary List of Birds of Seneca Co., Ohio. Wilson Bull., XVIII. +pp. 47-60; 205 species.—1909-10. JONES, L. The Birds of Cedar Point and +Vicinity. Wilson Bull., XXI, pp. 55-76, 115-131, 187-202; XXII, pp 25-41, 97-115, +172-182. <i>Note.</i>—Every issue of the Wilson Bulletin (Oberlin, Ohio) contains +matter of special interest to bird students in Ohio and the adjoining states.</p> + +<a name="OREGON"></a> +<div class="caption4">OREGON</div> + +<p>1839. TOWNSEND, J. K. Narrative of a Journey across the Rocky Mountains +to the Columbia River … Philadelphia: Henry Perkins, 134 Chestnut +Street. Boston: Perkins and Marvin. 8vo, pp. viii, 352. Appendix: Catalogue +of Birds found in the Territory of the Oregon, pp. 331-352.—1860. COOPER, +J. G. and SUCKLEY, G. Report upon the Birds Collected on the Survey. Pac. R. +R. Rep. Vol. XII, Book 11, pp. 140-291; 216 species observed in Oregon and +Washington.—1877. BENDIRE, C. Notes on some of the Birds found in Southeastern +Oregon, particularly in the Vicinity of Camp Harney, from November, +1874 to January 1877. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XIX, pp. 109-149; 191 species.—1879. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_328" id="Page_328">[Pg_328]</a></span> +MEARNS, E. A. Partial List of the Birds of Fort Klamath, Oregon, +Collected by Lieutenant Willis Wittich, U. S. A., with Annotations and Additions +by the Collector. Bull. N. O. C., IV, pp. 161-166, 194-199; 111 species.—1880. +HENSHAW, H. W. (<a href="#NEVADA">See Nevada.</a>)—1880. JOHNSON, O. B. List of the Birds +of the Willamette Valley, Oregon. Am. Nat. XIV, pp. 485-491, 635-646; 140 +species.—1886. ANTHONY, A. W. Field Notes on the Birds of Washington +County, Oregon. Auk, III, pp. 161-172; 120 species.—1888. MERRILL, J. C. +Notes on the Birds of Fort Klamath, Oregon. With remarks on certain +species by William Brewster. Auk, V, pp. 139-146, 251-262, 357-366; 168 species.—1902. +ANTHONY, A. W. List of Birds in the Vicinity of Portland, Oregon. +Bailey's 'Handbook of Birds of the Western United States,' pp. xliii-xlviii; 145 +species.—1902. LORD, W. R. A First Book upon the Birds of Oregon and +Washington, 16mo, 304+iv pp. ills. J. K. Gill Co., Portland.—1904. MILLER, +L. H. The Birds of the John Day Region, Oregon. The Condor, VI, pp. 100-106; +71 species.—1905. FINLEY, W. L. Among the Sea Birds off the Oregon Coast. +The Condor, VII, pp. 110-127; 161-169.—1909. JEWETT, S. G. Some Birds of +Baker County, Oregon. The Auk, XXVI, pp. 5-9; 83 species.—1911. Peck, M. E. +Summer Birds of Willow Creek Valley, Malheur County, Oregon. The Condor, +XIII, pp. 63-69; 74 species.</p> + +<div class="caption4">PENNSYLVANIA</div> + +<p>1844. BAIRD, W. M. and S. F. List of Birds Found in the Vicinity of +Carlisle, Cumberland County, Pa. Am. Journ. Sci. and Arts, XLVI, pp. 261-273; +201 species.—1845. BAIRD, S. F. Catalogue of Birds Found in the Neighborhood +of Carlisle, Cumberland County, Pa. Lit. Rec. and Journ. Linn. Assoc. of +Penna. College, I, pp. 249-257; 203 species.—1861. BARNARD, V. A. A Catalogue +of the Birds of Chester County, Pa. Times of Arrival in Spring. Ann. +Rep. Smiths. Inst., 1860, pp. 434-438; 191 species—1869. TURNBULL, W. P. +The Birds of East Pennsylvania and New Jersey … 1 vol. roy. 8vo, and also +4to, xii+62 pp.; 342 species.—1880. WARREN, H. B. The Birds of Chester +County, Pa. Forest and Stream, XIII, pp. 1024, 1025; XIV, pp. 6, 25; 218 species.—1886. +PARKER, H. G. List of Birds near Philadelphia with the Dates That +Sets of Eggs Were Taken. Orn. and Oöl. XI, pp. 70, 71; 76 species.—1887. PENNOCK, +C. J. Birds of Chester County, Pa. The Oölogist. IV, pp. 1-10; 234 +species.—1889. RESSEL, C. B. Birds of Chester County, Pa. Orn. and Oöl., +XIV, 97-101, pp. 112-116, 129, 130; 199 species.—1890. WARREN, B. H. Report +on the Birds of Pennsylvania. With Special Reference to the Food Habits. +Second Edition. Harrisburg, 8vo, xiv+434 pp.; 100 col. plls.—1891. STONE, +W. The Summer Birds of Harvey's Lake, Luzerne Co., Pennsylvania, with +Remarks on the Faunal Position of the Region. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. +1891, pp. 431-438; 54 species.—1892. DWIGHT, J., JR. Summer Birds of the +Crest of the Pennsylvania Alleghanies. Auk, IX, pp. 129-141; 84 species.—1893. +JACOBS, J. W. Summer Birds of Greene Co., Pa. 8vo, 15 pages; 90 species. +Published by Author, Waynesburg, Pa.—1893. TODD, W. E. C. Summer Birds +of Indiana [65 species] and Clearfield [55 species] Counties, Pa. Auk, X, 1893, +pp. 35-46.—1894. STONE, W. The Birds of Eastern Pennsylvania and New +Jersey. 8vo, vii+185 pp. Del. Valley Orn. Club, Phila. 346 species.—1895. +ROTZELL, W. E. Birds of Narbeth, Pa., and Vicinity. The Citizen, June 22 +and 29, and reprinted in +pamphlet, 8 pp.; 108 species.—1896. BAILY, W. L. +Summer Birds of Northern Elk Co. Auk, XIII, pp. 289-197; 69 species.—1896. +YOUNG, R. T. Summer Birds of Anthracite Coal Regions of Pennsylvania. +Auk, XIII, 1896, pp. 278-285; 59 species—1897. MONTGOMERY, T. H., +JR. A List of the Birds of the Vicinity of West Chester, Chester Co., Pa. Am. +Nat., 1897, pp. 622-628, 812-814, 907-911; 145 species—1897-1910. STONE, W. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_329" id="Page_329">[Pg_329]</a></span> +Editor. Numerous Notes on and Short Lists of Eastern Pennsylvania Birds. +Proc. Del. Valley Orn. Club, Phila.—1899. RHOADES, S. N. Notes on Some of +the Rarer Birds of Western Pennsylvania. Auk, XVI, pp. 308-313; 65 species.—1901. +BURNS, F. L. A Sectional Bird Census, at Berwyn, Pa. Wilson Bull. +No. 36, pp. 84-103; 62 species.—1904. TODD, W. E. C. The Birds of Erie and +Presque Isle, Erie Co., Pa. Annals Carnegie Museum, II. pp. 841-596, 4 plates; +237 species.—1904. TODD, W. E. C. The Mammal and Bird Fauna of Beaver +County, Pa. Bausman's History of Beaver County, II, 1904, pp. 1195-1202; +178 species.</p> + +<div class="caption4">RHODE ISLAND</div> + +<p>1899. HOWE, R. H., JR. and STURTEVANT, E. The Birds of Rhode +Island. Published by Authors. 8vo, 111 pp.; 291 species.—1908. Commissioners +of Birds. A Check-List of Rhode Island Nesting Birds, pp. 1-26; 104 species.</p> + +<a name="SOUTH_CAROLINA"></a> +<div class="caption4">SOUTH CAROLINA</div> + +<p>1868. COUES, E. Synopsis of the Birds of South Carolina. Proc. Bost. +Soc. Nat. Hist., XII, pp. 104-127; 294 species.—1879. LOOMIS, L. M. A Partial +List of the Birds of Chester County, S. C. Bull. N. O. C., IV, pp. 209-218; 140 +species. (See also additions and notes. Auk, II, 1885, pp. 188-193; VIII, 1891, +pp. 49-59, 167-173; IX, 1892; pp. 28-39; XI, 1894, pp. 26-39, 94-117.)—1885. HOXIE, +W. Notes on the Birds of the Sea Islands. Orn. and Oöl., X, pp. 13-27, 29, 44-46, +62, 63. (Also Corrections and Additions. <i>Ibid.</i>, XI, 1886, pp. 33, 34.) 238 species.—1890. +LOOMIS, L. M. Observations on Some of the Summer Birds of the +Mountain Portions of Pickens County, Auk, VII, pp. 30-39, 124-130; 76 species.—1891. +LOOMIS, L. M. June Birds of Cæsar's Head, S. C. Auk, VIII, pp. 323-333; +52 species.—1910. PHILIPP, P. B. List of Birds Observed [in the Carolinas]. +Auk, XXVII, pp 312-322. (See also Wayne, <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 464.)—1910. +WAYNE, A. T. Birds of South Carolina. Cont. from Charleston Museum, I, +8vo, xxi+pp. 254; 337 species.</p> + +<div class="caption4">TENNESSEE</div> + +<p>1886. FOX, W. H. List of Birds Found in Roane County, Tennessee, +During April, 1884, and March and April, 1885. Auk, III, pp. 315-320; 114 species.—1895. +RHOADS, S. N. Cont. Zoöl. Tenn., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1895. +pp. 463-501. Also Auk, XIII, 1896, p. 181; 223 species.—1910. HOWELL, A. H. +Notes on the Birds of Kentucky and Tennessee. Auk, XXVII, pp. 295-304. +Tenn.; 161 species.</p> + +<a name="TEXAS"></a> +<div class="caption4">TEXAS</div> + +<p>1865-6. DRESSER, H. E. Notes on the Birds of Southern Texas. Ibis., +2nd Ser. I, pp. 312-330, 466-495, II, pp. 23-46; 272 species.—1878. MERRILL, J. C. +Notes on the Ornithology of Southern Texas. Being a List of Birds Observed +in the Vicinity of Fort Brown, Texas, from February, 1876, to June, 1878. Proc. +U. S. Nat. Mus. I, pp. 118-173; 252 species.—1878. SENNETT, G. B. Notes on +the Ornithology of the Lower Rio Grande, Texas, from Observations made +during the Season of 1877. Edited, with Annotations, by Dr. Elliott Coues. +Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geograph. Survey, Vol. IV, pp. 1-66; 151 species.—1879. +SENNETT, G. B. Further Notes on the Ornithology of the Lower Rio Grande +of Texas, from observations made during the spring of 1878. Edited, with +Annotations by Dr. Elliott Coues. Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geograph. Survey of the +Territories, V, 3, pp. 371-440; 168 species.—1882. BROWN, N. C. A Reconnaissance +in Southwestern Texas. Bull. N. O. C., VII, pp. 33-42! 104+6? species +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_330" id="Page_330">[Pg_330]</a></span> +observed near Boerne, Kendall County.—1882. NEHRLING, H. List Of Birds +Observed at Houston, Harris, Texas and vicinity, and in the Counties +Montgomery, Galveston, and Ford Bend. Bull Nutt. Orn. Club, VII, pp. 6-13, +166-175, 222-225; 209 species.—1887. LLOYD, W. Birds of Tom Green and +Concho Counties, Texas. Auk, IV, pp. 181-193, 289-299; 253 species.—1888. +BECKHAM, C. W. Observations on the Birds of southwestern Texas. Proc. +U. S. Nat. Mus., X, 1887, pp. 635-696; 283 species.—1891. CHAPMAN, F. M. +On the Birds Observed near Corpus Christi, Texas, during parts of March and +April, 1891. Bull Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., III, pp. 315-328; 33+66 species.—1892. +ATTWATER, H. P. List of Birds Observed in the vicinity of San Antonio, +Bexar County, Texas. Auk, IX, pp. 229-238; 337-345; 242 species.—1892. +RHOADS, S. N. The Birds of Southeastern Texas and Southern Arizona, Observed +during May, June, and July, 1891. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., pp. 98-126. +Annotated lists of 100+8 species observed at Corpus Christi, and 124+2 +species observed in Southern Arizona.—1900. CARROLL, J. J. Notes on +the Birds of Refugio County, Texas. The Auk, pp. 337-348.—1905. MONTGOMERY, +T. H. JR. Summer Resident Birds of Brewster County, Texas. The +Auk, XXII, pp. 12-15; 47 species.—1911. LACEY, H. The Birds of Kerrville, +Texas, and Vicinity. The Auk, XXVIII, pp. 200-219; 202 species.</p> + +<a name="UTAH"></a> +<div class="caption4">UTAH</div> + +<p>1858. BAIRD, S. F. Birds found at Fort Bridger, Utah. Pac. R. R. Rep. +IX, pp. 926-927; 104 species.—1873. MERRIAM, C. H. Report on the Mammals +and Birds of the Expedition to Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, and Utah. Sixth Ann. +Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr. for 1872, 1873. Birds, pp. 670-715. A list of 176 +Utah birds.—1873. RIDGWAY, R. Notes on the Bird-fauna of the Salt Lake +Valley and the adjacent portions of the Wahsatch Mountains. Bull. Essex Inst., +V, pp. 168-173. Remarks on Allen's "List of Birds Collected in the Vicinity +of Ogden" and list of Birds found breeding near Salt Lake City.—1874. HENSHAW, +H. W. An annotated list of the Birds of Utah. Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist., N. +Y., XI, pp. 1-14; 214 species.—1877. RIDGWAY, R. (<a href="#NEVADA">See Nevada</a>.)</p> + +<div class="caption4">VERMONT</div> + +<p>1901. HOWELL, A. H. Preliminary List of Summer Birds of Mount Mansfield, +Vt. Auk, XVIII, pp. 337-347; 86 species.—1902. PERKINS, G. H. A Preliminary +List of the Birds Found in Vermont. 21st Ann. Rep. Vt. State Bd. +Agric., pp. 85-118; 261 species. See also HOWE, R. H., JR., Cont. N. A. Orn. II, +pp. 5-22.—1903. DAVENPORT, E. B. Birds Observed on Mt. Mansfield and the +West End of Stowe Valley at the Base of the Mountain, in the Summer of +1902. Wilson Bull., XV, pp. 77-86; 74 species.—1907. DAVENPORT, E. B. +Birds of Windham and Bennington Counties. Bull. No. 2, Vermont Bird Club +(Burlington, Vt.), pp. 5-14; 176 species.—1908. ALLEN, F. H. Summer Birds +of Southern Vermont, Auk, XXV, pp. 56-64; 86 species.</p> + +<a name="VIRGINIA"></a> +<div class="caption4">VIRGINIA</div> + +<p>1890. RIVES, WM. C., M. D. A Catalogue of the Birds of the Virginias. +Proc. Newport Nat. Hist. Soc., Document VII, Newport R. I. 8vo. 100 pp.; +305 species.—1902. DANIELS, J. W. Summer Birds of the Great Dismal +Swamp. Auk, XIX, 15-18 pp.; 41 species.—1910. EMBODY, G. C. A List of +Birds Observed at Ashland, Va. Auk, XXVII, pp. 169-177; 114 species.—1912. +BAILEY, H. B. Notes on Birds Breeding in the Mountains of Virginia. The +Auk, XXIX, pp. 79-84; 94 species.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_331" id="Page_331">[Pg_331]</a></span></p> +<div class="caption4">WASHINGTON</div> + +<p>1892. LAWRENCE, R. H. A Preliminary List of the Birds of the Gray's +Harbor Region, Washington. Auk, IX, pp. 39-47; 92 species. (See also pp. +352-357; and Palmer, <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 308-310).—1893. RHOADS, S. N. (<a href="#BRITISH_COLUMBIA">See British +Columbia</a>.)—1897. DAWSON, W. L. A Preliminary List of the Birds of Okanagan +County, Washington. The Auk, XIV, pp. 168-182; 143 species.—1900. +KOBBÉ, W. H. The Birds of Cape Disappointment, Washington. The Auk, +XVII, pp. 349-358; 63 species—1902. LORD, W. R. (<a href="#OREGON">See Oregon</a>.)—1902. +RATHBUN, S. F. A List of the Land Birds of Seattle, Washington and Vicinity +The Auk, XIX, pp. 131-141; 112 species—1903. SNODGRASS, R. E. A List of +Land Birds from Central Washington. The Auk, XX, pp. 202-209; 53 species.—1904. +SNODGRASS, R. E. A List of Land Birds from Central and Southeastern +Washington. The Auk, XXI, pp. 223-233; 58 species.—1906. BOWLES, +J. H. A List of Birds of Tacoma, Washington, and Vicinity. The Auk, XXIII, +pp. 138-148; 201 species.—1906. JOHNSON, R. H. The Birds of Cheney, Washington. +The Condor, VIII, pp. 25-28; 113 species.—1908. EDSON, J. M. Birds +of the Bellingham Bay Region. The Auk, XXV, pp. 425-439; 212 species.—1908. +DAWSON, W. L. The Bird Colonies of the Olympiades. The Auk, XXV, pp. 153-166.</p> + +<div class="caption4">WEST VIRGINIA</div> + +<p>1873. SCOTT, W. E. D. Partial List of the Summer Birds of Kanawha +County, West Virginia, with Annotations. Proc. Bost. Soc. Hist., XV, pp. 219-227; +86 species.—1875. BREWSTER, W. Some Observations on the Birds of +Ritchie County, West Virginia. Annals of the Lyc. Nat. Hist., N. Y., XI, pp. +139-146; 100 species.—1888. DOAN, W. D. Birds of West Virginia. Bull. 3, +Agric. Exp. Sta., Morgantown; 200 species.—1889. SURBER, T. Birds of Greenbriar +County, West Va. The Hawkeye Orn. and Oöl. (E. B. Webster, Cresco, +Iowa), II, pp. 2-4, 13-15, 29-32; 121 species.—1890. RIVES, W. C. (<a href="#VIRGINIA">See Virginia.</a>)—1898. +RIVES, W. C. Summer Birds of the West Virginia Spruce Belt. Auk, +XV, pp. 131-137; 46 species.—1909. BROOKS, E. A. West Virginia Birds in +State Board of Agriculture. Report W. Va. State Board Agric., for 1908, pp. 3-62; +193 species.</p> + +<div class="caption4">WISCONSIN</div> + +<p>1853. HOY, P. R. Notes on the Ornithology of Wisconsin. Proc. Acad. +Nat. Sci., Phila., VI, pp. 304-313, 318-385, 423-429; 283 species. (Revised with +additions in the Trans. Wisc. State Agric. Soc., 1852, II, pp. 341-364.)—1854. +BARRY, A. C. On the Ornithological Fauna of Wisconsin. Proc. Bost. Soc. +Nat. Hist., V, 1854, pp. 1-13; 218 species.—1882. KING, F. H. Economic Relations +of Wisconsin Birds. Wis. Geol. Survey, I, pp. 441-610; figs. 103-144; 295 +species.—1883. WILLARD, S. W. Migration and Distribution of North American +Birds in Brown and Outgamie Counties. Trans. Wisc. Acad. Sci. Arts, and +Letters, VI, pp. 177-196; 210 species.—1894. GRUNDTVIG, F. L. The Birds of +Shiocton in Bovine, Outgamie Co., Wisc. Trans. Wisc. Acad. Sciences, X, pp. +73-158; 183 species.—1903. KUMLEIN, L., and HOLLISTER, N. The Birds of +Wisconsin. Bull. Wisc. Nat. Hist. Soc., III (N. S.), pp. 1-143, 8 half-tones; 357 +species.—1909. CORY, C. B. (<a href="#ILLINOIS">See Ills.</a>)</p> + +<a name="WYOMING"></a> +<div class="caption4">WYOMING</div> + +<p>1872. HOLDEN, C. H. JR. Notes on the Birds of Wyoming and Colorado +Territories, with additional memoranda by C. E. Aiken. Edited by T. M. +Brewer. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XV, pp. 193-210; 142 species.—1873. MERRIAM, +C. H. (<a href="#UTAH">See Utah.</a>)—1876. GRINNELL, G. B. (<a href="#MONTANA">See Montana</a>).—1879. +WILLISTON, S. W. A List of Birds taken in Southern Wyoming +with supplementary notes by George B. Grinnell; Forest and stream, XII, pp. 306-307, 325-326, +365; 109 species.—1902. KNIGHT, W. C. The Birds of Wyoming. University +of Wyoming. 8vo. 174 pp., 48 plls.; 288 species.—1902. BOND, F. List +of Birds of Cheyenne and Vicinity. Bailey's 'Handbook of Birds of the Western +United States,' pp. lxxiii; 184 species.—1907. PALMER, T. S. Birds of Yellowstone +Park. Ann. Rep. Supt. of Yellowstone Park for 1907. pp. 15-23; 70 species.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_332" id="Page_332">[Pg_332]</a></span></p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<a name="Index"></a> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_333" id="Page_333">[Pg_333]</a></span></p> + +<div class="caption2">INDEX</div> + +<table width="80%" summary="index"> +<tr> + <td>Acanthis hornemannii</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_176">176</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> " exilipes</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_176">176</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> " linaria</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_176">176</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> " holbœllii</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_176">176</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> " rostrata</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_176">176</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Accipiter atricapillus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_131">131</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> + " striatulus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_131">131</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> cooperii</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_131">131</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> velox</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_131">131</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Actitis macularia</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_107">107</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Actodromas acuminata</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_109">109</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> bairdii</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_109">109</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> fuscicollis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_109">109</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> maculata</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_109">109</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> minutilla</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_109">109</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Æchmophorus occidentalis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Ægialitis hiaticula</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_112">112</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> " meloda</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_112">112</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> " circumcincta</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_112">112</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> " nivosa</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_112">112</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> " semipalmata</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_112">112</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Aëronautes melanoleucus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_158">158</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Æstrelata fisheri</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_260">260</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> " hasitata</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_65">65</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> " scalaris</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_260">260</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Agelaius gubernator californicus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_179">179</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> " phœniceus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_178">178</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> " bryanti</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_178">178</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> " caurinus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_178">178</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> " floridanus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_178">178</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> " fortis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_178">178</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> " neutralis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_178">178</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> " richmondi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_298">298</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> " sonoriensis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_178">178</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> " tricolor</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_179">179</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Aimophila carpalis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_220">220</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> " ruficeps</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_220">220</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> " eremœca</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_220">220</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> " scottii</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_220">220</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> " sororia</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_220">220</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Aix sponsa</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_78">78</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Ajaia ajaja</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_89">89</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Alauda arvensis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_277">277</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Alaudidæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Albatross, Black-footed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> " Laysan</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> " Short-tailed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> " Sooty</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> " Yellow-nosed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Alca torda</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Alcedinidæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Alcidæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_10">10</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Alle alle</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_46">46</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Amazilis cerviniventris chalconota</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_160">160</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> tzacatl</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_160">160</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Ammodramus caudacutus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_225">225</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> henslowi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_224">224</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> " + occidentalis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_224">224</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> leconteii</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_225">225</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> maritimus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_226">226</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> " + fisheri</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_226">226</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> " + macgillivraii</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_226">226</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> " + peninsulæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_226">226</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> " + sennetti</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_226">226</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> nelsoni</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_225">225</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> " + subvirgatus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_225">225</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> nigrescens</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_226">226</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Ampelidæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Ampelis cedrorum</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_198">198</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> garrulus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_198">198</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Amphispiza belli</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_228">228</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> + " canescens</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_300">300</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> + " cinerea</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_228">228</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> + " nevadensis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_228">228</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> bilineata</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_249">249</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> " deserticola</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_249">249</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Anas boschas</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_76">76</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> fulvigula</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_77">77</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> " + maculosa</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_77">77</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> obscura</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_77">77</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> " + rubripes</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_77">77</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Anatidæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Anhinga</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> anhinga</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_73">73</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Anhingidæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Ani</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_146">146</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Groove-billed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_146">146</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Anous stolidus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_60">60</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Anser albifrons</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_262">262</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> " + gambeli</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_85">85</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> fabialis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_262">262</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Anseres</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Anthus pensilvanicus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_232">232</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> spraguei</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_232">232</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Antrostomus carolinensis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_156">156</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> vociferus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_156">156</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> " + macromystax</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_156">156</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Aphelocoma californica</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_184">184</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Aphelocoma californica hypoleuca</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_184">184</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> " + obscura</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_184">184</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> cyanea</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_184">184</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> cyanotis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_184">184</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> insularis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_184">184</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> sieberii arizonæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_183">183</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> " + couchii</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_183">183</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> texana</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_184">184</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> woodhouseii</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_184">184</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Aphriza virgata</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_111">111</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Aphrizidæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Aquila chrysaëtos</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_136">136</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Aramidæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Aramus giganteus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Archibuteo ferrugineus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_135">135</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> lagopus sancti-johannis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_135">135</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Arctonetta fischeri</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_82">82</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Ardea herodias</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_93">93</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> " + fannini</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_93">93</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> " + wardi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_93">93</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> occidentalis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_92">92</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Ardeidæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Ardetta exilis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_91">91</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> neoxena</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_91">91</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Arenaria interpres</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_102">102</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> melanocephala</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_107">107</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> morinella</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_102">102</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Arquatella couesi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_107">107</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> maritima</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_107">107</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> ptilocnemis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_108">108</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Arremonops rufivirgatus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_215">215</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Asio accipitrinus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_138">138</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> wilsonianus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_138">138</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Astragalinus lawrenci</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_189">189</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> psaltria</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_192">192</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> " + hesperophilus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_299">299</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> " + mexicanus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_299">299</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> tristis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_192">192</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> " pallidus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_192">192</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> " salicamans</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_192">192</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Asturina plagiata</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_131">131</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Asyndesmus torquatus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_152">152</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Atthis morcomi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_161">161</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Auk, Great</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Razor-billed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Auklet, Cassin</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_46">46</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Crested</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_47">47</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Least</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_47">47</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Paroquet</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_47">47</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Rhinoceros</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_45">45</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Whiskered</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_47">47</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Auriparus flaviceps</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_195">195</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> " lamprocephalus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_195">195</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Avocet</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Aythya affinis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_79">79</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> americana</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_79">79</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> collaris</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_79">79</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Aythya marila</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_78">78</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> vallisneria</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_79">79</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Bæolophus atricristatus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_243">243</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + sennetti</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_303">303</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> bicolor</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_243">243</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + texensis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> inornatus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_242">242</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + cineraceus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_242">242</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + griseus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_242">242</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> wollweberi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_244">244</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Baldpate</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_77">77</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Bartramia longicauda</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_105">105</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Basilinna leucotis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_160">160</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> xantusi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_159">159</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Becard, Xantus's</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_276">276</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Bittern, American</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_91">91</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Cory</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_91">91</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Least</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_91">91</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Blackbird, Bicolored</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_179">179</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Brewer</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_254">254</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Red-winged</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_178">178</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Rusty</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_254">254</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Tricolored</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_179">179</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Yellow-headed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_199">199</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Bluebird</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_182">182</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Azure</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_182">182</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Chestnut-backed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_182">182</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Mountain</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_182">182</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> San Pedro</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_182">182</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Western</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_182">182</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Bobolink</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_251">251</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Bob-white</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_24">26</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Florida</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_115">115</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Masked</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_115">115</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Texan</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_115">115</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Bombycillidæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_298">298</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Bonasa umbellus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_118">118</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " sabini</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_118">118</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " togata</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_118">118</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Bonasa umbellus umbelloides</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_118">118</a> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_335" id="Page_335">[Pg_335]</a></span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Booby</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_70">70</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Blue-faced</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_70">70</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Blue-footed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_70">70</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Brewster</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_70">70</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Red-footed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_70">70</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Botaurus lentiginosus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_91">91</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Brachyramphus brevirostris</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_46">46</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> craveri</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_46">46</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> hypoleucus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_46">46</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> marmoratus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_46">46</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Brant</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_86">86</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Black</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_86">86</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Branta bernicla glaucogastra</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_86">86</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> canadensis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_86">86</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " hutchinsii</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_86">86</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " minima</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_86">86</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " occidentalis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_86">86</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> leucopsis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_262">262</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Branta nigricans</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_86">86</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Bubo virginianus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_143">143</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " algistus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_297">297</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " arcticus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_143">143</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " elachistus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_143">143</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " heterocnemis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_297">297</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " pacificus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_143">143</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " pallescens</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_143">143</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " saturatus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_143">143</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Bubonidæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Budytes flavus leucostriatus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_192">192</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Buffle-head</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_80">80</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Bullfinch, Cassin's</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_279">279</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Bulweria bulweri</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_260">260</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Bunting, Beautiful</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_180">180</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Indigo</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_181">181</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Lark</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_252">252</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Lazuli</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_180">180</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Painted</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_180">180</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Varied</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_180">180</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Bush-Tit</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_242">242</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> California</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_242">242</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Grinda</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_242">242</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Lead-colored</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_242">242</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Lloyd</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_242">242</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Santa Rita</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_242">242</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Buteo abbreviatus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_134">134</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> albicaudatus sennetti</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_135">135</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> borealis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_132">132</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + alascensis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_296">296</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + calurus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_132">132</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + harlani</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_132">132</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + kriderii</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_132">132</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> brachyurus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_134">134</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> lineatus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_133">133</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Buteo lineatus alleni</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_133">133</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> elegans</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_133">133</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> platypterus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_133">133</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> swainsoni</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_133">133</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Buteonidæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_294">294</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Butorides virescens</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + anthonyi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + frazari</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Buzzard, Turkey</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_129">129</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Calamospiza melanocorys</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_252">252</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Calcarius lapponicus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_219">219</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + alascensis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_219">219</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> ornatus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_218">218</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> pictus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_220">220</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Calidris arenaria</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_108">108</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Callipepla squamata</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_116">116</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + castanogastris</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_116">116</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Callothrus robustus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_253">253</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Calothorax lucifer</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_159">159</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Calypte annæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_161">161</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> costæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_159">159</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Campephilus principalis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_149">149</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Camptolaimus labradorius</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_81">81</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Canachites canadensis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_298">298</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + canace</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_298">298</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + osgoodi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_298">298</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> franklinii</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_117">117</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Canvas-back</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_79">79</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Caprimulgidæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Caracara, Audubon</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_134">134</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Guadalupe</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_134">134</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Cardellina rubrifrons</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_177">177</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Cardinal</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Arizona</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_172">172</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Florida</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_172">172</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Gray-tailed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_172">172</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> St Lucas</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_172">172</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Texas</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_172">172</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Cardinalis cardinalis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_172">172</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> canicaudus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_172">172</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> floridanus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_172">172</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> igneus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_172">172</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> superbus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_172">172</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Carduelis carduelis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_177">177</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Carpodacus amplus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_175">175</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> cassini</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_175">175</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> mcgregori</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_175">175</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> mexicanus elementis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_175">175</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + frontalis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_175">175</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + ruberrimus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_175">175</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> purpureus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_174">174</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + californicus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_174">174</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Casarca casarca</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_262">262</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Catbird</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_247">247</a> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_336" id="Page_336">[Pg_336]</a></span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Catharista urubu</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_129">129</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Cathartes aura</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_129">129</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Cathartidæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Catherpes mexicanus albifrons</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_234">234</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + conspersus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_234">234</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + punctulatus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_234">234</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Centrocercus urophasianus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_122">122</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Centurus aurifrons</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_153">153</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> carolinus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_153">153</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> uropygialis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_153">153</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Ceophlœus pileatus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_149">149</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + abieticola</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_149">149</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Cepphus columba</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> grylle</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> mandtii</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Cerorhinca monocerata</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_45">45</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Certhia familiaris albescens</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_237">237</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + americana</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_237">237</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + montana</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_237">237</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + occidentalis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_237">237</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + zelotes</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_238">238</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Certhiidæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Ceryle alcyon</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_147">147</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " caurina</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_297">297</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> americana septentrionalis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_147">147</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> torquata</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_273">273</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Chachalaca</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Chætura pelagica</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_158">158</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> vauxii</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_158">158</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Chamæa fasciata</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_300">300</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " phæa</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_300">300</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " rufula</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_300">300</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Chamæidæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_294">294</a>, <a href="#Page_298">298</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Charadriidæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Charadrius dominicus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_110">110</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " fulvus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_110">110</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Charitonetta albeola</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_80">80</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Chat, Long-tailed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_198">198</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Yellow-breasted</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Chaulelasmus streperus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_77">77</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Chen cærulescens</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_85">85</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> hyperborea</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " nivalis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> rossii</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Chewink</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_204">204</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Chickadee</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_39">39</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Alaskan</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_244">244</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Bailey's Mountain</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_303">303</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Barlow</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_244">244</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Black-capped</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_245">245</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> California</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_244">244</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Canadian</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_244">244</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Carolina</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_245">245</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Chestnut-backed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_244">244</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Columbian</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_244">244</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Florida</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_303">303</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Hudsonian</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_244">244</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Kowak</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_244">244</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Long-tailed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_245">245</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Mexican</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_245">245</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Mountain</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_244">244</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Oregon</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_245">245</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Plumbeous</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_245">245</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Valdez Chestnut-sided</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_303">303</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Yukon</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_303">303</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Chondestes grammacus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_218">218</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + strigatus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_218">218</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Chordeiles acutipennis texensis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_157">157</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> virginianus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_157">157</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + chapmani</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_157">157</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + henryi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_157">157</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + sennetti</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_157">157</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Chuck-will's widow</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_156">156</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Ciconiidæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Cinclidæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Cinclus mexicanus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_247">247</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Circus hudsonius</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_130">130</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Cistothorus stellaris</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_236">236</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Clangula clangula americana</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_80">80</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> islandica</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_80">80</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Coccyges</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Coccyzus americanus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_146">146</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + occidentalis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_146">146</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> minor</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_146">146</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + maynardi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_146">146</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> erythrophthalmus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_146">146</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Cœligena clemenciæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_160">160</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Colaptes auratus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_154">154</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " luteus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_154">154</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> cafer collaris</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_154">154</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " saturatior</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_154">154</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> chrysoides</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_154">154</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + brunnescens</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_154">154</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + mearnsi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_298">298</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> rufipileus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_154">154</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Colinus ridgwayi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_115">115</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> virginianus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_115">115</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + floridanus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_115">115</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + texanus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_115">115</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Columba fasciata</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_124">124</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + vioscæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_124">124</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> flavirostris</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_124">124</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> leucocephala</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_124">124</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Columbæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Columbidæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Columbigallina passerina bermudiana</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_126">126</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Columbigallina passerina pallescens</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_126">126</a> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_337" id="Page_337">[Pg_337]</a></span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + + " + terrestris</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_126">126</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Colymbus auritus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_43">43</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> dominicus brachypterus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> holbœllii</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_43">43</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> nigricollis californicus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_43">43</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Compsothypsis americana</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_195">195</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + + " + usneæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_195">195</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> nigrilora</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_195">195</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Condor</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_129">129</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Contopus borealis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_208">208</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> pertinax pallidiventris</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_208">208</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> richardsonii</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_208">208</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + peninsulæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_208">208</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> virens</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_208">208</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Conurus carolinensis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_145">145</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Coot, American</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> European</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_265">265</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Cormorant</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_71">71</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Baird</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_72">72</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Brandt</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_72">72</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Double-crested</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_71">71</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Farallon</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_71">71</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Florida</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_71">71</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Mexican</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_71">71</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Pelagic</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_72">72</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Red-faced</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_72">72</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Violet-green</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_72"> 72</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> White-crested</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_71">71</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Corvidæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Corvus americanus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_255">255</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + pascuus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_255">255</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> brachyrhynchos hesperis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_304">304</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> caurinus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_255">255</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> corax principalis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_255">255</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + sinuatus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_255">255</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> cryptoleucus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_255">255</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> ossifragus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_255">255</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Coturniculus bairdii</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_224">224</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> savannarum passerinus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_224">224</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " bimaculatus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_224">224</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " floridanus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_224">224</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Cowbird</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_253">253</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Bronzed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_304">304</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Dwarf</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_253">253</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Red-eyed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_253">253</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Cracidæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Crake, Corn</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_265">265</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Spotted</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_265">265</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Crane, Little Brown</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Sandhill</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Whooping</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Creciscus coturniculus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_294">294</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Creeper, Brown</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_237">237</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Creeper, California</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_237">237</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Mexican</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_237">237</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Rocky Mountain</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_237">237</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Sierra</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_238">238</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Crossbill, American</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_173">173</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Mexican</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_173">173</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> White-winged</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_174">174</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Crotophaga ani</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_146">146</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> sulcirostris</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_146">146</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Crow, American</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_255">255</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Carrion</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_129">129</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Fish</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_255">255</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Florida</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_255">255</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Northwest</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_255">255</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Western</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_304">304</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Crymophilus fulicarius</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_102">102</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Cuckoo, Black-billed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_146">146</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> California</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_146">146</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Kamchatka</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_273">273</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Mangrove</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_146">146</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Maynard</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_146">146</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Yellow-billed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_146">146</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Cuculidæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Curlew, Bristle-thighed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_295">295</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Eskimo</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_103">103</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Hudsonian</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Long-billed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_103">103</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Cyanocephalus cyanocephalus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_183">183</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Cyanocitta cristata</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_183">183</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + florincola</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_183">183</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> stelleri</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_185">185</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + annectens</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_185">185</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + carbonacea</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_298">298</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + carlottæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_185">185</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + diademata</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_185">185</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + frontalis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_185">185</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Cyanopiza amœna</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_180">180</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> ciris</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_180">180</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> cyanea</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_181">181</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> versicolor</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_180">180</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> versicolor pulchra</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_180">180</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Cyclorrhynchus psittaculus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_47">47</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Cypseloides niger borealis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_158">158</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Cyrtonyx montezumæ mearnsi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_115">115</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Dafila acuta</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_76">76</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Daption capensis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_260">260</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Darters</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_67">67</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Dendragapus obscurus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_117">117</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + + " fuliginosus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_117">117</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + richardsonii</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_117">117</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + sierræ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_295">295</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Dendrocygna autummalis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_83">83</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> fulva</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_83">83</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Dendroica æstiva</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_196">196</a> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_338" id="Page_338">[Pg_338]</a></span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + brewsteri</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_299">299</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + rubiginosa</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_196">196</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + æstiva sonorana</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_196">196</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> auduboni</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_190">190</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> auduboni nigrifrons</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_199">199</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> blackburniæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_187">187</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> bryanti castaneiceps</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_196">196</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> cærulea</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_181">181</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> cærulescens</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_180">180</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> cærulescens cairnsii</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_180">180</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> castanea</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_206">206</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> chrysoparia</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_188">188</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> coronata</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_197">197</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> discolor</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_197">197</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> dominica</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_190">190</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + albilora</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_190">190</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> graciæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_190">190</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> kirtlandii</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_191">191</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> maculosa</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_190">190</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> nigrescens</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_249">249</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> occidentalis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_188">188</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> olivacea</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_187">187</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> palmarum</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_196">196</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + hypochrysea</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_197">197</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> pensylvanica</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_198">198</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> striata</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_249">249</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> tigrina</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_196">196</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> townsendi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_188">188</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> vigorsii</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_191">191</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> virens</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_188">188</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Dichromanassa rufescens</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Dickcissel</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_198">198</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Diomedea albatrus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> immutabilis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> nigripes</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Diomedeidæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Dipper</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Dolichonyx oryzivorus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_251">251</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Dotterel</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_267">267</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Dove, Bermuda Ground</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_126">126</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Blue-headed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_126">126</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Ground</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_126">126</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Inca</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_126">126</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Key West Quail</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_126">126</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Mexican Ground</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_126">126</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Mourning</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Ruddy Quail</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_126">126</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Western Mourning</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_296">296</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> West Indian White-winged</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_296">296</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> White-fronted</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_125">125</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> White-winged</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_126">126</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Zenaida</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_125">125</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Dovekie</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_46">46</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Dowitcher</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_106">106</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Long-billed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_106">106</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Dryobates arizonæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_151">151</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> borealis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_151">151</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> nuttallii</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_151">151</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> pubescens</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_150">150</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + gairdnerii</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_150">150</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + homorus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_150">150</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + medianus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_150">150</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + nelsoni</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_150">150</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + turati</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_151">151</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> scalaris bairdii</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_297">297</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + cactophilus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_297">297</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + eremicus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_297">297</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + lucasanus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_150">150</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> villosus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_150">150</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + leucomelas</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_150">150</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + leucothorectis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_297">297</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + auduboni</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_150">150</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + harrisii</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_150">150</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + hyloscopus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_150">150</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + monticola</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_150">150</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + picoideus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_150">150</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + terrænovæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_297">297</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Duck, Black</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_77">77</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Black-bellied Tree</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_83">83</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Florida</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_77">77</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Fulvous Tree</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_83">83</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Harlequin</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_81">81</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Labrador</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_81">81</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Lesser Scaup</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_79">79</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Masked</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_80">80</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Mottled</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_77">77</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Red-legged Black</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_77">77</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Ring-necked</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_79">79</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Ruddy</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_80">80</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Rufous-crested</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_262">262</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Scaup</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_79">79</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Wood</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_78">78</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Dunlin</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_266">266</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Eagle, Alaska Bald</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_136">136</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Bald</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_136">136</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Golden</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_136">136</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Ectopistes migratorius</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_125">125</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Egret American</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_92">92</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Brewster's</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_294">294</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Reddish</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Egretta candidissima</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_92">92</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> candidissima brewsteri</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_294">294</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Eider, American</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_82">82</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Greenland</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_82">82</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> King</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_82">82</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Pacific</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_82">82</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Eider, Spectacled</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_82">82</a> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_339" id="Page_339">[Pg_339]</a></span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Steller</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_81">81</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Elanoides forficatus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_130">130</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Elanus leucurus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_130">130</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Empidonax cineritius</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_210">210</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> difficilis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_210">210</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> flaviventris</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_210">210</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> fulvifrons pygmæus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_215">215</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> griseus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_209">209</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> hammondi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_209">209</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> insulicola</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_210">210</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> minimus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_209">209</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> traillii</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_209">209</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + alnorum</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_209">209</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> virescens</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_210">210</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> wrightii</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_209">209</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Eniconetta stelleri</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_81">81</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Ereunetes occidentalis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_108">108</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> pusillus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_108">108</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Erismatura jamaicensis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_80">80</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Erolia ferruginea</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_106">106</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Eugenes fulgens</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_159">159</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Falco columbarius</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_137">137</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + suckleyi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_137">137</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> fusco-cœrulescens</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_137">137</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> islandus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_136">136</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> mexicanus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_135">135</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> peregrinus anatum</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_137">137</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + pealei</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_137">137</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> richardsonii</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_137">137</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> rusticolus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_136">136</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + gyrfalco</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_136">136</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + obsoletus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_136">136</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> sparverius</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_137">137</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + paulus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_296">296</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + peninsularis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_138">138</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + phalœna</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_138">138</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Falcon, Aplomado</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_137">137</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Peale</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_137">137</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Prairie</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_135">135</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Falconidæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Finch, California Purple</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_174">174</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Cassin</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_175">175</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Guadalupe House</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_175">175</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> House</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_175">175</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Pine</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_225">225</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Purple</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_174">174</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> San Benito House</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_175">175</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> San Clemente House</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_175">175</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> St Lucas House</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_175">175</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Flamingo</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Flicker, Brown</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_154">154</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Gilded</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_154">154</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Guadalupe</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_154">154</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Mearns's Gilded</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_298">298</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Northern</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_154">154</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Northwestern</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_154">154</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Red-shafted</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_154">154</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Southern</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_154">154</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Florida cærulea</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Flycatcher, Alder</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_209">209</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Arizona Crested</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_203">203</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Ash-throated</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_203">203</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Beardless</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_211">211</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Buff-breasted</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_215">215</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Coues</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_208">208</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Crested</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_203">203</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Derby</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_202">202</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Fork-tailed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_276">276</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Giraud</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_276">276</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Gray</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_209">209</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Green-crested</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_210">210</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Hammond</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_209">209</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Least</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_209">209</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Lower California</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_203">203</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Mexican Crested</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_203">203</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Nutting</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_203">203</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Olivaceous</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_203">203</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Olive-sided</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_208">208</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Ridgway</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_299">299</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Santa Barbara</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_210">210</a>, <a href="#Page_299">299</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Scissor-tailed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_177">177</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> St Lucas</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_210">210</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Sulphur-bellied</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_203">203</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Traill</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_209">209</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Vermillion</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_177">177</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Western</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_210">210</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Wright</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_209">209</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Yellow-bellied</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_210">210</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Fratercula arctica</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_45">45</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + glacialis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_45">45</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + naumanni</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_258">258</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> corniculata</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_45">45</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Fregata aquila</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_73">73</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Fregatidæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Fregetta grallaria</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_260">260</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Frigate Bird</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_73">73</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Fringillidæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Fulica americana</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_99">99</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Fulmar</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Giant</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_260">260</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Pacific</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_63">63</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Rodger's</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_63">63</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Slender-billed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_63">63</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Fulmarus glacialis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_63">63</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + glupischa</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_63">63</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> rodgersii</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_63">63</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Gadwall</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_77">77</a> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_340" id="Page_340">[Pg_340]</a></span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Galeoscoptes carolinensis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_247">247</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Gallinæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Gallinago delicata</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_105">105</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Gallinula galeata</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_99">99</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Gallinule, Florida</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_99">99</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Purple</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_99">99</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Gannet</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Gavia adamsii</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> arctica</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> imber</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> lumme</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> pacifica</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Gaviidæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_10">10</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Gelochelidon nilotica</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_58">58</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Geococcyx californianus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_146">146</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Geothlypis agilis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_189">189</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> beldingi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_194">194</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> formosa</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_193">193</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> philadelphia</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_189">189</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> poliocephala</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_194">194</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> tolmiei</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_189">189</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> trichas</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_193">193</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + arizela</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_194">194</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + brachidactyla</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_194">194</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + ignota</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_194">194</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + occidentalis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_193">193</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + sinuosa</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_194">194</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Geotrygon chrysia</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_126">126</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> montana</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_126">126</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Glaucidium gnoma</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_140">140</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + californicus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_140">140</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + pinicola</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_296">296</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> hoskinsii</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_140">140</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> phalænoides</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_140">140</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Gnatcatcher, Black-tailed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_243">243</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Blue-gray</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_243">243</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Plumbeous</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_243">243</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Western</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_243">243</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Godwit, Black-tailed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_266">266</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Hudsonian</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_110">110</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Marbled</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_110">110</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Pacific</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_110">110</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Golden-eye, American</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_80">80</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Barrow</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_80">80</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Goldfinch, American</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_192">192</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Arkansas</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_192">192</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> California</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_192">192</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> European</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_177">177</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Green-backed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_299">299</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Lawrence</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_189">189</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Mexican</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_192">192</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Western</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_192">192</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Goose, Barnacle</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_262">262</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Goose, Bean</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_262">262</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Blue</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_85">85</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Cackling</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_86">86</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Canada</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_86">86</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Emperor</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_85">85</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> European White-fronted</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_263">263</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Greater Snow</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Hutchins</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_86">86</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Lesser Snow</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Pink-footed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_263">263</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Ross Snow</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> White-cheeked</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_86">86</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> White-fronted</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_262">262</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Goshawk, American</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_131">131</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Mexican</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_131">131</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Western</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_131">131</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Grackle, Boat-tailed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_254">254</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Bronzed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_254">254</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Florida</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_254">254</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Great-tailed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_254">254</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Purple</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_254">254</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Grebe, Eared</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_43">43</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Holbœll</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_43">43</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Horned</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_43">43</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Least</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_43">43</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Mexican</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_257">257</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Pied-billed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Western</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Green-shank</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_266">266</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Grosbeak, Alaskan Pine</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_173">173</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Black-headed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_207">207</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Blue</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_181">181</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Evening</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Kadiak Pine</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_173">173</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Pine</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_173">173</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Rocky Mountain Pine</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_173">173</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Rose-breasted</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_174">174</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Western Blue</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_181">181</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Western Evening</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_199">199</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Grouse, Alaska Spruce</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_117">117</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Canada</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_117">117</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Canadian Ruffed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_118">118</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Columbian Sharp-tailed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_121">121</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Dusky</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_117">117</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Franklin</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_117">117</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Gray Ruffed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_118">118</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Hudsonian Spruce</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_117">117</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Oregon Ruffed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_118">118</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Prairie Sharp-tailed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_121">121</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Richardson</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_117">117</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Ruffed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Sage</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_122">122</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Sharp-tailed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_121">121</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Sierra</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_295">295</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Sooty</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_117">117</a> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_341" id="Page_341">[Pg_341]</a></span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Gruidæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Grus americana</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> canadensis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> mexicana</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Guara alba</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_90">90</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> rubra</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_89">89</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Guillemot, Black</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Mandt</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Pigeon</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Guiraca cærulea</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_181">181</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + lazula</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_181">181</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Gull, Bonaparte</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Black-backed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_54">54</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> California</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Franklin</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Glaucous</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_53">53</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Glaucous-winged</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_53">53</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Heermann</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_54">54</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Herring</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Iceland</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_53">53</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Ivory</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_52">52</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Kittiwake</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_52">52</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Kumlien</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_53">53</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Laughing</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Little</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_259">259</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Mew</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_258">258</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Nelson</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_53">53</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Point Barrow</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_53">53</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Ring-billed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_52">52</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Ross</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Sabine</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Siberian</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_258">258</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Slaty-backed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_54">54</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Short-billed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_52">52</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Vega</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Western</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_54">54</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Gymnogyps californianus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_129">129</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Gyrfalcon</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_136">136</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Black</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_136">136</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Gray</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_136">136</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> White</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_136">136</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Hæmatopodidæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Hæmatopus bachmani</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_104">104</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> frazari</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_104">104</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> palliatus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_104">104</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Haliæetus leucocephalus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_136">136</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Halocyptena microsoma</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_65">65</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Harelda hyemalis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_81">81</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Harrier</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_130">130</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Hawk, American Rough-legged</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_135">135</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Broad-winged</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_133">133</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Cooper</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_131">131</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Desert Sparrow</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_133">133</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Duck</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_137">137</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Ferruginous Rough-legged</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_135">135</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Fish</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_129">129</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Florida Red-shouldered</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_133">133</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Harlan</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_132">132</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Harris</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_132">132</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Krider</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_132">132</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Little Sparrow</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_296">296</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Marsh</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_130">130</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Mexican Black</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_134">134</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Pigeon</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_137">137</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Red-bellied</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_133">133</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Red-shouldered</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_133">133</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Red-tailed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Sennett White-tailed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_135">135</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Sharp-shinned</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_131">131</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Short-tailed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_134">134</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Snail</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_130">130</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Sparrow</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_137">137</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> St Lucas Sparrow</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_138">138</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Swainson</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_133">133</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Western Red-tail</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_132">132</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Zone-tailed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_134">134</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Heath Hen</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_121">121</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Heleodytes brunneicapillus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_233">233</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + affinis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_233">233</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + anthonyi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_233">233</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + bryanti</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_233">233</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + couesi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_288">288</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Helinaia swainsonii</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_215">215</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Helminthophila bachmanii</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_191">191</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> celata</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_210">210</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + lutescens</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_210">210</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + sordida</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_210">210</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> chrysoptera</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_189">189</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> lawrencei</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_197">197</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> leucobronchialis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_197">197</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> luciæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_206">206</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Helminthophila peregrina</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_212">212</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> pinus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_191">191</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> rubricapilla</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_195">195</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + gutturalis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_195">195</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> virginiæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_197">197</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Helmitheros vermivorus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_215">215</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Helodromas solitarius</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_107">107</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + cinnamomeus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_107">107</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Herodias egretta</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_92">92</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Herodiones</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Heron, Anthony Green</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Black-crowned Night</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_93">93</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> European</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_264">264</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Frazar Green</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Great Blue</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_92">92</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Heron, Great White</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_92">92</a> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_342" id="Page_342">[Pg_342]</a></span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Little Blue</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Little Green</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Louisiana</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Northwest Coast</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_93">93</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Snowy</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_92">92</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Ward</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_93">93</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Yellow-crowned Night</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_93">93</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Hesperiphona vespertina</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_199">199</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + + " montana</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_199">199</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Heteractitis incanus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_111">111</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Himantopus mexicanus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_104">104</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Hirundinidæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Hirundo erythrogastra</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_250">250</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Histrionicus histrionicus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_81">81</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Hummingbird, Allen</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_161">161</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Anna</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_161">161</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Black-chinned</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_159">159</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Blue-throated</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_160">160</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Blue-billed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_160">160</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Broad-tailed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_161">161</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Buff-bellied</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_160">160</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Calliope</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_161">161</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Costa</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_159">159</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Lucifer</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_159">159</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Morcom</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_161">161</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Rieffer</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_160">160</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Rivoli</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_159">159</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Ruby-throated</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Rufous</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_161">161</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Salvin</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_298">298</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> White-eared</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_160">160</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Xantus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_159">159</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Hydranassa tricolor ruficollis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_60">60</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Hylocichla aliciæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_239">239</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + bicknelli</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_239">239</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> guttata</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_238">238</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + auduboni</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_238">238</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + nana</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_238">238</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + pallasii</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_238">238</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> fuscescens</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_238">238</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + salicicola</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_238">238</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> mustelina</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_233">233</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> ustulata</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_239">239</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + almæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_239">239</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + œdica</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_239">239</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + swainsonii</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_239">239</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Iache latirostris</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_160">160</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Ibididæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Ibis, Glossy</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_90">90</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Scarlet</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_89">89</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Wood</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> White</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_90">90</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> White-faced Glossy</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Icteria virens</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_198">198</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " longicauda</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_198">198</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Icteridæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Icterus audubonii</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_186">186</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> bullocki</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_186">186</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> cucullatus nelsoni</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_186">186</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + sennetti</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_186">186</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> galbula</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_186">186</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> parisorum</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_186">186</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> spurius</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_206">206</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Ictinia mississippiensis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_130">130</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Ionornis martinica,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_99">99</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Iridoprocne bicolor</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_250">250</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Ixoreus nævius</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_207">207</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " meruloides</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_207">207</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Jabiru</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_264">264</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Jacana, Mexican</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> spinosa</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_102">102</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Jacanidæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Jaeger, Long-tailed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Parastic</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Pomarine</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Jay, Alaskan</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_252">252</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Belding</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_184">184</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Black-headed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_185">185</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Blue</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Blue-eared</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_184">184</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Blue-fronted</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_185">185</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> California</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_184">184</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Canada</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_252">252</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Coast</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_298">298</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Couch</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_183">183</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Florida</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_184">184</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Florida Blue</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_183">183</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Gray</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_252">252</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Green</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_185">185</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Labrador</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_252">252</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Long-crested</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_185">185</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Oregon</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_252">252</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Pinon</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_183">183</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Queen Charlotte</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_185">185</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Rocky Mountain</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_252">252</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Santa Cruz</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_184">184</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Steller</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_185">185</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Texan</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_184">184</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Woodhouse</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_184">184</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Xantus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_184">184</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Junco aikeni</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_240">240</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Arizona</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_241">241</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Baird</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_240">240</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> bairdi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_240">240</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> caniceps</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="#Page_302">302</a> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_343" id="Page_343">[Pg_343]</a></span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Carolina</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_240">240</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Coues</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="#Page_302">302</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> dorsalis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="#Page_302">302</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Gray-headed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_241">241</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Guadalupe</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_240">240</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> hyemalis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_240">240</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + annectens</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_302">302</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + carolinensis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_240">240</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + connectens</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_302">302</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> insularis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_240">240</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> mearnsi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_302">302</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Montana</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_240">240</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> montanus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_302">302</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> oreganus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="#Page_302">302</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + connectens</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="#Page_302">302</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + pinosus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="#Page_302">302</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + shufeldti</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_241">241</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + thurberi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="#Page_302">302</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Oregon</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_241">241</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> phæonotus dorsalis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_241">241</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + palliatus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_241">241</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Pink-sided</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_240">240</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Point Pinos</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_241">241</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Red-backed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_241">241</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Ridgway's</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_303">303</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Shufeldt</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="#Page_302">302</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Slate-colored</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_240">240</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Thurber</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_241">241</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Townsend</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_240">240</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> townsendi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_240">240</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> White-winged</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_240">240</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Killdeer</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Kingbird</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_247">247</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Arkansas</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_202">202</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Cassin</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_202">202</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Couch</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_202">202</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Gray</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_247">247</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Kingfisher, Belted</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Northwestern Belted</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_297">297</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Ringed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_271">271</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Texas</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_147">147</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Kinglet, Dusky</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_177">177</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Golden-crowned</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Ruby-crowned</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Sitkan</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Western</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_187">187</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Kite, Everglade</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_130">130</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Mississippi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_130">130</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Swallow-tailed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_130">130</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> White-tailed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_130">130</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Kittiwake</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_52">52</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Pacific</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_52">52</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Red-legged</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_52">52</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Knot</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_106">106</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Lagopus evermanni</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_120">120</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> lagopus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_119">119</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + alexandræ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_295">295</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + alleni</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_119">119</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + ungavus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_295">295</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> leucurus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_118">118</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + peninsularis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_118">118</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> rupestris</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_119">119</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + atkhensis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_120">120</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + chamberlaini</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_296">296</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + dixoni</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_296">296</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + nelsoni</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_119">119</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + reinhardi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_119">119</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + townsendi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_120">120</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Laniidæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Lanius borealis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_248">248</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> ludovicianus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_248">248</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " migrans</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_304">304</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> anthonyi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_248">248</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " excubitorides</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_248">248</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " gambeli</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_248">248</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Lapwing</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_267">267</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Laridæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Lark Bunting</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_252">252</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> California Horned</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_201">201</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Desert Horned</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_201">201</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Dusky Horned</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_201">201</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Horned</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Hoyt Horned</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_200">200</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Island Horned</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_202">202</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Montezuma Horned</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_202">202</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Pallid Horned</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_200">200</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Prairie Horned</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_200">200</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Ruddy Horned</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_201">201</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Scorched Horned</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_201">201</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Sonoran Horned</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_202">202</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Streaked Horned</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_200">200</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Texan Horned</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_200">200</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Larus affinis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_259">259</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> argentatus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> atricilla</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> barrovianus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_53">53</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> brachyrhynchus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_52">52</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> californicus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> canus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_259">259</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> delawarensis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_52">52</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> franklinii</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> glaucescens</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_53">53</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> glaucus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_53">53</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> heermanni</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_54">54</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> kumlieni</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_53">53</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> leucopterus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_53">53</a> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_344" id="Page_344">[Pg_344]</a></span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> marinus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_54">54</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> minutus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_259">259</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> nelsoni</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_53">53</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> occidentalis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_54">54</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> philadelphia</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> schistisagus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_54">54</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> vegae</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Leptotila fulviventris brachyptera</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_125">125</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Leucosticte, Aleutian</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_179">179</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> atrata</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_179">179</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> australis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_179">179</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Black</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_179">179</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Brown-capped</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_179">179</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Gray-crowned</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_179">179</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> griseonucha</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_179">179</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Hepburn</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_179">179</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> tephrocotis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_179">179</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + littoralis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_179">179</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Limicolæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Limosa fedoa</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_110">110</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> hæmastica</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_110">110</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> lapponica baueri</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_110">110</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Limpkin</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Longipennes</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_10">10</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Longspur, Alaskan</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_219">219</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Chestnut-collared</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_218">218</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Lapland</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_219">219</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> McCown</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_218">218</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Smith</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_220">220</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Loon</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Black-throated</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Pacific</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Red-throated</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Yellow-billed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Lophodytes cucullatus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_76">76</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Lophortyx californicus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_116">116</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + vallicola</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_116">116</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> gambelii</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_116">116</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Loxia curvirostra minor</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_173">173</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + stricklandi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_173">173</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> leucoptera</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_174">174</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Lunda cirrhata</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_45">45</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Macrochires</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Macrorhamphus griseus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_106">106</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> scolopaceus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_106">106</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Magpie American</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_253">253</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Yellow-billed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_253">253</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Mallard</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Man-o'-War Bird</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_73">73</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Mareca americana</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_77">77</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> penelope</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_77">77</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Marsh Hen</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Martin Cuban</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_250">250</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Gray-breasted</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_304">304</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Purple</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_250">250</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Western</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_250">250</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Meadowlark</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_199">199</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Florida</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_199">199</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Texas</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_199">199</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Western</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_199">199</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Megalestris skua</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Megaquiscalus major</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_254">254</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> major macrourus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_254">254</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Megascops asio</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_141">141</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + aikeni</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_142">142</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + bendirei</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_141">141</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + cineraceus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_142">142</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + flammeola</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_142">142</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + floridanus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_141">141</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + idahœnsis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_142">142</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + kennicottii</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_141">141</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + macfarlanei</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_142">142</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + maxwelliæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_141">141</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + mccalli</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_141">141</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + trichopsis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_142">142</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + xantusi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_142">142</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Melanerpes erythrocephalus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_153">153</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> formiciviorus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_153">153</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + angustifrons</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_153">153</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + bairdi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_153">153</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Meleagris gallopavo intermedia</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_122">122</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + merriami</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_122">122</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + osceola</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_122">122</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + silvestris</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_122">122</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Melopelia asiatica asiatica</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_296">296</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + trudeaui</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_296">296</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> leucoptera</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_126">126</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Melospiza cinerea</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_230">230</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + caurina</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_230">230</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + clementæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_230">230</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + cooperi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_230">230</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + fallax</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_229">229</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + graminea</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_230">230</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + heermanni</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_229">229</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + insignis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_230">230</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + juddi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_229">229</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + kenaiensis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_230">230</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + melodia</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_229">229</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + merrilli</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_229">229</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + montana</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_229">229</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + morphna</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_230">230</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + pusillula</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_230">230</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + rivularis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_229">229</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + rufina</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_230">230</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + samuelis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_230">230</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Melospiza georgiana</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_222">222</a> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_345" id="Page_345">[Pg_345]</a></span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> lincolnii</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_226">226</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + striata</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_226">226</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> melodia cleonensis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_301">301</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + maxillaris</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_300">300</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Merganser, American</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_76">76</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> americanus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_76">76</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Hooded</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_76">76</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Red-breasted</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> serrator</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_76">76</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Mergellus albellus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_262">262</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Merlin, Black</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_137">137</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Richardson</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_137">137</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Merula confinis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_207">207</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> migratoria</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_207">207</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> migratoria achrustera</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_207">207</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + propinqua</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_207">207</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Micropalama himantopus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_106">106</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Micropallas whitneyi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_140">140</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Micropodidæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_33">33</a>, + <a href="#Page_155">155</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Mimidæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_294">294</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Mimus polyglottos</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_248">248</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " leucopterus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_248">248</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Mniotilta varia</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_249">249</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Mniotiltidæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Mockingbird</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_248">248</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Western</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_248">248</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Molothrus ater</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_253">253</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + obscurus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_253">253</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Motacillidæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Murre</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Brunnich</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> California</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Pallas</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Murrelet, Ancient</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_47">47</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Craveri</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_46">46</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Kittlitz</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_46">46</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Marbled</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_46">46</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Xantus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_46">46</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Muscivora forficata</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_177">177</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> tyrannus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_276">276</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Myadestes townsendii</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_247">247</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Mycteria americana</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_263">263</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Myiarchus cinerascens</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_203">203</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + nuttingi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_203">203</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + pertinax</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_203">203</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> crinitus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_203">203</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> lawrencei olivascens</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_203">203</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> mexicanus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_203">203</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + magister</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_203">203</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Myiodynastes luteiventris</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_203">203</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Netta rufina</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_262">262</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Nettion carolinensis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_78">78</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> crecca</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_261">261</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Nighthawk</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_157">157</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Florida</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_157">157</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Sennett</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_157">157</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Texan</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_157">157</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Western</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_157">157</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Noddy</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_60">60</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Nomonyx dominicus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_80">80</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Nonpareil</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_180">180</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Nucifraga columbiana</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_252">252</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Numenius borealis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_103">103</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> hudsonicus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_103">103</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> longirostris</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_103">103</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> tahitiensis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_295">295</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Nutcracker, Clarke</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_252">252</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Nuthatch Brown-headed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_246">246</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Florida</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_246">246</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Pygmy</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_246">246</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Red-breasted</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_246">246</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Rocky Mountain</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_246">246</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Slender-billed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_246">246</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> St Lucas</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_246">246</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> White-breasted</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_246">246</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> White-naped</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_247">247</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Nuttallornis borealis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_208">208</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Nyctala acadica</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_140">140</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + scotæa</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_140">140</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> tengmalmi richardsoni</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_139">139</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Nyctanassa violacea</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_93">93</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Nyctea nyctea</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_143">143</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Nycticorax nycticorax nævius</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_93">93</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Nyctidromus albicollis merrilli</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_157">157</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Oceanites oceanicus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Oceanodroma cryptoleucura</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_260">260</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> furcata</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_65">65</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> homochroa</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_65">65</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> kaedingi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_65">65</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> leucorhoa</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> macrodactyla</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> melania</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> socorroensis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Ochthodromus wilsonius</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_112">112</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Odontoglossæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Oidemia americana</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_83">83</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> deglandi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_83">83</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> fusca</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_262">262</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> perspicillata</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_83">83</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Olbiorchilus alascensis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_236">236</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> hiemalis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_236">236</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + helleri</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_236">236</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + pacificus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_236">236</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> meligerus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_236">236</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Old-squaw</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_81">81</a> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_346" id="Page_346">[Pg_346]</a></span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Olor buccinator</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> columbianus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> cygnus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_263">263</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Oreortyx pictus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_116">116</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + confinis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_116">116</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + plumiferus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_116">116</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Oreospiza chlorura</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_206">206</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Oriole, Arizona Hooded</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_186">186</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Audubon</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_186">186</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Baltimore</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Bullock</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_186">186</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Hooded</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_186">186</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Orchard</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_206">206</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Scott</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_186">186</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Sennett</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_279">279</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Ornithion imberbe</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_211">211</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + ridgwayi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_211">211</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Oroscoptes montanus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_233">233</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Ortalis vetula maccalli</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_122">122</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Osprey, American</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_129">129</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Ossifraga gigantea</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_259">259</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Otocoris alpestris</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_200">200</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + actia</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_201">201</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + adusta</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_201">201</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + arcticola</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_200">200</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + giraudi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_200">200</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + hoyti</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_200">200</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + insularis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_202">202</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + leucolæma</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_201">201</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + merrilli</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_201">201</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + occidentalis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_202">202</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + pallida</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_202">202</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + praticola</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_200">200</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + rubea</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_201">201</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + strigata</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_201">201</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Otus asio gilmani</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_297">297</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Ouzel, Water</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_247">247</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Oven-bird</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_232">232</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Owl, Acadian</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_140">140</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Aiken Screech</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_142">142</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> American Hawk</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_143">143</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> American Long-eared</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_138">138</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Arctic Horned</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_143">143</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Barn</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Barred</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_139">139</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Burrowing</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_138">138</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> California Pygmy</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_140">140</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> California Screech</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_141">141</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Dusky Horned</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_143">143</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Dwarf Screech</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_142">142</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Elf</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_140">140</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Ferruginous Pygmy</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_140">140</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Flammulated Screech</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_142">142</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Florida Barred</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_139">139</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + Burrowing</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_138">138</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + Screech</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_141">141</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Great Gray</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_139">139</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Great Horned</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_143">143</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Hoskin</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_140">140</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Kennicott Screech</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_141">141</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Labrador Horned</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_297">297</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Long-eared</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_138">138</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> MacFarlane Screech</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_142">142</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Mexican Screech</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_142">142</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Monkey-faced</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_138">138</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Northern Saw-whet</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_140">140</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Northern Spotted</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_139">139</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Pacific Horned</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_143">143</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Pygmy</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_140">140</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Richardson</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_139">139</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Rocky Mountain Screech</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_141">141</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Sahauro Screech</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_297">297</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Saint Michael Horned</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_297">297</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Saw-whet</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_140">140</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Screech</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Short-eared</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_138">138</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Snowy</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_143">143</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Spotted</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_139">139</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + Screech</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_142">142</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Texas Barred</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_139">139</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Texas Screech</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_141">141</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Western Horned</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_143">143</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Xantus Screech</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_142">142</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Oxyechus vociferus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_112">112</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Oyster-catcher, American</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Black</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_104">104</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> European</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_267">267</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Frazar</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_104">104</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Pagophila alba</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_52">52</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Paludicolæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Pandion haliaëtus carolinensis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_29">29</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Pandionidæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_294">294</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Parabuteo unicintus harrisi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_132">132</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Parauque, Merrill</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_157">157</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Paridæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Paroquet, Carolina</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Parrot, Thick-billed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_145">145</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Partridge</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_118">118</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Alaska Spruce</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_295">295</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> California</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_116">116</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Canada Spruce</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_295">295</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Chestnut-bellied Scaled</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_116">116</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Gambel</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_116">116</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Hudsonian Spruce</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_295">295</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Mearns</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_115">115</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Mountain</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_116">116</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Partridge, Plumed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_116">116</a> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_347" id="Page_347">[Pg_347]</a></span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> San Pedro</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_116">116</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Scaled</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_116">116</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Valley</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_116">116</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Parus atricapillus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_245">245</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + occidentalis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_245">245</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + septentrionalis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_245">245</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> carolinensis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_245">245</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + agilis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_245">245</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> cinctus alascensis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_244">244</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> gambeli</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_244">244</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> hudsonicus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_244">244</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + columbianus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_244">244</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + littoralis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_244">244</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + stoneyi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_244">244</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> rufescens</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_244">244</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + barlowi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_244">244</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + neglectus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_244">244</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> sclateri</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_245">245</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> wollweberi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_244">244</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Passer domesticus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_219">219</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Passerculus beldingi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_223">223</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> princeps</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_225">225</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> sandwichensis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_223">223</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + alaudinus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_223">223</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + bryanti</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_223">223</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + nevadensis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_300">300</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + savanna</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_223">223</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> rostratus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_223">223</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + guttatus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_223">223</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + halophilus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_224">224</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + sanctorum</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_224">224</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Passerella iliaca</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_231">231</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + annectens</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_231">231</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + fuliginosa</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_301">301</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + insularis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_301">301</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + megarhyncha</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_231">231</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + schistacea</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_231">231</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + stephensi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_231">231</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + townsendi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_231">231</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + unalaschensis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_231">231</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Passeres</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Passerina hyperboreus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_251">251</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> nivalis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_251">251</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + townsendi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_251">251</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Pediœcetes phasianellus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_121">121</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + + " campestris</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_121">121</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + + " columbianus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_121">121</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Pelagodroma marina</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_260">260</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Pelecanidæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Pelecanus californicus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_73">73</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> erythrorhynchus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_73">73</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> occidentalis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_73">73</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Pelican, American White</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_73">73</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Brown</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> California Brown</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_73">73</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Pelidna alpina pacifica</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_108">108</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Penthestes carolinensis impiger</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_303">303</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> gambeli baileyæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_303">303</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> rufescens vivax</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_303">303</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Perisoreus canadensis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_252">252</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + + " capitalis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_252">252</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + + " fumifrons</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_252">252</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + nigricapillus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_252">252</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> obscurus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_252">252</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + griseus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_252">252</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Petrel, Ashy</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_65">65</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Black</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Black-capped</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_65">65</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Bulwer's</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_260">260</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Fisher's</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_260">260</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Fork-tailed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_65">65</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Guadalupe</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Hawaiian</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_260">260</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Kæding's</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_65">65</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Leach's</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Least</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_65">65</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Pintado</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_260">260</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Scaled</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_260">260</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Socorro</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Stormy</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> White-bellied</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_260">260</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> White-faced</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_260">260</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Wilson's</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Petrochelidon lunifrons</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_250">250</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> tachina</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_304">304</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> melanogastra</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_250">250</a>, <a href="#Page_304">304</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Peucæa æstivalis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_221">221</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + bachmanii</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_221">221</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> botterii</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_221">221</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> cassini</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_221">221</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Pewee, Western Wood</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_208">208</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Large-billed Wood</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_208">208</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Wood</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_208">208</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Phaëthon americanus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_69">69</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> æthereus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_69">69</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> rubricaudus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_260">260</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Phaëthontidæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Phainopepla</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_253">253</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> nitens</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_253">253</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Phalacrocoracidæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Phalacrocorax dilophus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_71">71</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + + " albociliatus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_71">71</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + + " cincinatus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_71">71</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + + " floridanus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_71">71</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> mexicanus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_72">72</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> pelagicus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_72">72</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + resplendens</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_72">72</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Phalacrocorax pelagicus robustus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_72">72</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> penicillatus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_72">72</a> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_348" id="Page_348">[Pg_348]</a></span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> urile</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_72">72</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Phalænoptilus nuttallii</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_156">156</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + + " californicus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_156">156</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + + " nitidus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_156">156</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Phalarope, Northern</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Red</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_102">102</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Wilson</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_102">102</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Phalaropodidæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Phalaropus lobatus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_102">102</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Phasianidæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Phasianus colchicus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> torquatus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Pheasant, English</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Ring-necked</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Philacte canagica</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_85">85</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Philohela minor</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_105">105</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Phœbe</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Black</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_251">251</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Say</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_205">205</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Western Black</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_251">251</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Phœbetria fuliginosa</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Phœnicopteridæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Phœnicopterus ruber</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_89">89</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Phyllopseustes borealis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_212">212</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Pica pica hudsonia</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_253">253</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> nuttalli</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_253">253</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Pici</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Picidæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Picoides americanus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_149">149</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + dorsalis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_149">149</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + fasciatus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_149">149</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> arcticus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_149">149</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Pigeon, Band-tailed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_124">124</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Passenger</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_125">125</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Red-billed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_124">124</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Scaled</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_269">269</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Viosca</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_124">124</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> White-crowned</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_124">124</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Wild</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_125">125</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Pincola enucleator alascensis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_173">173</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + californica</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_173">173</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + flammula</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_173">173</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + leucura</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_173">173</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + montana</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_173">173</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Pintail</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_76">76</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Pipilo aberti</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_205">205</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> consobrinus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_204">204</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> erythrophthalmus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_204">204</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " alleni</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_204">204</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> fuscus albigula</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_205">205</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " crissalis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_205">205</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " mesoleucus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_205">205</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Pipilo fuscus senicula</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_205">205</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> maculatus arcticus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_204">204</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " atratus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_204">204</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " clementæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_204">204</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " magnirostris</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_204">204</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " megalonyx</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_204">204</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " oregonus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_204">204</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Pipit</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Sprague</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_232">232</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Piranga erythromelas</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_171">171</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> hepatica</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_171">171</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> ludovicianus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_171">171</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> rubra</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_171">171</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " cooperi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_171">171</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Pitangus derbianus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_202">202</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Plataleidæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Platypsaris albiventris</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_274">274</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Plegadis autumnalis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_90">90</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> guarauna</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_90">90</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Plover, Black-bellied</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> European Golden</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_267">267</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Golden</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_110">110</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Little Ringed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_267">267</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Mongolian</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_267">267</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Mountain</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_105">105</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Pacific Golden</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_110">110</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Piping</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_112">112</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Ring</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_112">112</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Semipalmated</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_112">112</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Snowy</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_112">112</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Wilson</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_112">112</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Plautus impennis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Podasocys montana</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_105">105</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Podicipidæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_9">9</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Podilymbus podiceps</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_43">43</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Polioptila cærulea</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_243">243</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + obscura</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_243">243</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> californica</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_243">243</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> plumbea</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_243">243</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Polyborus cheriway</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_134">134</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> lutosus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_134">134</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Pocecetes gramineus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_221">221</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + affinis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_221">221</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + confinis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_221">221</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Poor-will</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_156">156</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> California</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_156">156</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Frosted</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_156">156</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Porzana carolina</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> coturniculus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_294">294</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> jamaicensis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> noveboracensis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Prairie Hen</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_121">121</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Attwater</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_121">121</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Lesser</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_121">121</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Priocella glacialoides</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_63">63</a> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_349" id="Page_349">[Pg_349]</a></span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Priofinus cinereus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_260">260</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Procellaria pelagica</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Procellariidæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Progne chalybea</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_304">304</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> cryptoleucus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_250">250</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> subis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_250">250</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + hesperia</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_250">250</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Protonotaria citrea</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_187">187</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Psaltriparus lloydi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_242">242</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> minimus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_242">242</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + californicus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_242">242</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + grindæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_242">242</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> plumbeus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_242">242</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> santaritæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_242">242</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Psittaci</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Psittacidæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Ptarmigan</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_119">119</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Adak</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_296">296</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Alexander</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_295">295</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Chamberlain</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_296">296</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Allen</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_119">119</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Dixon</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_296">296</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Evermann</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_120">120</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Kenai White-tailed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_118">118</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Nelson</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_119">119</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Reinhardt</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_119">119</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Rock</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_119">119</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Townsend</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_120">120</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Turner</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_120">120</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Ungava</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_295">295</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Welch</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_120">120</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> White-tailed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_118">118</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Willow</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_119">119</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Ptilogonatidæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_298">298</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Ptychoramphus aleuticus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_46">46</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Puffin</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_45">45</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Horned</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_45">45</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Large-billed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_45">45</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Tufted</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_45">45</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Puffinus assimilis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_260">260</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> auricularis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_64">64</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> borealis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_64">64</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> bulleri</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_260">260</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> creatopus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_64">64</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> cuneatus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_63">63</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> gravis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_64">64</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> griseus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_63">63</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> lherminieri</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_64">64</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> opisthomelas</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_64">64</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> puffinus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_259">259</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> tenuirostris</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_64">64</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Pygopodes</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_9">9</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Pyocephalus rubineus mexlcanus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_177">177</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Pyrrhuloxia, Arizona</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_172">172</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> sinuata</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_172">172</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " peninsulæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_172">172</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " texana</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_172">172</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> St Lucas</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_172">172</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Quail</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_115">115</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Querquedula cyanoptera</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_78">78</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> discors</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_78">78</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Quiscalus quiscula</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_254">254</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + + " aglæus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_254">254</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + + " æneus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_254">254</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Rail, Belding</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Black</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> California Clapper</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Caribbean Clapper</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Carolina</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Clapper</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Farallon</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_265">265</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> King</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Light-footed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_294">294</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Louisiana Clapper</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Scott Clapper</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Virginia</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Wayne Clapper</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Yellow</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Rallidæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Rallus beldingi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> crepitans</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " saturatus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " scottii</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " waynei</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> elegans</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> levipes</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_294">294</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> longirostris caribæus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> obsoletus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> virginianus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Raptores</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Raven, American</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_255">255</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Northern</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_255">255</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> White-necked</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_255">255</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Recurvirostra americana</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_103">103</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Recurvirostridæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Redhead</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_79">79</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Redpoll</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Greater</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_176">176</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Greenland</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_176">176</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Hoary</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_176">176</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Holbœll</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_176">176</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Red-shank</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_266">266</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Redstart, American</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Painted</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_177">177</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Red-tail, Alaska</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_296">296</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Red-wing, Bahaman</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_178">178</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Florida</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_178">178</a> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_350" id="Page_350">[Pg_350]</a></span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Northwestern</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_178">178</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> San Diego</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_178">178</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Sonoran</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_178">178</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Thick-billed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_178">178</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Vera Cruz</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_298">298</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Reedbird</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_251">251</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Regulus calendula</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + grinnelli</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> obscurus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_177">177</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> satrapa</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_187">187</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + olivaceus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_187">187</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Rhodostethia rosea</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Rhynchophanes mccownii</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_218">218</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_145">145</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Riparia riparia</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_211">211</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Rissa brevirostris</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_52">52</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> tridactyla</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_52">52</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + pollicaris</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_52">52</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Road-runner</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_146">146</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Robin</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Southern</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_207">207</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> St Lucas</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_207">207</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + Western</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_207">207</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Rostrhamus sociabilis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_130">130</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Rough-leg, Ferruginous</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_135">135</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Ruff</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_266">266</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Rynchopidæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Rynchops nigra</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_60">60</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Salpinctes obsoletus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_234">234</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + + " pulverius</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_301">301</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> guadeloupensis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_234">234</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Sanderling</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_108">108</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Sandpiper Aleutian</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_107">107</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Baird</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_109">109</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Bartramian</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_105">105</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Buff-breasted</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_105">105</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Curlew</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_106">106</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Green</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_266">266</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Least</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_109">109</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Pectoral</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_109">109</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Prybilof</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_108">108</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Purple</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_107">107</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Red-backed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_108">108</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Semipalmated</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Sharp-tailed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_109">109</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Solitary</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_107">107</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Spoonbill</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_266">266</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Spotted</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_107">107</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Stilt</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_106">106</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Upland</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_105">105</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Western</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_109">109</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Western Solitary</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_107">107</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> White-rumped</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_109">109</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Sapsucker, Northern Red-breasted</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_152">152</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Red-breasted</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_152">152</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Red-naped</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_152">152</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Williamson</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_152">152</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Yellow-bellied</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_152">152</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Saxicola œnanthe</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_248">248</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + leucorhoa</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_248">248</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Sayornis nigricans</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_251">251</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + semiatra</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_251">251</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> phœbe</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_208">208</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> saya</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_205">205</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Scardafella inca</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_126">126</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Scolecophagus carolinus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_254">254</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> cyanocephalus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_254">254</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Scolopacidæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Scoter, American</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_83">83</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Surf</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_83">83</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Velvet</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_262">262</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> White-winged</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_83">83</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Scotiaptex nebulosa</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_139">139</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Seed-eater, Morellet</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_249">249</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Seiurus aurocapillus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_232">232</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> motacilla</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_232">232</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> noveboracensis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_232">232</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " notabilis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_232">232</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Selasphorus alleni</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_161">161</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> platycercus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_161">161</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> rufus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_161">161</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Setophaga picta</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_177">177</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> ruticilla</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_187">187</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Shearwater Allied</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_260">260</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Audubon</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Black-tailed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_260">260</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Black-vented</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_64">64</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Buller</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_260">260</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Cory</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_64">64</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Dark-bodied</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_63">63</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Greater</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_64">64</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Manx</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_259">259</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> New Zealand</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_260">260</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Pink-footed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_64">64</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Slender-billed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_64">64</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Sooty</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_63">63</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Townsend</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_64">64</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Wedge-tailed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_63">63</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Sheldrake</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_262">262</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Ruddy</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_262">262</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Shoveller</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_78">78</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Shrike, California</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_248">248</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Island</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_248">248</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Loggerhead</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_248">248</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Migrant</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_304">304</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Northern</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Shrike, White-rumped</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_248">248</a> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_351" id="Page_351">[Pg_351]</a></span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Sialia arctica</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_182">182</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> mexicana anabelæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_182">182</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " bairdi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_182">182</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " occidentals</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_182">182</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> sialis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_182">182</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + azurea</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_182">182</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Simorhynchus cristatellus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_47">47</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> pusillus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_47">47</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> pygmæus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_47">47</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Siskin, Pine</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_225">225</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Sitta canadensis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_246">246</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> carolinensis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_246">246</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " aculeata</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_246">246</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " atkinsi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_246">246</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " lagunæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_246">246</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " nelsoni</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_246">246</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> pusilla</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_246">246</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> pygmæa</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_246">246</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " leuconucha</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_247">247</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Sittidæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_294">294</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Skimmer, Black</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Skua</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Skylark</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_297">297</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Smew</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_262">262</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Snakebird</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_73">73</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Snipe, European</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_265">265</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Great</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_266">266</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Wilson</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_105">105</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Snowflake</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_251">251</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> McKay</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_251">251</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Pribilof</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_251">251</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Solitaire, Townsend</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_247">247</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Somateria dresseri</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_82">82</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> molissima borealis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_82">82</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> spectabilis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_82">82</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> v-nigra</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_82">82</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Sora</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Sparrow, Acadian Sharp-tailed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_225">225</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Bachman</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_221">221</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Baird</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_224">224</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Belding Marsh</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_223">223</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Bell</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_228">228</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Black-chinned</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_219">219</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Black-throated</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_249">249</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Botteri</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_221">221</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Brewster</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_228">228</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Brown Song</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_229">229</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Bryant Marsh</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_223">223</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> California Sage</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_300">300</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Cassin</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_221">221</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Chipping</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_222">222</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Clay-colored</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_228">228</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Desert</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_249">249</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Desert Song</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_229">229</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Dusky Seaside</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_226">226</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> English</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_219">219</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Field</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_222">222</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Fisher Seaside</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_226">226</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Florida Grasshopper</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_224">224</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Forbush</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_226">226</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Fox</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_231">231</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Golden-crowned</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_227">227</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Grasshopper</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_224">224</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Gray Sage</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_228">228</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Henslow</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_224">224</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Harris</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_219">219</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Heerman Song</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_229">229</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Intermediate</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_227">227</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Ipswich</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_225">225</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Kadiak Fox</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_301">301</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Lagoon</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_224">224</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Laguna</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_220">220</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Large-billed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_223">223</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Lark</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_218">218</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Leconte</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_225">225</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Lincoln</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_226">226</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Macgillivray Seaside</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_226">226</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Mendocino Song</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_301">301</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Merrill Song</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_226">226</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Mountain Song</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_229">229</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Nelson</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_225">225</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Nevada Savannah</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_300">300</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Nuttall</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_227">227</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Pine Woods</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_221">221</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Vesper</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_221">221</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Rock</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_220">220</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Rufous-crowned</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_220">220</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Rufous-winged</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_220">220</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Rusty Song</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_230">230</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Sage</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_228">228</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Samuel Song</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_230">230</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> San Benito</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_224">224</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> San Clemente Song</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_230">230</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> San Diego Song</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_230">230</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Sandwich</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_223">223</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Savanna</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_223">223</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Scott</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_220">220</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Scott Seaside</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_226">226</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Seaside</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_226">226</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Sharp-tailed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_225">225</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Shumagin Fox</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_231">231</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Slate-colored</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_231">231</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Song</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_229">229</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Sooty Fox</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_301">301</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Stephen</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_231">231</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> St Lucas</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_223">223</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Suisun Song</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_300">300</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Swamp</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_222">222</a> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_352" id="Page_352">[Pg_352]</a></span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Texas</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_215">215</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Texas Seaside</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_226">226</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Thick-billed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_231">231</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Tree</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_222">222</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Townsend</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_231">231</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Vesper</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_221">221</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Western Chipping</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_222">222</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Western Field</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_222">222</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Western Grasshopper</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_224">224</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Western Henslow</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_224">224</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Western Lark</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_218">218</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Western Savanna</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_223">223</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Western Tree</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_222">222</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Western Vesper</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_221">221</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> White-crowned</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_227">227</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> White-throated</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_227">227</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Worthen</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_228">228</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Yakutat Fox</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_231">231</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Spatula clypeata</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_78">78</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Speotyto hypogæa cunicularia</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_138">138</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + floridana</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_138">138</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Sphyrapicus ruber</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_152">152</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + + " notkensis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_152">152</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> thyroideus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_152">152</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> varius</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_152">152</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + nuchalis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_152">152</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Spinus pinus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_225">225</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Spiza americana</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_198">198</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Spizella atrogularis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_219">219</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> breweri</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_228">228</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> monticola</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_222">222</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + ochracea</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_222">222</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> pallida</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_228">228</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> pusilla</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_222">222</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + arenacea</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_222">222</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> socialis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_222">222</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + arizonæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_222">222</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> wortheni</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_228">228</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Spoonbill, Roseate</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_89">89</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Sporophila morelleti</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_249">249</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Squatarola squatarola</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_110">110</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Starling</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_253">253</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Starnœnas cyanocephala</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_126">126</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Steganopodes</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Steganopus tricolor</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_102">102</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Stelgidopteryx serripennis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_211">211</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Stellula calliope</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_161">161</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Stercorariidæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Stercorarius longicaudus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> parasticus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> pomarinus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Sterna anæthetus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_58">58</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> antillarum</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_58">58</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> aleutica</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_58">58</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> caspia</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_57">57</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> dougalli</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_59">59</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> elegans</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_57">57</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> forsteri</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_59">59</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> fuliginosa</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_60">60</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> hirundo</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_59">59</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> maxima</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_57">57</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> paridisæa</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_59">59</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> sandvicensis acuflavida</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_57">57</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> trudeaui</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_259">259</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Stilt, Black-necked</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Stint, Long-toed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_266">266</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Strigidæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_127">127</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Strix pratincola</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_138">138</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Sturnella magna</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_199">199</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + argutula</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_199">199</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + hoopesi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_199">199</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + neglecta</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_199">199</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Sturnidæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_164">164</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Sturnus vulgaris</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_253">253</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Sula bassana</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_69">69</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> brewsteri</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_70">70</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> cyanops</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_70">70</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> nebouxii</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_70">70</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> piscator</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_70">70</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> sula</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_70">70</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Sulidæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Surf Bird</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_111">111</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Surnia ulula caparoch</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_143">143</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Swallow, Bank</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_211">211</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Barn</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_250">250</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Cliff</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_250">250</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Lesser Cliff</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_304">304</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Mexican Cliff</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_250">250</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Northern Violet-green</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_250">250</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Rough-winged</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_211">211</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> St Lucas</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_251">251</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Tree</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_250">250</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> White-bellied</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_250">250</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Swallow-tailed Kite</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_130">130</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Swan, Trumpeter</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Whistling</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Whooping</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_263">263</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Swift, Black</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_158">158</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Chimney</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Vaux</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_158">158</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> White-throated</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_158">158</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Sylviidæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Symphemia semipalmata</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_111">111</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + inornata</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_111">111</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Synthliboramphus antiquus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_47">47</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Syrnium occidentale</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_139">139</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + caurinum</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_139">139</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Syrnium varium</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_139">139</a> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_353" id="Page_353">[Pg_353]</a></span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + alleni</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_139">139</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + helveolum</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_139">139</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Tachycineta thalassina lepida</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_250">250</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + + " brachyptera</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_251">251</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Tanager, Cooper</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_171">171</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Hepatic</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_171">171</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Louisiana</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_171">171</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Scarlet</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_171">171</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Summer</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Western</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_171">171</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Tanagridæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Tangavius æneus æneus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_304">304</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " + involucratus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_304">304</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Tantalus loculator</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_90">90</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Tattler, Wandering</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_111">111</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Teal, Blue-winged</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_78">78</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Cinnamon</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_78">78</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Green-winged</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_78">78</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Telmatodytes marianæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_237">237</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> palustris</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_237">237</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + griseus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_237">237</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + iliacus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_301">301</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + paludicola</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_237">237</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + plesius</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_237">237</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Tern, American Black</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_60">60</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Aleutian</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_58">58</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Arctic</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_59">59</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Bridled</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_58">58</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Cabot</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_57">57</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Caspian</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_57">57</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Common</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Elegant</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_57">57</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Forster</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_59">59</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Gull-billed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_58">58</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Least</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_58">58</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Roseate</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_59">59</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Royal</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_57">57</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Sooty</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_60">60</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Trudeau</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_259">259</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> White-winged Black</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_259">259</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Tetraonidæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Thalassogeron culminatus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Thrasher, Bendire</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_216">216</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Brown</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Californian</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_217">217</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Crissal</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_217">217</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Curve-billed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_216">216</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Desert</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_217">217</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Leconte</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_217">217</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Mearns</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_216">216</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Palmer</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_216">216</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Pasadena</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_217">217</a>, <a href="#Page_300">300</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Sage</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_288">288</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Sennett</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_238">238</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> St Lucas</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_216">216</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Thrush, Alaska Hermit</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_238">238</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Alma</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_302">302</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Audubon Hermit</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_238">238</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Bicknell</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_239">239</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> California Olive-backed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_302">302</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Dwarf Hermit</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_238">238</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Gray-cheeked</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_239">239</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Hermit</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_238">238</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Monterey Hermit</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_302">302</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Olive-backed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_239">239</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Pale Varied</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_207">207</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Russet-backed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_239">239</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Sierra Hermit</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_302">302</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Varied</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_207">207</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Willow</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_238">238</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Wilson</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_238">238</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Wood</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Thryomanes bewickii</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_235">235</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + + " calophonus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_235">235</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + + " charienturus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_235">235</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + + " cryptus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_235">235</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + + " leucogaster</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_235">235</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + + " spilurus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_235">235</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> brevicauda</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_235">235</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> leucophrys</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_235">235</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Thryothorus ludovicianus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_234">234</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + + " lomitensis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_234">234</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + + " miamensis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_234">234</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Titlark</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_232">232</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Titmouse, Ashy</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_242">242</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Black-crested</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_243">243</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Bridled</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_244">244</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Gray</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_242">242</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Plain</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_242">242</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Sennett</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_303">303</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Texan Tufted</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_302">302</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Tufted</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_243">243</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Totanus flavipes</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_111">111</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> melanoleucus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_111">111</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Towhee</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_204">204</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Abert</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_206">206</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Anthony</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_205">205</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Arctic</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_204">204</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Californian</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_205">205</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Canon</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_205">205</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Green-tailed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_206">206</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Guadalupe</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_204">204</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Mountain</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_204">204</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Oregon</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_204">204</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> San Clemente</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_204">204</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> San Diego</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_204">204</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Towhee, Spurred</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_204">204</a> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_354" id="Page_354">[Pg_354]</a></span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> St Lucas</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_205">205</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> White-eyed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_204">204</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Toxostoma bendirei</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_216">216</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> cinereum</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_216">216</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + mearnsi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_216">216</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + crissalis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_217">217</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> curvirostre</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_216">216</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + palmeri</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_216">216</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> lecontei</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_217">217</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + arenicola</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_217">217</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> longirostre sennetti</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_233">233</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> redivivum</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_217">217</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + pasadenense</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_217">217</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> rufum</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_233">233</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Tree Duck, Black-bellied</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_83">83</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Fulvous</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_83">83</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Tringa canutus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_106">106</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Trochilidæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Trochilus alexandri</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_159">159</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> colubris</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_160">160</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Troglodytes aëdon</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_236">236</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + + " parkmanii</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_236">236</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + + " aztecus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_301">301</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Troglodytidæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Trogon ambiguus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_147">147</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Coppery-tailed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Trogonidæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Tropic Bird</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_69">69</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Red-billed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_69">69</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Red-tailed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_260">260</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Yellow-billed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Tryngites subruficollis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_105">105</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Tubinares</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_12">12</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Turdidæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Turkey Florida</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_122">122</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Merriam</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_122">122</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Rio Grande</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_122">122</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Water</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_73">73</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Wild</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Turnstone</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Black</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_107">107</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Ruddy</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_102">102</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Tympanuchus americanus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_121">121</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + + " + attwateri</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_121">121</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> pallidicinctus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_121">121</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Tyrannidæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Tyrannus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_202">202</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> domincensis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_247">247</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> melancholicus couchi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_202">202</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> tyrannus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_247">247</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> verticalis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_202">202</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> vociferans</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_202">202</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Uranomitra salvini</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_298">298</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Uria lomvia</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> + " arra</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> troile</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + californica</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Urubitinga anthracina</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_134">134</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Verdin</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_195">195</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Baird</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_195">195</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Vireo, Anthony</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_212">212</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> atricapillus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_245">245</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Bell</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_214">214</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> belli</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_214">214</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + medius</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_299">299</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Bermuda</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_213">213</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Black-capped</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_245">245</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Black-whiskered</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_212">212</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Blue-headed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_214">214</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> calidris barbatulus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_212">212</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Cassin</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_214">214</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> flavifrons</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_198">198</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> flavoviridis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_213">213</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Frazar</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_299">299</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> gilvus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_213">213</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + swainsonii</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_213">213</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Gray</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_214">214</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Hutton</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_212">212</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> huttoni</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_212">212</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + cognatus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_299">299</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + obscurus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_212">212</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + stephensi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_212">212</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Key West</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_213">213</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Least</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_214">214</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Mountain Solitary</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_214">214</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> noveboracensis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_213">213</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + bermudianus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_213">213</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + maynardi</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_213">213</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + micrus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_213">213</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> olivaceus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_212">212</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Philadelphia</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_213">213</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> philadelphicus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_213">213</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Plumbeous</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_214">214</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> pusillus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_214">214</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Red-eyed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Small White-eyed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_213">213</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> solitarius</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_214">214</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + alticola</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_214">214</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + cassinii</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_214">214</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + lucasanus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_214">214</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + plumbeus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_214">214</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> St Lucas</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_214">214</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Stephens</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_212">212</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Texas</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_299">299</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> vicinior</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_214">214</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Warbling</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_213">213</a> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_355" id="Page_355">[Pg_355]</a></span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Western Warbling</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_213">213</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> White-eyed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_213">213</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Yellow-green</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_213">213</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Yellow-throated</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_198">198</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Vireonidæ</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Vulture, Black</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_129">129</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> California</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_129">129</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Turkey</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Wagtail, Siberian Yellow</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_192">192</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Warbler, Alaskan Yellow</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_196">196</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Audubon</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_190">190</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Bachman</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_191">191</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Bay-breasted</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_206">206</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Black and White</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_249">249</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Blackburnian</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_187">187</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Black-fronted</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_190">190</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Black-poll</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_249">249</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Black-throated Blue</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_180">180</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Black-throated Gray</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_249">249</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Black-throated Green</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_188">188</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Blue-winged</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_191">191</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Brewster</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_197">197</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Cairns</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_180">180</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Calaveras</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_195">195</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> California Yellow</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_299">299</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Canadian</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_191">191</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Cape May</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_196">196</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Cerulean</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_181">181</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Chestnut-sided</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_198">198</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Connecticut</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_189">189</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Dusky</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_210">210</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Golden-cheeked</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_188">188</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Golden Pileated</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_193">193</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Golden-winged</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_189">189</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Grace</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_190">190</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Hermit</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_188">188</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Hooded</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_188">188</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Kennicott Willow</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_212">212</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Kentucky</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_193">193</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Kirtland</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_191">191</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Lawrence</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_197">197</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Lucy</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_206">206</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Lutescent</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_210">210</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Macgillivray</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_189">189</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Magnolia</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_190">190</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Mangrove</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_196">196</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Mourning</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_189">189</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Myrtle</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_197">197</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Nashville</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Northern Parula</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_195">195</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Olive</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_187">187</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Orange-crowned</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_210">210</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Palm</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_196">196</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Parula</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_195">195</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Pileated</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_193">193</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Pine</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_191">191</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Prairie</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_197">197</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Prothontary</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_187">187</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Red-faced</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_177">177</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Sennett</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_195">195</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Sonora</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_196">196</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Swainson</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_215">215</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Sycamore</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_190">190</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Tennessee</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_212">212</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Townsend</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_188">188</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Virginia</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_197">197</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Wilson</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_193">193</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Worm-eating</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_215">215</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Yellow</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Yellow Palm</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_197">197</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Yellow-throated</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_190">190</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Water-Thrush</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_232">232</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Grinnell</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_232">232</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Louisiana</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_232">232</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Waxwing, Bohemian</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_198">198</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Cedar</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Wheatear</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_248">248</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Greenland</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_248">248</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Whimbrel</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_267">267</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Whip-poor-will</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Stephen</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_156">156</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Whiskey Jack</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_252">252</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Widgeon, European</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_77">77</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Willet</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_111">111</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Western</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_111">111</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Wilsonia canadensis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_191">191</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> mitrata</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_188">188</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> pusilla</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_193">193</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + chryseola</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_193">193</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + pileota</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_198">198</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Woodcock, American</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> European</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_265">265</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Woodpecker, Alaska Downy</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_150">150</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Alaskan Three-toed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_149">149</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Alpine Three-toed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_149">149</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> American Three-toed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Arctic Three-toed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_149">149</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Arizona</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_151">151</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Batchelder</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_150">150</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Cabanis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_150">150</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Cactus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_297">297</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> California</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_158">158</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Downy</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_154">154</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Gairdner</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_155">155</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Gila</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_158">158</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Golden-fronted</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_158">158</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Hairy</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_150">150</a> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_356" id="Page_356">[Pg_356]</a></span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Harris</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_150">150</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Ivory-billed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_149">149</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Lewis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_152">152</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Narrow-fronted</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_153">153</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Newfoundland</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_297">297</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Northern Downy</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_150">150</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Northern Hairy</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_150">150</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Northern Pileated</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Nuttall</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_151">151</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Pileated</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_149">149</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Queen Charlotte</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_150">150</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Red-bellied</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_153">153</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Red-cockaded</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_151">151</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Red-headed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_153">153</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Rocky Mountain Hairy</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_150">150</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Saint Lucas</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_151">151</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> San Fernando</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_297">297</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Southern Downy</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_150">150</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Striped-breasted</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_153">153</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Texan</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_151">151</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> White-breasted</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_297">297</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> White-headed</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_151">151</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Willow</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_151">151</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Wren, Alaskan</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_236">236</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Aztec</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_236">236</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Aleutian</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_236">236</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Baird</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_235">235</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Bewick</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_235">235</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Bryant Cactus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_233">233</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Cactus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_233">233</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Canon</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_234">234</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Carolina</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_234">234</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Desert Cactus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_233">233</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Dotted Canon</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_234">234</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Florida</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_234">234</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Guadalupe</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_235">235</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Guadalupe Rock</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_234">234</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> House</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Interior Tule</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_237">237</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Kadiak Winter</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_236">236</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Lomita</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_234">234</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Long-billed Marsh</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_237">237</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Marian Marsh</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_237">237</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Northwest Bewick</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_235">235</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Parkman</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_236">236</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Prairie Marsh</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_301">301</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Rock</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_234">234</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> San Clemente</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_235">235</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> San Nicolas</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_301">301</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Short-billed Marsh</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_236">236</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Southwest Bewick</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_235">235</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> St Lucas Cactus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_233">233</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Texas Bewick</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_235">235</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Texan Cactus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_233">233</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Tule</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_237">237</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Vigors</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_235">235</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Western House</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_236">236</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Western Winter</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_236">236</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> White-throated</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_234">234</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Winter</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_236">236</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Worthington Marsh</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_237">237</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Wren-Tit, Coast</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_300">300</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Pallid</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_300">300</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Ruddy</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_300">300</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_199">199</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Xanthoura luxuosa glaucescens</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_185">185</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Xema sabinii</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Xenopicus albolarvatus</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_151">151</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Yellow-legs</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_111">111</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Greater</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_111">111</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Yellow-throat, Belding</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_194">194</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Florida</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_194">194</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Maryland</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_193">193</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Northern</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_194">194</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Pacific</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_194">194</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Rio Grande</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_194">194</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Salt Marsh</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_194">194</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> Western</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_193">193</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Zamelodia ludoviciana</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_174">174</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> melanocephala</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_207">207</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Zenaida zenaida</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_125">125</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Zenaidura macroura</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_125">125</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + marginella</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_296">296</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">Zonotrichia albicollis</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_227">227</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> coronata</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_227">227</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> leucophrys</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_227">227</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + gambeli</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_227">227</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> " + nuttalli</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_227">227</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf"> querula</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_219">219</a></td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="trans_notes"> +<div class="caption2">Transcriber's Notes</div> + +<p>In the original printed publication, the bird images were displayed +alterrnating on the right-hand and left-hand column on the odd and even +pages respectively. Here they are all presented on the right-hand side.</p> + +<p>The text presented is that obtained through the conversion of the +printed text into digital form. Where questions remained as to the +identification of the converted image, several on-line versions of +the text and other resources were consulted in an attempt to resolve them. +For example, the word "Alleghenies" appears 30 times and "Alleghanies" +only 6. So for consistancy, the 6 were converted.</p> + +<p>In addition to the list of corrections listed below, a number of +minor corrections were made. In several cases (species +<a href="#No466">466</a>, <a href="#No581f">581</a>, and <a href="#No680">680</a>), +the Species descriptions end with a comma. It was assumed that +they were meant to be a period and one has been inserted in its place.</p> + +<p>The U. S. adopted the named Kodiak in 1890; but islanders and others +continued to use "Kadiak" until the early 1920s. Therefore, the word +Kadiak was retained on pages <a href="#Page_230">230</a> and +<a href="#Page_356">356</a>. In the case of the bird species, some have names +that differ from common names used today (for example Canon Wren +instead of Canyon Wren) and the A.O.U. listing shows Cañon for two +species of <a href="#Page_288">Wren</a> and a <a href="#Page_283">Towhee</a> +which were retained. As for the scientific names, there are two +spellings for species named in honor of Audubon ("auduboni" and "audubonii") +which have been retained as they appear in the original publication.</p> +<br /> + +<div class="center"> +<div class="caption2">Typographical Corrections</div> +<br /> +<table style="padding-right:7px; padding-left:7px;" summary="typo corrections"> +<tr> + <td class="bb">Page(s)</td> + <td class="bb">Typo → Correction</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#Page_4">4</a></td> + <td>vernacluar → vernacular</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td> + <td>Chespeake → Chesapeake</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>, <a href="#Page_353">353</a> </td> + <td>Tatler → Tattler</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#Page_151">151</a></td> + <td>Bailley → Bailey</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#Page_160">160</a></td> + <td>Nicaraugua → Nicaragua</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#Page_165">165</a></td> + <td>incalcuable → incalculable</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#Page_170">170</a></td> + <td>preceeding → preceding</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#Page_171">171</a></td> + <td>Louisana → Louisiana</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="vtop"><a href="#Page_189">189</a></td> + <td><a href="#No680">680. Macgillivray Warbler</a> comma changed<br /> + to period at end of description</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#Page_199">199</a></td> + <td>501c. Florida Meadowlark says "Similar to No. 591…"<br /> + which is a Towhee assumed it should have been "501"</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="vtop"><a href="#Page_201">201</a></td> + <td>474f. Ruddy Horned Lark says "Similar to No. 472e..."<br /> + 472 is a Flycatcher assumed number should be "474e"</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="vtop"><a href="#Page_209">209</a></td> + <td><a href="#No466">466. Traill Flycatcher</a> comma changed<br /> + to period at end of description</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="vtop"><a href="#Page_212">212</a></td> + <td>632a. Stephen Vireo says: Similar to No. 622<br /> + 622 is a Loggerhead Shrike number should be "632"</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#Page_213">213</a></td> + <td>Hamshire → Hampshire</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#Page_223">223</a></td> + <td>Savanna → Savannah</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#Page_249">249</a></td> + <td>Second ♂ changed to ♀</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#Page_257">257</a></td> + <td>Æchmorphorus → Æchmophorus</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#Page_275">275</a></td> + <td>nuttali → nuttalli</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#Page_281">281</a></td> + <td>bimacuculatus → bimaculatus</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#Page_283">283</a></td> + <td>Parrhuloxia → Pyrrhuloxia</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#Page_284">284</a></td> + <td>cyaneovirdis → cyanoviridis</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#Page_284">284</a></td> + <td>BOMBCILLIDÆ → BOMBYCILLIDÆ</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#Page_285">285</a></td> + <td>flavovirdis → flavoviridis</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#Page_295">295</a>, <a href="#Page_311">311</a></td> + <td>Athabaska → Athabasca</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#Page_299">299</a></td> + <td>Goldfish → Goldfinch</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#Page_303">303</a></td> + <td>atricistatus → atricistatus</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#Page_314">314</a></td> + <td>Avifouna → Avifauna</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#Page_315">315</a></td> + <td>Miffilin → Mifflin</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#Page_326">326</a></td> + <td>Annonated → Annotated</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#Page_326">326</a></td> + <td>Veterbrates → Vertebrates</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#Page_333">333</a></td> + <td>Removed duplicate entry for Actodromas maculata</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#Page_345">345</a></td> + <td>Mergus albellus → Mergellus albellus</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#Page_356">356</a></td> + <td>Guadelupe → Guadalupe</td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">Corrected Index Page Numbers</div> +<br /> +<table class="center" style="padding-right:7px; padding-left:7px;" summary="Wrong Page Numbers"> +<tr> + <td class="bb">Page</td> + <td class="bb">Item</td> + <td class="bb">Listed</td> + <td class="bb">Correct</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#Page_333">333</a></td> + <td>Alcedinidæ</td> + <td>147</td> + <td>144</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#Page_333">333</a></td> + <td>Bæolophus bicolor</td> + <td>248</td> + <td>243</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#Page_336">336</a></td> + <td>Ceryle torquata</td> + <td>271</td> + <td>273</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#Page_337">337</a></td> + <td>Cowbird, Red-eyed</td> + <td>27</td> + <td>253</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#Page_339">339</a></td> + <td>Flamingo</td> + <td>7</td> + <td>16</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#Page_339">339</a></td> + <td>Flycatcher, Fork-tailed</td> + <td>274</td> + <td>276</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="vtop"><a href="#Page_339">339</a></td> + <td>Flycatcher, Giraud (Alternate<br /> + name for Buff-breasted </td> + <td>274</td> + <td class="vtop">276</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#Page_339">339</a></td> + <td>Fulmar, Giant</td> + <td>259</td> + <td>260</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#Page_342">342</a></td> + <td>Jabiru</td> + <td>263</td> + <td>264</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#Page_344">344</a></td> + <td>Macrochires</td> + <td>154</td> + <td>155</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#Page_344">344</a></td> + <td>Mallard</td> + <td>6</td> + <td>74</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#Page_344">344</a></td> + <td>Melanerpes torquatus</td> + <td>152</td> + <td>Not found in book</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#Page_345">345</a></td> + <td>Mergellus albellus</td> + <td>261</td> + <td>262</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#Page_345">345</a></td> + <td>Myiozetetes similis superciliosus</td> + <td>274</td> + <td>Not found in book</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#Page_356">356</a></td> + <td>Wren, Alaskan</td> + <td>235</td> + <td>236</td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">Listing of the Derived Variant Spellings for Birds<br /> + Named in Honor of John J. Audubon</div> +<br /> +<table summary="Variant Spellings"> +<tr> + <td class="bb2">With a single ending "i"</td> + <td> </td> + <td class="bb2">With a double ending "i"</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Dendroica auduboni</td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Dendroica auduboni auduboni</td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Dendroica auduboni nigrifrons</td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Dryobates villosus auduboni</td> + <td> </td> + <td>Dryobates villosus audubonii</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Hylocichla guttata auduboni</td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>Icterus audubonii</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Icterus melanocephalus auduboni</td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<br /> +</div> +<br /> +</div><!-- End Book --> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Color Key to North American Birds, by +Frank M. 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