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diff --git a/38003-8.txt b/38003-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7923abd --- /dev/null +++ b/38003-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,22848 @@ +Project Gutenberg's Color Key to North American Birds, by Frank M. Chapman + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Color Key to North American Birds + with bibiographical appendix + +Author: Frank M. Chapman + +Illustrator: Chester A Reed + +Release Date: November 13, 2011 [EBook #38003] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK COLOR KEY TO NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Tom Cosmas, Joseph Cooper and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + + + + + COLOR KEY TO + + NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS + + + + + + + +------------------------------------------------------------------+ + | By FRANK M. CHAPMAN | + | Curator of Ornithology in the American Museum | + | of Natural History | + +------------------------------------------------------------------+ + | HANDBOOK OF BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA | + | Third edition. With introductory chapters on the study of | + | Ornithology; how to identify birds and how to collect and | + | preserve birds, their nests and eggs. 20 full-page plates | + | and 150 cuts in the text. 12mo. Library edition. | + | Pocket edition. | + | BIRD-LIFE | + | A guide to the study of our common birds. With 75 full-page | + | colored plates and numerous text drawings by Ernest Thompson | + | Seton. Containing an Appendix, especially designed for | + | teachers. 12mo. Cloth. | + | BIRD STUDIES WITH A CAMERA | + | A fascinating account of the habits of common birds, with | + | descriptions of the largest bird colonies existing in eastern | + | North America. The author's phenomenal success in | + | photographing birds in Nature not only lends to the | + | illustrations the charm of realism, but makes the book a | + | record of surprising achievements with the camera. 12mo. | + | Cloth. | + | WARBLERS OF NORTH AMERICA | + | A full description of our "most beautiful, most abundant, | + | and least known birds." Illustrated with colored plates | + | of every species and photographs of nests and eggs. Imp. 8vo. | + | Illustrated. | + | CAMPS AND CRUISES OF AN ORNITHOLOGIST | + | The story of eight years' experience in travel, in which | + | the author covered over 60,000 miles in his search for | + | material with which to prepare a series of groups of | + | American birds, to exceed in beauty and scientific value | + | anything which had heretofore been attempted in this line. | + | The illustrations, over 250 in number, are from Dr. Chapman's | + | photographs, and beyond question form a remarkable series of | + | pictures of bird-life. 8vo. | + | COLOR KEY TO NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS | + | This work may be described as an illustrated dictionary of | + | North American birds. It is the most complete publication of | + | its kind, and makes an admirable introduction to the study of | + | birds and the literature of Ornithology and at the same time | + | is an authoritative work of reference. Over 800 pictures. | + | OUR WINTER BIRDS | + | An introduction to the study of birds. The author believes | + | that the study of Ornithology should begin with the winter | + | birds as they are fewer in number and easier to approach. | + | Divided into convenient groups such as field birds, forest | + | birds, home birds, etc. Illustrated. 12mo. | + | THE TRAVELS OF BIRDS | + | A series of chapters on bird migration, describing birds as | + | travelers, why they travel, dangers by the way, night flyers | + | and day flyers, etc. Many illustrations from drawings. | + | Illustrated. | + | WHAT BIRD IS THAT? | + | A bird book for beginners with 301 birds in color. | + | ----------------- | + | D. APPLETON AND COMPANY, NEW YORK | + +------------------------------------------------------------------+ + + + + + [Illustration: TOPOGRAPHY OF A BIRD Bluebird (natural size)] + + + + + + COLOR KEY TO + NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS + + + With Bibliographical Appendix + + BY + + + FRANK M. CHAPMAN + + CURATOR OF ORNITHOLOGY + IN THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY + + + Author of "Handbook of Birds of Eastern North America," + "Bird-Life," Etc. + + + _With Upward of 800 Drawings_ + + BY + + CHESTER A REED, B. S. + + + _Revised Edition_ + + [Illustration: Publisher's Logo] + + NEW YORK + D. APPLETON & COMPANY + 1912 + + + + + COPYRIGHT, + DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & CO. + 1903 + + + COPYRIGHT, + D. APPLETON & CO. + 1912 + + + _Published November 1912_ + + + Printed in the United States + + + + +PREFACE. + + +To learn to call a bird by its right name is the first step in the +study of ornithology. We may propose to investigate the structure, +food, and habits of the birds of the world, or desire merely a +superficial knowledge of the species found in our garden, but in +either case we are at once confronted by this question of +identification. + +From the scientific point of view there is but one satisfactory way to +identify a bird. A specimen of it should be in hand in order that its +form, color, and size may be accurately determined, when, with the aid +of analytical keys, with which most text-books are provided, it is a +simple matter to ascertain the bird's name. + +Wide experience has shown the writer, however, that where one dead +bird is identified, hundreds of attempts are made to name the living +bird in nature. This is to be expected. It is the natural outcome of +the recent remarkable interest in the study of birds which, fostered +by Audubon Societies and nature study teachers, has assumed an +ethical and educational importance of the first magnitude. + +We cannot place a gun in the hands of these thousands of bird-lovers +whom we are yearly developing; indeed most of them would refuse to use +it. Specimens, therefore, are rarely available to them and we should +make some special effort to meet their peculiar wants. The present +volume has been prepared with this end in view. Identification of the +bird in the bush is its sole end; an end, however, which we trust will +prove but the beginning of a new and potent interest in nature. + + FRANK M. CHAPMAN + + _American Museum of Natural History, + New York City, 1903._ + + + + +PREFACE TO REVISED EDITION. + + +In the present edition of the Color Key the body of the book, aside +from the correction of typographical errors, remains as it was in the +preceding edition. The Systematic Table has been reset and brought up +to July, 1912, the date of the publication of the latest supplement to +the third edition of the American Ornithologists' Union's 'Check-List +of North American Birds.' Two Appendixes are added. The first includes +all the changes in nomenclature and descriptions of new birds which +have been accepted by the A.O.U. Committee on Classification and +Nomenclature since the publication of the Color Key in 1903; the +second contains a list of faunal ornithological papers which it is +hoped will add greatly to the reference value of the book. + + F. M. C. + + _American Museum of Natural History, + New York City, October, 1912._ + + + + +CONTENTS. + + + + INTRODUCTION 1 + How to Learn a Bird's Name 1 + How Birds Are Named 4 + + SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS 9 + + COLOR KEY TO NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS 41 + + SYSTEMATIC TABLE OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS 257 + + APPENDIX I. ADDITIONS, SUBTRACTIONS, EMENDATIONS 298 + + APPENDIX II. BIBLIOGRAPHY 305 + + INDEX 333 + + + + +ILLUSTRATIONS + + +The illustrations in this volume are designed to aid the student in +identifying birds in their haunts by giving, in color, those markings +which most quickly catch the eye. They do not pretend to be perfect +reproductions of every shade and tint of the plumage of the species +they figure, but aim to present a bird's characteristic colors as they +appear when seen at a distance. It was impracticable to draw all the +birds to the same scale but all those on the same page are so figured. +Reference should always be made, however, to the measurements given at +the beginning at each description. The figures are based on the male +bird. + + +LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. + + [Male]. The sign of Mars, signifying male. + + [Female]. The sign of Venus, signifying female. + + Ad. Adult, a bird in fully mature plumage. + + Yng. Young, a fully grown bird which has not yet acquired the + plumage of the adult. + + L. Length, the distance from the tip of the bill to the end of the + tail. This measurement is made from dead birds, birds in life + appear somewhat shorter. + + W. Wing, the distance from the 'bend' of the wing to the end of the + longest feather. + + T. Tail, the distance from the insertion of the tail-feathers to the + end of the longest one. + + Tar. Tarsus, the distance from the heel to the insertion of the toes, + or of the so-called 'leg.' + + B. Bill, the distance from the feathers at the base of the bill + above to its tip. + + NOTE. All measurements are in inches and tenths, and a + variation of about ten per cent. from the figures given may be + expected. The number before the name of each species is that of + the American Ornithologists' Union's 'Check-List of North + American Birds.' + + + + +INTRODUCTION + + +HOW TO LEARN A BIRD'S NAME + +"How can I learn to know the birds?" is the first question of the +seeker after bird-lore. The scientist's reply, "By shooting them and +studying their structure and markings in detail," may do for the few +who, like himself, desire to know the birds scientifically; but it is +emphatically not the answer to give the ninety and nine who, while +they desire to secure an intimate, accurate knowledge of birds, will +not gain it at the sacrifice of bird-life. + +In the present volume, therefore, an attempt has been made so to +group, figure, and describe our birds that any species may be named +which has been _definitely seen_. The birds are kept in their +systematic Orders, a natural arrangement, readily comprehended, but, +further than this, accepted classifications have been abandoned and +the birds have been grouped according to color and markings. + +A key to the Orders gives the more prominent characters on which they +are based; telling for example, the external differences between a +Duck and a Grebe. In comparatively few instances, however, will the +beginner have much difficulty in deciding to what Order a bird +belongs. Probably eight times, out of ten the unknown bird will belong +to the Order Passeres, or Perching Birds, when one has only to select +the color section in which it should be placed, choose from among the +colored figures the bird whose identity is sought, and verify one's +selection by reading the description of the bird's characteristics and +the outline of its range. + +In the case of closely related species, and particularly subspecies, +the subjects of range and season are of the utmost importance. Most +subspecies resemble their nearest allies too closely to be identified +in life by color alone, and in such cases a bird's name is to be +learned by its color in connection with its distribution and the +season in which it is seen. + +During the breeding period, unless one chance to be in a region where +two races intergrade, subspecific names may be applied to the bird in +nature with some certainty, for it is a law that only one subspecies +of a species can nest in the same area; but during migrations and in +the winter, when several subspecies of one species may be found +associated, it is frequently impossible to name them with accuracy. + +For example, during the summer one need have no hesitancy in calling +the Robins of the lowlands of South Carolina the Southern Robin +(_Planesticus migratorius achrusterus_) but later, when the Northern +Robins (_Planesticus migratorius migratorius_) begin to appear, it +would be difficult, if not impossible, to distinguish them in life +from the resident birds. + +If it were possible to impress the student, who proposes to name the +bird in the bush, with the _absolute necessity_ for careful, definite +observation he would be saved many disappointing and discouraging +experiences. + +It is not possible to examine your bird too thoroughly. Never be +satisfied with a superficial view and a general impression. Look at +your bird, if you can, from several points of view; study its +appearance in detail, its size, bill, crown, back, tail, wings, +throat, breast, etc., and AT ONCE enter what you see in a note-book +kept for that purpose. In this way, and this way alone, can you expect +to compete with those who use the gun. + +It does not follow, however, that because one does not collect +specimens of birds one cannot study them scientifically. While the +student may not be interested in the classification of birds purely +from the standpoint of the systematist, he is strongly urged to +acquaint himself with at least the arrangement of the Orders and +Families of our birds and their leading structural characters. + +To the student who desires to prepare himself for his work afield such +a study may well come before he attempts to name the birds. But where +the chief end in view is to learn a bird's name, the more technical +side of the subject may be deferred. In any event, it should not be +neglected. This orderly arrangement of knowledge will not only be +practical benefit in one's future labors but it will bring with it +that sense of satisfaction which accompanies the assurance that we +know what we know. + +As one learns to recognize bird after bird it is an admirable plan to +classify systematically one's list of bird acquaintances under their +proper Orders and Families. These may be learned at once from the +systematic table at the end of the book, where the numbers which +precede each species are arranged serially, and hence systematically. + +In some instances, as an aid to identification in the field, +descriptions of birds' notes have been included. It is not supposed +that these descriptions will convey an adequate idea of a bird's song +to a person who has never heard it, but it is hoped that they may +occasionally lead to the recognition of calls or songs when they are +heard. + +An adequate method of transcribing bird's notes has as yet to be +devised and the author realizes only too well how unsatisfactory the +data here presented will appear to the student. It is hoped, however, +that they may sometimes prove of assistance in naming birds in life. + +As has been said before, the aim of this volume is to help students to +learn the names of our birds in their haunts. But we should be doing +scant justice to the possibilities of bird study if, even by silence, +we should imply that they ended with the learning to know the bird. +This is only the beginning of the quest which may bring us into close +intimacy with the secrets of nature. The birds' haunts and food, their +seasons and times of coming and going; their songs and habits during +courtship, their nest-building, egg-laying, incubating and care of +their young, these and a hundred other subjects connected with their +lives may claim our attention and by increasing our knowledge of +bird-life, add to our love of birds. + + +HOW BIRDS ARE NAMED + +Birds have two kinds of names. One is a common, vernacular, or popular +name; the other is a technical or scientific name. The first is +usually given to the living bird by the people of the country it +inhabits. The second is applied to specimens of birds by +ornithologists who classify them. + +Common names in their origin and use know no law. Technical names are +bestowed under the system of nomenclature established by Linnæus and +their formation and application are governed by certain definite, +generally accepted rules. The Linnæan system, as it is now employed by +most American ornithologists, provides that a bird, in addition to +being grouped in a certain Class, Order, Family, etc., shall have a +generic and specific name which, together, shall not be applied to +any other animal. + +Our Robin, therefore, is classified and named as follows: + + CLASS AVES, + + ORDER PASSERES, Perching Birds. + + Suborder _Oscines_, Singing Perching Birds. + + Family _Turdidæ_ Thrushes. + + Subfamily _Turdinæ_ Thrushes. + + Genus, _Planesticus_, Thrushes. + + Species, _migratorius_ American Robin. + +The Robin's distinctive scientific name, therefore, which it alone +possesses, is _Planesticus migratorius_. There are numerous other +members of the genus _Planesticus_, but not one of them is called +_migratorius_ and this combination of names, therefore, applied to +only one bird. + +The questions Why use all these Latin terms? Why not call the bird +"Robin" and be done with it? are easily answered. Widely distributed +birds frequently have different names in different parts of their +range. The Flicker (_Colaptes auratus_), for instance, has over one +hundred common or vernacular names. Again, the same name is often +applied to wholly different birds. Our Robin (_Planesticus +migratorius_) is not even a member of the same family as the European +Robin (_Erithacus rubecola_.) If, therefore, we should write of birds +or attempt to classify them only by their common names, we should be +dealing with such unfixed quantities that the result would be +inaccurate and misleading. But by using one name in a language known +to educated people of all countries, a writer may indicate, without +danger of being misunderstood, the particular animal to which he +refers. Among people speaking the same tongue, where a definite list +of vernacular names of animals has been established, they can of +course be used instead of the scientific names. + +Such a list of North American birds has been prepared by the American +Ornithologists' Union. It furnishes a common as well as scientific +name for each of our birds, and is the recognized standard of +nomenclature among American ornithologists. The names and numbers of +birds employed in this Color Key are those of the American +Ornithologists' Union's 'Check-List of North American Birds.' + +It will be observed that in this 'Check-List,' and consequently in the +following pages, many birds have three scientific names, a generic, +specific, and subspecific. The Western Robin, for example, appears as +_Planesticus migratorius propinquus_. What is the significance of this +third name? + +In the days of Linnæus, and for many years after, it was supposed that +a species was a distinct creation whose characters never varied. But +in comparatively recent years, as specimens have been gathered from +throughout the country inhabited by a species, comparison frequently +shows that specimens from one part of its range differ from those +taken in another part of its range. At intervening localities, +however, intermediate specimens will be found connecting the extremes. + +Generally, these geographical variations, as they are called, are the +result of climatic conditions. For instance, in regions of heavy +rainfall a bird's colors are usually much darker than they are where +the rainfall is light. Song Sparrows, for example, are palest in the +desert region of Arizona, where the annual rainfall may not reach +eight inches, and darkest on the coast of British Columbia and Alaska, +where the annual rainfall may be over one hundred inches. In going +from one region, however, to the other the gradual changes in climate +are accompanied by gradual changes in the colors of the Song Sparrows, +and the wide differences between Arizona and Alaska Song Sparrows are +therefore bridged by a series of intermediates. + +Variations of this kind are spoken of as geographic, racial, or +subspecific and the birds exhibiting them are termed subspecies. In +naming them a third name, or trinomial is employed, and the +possession of such a name indicates at once that a bird is a +geographic or racial representative of a species, with one or more +representatives of which it intergrades. + +Returning now to the Robin. Our eastern Robins always have the outer +pair of tail-feathers tipped with white and, in adults, the back is +blotched with black; while Robins from the Rocky Mountains and +westward have little or no white on the outer tail-feathers, and the +back is dark gray, without black blotches. These extremes are +connected by intermediate specimens sharing the characters; of both +eastern and western birds. We do not, therefore, treat the latter as a +species, but as a subspecies, and consequently, apply to it a +subspecific name or trinomial, _Planesticus migratorius propinquus_, +(_propinquus_, meaning nearly related.) + +A further study of our eastern Robin shows that in the southern parts +of its breeding range (the Carolinas and Georgia), it varies from the +northern type in being smaller in size and much paler and duller in +color; and to this second geographical variety is applied the name +_Planesticus migratorius achrusterus_, (_achrusterus_, meaning less +highly colored). + +After the recognition of western and southern races of the Robin under +three names (trinomial) it would obviously be inconsistent to apply +only two names (binomial) to our eastern bird, the former being no +more subspecies of the latter than the latter is of the former. In +other words, to continue to apply only generic and specific names to +the Eastern Robin would imply that it was a full species, while the +use of a trinomial for the Western or the Southern Robin shows them to +be subspecies. As a matter of fact we know that there is but one +species of true Robin in the United States, consequently in accordance +with the logical and now generally accepted method, we apply to that +species the name _Planesticus migratorius_, and this is equally +applicable to Robins from east, south or west. When, however, we learn +that the Eastern Robin is not a species but a subspecies, we repeat +the specific name by which it was made known and call it _Planesticus +migratorius migratorius_. + +It may be asked, Why give names to these geographical races? Why not +call Eastern, Western and Southern Robins by one name, _Planesticus +migratorius_, without regard to their climatic variations? + +In reply, two excellent reasons may be given for the recognition of +subspecies by name; first, because in some cases they differ from one +another far more than do many species, when it would clearly be +inadvisable to apply the same name to what are obviously different +creatures. For example, it has lately been discovered by Mr. E. W. +Nelson that the small, black-throated, brown-breasted, Quails or +Bob-whites of southern Mexico, through a long series of intermediates +inhabiting the intervening region, intergrade with the large, +white-throated, black-and-white breasted, Bob-white of our northern +states. It would be absurd to call such wholly unlike birds by the +same name, nor could we give a full specific name to the Mexican +Bob-white since at no place can we draw a line definitely separating +it from the northern Bob-white. Furthermore, the use of only two names +would conceal the remarkable fact of the intergradation of two such +strikingly different birds; a fact of the first importance to students +of the evolution of species. + +For much the same reason we should name those birds which show less +pronounced variations, such as are exhibited by the Robin. Here we +have a species in the making, and in tracing the relation between +cause and effect, we learn something of the influences which create +species. Thus, climate has been definitely proven so to alter a +species, both in size and color that, as we have seen in the case of +the Song Sparrows, marked climate changes are accompanied by +correspondingly marked changes in the appearance of certain animals. +In naming these animals we are, in effect, giving a 'handle to the +fact' of their evolution by environment. + +Since it is evident that a bird may vary much or little, according to +the governing conditions and its tendency to respond to them, no fixed +rule can be laid down which shall decide just what degree of +difference are deserving a name. It follows, therefore, that in some +cases ornithologists do not agree upon a bird's claim to subspecific +rank. + +In North America, however, questions of this kind are referred to a +committee of seven experts of the American Ornithologists' Union, and +their decision establishes a nomenclature, which is accepted as the +standard by other American ornithologists and which has been adopted +in this volume. + +Foreign birds of wholly accidental occurrence, most of which have been +found in North America but once or twice, are included in the +systematic list of North American birds, but are not described or +figured in the body of the book, where their presence would tend to +convey an erroneous impression of their North American status. +Furthermore, records of the presence of birds so rare as these can be +properly based on only the capture of specimens. + +In the preparation of the following pages both author and artist have +had full access to the collections of the American Museum of Natural +History, and they are also glad to acknowledge their indebtedness to +William Brewster of Cambridge, Massachusetts, to Robert Ridgway, +Curator of Birds in the United States National Museum, and to C. Hart +Merriam, Chief of the Biologic Survey, for the loan of specimens for +description and illustration. + + + + +SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES OF NORTH +AMERICAN BIRDS. + +The figures are all life-size, except as stated. + + +=WATER BIRDS.= + +Order I. Grebes, Loons, and Auks. PYGOPODES. + +(3 families, 32 species, 3 subspecies.) + + +Duck-like birds with the bill usually pointed, never wider than high, +and without flutings, 'gutters,' or serrations on its side; wings +short, never with a bright colored patch or 'speculum'; tail +rudimentary, not noticeable; toes webbed or lobed. Color usually +blackish above, white below; the throat often dark. The Grebes and +Loons, when pursued, dive rather than fly; the Auks usually take wing. + + + [Illustration: PIED-BILLED GREBE.] + +Family 1. GREBES. PODICIPIDÆ. + +Toes four with lobate webs; tipped with a broad nail; tail wanting. + + + [Illustration: FOOT OF RAZOR-BILLED AUK.] + + [Illustration: LOON.] + +Family 2. LOONS. GAVIIDÆ. + +Toes four, webbed; toe-nails not broad and flat; tail present. + + +Family 3. AUKS, MURRES, AND PUFFINS. ALCIDÆ. + +Toes three, webbed; toe-nails sharp; tail present. + + + + +Order II. Gulls, Terns, Jaegers, Etc. LONGIPENNES. + +(3 families, 42 species, 1 subspecies.) + + +Birds generally seen on the wing, as a rule, over water. Bill strong, +thick; hooked in the Gulls and Jaegers; sharply pointed in the Terns; +often colored in part yellow or red; wings very long, the outer +feathers much the longest; tail usually short and square in the Gulls, +long and forked in the Terns; toes webbed. Color usually pearly gray +above, white below in adult Gull and Terns; Jaegers and many young +Gulls are dark. + + + [Illustration: PARASITIC JAEGER.] + +Family 4. SKUAS AND JAEGERS. Stercorariidæ. + +Toes four; three front ones webbed; bill with swollen, hooked tip, its +base with a scaly shield. + + + [Illustration: HERRING GULL.] + + [Illustration: COMMON TERN.] + +Family 5. GULLS AND TERNS. Laridæ. + +Toes usually four, three front ones webbed; upper mandible curved and +hooked; tail usually square (Gulls, subfamily _Larinæ_). Bill straight +and pointed; tail often forked (Terns, subfamily _Sterninæ_). + + + [Illustration: BLACK SKIMMER.] + +Family 6. SKIMMERS. Rynchopidæ. + +Toes four, three front ones webbed; bill thin and blade like, the +maxilla longer than the mandible; tail slightly forked. + + + + +Order III. Albatrosses, Shearwaters, Petrels, Etc. TUBINARES. + +(2 families, 30 species, 1 subspecies.) + + +Sea-birds keeping, as a rule, well off shore, and flying low, near the +water, often skimming over the waves. Bill, with upper mandible +hooked; nostrils opening through tubes; wings long and pointed; tail +short; feet webbed; hind-toe rudimentary or absent. Color usually gray +or black and white; no bright markings. + + + [Illustration: BILL OF SHORT-TAILED ALBATROSS.] + +Family 7. ALBATROSSES. DIOMEDEIDÆ. + +Nostrils opening through tubes, separated and on either side of the bill. + + + [Illustration: FULMAR.] + + [Illustration: LEACH PETREL.] + +Family 8. FULMARS, PETRELS AND SHEARWATERS. Procellariidæ. + +Nostrils joined and situated on top of the bill. + + + + +Order IV. Cormorants, Pelicans, Gannets, Man-o'war Birds, + and Tropic-Birds. STEGANOPODES. + +(6 families, 19 species, 5 subspecies.) + +Large birds, two feet or more in length, varying widely in appearance +and habits; in external structure agreeing only in having all four +toes joined by webs. + + + [Illustration: YELLOW-BILLED TROPIC BIRD.] + +Family 9. TROPIC BIRDS. Phaëthontidæ. + +Bill pointed, somewhat tern-like; central tail feathers much +elongated; chin feathered. + + + [Illustration: GANNET.] + +Family 10. GANNETS. Sulidæ. + +Bill stout, its tip not hooked; chin and eye space bare; tail pointed, +its feathers not 'fluted.' + + + [Illustration: ANHINGA.] + +Family 11. ANHINGAS; SNAKE-BIRDS. Anhingidæ. + +Bill straight and slender; chin and eye space bare; tail rounded; its +middle feathers fluted. + + + [Illustration: VIOLET-GREEN CORMORANT.] + +Family 12. CORMORANTS. Phalacrocoracidæ. + +Bill with a hooked tip; a small pouch at its base; plumage usually +black or blackish. + + + [Illustration: BROWN PELICAN.] + +Family 13. PELICANS. Pelecanidæ. + +Bill hooked at tip, with a large pouch; tail short, square; eye space +bare. + + + [Illustration: MAN-O' WAR BIRD.] + +Family 14. MAN-O' WAR BIRDS. Fregatidæ. + +Bill hooked; pouch small; tail long and forked; eye space feathered. + + + + +Order V. Ducks, Geese, and Swans. ANSERES. + +(1 family, 49 species, 6 subspecies.) + + +Birds of familiar form; bill, except in Mergansers or Saw-billed +Ducks, broad and with rows of 'strainers' or 'gutters' on either side; +wings short, in the Ducks usually with a bright colored patch or +speculum; tail generally short; legs short; feet webbed. Most species, +unlike the Grebes, take wing rather than dive when pursued. + + + [Illustration: RED-BREASTED MERGANSER.] + + [Illustration: MALLARD.] + +Family 15. DUCKS, GEESE, AND SWANS. Anatidæ. + +Bill long, narrow, and rounded with tooth-like projections along its +sides. (Mergansers. Subfamily _Merginæ_.) + +Bill broad, flattened, typically duck-like; tarsus or leg with +transverse scales; hind toe without a lobe. (River Ducks. Subfamily +_Anatinæ_.) + +Bill and tarsus as in preceding, but hind toe with a broad lobe or +flap. (Sea and Bay Ducks. Subfamily _Fuligulinæ_.) + +Bill proportionately narrower than in the River or Bay Ducks; gutters +on its sides less developed; scales on front of tarsus rounded. +(Geese. Subfamily _Anserinæ_.) + +Large, usually white birds, with bare eye space. (Swans. Subfamily +_Cygninæ_.) + + + + +Order VI. Flamingoes. ODONTOGLOSSÆ. + +(1 family, 1 species.) + + +Bright red or pink and white birds, standing four feet or more in +height; side of the bill with gutters, its end bent downward; wings +rather short; legs long; feet webbed. + + + [Illustration: AMERICAN FLAMINGO.] + +Family 16. FLAMINGOES. Phœnicopteridæ. + +Characters of the Family similar to those of the Order. + + + + +Order VII. Herons, Bitterns, Ibises, and Spoonbills. HERODIONES. + +(4 families, 19 species, 3 subspecies.) + + +Long-legged wading birds, generally found along shores or on muddy +flats; bill variable; in the Herons straight and sharply pointed; in +the Ibises, slender, rounded, and curved downward; in the Spoonbill, +flattened: wings rounded; tail short; legs long; toes all on same +level, long, slender, without webs. Herons and Bitterns fly with a +fold in the neck, the head being drawn in; Ibises and Spoonbills fly +with the neck straight, the head being extended. + + + [Illustration: ROSEATE SPOONBILL.] + +Family 17. SPOONBILLS. Plataleidæ. + +Bill flattened and much broadened at the end; crown and face bare in +adults; toes partly webbed. + + + [Illustration: WHITE-FACED GLOSSY IBIS.] + +Family 18. IBISES. Ibididæ. + +Bill long and curved down; its side with grooves; toes partly webbed. + + + [Illustration: WOOD IBIS.] + +Family 19. STORKS AND WOOD IBISES. CICONIIDÆ. + +Bill stout, without grooves; tarsus reticulate. + + + [Illustration: GREEN HERON.] + +Family 20. HERONS, EGRETS, AND BITTERNS. Ardeidæ. + +Bill usually straight and sharply pointed; lores naked; head +feathered; tarsus with transverse scales; middle toe-nail pectinate or +with a comblike edge. + + + + +Order VIII. Cranes, Rails, Coots, Gallinules, Etc. PALUDICOLÆ. + +(3 families, 16 species, 3 subspecies.) + + +Birds varying greatly in size and appearance, but all agreeing (and +differing from _Herodiones_) in having the hind-toe elevated, that is, +leaving the foot at a higher level than the front toes; tail short; +legs usually long. All fly with the neck extended, a fact by which +Cranes in flight may be known from Herons. Rails are short-winged +skulkers in grassy marshes; Gallinules frequent reedy shores; Coots, +which alone of the Order have webbed (lobate) toes, are as aquatic as +Ducks, from which they may be known by their pointed, white bill, +nodding motion of the head when swimming, and habit of pattering over +the water when alarmed. + + + [Illustration: SANDHILL CRANE.] + +Family 21. CRANES. Gruidæ. + +Large birds over three feet in length; head partly bare in adults. + + + [Illustration: LIMPKIN.] + +Family 22. COURLANS. Aramidæ. + +Bill long and slender; head wholly feathered; toes not webbed. + + + [Illustration: SORA.] + + [Illustration: CLAPPER RAIL.] + + [Illustration: AMERICAN COOT.] + +Family 23. RAILS, COOTS, AND GALLINULES. Rallidæ. + +Bill variable; toes always long, webbed (lobed) in only one species; +wings short and rounded; tail short. + + + + +Order IX. Snipes, Sandpipers, Curlews, Plovers, Etc. LIMICOLÆ. + +(7 families, 55 species, 4 subspecies.) + + +Generally long-legged, slender-billed birds of shores and mud flats, +and sometimes fields. Most of them are under a foot in length; none +are so large as the Ibises; wings long and pointed; tail short; toes +long and slender, usually without webs; color generally brown or +blackish above, mottled and streaked with whitish and buff. Many +species utter characteristic piping whistles as they fly or when they +take wing. + + + [Illustration: NORTHERN PHALAROPE.] + +Family 24. PHALAROPES. Phalaropodidæ. + +Front toes with lobes or webs; tarsus flattened; plumage thick; +swimming Snipe. + + + [Illustration: AMERICAN AVOCET.] + + [Illustration: BLACK-NECKED STILT.] + +Family 25. AVOCETS AND STILTS. Recurvirostridæ. + +Long legged, wading Snipe; in Avocets toes four, front three webbed; +bill recurved; in Stilts toes three, almost unwebbed; bill straight. + + + [Illustration: SEMIPALMATED SANDPIPER.] + + [Illustration: WOODCOCK.] + + [Illustration: HUDSONIAN CURLEW.] + +Family 26. SNIPES, SANDPIPERS, CURLEWS, ETC. Scolopacidæ. + +Toes usually four; tarsus with transverse scales; bill generally long, +slender, and soft, used as a probe. + + + [Illustration: KILLDEER.] + + [Illustration: BLACK-BELLIED PLOVER.] + +Family 27. PLOVERS. Charadriidæ. + +Toes usually three, or when four, the fourth rudimentary; tarsus with +rounded scales, bill, as compared with that of Snipe, short and stout. + + + [Illustration: TURNSTONE.] + +Family 28. SURF BIRDS AND TURNSTONES. Aphrizidæ. + +Toes four, tarsus with transverse scales; bill short, rather hard. + + + [Illustration: AMERICAN OYSTER-CATCHER.] + +Family 29. OYSTER-CATCHERS. Hæmatopodidæ. + +Toes three, webbed at base; tarsus stout, with rounded scales; bill +heavy, compressed, and said to be used for opening shells. + + + [Illustration: MEXICAN JACANA.] + +Family 30. JACANAS. Jacanidæ. + +Toes four, with their nails greatly elongated to support the bird +while walking on aquatic vegetation; wing, with a sharp spur; bill +with fleshy lobes at base and, in some species, on its sides. + + + + +LAND BIRDS. + +Order X. Grouse, Partridges, Bob-Whites, Etc. GALLINÆ. + +(3 families, 24 species, 25 subspecies.) + + +Ground-inhabiting birds of chicken-like form; bill stout, hen-like; +wings short and rounded; tail variable; feet strong; hind-toe +elevated. Color usually mixed brown, black, and buff, or bluish gray. + + + [Illustration: BOB-WHITE.] + + [Illustration: RUFFED GROUSE.] + +Family 31. GROUSE, PARTRIDGES, ETC. Tetraonidæ. + +Characters the same as those of the Order; tarsus naked in Partridges +and Quails; more or less feathered in Grouse and Ptarmigan. + + + [Illustration: TURKEY.] + +Family 32. TURKEYS, PHEASANTS, AND CHICKENS. Phasianidæ. + +Tarsus naked, often spurred, tail remarkably variable (for example, +Turkey, Peacock); head often with a comb, wattles, or other +excrescences. + + + [Illustration: CHACHALACA.] + +Family 33. CURASSOWS AND GUANS. Cracidæ. + +Large tree-haunting, pheasant-like birds; toes four, all on same +level. + + + + +Order XI. Pigeons and Doves. COLUMBÆ. + +(1 family, 13 species, 3 subspecies.) + +Walking birds, feeding both on the ground and in trees; bill slender, +grooved, nostrils opening in a fleshy membrane; tail variable, short +and square, or long and pointed; feet stout, often reddish. Color +usually grayish brown. Call-notes a characteristic cooing. + + + [Illustration: MOURNING DOVE.] + +Family 34. PIGEONS AND DOVES. Columbidæ. + +Characters those of the Order. + + + + +Order XII. Vultures, Hawks, and Owls. RAPTORES. + +(4 families, 56 species, 33 subspecies.) + + +Generally large birds with hooked bill; strong, heavy feet, and long, +curved nails; wings large; tail rather long, usually square. + + + [Illustration: TURKEY VULTURE.] + +Family 35. AMERICAN VULTURES. Cathartidæ. + +Bill not strongly hooked; toe-nails comparatively weak; nostrils +large, piercing the bill; head and more or less of neck, bare. + + + [Illustration: RED-TAILED HAWK.] + + [Illustration: FOOT OF RED-TAILED HAWK.] + +Family 36. FALCONS, HAWKS, EAGLES, ETC. +Falconidæ. + +Nostrils opening in a cere at the base of the bill; hook of bill and +claws well developed; plumage firm and close; tarsus usually largely +bare. + + + [Illustration: BARN OWL.] + +Family 37. BARN OWLS. Strigidæ. + +Eyes black, set in a somewhat triangular facial disc; bill more or +less concealed by feathers; nostril opening at the edge of a fleshy +cere; inner edge of middle toe-nail serrate; no 'ears'; tarsus +feathered. + + + [Illustration: SCREECH OWL.] + +Family 38. HORNED OWLS, ETC. Bubonidæ. + +Eyes yellow or black, set in a circular facial disc; bill more or less +concealed by feathers; nostrils opening at the edge of a fleshy cere; +tarsus feathered. + + + + +Order XIII. Paroquets and Parrots. PSITTACI. + +(1 family, 2 species.) + + +Usually bright green birds with, a heavy hooked bill, broad +scoop-shaped lower mandible; long, pointed wings; tail, in Parrots, +generally square; in Paroquets, pointed; feet heavy, two toes in front +and two behind. + + + [Illustration: CAROLINA PAROQUET.] + +Family 39. PARROTS AND PAROQUETS. Psittacidæ. + +Characters the same as those of Order. + + + + +Order XIV. Cuckoos, Trogons, Kingfishers, Etc. COCCYGES. + +(3 families, 8 species, 2 subspecies.) + + +A composite Order of several groups of birds bearing no close relation +to each other. Cuckoos have slightly curved bills, long tails, and two +toes in front and two behind. Trogons have short, rather broad, stout +bills, and soft, loose plumage, often green above, red below; +moderately long tails; small feet with two toes in front, two behind. +Kingfishers have long, rather stout, pointed bills; wings, long; tail, +medium; three toes in front and one behind; middle and outer toes +joined for half their length. + + + [Illustration: YELLOW-BILLED CUCKOO.] + +Family 40. CUCKOOS, ANIS. ETC. Cuculidæ. + +Toes two in front, two behind; bill, usually, more or less decurved; +tail, long and rounded, the outer feathers being, generally, much +shorter than the middle pair. + + + [Illustration: COPPERY-TAILED TROGON.] + +Family 41. TROGONS. Trogonidæ. + +Toes two in front, two behind; bill, short; upper mandible decurved +and dentate; tail square; plumage, soft, loose, and generally shining +green above. + + + [Illustration: BELTED KINGFISHER.] + +Family 42. KINGFISHERS. Alcedinidæ. + +Legs short; feet small; toes, three in front, one behind; third and +fourth toes joined; bill, stout and long. + + + + +Order XV. Woodpeckers. PICI. + +(1 family, 24 species, 22 subspecies.) + + +Climbing birds with stout, pointed bills, bristly nostrils, pointed, +stiffened tail feathers, strong feet and nails; two toes in front and +two behind, except in _Picoides_, which has two in front and one +behind. Prevailing colors, black and white, the males usually with red +on the crown. + + + [Illustration: FOOT OF THREE-TOED WOODPECKER.] + + [Illustration: PILEATED WOODPECKER.] + +Family 43. WOODPECKERS. Picidæ. + +Characters the same as those of the Order. + + + + +Order XVI. Goatsuckers, Swifts, and Hummingbirds. MACROCHIRES. + +(3 families, 27 species, 6 subspecies.) + + +Bill, in the Goatsuckers and Swifts, small; mouth large; in the +Hummingbirds, bill long, slender, needle-like; wings and tail +variable; feet, in all three groups, small and weak. Color, in +Goatsuckers, mixed brown, buff and black; in Swifts, black and white; +in Hummingbirds, usually shining green above with resplendent +throat-patches of varied hues. + + + [Illustration: WHIP-POOR-WILL.] + +Family 44. GOATSUCKERS, ETC. Caprimulgidæ. + +Feet usually small and weak; toes, three in front, one behind; middle +toe-nail pectinate or combed; bill small; mouth very large and usually +beset by long bristles. + + + [Illustration: CHIMNEY SWIFT.] + +Family 45. SWIFTS. Micropodidæ. + +Bill small, triangular when seen from above; mouth large, no bristles; +tail variable, in _Chætura_ with projecting spines; wings long and +narrow; feet small and toes short; plumage usually dark. + + + [Illustration: RUBY-THROATED HUMMINGBIRD.] + +Family 46. HUMMINGBIRDS. Trochilidæ. + +Bill long and slender; feet slender; wings large and pointed; tail +exceedingly variable, often assuming the most striking shapes. + + + + +Order XVII. Flycatchers, Jays, Blackbirds, Finches, Swallows, + Warblers, Thrushes, and Other Perching Birds. PASSERES. + +(18 families, about 325 species and 226 subspecies.) + + +Bill, wings, and tail variable; feet with four toes not connected, the +hind-toe as long as the middle one; its nail generally longer than +that of the middle toe. This Order contains more species than the +remaining sixteen Orders put together. In it will be found over 80 per +cent. of the birds commonly seen by field students. It is difficult of +definition, but almost any small perching bird may, with more or less +certainty, be referred to the _Passeres_. + + + [Illustration: FOOT OF ROBIN.--(a typical Passerine foot.)] + + [Illustration: PHOEBE.] + +Family 48. FLYCATCHERS. Tyrannidæ. + +Bill broad, flat, hooked at tip, its base with bristles; wings rather +pointed, the second to fourth primaries longest; tarsus rounded behind +as well as in front; feathers of crown generally somewhat lengthened, +forming when erected, a small crest; pose, when perching, erect; food +of insects usually captured on the wing; voice generally unmusical. + + + [Illustration: HORNED LARK.] + +Family 49. LARKS. Alaudidæ. + +Hind toe-nail much lengthened; bill rounded, straight; tarsus rounded +behind as well as in front; our species with a tuft of feathers on +either side of the head; outer primary short or rudimentary; walking +birds, singing while on the wing. + + + [Illustration: BLUE JAY.] + +Family 50. CROWS AND JAYS. Corvidæ. + +Large perching birds, usually twelve inches or more in length; bill +stout; nostrils covered by projecting bristles; feet heavy; outer +tail-feathers usually shortest; fourth to fifth primary longest, first +about half as long. + + + [Illustration: PURPLE GRACKLE.] + + [Illustration: BALTIMORE ORIOLE.] + +Family 52. BLACKBIRDS, ORIOLES, ETC. Icteridæ. + +Base of bill, between nostrils, extending back and dividing feathers +on forehead; nostrils not concealed by bristles; first three primaries +of equal length. + + + [Illustration: REDPOLL.] + + [Illustration: SONG SPARROW.] + + [Illustration: EVENING GROSBEAK.] + + [Illustration: CARDINAL.] + +Family 53. FINCHES, SPARROWS, ETC. Fringillidæ. + +Bill short, stout, conical; third or fourth primaries longest; first +about half an inch shorter; the majority are small birds and but few +are over eight inches in length. + + + [Illustration: SUMMER TANAGER.] + +Family 54. TANAGERS. Tanagridæ. + +Bill somewhat finch-like but more swollen in outline; the upper +mandible, in typical forms, toothed or dentate. + + + [Illustration: TREE SWALLOW.] + +Family 55. SWALLOWS. Hirundinidæ. + +Bill short, broad and flat; feet small and weak; wings long and +narrow; tail notched and sometimes forked; birds of the air, feeding +while on the wing. + + + [Illustration: CEDAR WAXWING.] + +Family 56. WAXWINGS. Ampelidæ. + +Bill short, stout, and rounded, its tip notched; wings rather long; +head crested. + + + [Illustration: NORTHERN SHRIKE.] + +Family 57. SHRIKES. Laniidæ. + +Bill stout, its mandible hooked and hawk-like; feet truly Passerine; +pose, in perching, erect; solitary grayish birds. + + + [Illustration: RED-EYED VIREO.] + +Family 58. VIREOS. Vireonidæ. + +Bill small, but distinctly hooked; outer primary usually very small +and sometimes apparently wanting; olive-green gleaners among the +leaves. + + [Illustration: NASHVILLE WARBLER.] + + [Illustration: YELLOW WARBLER.] + + [Illustration: AMERICAN REDSTART.] + + [Illustration: CHAT.] + +Family 60. WARBLERS. Mniotiltidæ. + +Bill, in most of the species, slender, sharply pointed, and without a +notch or hook at the tip; in the genera _Wilsonia_ and _Setophaga_, +flat and flycatcher-like; in _Icteria_ stout; back of tarsus +compressed into a thin ridge; three outer primaries of nearly equal +length. + + + [Illustration: AMERICAN PIPIT.] + +Family 61. WAGTAILS. Motacillidæ. + +Hind toe-nail much lengthened; bill slender, nostril not covered with +bristles, as in true Larks; back of tarsus thin, not rounded; +terrestrial, walking with a wagging motion of the tail. + + + [Illustration: AMERICAN DIPPER.] + +Family 62. DIPPERS. Cinclidæ. + +Thick-set birds with short wings and tail; plumage thick and +water-proof; tarsus scaled; semi-aquatic in habit, haunting mountain +streams. + + + [Illustration: BROWN THRASHER.] + + [Illustration: HOUSE WREN.] + +Family 63. WRENS, THRASHERS, ETC. Troglodytidæ. + +Tarsus scaled; tail rounded, the outer feathers being shortest; third +to fourth primary longest, the outer half as long; bill in Thrashers +often decurved, its base with bristles; In Wrens, bill without +bristles; brown or grayish inhabitants of lower growth. + + + [Illustration: BROWN CREEPER.] + +Family 64. CREEPERS. Certhiidæ. + +Bill slender and much decurved; tail usually pointed and stiffened. + + + [Illustration: CHICKADEE.] + + [Illustration: RED-BREASTED NUTHATCH.] + +Family 65. NUTHATCHES AND TITS. Paridæ. + +Fourth or fifth primary longest; first an inch or less in length. +Chickadees (subfamily _Parinæ_) have a short, stout bill, the nostrils +covered with bristles; the tail is rather long and rounded. Nuthatches +(subfamily _Sittinæ_) have a long, slender bill, short, square tail, +and large feet. + + + [Illustration: GOLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET.] + +Family 66. KINGLETS, GNATCATCHERS, ETC. Sylviidæ. + +Bill slender and Warbler-like, but first primary only one-third as +long as the fourth. + + + [Illustration: WOOD THRUSH.] + +Family 67. THRUSHES, BLUEBIRDS, ETC. Turdidæ. + +Tarsus 'booted', without scales, (see foot of Robin under Synopsis of +Order _Passeres_); tail square; mandible notched and slightly hooked; +outer primary an inch or less in length; second to fourth of about +equal length. + + + + +COLOR KEY TO + + +NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS + + + + +Order I. DIVING BIRDS. + +PYGOPODES. + + + Family 1. GREBES. Podicipidæ. 6 species. + + Family 2. LOONS. Gaviidæ. 5 species. + + Family 3. AUKS, MURRES, and PUFFINS. Alcidæ. 21 species, 3 + subspecies. + + +Grebes are at home in reed-grown ponds or sloughs where their nests +are made on rafts or islets of water-soaked vegetation. Their eggs +number from four to eight, are dull white in color, and are usually +covered by the bird with a portion of the nesting material when it +leaves its home. Grebes occasionally rest on the shore, but are rarely +found far from the water. When on land they may lie flat on their +breasts or sit erect on their tails and entire foot, or tarsus. Their +progress on land, as a rule, is awkward and they may use their wings +as fore feet to assist them. In diving, Grebes sometimes spring partly +from the water and then plunge downward head first, or they may +quietly sink with scarce a ripple to mark the place of their +disappearance. + +Loons generally pass the summer on some large lake, and in the winter +many of them live at sea. They nest, as a rule, on the shore, but so +near the water that the parent bird may slide off its two dark brown, +mottled eggs into its favorite element. Like the Grebes, Loons are +expert divers, and birds of both families so often seek safety under +the water rather than in the air that it is frequently difficult to +make them fly. The young of both Grebes and Loons are born covered +with feathers and take to the water shortly after birth, often using +the back of the parent bird as an ever present island on which they +may rest at will. + +The Auks, Murres, and Puffins are sea birds which nest usually in +large colonies on isolated islets or rocky, inaccessible shores of the +northern part of the northern hemisphere. They lay one or two eggs, +sometimes in an exposed position among the rocks with no attempt at +nest-building, sometimes at the end of a burrow excavated by the +birds. In the latter case, the young are reared in the nest; in the +former, they sometimes enter the water at an early age. + +The one egg laid by Murres is remarkable both in color and in shape. +In color it varies from bluish green to buff, and is usually heavily +scrawled with black. In outline it is pyriform or pear-shaped. When +moved it does not roll away as would a hen's egg but revolves about +its own tip. In this manner it retains its place on the narrow ledges +often chosen by Murres for nesting-sites. + + +Grebes and Loons + + [Illustration: 2] + +=2. Holbœll Grebe= (_Colymbus holbœlli_). L. 19. _Ads._ Crown and +hindneck glossy black; back blackish; throat, cheeks, and underparts +white; foreneck and sides rufous. _Winter._ Above blackish brown; +throat and underparts white; foreneck pale rufous. _Yng._ Similar but +no rufous. _Notes._ "An explosive _kup_" and "An exceedingly loud +harsh voice not unlike that of an angry Crow, but of much greater +volume. The calls were also given more slowly and indeed with singular +deliberation, _car_, _car_, three or four times, sometimes lengthened +to _caar_, and again, broken and quavering like _ca-a-a-r_ or +_ca-a-a-a-r_." (Brewster.) + +Range.--North America, eastern Siberia, and Japan; breeds locally in +the interior from about Lat. 50° northward; winters from Maine and +British Columbia southward to South Carolina, Nebraska and Southern +California, chiefly on the coasts. + + [Illustration: 3] + +=3. Horned Grebe= (_Colymbus auritus_). L. 13.5. _Ads., summer._ +Crown, hindneck, and throat glossy black; plumes behind eye deep buff; +back and wings blackish; foreneck, breast, sides, and lores chestnut; +abdomen white. _Winter._ Above grayish black; below white. + +Range.--Northern Hemisphere; breeds largely in the interior from +eastern Quebec, northern Illinois, St. Clair Flats, North Dakota, and +British Columbia northward; winters from Maine and British Columbia +south to Gulf States and southern California. + + [Illustration: 4] + +=4. American Eared Grebe= (_Colymbus nigricollis californicus_). L. +13. _Ads._ Above, neck all around, and _upper breast_ brownish black; +cheek tufts yellowish brown; flanks chestnut; belly white. _Winter._ +Grayish brown above; white below. + +Range.--Western North America east to Kansas; breeds locally from +Texas and middle California north to Manitoba and British Columbia; +winters from British Columbia, on the Pacific coast, and Texas +southward. + + [Illustration: 5] + +=5. Least Grebe= (_Colymbus dominicus brachypterus_). L. 10. _Ads._ +Throat black; _cheeks slaty_, above blackish; below grayish. _Winter._ +Similar but no black or slate on throat or cheeks. Smallest of our +Grebes. + +Range.--Lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas and southern Lower California +south to northern South America. + + [Illustration: 6] + +=6. Pied-billed Grebe= (_Podilymbus podiceps_). L. 13.5. _Ads., +summer._ Above brownish black; throat and band on bill black; +foreneck, breast, and sides brownish; belly white. _Winter._ The same, +but throat white, breast more rusty, bill without black band. _Notes._ +A loud, sonorous, "_cow-cow-cow-cow-cow-cow-cow-cow-cow-uh_, _cow-uh_, +_cow-uh_, _cow-uh_." + +Range.--Argentine Republic; north through Mexico and West Indies to +Lat. of Hudson Bay; breeds locally throughout its range, but chiefly +northward; winters from New Jersey, Illinois, and southern California +southward. + + [Illustration: No label. Assumed 1.] + +=1. Western Grebe; Swan Grebe= (_Æchmophorus occidentalis_). L. 26. +_Ads., summer._ Crown and hindneck black; back grayish brown; sides of +head and under parts white. _Winter._ Crown and hindneck like back. +_Notes._ A loud, rattling, grating whistle. + +Range.--Western North America; In summer eastward to Shoal Lake, +Manitoba; northward to southern Alaska; breeds locally from northern +California and North Dakota northward; winters from British Columbia +to central Mexico. + + [Illustration: 7.] + +=7. Loon= (_Gavia imber_). L. 32. _Ads., summer._ Above, including +whole neck, glossy black; throat and neck with white streaks; back and +wings with white spots or bars; belly white. _Winter._ Above blackish +_margined with grayish_; no white spots; below white. _Notes._ A loud, +maniacal laugh. + +Range.--Northern hemisphere; in North America, breeds from Maine, +northern Illinois, Minnesota, and northern California north to +Greenland and Alaska; winters from about southern limit of breeding +range south to Gulf of Mexico, chiefly on coasts. + +=8. Yellow-billed Loon= (_Gavia adamsii_). L. 36. Similar to No. 7, +but larger and bill yellowish or whitish. _Notes._ Similar to those of +No. 7, but harsher. (Murdoch.) + +Range.--"Arctic America west of Hudson Bay, and northern Asia; casual +in northern Europe." (A.O.U.) + + [Illustration: 9.] + +=9. Black-throated Loon= (_Gavia arctica_). L. 27; W. 12. _Ads., +summer._ Foreneck and back bluish black; throat, neck, and back +streaked or barred with white; crown and nape _gray_; belly white. +_Winter._ Similar to No. 7, but smaller. _Notes._ A dismal +"_too-too-e-e._" (Turner.) + +Range--Northern part of northern hemisphere; in America breeds from +Hudson Bay north to Arctic coast; winters south to British Columbia, +the Great Lakes and, casually, to Long Island. + +=10. Pacific Loon= (_Gavia pacifica_). Similar to No. 9, but foreneck +in summer reflecting deep blue or green; hindneck paler; smaller, W. +11. _Notes._ A harsh "_kok, kok, kok._" (Murdoch.) + +Range.--Western North America; breeds at Point Barrow, Alaska, and +eastward; winters south along Pacific Coast to Mexico. + + [Illustration: 11.] + +=11. Red-throated Loon= (_Gavia lumme_). L. 25. _Ads., summer._ +Foreneck chestnut, head and neck ashy. _Winter._ Similar to No. 7, in +winter, but back spotted with white. _Notes._ A harsh "_gr-r ga, gr-r, +gr-r-ga, gr-r._" (Nelson.) + +Range.--Northern part of northern hemisphere; in North America +breeds from New Brunswick to Greenland and Hudson Bay, and +northwest to Alaska; winters south to South Carolina and southern +California. + + +Auks, Murres and Puffins + + [Illustration: 12.] + +=12. Tufted Puffin= (_Lunda cirrhata_). L. 15. _Ads., summer._ Cheeks +white; a pair of long straw color plumes from behind eyes; rest of +plumage sooty. _Winter._ Cheeks sooty, plumes usually absent. _Yng._ +Similar to winter adult, but breast and belly whitish. + +Range.--Northern Pacific; resident locally from Santa Barbara Islands +north to Alaska. Accidental in Maine. + + [Illustration: 13.] + +=13. Puffin= (_Fratercula arctica_). L. 13; W. 6; B. 1.8. _Ads._ +Above, and foreneck blackish; cheeks and under parts white; bill in +summer touched with bright red. _Notes._ A hoarse croak. + +Range.--North Atlantic; breeds from Bay of Fundy north to Greenland; +winters south to Long Island. + +=13a. Large-billed Puffin= (_F. a. glacialis_). W. 7; B. 2.1. Similar +to No. 13, but larger. + +Range.--Arctic Ocean from Spitzenbergen to northern Greenland. + + [Illustration: 14.] + +=14. Horned Puffin= (_Fratercula corniculata_). Similar to No. 13, but +in summer with the throat blackish. _Notes._ "A hoarse snuffling, +rattling note" (Nelson.) + +Range.--"Northern Pacific from Kuril Islands to British Columbia." +(A.O.U.) + + [Illustration: 15.] + +=15. Rhinoceros Auklet= (_Cerorhinca monocerata_). L. 15.5. _Ads., +summer._ A horn on base of bill; _two_ pairs of white tufts; above +blackish; throat and breast grayish; belly white. _Winter._ Similar, +but no horn. _Yng._ Similar to winter ad. but no tufts. + +Range.--"North Pacific: breeding south (formerly) to the Farallones; +in winter south to Lower California and Japan." (A.O.U.) + + [Illustration: 16.] + +=16. Cassin Auklet.= (_Ptycoramphus aleuticus_). L. 9. _Ads._ A white +spot above eye; above blackish; throat and breast grayish; belly +white. Notes. A shrill, squealing "_Come bear-r-r, come bear-r-r._" + +Range.--"Pacific Coast of North America from Aleutian Islands to Lower +California; breeding south to San Geronimo Island (Lat. 30°)." (A.O.U.) + + [Illustration: 23.] + +=23. Marbled Murrelet= (_Brachyramphus marmoratus_). L. 9.7. _Ads., +summer._ No crest; above dark brown, finely mixed with rusty; below +white, all feathers edged with brown. _Winter._ Wholly different; +above gray; head dark; below white; a nearly complete white nuchal +collar. _Yng._ Similar to winter ad. but blacker above; sprinkled with +blackish below. + +Range.--North Pacific; breeds from Vancouver north to Aleutian +Islands; winters south to southern California. + +=24. Kittlitz Murrelet= (_Brachyramphus brevirostris_). L. 9.5; B., +from feathers on top, .4. _Ads., summer._ Above gray, mottled with +buff; breast and sides mottled with buff and black; belly white. +_Winter._ Sides of head, to _above_ eye, and lower parts white; above +gray; outer tail-feathers white. + +Range.--Northern Japan, Kamchatka and Aleutian Islands, east to +Unalaska. (A.O.U.) + + [Illustration: 25.] + +=25. Xantus Murrelet= (_Brachyramphus hypoleucus_). L. 10. Bill +slender. _Ads._ Above slaty black; under surface of wing _white_; +inner webs of outer primaries _white_. + +Range.--Pacific Coast from Monterey south to Cape St. Lucas; breeding +as far north as Santa Barbara Island. + +=26. Craveri Murrelet= (_Brachyramphus craveri_). L. 10. Bill slender. +_Ads._ Above slaty or brownish black; sides slaty; under surface of +wings _dusky_, sometimes mixed with white. + +Range,--Coasts of Lower California, from Cape St. Lucas north to +Espiritu Santo Island in the Gulf of California, and to Natividad +Island (lat. 28°) on the Pacific side. (A.O.U.) + + [Illustration: 34.] + +=34. Dovekie= (_Alle alle_). L. 8. _Ads., summer._ Above blackish; +inner wing feathers tipped with white; throat and breast blackish +brown. _Winter._ Similar, but throat and breast white or mixed +grayish. + +Range--North Atlantic and East Arctic; in America breeds from Lat. 68° +northward; winters south to Long Island, rarely to Virginia. +Accidental in Michigan. + + [Illustration: 17.] + +=17. Paroquet Auklet= (_Cyclorrhynchus psittaculus_). L. 10. _Ads., +summer._ _No_ crest; a white plume from behind eye; above blackish; +throat grayer, rest of under parts white. _Winter._ Throat white. +_Notes._ "A low, sonorous, vibrating whistle." (Nelson.) + +Range.--"North Pacific, from Sitka and the Kuril Islands northward." +(A.O.U.) Five records for coast off San Francisco in winter. + + [Illustration: 18.] + +=18. Crested Auklet= (_Simorhynchus cristatellus_). L. 10. _Ads., +summer._ Bill red; a crest of slender recurved feathers; a pair of +white tufts from behind eye; above sooty black; below grayer. _Yng._ +Similar but bill brown; no crest or tufts. _Notes._ "A chirping note," +(Nelson.) + +Range.--"North Pacific from Kadiak and Japan northward." (A.O.U.) + + [Illustration: 19.] + +=19. Whiskered Auklet= (_Simorhynchus pygmæus_). L. 7.5. _Ads., +summer._ White feathers at base of sides of bill and, much lengthened, +from above and below eye; a crest of slender recurved feathers; above, +and throat dark slate fading into white belly. _Yng._ Similar but no +crest; little or no white on head. _Notes._ "A low chattering note." +(Nelson.) + +Range--"North Pacific, from Unalaska through the Aleutian chain to +Kamchatka." (A.O.U.) + + [Illustration: 20.] + +=20. Least Auklet= (_Simorhynchus pusillus_). L. 6.5. _Ads., summer._ +No crest; sides of head with white feathers; above blackish; chin +sooty; throat white; under parts white, marked irregularly with sooty. +_Winter._ Little or no sooty on breast. _Yng._ Similar to winter ad., +but no white plumes. + +Range.--"North Pacific, from Sitka and Japan north to Bering Strait." +(A.O.U.) + + [Illustration: 21.] + +=21. Ancient Murrelet= (_Synthliboramphus antiquus_). L. 10.5. _Ads., +summer._ No crest; head and _throat_ black; broad white stripes behind +eye; back gray; breast and belly white. _Winter._ Similar but throat +white; no white head stripes. _Notes._ "A low plaintive whistle." +(Nelson.) + +Range.--North Pacific, from southern Vancouver Island and Japan +northward; south in winter to Monterey, California; accidental in +Wisconsin. + + [Illustration: 27.] + +=27. Black Guillemot= (_Cepphus grylle_). L. 13. _Ads., summer._ +Black; greater wing-coverts white, black at base; under surface of +wings _white_. _Winter._ Above gray or black tipped with white; below +white. + +Range.--Coasts of northern Europe and North Atlantic; in America +breeds from Knox Co., Maine north to southern Greenland; winters south +to Quebec and Massachusetts; rarely to Toronto, Connecticut, and Long +Island. + +=28. Mandt Guillemot= (_Cepphus mandtii_). Similar to No. 27, but +bases of greater wing-coverts _white_. + +Range.--Arctic regions; breeds from Labrador and Hudson Bay north to +northern Greenland and northern Alaska; in winter migrates but little +southward; no satisfactory United States record. + +=29. Pigeon Guillemot= (_Cepphus columba_). Similar to No. 27, but +inner surface of wings _sooty gray_. _Notes._ A squealing, vibrant +whistle. + +Range.--North Pacific; breeds from Santa Catalina Island north to +Bering Strait, west through Aleutian Islands to Kamchatka and northern +Japan; winters in same region. + + [Illustration: 30.] + +=30. Murre= (_Uria troile_). L. 16; B. 1.7. _Ads., summer._ Above and +neck sooty brown; under parts and tips of secondaries white; sides +with blackish streaks. _Winter._ Similar, but throat white washed with +sooty. _Notes._ A hoarse _murre_ and squawking _a-r-r-r-r-r-rh_. + +Range.--North Atlantic; breeds in North America from Bird Rock, +Magdalen Islands, north to southern Greenland; winters south to Maine +and, rarely, Ontario. + +=30a. California Murre= (_U. t. californica_). Similar to No. 30 but +larger, W. 8.2; B. 1.9. + +Range.--North Pacific; breeds from Pribilof Islands south to +Farallones; winters south to southern California. + + [Illustration: 31.] + +=31. Brunnich Murre= (_Uria lomvia_). Similar to No. 30, but bill +shorter, 1.2. In summer, head and throat browner, lower mandible +swollen at sides and grayish at base. + +Range.--North Atlantic and eastern Arctic; breeds in North America +from Bird Rock, Magdalen Islands, north to Greenland; winters south to +New Jersey and along St. Lawrence to Lakes Champlain and Ontario, +rarely to Lake Michigan. + +=31a. Pallas Murre= (_U. l. arra_). Similar to No. 31, but larger; W. +8.6; B. 1.5. _Notes._ "A peculiar growling or hoarse chattering note." +(Nelson.) + +Range.--North Pacific; south to Kadiak and Kamchatka. + + [Illustration: 32.] + +=32. Razor-billed Auk= (_Alca torda_). L. 16.5. _Ads., summer._ Above +sooty black, foreneck browner; tips of secondaries, line from bill to +eye, and under parts, white. _Winter._ Similar, but foreneck white. +_Yng._ Similar to winter ad. but without eye line. _Notes._ A hoarse +grunt or groan. + +Range.--North Atlantic; breeds from Bird Rock, Magdalen Islands, north +to Greenland; winters south to Long Island and, rarely, to Ontario and +North Carolina. + +=33. Great Auk= (_Plautus impennis_). L. 29; W. 5.7. _Ads._ Above +blackish; a large white spot before the eye; secondaries tipped with +white; sides of neck and the throat seal brown; belly, white. +Resembling No. 32 in general appearance but body much larger; wing, +however, _shorter_. + +Range.--Formerly, the coasts and islands of North Atlantic, south on +American side to Florida (in winter?); now extinct. + + + + +Order II. LONG-WINGED SWIMMERS. + +LONGIPENNES. + + + Family 1. SKUAS and JAEGERS. Stercorariidæ. 4 species. + + Family 2. GULLS and TERNS. Laridæ. 37 species, 1 subspecies. + + Family 3. SKIMMERS. Rynchopidæ. 1 species. + + +Skuas and Jaegers are pirates among the birds of the high seas. Bold +and dashing, they pursue the swift flying Terns or much larger Gulls +with equal success, forcing them to drop the fish they have captured +and catching it ere it reaches the water. + +Gulls (Subfamily _Larinæ_) are usually considered so characteristic of +the sea that 'Sea Gull' is the name popularly applied to all members +of the subfamily to which they belong. Several species, however, are +equally at home, both in the winter and when nesting, on the larger +bodies of water in the interior, and one species is rarely or never +found on our sea coasts. + +Gulls nest on the ground, on drifts of marsh-grass, on cliffs, and one +species, at least, among American Gulls (the Herring Gull) has as a +result of persecution, acquired the habit of nesting in trees. + +Gulls feed from the surface of the water, picking up their food with +their strongly curved bills in passing or while hovering, not by +plunging into the water, as do the Terns. They are, in fact, the +scavengers of the water, and perform a service of great value to +mankind by devouring the bodies of various forms of aquatic animals +which, in dying, come to the surface and, if cast ashore, might, in +decaying, prove a source of disease. + +For this reason it was especially unfortunate that the plumage of +these birds became fashionable for millinery purposes, with the result +that thousands of them were destroyed for their wings and breasts. In +this country, however, through the efforts of the American +Ornithologists' Union and the Audubon Societies, laws have been passed +prohibiting the killing of these beautiful and useful birds, and +wardens have been placed on their nesting grounds to protect them. + +Gulls often rest in great flocks on the water, sitting high up and +riding the waves buoyantly, but the Terns (Subfamily _Sterninæ_), +after they have acquired the power of flight, are rarely seen on the +water. They are lighter, more active birds than the Gulls, with longer +wings and tails, and sharper, more pointed bills. They feed largely on +small fish (the species called silversides being a favorite) of no +value to man, which they secure by darting from the air with great +speed and directness. When looking for food, Terns usually fly with +the bill downward, a habit which will aid in distinguishing them from +the Gulls, whose bill is carried in a line with the body. + +Terns usually nest in large colonies on the beach of some isolated +islet either on our sea coasts or in the interior. The nest is +generally composed of a few wisps of sea-weed or grass, or the two or +three eggs are not infrequently laid in a slight hollow in the sand or +among the shells and pebbles. + +Like the Gulls, Terns have been slaughtered in enormous numbers for +millinery purposes; but in this country, at least, effective efforts +are now being made to preserve them. + +Skimmers nest in numbers on our Atlantic Coast from Virginia +southward, laying their four eggs in a slight depression in the sand. +In feeding, their mouth is held open and the longer, thin, lower +mandible is dropped beneath the surface of the water, when, flying +rapidly, they readily pick up food. + +In young Skimmers, however, the two mandibles are of equal length and +the lower mandible does not become appreciably longer than the upper +one until the birds begin to fly. During the flightless period of the +bird's life, the bill may be used to pick up food along the shore, but +when the power of flight is acquired and with it ability to feed in +the characteristic Skimmer manner, then the peculiar bill of these +birds becomes fully developed. + +The young of all the Gulls and Terns are born covered with down and +can leave the nest a few hours after birth. The Noddy, however, is +said to be several weeks in its stick nest, which, unlike other +members of its group, it often builds in bushes. + +The young are colored to harmonize with their usual surroundings. +Young Skimmers are pale, sandy brown, of the same color as the sand in +which they are hatched. Young Terns are darker, and young Laughing +Gulls born in nests of reeds or meadow grasses, are the darkest of the +three. + +All young Gulls and Terns have the habit of squatting low near the +ground in the presence of danger and remaining motionless until +actually touched when they seem to realize that they have been seen +and trust to their legs for safety. + + +Skua and Jaegers + + [Illustration: 35.] + +=35. Skua= (_Megalestris skua_). L. 22. _Ads._ Above dark, dirty +brown; below paler. _Yng._ Similar, but more distinctly streaked with +yellowish, especially on head and neck. + +Range.--North Atlantic, chiefly eastern; breeds from Shetland Islands +northward; winters south to Gibraltar, and rarely Long Island. One +specimen from California coast. + + [Illustration: 36.] + +=36. Pomarine Jaeger= (_Stercorarius pomarinus_). L. 20; B. 1.5. +Middle tail feathers rounded. _Ads. light phase._ Cap black; throat, +breast, and neck, all around, white tinged with straw; back, lower +belly, upper and under tail coverts brownish slate. _Ads. dark phase._ +Dark brown, paler below. _Yng._ Above blackish brown margined with +rusty; below white margined with dusky and buffy. _Notes._ "A low, +hoarse, chattering cry." (Nelson.) + +Range.--Northern hemisphere; breeds north of Lat. 70°; winters, mainly +at sea, south to South America, southern Africa and Australia. + + [Illustration: 37.] + +=37. Parasitic Jaeger= (_Stercorarius parasiticus_). L. 17; B. 1.1; +its scaly shield _longer_ than distance from end of shield to tip of +bill. _Ads._ Both phases similar in color to No. 36, but central tail +feathers _pointed_, 8.6 long. _Yng._ Similar in color to No. 36 but +smaller, bill shorter, middle tail feathers more pointed. _Notes._ +"Loud wailing cries, interspersed with harsh shrieks." (Nelson.) + +Range.--Northern hemisphere; breeds in Arctic regions; winters mainly +at sea, from California, Great Lakes, and Massachusetts south to South +America. + + [Illustration: 38.] + +=38. Long-tailed Jaeger= (_Stercorarius longicaudus_). L. 21; B. 1, +its scaly shield _shorter_ than the distance from its end to the tip +of bill. _Ads._ In both phases resembling No. 36 but central tail +feathers pointed and 12 in. long. _Yng._ Like No. 36 and No. 37, but +to be distinguished by differences in bill measurements. _Notes._ +"A hoarse _qua_, a shrill _phĕū-phĕū-phĕū-pheo_, when flying; or a +rattling _kr-r-r-r-_, _kr-r-r-r_, _kr-r-r_, _krē-krē-_, _krē-krē_, +the latter syllables shrill and querulous." (Nelson.) + +Range.--Northern hemisphere; breeds in Arctic regions; winters mainly +at sea, south to Gibraltar and Gulf of Mexico; one California record. + + [Illustration: Bills of 38 and 37 Nat. Size] + +Gulls + + [Illustration: 39.] + +=39. Ivory Gull= (_Pagophila alba_). L. 17. _Ads._ Pure white; bill +yellow; feet black. _Yng._ Similar, but wings and tail tipped with +blackish; throat dusky. + +Range.--Breeds in Arctic regions; winters south to Great Lakes and +British Columbia; rarely to Massachusetts. + + [Illustration: 40.] + +=40. Kittiwake= (_Rissa tridactyla_). L. 16. Hind toe a knob. _Ads._ +Head, neck all around, underparts, and tail white; 3 in. or less, of +tips of primaries black. _Yng._ Tip of tail, ear-coverts, nape, and +wing-coverts with black; bill black; inner web of primaries with +white. _Notes._ A rapidly uttered _'kit-a-wake_, _'kit-a-wake_. + +Range.--North Atlantic and eastern Arctic regions; breeds in America, +from Gulf of St. Lawrence to Greenland; winters south to Great Lakes, +Long Island and, rarely, Virginia. + +=40a. Pacific Kittiwake= (_Rissa tridactyla pollicaris_). Similar to +No. 40, but hind toe more developed; black tips to 3 outer primaries, +3 in. or more in length. _Notes._ "A shrill, harsh cry when disturbed +and a low whistle when communicating with each other." (Nelson.) + +Range.--"North Pacific and Bering Sea; south in winter, casually to +southern California." (A.O.U.) + + [Illustration: 41.] + +=41. Red-legged Kittiwake= (Rissa brevirostris). _Ads._ Similar to Ad. +of No. 40, but legs red, back and inner web of primaries darker; bill +shorter, 1.2. _Yng._ Similar to No. 40, but no black on tail or wings. + +Range.--"Coasts and Islands of Bering Sea." (A.O.U.) + + [Illustration: 54.] + +=54. Ring-billed Gull= (_Larus delawarensis_). L. 18. _Ads., summer._ +Rill greenish yellow, a black band across tip; ends of primaries +black, a white spot near tip of outer one. _Ads. Winter._ Similar, but +head and neck streaked with grayish. _Yng._ Tail grayish with a broad +black band; primaries black; back brownish gray and whitish; belly +white; end half of bill black. + +Range.--North America, coast and interior; breeds from Newfoundland, +southern Minnesota, and British Columbia northward; winters from Nova +Scotia and British Columbia south to Cuba and Lower California. + + [Illustration: 55.] + +=55. Short-billed Gull= (_Larus brachyrhynchus_). L. 17; B. 1.50 +_Ads., summer._ Head, neck, tail, and underparts white. Two outer +primaries tipped with black, their white spaces followed by black; +remaining primaries tipped with white. _Yng._ Grayish brown; basal +half of tail pearl. _Notes._ "A sharp querulous _kwew-kwew_," +(Nelson.) + +Range.--North Pacific; breeds in Alaska and interior of northern +British Columbia; winters on coast from British Columbia to southern +California. + + [Illustration: 42.] + +=42. Glaucous Gull= (_Larus glaucus_). L. 28; W. 17.1; B. 2.35. No +black in plumage. _Ads._ Primaries white tinted with pearl; bill with +red spot at end of lower mandible. _Yng._ Dirty white or gray, mottled +with dusky and buffy, chiefly above; primaries white; outer webs +brownish. + +Range.--Northern hemisphere; breeds in America, from Labrador +northward; winters south to middle California, Great Lakes and Long +Island. + +=42.1. Point Barrow Gull= (_Larus barrovianus_). Similar to No. 42, +but bill through angle not so deep, (.8 as compared with .9 in +_glaucus_); primaries more distinctly tipped with white. _Notes._ +"_kû-kû-kû_, _kû-kû-kû_, _kû-lēē-ōō_, _kû-lēē-ōō_, _kû-lēē-ōō_, +_kû-kû-kû_, _kû-kû-kû_, the _kû-kû_ hoarse, the rest a shrill +screaming." (Nelson.) + +Range.--"Bering Sea and contiguous waters; northeast to Point Barrow, +southwest to Japan." (A.O.U.) + + [Illustration: 43.] + +=43. Iceland Gull= (_Larus leucopterus_). L. 25; W. 16; B. 1.75. +Similar in color to Nos. 42 and 42.1, but smaller. + +Range.--Atlantic; breeds in Greenland; winters south in America to +Great Lakes, and rarely, Long Island. + + [Illustration: 44.] + +=44. Glaucous-winged Gull= (_Larus glaucescens_). L. 27. _Ads., +summer._ Head, tail, and underparts white; back pearl; primaries +_pearl_, tipped with _white_. _Ads., winter._ Head and neck streaked +with brownish. _Yng._ Brownish gray, more or less mixed with white, +including wings and tail. + +Range.--North Pacific; breeds from British Columbia to Bering +Straits; winters south to southern California. + + [Illustration: 45.] + +=45. Kumlien Gull= (_Larus kumlieni_). W. 16.2; B. 1.75. Similar to +No. 43, but primaries with well defined ashy gray spaces; outer +primary tipped with white, with ashy gray on outer web and shaft part +of inner web; second primary ashy gray on only shaft part of outer +web. + +Range.--"North Atlantic coast of North America, breeding in Cumberland +Gulf; south in winter to the coast of the Middle States." (A.O.U.) + + +=46. Nelson Gull= (_Larus nelsoni_). "Wing 18.25, culmen 2.35. _Ads._ +In plumage exactly like _L. kumlieni_; depth of bill through +angle .80; tarsus 3.05; middle toe (without claw) 2.40." (Ridgway.) + +Range.--"Coast of Norton Sound, Alaska." (A.O.U.) + + [Illustration: 47.] + +=47. Great Black-backed Gull= (_Larus marinus_). L. 29. _Ads., +summer._ Back and wings slaty black; wing feathers tipped with white. +_Ads., winter._ Similar, but head and neck streaked with dusky. _Yng._ +Back grayish brown margined with buffy white; rump whiter; primaries +black; below white more or less marked with dusky. _Notes._ "A braying +_ha-ha-ha_, a deep _keow_, _keow_, a short barking note, and a +long-drawn groan, very loud and decidedly impressive." (Brewster.) + +Range.--North Atlantic and northern Europe; breeds in North America +from Nova Scotia to Greenland; winters south to Great Lakes and South +Carolina. + + [Illustration: 48.] + +=48. Slaty-backed Gull= (_Larus schistisagus_). L. 26. _Ads., summer._ +General appearance of No. 47; back lighter; primaries as figured. +_Ads., winter._ Head and neck streaked. _Yng._ Above brown margined +with buff and white; primaries brown; tail brown with little or no +mottling; below brown. + +Range.--"North Pacific, chiefly on the Asiatic side; Herald Island, +Arctic Ocean, and Alaskan coast of Bering Sea." (A.O.U.) + + [Illustration: 49.] + +=49. Western Gull= (_Larus occidentalis_). L. 24. _Ads., summer._ +Head, neck, tail, and underparts white; back slaty gray; outer +primaries black, a large white spot near tip of first one. _Ads., +winter._ Crown and hind neck streaked with brownish. _Yng._ Grayish +brown mixed with white; wings and tail fuscous. _Notes._ +_Ooēēk_, _ooēēk_, _ooēēk_; _ca-ca-ca_, and other calls. + +Range.--Pacific coast; breeds and winters from Lower California to +British Columbia. + + [Illustration: 57.] + +=57. Heermann Gull= (_Larus heermanni_). L. 17. _Ads., summer._ Bill +red; head and throat white, shading into slate above and below; tail +blackish, tipped with white; primaries black. _Ads., winter._ Head and +neck streaked with grayish brown. _Yng._ Uniform grayish brown. + +Range.--Pacific coast of North America; breeds from Mazatlan, Mexico, +north to Lower California; occurs regularly north to Vancouver Island; +winters south to Panama. + + [Illustration: 51.] + + [Illustration: 51.] + + [Illustration: 51. Immature] + +=51. Herring Gull= (_Larus argentatus_). L. 24. _Ads., summer._ White +spaces at end of outer primaries sometimes joined. _Ads., winter._ +Similar, but head and neck, streaked with grayish. _Yng._ Above ashy +brown, margined and marked with buffy; wings brownish black; tail the +same; sometimes margined with buffy; below ashy brown, sometimes +lightly barred or streaked with dusky. _Notes._ _Cack-cack-cack_; +_hah_, _hah_, _hah_, and other notes. + +Range.--Northern hemisphere; breeds in America from Maine, Great +Lakes, Minnesota, and British Columbia northward; winters south to +Cuba and Lower California. + + [Illustration: 52.] + +=52. Vega Gull= (_Larus vegæ_). Similar to No. 51, but back said to be +darker; feet yellow. + +Range.--"Bering Sea and adjacent waters; south in winter to California +and Japan." (A.O.U.) + + [Illustration: 53.] + +=53. California Gull= (_Larus californicus_). L. 20. _Ads._ Similar to +No. 54 but larger; a red spot near tip of lower mandible; white spot +on outer primary, larger and nearer end. _Yng._ Similar to No. 54 but +darker; tail nearly uniform fuscous. + +Range.--Western North America; breeds chiefly in interior, from Utah +to Lat. 68°, 30'; winters from British Columbia to Mexico. + + [Illustration: 58.] + +=58. Laughing Gull= (_Larus atricilla_). L. 16. _Ads., summer._ Head +dark slate; tail white; bill with reddish. _Ads., winter._ Similar, +but head and throat white with grayish on nape and behind eyes. _Yng._ +Tail grayish with a broad black band; nape and back ashy brown; +forehead and under parts white. _Notes._ A nasal _cow-ow_, also +_cuk-cuk-cuk_, and a high, long-drawn laugh. + +Range.--Eastern North America; breeds from Texas and Florida to Maine +and Nova Scotia; rare in interior; winters from South Carolina to +northern South America. + + [Illustration: 59.] + +=59. Franklin Gull= (_Larus franklini_). L. 15. _Ads., summer._ Breast +with a rosy tinge; outer primaries with wide black spaces near ends, +bordered at base and tip with white. _Ads., winter._ "Head mainly +white, with [its] sides and back grayish dusky." _Yng._ "Top and sides +of head and back grayish brown; quills dusky, tipped with white; tail +with subterminal band of dusky; rest of tail, under parts, forehead, +and eyelids white." (Bailey.) + +Range.--Interior of North America; breeds from Iowa and Minnesota +northward to Great Bear Lake; winters from west Gulf States to South +America. + + [Illustration: 60.] + +=60. Bonaparte Gull= (_Larus philadelphia_). L. 14. _Ads., summer._ +Outer web of outer primaries and tip black; inner web and shaft white; +bill black. _Ads., winter._ Similar, but throat and head white, its +back grayish. _Yng._ Tail white, tipped with black; outer primary +black, inner two-thirds of inner web and space near tip white; rest of +plumage much as in young of No. 58. + +Range.--North America; breeds in interior from Hudson Bay and Manitoba +west to the Yukon; winters from British Columbia and Maine to Lower +California and Gulf of Mexico. + + [Illustration: 61.] + +=61. Ross Gull= (_Rhodostethia rosea_) L. 13.5. Bill small, .7; middle +tail feathers longest. _Ads., summer._ White areas tinged with pink; a +black collar. _Ads., winter._ No collar; a black spot before eye. +_Yng._ Lesser coverts black, margined with whitish; tail white, +central feathers tipped with black; back pearl; ear spot and space +about eye dusky; crown white, washed with pearl. + +Range.--"Arctic regions; south in autumn and winter to Kamchatka, +Point Barrow, Alaska and Disco Bay, Greenland." (A.O.U.) + + [Illustration: 62.] + +=62. Sabine Gull= (_Xema sabinii_). L. 14. Tail slightly forked. +_Ads., summer._ Head and throat slaty black, margined behind with +black; bill black, tipped with yellow; outer primaries black, small +tip and inner half of inner web white. _Ads., winter._ Similar, but +head and throat white; nape region dusky. _Yng._ Tail white, tipped +with black; crown and back ashy brown; forehead and underparts white. +_Notes._ "A single harsh grating note." (Nelson.) + +Range.--Arctic regions: breeds in America from St. Michaels, Alaska +and Melville Bay, Greenland, northward; winters south on Atlantic +coast, rarely to New York; casually to Texas, and on Pacific coast to +Peru. + + +Terns + + [Illustration: 64.] + +=64. Caspian Tern= (_Sterna caspia_). L. 21. T. 6., forked 1.5. +Largest of our Terns. _Ads., breeding._ Bill red; cap black; above +pearl; below-white; _primaries frosty black_. After breeding, crown +streaked black and white; bill more orange. _Yng._ Similar to last but +wings and tail with blackish. _Notes._ A loud, harsh "_kay-awk_" or +"_key-rak_." + +Range.--Cosmopolitan; breeds in North America, locally from Texas to +Newfoundland and Great Slave Lake; winters mostly south of United +States; three California winter records. + + [Illustration: 65.] + +=65. Royal Tern= (_Sterna maxima_). L. 19; T. 7, forked 3.5; B. 2.5. +_Ads., summer._ _Primaries frosty black_, _white on inner two-thirds +of inner web except at tip_, _where frosty_; bill orange red; crown +black; above pearl; below white. _Ads., winter._ The same, but head +white with black streaks. _Yng._ Similar to winter ad. but wings and +tail with grayish. + +Range.--Middle America; breeds from southern Brazil and Peru to Gulf +States, Virginia, and California; wanders north to Great Lakes and +Massachusetts; winters from Gulf States and California southward. + + [Illustration: 66.] + +=66. Elegant Tern= (_Sterna elegans_). L. 16.5; B. 2.7. Similar to +No. 65, but smaller; bill longer and more slender. _Ads._ Tinged +with shell pink below. + +Range.--"Pacific coast of America from California to Chili." (A.O.U.) + + [Illustration: 67.] + +=67. Cabot Tern= (_Sterna sandvicensis acuflavida_). L. 16; T. 5.5, +forked 2.7. _Ads., breeding._ Bill black, _the tip yellow_; crown +black; above pearl; below white; primaries much as in No. 65. After +breeding, head white; nape with black streaks. _Yng._ Similar to last +but with back and tail with blackish; tip of bill less yellow. + +Range.--Tropical America; breeds on east side of Mexico north along +Gulf Coast to Florida, and Atlantic coast to South Carolina; wanders +to Massachusetts; winters south of United States to West Indies and +Central America. + + [Illustration: 63.] + +=63. Gull-billed Tern= (_Gelochelidon nilotica_). L. 14.5; T. 5.5. +_Ads., summer._ _Bill thick, short, black; tail short, forked only +1.5_; crown black; above pearl; below white. _Ads., winter._ Head +white, with black patch before and behind eye. _Yng._ Similar, but +above edged with buffy; head and neck streaked with grayish. _Notes._ +A high, thin, somewhat reedy _tee-tee-tee_, sometimes suggesting a +weak-voiced katydid. + +Range.--Cosmopolitan; breeds in North America from Mexico to Florida +and north to Virginia; wanders north rarely to New Brunswick; winters +from southern Texas southward. + + [Illustration: 73.] + +=73. Aleutian Tern= (_Sterna aleutica_). L. 14. T. 6.7, forked 3. +_Ads., summer._ Above _and below_ pearl gray, browner below; throat +white; crown black; _forehead white; line from bill to eye black_. +_Ads., winter._ "With rather more white on forehead." (Cat. B. M.) +_Notes._ "A thin, clear, trilling whistle." (Nelson.) + +Range.--Alaska from Kadiak to Bering Strait, southwest to Japan. + + [Illustration: 74.] + +=74. Least Tern= (_Sterna antillarum_). L. 9; T. 3.5, forked 1.7. +_Ads., summer._ Bill _yellow_, _black_ at tip; forehead _white_; +_a black line_ from bill to eye; crown black; above pearl; below +white. _Ads., winter._ Crown white; nape black; bill dark; tail +shorter. _Yng._ Similar to last, but above with buffy or brownish. +_Notes._ "A sharp squeak much like the cry of a very young pig +following its mother." + +Range.--Western hemisphere; breeds locally from northern South America +northward to Massachusetts, Dakota, and southern California; winters +south of United States. + + [Illustration: 76.] + +=76. Bridled Tern= (_Sterna anæthetus_). L. 15. _Ads._ Forehead and +line _over_ eye white; _lores_ and crown black; nape whitish; back +sooty gray or sooty brown; _outer_ tail feathers white, except at tip; +inner ones grayish brown. _Notes._ A soft _qua_. + +Range.--Tropical regions; north in Atlantic to the Bahamas; casual in +Florida. + + [Illustration: 69.] + +=69. Forster Tern= (_Sterna forsteri_). L. 15; T. 7, forked. 4. _Ads., +summer._ _Inner_ web of outer tail feather dusky; below _pure white_; +bill _orange_, blackish at end; crown black; back pearl. _Ads., +winter._ Crown white or grayish; _a large black spot about eyes_; bill +black. _Yng._ Similar to winter ad. but above with brownish. _Notes._ +A long drawn, deep, reedy _cack_ and _tweet-tweet-tweet-tweet_. + +Range.--North America; breeds locally north to California, and from +Texas along coast to Virginia and in interior to Manitoba; wanders to +Massachusetts; winters from southern California and Texas south to +Brazil. + + [Illustration: 70.] + +=70. Common Tern= (_Sterna hirundo_). L. 15; T. 5.5, forked, 3.2 +_Ads., summer._ Outer web of outer tail feather dusky; below white, +_washed with dusky_; bill _red_, blackish at end; crown black; back +pearl. _Ads., winter._ Forehead and underparts white; bill black. +_Yng._ Similar to last, but above with brownish; tail shorter. +_Notes._ A vibrant, purring, _tearrr_, and other calls. + +Range.--Northern hemisphere; in America, chiefly east of Plains; +breeds locally on coast and in interior from Gulf States to Barren +Grounds and Greenland; winters south of United States to Brazil. + + [Illustration: 71.] + +=71. Arctic Tern= (_Sterna paradisæa_). L. 15.5; T. 7.2 forked 4.5. +Similar to No. 70, but _summer ad._ with bill _wholly bright red_; +tail longer; tarsus shorter, .6 instead of .7. _Notes._ Like _tearr_ +of No. 70, but shriller, ending in rising inflection, like squeal of a +pig. (Brewster.) + +Range.--Northern hemisphere; breeds from Massachusetts north to +Greenland and northwest to Aleutian Islands and Alaska; winters south +to California and Virginia. + + [Illustration: 72.] + +=72. Roseate Tern= (_Sterna dougalli_). L. 15.5; T. 7.5, forked, 5.2. +_Ads., summer._ _Bill black, reddish only at the base; below white +tinged with shell pink_; tail wholly white; crown black; back pearl. +_Ads., winter._ Forehead with white; no pink below. Notes. A reedy +cack. + +Range.--Temperate and tropical regions; breeds in North America on +east coast only, from Florida north to Nova Scotia; rare north of +Virginia; winters south of United States to Venezuela. + + [Illustration: Foot of No. 70 Nat size] + + [Illustration: Foot of No. 71 Natural size] + + +Terns and Skimmer + + [Illustration: 75.] + +=75. Sooty Tern= (_Sterna fuliginosa_). L. 17. _Ads., summer._ +_Above blackish_, forehead and underparts white; tail black, except +outer feathers which are mostly white. _Yng._ Sooty slate; linings +of wings white; scapulars, upper tail coverts, and tail feathers +tipped with white. _Notes._ A squeaky _quack_, a nasal _ker-wacky-wak_, +and other calls. + +Range.--"Tropical and subtropical coasts of the globe. In America from +Chili to western Mexico and the Carolinas, and casually to New +England." (A.O.U.) + + [Illustration: 77.] + +=77. Black Tern= (_Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis_). L. 10. _Ads., +summer._ Head and underparts black; back, wings, and tail slate. +_Ads., winter._ Forehead, nape, and underparts _white_; head gray. +_Yng._ Similar to last, but above with brownish margins. +_Notes._ A sharp _peek_. + +Range.--Temperate and tropical America; breeds in interior from +California, Kansas, and Illinois to Alaska; irregular migrant on +Atlantic coast from New Brunswick southward; winters south of +United States to Chili. + + [Illustration: 79.] + +=79. Noddy= (_Anous stolidus_). L. 15. _Ads._ Crown silvery white; +rest of plumage _sooty brown_. _Yng._ Similar, but all sooty brown +except white line from bill to eye. _Notes._ A low reedy _cack_ +increasing to a hoarse, guttural _k-r-r-r-r-r-r-r_. + +Range.--"Tropical and subtropical regions; in America from Brazil and +Chili north to the Gulf and South Atlantic States." (A.O.U.) + + [Illustration: 80.] + +=80. Black Skimmer= (_Rynchops nigra_). L. 18. _Ads. Lower mandible +longer than upper_; forehead, underparts, part of secondaries, and +tail white; rest of plumage black. _Yng._ Plumage widely margined with +buffy. _Notes._ Varied, nasal, penny-trumpet-like; also _ca-you_, +_ca-you_, like a hound's voice. + +Range.--North America, chiefly eastern; breeds from southern New +Jersey southward; wanders rarely to Nova Scotia; winters from Gulf +States to northern South America. + + + + +Order III. TUBE-NOSED SWIMMERS. + +TUBINARES. + + + Family 1. ALBATROSSES. Diomedeidæ. 4 species. + + Family 2. FULMARS, SHEARWATERS, and PETRELS. Procellariidæ. + 26 species, 1 subspecies. + + +The Albatrosses, of which about ten species are known, are birds of +far southern seas, where they nest on isolated islands. After the +young are reared, several species migrate northward and are found off +our Pacific coast. The largest known species, the Wandering Albatross, +which has been made famous by Coleridge's "Rime of the Ancient +Mariner," measures from twelve to fourteen feet in expanse of wing, +and, like other members of this family, is a tireless ocean wanderer. + +In the museum of Brown University, there is a mounted Wandering +Albatross, killed off the coast of Chili by Capt. Hiram Luther, +December 20, 1847. When captured, a small bottle was found tied around +the bird's neck, containing a slip of paper from which it was learned +that the bottle had been attached to the bird December 12, 1847, by +Capt. Edwards of the New Bedford Whaler, "Euphrates," when about 800 +miles off the coast of New Zealand, or about 3,400 miles from the +point at which, eight days later, the bird was secured. + +The Fulmars, (genus _Fulmarus_), are northern birds and nest in +immense numbers on isolated islets, somewhat like certain Gulls. + +Comparatively little is known of the nesting places of our +Shearwaters, but it is believed that most of them breed on the islands +of the South Atlantic and South Pacific, and pass their winter, (our +summer) off our coasts. + +One of the Petrels, (Wilson Petrel), is known to have this habit. It +has been found nesting on Kerguelen Island, in S. Lat. 49° 54', in +February, and in May it appears off our coasts for the summer. + +Petrels nest in holes in the ground, laying one white egg. They are +never seen near their homes during the day, the bird then on the nest +waiting until night to feed, when the one which has been at sea +returns to assume its share of the task of incubation. Those birds are +therefore both diurnal and nocturnal. + + +Albatrosses + + [Illustration: 81.] + +=81. Black-footed Albatross= (_Diomedea nigripes_). L. 32. _Ads._ +Sooty brown, lighter below; region about base of bill whitish; upper +mandible _broad and rounded at its base_. _Notes._ A whining groan, +uttered when contesting for food. (Turner). + +Range.--North Pacific; north to Lat. 52°; south at least to Lower +California. + + [Illustration: 82.] + +=82. Short-tailed Albatross= (_Diomedea albatrus_). L. 36. _Ads._ +White; the head straw; tail and primaries gray brown; upper mandible +broad and rounded at base. + +Range.--North Pacific, north to Bering Strait; south, at least, to +Lower California. + + [Illustration: 82.1.] + +=82.1. Laysan Albatross= (_Diomedea immutabilis_). L. 32. _Ads._ Head, +neck, rump, upper tail coverts, and whole under surface white; lores +next to the eye sooty black; back, wings, and end of the tail dark +sooty brown; interscapular region paler; base of the tail whitish. +(Cat. B. M.) + +Range.--Laysan Island, Pacific Ocean; casual off the coast of Lower +California. + +=83. Yellow-nosed Albatross= (_Thalassogeron culminatus_). L. 36. +_Ads._ Above slate brown, grayer on head; rump white; below white; +neck sometimes grayish; tail gray. + +Range.--"Indian and southern Pacific Oceans; casual off the coast of +Oregon; accidental in the Gulf of St. Lawrence." (A.O.U.) + + [Illustration: 84.] + +=84. Sooty Albatross= (_Phœbetria fuliginosa_). L. 35. _Ads._ _Sides +of lower mandible conspicuously grooved_; entire plumage sooty brown, +except a white eye-ring. + +Range.--"Oceans of southern hemisphere, north to the coast of Oregon." +(A.O.U.) + + [Illustration: BILLS VIEWED FROM ABOVE (84 and 81)] + + +Fulmars and Shearwaters + + [Illustration: 86.] + + [Illustration: Bill of 86 1/2 Size.] + + [Illustration: 86. Gray Phase] + +=86. Fulmar= (_Fulmarus glacialis_). L. 19; W. 13; B. 1.5. _Ads. Light +phase._ Head, neck, and under parts white; back, wings, and tail slaty +gray. _Dark phase._ Uniform dark slaty gray. _Notes._ Silent. + +Range.--North Atlantic, breeds from Lat. 69° northward; winters south +to Lat. of Massachusetts, and rarely to Virginia. + +=86b. Pacific Fulmar= (_F. g. glupischa_). Similar to No. 86, but +nasal tubes light. + +Range.--North Pacific; breeds from Bering Sea north; winters south to +Mexico. + +=86.1. Rodger Fulmar= (_Fulmarus rodgersii_). Similar to light phase +of No. 86, but back with white feathers; no dark phase. + +Range.--"Bering Sea and adjacent parts of North Pacific." (A.O.U.) + + [Illustration: 87.] + + [Illustration: Bill of 87 1/2ze.] + +=87. Slender-billed Fulmar= (_Priocella glacialoides_). L. 18.5. +_Ads._ Head and underparts white; back and tail pearl; primaries +black, _white on inner web_. + +Range.--Southern Seas; north on Pacific coast to Washington. + + [Illustration: 94.] + + [Illustration: Bill of 94 1/2 Size.] + +=94. Sooty Shearwater= (_Puffinus fuliginosus_). L. 17. _Ads._ Sooty +gray, lighter below. + +Range.--"Atlantic Ocean, breeding in the southern hemisphere; a summer +visitor off our coast, from South Carolina northward." (A.O.U.) + + [Illustration: 95.] + +=95. Dark-bodied Shearwater= (_Puffinus griseus_). L. 17. _Ads._ Above +dusky black or brownish, paler below; under wing coverts _white_ and +dusky; bill black. + +Range.--South Pacific; north in summer on the American coast to +California. + +=96.1. Wedge-tailed Shearwater= (_Puffinus cuneatus_). L. 17. T. 5.4, +pointed. _Ads._ Above brown; below white; sides of neck mottled with +gray; middle tail feathers nearly 2. longer than lateral ones. (Cat. +B. M.) + +Range.--"North Pacific Ocean, from the Hawaiian Islands north to the +Bonin Group and Lower California." (A.O.U.) + + +Shearwaters + + [Illustration: 88.] + +=88. Cory Shearwater= (_Puffinus borealis_). L. 21. _Ads._ Above +grayish brown; below, including under wing coverts and _under tail +coverts, white_. + +Range.--North Atlantic; recorded only off the coast from Massachusetts +to Long Island. + + [Illustration: 89.] + +=89. Greater Shearwater= (_Puffinus gravis_). L. 20. _Ads._ Above +grayish brown or blackish; tips of longer upper tail coverts white; +below white; _middle of belly and under tail coverts ashy gray_. + +Range.--"Atlantic Ocean, from Cape Horn and Cape of Good Hope north to +Arctic Circle." (A.O.U.) + + [Illustration: 91.] + +=91. Pink-footed Shearwater= (_Puffinus creatopus_). L. 19.5. _Ads._ +Above dusky gray or brown; below white; sides and lower belly with +grayish; longer under tail coverts dusky brown; feet, flesh-color; +bill yellowish. + +Range.--Pacific Ocean north on the American coast in summer and fall +to middle California. + + [Illustration: 92.] + +=92. Audubon Shearwater= (_Puffinus lherminieri_). L. 12. _Ads._ Above +black or brownish black; below white; _under tail coverts sooty_. + +Range.--Middle Atlantic; breeds in West Indies and Bahamas; wanders +north to Long Island. + + [Illustration: 93.] + +=93. Black-vented Shearwater= (_Puffinus opisthomelas_). L. 15. +_Ads._ Above dusky _black_; below white; sides of breast grayish; +under tail coverts dusky brown; bill black. + +Range.--"Pacific Ocean, chiefly southward; coast of Lower California +north to Santa Cruz, Cal." (A.O.U.) + + +=93.1. Townsend Shearwater= (_Puffinus auricularis_). Similar to No. +93, but bill and feet smaller, B. 1.2; above darker, nearly black; +black of head extending below eye. (Townsend.) + +Range.--Pacific Ocean (Clarion Island, Lower California). + + [Illustration: 96.] + +=96. Slender-billed Shearwater= (_Puffinus tenuirostris_). L. 13., +bill slender 1.2 _Ads._ "Above dark sooty slate; beneath deep sooty +gray, paler on throat where sometimes inclining to whitish." (Ridgw.) + +Range.--North Pacific, from Japan and Kotzebue Sound south on the +American coast to middle California. + + +Petrels + + [Illustration: 98.] + +=98. Black-capped Petrel= (_Æstrelata hasitata_). L. 15. _Ads._ Above +sooty brown; back of neck and upper tail coverts _white_; base of tail +_white_. + +Range.--Tropical Atlantic; irregular in United States (Florida, +Virginia, New York, Kentucky, Vermont, and Ontario.) + + [Illustration: 103.] + +=103. Least Petrel= (_Halocyptena microsoma_). L. 5.7. _Ads._ Sooty +blackish brown, lighter below. + +Range.--"Coast of Lower California south to Panama." (A.O.U.) + + [Illustration: 105.] + +=105. Forked-tailed Petrel= (_Oceanodroma furcata_). L. 8. 7. +_Ads._ Tail forked; bluish gray, wings darker; a blackish space +about eye. + +Range.--North Pacific; breeds in Aleutian Islands; recorded north to +Bering Strait; winters south to California. + +=105.1. Kaeding Petrel= (_Oceanodroma kaedingi_). W. 6. _Ads._ Similar +to _O. leucorrhoa_, but much smaller with much less deeply forked +tail. (Anthony.) + +Range.--Pacific Ocean; (Socorro Islands, Lower California.) + + [Illustration: 108.] + +=108. Ashy Petrel= (_Oceanodroma homochroa_). L. 8.5. _Ads._ No white +on rump; tail forked; sooty black above, browner below; wing coverts +grayish. + +Range.--"Coast of California; breeds on the Santa Barbara and +Farallone Islands." (A.O.U.) + + [Illustration: 104.] + +=104. Stormy Petrel; Mother Carey's Chicken= (_Procellaria pelagica_). +L. 5.5. _Ads._ Sooty black, browner below; upper tail coverts white, +_tipped with black_. + +Range.--North Atlantic; winters south to western Africa and New +Brunswick. + + [Illustration: 106.] + +=106. Leach Petrel; Stormy Petrel= (_Oceanodroma leucorhoa_). L. 8., +W. 6.2. _Ads._ Tail forked; above sooty brownish black; below browner; +_lesser wing coverts grayish brown_; longer upper tail coverts _not_ +tipped with black. _Notes._ An elfin-like crow of eight notes. + +Range.--North Atlantic and North Pacific; breeds from Maine to +Greenland and from Farallone to Aleutian Islands; winters south to +Virginia and California. + +=106.1. Guadalupe Petrel= (_Oceanodroma macrodactyla_). L. 8.4; W. +6.4; T. 3.9, fork 1 in. deep. _Ads._ Similar to _O. leucorhoa_, but +with much longer and more deeply forked tail, larger feet, shorter +bill, and very broad dusky tips to the upper tail coverts. (Ridgw. in +Cat. B. M.) + +Range.--Pacific Ocean; (Guadalupe Island, Lower California.) + + [Illustration: 107.] + +=107. Black Petrel= (_Oceanodroma melania_.) L. 9. _Ads._ Sooty black, +paler below; wing-coverts grayish, tail forked. + +Range.--South Pacific, north to Santa Barbara Islands; breeds on +Coronados Islands, southern California. + +=108.1 Socorro Petrel= (_Oceanodroma socorroensis_). W. 5.5. _Ads._ +Similar to No. 108, but wings longer; tail shorter and less deeply +forked; sides of rump _whitish_; no white on under surface of wing. +(Towns.) + +Range.--Pacific Ocean; (Socorro Island, southern California.) + + [Illustration: 109.] + +=109. Wilson Petrel; Stormy Petrel= (_Oceanites oceanicus_). L. 7. +_Ads._ Webs of feet with yellow patch: tail not forked; longer upper +tail coverts not tipped with black. _Notes._ A weak _weet_, _weet_, +and a hoarse chattering _patret-tu-cuk-cuk-tu-tu_. (Wilson.) + +Range.--Atlantic Ocean; breeds in Southern seas, (Kerguelen Island in +February), and migrates north to Newfoundland, spending summer off +coast of eastern United States. + + + + +Order IV. TOTIPALMATE SWIMMERS. + +STEGANOPODES. + + + Family 1. TROPIC BIRDS. Phaëthontidæ. 2 species. + + Family 2. GANNETS. Sulidæ. 6 species. + + Family 3. DARTERS. Anhingidæ. 1 species. + + Family 4. CORMORANTS. Phalacrocoracidæ. 6 species, 5 subspecies. + + Family 5. PELICANS. Pelecanidæ. 3 species. + + Family 6. MAN-O'-WAR-BIRDS. Fregatidæ. 1 Species. + + +The members of this Order agree in having all four toes connected by +webs, but in other respects they differ widely in structure and, +consequently, in habit. The young of all the Steganopodes are born +naked, unlike the young of most of the other water birds, which, as a +rule, are hatched covered with feathers and can swim or run about soon +after birth. The nests of the Steganopodes are, of necessity, +therefore, more complex structures than those of birds whose nests are +merely incubators and not cradles as well. + +Tropic Birds resemble the larger Terns, when in the air, but their +wing strokes are more rapid. They usually nest in holes in the face of +cliffs, and lay one whitish egg, marked with chocolate. + +Gannets are true sea birds, but, as a rule, do not live very far from +the land. When breeding, Gannets are usually associated in great +numbers. Their nests, as a rule, are placed on the ground or on +cliffs, and one or two chalky white eggs are laid. At this season the +birds are exceedingly tame and in localities where they have not been +much molested, one may walk about among the sitting birds without +their taking flight. Gannets are powerful birds on the wing. Their +vigorous wing strokes are interrupted at intervals by short sails. +They feed on fish which they capture by diving from the air. + +The Darters or Anhingas number four species, distributed throughout +the tropical parts of the globe, only one species inhabiting America. +This is generally called the Snakebird or Water Turkey in Florida, +where it is a common species on the more isolated rivers and lakes. +The name Snakebird is derived from the bird's habit of swimming with +the body submerged, when the long, sinuous neck, appearing above the +water, readily suggests a snake. At other times Snakebirds mount high +in the air and sail about, like Hawks, in wide circles. They build a +large, well-made nest in a bush or tree, generally over the water, and +lay four bluish white, chalky eggs. + +Cormorants nest in large colonies, generally on isolated islets, but +sometimes in remote swamps. The nests are placed closely together on +the ground, in bushes, and less frequently in trees, according to the +nature of the bird's haunts. + +Cormorants feed on fish which they catch by pursuing them under the +water. They dive from the surface of the water like Ducks, or from a +low perch, but not from the air, as do the Gannets. + +Pelicans nest in colonies, generally on some small island, building +their nests on the ground or in bushes, and laying two or three large, +white, chalky eggs. + +Brown Pelicans secure their food by plunging on it from the air, +generally from about twenty feet above the water. The sides of the +bill are then bowed outward, the opening widened, forming, with the +pouch, an effective net in which fish, twelve and fourteen inches +long, are captured. + +White Pelicans, on the contrary, feed from the water, scooping up +fishes as they swim. At times a flock of these birds may surround a +school of small fish in shallow water and drive them shoreward, at the +same time actively filling their pouches. + +Young Pelicans are fed on fish which they take from the pouch of the +parent bird by thrusting their bills and heads well into it and +prodding actively about for the food to be found there. Young +Cormorants secure their food in a similar manner. + +Frigate Birds, of which only two species are known, have a greater +expanse of wing in proportion to the weight of their body than any +other bird. Their power of flight is consequently unexcelled and they +may spend days in the air without tiring. Their feet are as weak as +their wings are strong, and are of use only in perching. + +The food of Frigate Birds consists chiefly of fish, which they catch +from near the surface of the water, or rob from Gulls and Terns by +pursuing them, forcing them to disgorge their prey, and catching it +ere it reaches the water. + + +Tropic Birds and Gannet + + [Illustration: 112.] + +=112. Yellow-billed Tropic Bird= (_Phaëthon americanus_). L. 30; +T. 19. _Ads._ Bill yellow; no bars above; middle tail feathers +lengthened. _Yng._ Above barred with black; middle tail feathers not +lengthened. + +Range.--Tropical coasts; breeds in West Indies, Bahamas and Bermudas; +casual in Florida; accidental in western New York and Nova Scotia. + + [Illustration: 113.] + +=113. Red-billed Tropic Bird= (_Phaëthon æthereus_). L. 30; T. 20. +_Ads._ Bill red; above barred with black; long middle tail feathers +pure white. + +Range.--"Coasts of tropical America, north on the Pacific coast to +Cape Colnett, Lower California; accidental on the Newfoundland Banks. +Breeds on San Pedro Martir and other Islands in the Gulf of +California." (A.O.U.) + + [Illustration: 117.] + + [Illustration: 117. Immature.] + +=117. Gannet= (_Sula bassana_). L. 35. _Ads._ White; head and neck +tinged with straw; primaries blackish. _Yng._ Grayish brown with white +spots. _Notes._ A harsh _gor-r-r-rok_. + +Range.--North Atlantic; breeds, in America, only on Bird Rock and +Bonaventure Islands, Gulf of St. Lawrence; winters off the coast, +south to Florida. + + +Boobies + + [Illustration: 114.] + +=114. Blue-faced Booby= (_Sula cyanops_). L. 28. _Ads._ Body and +lesser wing coverts white; central tail feathers whitish, others dark +brown. _Yng._ Above plain dark grayish brown with some grayish +streaks; below white; flanks streaked with grayish. + +Range.--Tropical seas; north in America to Lower California and +Bahamas; casual in southern Florida. + + [Illustration: 114.1.] + +=114.1. Blue-footed Booby= (_Sula nebouxii_). L. 33. _Ads._ Head, +neck, and underparts white, the first two streaked with grayish; back +dusky brownish, tipped with whitish; legs and feet bright blue. +(Goss.) + +Range:--Pacific coast of America, from Gulf of California to Galapagos +and Chili. (Cat. B. M.) + + [Illustration: 115.] + + [Illustration: 115. Immature.] + +=115. Booby= (_Sula sula_). L. 30. _Ads._ Breast and belly white; bill +and feet yellow. _Yng._ Entirely brownish, lighter below; bill +blackish; feet yellow. _Notes._ A harsh, guttural _bork_, _hork_. +(Audubon). + +Range.--"Atlantic coasts of tropical and subtropical America, north to +Georgia. Also, West Pacific and Indian Oceans." (A.O.U.) Accidental +on Long Island. No United States breeding record. + +=115.1. Brewster Booby= (_Sula brewsteri_). L. 30. _Ads._ Similar to +No. 115, but head and neck paler, bill blue, feet greenish. + +Range,--"Coasts and Islands of the eastern south Pacific Ocean, north +to Lower California; breeding as far north as Georges Island at the +head of the Gulf of California." (A.O.U.) + + +=116. Red-footed Booby= (_Sula piscator_). L. 28. Feet _reddish_. +_Ads._ White; head and nape straw color; primaries _hoary grayish +brown_; tail _white_. _Yng._ Above sooty brown; head, neck, and lower +parts light smoky gray. (Ridgw.) + +Range.--Tropical seas, except Pacific coast of America (Cat. B. M.); +north in Atlantic to Bahamas and, rarely, southern Florida. + + +Cormorants + + [Illustration: 119. Breeding Plumage] + +=119. Cormorant= (_Phalacrocorax carbo_). L. 36; T. 7.5, of 14 +feathers. _Ads._ Chin and sides of throat whitish; back glossy +brownish, _distinctly_ margined with black; below uniform shining +black. _Breeding plumage._ Head and throat with white plumes; a white +patch on flanks. _Yng._ _Belly white_; above olive grayish brown, +margined with black; throat _whitish_; neck brownish. + +Range.--North Atlantic; breeds from Nova Scotia to Greenland; winters +south to Carolinas. + + [Illustration: 120. Breeding Plumage] + +=120. Double-crested Cormorant= (_Phalacrocorax dilophus_). L. 30; W. +12.5; T. 6.2, of 12 feathers. _Ads._ Back brownish with distinct black +margins; below shining black. _Breeding plumage._ With tufts on either +side of head black, sometimes mixed with white; throat pouch orange. +_Yng._ Back browner; head, neck, and lower belly brown; breast +whitish. + +Range.--Eastern North America; breeds locally from Bay of Fundy, +Minnesota, North Dakota, northward; west to Assiniboia; winters from +southern Illinois and Virginia southward. + + [Illustration: 120a.] + +=120a. Florida Cormorant= (_P. d. floridanus_). Similar to No. 120, +but blacker and smaller. L. 25. + +Range.--South Atlantic and Gulf States; breeds north to North Carolina +and southern Illinois. + + +=120b. White-crested Cormorant= (_P. d. cincinatus_). Similar to No. +120, but larger, L. 36; nuptial crests _white_. + +Range.--Pacific coasts; breeds in Alaska; winters south to California. + + +=120c. Farallone Cormorant= (_P. d. albociliatus_). Similar to 120b., +but smaller, L. 28. + +Range.--Breeds on California coast and in interior, south to Socorro +Island. (Ridgw.) + + [Illustration: 121 Breeding Plumage] + +=121. Mexican Cormorant= (_Phalacrocorax mexicanus_). L. 25. W. 10. +_Ads._ Narrow border at base of pouch white. _Breeding plumage._ Neck +with white plumes. _Yng._ Head and hindneck brownish; back grayish, +margined with black; throat, foreneck and breast brownish white; belly +black. + +Range.--Breeds In West Indies and Central America to west Gulf +States; north in summer rarely to Kansas and southern Illinois. + + [Illustration: Hind Toe. Outer Toe. Foot of Cormorant.] + + [Illustration: 122. Breeding Plumage.] + +=122. Brandt Cormorant= (_Phalacrocorax penicillatus_). L. 35; T. 6. +Chin and sides of throat _buffy white or brownish_. _Ads._ Above blue +black, _faintly_ margined with black; below green black. _Breeding +plumage._ With white, hair-like plumes from back and neck; no white on +flanks; throat pouch blue. _Yng._ Above dark brown; throat and belly +whitish; breast and sides brown. + +Range.--Pacific coast from Cape St. Lucas to Washington; resident. + + +=123. Pelagic Cormorant= (_Phalacrocorax pelagicus_). L. 28; W. 10; +T. 6.2. Forehead _feathered_; back feathers _not_ margined. _Ads._ +Above glossy green and purplish black; below bottle green. _Breeding +plumage._ With white plumes on neck and rump and white patches on +flanks; nape and forehead, crested. _Yng._ Above greenish dusky brown, +less green below. + +Range.--"Aleutian and Kuril Islands, and Kamchatka, south to Japan." +(A.O.U.) + + [Illustration: 123a. Breeding Plumage] + +=123a. Violet-green Cormorant= (_P. p. robustus_). Similar to No. 123, +but larger; bill stouter, W. 10.8. + +Range.--"Coast of Alaska, from Norton Sound south to Washington." +(A.O.U.) + + [Illustration: 123b.] + +=123b. Baird Cormorant= (_P. p. resplendens_). Similar to No. 123, but +smaller; bill slenderer; W. 9.5. _Notes._ A croaking, guttural note. + +Range.--Pacific coast from Washington south to Mazatlan, Mexico. + + [Illustration: 124. Breeding Plumage] + +=124. Red-faced Cormorant= (_Phalacrocorax urile_). L. 34. _Forehead_ +as well as lores bare. _Ads._ Above green and purple; head and neck +blue black; belly green. _Breeding plumage._ With forehead and nape +crests and white patches on flanks. _Notes._ "A low, droning croak." +(Nelson.) + +Range.--"Pribilof, Aleutian, and Kuril Islands, and coast of +Kamchatka. South in winter to northern Japan." (A.O.U.) + + +Anhinga, Pelicans, and Man-o'-War bird + + [Illustration: 118.] + +=118. Anhinga; Snakebird; Water Turkey= (_Anhinga anhinga_). L. 36. +_Ad._ [Male]. Black; grayish head and neck plumes which, in winter, +are absent. _Ad._ [Female]. Resembles male but whole head, neck, and +breast brownish. _Yng._ Similar to [Female] but black parts duller. +_Notes._ A rasping, clattering croak, uttered when fighting or in +coming to the nest. + +Range.--Tropical and subtropical America; breeds north to southern +Illinois and South Carolina; winters from Gulf States southward. + + [Illustration: 125.] + +=125. American White Pelican= (_Pelecanus erythrorhynchos_). L. 60. +_Ads._ White; primaries black; bill in breeding season with a knob. +_Yng._ With crown brownish. + +Range:--North America; breeds in interior from eastern California, +Utah, Yellowstone Park, Minnesota (?) northward to Lat. 61°; winters +from Gulf States and southern California, south to Central America. + + [Illustration: 126.] + +=126. Brown Pelican= (_Pelecanus occidentalis_). L. 50; W. 19.5. +_Ads._ Pouch greenish; head white, rarely yellowish; neck brown. In +fall, no brown on neck. _Yng._ Brownish gray, white below. _Notes._ +Adults as a rule silent; young before flying, very noisy. + +Range:--Atlantic and Gulf coast of tropical and subtropical America; +breeds from northern South America to South Carolina; has strayed to +Illinois and Nova Scotia; winters from Gulf States southward. + + +=127. California Brown Pelican= (_Pelecanus californicus_). Similar to +No. 126, but larger. L. 54; W. 21; pouch in breeding season, red. + +Range.--Pacific coast from Galapagos north to British Columbia; breeds +north only to Los Coronados Islands. + + [Illustration: 128.] + +=128. Man-o'-War Bird; Frigate Bird= (_Fregata aquila_). L. 40. _Ad._ +[Male]. Black, glossy above; pouch "scarlet or orange." _Ad._ +[Female]. Browner; breast and belly white. _Yng._ Similar to [Female], +but head and neck white. _Notes._ Usually silent; rarely a croaking +note. + +Range:--Tropical and subtropical coasts; in America north to Florida, +Texas, and southern California; casually to Kansas, Ohio and Nova +Scotia; winters from southern Florida and Lower California southward. + + + + +Order V. DUCKS, GEESE, AND SWANS. + +ANSERES. + + + Family 1. DUCKS, GEESE, and SWANS. Anatidæ. 49 species, 6 subspecies. + + +The Anatidæ of North America are placed in five well-marked +subfamilies, the Mergansers (_Merginæ_), River Ducks (_Anatinæ_), Sea +Ducks (_Fuligulinæ_), Geese (_Anserinæ_), and Swans (_Cygninæ_). + +The Mergansers, Saw-bills, or Shelldrakes are fish-eating Ducks and +their rounded bills, set with tooth-like projections along the sides, +are of evident use to them in holding their prey. + +The River Ducks include such well-known species as the Mallard, Black +Duck, and Widgeon. They differ from the Bay or Sea Ducks in not having +a well-developed web or flap on the hind-toe. As a rule they feed in +shallow water by tipping, standing on their heads, as it were, while +reaching the bottom for food. + +The Bay or Sea Ducks have the hind-toe webbed. They feed, as a rule, +in deeper water than the River Ducks, sometimes descending to the +bottom in water over one hundred feet deep. During the winter they +gather in flocks often of several thousand individuals, and frequent +the larger bodies of water. + +With both the River and Bay Ducks the sides of the broad, flat bill +are set with gutters which serve as strainers, retaining the mollusks, +seeds and roots of aquatic plants on which these Ducks feed, while the +mud or water taken in with the food is forced out the sides of the +bill as it closes. + +Geese are more terrestrial than Ducks and often visit the land to nip +the grass. This is particularly true in the west where large flocks +of, Geese, especially Snow Geese, may be seen feeding on the prairies. +On the water they feed over shallows by tipping and probing the +bottoms. + +Swans also feed from the surface of the water either by simply +immersing the head and neck or by half submerging the body, when, with +the tail pointed to the zenith, the length of their reach is greatly +increased. + +In spite of their comparatively short wings the large muscles attached +to them give to the Anatidæ great power of flight. Not only do they +make extended journeys, when migrating, without a rest, but they +attain a speed which is surpassed by but few birds. Some of the +smaller species, when alarmed, doubtless flying at the rate of one +hundred miles an hour. + +In common with other diving water birds the Ducks, when molting, lose +most of their wing feathers all at once, and for a time are therefore +unable to fly. During this comparatively helpless period the brightly +colored males assume in part the plumage of the females and are +thereby rendered less conspicuous. With the return of the power of +flight, however, they regain their distinctive, male plumage, which is +usually brighter than that of the female. With our Geese and Swans +there is no sexual difference in color. + +Most of our Ducks and Geese breed in the north, some within the Arctic +Circle, and winter from the southern limit of frozen water southward. +The American Merganser, Hooded Merganser, Wood Duck, Buffle-head, +Golden-Eyes, Tree Ducks, and possibly Harlequin Duck nest in hollow +trees, at times some distance from the water. The young of the +American Golden-eye and of the Wood Duck have been seen to reach the +water by jumping from the nest-hole and fluttering down in response to +the calls of the parent below. It is said that they are also brought +down in the bill of the old bird, but this statement apparently lacks +confirmation. + +The remaining species of our Ducks, Geese, and Swans, nest as a rule, +on the ground generally near water. From five to fifteen and, in the +case of the Fulvous Tree Duck, possibly as many as thirty eggs are +laid. In color they vary from white to buffy and pale olive and are +always uniformly colored. Incubation is performed by the female alone. +The males at this period among most Ducks deserting their mate to +undergo the partial molt before mentioned. While incubating the +females surround their nest with soft down plucked from their bodies +and when leaving the nest to feed, this down is drawn over the eggs +with the double object, doubtless, of concealing them and of keeping +them warm. + +With Eider Ducks this down constitutes the larger part of, if not the +entire nest. Saunders states that in Iceland the down in each nest +weighs about one-sixth of a pound. This is gathered by the natives, +who, however, are careful to afford the sitting bird an opportunity to +raise her brood without further molestation. + +The collection of Eider down thus furnishes an admirable illustration +of proper economic relations between man and birds. The down is an +important source of income to the natives of the comparatively barren, +northern countries in which the Eiders nest. So long as man can +remember it has been gathered annually. Still the Ducks continue to +return in numbers year after year to the same region, perhaps the +exact spot in which they nested the year before. + +Less intelligent methods would perhaps rob the bird of its second, as +well as of its first nest and, unable to reproduce its kind, the +species would become extinct within a comparatively short period. + +The evils which would follow such a course are, however, thoroughly +understood. The Ducks, in the first place, are encouraged in every +way. It is said that should one walk into a peasant's cabin and +preempt his cot as a nesting-site, the peasant would gladly give up +his bed to so valuable a visitor. + + +Ducks + + [Illustration: 129.] + +=129. American Merganser= (_Merganser americanus_). L. 25; B. from +nostril, 1.5; nostril midway between eye and tip of bill. _Ad._ +[Male]. No band of streaks on breast; no crest. _Ad._ [Female]. and +_Yng._ _Chin white_; crown and throat reddish brown; rest of +underparts and speculum white; above and tail ashy. + +Range.--North America; breeds from New Brunswick, rarely mountains of +Pennsylvania, Minnesota, and mountains of Colorado and California +northward; winters from Maine and British Columbia south to South +Carolina and southern California. + + [Illustration: 130.] + +=130. Red-breasted Merganser= (_Merganser serrator_). L. 22; B. from +nostril, 1.8; nostril nearer to eye than to tip of bill. _Ad._ [Male]. +Breast with a broad cinnamon band streaked with black; head feathers +lengthened. _Ad._ [Female] _and Yng_. Crown grayish brown, washed with +rusty. Chin and throat paler; rest of underparts and speculum white: +back and tail ashy. _Notes._ When alarmed, several low, guttural +croaks. (Elliot.) + +Range.--Northern hemisphere; breeds, in America, from New Brunswick +and northern Illinois north to Greenland and Alaska; winters from +southern breeding limits, south to Cuba and Lower California. + + [Illustration: 131.] + +=131. Hooded Merganser= (_Lophodytes cucullatus_). L. 17.5. _Ad._ +[Male]. A large, circular black and white crest. _Ad._ [Female] _Yng._ +A small cinnamon crest, head, neck and breast grayish brown; back, +blackish; belly white. _Notes._ "A hoarse croak, like a small edition +of that of the Red-breasted Merganser." (Elliot.) + +Range.--North America from Cuba and Lower California north to Labrador +and Alaska; breeds locally throughout its range, chiefly in interior +of British America; winters from British Columbia, Illinois, and +Massachusetts southward. + + [Illustration: 132.] + +=132. Mallard= (_Anas boschas_). L. 23. Speculum (patch in wing) +purple bordered by black and _white_; under surface of wing pure +white. _Ad._ [Male]. Head green; breast chestnut, a white neck-ring. +_Ad._ [Female]. Above blackish and buffy, below rusty buff mottled +with dusky grayish brown. _Notes._ The familiar _quack_ of the +barn-yard Duck. + +Range.--Northern hemisphere; breeds, in America, from Labrador, +Indiana, Iowa, and California north to Greenland and Alaska; winters +from British Columbia, Kansas, and New Jersey to Central America and +West Indies. + + [Illustration: 143.] + +=143. Pintail= (_Dafila acuta_). L. [Male], 28; [Female], 22. _Ad._ +[Male]. Central tail feathers black, 7.5 long, pointed. _Ad._ +[Female]. Tail 3.5,; feathers _sharply pointed_; brownish black, with +buff bars; under wing-coverts _dusky_ and _buff_; back blackish with +_internal_ buff loops. _Notes._ A loud _quack_, less sonorous than +that of the Mallard; a low mellow whistle, and a harsh rolling note. +(Nelson.) + +Range.--Northern hemisphere; breeds, in America, from New Brunswick, +Iowa, Illinois, and British Columbia northward; winters from British +Columbia, Illinois, and Virginia, south to Central America and West +Indies. + + [Illustration: 133.] + +=133. Black Duck= (_Anas obscura_). L. 22. _Ads._ Speculum bluish +purple tipped with _black_; no white in wing; lining of wing white and +_dusky_; crown _without_ paler margins; throat, usually, without +markings; legs "olivaceous brown," bill "greenish black, dusky olive, +or olive-green." _Notes._ A _quack_ resembling that of the Mallard. + +Range.--Eastern North America; chiefly east of Mississippi; breeds +locally from New Jersey and Illinois north to Labrador and Hudson Bay; +winters from Maine to West Indies. + + +=133a. Red-legged Black Duck= (_A. o. rubripes_). Similar to No. 133 +but larger; crown edged with buff or gray; throat spotted; legs red; +bill yellow. + +Range.--Summer range not definitely known, but breeding specimens have +been taken in northern Labrador, James Bay, and west shore of Hudson +Bay; in winter south to Virginia and Arkansas. + + [Illustration: 134.] + +_134. Florida Duck_ (_Anas fulvigula_). L. 20. _Ads._ Throat and front +of neck plain buff, usually unmarked; speculum sometimes tipped with +white; belly rusty buff; broadly _streaked_ with black. _Notes._ A +_quack_ similar to that of No. 133. + +Range.--Florida to coast of Louisiana; resident. + + +=134a. Mottled Duck= (_A. f. maculosa_). Similar to No. 134, but +underparts _mottled_ with black, the markings being _rounder_. + +Range.--Eastern Texas; breeds (at least) from Corpus Christi north to +Kansas; winters on west Gulf Coast. + + [Illustration: 135.] + +=135. Gadwall= (_Chaulelasmus streperus_), L. 19.5. Under wing coverts +and axillars _pure white_. _Ad._ [Male]. Wing-coverts chestnut; breast +_ringed_ with white. _Ad._ [Female]. Head and throat as in [Male], +back fuscous and buffy; breast and _sides_ ochraceous thickly spotted +with blackish; speculum ashy gray and white. _Notes._ A _quack_ like +that of the Mallard but shriller and more often repeated. + +Range.--Northern hemisphere; in America, breeds in the interior from +Kansas and California north to Manitoba and Assiniboia; winters from +Maryland to Florida, rare in northeastern Atlantic States. + + [Illustration: 136.] + +=136. Widgeon= (_Mareca penelope_). L. 18.5. _Ad._ [Male]. Head and +neck reddish brown; crown buff; sides with wavy black and white lines. +_Ad._ [Female]. Head and throat _rusty_, finely streaked and barred +with black; breast and sides rusty; speculum blackish. _Notes._ Of +male, a shrill, whistling _whee-you_; of female, a low, purring growl. +(Saunders.) + +Range.--Northern hemisphere; breeds in America, only in the Aleutian +Islands; casual in migrations and in winter in California and on +Atlantic coast from North Carolina to Greenland. + + [Illustration: 137.] + +=137. Baldpate= (_Mareca americana_). L. 19. No rusty on head. _Ad._ +[Male]. Under tail-coverts black; streak from eye to nape glossy +green. _Ad._ [Female]. Head and throat _whitish_ finely marked with +black; breast and sides rusty washed with grayish. _Notes._ "A low, +soft whistle." (Elliot.) + +Range.--North America; breeds in the interior from Minnesota and +British Columbia north to Alaska; winters from British Columbia and +Virginia south to South America; only a migrant on northeast Atlantic +coast to Labrador. + + [Illustration: 139.] + +=139. Green-winged Teal= (_Nettion carolinensis_). L. 14.5. +Wing-coverts gray, tipped with buff or white. _Ad._ [Male]. A white +crescent in front of wing; speculum (wing-patch) green bordered by +black tipped with white. _Ad._ [Female]. Wings as in [Male]; throat +and sides of neck white, finely spotted with black; breast and sides +washed with rusty, marked with black. _Notes._ A "peculiar chirping +almost a twittering" as they fly. (Seton.) + +Range.--North America; breeds from New Brunswick, Minnesota, and +British Columbia north to Greenland and Alaska; winters from Virginia, +Kansas, and British Columbia south to Central America and West Indies. + + [Illustration: 140.] + +=140. Blue-winged Teal= (_Querquedula discors_). Wing-coverts blue. +_Ad._ [Male]. Cheek patch white. _Ad._ [Female]. Resembles [Female] of +No. 139, but wing-coverts blue; speculum greenish brown not distinctly +tipped with white. L. 16. + +Range.--North America; chiefly east of Rockies; breeds from New +Brunswick, Kansas, southern Illinois and northern Ohio, north to +Alaska, mainly in interior; winters from Virginia and Lower +Mississippi Valley to northern South America, California, and Lower +California. + + [Illustration: 141.] + +=141. Cinnamon Teal= (_Querquedula cyanoptera_). _Ad._ [Male]. Head +and neck, breast and sides reddish brown. _Ad._ [Female]. Resembles +[Female] of No. 140, but the underparts, _including throat_, are +usually suffused with rusty; the throat often being blackish or +speckled with dusky. _Notes._ A rather thin, nasal _quack_. L. 16. + +Range.--Western North America from British Columbia south to South +America, east to Rockies and south Texas; rarely to Florida. + + [Illustration: 142.] + +=142. Shoveller= (_Spatula clypeata_). L. 20. Bill much broader at tip +than at base. _Ad._ [Male]. Belly chestnut; breast around to back +white. _Ad._ [Female]. Wing-coverts blue; back conspicuously margined +with buff. _Notes._ "Occasionally a few feeble quacks." (Elliot.) + +Range.--Northern hemisphere; in America chiefly in interior; breeds +locally from Texas, and regularly from Minnesota and British Columbia +north to Alaska and Barren Grounds; winters from British Columbia, +Illinois, and Maryland south to northern South America. + + [Illustration: 144.] + +=144. Wood Duck= (_Aix sponsa_). L. 18.5. _Ad._ [Male]. Head crested; +green, blue, and purple with white stripes. _Ad._ [Female]. A white +streak through and behind eye; crown glossy purplish brown; back +olive-brown glossed with greenish. _Notes._ A frightened, plaintive, +_oo-eek_. + +Range.--North America; breeds locally from Florida to Labrador and +British Columbia, winters from British Columbia, southern Illinois, +and southern New Jersey, south to southern California and Cuba. + + [Illustration: 146.] + +=146. Redhead= (_Aythya americana_). L. 19. _Ad._ [Male]. Head and +_upper_ neck entirely bright reddish brown. _Ad._ [Female]. Throat +white; back grayish brown without fine bars; speculum gray. +_Notes._ "A hoarse guttural rolling sound." (Elliot.) + +Range.--North America; breeds chiefly in interior from Maine, +Minnesota, and California north to Labrador and British Columbia; +winters from British Columbia and Maryland south to Lower California +and West Indies. + + [Illustration: 147.] + +=147. Canvas-back= (_Aythya vallisneria_). L. 21. _Ad._ [Male]. Head +and _whole_ neck _dull_ reddish brown. _Ad._ [Female]. Head and neck +_rusty_ grayish brown; back grayish brown, _finely barred with black +and white_. _Notes._ "A harsh guttural croak." (Elliot.) + +Range.--North America; breeds only in interior from Minnesota and +Oregon north to Alaska and the Barren Grounds; winters from British +Columbia and Maryland south to southern California, Mexico and West +Indies. + + [Illustration: 148.] + +=148. American Scaup Duck= (_Aythya marila_). L. [Male], 18.5; +[Female], 17.5. _Ad._ [Male]. Head glossed with greenish; sides +without distinct black bars. Ad. [Female]. Feathers about base of bill +white; breast and back rusty grayish brown; speculum white. _Notes._ +"Similar to the guttural sound made by the Canvas-back, Redhead and +other diving Ducks." (Elliot.) + +Range.--Northern parts of northern hemisphere; in America, breeds in +the interior rarely from Minnesota, and regularly from North Dakota +northward; winters from Long Island to northern South America. + + [Illustration: 149.] + +=149. Lesser Scaup Duck= (_Aythya affinis_). L. [Male] 17; [Female], +16.5. _Ad._ [Male]. Head glossed with purplish; sides with distinct +black bars. _Ad._ [Female]. Similar to [Female] of No. 148, but +smaller. + +Range.--North America; breeds only in interior from Iowa rarely, North +Dakota commonly, and British Columbia, north to Barren Grounds; +winters from British Columbia and Virginia south to Guatemala and West +Indies. + + [Illustration: 150.] + +=150. Ring-necked Duck= (_Aythya collaris_). L. 16.5. _Ad._ [Male]. A +chestnut neck-ring; chin _white_; back _black_; speculum _gray_. _Ad._ +[Female]. Feathers about sides of base of bill and throat white, back +and breast _rusty_ grayish brown; speculum gray. Resembles [Female] of +No. 146, but is smaller and rustier. + +Range.--North America: breeding only in the interior from Minnesota +northward; winters from Maryland and British Columbia south to +Guatemala and West Indies; rare on Atlantic coast north of Maryland. + + [Illustration: 151.] + +=151. American Golden-eye= (_Clangula clangula americana_). L. 20. +_Ad._ [Male]. Head _greenish_; white patch at base of bill _circular_. +_Ad._ [Female]. Head and throat brown; breast and back gray, a white +throat-ring; belly and speculum white. _Notes._ Rarely a low croak; a +high whistling sound produced by wings in flight. + +Range.--North America; breeds from Maine, northern Minnesota, and +Alberta, north to Arctic Regions; winters from southern Alaska, the +Great Lakes and Maine, south to Mexico and Cuba. + + [Illustration: 152.] + +=152. Barrow Golden-eye= (_Clangula islandica_). L. 20. _Ad._ [Male]. +Head _purplish blue_; white patch at base of bill _twice as high as +wide_. _Ad._ [Female]. Resembles [Female] of No. 151. _Notes._ A high +whistling made by wings in flight, probably also a low croaking as in +No. 151. + +Range.--Northern North America; breeds from Gulf of St. Lawrence, and +mountains of Colorado north to southern Greenland; winters south to +Virginia, Illinois, and California. + + [Illustration: 153.] + +=153. Buffle-head= (_Charitonetta albeola_). L. 14.7. _Ad._ [Male]. +Head blue, purple, and green; a white band from eye to eye across +nape. _Ad._ [Female]. A whitish patch on either side of head; throat +and upper parts grayish brown; belly and speculum white. _Notes._ A +single guttural note like a small edition of the Canvas-back's roll. +(Elliot.) + +Range.--North America; breeds from Maine, Iowa, and British Columbia +northward; winters from southern limit of breeding range to West +Indies and Mexico. + + [Illustration: 167.] + +=167. Ruddy Duck= (_Erismatura jamaicensis_). L. 15. Tail-feathers +narrow and stiff; bill short (1.5) and broad. _Ad._ [Male]. Cheeks +white, cap black, back reddish brown. _Ad._ [Female]. A whitish streak +through dusky cheeks; back grayish brown with fine buffy bars; belly +silvery whitish. _Yng._ [Male]. Similar, but cheeks all white or +whitish. + +Range.--Western hemisphere from northern South America to Hudson Bay; +breeds locally throughout its range, but chiefly northward; winters +from New Jersey, southern Illinois and California southward. + + [Illustration: 168.] + +=168. Masked Duck= (_Nomonyx dominicus_). L. 14. Tail-feathers long, +(4.5) narrow, stiff and pointed. _Ad._ [Male]. Front of head black; +behind it reddish brown all around; white in wing. _Ad._ [Female]. A +brownish streak through eye: buffy streaks above and below it; back +blackish regularly _barred_ with buff; below washed with rusty. + +Range--Tropical America north to Lower Rio Grande; accidental in +Wisconsin, Lake Champlain, and Massachusetts. + + [Illustration: 154. Winter] + + [Illustration: 154. Summer] + +=154. Old-squaw= (_Harelda hyemalis_). L. [Male], 21; [Female], 16; +T. [Male], 8; [Female], 2.5. No colored speculum. _Ad._ [Male]. +Central tail-feathers much lengthened; in winter, crown, nape, throat, +and neck all around white. In summer, black, with rusty markings on +back. _Ad._ [Female]. winter. Cheeks, neck all around, and underparts +white; breast and sides of neck dusky. In summer, crown, cheeks and +nape blackish, throat and breast dusky; a whitish patch back of eye. +_Notes._ In spring, a rich, musical _a-leedle-a_, frequently repeated in +deep, reed-like tones. (Nelson.) Also "_o-onc-o-onc-ough-egh-ough-egh_." +(Mackay.) + +Range.--Northern hemisphere; breeds from northern Labrador and +Aleutian Islands north to Arctic Ocean; winters south to Virginia, +Upper Mississippi Valley, and California, "rarely to Florida and +Texas." + + [Illustration: 155.] + +=155. Harlequin Duck= (_Histrionicus histrionicus_). L. 17. _Ad._ +[Male]. Back and breast slaty blue; head darker. _Ad._ [Female]. Front +half of cheeks and spot over ears whitish, above blackish brown; below +dusky and whitish. _Notes._ "A confusion of low gabbling and +chattering notes." (Nelson.) + +Range.--"Northern North America, breeding from Newfoundland, the +northern Rocky Mountains, and the Sierra Nevadas (latitude 38°), +northward; south in winter to the Middle States and California; +eastern Asia, Iceland." (A.O.U.) + + [Illustration: 156.] + +=156. Labrador Duck= (_Camptolaimus labradorius_). L. 20. _Ad._ +[Male]. Primaries blackish; rest of wing white. _Ad._ [Female]. Ashy +gray: speculum white. _Yng._ [Male]. Like [Female] but throat and ends +of greater wing-coverts white. + +Range.--Formerly North Atlantic coast; bred from Labrador northward; +wintered south to New Jersey; believed to be extinct; last records, +Grand Menan, New Brunswick, 1871; Long Island, 1875. + + [Illustration: 157.] + +=157. Steller Eider= (_Eniconetta stelleri_). L. 18. _Ad._ [Male]. +Throat and neck black nearly divided by a white ring; top and sides +of head white, forehead and nape greenish; breast chestnut. _Ad._ +[Female]. Above and below black and rusty, speculum purple bordered +with white; tail feathers pointed. + +Range.--"Arctic and subarctic coasts of the northern hemisphere, +Aleutian Islands, east to Unalaska and Kadiak; Kenai Peninsula." +(A.O.U.) + + [Illustration: 158.] + +=158. Spectacled Eider= (_Arctonetta fischeri_). L. 21. _Ad._ [Male]. +Front of head plush-like; cushiony pads around eyes; above largely +white; breast slaty black; belly black. + +Range.--"Alaskan coast of Bering Sea and north to Point Barrow." +(A.O.U.) + + [Illustration: 159.] + +=159. Greenland Eider= (_Somateria mollissima borealis_). L. 23. +Feathers on sides of bill reaching to nostrils, bare spaces on either +side of feathers on culmen _pointed_ at base (posteriorly.) _Ad._ +[Male]. Crown black with a white wedge. _Ad._ [Female]. Brownish black +above margined with rusty and buff; below dusky finely margined with +buff. _Yng._ [Male]. Similar to [Female] but more buffy. _Notes._ +"A sort of cooing sound" in the breeding season. (Elliot.) A raucous, +moaning, _'ha ho, 'ha ho_; female's like that of Mallard. (Brunnich.) + +Range.--Northeastern North America; breeds from Labrador to Greenland; +winters south to Massachusetts. + + [Illustration: 160.] + +=160. American Eider= (_Somateria dresseri_). L. 23. Similar in color +to No. 159, but bare spaces on either side of feathers of culmen +_rounded_ at the base (posteriorly). + +Range.--Northeastern North America; breeds from Isle au Haut, Maine, +to Labrador; winters south to New Jersey and Great Lakes. + + [Illustration: 161.] + +=161. Pacific Eider= (_Somateria v-nigra_). Similar to No. 159, but +_Ad._ [Male] with a black =V= on throat; sides of bill more broadly +feathered, distance from end of feathers to base of bare space on +culmen less than distance from same place to end of bill. +_Notes._ "A low guttural note." (Nelson.) + +Range.--North Pacific from Aleutian Islands north to Arctic Ocean east +to Great Slave Lake. + + [Illustration: 162.] + +=162. King Eider= (_Somateria spectabilis_). L. 23. Feathers at side +of bill _not_ reaching nostril. _Ad._ [Male]. White patch on either +side of rump, crown ashy blue. _Ad._ [Female] in 1 _Yng._ Resembling +same plumages of No. 159 and No. 160. + +Range.--Northern hemisphere; breeds from Labrador and St. Michaels, +Alaska north to Greenland and Arctic Ocean; winters south to New +Jersey (rarely Ga.), and Great Lakes; one California record. + + [Illustration: 163.] + +=163. American Scoter= (_Oidemia americana_). L. 19. Feathers at base +of bill not extending forward on sides or top. _Ad._ [Male]. Wholly +black; bill black, yellow at base. _Ad._ [Female]. Brownish above, +lighter below; no white on wing or on sides of head. _Notes._ A long +musical whistle. (Elliot.) + +Range.--Northern North America; breeds from Labrador and Alaskan +shores of Bering Sea northward; winters south to Virginia, Great +Lakes, Colorado, and California. + + [Illustration: 166.] + +=166. Surf Scoter= (_Oidemia perspicillata_). L. 20. Feathers +extending forward on top of bill. _Ad._ [Male]. Black, nape and crown +white; bill orange, yellow, and white, a round black patch on its +sides. _Ad._ [Female]. Above black, throat and breast paler; belly +whitish; a whitish patch at base of bill. _Yng._ Similar but with +white patches on ears. + +Range.--Northern North America; breeds from Newfoundland northward; +winters south to Virginia, Florida, Illinois, and Lower California. + + [Illustration: 165.] + +=165. White-winged Scoter= (_Oidemia deglandi_). L. 22. A white patch +on wing; feathers extending forward along _sides and top_ of bill +nearly to nostrils. _Ad._ [Male]. Black, a white spot about eye; bill +orange, black at base. _Ad._ [Female]. Dusky brown above; lighter +below. _Yng._ [Male]. Similar but sides and front of head whitish. + +Range.--Northern North America; breeds from Labrador and North Dakota +northward; winters south to Virginia, southern Illinois, and Lower +California. + + [Illustration: 177.] + +=177. Black-bellied Tree Duck= (_Dendrocygna autumnalis_). L. 22. +_Ads._ belly and tail coverts _black_: foreback and breast gray; +greater wing-coverts whitish. _Notes._ A shrill whistle. (Elliot.) + +Range.--Tropical America north to southern Texas. + + [Illustration: 178.] + +=178. Fulvous Tree Duck= (_Dendrocygna fulva_). L. 22. _Ads._ Belly +uniform rusty brown; upper tail coverts white; a black streak on +hindneck; no white in wing. _Notes._ A squealing whistle. + +Range.--Tropical America, north in summer to Texas, Louisiana, Nevada +and central California. "Casual in North Carolina and Missouri." (A. +O. U.) + + +Geese and Swans + +=169. Lesser Snow Goose= (_Chen hyperborea_). L. 23-28, _Ads._ White, +head sometimes rusty; primaries black. _Yng._ Head, neck, and above +grayish. + +Range.--"Pacific coast to the Mississippi Valley, breeding in Alaska; +south in winter to southern Illinois and southern California; casually +to New England." (A.O.U.) + + [Illustration: 169a.] + +=169a. Greater Snow Goose= (_C. h. nivalis_). Similar to No. 169, but +larger, L. 30-38. + +Range.--Eastern North America; breeds in Arctic regions; winters from +Chesapeake, New Jersey (rarely) south to Cuba; rare on Atlantic coast +north of Maryland. + + [Illustration: 170.] + +=170. Ross Snow Goose= (_Chen rossii_). L. 21; B. 1.6. Similar in +color to No. 169, but much smaller; bill particularly smaller. + +Range.--Arctic America in summer; Pacific coast to southern California +and east to Montana in winter. + + [Illustration: 180.] + +=180. Whistling Swan= (_Olor columbianus_). L. 55. Nostril nearer to +tip of bill than to eye. _Ads._ White, bill and feet black; a small +yellow spot before the eye. _Yng._ Head and neck brownish, rest of +plumage washed with grayish. _Notes._ _'whoogh_, _'whoogh_, very loud +and shrill. (Nuttall.) + +Range.--North America; breeds within Arctic Circle; winters from +British Columbia (?) Lower Mississippi Valley, Chesapeake Bay, south +to Gulf of Mexico; rare on Atlantic Coast north of Virginia. + + [Illustration: 180. Bill of.] + + [Illustration: 181. Bill of.] + +=181. Trumpeter Swan= (_Clor buccinator_). L. 65. Nostril about in +middle of bill. _Ads._ White, bill and feet black; _no_ yellow on +lores. _Yng._ Head and neck brownish; rest of plumage washed with +grayish. _Notes._ Loud and sonorous in tone like those of a French +horn. (Elliot.) + +Range.--"Chiefly the Interior of North America, from the Gulf Coast to +the Fur Countries, breeding from Iowa and the Dakotas northward; west +to the Pacific Coast; rare or casual on the Atlantic." (A.O.U.) + + +Geese + + [Illustration: 169.1] + +=169.1. Blue Goose= (_Chen cærulescens_). L. 28. _Ads._ Head and neck +white; below brownish gray; foreback like breast; rump gray. _Yng._ +Similar but head and neck grayish brown. + +Range.--North America; breeds in Hudson Bay region; winters on west +coast of the Gulf of Mexico; two California records; said to have +occurred in New Jersey. + + [Illustration: 171a.] + +=171a. American White-fronted Goose= (_Anser albifrons gambeli_). L. +28. _Ads._ Forehead and rump white; below spotted with black. _Yng._ +Similar but no white on head no black below. + +Range.--North America; breeds in Arctic region; winters on Gulf Coast, +California and Mexico; rare on Atlantic coast. + + [Illustration: 176.] + +=176. Emperor Goose= (_Philacte canagica_). L. 26. _Ads._ Foreneck +blackish; rest of head and neck white sometimes tinged with rusty; +tail mostly white. _Yng._ Body less distinctly scaled; head and +hindneck spotted with grayish. _Notes._ When flying, a deep, hoarse, +strident _clâ-hâ, clâ-hâ, clâ-hâ_; when alarmed and about to fly, a +ringing _û-lûgh_,_-ûlûgh_. (Nelson.) + +Range.--"Coast and islands of Alaska north of the Peninsula; chiefly +about Norton Sound and Valley of the Lower Yukon; Commander Islands, +Kamchatka; casually south to Humboldt Bay, California." (A.O.U.) + + +Geese and Brant + + [Illustration: 172.] + +=172. Canada Goose= (_Branta canadensis_). L. 38. _Ads._ A white patch +on cheeks and throat; rest of head and neck black; no whitish ring at +base of black neck. _Yng._ Similar but with blackish on white of +throat. _Notes._ A sonorous _honk_. + +Range.--North America; breeds from Labrador, Minnesota and British +Columbia, north chiefly in the interior, to Alaska; winters from Long +Island, Illinois and British Columbia south to Mexico and southern +California. + + +=172a. Hutchins Goose= (_B. c. hutchinsii_). Similar to No. 172, but +smaller; L. 30; tail feathers, 14-16. + +Range.--Western North America; breeds in Arctic regions; winters from +British Columbia and Kansas south to Lower California and Mexico. + + +=172b. White-cheeked Goose= (_B. c. occidentalis_). Size of No. 172, +but throat blackish, lower neck with white collar. + +Range.--"Pacific coast region, from Sitka, south in winter to +California." (A.O.U.) + + [Illustration: 172c.] + +=172c. Cackling Goose= (_B. c. minima_). Similar to No. 172b, but +smaller, L. 24; tail feathers 14-16. + +Range.--Western North America; breeds in Alaska; winters from British +Columbia southward; east rarely to Wisconsin. + + [Illustration: 173.] + +=173. Brant= (_Branta bernicla glaucogastra_). L. 26. +_Ads._ Sides of neck with white markings; belly _whitish_. +_Notes._ A guttural _car-r-rup_, or _r-r-r-rouk_. (Elliot.) + +Range.--Northern hemisphere; breeds in Arctic regions; winters in +America, from Mississippi Valley east, and from Illinois and Massachusetts +southward; rare in interior. + + [Illustration: 174.] + +=174. Black Brant= (_Branta nigricans_). L. 26. _Ads._ _Sides_ and +_front_ of neck with white markings; belly nearly as dark as back. +_Notes._ A low guttural _gr-r-r-r-r_; on alarm repeated often with +emphasis. (Nelson.) + +Range.--Western North America; breeds in northern Alaska and eastward; +winters from British Columbia to Lower California; occasional on +Atlantic Coast. + + + + +Order VI. FLAMINGOES. + +ODONTOGLOSSÆ. + + + Family 1. FLAMINGOES. Phœnicopteridæ. 1 species. + + +Flamingoes might be called long-legged Ducks. Their feet are webbed, +and their bill is set with ridges, which serve as sieves or strainers, +as do the 'gutters' on a Duck's bill. They are, however, wading birds +and their webbed feet are of use in supporting them on the soft mud of +shallow lagoons or bays where they search for the favorite food of +small mollusks. In feeding the flat top of the bill is pressed into +the mud when its tip points upward toward the bird's body. Flamingoes +fly with the neck and legs stretched to the utmost presenting on the +wing a picturesque, but by no means so graceful an appearance as do +the Herons. Their voice is a vibrant _honking_ like that of a Goose. + + + + +Order VII. HERONS, STORKS, IBISES, ETC. + +HERODIONES. + + + Family 1. SPOONBILLS. Plataleidæ. 1 species. + + Family 2. IBISES. Ibididæ. 3 species. + + Family 3. STORKS and WOOD IBISES. Ciconiidæ. 1 species. + + Family 4. BITTERNS, HERONS, ETC. Ardhidæ. 14 species, 3 subspecies. + + +The Roseate Spoonbill was formerly a common bird in Florida and along +the Gulf coast, but so many have been killed for their plumage that in +the United States the species is now exceedingly rare except in the +most remote parts of southern Florida. + +Spoonbills build a rude nest of sticks in mangrove bushes or small +trees and lay three to five whitish eggs speckled with shades of +brown. + +Ibises are usually found in flocks along the shore of lagoons, lakes, +etc., or in marshy places. They fly with the neck outstretched and are +generally silent. Their nests of reeds, weed stalks, etc., are +sometimes placed in low bushes, at others in grassy marshes. The eggs +number from three to five. They are plain blue in the Glossy Ibis, +greenish white with chocolate markings, in the White Ibis. + +The Storks are largely Old World birds, only three of the some twenty +known species inhabiting the Western Hemisphere. But one of these is +found regularly north of the Rio Grande, the so-called Wood Ibis which +is abundant in southern Florida. It lives in flocks and builds a nest +of sticks usually in cypress trees, often forty feet from the ground, +laying two or three white eggs. When flying the neck is extended. It +progresses by alternate flapping and sailing and occasionally soars +high overhead in circles, like a Vulture. + +The Bitterns and Herons unlike our other long-legged wading birds, fly +with a fold in the neck. They belong in two subfamilies, the +_Botaurinæ_ and _Ardeinæ_, respectively. The Bitterns are usually +solitary birds inhabiting grassy or reedy marshes where their colors +harmonize with their surroundings and render them difficult to see. +The American Bittern nests on the ground and lays three to five pale +brownish eggs. The Least Bittern usually weaves a platform nest of +reeds among rushes growing in the water and lays four or five bluish +white eggs. + +Herons feed along the shore and are consequently more often seen than +Bitterns. With the exception of the Green Heron and the Yellow-crowned +Night Heron, which usually nest in isolated pairs, our species gather +in colonies to nest. Several hundred pairs occupying a limited area +in some wooded or bushy swamp to which, when undisturbed, they return +year after year. + +Herons build a rude platform nest of sticks, sometimes placing it in +bushes, sometimes in the tallest trees, and at others on the ground or +beds of reeds in marshes. The eggs are greenish blue in color and +usually four in number. It is among those Herons, which in nesting +time are adorned with delicate plumes or aigrettes, that the greatest +ravages of the millinery hunter have been made. Attacking these birds +when they have gathered on the nesting ground, they are not permitted +to rear their young and the species is thus exterminated branch and +root. + +The voice of Herons is a harsh squawk varying in depth of tone with +the size of the bird. + + +Flamingo, Spoonbill and Ibis + + [Illustration: 182.] + +=182. Flamingo= (_Phoenicopterus ruber_). L. 45; from toe to bill, 60. +_Ads._ Rosy red, lighter on back; primaries and secondaries black. +_Yng._ Smaller, grayish brown; lighter below. _Notes._ A _honk_ +resembling that of a Canada Goose. + +Range.--Atlantic coasts of tropical and subtropical America; resident +(breeding?) in southwestern Florida (Monroe county); casual +west to Texas, north to South Carolina. + + [Illustration: 183.] + +=183. Roseate Spoonbill= (_Ajaia ajaja_). L. 32. _Ads._ Head and +throat bare; sides of breast and end of tail rusty buff; lesser +wing-coverts, upper and under tail-coverts carmine. _Yng._ Head +feathered, buff and carmine replaced by pink. + +Range.--Tropical and subtropical America; north to Gulf States. + + [Illustration: 185.] + +=185. Scarlet Ibis= (_Guara rubra_). L. 24. _Ads._ Scarlet: tips of +primaries black. _Yng._ Grayish brown, lower back, rump, and upper +tail-coverts white; underparts dull white. + +Range.--"Florida, Louisiana and Texas, southward to the West Indies +and northern South America. No record of its recent occurrence in the +United States." (A.O.U.) + + +Ibises + + [Illustration: 184.] + +=184. White Ibis= (_Guara alba_). L. 25. _Ads._ White, tips of outer +primaries black, face orange red. _Yng._ Grayish brown, rump, breast +and belly white. _Notes._ When near nest, _crook_, _croc_, _croo_; +when disturbed, a loud, hoarse, _bunk_, _bunk_, _hunk_. (Audubon). + +Range.--Tropical America; breeds north to Lower California, southern +Indiana, southern Illinois and South Carolina; winters from Gulf +southward; accidental in South Dakota, Connecticut and Long Island. + + [Illustration: 186.] + +=186. Glossy Ibis= (_Plegadis autumnalis_). L. 24. _Ads._ Front of +head black with greenish reflections. _Yng._ Head and neck fuscous +brown margined with white, rest of underparts fuscous brown; back with +greenish reflections. + +Range.--Tropical and subtropical regions in America; rare or local in +southeastern United States; casual north to Massachusetts and +Illinois. + + [Illustration: 187.] + +=187. White-faced Glossy Ibis= (_Plegadis guarauna_). L. 24. _Ads._ +Front of head _white_. _Yng._ Resembles young of No. 186. + +Range.--Tropical and subtropical America; north to California, (rarely +British Columbia), Texas, Kansas, east rarely to Florida; winters +south of United States. + + [Illustration: 188.] + +=188. Wood Ibis= (_Tantalus loculator_). L. 40. _Ads._ Head and +neck bare; white, primaries, secondaries and tail blackish. +_Yng._ Resembles ad. but head and neck feathered, grayish brown. +_Note._ When alarmed, a rough, guttural croak. (Audubon.) + +Range.--Tropical and subtropical America; breeds In Gulf States, +(Lower California?), and later may stray as far north as New York, +Wisconsin, and California. + + +Bitterns + + [Illustration: 190.] + +=190. American Bittern= (_Botaurus lentiginosus_). L. 28. _Ads._ +A glossy black streak on either side of the neck. _Yng._ Similar +to ad. but colors much deeper, more rusty. _Notes._ Call, _quawk_; +song, _pump-er-lunk_. + +Range.--North America north to Labrador and British Columbia, breeding +chiefly north of latitude 35°; winters from about latitude 35° +southward. + + [Illustration: 191.] + +=191. Least Bittern= (_Ardetta exilis_). L. 13. _Ad._ [Male]. Hindneck +rufous, foreneck, underparts, and under tail-coverts white and buff. +_Ad._ [Female]. Similar, but crown and back brown, below streaked with +brownish. _Notes._ Call, an explosive _quab_; song, a soft _coo_ +repeated four or five times. + +Range.--North America; breeds from Gulf States to New Brunswick and +Manitoba; winters from Gulf States southward. "Less common west of +Rocky Mountains; on the Pacific coast north to northern California." +(A.O.U.) + + [Illustration: 191.1] + +=191.1. Cory Bittern= (_Ardetta neoxena_). L. 13. _Ad._ [Male]. +Hindneck black, foreneck chestnut, belly mixed black and chestnut, +under tail-coverts black. _Ad._ [Female]. Similar, but crown and back +duller. + +Range.--Eastern North America; recorded from Florida, Ontario, +(breeding), Massachusetts, and Michigan; about 20 specimens known. + + +Herons + + [Illustration: 192.] + +=192. Great White Heron= (_Ardea occidentalis_). _Ads._ White, no +"aigrette" plumes. A white Heron about the size of a Great Blue Heron. +What is supposed to be a gray-blue phase of this bird has been called +_Ardea wuerdmanni_, a bird which resembles No. 194, but has the head +and neck whitish. + +Range.--Southern Florida, Cuba and Jamaica. + + [Illustration: 196.] + +=196. American Egret= (_Herodias egretta_). L. 41. _Ads._ White, about +50 _straight_ "aigrette" plumes grow from the back between the wings; +legs and feet _black_. Ads. when not breeding and Yng., the same, but +no plumes. + +Range.--Tropical and temperate America; breeds north to Virginia, +southern Illinois, and California; later strays to New Brunswick, +Minnesota, and Oregon; winters from southern California and Gulf +States southward. + + [Illustration: 197.] + +=197. Snowy Heron= (_Egretta candidissima_). L. 24. _Ads._ White, +about 50 _recurved_ "aigrette" plumes grow from back between the +wings; legs black, feet _yellow_. Ads. when not breeding and Yng. +The same, but no plumes. + +Range.--Tropical and temperate America; bred formerly north to Long +Island, southern Illinois and California; now very rare in eastern +North America; winters from Gulf States and southern California +southward. + + [Illustration: 194.] + +=194. Great Blue Heron= (_Ardea herodias_). L. 45; W. 18.5; B. 5.5; +Tar. 7. _Ads._ Center of crown white, head crested; legs blackish. +_Yng._ Similar, but no crest, crown wholly black, plumage more +streaked. + +Range--Northern South America north to Arctic regions; breeds locally +throughout most of North America range; winters from about latitude +42° southward. + + +=194a. Northwest Coast Heron= (_A. h. fannini_). Similar to No. 194 +but much darker; upperparts bluish slate black; tarsus shorter, 5.3. + +Range.--Pacific coast from Vancouver to Sitka. + + +=194b. Ward Heron= (_A. h. wardi_). Similar to No. 194 but whiter +below, neck darker; legs olive; larger, L. 52; W. 20; B. 6.5; Tar. 8. + +Range.--Florida; coast of Texas. + + [Illustration: 202.] + +=202. Black-crowned Night Heron= (_Nycticorax nycticorax nævius_). +L. 24. _Ads._ Crown and back greenish black lower back, wings and +tail ashy; head with two or three rounded white plumes, except just +after breeding season. _Yng._ Grayish brown streaked with white; below +white streaked with blackish; outer webs of primaries, _pale rufous_. +_Notes._ An explosive _qûawk_. + +Range.--Western hemisphere; breeds in North America north to New +Brunswick, Quebec, Manitoba, and Oregon; winters from California and +Gulf States southward. + + [Illustration: 203.] + +=203. Yellow-crowned Night Heron= (_Nyctanassa violaceus_). L. 23. +_Ads._ Blue-gray; crown and ear-coverts whitish, rest of head black; +scapulars streaked with black; head with two or three rounded, white +plumes, except just after nesting season. _Yng._ Crown _black_, +streaked with whitish; primaries _bluish slate, no rufous_; back +brownish streaked with white; below whitish streaked with blackish. + +Range.--Tropical and subtropical America; breeds north to South +Carolina, southern Illinois, and Lower California; strays to +Massachusetts and Colorado; winters from Gulf States southward. + + [Illustration: 2198.] + +=198. Reddish Egret= (_Dichromanassa rufescens_). L. 29. Two color +phases independent of age. _Ads._ _Dark phase_, Head and neck rufous; +back slate; about 30 "aigrette" plumes. _White phase._ White, +including plumes; tips of primaries sometimes speckled with gray. +_Yng._ Rufous and gray, or white, without plumes. + +Range.--West Indies and Central America north to coasts of Gulf +States, Illinois (rarely), and Lower California. + + [Illustration: 199.] + +=199. Louisiana Heron= (_Hydranassa tricolor ruficollis_). L. 26. +_Ads._ "Aigrette" plumes, short, dirty gray; rump and belly white; +legs blackish. _Yng._ Head and neck brownish; throat and line down +foreneck white; above slaty washed with brownish, rump, and belly +white. + +Range.--West Indies and Central America north to Gulf States, casually +to Long Island and Indiana. + + [Illustration: 200.] + +=200. Little Blue Heron= (_Florida cœrulea_). L. 22. _Ads._ Head and +neck maroon; rest of plumage slaty blue. _Yng._ White, tips of +primaries bluish, legs _greenish yellow_. + +Range.--Tropical America and eastern United States; breeds north to +Virginia and Illinois, later may stray north as far as Nova Scotia; +winters from South Atlantic and Gulf States southward. + + [Illustration: 201.] + +=201. Little Green Heron= (_Butorides virescens_). L. 17. Smallest of +our Herons. _Ads._ Crown, glossy green-black; throat and line down +foreneck buffy; rest of head and neck purplish chestnut; back green +washed with bluish gray. _Yng._ Neck and below streaked with blackish; +back-feathers not lengthened; duller. _Notes._ A rattling +_oc-oc-oc-oc-oc_, a startling _scow_, and, more rarely, a deep, hollow +groan. (Brewster.) + +Range.--Tropical and temperate North America; breeds from Gulf States +north to Nova Scotia and Manitoba; winters from Gulf States southward +to northern South America. + + +=201a. Frazar Green Heron= (_B. v. frazari_). Similar to No. 201, but +rather larger and darker, neck more purplish, light stripings on +throat and foreneck more restricted. (Brewster.) + +Range.--Lower Califorinia. + + +=201b. Anthony Green Heron= (_B. v. anthonyi_). Similar to No. 201, +but slightly larger, and paler, light markings of wings, neck, and +throat less restricted and whiter. (Mearns.) + +Range.--Arid portions of southwestern United States, south into +Mexico. + + + + +Order VIII. CRANES, RAILS, ETC. + +PALUDICOLÆ. + + + Family 1. CRANES. Gruidæ. 3 species. + + Family 2. COURLANS. Aramidæ. 1 species. + + Family 3. RAILS, GALLINULES, and COOTS. Rallidæ. 12 species, + 3 subspecies. + + +Cranes bear a general resemblance to Herons in that they are +long-legged, long-necked birds, but when on the wing, they carry the +neck fully extended, a habit which will readily distinguish them from +the curved neck Herons. Cranes are less aquatic than Herons and are +often found feeding on the prairies or pine-barrens where worms, +grasshoppers, lizards, roots, etc., form their fare. They nest on the +ground laying two buffy eggs thickly marked with brown. The young, +unlike the nearly naked, helpless young of Herons, are born covered +with down and can soon follow their parents. The Cranes have loud +sonorous voices; the Herons raucous croaks. + +The Limpkin is a singular inhabitant of the more retired Florida +swamps. It feeds upon the ground largely upon a kind of land shell, +but also perches in trees. Its nest of twigs is placed in a small tree +or bush, and it lays from four to seven pale buffy eggs stained and +speckled with cinnamon brown. + +The Rails (Subfamily Rallinæ) are inhabitants of grassy marshes where, +trusting to their long legs, they more often escape observation by +running than by flying. One may hear their characteristic notes coming +from the dense growth only a few yards distant and still be unable to +catch a glimpse of their maker. + +Rails nest on the ground laying six to twelve or fifteen buffy eggs +spotted with reddish brown. The young of all our species are born +covered with a shining black down. + +The Gallinules (Subfamily Gallinulinæ) are more aquatic than the Rails +and are consequently less difficult to observe. + +The Coots (Subfamily Fulicinæ) are still more aquatic than the +Gallinules, as might be supposed from their lobed toes, in fact are as +much at home in the water as though they were Ducks. Both Gallinules +and Coots lay eight to sixteen buffy, thickly speckled eggs in a nest +of reeds often built on a pile of rushes in the reeds. + + +Cranes and Limpkin + + [Illustration: 204.] + +=204. Whooping Crane= (_Grus americana_). L. 50. _Ads._ White; skin of +top of head dull red; primaries black. _Yng._ Head feathered, plumage +more or less washed with rusty. + +Range.--Interior of North America: breeds from northern Mississippi +Valley north to Arctic regions; winters from Gulf States southward. + + +=205. Little Brown Crane= (_Grus canadensis_). L. 35. W. 18; B. 4. +_Ads._ Skin of top of head dull red; plumage brownish gray. _Yng._ +Head feathered, plumage with more or less rusty. + +Range.--"Northern North America from Hudson Bay to Alaska, migrating +south through western United States east of Rocky Mountains to +Mexico." (Ridgway.) + + [Illustration: 206.] + +=206. Sandhill Crane= (_Grus mexicana_). Similar to No. 205, but +larger. L. 44: W. 20; B. 5. _Notes._ A loud, sonorous, grating, +_krrrow_, repeated five or more times. + +Range.--North America; breeds locally from Texas, Cuba, Florida north +through Mississippi Valley to Manitoba, British Columbia, and Oregon; +winters from northern California and Gulf States southward. + + [Illustration: 207.] + +=207. Limpkin= (_Aramus giganteus_). L. 28. _Ads._ Glossy olive-brown, +striped with white; wings and tail more bronzy. _Notes._ A loud +_wah-ree-ow_, repeated and the last note prolonged into a wail. + +Range.--Central America and West Indies north to southern Texas and +Florida. + + +Rails + + [Illustration: 208.] + +=208. King Rail= (_Rallus elegans_). L. 15. _Ads._ Above olive-brown, +black, and olive-gray; wing-coverts reddish brown; neck and breast +cinnamon; belly and sides _blackish_, _sharply_ and broadly barred +with white. _Notes._ A loud _bup_, _bup_, _bup_, repeated and ending +in a roll. + +Range.--Eastern United States; breeds from Florida north to +Connecticut and South Dakota; strays to Maine; winters from Virginia +and Lower Mississippi Valley south to Gulf States. + + +=209. Belding Rail= (_Rallus beldingi_). Similar to No. 208, but +paler; flank-bars narrower. + +Range.--Lower California. + + +=210. California Clapper Rail= (_Rallus obsoletus_). L. 17. Above +grayish olive-brown streaked with blackish brown; breast cinnamon; +flanks dusky brown narrowly banded with white. Margins to back +feathers much broader than in forms of _crepitans_. + +Range.--Salt Marshes of Pacific coast north to Washington. + + [Illustration: 212.] + +=212. Virginia Rail= (_Rallus virginianus_). L. 9.5; B. 1.5. _Ads._ +Above blackish and grayish brown; wing-coverts reddish brown; below +cinnamon, flanks black and white. Resembling a King Rail in color, but +much smaller. _Notes._ Calls, _kep_ or _kik_; song, a grunting sound +and _cut_, _cûtta-cûtta-cûtta_. (Brewster.) + +Range.--North America; breeds from Pennsylvania, Long Island, northern +Illinois, and middle California north to Labrador, Manitoba, and +British Columbia; winters from about its southern breeding limits +south to Cuba and Guatemala. + + [Illustration: 215.] + +=215. Yellow Rail.= (_Porzana noveboracensis_). L. 7; B. .5. _Ads._ +Above black and buffy barred with white; breast buffy; sides brownish +barred with white. Notes. An abrupt cackling, _'krék_, _'krek_, +_'krek_, _'krek_, _kûk_, _'k'k'k_. (Nuttall.) + +Range.--Eastern North America north to New Brunswick, Quebec, and +Hudson Bay, west to Manitoba and rarely California; probably breeds +chiefly north; winters in southern States. + + [Illustration: 211.] + +=211. Clapper Rail, Marsh Hen= (_Rallus crepitans_). L. 14.5; W. 5; +B. 2.5. _Ads._ Above _pale_ olive bordered by _gray_; wing-coverts +_pale_ grayish brown; breast _pale_ cinnamon; flanks barred _gray_ +and white. _Notes._ _Gkak_, _gkak_, _gkak_, at first loud and rapid, +ending lower and slower. + +Range.--Salt marshes of the Atlantic coast; breeds from North Carolina +to Connecticut; winters from Long Island (rarely) southward, north +casually to Massachusetts; south casually to Louisiana. + + +=211a. Louisiana Clapper Rail= (_R. c. saturatus_). Similar to +No. 211, but above rich brown edged with olive; breast darker +cinnamon; bill more slender, 2.3. + +Range.--Coast of Louisiana. + + [Illustration: 211b.] + +=211b. Scott Clapper Rail= (_R. c. scotti_). Similar to No. 211, but +much darker; sooty brown or black above edged with olive-brown or +olive-gray; breast and neck cinnamon, washed with brownish; flanks +brown and white. Darkest bird of group. + +Range.--Gulf coast of Florida. + + +=211c. Wayne Clapper Rail= (_R. c. waynei_). Similar to No. 211, but +darker, back rich olive-brown edged with gray; breast more ashy. + +Range.--Atlantic coast, North Carolina to eastern Florida. + + +=211.2. Caribbean Clapper Rail= (_Rallus longirostris caribæus_). +L. 14; W. 5.7; B. 2.4. _Ads._ Above olive-brown edged with +olive-ashy, breast cinnamon; flanks _brown_ and white. + +Range.--West Indies; coast of southeastern Texas (and northeastern +Mexico?). + + [Illustration: 214.] + +=214. Carolina Rail= (_Porzana carolina_). L. 8.5; B. 8. _Ads._ Region +about base of bill black. _Yng._ Similar, but no black about base of +bill; breast more cinnamon. _Notes._ Calls, _kuk_ or _peep_, song, +_ker-wee_; and a high, rolling _whinny_. + +Range.--North America; breeds from Long Island, Illinois, Kansas, and +southern California, north to Newfoundland, Hudson Bay region, and +British Columbia; winters from South Carolina, southern Illinois, and +northern California south to South America. + + [Illustration: 216.] + +=216. Little Black Rail= (_Porzana jamaicensis_): L. 5; B. 6. _Ads._ +Head, breast, and belly slate; back blackish brown barred with white; +nape reddish brown. _Notes._ Probably, _kik-kik-kik_, _quee'ah_, or +_kik-ki-ki-ki_, _ki_, _quee'ah_, or variants. (Brewster.) + +Range.--"Temperate North America north to Massachusetts, northern +Illinois, and Oregon: south to West Indies and Guatemala." (A.O.U.) +Probably breeds throughout its North American range (Connecticut, +Illinois, Kansas). + + +Gallinules and Coot + + [Illustration: 218.] + +=218. Purple Gallinule= (_Ionornis martinica_). L. 13. _Ads._ +Crown-plate bluish, bill carmine tipped with greenish; back shining +green; below purplish blue; under tail-coverts white. _Yng._ Above +browner; below with white; no red on bill. + +Range.--Tropical and subtropical America; breeds only in eastern North +America north to southern Illinois and South Carolina, strays to Maine +and Wisconsin; winters from southern Florida south to South America. + + [Illustration: 219.] + +=219. Florida Gallinule= (_Gallinula galeata_). L. 13.5. _Ad._ +Crown-plate red, bill red tipped with greenish; legs green with a red +ring; back olive-brown; flanks slate _streaked with white_. _Yng._ +Crown-plate smaller with bill brownish; no red on legs; below grayish. +_Notes._ An explosive _chuck_ and many loud and varied calls +suggesting a disturbed brooding hen, the squawking of a struggling +hen, etc. + +Range.--Temperate and tropical America; breeds locally north to Maine, +Montreal, Minnesota, and northern California; winters from Gulf States +and California southward. + + [Illustration: 221.] + +=221. American Coot= (_Fulica americana_). L. 15. Toes with scallops. +_Ads._ Bill whitish; crown-plate and two spots on bill brownish; head +and neck black; rest of plumage slate. _Yng._ Whiter below, browner +above, crown-plate smaller. _Notes._ An explosive _cuck_ and noisy +cackling notes. + +Range.--North America; breeds in the interior (chiefly northward) +north to the Mackenzie and on Pacific coast to British Columbia; +winters from British Columbia and Gulf States south to Central America +and West Indies. + + + + +Order IX. SHORE BIRDS. + +LIMICOLÆ. + + + Family 1. PHALAROPES. Phalaropodidæ. 3 species. + + Family 2. AVOCETS AND STILTS. Recurvirostridæ. 2 species. + + Family 3. SNIPES, SANDPIPERS, ETC. Scolopacidæ. 33 species, + 2 subspecies. + + Family 4. PLOVERS. Charadriidæ. 9 species, 2 subspecies. + + Family 5. SURF BIRDS AND TURNSTONES. Aphrizidæ. 4 species. + + Family 6. OYSTER-CATCHERS. Hæmatopodidæ. 3 species. + + Family 7. JACANAS. Jacanidæ. 1 species. + + +The Phalaropes are swimming Snipes. The Northern and Red Phalaropes, +both of which have well-developed lobes or scalloped webs on their +toes, except when nesting, live at sea a hundred miles or more off +shore, where they find an abundance of food in small forms of marine +life. The Wilson Phalarope is a bird of the interior and consequently, +is far less aquatic than the remaining species of the family; +nevertheless it readily takes to water, swimming buoyantly and +gracefully. + +Contrary to the general rule, the female Phalarope is larger and more +brightly colored than the male and this difference in size and plumage +is accompanied by similarly unusual habits; the female taking the +place of the male in the Phalarope household. The female of necessity +lays the eggs, but they are hatched by the male alone, who it is said, +cares for the young, also without the assistance of his mate. + +The Avocets and Stilts are wading Snipes. The Stilts secure their food +by quick thrusts of the bill, but the Avocets use their singular, +upturned member in a more interesting manner. When in water two or +three inches deep, the bill is dropped below the surface, until the +curved lower mandible evidently touches the bottom; then walking +rapidly, or even running, the bill is swung from side to side and the +bird thus explores the mud in its search for food, which, when it is +felt, is picked up in the usual way. + +Many of the members of the family Scolopacidæ are probing Snipe. The +Woodcock, Wilson Snipe, and Dowitcher are good examples. Their bill is +long and sensitive and they can curve or move its tip without opening +it at the base. When the bill is thrust into the mud the tip may +therefore grasp a worm and it thus becomes a finger as well as a +probe. + +Though not ranked as song birds, many of the Snipes and Plovers have +pleasing calls and whistles and in the breeding season they become +highly musical or indulge in singular vocal performances. + +The song of the Bartramian Sandpiper would attract the attention of +the least observant and the singular aërial evolutions of the Snipe +and Woodcock lend an unusual interest to the study of these birds in +the spring. The Pectoral Sandpiper was observed by Nelson in Alaska, +in May, to fill its œsophagus with air dilating the skin of the neck +and breast and forming a sack as large as the body. Then in the air or +on the ground the bird produced a series of hollow booming notes, +constituting its love song. + +The Plovers have shorter, harder bills than the true Snipe and several +of our species frequent the uplands rather than muddy shore or tidal +flats. + +The Turnstones are true shore birds. Their home with us is on the +seacoast where they feed along the beach turning over shells and +pebbles in their search for food. + +The Oyster-catchers are also strictly maritime. They frequent bars +left bare by the tide and, it is said, use their stout bills to force +open mussels; oysters, or other bivalves left exposed by the water. +This belief, however, does not appear to rest on careful, definite +observation. + +The Jacana belongs to a small family of birds with representatives +throughout the tropics. All its members are remarkable for the length +of their toes, the wide extent of which enable these birds to walk +over aquatic vegetation. So, for instance, I have seen them running +over small lily leaves which, sinking slightly beneath the surface, +made the birds appear to be walking on the water. + +The Limicolæ, as a rule, nest on the ground. The Phalaropes, Snipes, +and Plovers lay four eggs, the Oyster-catcher three, the Jacanas, it +is said, four in some species to ten in others. The eggs of all are +proportionately large and pointed or pear-shaped and are usually +thickly marked with dark spots. The young are born covered with down +and leave the nest just after hatching. + + +Shore Birds + + [Illustration: _Foot of Phalarope 1/2 Size_] + + [Illustration: 222.] + +=222. Red Phalarope= (_Crymophilus fulicarius_). L. 8.10; B. 9. Bill +heavy, wider than deep. _Ad._ [Female]. Below entirely reddish brown; +cap black, back black and buff. _Ad._ [Male]. Similar, but smaller; +crown and back streaked with brown, black, and buff. _Yng._ Resemble +[Male], but upper tail-coverts plumbeous, underparts _white_. +_Winter._ _Crown_ and underparts white, hindneck black, back gray. +_Notes._ A musical _clink_, _clink_. (Nelson.) + +Range.--"Northern parts of northern hemisphere, breeding in the Arctic +regions and migrating south in winter; in the United States south to +the Middle States. Ohio Valley, and Cape St. Lucas; chiefly maritime." +(A.O.U.) + + [Illustration: 223.] + +=223. Northern Phalarope= (_Phalaropus lobatus_). L. 7.7; B. .8. Bill +short, slender, sharply pointed. _Ad._ [Female]. Breast rufous; above +slaty gray mixed with ochraceous on back. _Ad._ [Male]. Smaller, less +rufous; on throat; above blackish streaked with rusty. _Yng._ +Underparts and _forehead_ white; crown sooty; back blackish streaked +with straw-color. _Winter._ Upperparts gray mixed with white; +underparts white. _Notes._ A low chippering, clicking note. + +Range.--Northern hemisphere; breeds from Labrador and northern British +America north to Greenland and Alaska; winters apparently south of +United States where it is known as a migrant chiefly off the coasts. + + [Illustration: 224.] + +=224. Wilson Phalarope= (_Steganopus tricolor_). L. 9.5; B. 1.3. Bill +long. _Ad._ [Female]. Sides of neck black and chestnut; crown and back +gray. _Ad._ [Male]. Smaller; chestnut and black much less and duller; +crown and back blackish, latter sometimes with rufous. _Yng._ Below +white; crown and back black margined with ochraceous; nape brownish +gray. _Winter._ Above gray, upper tail-coverts white; below white. +_Notes._ A soft, trumpet _yna_, _yna_. + +Range.--North America, chiefly in the interior; breeds from northern +Illinois (rarely), Minnesota and Central California, north to latitude +55°; winters south of United States to southern South America. + + [Illustration: 283.] + +=283. Turnstone= (_Arenaria interpres_). Similar to 283.1 but larger, +W. 6., and upperparts in _ad._ with black prevailing. _Yng._ Blacker +than young of 283.1. + +Range.--Eastern hemisphere, in America, only in Greenland and Alaska. + + +=283.1. Ruddy Turnstone= (_Arenaria morinella_). L. 9.5; W. 5.7. +_Ads._ Reddish brown prevailing in upper surface. _Yng._ Above and +breast grayish brown margined with buffy, throat, abdomen, rump and +long upper tail-coverts _white_ as in ad.; shorter upper tail-coverts +black. _Notes._ When flying, a loud twittering note. (Nuttall.) + +Range.--Nearly cosmopolitan; breeds in Arctic regions; winters in +America south of United States to Patagonia. + + [Illustration: 288.] + +=288. Mexican Jacana= (_Jacana spinosa_). L. 8. Toes over 1.5. _Ads._ +Chestnut and black; wings mostly greenish. _Yng._ Forehead, line over +eye, and below white. Above grayish brown, sometimes with rump +chestnut, nape black. _Notes._ A harsh, rapidly repeated _eep_, _eep_, +_eep_. + +Range.--Central America and Mexico north to Lower Rio Grande Valley, +Cuba and Haiti. + + [Illustration: 225.] + +=225. American Avocet= (_Recurvirostra americana_). L. 16.5; B. 3.7. +_Ads._ Head and neck rufous; belly white; wings black and white. _Yng. +and Ads. in winter._ Similar, but head and neck grayish or whitish. +_Notes._ A rather musical, loud _plēē-ēēk_ hurriedly +repeated. + +Range.--North America west of Mississippi; breeds from northern +States, central California and rarely Texas, north in the interior to +latitude 54°: winters from southern California and western Gulf States +to Central America and West Indies; casual on Atlantic coast. + + [Illustration: 264.] + +=264. Long-billed Curlew= (_Numenius longirostris_). L. 24; B. 6., +longest among our Snipe. _Ads._ Above black and buffy; tail barred +buffy and black; below buffy, neck and breast finely streaked with +dusky. _Yng._ Similar, but buff deeper. + +Range.--North America; breeds on Atlantic coast from Florida to North +Carolina; in interior north to Manitoba and British Columbia; later +strays casually to Newfoundland and Ontario; winters from Gulf States +and southern California southward. + + [Illustration: 265.] + +=265. Hudsonian Curlew= (_Numenius hudsonicus_). L. 17; B. 3.7. _Ads._ +Less buff than No. 264; above dark grayish brown and brownish gray; +tail barred with same; below white, breast streaked; sides barred with +blackish. + +Range.--North America; breeds in Arctic region; winters south of +United States to South America. + + [Illustration: 266.] + +=266. Eskimo Curlew= (_Numenius borealis_). L. 13.5; B. 2. _Ads._ Tail +barred with grayish brown and black; above blackish and buffy; below +buffy, the breast thickly streaked; sides barred with blackish. + +Range.--Eastern North America; breeds In Arctic regions; winters south +of United States to South America; migrates chiefly through interior. + + [Illustration: 226.] + +=226. Black-necked Stilt= (_Himantopus mexicanus_). L. 15; Tar 4.10. +_Ad._ [Male]. Forehead, lower back, and underparts white; crown, +hindneck, upper back, and wings black. _Ad._ [Female]. Similar, but +upper back and scapulars grayish brown. _Yng._ Similar to [Female], +but brown and black feathers lightly margined with buffy. +_Notes._ A sharp, rapidly uttered _ip-ip-ip_ when flying; a hoarse +_k-r-r-r-r-ing_ note when on the ground. + +Range.--Temperate and tropical America; breeds north to Gulf States, +(locally and rarely in Mississippi Valley to Minnesota) and +California; winters from southern California and West Indies to +northern South America; rare east of Mississippi except in Gulf +States. + + [Illustration: 286.] + +=286. American Oyster-catcher= (_Hæmatopus palliatus_). L. 19. _Ads._ +Base of tail and longer upper tail-coverts white, shorter coverts and +_all_ back blackish brown; white in wings conspicuous in flight. +_Yng._ Similar but feathers above with buffy margins. _Notes._ A sharp +_eep_, _eep_. + +Range.--Temperate and tropical America; breeds on sea coasts only, +north to Virginia and western Mexico; winters south of United States +to South America; casual north to Nova Scotia. + + +=286.1. Frazar Oyster-catcher= (_Hæmatopus frazari_). Similar to No. +286, but darker above, black breast passing into white belly through a +mottled black and white band; upper tail coverts with brown markings. + +Range.--"Lower California (both coasts), north to Los Coronados +Islands." (A.O.U.) + + [Illustration: 287.] + +=287. Black Oyster-catcher= (_Hæmatopus bachmani_). L. 17. _Ads._ +Black. _Yng._ Somewhat browner. _Notes._ A musical, piping whistle. + +Range.--"Pacific coast of North America from Aleutian Islands to La +Paz, Lower California." + + [Illustration: 228.] + +=228. American Woodcock= (_Philohela minor_). L. 11. _Ads._ Below +ochraceous-rufous; _no bars_; forehead slaty crown black with rusty +bars; back mixed black, rusty and slaty. _Notes._ A nasal _peent_ or +_paip_; a whistling of wings and a twittering whistle. + +Range.--Eastern North America; breeds locally from Florida to Labrador +and Manitoba, but chiefly northward; winters from southern New Jersey +and southern Illinois to Gulf States. + + [Illustration: 230.] + +=230. Wilson Snipe= (_Gallinago delicata_). L. 11.2. _Ads._ Throat and +belly white or whitish; breast rusty buff indistinctly streaked; sides +_barred_; above streaked black and cream-buff; tail black and rusty; +outer feathers barred black and white. _Notes._ When taking flight +several sudden, hoarse _scaipes_; a tremulous, penetrating bleating, +thought to be produced by air rushing through the birds wings; a +_kûk-kûk-kûk_. (Brewster.) + +Range.--North America; breeds from northern New England (rarely +Connecticut), northern Illinois and northern California north to +Labrador, Hudson Bay, and Alaska; winters from California, southern +Illinois, and South Carolina to northern South America. + + [Illustration: 261.] + +=261. Bartramian Sandpiper= (_Bartramia longicauda_). L. 11.5. Outer +primary barred black and white. _Ads._ Above black, ochraceous, and +brownish gray; breast and sides with dusky arrowheads; throat and +belly whitish. _Yng._ Similar, but more buffy. _Notes._ Call, a soft, +bubbling whistle; song, a prolonged, mournful, mellow whistle, +"_chr-r-r-r-r-ee-e-e-e-e-e-oo-oo-o-oo_." + +Range.--North America chiefly interior; breeds locally from Kansas and +Virginia to Alaska and Nova Scotia; winters south of United States to +South America. + + [Illustration: 262.] + +=262. Buff-breasted Sandpiper= (_Tryngites subruficollis_). L. 8.5. +Inner border of inner web of primaries beautifully speckled with black +and white. _Ads._ Above black widely margined with grayish brown; +below ochraceous-buff; a few black spots. _Yng._ Above blackish brown, +finely and evenly margined with whitish; below much as in adult. + +Range.-"North America especially in the interior; breeds in the Yukon +district and the interior of British America north to the Arctic +coast; south in winter as far as Uruguay and Peru." (A.O.U.) + + [Illustration: 281.] + +=281. Mountain Plover= (_Podasocys montana_). L. 9. No black on +breast. _Ads._ Lores and crown-band black; above grayish brown washed +with pale rusty. _Yng._ Similar, but no black, rusty wash deeper. +_Winter._ Same as last but rusty paler. + +Range.--Western United States; breeds from Kansas to North Dakota; +winters westward to California, south to Lower California and Mexico; +accidental in Florida. + + [Illustration: 231.] + +=231. Dowitcher= (_Macrorhamphus griseus_) L. 10.5; B. 2.1, pitted at +tip. _Ads._ _Rump_, _tail_, under wing-coverts, and axillars _barred_ +black and white; above black margined with rusty; rump, white; below +reddish brown, spotted and barred with black. _Yng._ Similar, but +breast gray tinged with rusty; belly white. _Winter._ Above gray, +breast gray mixed with dusky, belly white. + +Range.--Eastern North America; breeds chiefly north and northwest of +Hudson Bay; winters from Florida to northern South America. + + [Illustration: 232.] + +=232. Long-billed Dowitcher= (_Macrorhamphus scolopaceus_). B. 2.1 to +2.9. Similar to preceding but larger, bill longer; in adult spring +plumage more barred below. _Notes._ A lisping, energetic musical, +_peet-peet_; _pĕe-ter-wĕe-too_; _wĕe-too_ repeated. (Nelson.) + +Range.--"Western North America, breeding in Alaska to the Arctic +coast, migrating south in winter through western United States +(including Mississippi Valley) to Mexico, and less commonly along +Atlantic coast." (A.O.U.) + + [Illustration: 233.] + +=233. Stilt Sandpiper= (_Micropalama himantopus_). L. 8.2; tarsus +long, 1.6. _Ads._ Entire underparts and upper tail-coverts white +barred with black; tail not barred. _Yng._ Resembles ad. but below +white, breast lightly streaked: rump white no bars. _Winter._ Similar +to yng. but back gray. + +Range.--Eastern North America; breeds within Arctic Circle; winters +from Florida to South America. + + [Illustration: 234.] + +=234. Knot= (_Tringa canutus_). L. 10.5; B. 1.3. Upper tail-coverts +with black bars and loops; tail feathers without bars narrowly +margined with white. _Ads._ Mixed black, gray and reddish brown above, +reddish brown below. _Yng._ Above gray, margined with cream-white and +black; below white; breast lightly streaked. _Winter._ Similar, but +above gray. + +Range.--Northern hemisphere; breeds within Arctic circle; winters from +Florida to South America: migrates chiefly along the coasts, rare on +Pacific coast of United States. + + [Illustration: 244.] + +=244. Curlew Sandpiper= (_Erolia ferruginea_). L. 8; B. 1.5, slightly +curved. _Ads._ Below chestnut-rufous, above rusty and black. _Yng._ +Above brownish gray margined with whitish; back blacker; below white. +_Winter._ Above plain brownish gray; below white. + +Range.--"Old World in general; occasional in Eastern North America and +Alaska." (A.O.U.) + + [Illustration: 235.] + +=235. Purple Sandpiper= (_Arquatella maritima_). L. 9. _Ads._ Above +black, margined with rusty and cream-buff; below white, breast and +sides heavily marked with black. _Winter._ Head, neck, and breast, +slaty; back blacker, margined with slaty; central secondaries largely +white. + +Range.--"Northern portions of the northern hemisphere; in North +America chiefly the northeastern portions, breeding in the high north, +migrating in winter to the Eastern and Middle States (casually to +Florida), the Great Lakes and Upper Mississippi Valley." (A.O.U.) + + [Illustration: 236.] + +=236. Aleutian Sandpiper= (_Arquatella couesi_). L. 8.5. Similar to +No. 235, but ad. and yng. with more ochraceous; in winter grayish +margins to back lighter and wider. _Notes._ When flying, a low, clear, +musical _tweo-tweo-tweo_; when feeding, _clū-clū-clū_. (Nelson.) + +Range.--"Aleutian Islands and coast of Alaska, north to Kowak River, +west to Commander Islands, Kamchatka." (A.O.U.) + + [Illustration: 256.] + +=256. Solitary Sandpiper= (_Helodromas solitarius_). L. 8.4. Under +wing-coverts, axillars, and all but middle tail-feathers barred black +and white. _Ads._ Above fuscous with a faint greenish tinge; head and +neck streaked, back spotted with whitish; below white; throat and +breast distinctly streaked with dusky. _Yng._ Fewer spots and streaks +above; breast markings fused. _Winter._ Practically no white markings +above. + +Range.--Eastern North America; breeds from Northern States (rarely and +sporadically) northward; little known of breeding habits; winters +south of United States to South America. + + +=256a. Western Solitary Sandpiper= (_H. s. cinnamomeus_). Similar to +No. 256, but spots above buffy, especially in fall; inner margin of +outer primary speckled black and white. + +Range.--Western North America; breeds in British Columbia (exact +breeding range unknown); winters south of United States. + + [Illustration: 263.] + +=263. Spotted Sandpiper= (_Actitis macularia_). L. 7.5. _Ads._ Below +white _thickly_ spotted with black; above brownish gray with a faint +greenish lustre, lightly marked with black. _Yng._ Similar above but +faintly margined with dusky and buff; below white, breast grayer; _no +black marks_. _Winter._ Same but no margins above. _Notes._ +_Peet-weet_, repeated. + +Range.--North America, north to Hudson Bay; breeds throughout its +North American range; winters from southern California and West Indies +to South America. + + [Illustration: 284.] + +=284. Black Turnstone= (_Arenaria melanocephala_). L. 9. No rusty; +lower back, longer upper tail-coverts and base of tail white; shorter +upper tail-coverts black. _Ads._ Above and breast brownish black; +belly white. _Yng._ Browner margined with whitish. _Winter._ Same as +Yng, but no margins. _Notes._ A sharp, _weet_, _weet_, _too-weet_. +(Nelson.) + +Range.--"Pacific coast of North America from Point Barrow, Alaska to +Santa Margarita Island, Lower California; breeding from Alaska to +British Columbia." (A.O.U.) + + [Illustration: 237.] + +=237. Pribilof Sandpiper= (_Arquatella ptilocnemis_). L. 10. _Ads._ +Similar to No. 236 above but crown much lighter; _breast_ with a +_black patch_. _Yng._ Resemble adult above but breast grayish +indistinctly streaked and with a pale buff band; belly white. +_Winter._ Similar to yng. but slaty gray above. + +Range.--"Breeding in the Pribilof Islands, Alaska, and migrating to +coast of adjacent mainland south of Norton Sound." (A.O.U.) + + [Illustration: 243a.] + +=243a. Red-backed Sandpiper= (_Pelidna alpina pacifica_). L. 8; +B. 1.5; slightly curved. _Ads._ Belly black; back chiefly rusty. +_Yng._ Breast buffy, lightly streaked with dusky; belly white +_spotted_ with black; back black, rusty, and buff. _Winter._ Above +brownish gray; below white; breast grayish, indistinctly streaked. + +Range.--North America; breeds in Arctic regions and winters from Gulf +States and California to South America. + + [Illustration: 246.] + +=246. Semipalmated Sandpiper= (_Ereunetes pusillus_). L. 6.3; B. .6 +to .8. Toes webbed at base. _Ads._ Above brownish gray and black; +_little or no rusty_; below white, breast _indistinctly_ streaked. +_Yng._ Above with rusty and whitish margins; below white, breast grayish +no streaks. _Winter._ Above brownish gray with black shaft streaks; +below white. _Notes._ _weet-weet_. + +Range.--Eastern North America; breeds in Arctic regions; winters from +Gulf States to South America. + + [Illustration: 247.] + +=247. Western Sandpiper= (_Ereunetes occidentalis_). Similar to +preceding but bill longer .8 to 1.2; ads. more rusty above, breast +streaks more distinct, and more numerous. _Notes._ Call, a soft +_weet-weet_; song, uttered on the wing, "a rapid, uniform series of +rather musical trills." (Nelson.) + +Range.--North America, chiefly west of Mississippi Valley; breeds in +Arctic regions; winters from Gulf States to South America. + + [Illustration: 248.] + +=248. Sanderling= (_Calidris arenaria_). L. 8. Three toes, tarsus +scaled. _Ads._ Above rusty, black and grayish; below white, breast +spotted with black and _washed with rusty_. _Yng._ Nape grayish, back +_black_, feathers with _two_ white or yellowish white terminal spots; +below silky white. _Winter._ Above brownish gray with dusky shaft +streaks; below silky white. + +Range.--"Nearly cosmopolitan, breeding in Arctic and Sub-Arctic +regions, migrating, in America, south to Chili and Patagonia." +(A.O.U.) + + [Illustration: 238.] + +=238. Sharp-tailed Sandpiper= (_Actodromas acuminata_). L. 8.7. _Tail +feathers pointed._ _Ads._ A white line over eye; breast buff streaked +with blackish. _Yng._ Crown as in ad., back black and rusty; below +white, breast buffy, no streaks. _Winter._ Back grayish brown streaked +with blackish; below as in yng., but breast grayer and with indistinct +streaks. _Notes._ A soft metallic _pleep-pleep_. (Nelson.) + +Range.--"Eastern Asia, and coast of Alaska, migrating south to Java +and Australia." (A.O.U.) + + [Illustration: 239.] + +=239. Pectoral Sandpiper= (_Actodromas maculata_). L. 9. _Ads._ Middle +tail-feathers longest, pointed, blackish margined with rusty; above +black and rusty; below white, breast thickly streaked; upper +tail-coverts _black_. _Yng. and in winter_ much the same. _Notes._ +Call, a grating whistle; song, a hollow, resonant, musical +_tōō-ū_, repeated eight times, made after filling æsophagus +with air until it is puffed out to size of the body. (Nelson.) + +Range.--North America; breeds in Arctic regions; winters south of +United States to South America; rare on Pacific coast. + + [Illustration: 240.] + +=240. White-rumped Sandpiper= (_Actodromas fuscicollis_). L. 7.5. +Longer upper tail-coverts _white_. _Ads._ Breast white, _distinctly +spotted_ or streaked. _Yng._ More rufous above; breast less distinctly +streaked. _Winter._ Brownish gray above; similar to yng. below. + +Range.--Eastern North America; breeds in the interior north of Hudson +Bay; winters south of United States to southern South America; rare on +Pacific coast. + + [Illustration: 241.] + +=241. Baird Sandpiper= (_Actodromas bairdii_). L. 7.5. No rusty in +plumage. _Ads._ Longest upper tail-coverts _blackish_; breast buffy, +_faintly_ streaked. _Yng._ Similar, but back _conspicuously_ margined +with whitish. _Winter._ Above "buffy grayish brown," no white margins. + +Range.--Interior of North America; breeds in the Arctic regions and +winters south of United States to southern South America. + + [Illustration: 242.] + +=242. Least Sandpiper= (_Actodromas minutilla_). L. 6. Smartest of our +Sandpipers. _Ads._ Above black, buff and rufous; below white breast +lightly streaked. _Yng._ Similar, but breast less distinctly streaked. +_Winter._ Above brownish gray, often streaked with black, below white. +_Notes._ _Peep-peep._ + +Range.--North America; breeds from Sable Island and Magdalens +northward; winters from Gulf States and California south to South +America. + + [Illustration: 249.] + +=249. Marbled Godwit= (_Limosa fedoa_). L. 18; B. 4; slightly +recurved. Tail barred, cinnamon and black; under wing-coverts cinnamon +with more or less fine black markings. _Ads._ Above black and +ochraceous; below buffy white finely and uniformly barred with black. +_Yng._ Similar, but with no or with but few bars below. + +Range.--North America; breeds in the interior from western Minnesota, +rarely Iowa and Nebraska northward; winters south of United States to +Central America and West Indies. + + [Illustration: 250.] + +=250. Pacific Godwit= (_Limosa lapponica baueri_). L. 16. B. 3.7, +slightly recurved, tail barred black and white; under wing-coverts +black and white. _Ads._ "Head, neck and lower parts, plain cinnamon +color." (Ridgw.) _Winter._ Above black, grayish and rusty, former +prevailing; below white; throat streaked, elsewhere with irregular, +black bars. _Notes._ "A loud ringing _kû-we'w_, repeated." + +Range.--"Shores and Islands of the Pacific Ocean, from New Zealand and +Australia to Kamchatka and Alaska. On the American coast recorded +south of Alaska only from La Paz, Lower California." (A.O.U.) + + [Illustration: 251.] + +=251. Hudsonian Godwit= (_Limosa hæmastica_). L. 15; B. 3.2, slightly +recurved. Under wing-coverts dusky; upper tail-coverts black and +white; tail black at end, white at base. _Ads._ Above black, rusty and +grayish, below chestnut-red barred with blackish and faintly tipped +with white. _Yng._ Similar, but below buffy whitish, breast grayer. +_Winter._ Similar below but above brownish gray. + +Range.--Eastern North America chiefly interior; breeds in Arctic +Regions; winters south of United States to South America. + + [Illustration: 270.] + +=270. Black-bellied Plover= (_Squatarola squatarola_). L. 11. Hind-toe +present, small. _Ads._ Above black and white, no yellowish; below +black. _Yng._ Above grayish brown spotted with white and some +yellowish; below white. _Winter._ Similar to preceding but nearly +uniform brownish above. + +Range.--Northern Hemisphere; breeds in Arctic Regions, winters in +America from Florida to Brazil. + + [Illustration: 272.] + +=272. American Golden Plover= (_Charadrius dominicus_). L. 10.5; W. 7. +No hind-toe; axillars dusky. _Ads._ Above conspicuously spotted with +yellow; below black, sides of breast white. _Yng._ Duller above, below +grayish white with dusky marks and yellowish wash. _Winter._ Similar +but no yellow below. _Notes._ Call, a plaintive _too-lee-e_; song, a +marvelously harmonious succession of notes. (Nelson.) + +Range.--Western Hemisphere; breeds in Arctic Regions; winters from +Florida to Patagonia, rare on Pacific coast. + + +=272a. Pacific Golden Plover= (_C. d. fulvus_). Similar to No. 272 but +wing shorter, 6.5; yellow richer. + +Range.--"Breeding from northern Asia to the Pribilof Islands and coast +of Alaska, south in winter through China and India to Australia and +Polynesia." (A.O.U.) + + [Illustration: 254.] + +=254. Greater Yellow-legs= (_Totanus melanoleucus_). L. 14; B. 2.2. +No rusty; upper tail-coverts mostly white; tail barred with black and +white or gray. _Ads._ Above black margined with whitish; below white +and black. _Yng._ Above grayish margined with whitish; below white, +breast lightly streaked. _Winter._ Similar but white margins less +conspicuous. _Notes._ A whistled _wheu_, _wheu-wheu-wheu-wheu-wheu-wheu_, +_wheu-wheu_. + +Range.--North America; breeds from Minnesota, rarely northern +Illinois, and Anticosti northward; winters from Gulf States and +California to southern South America. + + [Illustration: 255.] + +=255. Yellow-legs= (_Totanus flavipes_). L. 10.7; B. 1.4. Similar in +color to preceding but smaller in size. + +Range.--North America; breeds rarely in upper Mississippi Valley but +chiefly north of latitude 55°; winters from Gulf States to southern +South America; rare on Pacific coast. + + [Illustration: 258.] + +=258. Willet= (_Symphemia semipalmata_). L. 15; W. 8; B. 2.1. +Primaries black with a broad white band; upper tail-coverts mostly +white. _Ads._ Above brownish gray, black, and a little buff; below +white heavily marked with black and slightly washed with buff. _Yng._ +Above brownish gray margined with buffy; below white, breast lightly +streaked with dusky. _Winter._ Similar, but above plain brownish gray. +_Notes._ Song, _pilly-will-willet_, repeated. + +Range.--Eastern North America; breeds from Florida to southern New +Jersey, later strays casually to Maine; winters from Gulf States to +South America. + + +=258a. Western Willet= (_S. s. inornata_). Similar to No. 258 but +slightly larger. W. 8.5; B. 2.4. In summer above paler, less heavily +marked with black both above and below. _Yng. and Winter._ +Indistinguishable in color from No. 258. + +Range.--Western United States; breeds from Texas to Manitoba; winters +from southern California and Gulf States southward. A rare migrant on +Atlantic coast from South Carolina to Florida. + + [Illustration: 259.] + +=259. Wandering Tatler= (_Heteractitis incanus_). L. 11. Tail-coverts +plain slaty gray. _Ads._ Above plain slaty gray; below white barred +with slaty gray. _Yng._ Above slaty gray more or less margined with +whitish; breast and sides slaty gray; throat and belly white. +_Winter._ Similar, but no white margins above. + +Range.--Pacific coast; breeds from British Columbia northward; winters +south to Hawaiian Islands and Galapagos. + + [Illustration: 282.] + +=282. Surf Bird= (_Aphriza virgata_). L. 10; B. 1. Upper tail-coverts +and base of tail-feathers white. _Ads._ Above black, slaty, and rusty. +_Yng._ Above slaty margined with whitish; breast barred slaty and +whitish; belly white spotted with slaty. _Winter._ The same, but no +whitish margins. + +Range.--"Pacific coast of America, from Alaska to Chili." (A.O.U.) + + [Illustration: 273.] + +=273. Killdeer= (_Oxyechus vociferus_). L. 10.5. Rump and upper +tail-coverts rusty. _Ads._ Above grayish brown and rusty; below white +with _two_ black rings. _Notes._ A noisy _kildeē_, _kildeē_. + +Range.--North America, north to Newfoundland, Manitoba and British +Columbia; (rare on North Atlantic coast); breeds locally throughout +its range; winters from Virginia, Lower Mississippi Valley and +California south to South America. + + [Illustration: 274. Foot detail 1/2 Size.] + + [Illustration: 274.] + +=274. Semipalmated Plover= (_Ægialitis semipalmata_). L. 6.7. Web +between bases of inner and middle toes. _Ads._ _One_ black ring around +neck; a white ring in front of it. _Yng._ Similar, but black parts +brownish; back margined with whitish. _Winter._ Same as last but no +whitish margins. + +Range.--Breeds from Labrador northward; winters from Gulf States to +Brazil. + + +=275. Ring Plover= (_Ægialitis hiaticula_). L. 7.5. No webs between +toes. Similar to 274 but larger, bill yellow at base, black or brown +bands wider. + +Range.--"Northern parts of Old World and portions of Arctic America, +breeding on the west shore of Cumberland Gulf." (A.O.U.) + + [Illustration: 277.] + +=277. Piping Plover= (_Ægialitis meloda_). L. 7; B. short, .5. Very +pale above. _Ads._ Above ashy, crown and _sides_ of breast black; no +rusty. _Yng._ Similar, but black replaced by ashy gray. _Notes._ A +short plaintive, _piping_ whistle, repeated. + +Range.--Eastern North America; breeds from Virginia to Newfoundland; +winters from Florida southward. + + +=277a. Belted Piping Plover= (_Æ. m. circumcincta_). Similar to No. +277 but black on sides of breast meeting to form a breast band. + +Range.--Mississippi Valley; breeds from northern Illinois and Nebraska +north to Lake Winnipeg, east to Magdalen and Sable Islands; winters +from Gulf southward; casual migrant on Atlantic coast. + + [Illustration: 278.] + +=278. Snowy Plover= (_Ægialitis nivosa_). L. 6.5. No complete ring. +_Ads._ Black on crown; ear-coverts and sides of breast black. _Yng._ +The same, but no black; above margined with whitish. _Winter._ Same as +last but no whitish margins. + +Range.--Western United States east to Texas and Kansas; breeds from +Indian Territory and southern California northward; winters from Texas +and southern California southward. + + [Illustration: 280.] + +=280. Wilson Plover= (_Ochthodromus wilsonius_). L. 7.5; B. .8. No +black on hindneck. _Ad._ [Male]. One black breast-and crown-band; +some rusty about head. _Ad._ [Female]. Similar but black areas +brownish gray. _Yng._ Same as last, but above margined with whitish. +_Winter._ No whitish margins. + +Range.--Tropical and temperate America; breeds north to Virginia, Gulf +States, and Lower California; winters southward to Brazil; casual +north to Nova Scotia. + + + + +Order X. GROUSE, PARTRIDGES, BOB-WHITES, ETC. + +GALLINÆ. + + + Family 1. GROUSE, PARTRIDGES, etc. Tetraonidæ. 21 species, + 22 subspecies. + + Family 2. TURKEYS, PHEASANTS, etc. Phasianidæ. 1 species. + 3 subspecies. + + Family 3. CURASSOWS and GUANS. Cracidæ. 1 species. + + +The members of the family Tetraonidæ are usually placed in three +subfamilies as follows: (1.) Perdicinæ, containing the true Quails and +Partridges of the Old World and with no species in America. +(2.) Odontophorinæ, including the Bob-whites and so-called 'Quails' +and 'Partridges' of the New World, and with no species in the eastern +hemisphere. (3.) Tetraoninæ, the Grouse, with representatives in the +northern parts of both hemispheres. All the members of the first two +families have the legs bare, while the Grouse have the legs, and +often even the toes, more or less feathered. + +The application of different names to the members of this family, in +various parts of the country, often make it uncertain just what +species is referred to under a given title. Our Bob-white, for +example, is a 'Quail' at the north and a 'Partridge' at the south. As +a matter of fact it is, strictly speaking, neither a true Quail nor +Partridge but a member of a family restricted to America. + +Again, the Ruffed Grouse is a 'Partridge' at the north and a +'Pheasant' at the south, whereas in truth it is neither one nor the +other. So far as the application of these local names goes, it is to +be noted that where the Bob-white is called 'Quail' the Grouse is +called 'Partridge' and that where it is called 'Partridge' the Grouse +is known as 'Pheasant'. + +All the Tetraonidæ are ground-inhabiting birds, and their plumage of +blended browns, buffs and grays brings them into such close harmony +with their surroundings that, as a rule, we are unaware of the +presence of one of these birds until, with a whirring of short, stiff, +rounded wings it springs from the ground at our feet. It is this habit +of 'lying close,' as sportsmen term it, in connection with their +excellent flesh, which makes the members of this family the favorites +of the hunter and epicure and only the most stringent protective +measures will prevent their extinction as their haunts become settled. + +With the Ptarmigan this harmony in color is carried to a remarkable +extreme, the birds being white in winter and brown, buff and black in +summer; while during the early fall they assume a grayish, neutral +tinted plumage to bridge over the period from the end of the nesting +season, in July, to the coming of the snow in September. + +The Tetraonidæ all nest on the ground, laying usually from ten to +twenty eggs. The young, like those of their relative, the domestic +fowl, are born covered with downy feathers and can run about shortly +after birth. + +The Turkey is the only wild member of the Phasianidæ in this country, +but the family is well-represented in the domesticated Chickens, +Peacocks, and Pheasants, all of which have descended from Old World +ancestors. Our domesticated Turkey is derived from the Wild Turkey of +Mexico, which was introduced into Europe shortly after the Conquest +and was thence brought to eastern North America. It differs from the +Wild Turkey of the eastern United States chiefly in the color of the +tips of the upper tail-coverts. These are whitish in the domesticated +Turkey, as they are in the Mexican race from which, it has descended, +and rusty brown in the Eastern Wild Turkey. + +Besides the five races of Wild Turkey described beyond, another +species of Turkey is found in America. This is the Honduras or Yucatan +Turkey, now largely confined to the peninsula of Yucatan. It is not so +large as our bird, but is even more beautifully colored, its plumage +being a harmonious combination of blue, gray and copper. + +Ring-necked and 'English' Pheasants have been introduced into various +parts of the United States, and in Oregon and Washington and in the +east, on various private game preserves, they have become naturalized. +The true English Pheasant (_Phasianus colchicus_) is believed to have +been introduced into England from Asia Minor probably by the Romans. +Unlike the Ring-necked Pheasant (_Phasianus torquatus_) it has no +white collar. The last named species, however, has also been +introduced into England where it freely interbreeds with the earlier +established English Pheasant and individuals without at least a trace +of white on the neck are now comparatively rare. + +The Curassows and Guans are tropical American birds, only one species +reaching the southern border of the United States. They are arboreal +in habit and form an interesting link between the Partridges, etc. and +the Pigeons. + + +Bob-white and Partridge + + [Illustration: 289.] + +=289. Bob-white; 'Quail;' 'Partridge'= (_Colinus virginianus_). L. 10. +_Ad._ [Male]. Throat, forehead and line over eye white. _Ad._ +[Female]. Throat, forehead and line over eye buff. _Notes._ Song, a +ringing, whistled _Bob-white_ or _buck-wheat-ripe_; calls, a +conversational _quit-quit_ and a whistled _where-are-you_ and _I'm +here_, repeatedly uttered when the individuals of a flock are +separated. + +Range.--Eastern North America, resident from southern Dakota, southern +Minnesota, southern Ontario, southern Vermont, New Hampshire and +Maine, south to Georgia and western Florida; west to South Dakota, +Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, and eastern Texas. "Introduced at various +points in Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, Idaho, California and +Washington." (A.O.U.) + + [Illustration: 289a.] + +=289a. Florida Bob-white= (_C. v. floridanus_). Similar to No. 289, +but smaller, L. 8.5, and much darker; black bars below more numerous. + +_Range.--Florida; typical only in southern half of peninsula, grading +into No. 289 in northern and western parts of the state._ + +=289b. Texan Bob-white= (_C. v. texanus_). Similar to No. 289, but +brown and buff areas paler; black bars below wider. + +Range.--Texas, except western part, rarely to western Kansas, south to +Nuevo Leon and Tamaulipas, Mexico. + + [Illustration: 291.] + +=291. Masked Bob-white= (_Colinus ridgwayi_). L. 9. _Ad._ [Male]. +Throat black; breast and belly reddish brown. _Ad._ [Female]. +Resembles [Female] of No. 289b. _Notes._ Song, _Bob-white_; call, when +the birds are scattered, _hoo-we_. (H. Brown.) + +Range.--Northern Sonora, Mexico, north to Pima County, Arizona. + + [Illustration: 296.] + +=296. Mearns Partridge= (_Cyrtonyx montezumæ mearnsi_). L. 9. _Ad._ +[Male]. Sides with numerous, large, crowded white spots. _Ad._ +[Female]. _Pinkish brown_, above _streaked_ with buffy and marked with +chestnut and black, below with a few broken black bars. +_Notes._ A low, murmuring whine; a clear _dsiup-chiur_, when alarmed, +_chuk-chuk-chuk_. (Bendire.) + +Range.--Northern Mexico, western Texas, southern New Mexico and +southern Arizona. + + +Partridges + + [Illustration: 292.] + +=292. Mountain Partridge= (_Oreortyx pictus_). L. 11. _Ads._ +_Hindhead_ and _nape_ same color as back; inner margins of tertials +buff. _Notes._ Song, an explosive whistle ending in a throaty tone; +call, a rapidly repeated _cuh-cuh-cuh-cuh_, and a sharp _pit-pit_. + +Range.--Pacific coast from Santa Barbara, California, north to +southern Washington. + + +=292a. Plumed Partridge= (_O. p. plumiferus_). Hindhead, nape, and +foreback same _color as breast_; inner margins of tertials _white_. + +Range.--Sierra Nevada (both slopes), east to Panamint Mountains; and +to Mount Magruder, Nevada; south in the coast ranges from San +Francisco Bay to Lower California (Campos). (A.O.U.) + + +=292b. San Pedro Partridge= (_O. p. confinis_). Similar to No. 292a, +but upperparts much grayer, the back, rump, and upper tail-coverts +being gray very slightly tinged with olive; bill stouter. (Ridgway.) + +Range.--San Pedro Martir Mountains, Lower California. + + [Illustration: 293.] + +=293. Scaled Partridge= (_Callipepla squamata_). L. 10. _Ads._ Belly +_without_ chestnut patch; breast and foreback grayish blue edged with +black; back brownish gray. _Notes._ A nasal _pe-cos' pe-cos'_ +(Bailey.) + +Range.--"Tableland of Mexico, from the Valley of Mexico, north to +central and western Texas, Santa Fe, New Mexico and southern +Arizona." (A.O.U.) + + +=293a. Chestnut-bellied Scaled Partridge= (_C. s. castanogastris_). +Similar to No. 293, but [Male] with chestnut patch on belly; [Female] +with belly much rustier than in [Female] of No. 293. + +Range.--Lower Rio Grande Valley, northwest to Eagle Pass, Texas; south +into northeastern Mexico. + + [Illustration: 294.] + +=294. California Partridge= (_Lophortyx californica_). L. 10. +_Ad._ [Male]. Above _olive-brown_; belly patch chestnut. _Ad._ +[Female]. Plumes shorter; throat whitish streaked with dusky; no +distinct chestnut patch on belly. _Notes._ Song, a pheasant like crow +and a crowing, emphatic _sit-right-down'_, _sit-right-down'_; calls, +a sharp _pit-pit pit_, and a note like that of a young Robin. + +Range.--"Coast region of California south to Monterey, introduced in +Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia." (A.O.U.) + + +=294a. Valley Partridge= (_L. c. vallicola_). Similar to No. 294, but +much grayer above; sometimes plain bluish gray without brown tinge. + +Range.--"From western and southern Oregon, except near the coast, +south through western Nevada and the interior of California to Cape +St. Lucas." (Bendire.) + + [Illustration: 295.] + +=295. Gambel Partridge= (_Lophortyx gambelii_). L. 10. _Ad._ [Male]. +Throat, forehead and belly patch _black_; hindhead chestnut. _Ad._ +[Female]. Similar, but throat grayish buff; forehead gray; no black on +belly; hind head brownish; crest smaller. _Notes._ Song, _yuk-käe-ja._ + +Range.--"Western Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, southern Utah, southern +Nevada, southern California in the Colorado Valley and south into +northwestern Mexico." (A.O.U.) + + [Illustration: 297.] + +297. Dusky Grouse (_Dendragapus obscurus_). L. [Male], 20. [Female], +18. _Ad._ [Male]. Gray tail-band _over_ one inch wide on middle +feather; below grayish slate; above blackish with fine rusty and +grayish markings. _Ad._ [Female]. With more white below; foreback +regularly _barred_ with buffy; middle tail-feathers irregularly barred +with buff or grayish; terminal gray band finely marked with black. +_Notes._ A loud, ventriloquial, hooting or booming. + +Range.--"Rocky Mountains, from central Montana and southeastern Idaho +to New Mexico and Arizona; east to the Black Hills, South Dakota and +west to East Humboldt Mountains, Nevada." (A.O.U.) + + +=297a. Sooty Grouse= (_D. o. fuliginosus_). Similar to No. 297, but +slightly darker, gray band on central tail feather _less_ than one +inch wide. + +Range.--"Northwest Coast Mountains, from California to Sitka, east to +Nevada, western Idaho and portions of British Columbia." (A.O.U.) + + +=297b. Richardson Grouse= (_D. o. richardsonii_). Similar to No. 297a, +but _no_ tail band, or, if showing indistinctly from above, not +visible from below. + +Range.--"Rocky Mountains, especially on the eastern slopes, from +central Montana, northern Wyoming and southeastern Idaho, into British +America to Liard River." (A.O.U.) + + [Illustration: 298.] + +=298. Hudsonian Spruce Grouse= (_Canachites canadensis_). L. 15. +_Ad._ [Male]. Tail-feathers tipped with brown; foreback margined with +_bluish gray_. _Ad._ [Female]. Above, bases of feathers more or less +barred with rusty especially on foreback; throat and breast barred +with rusty and black; belly as in male. _Notes._ A drumming sound +produced by the beating of the wings. (Bendire.) + +Range.--Labrador and Hudson Bay region. + + +=298b. Alaska Spruce Grouse= (_C. c. osgoodi_). _Ad._ [Male]. Similar +to _Ad._ [Male]. of No. 298c, but margins to feathers of foreback +_brownish ashy_. _Ad._ [Female]. Similar to _Ad._ [Female] of No. +298c, but paler, barred with buff instead of rusty. + +Range.--Alaska. + + +=298c. Canada Grouse= (_C. c. canace_). _Ad._ [Male]. Similar to +_Ad._ [Male]. of No. 298. _Ad._ [Female]. Similar to _Ad._ [Female] of +No. 298, but above more rusty, rusty bars deeper and more conspicuous, +showing throughout upper surface and on flanks. + +Range.--Northern New England, northern New York, New Brunswick, Nova +Scotia and Quebec west to northern Minnesota. + + [Illustration: 299.] + +=299. Franklin Grouse= (_Canachites franklinii_). Resembles No. 298, +but tail without brown tips, sometimes tipped with white. + +Range.--"Northern Rocky Mountains, from northwestern Montana to the +coast ranges of Oregon and Washington, and northward in British +America, reaching the Pacific coast of southern Alaska (latitude +60°)." (A.O.U.) + + +Grouse and Ptarmigan + + [Illustration: 300.] + +=300. Ruffed Grouse; 'Partridge;' 'Pheasant'= (_Bonasa umbellus_). +L. 17. _Ad._ [Male]. Prevailing color above rusty brown; tail rusty +or gray. _Ad._ [Female]. Similar but neck-tufts smaller. _Notes._ +The male produces a drumming sound by rapidly beating its wings; the +female utters a _cluck_ and when defending her brood, a singular low +whining sound. + +Range.--Eastern United States from Minnesota, southern Ontario, +southern New Hampshire and southern Vermont, south to Virginia and +along the Alleghanies to Georgia; west to northwestern Arkansas. + + +=300a. Canadian Ruffed Grouse= (_B. u. togata_). Similar to No. 300, +but slightly grayer above; tail generally gray; bars on breast and +belly darker and better defined. + +Range.--Spruce forests of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Maine northern +New Hampshire, northern Vermont and south to higher mountains of +Massachusetts and northern New York; west to eastern slope of coast +ranges of Oregon, Washington and British Columbia; north to James Bay. + + +=300b. Gray Ruffed Grouse= (_B. u. umbelloides_). Similar to No. 300a, +but grayer; prevailing color of upperparts, including crown, gray; +tail always gray. + +Range.--Rocky Mountains, from Colorado north to latitude 65° in +Alaska, east to Mackenzie and poplar woods of western Manitoba. + + [Illustration: 300c.] + +=300c. Oregon Ruffed Grouse= (_B. u. sabini_). Similar to No. 300, but +much darker, prevailing color of upper parts rusty brown; tail always +rusty brown. + +Range.--Pacific coast ranges from Cape Mendocino, California, north to +British Columbia. + + +Ptarmigan + + [Illustration: 301. Winter] + + [Illustration: 301. Summer] + +=301. Willow Ptarmigan= (_Lagopus lagopus_). L. 15. Bill large, more +than .4 deep at base; tail _black_, narrowly tipped with white. _Ad._ +[Male] _Summer._ Throat and upper breast rusty brown. _Ad._ [Male] +_Fall._ Rustier and more finely marked above. _Ad._ [Female]. +_Summer._ Above black barred with buff and tipped with white; below +buff barred with black; middle of belly whitish. _Ad._ [Female]. +_Fall._ Much like fall male. _Ads._, _Winter_. White, tail black +tipped with white; _no_ black before eye. _Notes._ Song, _kû-kû-kû-kû_ +while ascending five or ten yards in the air; a hard rolling +_kr-r-r-r_ when descending. (Nelson.) + +Range.--Arctic Regions; in America breeding south to Lat. 55° in +winter migrating south to Lat. 50°; recorded once from Penobscot Co., +Maine, and once from Manchester, Mass. + + +=301a. Allen Ptarmigan= (_L. l. alleni_). Similar to No. 301, but +[Female] more finely marked; shafts of primaries, at all seasons, +strongly black spreading to the web of the feather. + +Range.--Newfoundland. + + [Illustration: 302.] + + [Illustration: 302. Autumn.] + +=302. Rock Ptarmigan= (_Lagopus rupestris_). L. 14. Bill _less_ +than .4 deep at base; tail black. Always to be known from No. 301 by +its smaller bill. _Ad._ [Male] _Summer._ Above irregularly barred and +mottled with gray and rusty buff; below barred black and white and +rusty buff. _Ad._ [Male] _Fall._ Above minutely speckled black, gray +and buff, the prevailing color being grayish brown. _Ad._ [Male] +_Winter._ White, lores and tail black. _Ad._ [Female] _Summer._ Above +black barred with rusty and margined with whitish; below rusty barred +with black and tipped with whitish. _Ad._ [Female] =Fall.= Like fall +[Male]. _Ad._ [Female] _Winter._ Like winter [Male] but no black +before eye. + +Range.--North America from Gulf of St. Lawrence and higher mountains +of British Columbia north to Arctic Regions (except northern Labrador) +west through Alaska to Aleutian Islands. + + +=302a. Reinhardt Ptarmigan= (_L. r. reinhardti_). _Ad._ [Male] +_Summer._ Similar to No. 302, but "less regularly and coarsely barred +above" (Ridgw.) _Ad._ [Female] _Summer._ Resembles [Female] of No. +302. _Ads. Fall._ Much grayer than No. 302 in fall. _Ads. Winter._ +Like No. 302 in winter. _Notes._ When courting the male utters a +growling _kurr-kurr_. (Turner.) + +Range.--Northern Labrador north to Greenland. + + +=302b. Nelson Ptarmigan= (_L. r. nelsoni_). _Ad._ [Male], _Summer._ +Ground color of upperparts deep umber-brown, very finely and densely +vermiculated; chest barred with bright tawny brown and black. _Ad._ +[Female], _Summer._ Similar to [Male] of No. 302. (Ridgw.) + +Range.--Unalaska, Aleutian Islands. + + [Illustration: Beaks - 301. 302. Nat. Size] + +=302c. Turner Ptarmigan= (_L. r. atkhensis_). Lighter in general hue +than 302d and without black blotches on upperparts. (Elliot.) _Ad._ +[Male], _Summer._ "Ground color of upperparts pale raw-umber brown, +mixed with pale grayish; chest and neck barred with pale brownish +ochre and black." _Ad._ [Female], _Summer._ Ground color of upperparts +rusty, mixed with pale grayish buff, narrowly and irregularly barred +with black; chest and neck coarsely barred with rusty and black. +(Ridgw.) + +Range.--Atka, Aleutian Islands. + + +=302d. Townsend Ptarmigan= (_L. r. townsendi_). _Ad._ [Male], +_Summer._ Above, breast and flanks raw umber finely vermiculated with +black on back; with black blotches on head, neck and upperpart of back +and wings. _Ad._ [Female], _Summer._ Above ochraceous, blotched and +barred with black; lighter below. (Elliot.) + +Range.--Kyska and Adak, Aleutian Islands. + + [Illustration: 302.1] + +=302.1. Evermann Ptarmigan= (_Lagopus evermanni_). L. 13.9. _Ad._ +[Male], _Summer._ Above and breast black slightly marked with rusty. +_Ad._ [Female], _Summer._ Entire body plumage, ochraceous, blotched +and barred with black and above tipped with white or ochraceous: below +black bars wider and no white tips. (Elliot.) + +Range.--Attu, Aleutian Islands. + + +=303. Welch Ptarmigan= (_Lagopus welchi_). L. about 14. Bill and tail +as in No. 302; plumage grayer than in No. 302. _Ad._ [Male], _Summer._ +Above black _finely_ and irregularly marked with wavy lines of buff +and white. _Ad._ [Female], _Summer._ Above black _finely_ and +irregularly barred with buffy, grayish and white. + +Range.--Newfoundland. + + [Illustration: 304.] + +=304.? White-tailed Ptarmigan= (_Lagopus leucurus_). L. 13. Tail +_white_. _Ad._ [Male], _Summer._ Breast barred, black and white. _Ad._ +[Female], _Summer._ Above black barred with rich buff; below rich buff +barred with black. _Ads., Fall._ Above and breast rich buff finely +vermiculated with black. _Ads., Winter._ Entirely white. _Notes._ When +about to fly and at the beginning of flight a sharp cackle like that +of a frightened hen. (Grinnell.) + +Range.--"Alpine summits of Rocky Mountains; south to New Mexico; north +into British America (as far as Fort Halkett, Liard River); west to +higher ranges of Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia." (Bendire.) + + +=304a.? Kenai White-tailed Ptarmigan= (_L. l. peninsularis_). Similar +to No. 304, but in summer buff markings much paler; in fall, colors +much grayer. + +Range.--Kenai Peninsula, Alaska. + + +Prairie Hens and Grouse + + [Illustration: 305.] + +=305. Prairie Hen= (_Tympanuchus americanus_). L. 18. Underparts with +distinct brown and white bars of about equal width. _Ad._ [Male]. A +neck-tuft of ten or more _rounded_ feathers. _Ad._ [Female]. +Neck-tufts much smaller; whole tail barred. _Notes._ Song, a loud +"booming." + +Range.--"Prairies of Mississippi Valley; south to Louisiana and Texas; +east to Kentucky, Indiana, Ohio, Michigan and Ontario; west through +eastern portions of North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas and +Indian Territory; north to Manitoba; general tendency to extension of +range westward and contraction eastward; migration north and south in +Minnesota, Iowa and Missouri." (A.O.U.) + + [Illustration: 305a.] + +=305a. Attwater Prairie Hen= (_T. a. attwateri_). Similar to No. 305, +but smaller and darker; neck-tufts proportionately wide; tarsus not +fully feathered. + +Range.--Southwestern Louisiana and eastern Texas. + + +=306. Heath Hen= (_Tympanuchus cupido_). Similar to No. 305, but +smaller; scapulars more broadly tipped with buff; neck-tuft of _less_ +than ten feathers; obtusely _pointed_; axillars _barred_ with dusky. + +Range.--Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts. + + +=307. Lesser Prairie Hen= (_Tympanuchus pallidicinctus_). Similar to +No. 305, but smaller, more buffy above; brown bars below narrower than +whitish spaces between them. _Notes._ Doubtless the same as those of +No. 305. + +Range.--Southwestern parts of Kansas and western Indian Territory, +western (and southern?) Texas. (Bendire.) + + +=308. Sharp-tailed Grouse= (_Pediœcetes phasianellus_). L. 17. Breast +feathers with internal =V= shaped _loops_; no neck-tufts. _Ads._ +Prevailing color above _black_; narrowly barred with rusty and +margined with paler. + +Range--Interior of British America, east to Rocky Mountains, about +James Bay (Moose Factory) and the west shore of Hudson Bay, northern +Manitoba, north at least to Fort Simpson, Mackenzie River, northwest +territory. (Bendire.) + +=308a. Columbian Sharp-tailed Grouse= (_P. p. columbianus_). Similar +to No. 308, but prevailing color above buffy. + +Range.--"Northwest United States; south to northeastern California, +northern Nevada and Utah; east to Montana and Wyoming, west to Oregon +and Washington; north, chiefly west of Rocky Mountains, through +British Columbia to central Alaska (Fort Yukon)" (Bendire.) + + [Illustration: 308b.] + +=308b. Prairie Sharp-tailed Grouse= (_P. p. campestris_). Similar to +No. 308a, but more rusty. _Notes._ Song, a bubbling crow, a rattling +of tail-feathers, and stamping of feet. Calls, when disturbed, _cack_, +_cack_, _cack_; a soft clear whistle and a grunt of alarm. (Seton.) +Call of mother to young and of young in reply a guttural, raucous +croak. (Grinnell.) + +Range--"Plains and prairies of United States, north to Manitoba; east +to Wisconsin and northern Illinois; west to eastern Colorado; south to +eastern New Mexico." (Bendire.) + + +Grouse, Turkeys and Chachalaca + + [Illustration: 309.] + +=309. Sage Grouse= (_Centrocercus urophasianus_). _Ad._ [Male], L. 29; +_Ad._ [Female], L. 22. Similar to [Male], but smaller, throat whiter; +breast barred black and whitish. _Notes._ When courting, low, +grunting, guttural sounds; when alarmed, a sort of cackle, _käk_, +_käk_. (Bendire.) + +Range.--"Sage regions of the Rocky Mountain Plateau, and west chiefly +within the United States, but north to Assiniboia and the dry interior +of British Columbia; east to North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska and +Colorado; south to northern New Mexico, Utah and Nevada; west in +California, Oregon and Washington, to the Sierra Nevada and Cascade +Range." (A.O.U.) + + [Illustration: 1/10 Nat. Size.] + +=Pheasant= (_Phasianus torquatus × P. colchicus_). An introduced +species, see remarks on page 114. + + [Illustration: 310. 1/16 Nat. Size.] + +=310. Wild Turkey= (_Meleagris gallopavo silvestris_). [Male] _Ad._ +L. about 48; upper tail-coverts and tail tipped with rusty chestnut: +white bars in primaries entire, crossing the webs of the feathers. +_Notes._ Similar to those of the domesticated Turkey. + +Range.--Eastern United States from Pennsylvania south to central +Florida; west to Nebraska and northeastern Texas. + + +=310a. Merriam Turkey= (_M. g. merriami_). Similar to No. 310, but +tail and upper tail-coverts tipped with whitish. + +Range.--"Mountains of southern Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona and +western Texas; and northern Chihuahua and Sonora, Mexico." (Bailey.) + + +=310b. Florida Wild Turkey= (_M. g. osceola_). Similar to No. 310, but +smaller; primaries with narrow _broken_ bars _not_ reaching across +feather. + +Range.--Southern Florida. + + +=310c. Rio Grande Turkey= (_M. g. intermedia_). Tips of upper +tail-coverts and of tail rusty buff intermediate in color between +those of Nos. 310 and 310a. + +Range.--"Lowlands of southern Texas and northeastern Mexico." +(A.O.U.) + + [Illustration: 311.] + +=311. Chachalaca= (_Ortalis vetula maccalli_). L. 21. _Ads._ Above +olive-brown; tail blacker, all but middle-feathers bordered with +whitish; belly brownish. _Notes._ A loud, trumpeting _cha-cha-laca_, +repeated a number of times. + +Range.--Tropical portions of eastern Mexico, from Vera Cruz north to +Lower Rio Grande Valley. + + + + +Order XI. PIGEONS AND DOVES. + +COLUMBÆ. + + + Family 1. PIGEONS and DOVES. Columbidæ. 13 species, 3 subspecies. + + +Pigeons are distributed throughout the greater part of the globe, but +their center of abundance appears to be in the Malay Archipelago, +where about one hundred and twenty of the some three hundred known +species are found. One hundred or more species have been described +from the New World but only twelve of these inhabit North America. + +The various races of domestic Pigeons, 'Pouters,' 'Fantails,' etc. are +descendants of the Rock Dove of Europe, modified in form and habit +through the selection by the breeder or 'fancier.' + +Pigeons build a flimsy, platform nest of twigs and lay two white eggs. +Both sexes incubate, one relieving the other at certain hours each +day. The young are born naked and are fed by regurgitation, on +'Pigeons' milk,' the parent thrusting its bill into the mouth of its +young and discharging therein food which has been softened in its own +crop. + +Some species of Pigeons nest in isolated pairs, others in large +colonies, but it is the habit of many species to gather in large +flocks after the nesting season. + +The Wild or Passenger Pigeon, once so abundant in this county, was +found in flocks throughout the year. Alexander Wilson, the 'father of +American Ornithology' writing about 1808, estimated that a flock of +Wild Pigeons seen by him near Frankfort, Kentucky, contained at least +2,230,272,000 individuals. Audubon writes that in 1805 he saw +schooners at the wharves in New York city loaded in bulk with Wild +Pigeons caught up the Hudson River, which were sold at one cent each. + +As late as 1876 or 1877 there was a colony of nesting Wild Pigeons in +Michigan, which was twenty-eight miles long and averaged three or four +miles in width, and in 1881 the birds were still so abundant in parts +of the Mississippi Valley that the writer saw thousands of birds, +trapped in that region, used in a Pigeon match near New York City. + +Today, however, as a result of constant persecution, the Wild Pigeon +is so rare that the observation of a single individual is noteworthy. + + +Pigeons and Doves + + [Illustration: 312.] + +=312. Band-tailed Pigeon= (_Columba fasciata_). L. 15. _Ad._ [Male]. +Tail-band ashy above, whiter below; a white nape-band; tail square. +_Ad._ [Female]. Similar, or in some specimens, nape band absent; +pinkish of crown and breast dingy. _Notes._ An owl-like hooting, +sometimes a calm _whoó-hoo-hoo_, _whoó-koo-hoo_, at others a spirited +_hoóp-ah-whóo_, and again _wh'oo-ugh_. (Bailey.) + +Range.--"Western United States from Rocky Mountains to the Pacific: +north to Washington and British Columbia; south to Mexico and the +highlands of Guatemala; distribution irregular, chiefly in wooded +mountain regions." (A.O.U.) + + +=312a. Viosca Pigeon= (_C. f. vioscæ_). Similar to No. 312, but paler, +more clearly bluish slate above; pink of crown and breast with a +grayish _bloom_. + +Range.--Cape Region of Lower California. + + [Illustration: 313.] + +=313. Red-billed Pigeon= (_Columba flavirostris_). L. 15. _Ads._ No +tail-band; wings, tail, and belly slate; head and neck purplish pink; +no iridescent markings. _Notes._ A fine, loud, _coo-whoo-er-whoo_. + +Range.--Costa Rica migrating north to southern Texas, New Mexico and +Arizona. + + [Illustration: 314.] + +=314. White-crowned Pigeon= (_Columba leucocephala_). L. 13.5 _Ad._ +[Male]. Crown white; body slate; lower hindneck iridescent; nape +maroon. _Ad._ [Female]. Much paler; crown ashy. + +Range.--Greater Antilles and Islands about Anegada Channel, coast of +Honduras, Bahamas and certain Florida Keys. + + [Illustration: 315.] + +=315. Passenger Pigeon, Wild Pigeon= (_Ectopistes migratorius_). +L. 16. Outer tail-feathers chestnut at base of inner web. _Ad._ +[Male]. Chin, whole head., and lower back bluish slate. _Ad._ +[Female]. Browner above, breast brownish ashy; neck feathers less +iridescent. _Notes._ An explosive, squeaky, squawk. + +Range.--Formerly eastern North America north to Hudson Bay; now +exceedingly rare, less so in the upper Mississippi valley than +elsewhere. + + [Illustration: 316.] + +=316. Mourning Dove, Carolina Dove= (_Zenaidura macroura_). L. 11.8. +Outer tail-feathers slate color at base of inner web. _Ad._ [Male]. +Chin whitish; sides of head buffy; _a black ear mark_. _Ad._ [Female]. +Similar but paler, breast more ashy brown, neck-feathers less +iridescent. _Notes._ _Coo-o-o-ah, coo-o-o-coo-o-o-coo-o-o._ + +Range.--North America, breeding from West Indies and Mexico north to +southern Maine, Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba and British Columbia; +winters from southern New York, southern Illinois, Kansas and southern +California southward. + + [Illustration: 317.] + +=317. Zenaida Dove= (_Zenaida zenaida_). L. 10. _Ad._ [Male]. Tail +short, _without_ white markings; all but central pair of feathers +tipped with ashy blue; secondaries tipped with white. _Ad._ [Female]. +Similar but pinkish of crown and underparts brownish; neck feathers +less iridescent. _Notes._ Resemble those of No. 316, but are louder +and deeper. + +Range.--Greater Antilles, coast of Yucatan and Bahamas, north in April +to Florida Keys. + + [Illustration: 318.] + +=318. White-fronted Dove= (_Leptotila fulviventris brachyptera_). +L. 12. No black ear-mark; under wing-coverts rusty chestnut. _Ad._ +[Male]. Forehead whitish; all but central pair of tail-feathers tipped +with white. _Ad._ [Female]. Forehead dingier; breast brownish ashy; +neck feathers less iridescent. _Notes._ A short, soft _coo_. + +Range.--Central America and Mexico, north in February to valley of +Lower Rio Grande. + + [Illustration: 319.] + +=319. White-winged Dove= (_Melopelia leucoptera_). L. 12. +Wing-coverts, externally, widely margined with white; large black ear +marks. _Ads._ All but central pair of tail-feathers bluish slate +with a black band and whitish tip. _Notes._ A loud, crowing +_cookeree-cookeree-coo-ree-coo_, _crow-co-er-coo_, _crow-co-er-coo_. + +Range.--Southern border of United States from Texas to Arizona south +to Lower California and Central America, Cuba and Jamaica, casual at +Key West, Florida. + + [Illustration: 320.] + +=320. Ground Dove; Mourning Dove= (_Columbigallina passerina +terrestris_). L. 6.7. Smallest of our Doves. _Ad._ [Male]. Forehead +and underparts deep vinaceous pink; hindhead and nape ashy blue +margined with dusky; base of bill _coral_, tip black. _Ad._ [Female]. +Forehead and breast brownish gray; breast feathers with dusky centers +and margins. _Notes._ A soft, crooning _coo_. + +Range.--Atlantic and Gulf States north to northern North Carolina, +west to eastern Texas; more common near coast. + + +=320a. Mexican Ground Dove= (_C. p. pallescens_). Similar to No. 320, +but forehead and underparts much paler; back grayer. + +Range.--Texas to southern California and south to Central America. + + +=320b. Bermuda Ground Dove= (_C. p. bermudiana_). Similar to 320a, but +smaller and paler; bill wholly black. (Bangs and Bradlee.) + +Range.--Bermuda. + + [Illustration: 321.] + +=321. Inca Dove= (_Scardafella inca_). L. 8. _Ads._ Tail long, outer +feathers tipped with white; plumage above and below margined with +dusky, giving a scaled appearance. + +Range.--Southern Texas (San Antonio), southern Mexico and southern +Arizona south to Lower California and Central America. + + [Illustration: 322.] + +=322. Key West Quail-Dove= (_Geotrygon chrysia_). L. 12. _Ads._ A +white line below eye; belly white; back rich rusty with beautiful, +metallic, purplish, _green_ and _blue_ reflections; tail rusty with no +white. + +Range.--Cuba, Hayti, Bahamas and, rarely, Florida Keys. + + +=322.1. Ruddy Quail-Dove= (_Geotrygon montana_). L. 11. _Ad._ [Male]. +No white line below eye; breast dull pinkish; belly deep buff; back +rich rusty with purplish reflections, tail rusty without white. _Ad._ +[Female]. Above olive-brown with greenish reflections; below rusty +buff. + +Range.--Mexico south to Brazil; West Indies; casual at Key West +Florida. + + [Illustration: 323.] + +=323. Blue-headed Quail Dove= (_Starnœnas cyanocephala_). L. 12. +_Ads._ Crown and sides of throat dull blue; middle of upper breast +black with white bars and pinkish tips; belly rusty brown, lower back +as in No. 316. _Notes._ A hollow sounding _hu-up_, the first syllable +long, the second short. (Gundlach.) + +Range.--Cuba, and rarely Florida Keys. + + + + +Order XII. VULTURES, HAWKS, AND OWLS. + +RAPTORES. + + + Family 1. AMERICAN VULTURES. Cathartidæ. 3 species. + + Family 2. FALCONS, HAWKS, EAGLES, etc. Falconidæ. 33 species, + 13 subspecies. + + Family 3. BARN OWLS. Strigidæ. 1 species. + + Family 4. HORNED OWLS. Bubonidæ. 19 species, 20 subspecies. + + +In the Raptores we have a group of birds of great value to man but +whose services for the most part, are so little appreciated that, far +from protecting these birds, we have actually persecuted them. + +The Vultures, it is true, are given credit for their good work as +scavengers and they are protected both by law and by public sentiment. +Every one knows that a living Vulture is infinitely more useful than a +dead one. As a result throughout countries inhabited by these birds +they are usually both abundant and tame, entering the cities to feed +in the streets with an assurance born of years of immunity from harm. + +But how differently their kin of the family Falconidæ act in their +relations to man! 'Wild as a Hawk' has become an adage. These birds +are universally condemned. To kill one is a commendable act. Every +ones hand is raised against them. In some localities a price has +actually been set upon their heads. + +A fondness for chickens, it is alleged, is the chief crime of Hawks, +and in popular parlance all Hawks are 'Chicken Hawks' and as such are +to be killed on sight. + +Naturalists have long been aware that only one of our common Hawks +habitually preys upon poultry while most of our species, by feeding +largely on meadow mice, are actually beneficial. It was not, however, +until this matter received the attention of the Biological Survey of +the United States Department of Agriculture, that the economic status +of Hawks, as well as of Owls, was placed on a sound scientific basis. +In Dr. A. K. Fisher's report on the food of Hawks and Owls, issued by +the Biologic Survey in 1893, the results of the examination of the +contents of several thousands stomachs of these birds is tabulated. It +is stated, for example, that only three out of two hundred and twenty +stomachs of the so-called 'Chicken' or Red-shouldered Hawk contained +the remains of poultry, while mice were found in no less than one +hundred and two, and insects in ninety-two. + +That the Sparrow Hawk is also wrongly named is clear from a study of +its food, only fifty-four out of three hundred and twenty stomachs +examined containing remains of birds, while insects were found in two +hundred and fifteen. + +As a matter of fact, among our commoner Hawks, the Cooper and +Sharp-shinned are the only ones feeding largely on birds and poultry, +and if the farmer will take the pains to ascertain what kind of Hawk +it is that pays unwelcome visits to his barn-yard, he will be spared +the injustice of condemning all Hawks for the sins of one or two. + +Feeding after sunset, when the small mammals are most active, Owls are +even more beneficial than Hawks. The Great Horned Owl, it is true, +has an undue fondness for poultry, but the bird is generally so rare +near thickly populated regions that on the whole it does comparatively +little harm. + +Fortunately, it is those Owls which are most common in settled regions +which are of most value to man. Thus, our little Screech Owl feeds +chiefly on mice and insects. Only one of the two hundred and +fifty-five stomachs examined by Dr. Fisher contained the remains of +poultry while mice were found in ninety-one and insects in one +hundred. Of the Short-eared or Marsh Owl, seventy-seven out of one +hundred and one stomachs contained mice remains, and the same +injurious little rodents were found in eighty-four out of one hundred +and seven stomachs of the Long-eared Owl. + +The bones and hair of the small mammals eaten by Owls are rolled into +oblong pellets in the stomach and are ejected at the mouth. These +pellets may often be found in large numbers beneath the roosts in +which Owls pass the day. In 200 such castings of the Barn Owl Dr. +Fisher found the remains of 454 small mammals of which no less than +225 were meadow mice. + +Hawks build large-bulky nests of sticks placing them usually well up +in large trees, and lay, as a rule, four eggs which are generally +whitish, blotched with brown. The Marsh Hawk is an exception. Its nest +built largely of grasses, is placed on the ground in marshes and the +eggs, often numbering six and rarely eight, are bluish white unmarked. + +The Owls nest in holes in trees or banks, or, in some instances, an +old Hawk or Crow nest may be occupied. The eggs usually number three +to five and are always pure white. + + +Vultures and Osprey + + [Illustration: 324.] + +=324. California Vulture= (_Gymnogyps californianus_). L. 44-55; +Ex. 8 1-2 to nearly 11 feet. (Ridgw.) _Ads._ Head and neck orange, +blue, and red, unfeathered; feathers around neck and on underparts +narrow and stiffened; greater wing-coverts tipped with white; +_under wing-coverts white_. + +Range.--"Coast ranges of southern California from Monterey Bay, south +to Lower California and east to Arizona" (Bailey). Recorded from +Burrard Inlet, British Columbia (Fannin). + + [Illustration: 325.] + +=325. Turkey Vulture; Turkey Buzzard= (_Cathartes aura_). L. 30; +T. 11. _Ads._ Head and neck _red_ unfeathered; brownish black; no white +in plumage; bill whitish. _Notes._ A low hissing sound when disturbed. + +Range--Western Hemisphere from central and northeast New Jersey, +central Illinois, northern Minnesota, the Saskatchewan region and +British Columbia, south to Patagonia; winters from southern New +Jersey, southern Illinois and southern California southward. + + [Illustration: 326.] + +=326. Black Vulture; Carrion Crow= (_Catharista urubu_). L. 24. T. 8. +_Ads._ Head and neck unfeathered, black, plumage black; _under surface +of wings silvery_. _Notes._ A low grunting sound when disturbed. + +Range.--Tropical America, north, as a resident to North Carolina, +southern Illinois and southern Kansas; west to the Plains, south to +northern South America, strays as far north as Maine and South Dakota. + + [Illustration: 364.] + +=364. American Osprey; Fish Hawk= (_Pandion haliaëtus carolinensis_). +L. 23. Nape white; feet large; no bars on primaries. _Ad._ [Male]. +Below white with few or no spots on breast. _Ad._ [Female]. Similar, +but breast with numerous grayish brown spots and streaks. _Notes._ +Loud, plaintive, whistles. + +Range.--America; breeds from Florida, Texas and Lower California, +north to Labrador, Great Slave Lake and northern Alaska; winters from +South Carolina and Lower Mississippi Valley to northern South America. + + +Kites and Marsh Hawks + + [Illustration: 327.] + +=327. Swallow-tailed Kite= (_Elanoides forficatus_). L. 24. _Ads._ +Back purplish black, wings and tail blue-black. _Notes._ A shrill, +keen, _e-e-e_ or _we-we-we_. (Bendire.) + +Range.--Middle America; summers north to Virginia, central Illinois, +northern Minnesota, Manitoba and Dakota; west to central Kansas, +rarely to Colorado; winters in Central and South America. + + [Illustration: 328.] + +=328. White-tailed Kite= (_Elanus leucurus_). L. 15.5. _Ads._ +Shoulders black; back and middle tail-feathers ashy gray; rest of +tail-feathers, forehead and underparts white. _Yng._ Upperparts with +rusty. _Notes._ A plaintive, musical whistle. (Barlow.) + +Range.--Middle America north to South Carolina, southern Illinois, +Indian Territory, western Texas, Arizona and central California; south +to Argentine Republic; rare east of the the Mississippi. + + [Illustration: 329.] + +=329. Mississippi Kite= (_Ictinia mississippiensis_). L. 14. _Ads._ +Head, ends of secondaries, and underparts bluish gray; back bluish +slate; tail black without bars. _Yng._ Head streaked black and white; +back blackish, tipped with rusty; tail with three or four broken white +bars; underparts buffy, streaked with rusty and blackish. + +Range.--Middle America; breeds north to South Carolina, southern +Illinois and Kansas; winters in tropics. + + [Illustration: 330.] + +=330. Everglade Kite; Snail Hawk= (_Rostrhamus sociabilis_). L. 18. +Longer upper tail-coverts and base of tail white. _Ads._ Slaty black; +end of tail with brownish and whitish bands. _Yng._ Above blackish +brown tipped with rusty; below mottled rusty, blackish and buff. + +Range.--Tropical America north to southern Florida and eastern Mexico; +south to Argentine Republic. + + [Illustration: 331.] + +=331. Marsh Hawk; Harrier= (_Circus hudsonius_). L. [Male], 19; +[Female], 22. Upper tail-coverts and base of tail white. _Ad._ [Male]. +Above gray or ashy; underparts with rusty spots. _Ad._ [Female], and +_Yng._ Above brownish black with more or less rusty, particularly on +the nape; below brownish rusty with black streaks on breast. _Notes._ +A peevish scream and peculiar clucking or cackling. (Preston.) + +Range.--North America; breeds locally north to about latitude 60°; +winters from southern New York, northern Illinois, northern Kansas, +Colorado and British Columbia south to Central America. + + +Hawks + + [Illustration: 332.] + +=332. Sharp-shinned Hawk= (_Accipiter velox_). L. [Male], 11.2; +[Female], 13.5; T. [Male], 5.5; [Female], 7. Tail _square_ at end. +_Ads._ Above slaty gray; crown darker; below barred white and rusty +brown. _Yng._ Above blackish brown lightly margined with rusty; below +white streaked with brown. Note the relatively long tail in this and +the two following species. _Notes._ _Cac-cac-cac._ (Ralph.) + +Range.--North America; breeds throughout its range but chiefly +northward; winters from Massachusetts and Vancouver Island southward. + + [Illustration: 333.] + +=333. Cooper Hawk= (_Accipiter cooperii_). L. [Male], 15.5; [Female], +19; T. [Male], 7.7; [Female], 9. Similar in color to No. 332, but tail +_rounded_; adult with crown blacker. _Notes._ A cackling or +chattering. (Bendire.) + +Range.--North America; breeds from southern Mexico north to British +America; winters from Massachusetts, Lower Mississippi Valley and +Oregon southward. + + [Illustration: 334.] + +=334. American Goshawk= (_Accipiter atricapillus_). L. [Male], 22; +[Female], 24; T. [Male], 10; [Female], 11.5. _Ads._ Above bluish +slate; crown darker; a whitish line over the eye to the nape; below +_finely_ marked with gray and white. _Yng._ Above blackish brown, +rusty and buff; below buffy white streaked with blackish. + +Range.--North America; breeds chiefly north of United States; winters +south to New Jersey, rarely Virginia, Illinois, Missouri and Kansas; +west to Oregon. + + +=334a. Western Goshawk= (_A. a. striatulus_). Similar to No. 334, but +_Ad._ dark plumbeous above, markings on lower parts heavier and +darker. Stripes on lower parts of _Yng._ broader and blacker. (Ridgw.) +_Notes._ A shrill scream and a frequently repeated _keeah_ or +_kreeah_. (Bendire.) + +Range.--"Western North America; north to Sitka, Alaska; south to +California; east to Idaho. Breeds in the Sierra Nevada south to +latitude 38°." (A.O.U.) + + [Illustration: 346.] + +=346. Mexican Goshawk= (_Asturina plagiata_). L. 17. _Ads._ Above +slaty gray; below barred slaty-gray and white. _Yng._ Above blackish +brown with rusty markings, particularly on wing-coverts; longer upper +tail-coverts white with black spots or bars; tail brownish with +numerous black bars; below whitish with large elongate spots. _Notes._ +A peculiar piping note uttered while hovering in the air. (Bendire.) + +Range.--Middle America, from Panama north, in March, to Mexican border +of United States. + + +Hawks + + [Illustration: 335.] + +=335. Harris Hawk= (_Parabuteo unicinctus harrisi_). L. [Male], 19; +[Female], 22. Longer upper tail-coverts, base and tip of tail white. +_Ads._ Shoulders, thighs and under wing-coverts, reddish brown; under +tail-coverts white. _Yng._ Similar but streaked below with rusty, buff +and black; legs barred with white. _Notes._ A long, harsh, Buteo-like +scream. (V. Bailey.) + +Range.--Middle America from Panama north to southern Texas, rarely +Mississippi and southern California. + + [Illustration: 337.] + +=337 Red-tailed Hawk= (_Buteo borealis_). L. [Male], 20; [Female], 23. +_Four_ outer primaries notched. _Ads._ Tail rusty brown with a black +band, sometimes broken, near its tip; below buffy white, a band of +spots across the belly; legs usually without bars. _Yng._ Tail grayish +brown with a rusty tinge and numerous blackish bars; upper +tail-coverts barred black and white; below less buffy than in adult; +legs more often barred. _Notes._ A shrill whistle, suggesting the +sound of escaping steam. + +Range.--Eastern North America, west to the Great Plains, north to +about latitude 60°; breeds throughout its range; winters from +Massachusetts, Illinois and South Dakota southward. + + +=337a. Krider Hawk= (_B. b. kriderii_). Similar to No. 337, but nearly +or wholly white below. _Ads._ Usually without black tail band. + +Range.--"Great Plains of United States from Minnesota to Texas;, east +irregularly or casually to Iowa and northern Illinois." (Bendire). + + [Illustration: 337b.] + +=337b. Western Red-tail= (_B. b. calurus_). Very variable in color. +_Ads._ Sometimes sooty brown above and below with more or less rusty; +in light phase resembles No. 337, but tail _averages_ paler and +sometimes has more than one bar; the underparts are deeper and legs +are usually _barred with rusty_. _Yng._ Similar to _Yng._ of No. 337, +but markings below heavier; flanks more barred. + +Range.--Western North America from Rocky Mountains to Pacific; north +to British Columbia, south to central America; generally resident. + + +=337d. Harlan Hawk= (_B. b. harlani_). _Ads._ Above sooty brown; tail +closely _mottled_ with blackish, rusty and whitish; below varying from +white, more or less-spotted on belly to sooty brown. _Yng._ Similar, +but tail barred with blackish, gray, rusty or whitish. + +Range.--"Gulf States and Lower Mississippi Valley, north (casually) to +Kansas, Iowa, Illinois and Pennsylvania; east to Georgia, and +Florida." (Bendire). + + +Hawks + + [Illustration: 339.] + +=339. Red-shouldered Hawk= (_Buteo lineatus_). L. [Male], 18.3; +[Female], 20.3. _Four_ outer primaries notched. _Ads._ Lesser +wing-coverts bright reddish brown. _Yng._ Below whitish _streaked_ +with brownish; lesser wing-coverts less reddish; primaries with _rusty +buff_. _Notes._ A loud screaming _keé-yer_, _keé-yer_. + +Range.--Eastern United States to Oklahoma, eastern Kansas, eastern +Nebraska and Minnesota, north to Maine, south to northern Florida; +generally resident. + + +=339a. Florida Red-shouldered Hawk= (_B. l. alleni_). Smaller than +No. 339. (W. [Male], 11.) _Ad._ Much grayer above, no rusty on head, +much paler below. + +Range.--Florida north along coast to South Carolina; west along coast +to eastern Texas. + + +=339b. Red-bellied Hawk= (_B. l. elegans_). Similar to No. 339, but +rusty of breast usually unbroken. Young with lower parts deep brownish +or dusky prevailing; less buff on primaries. (Ridgw.) + +Range.--Pacific coast from Lower California north to British Columbia; +east rarely to Colorado and western Texas. + + [Illustration: 342.] + +=342. Swainson Hawk= (_Buteo swainsoni_). L. [Male], 20. _Three_ outer +primaries notched. _Ad._ [Male]. Breast patch rusty brown. _Ad._ +[Female]. Breast-patch grayish brown. Dark phase. Brownish black more +or less varied with rusty; tail obscurely barred. _Yng._ Below _rich_ +rusty buff with elongate black spots. _Notes._ _Pi-tick_, _pi-tick_, +frequently repeated. (Bendire.) + +Range.--"Western North America from Wisconsin, Illinois, Arkansas and +Texas to the Pacific coast; north to Arctic regions and south to +Argentine Republic, casual east to Maine and Massachusetts. Breeds +nearly throughout its North American range." (A.O.U.) + + [Illustration: 343.] + +=343. Broad-winged Hawk= (_Buteo platypterus_). L. [Male], 15.8; +[Female], 16.7. _Three_ outer primaries notched. _Ads._ Tail with two +whitish bands and a brownish tip; below _barred_ with rusty brown. +_Yng._ _No_ buff in primaries; tail brownish with several black bars; +below whitish, streaked with blackish. _Notes._ A high, sharp, keen, +penetrating whistle. + +Range.--Eastern North America, breeds west to Plains, north to New +Brunswick and Saskatchewan; winters from southern New Jersey south to +northern South America. + + +Hawks and Caracara + + [Illustration: 340.] + +=340. Zone-tailed Hawk= (_Buteo abbreviatus_). L. [Male], 19; +[Female], 21. _Ads._ Tail with little if any white tip; _inner_ webs +of all but middle feathers with black and white bars. _Yng._ Browner; +tail grayish brown; white on inner webs, with numerous blackish bars. +_Notes._ Not unlike those of _Buteo borealis_. (Belding.) + +Range.--Tropical America north to southern Texas, southern Arizona and +southern California. + + [Illustration: 344. Dark Phase.] + +=344. Short-tailed Hawk= (_Buteo brachyurus_). L. 17; T. 7. _Ads._ +Above slaty gray, tail barred with black and tipped with white; sides +of breast rusty; rest of underparts _white_. Dark phase. Blackish, +forehead whitish; tail lighter than back, barred with black. _Yng._ +Above blackish brown, below cream buff, _without_ black markings. +_Notes._ Somewhat resembling the scream of the Red-shouldered Hawk, +but more prolonged. (Pennock.) + +Range.--Tropical America, north to eastern Mexico; rare in Florida. + + [Illustration: 345.] + +=345. Mexican Black Hawk= (_Urubitinga anthracina_). L. [Male], 19; +[Female], 21. _Ads._ Tail with a white tip and broad white band across +_all_ the feathers. _Yng._ Above brownish black, buff and rusty; below +buffy striped with blackish; tail with several black and whitish bars. +_Notes._ Piping cries like the spring whistle of _Numenius +longirostris_. (Bendire.) + +Range.--"Tropical America in general, north to central Arizona, and +the Lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas." (Bendire). + + [Illustration: 362.] + +=362. Audubon Caracara= (_Polyborus cheriway_). L. 22. Tail white with +a black end and numerous black bars. _Ads._ Breast and hindneck +barred; belly black. _Yng._ Crown, back, and belly dark brown; +hindneck, breast and belly _streaked_ with buffy. _Notes._ Generally +silent, but sometimes utters a prolonged cackling note. (B. F. Goss.) + +Range.--Northern South America, north to southern Texas, southern +Arizona and Lower California; interior of southern Florida; resident. + + +=363. Guadalupe Caracara= (_Polyborus lutosus_). Resembles No. 362, +but has rump and upper tail-coverts dull brownish buff broadly barred +with dull brown; tail brownish buff with broad bars of grayish brown +bordered by narrower zigzag bars or lines of dusky; terminal band less +than 2.00 wide. (Ridgway.) + +Range.--Guadalupe Island, west of Lower California. + + +Hawks + + [Illustration: 341.] + +=341. Sennett White-tailed Hawk= (_Buteo albicaudatus sennetti_). +L. [Male], 21; [Female], 23. Three outer primaries cut. _Ads._ Grayish +slate above. _Yng._ Above brownish black; breast usually white, throat +blackish, belly heavily marked with rusty and blackish; sometimes +wholly black below; tail generally _silvery gray_., white on inner +webs with numerous indistinct blackish bars. _Notes._ A cry much like +the bleating of a goat (Merrill.) + +Range.--"From southern Texas and Arizona south to Mexico." (Bailey.) + + [Illustration: 347a.] + +=347a. American Rough-legged Hawk= (_Archibuteo lagopus +sancti-johannis_). B. .7 deep, _smaller_ than in No. 348. L. [Male], +21; [Female], 23. Legs feathered to the toes. _Ads._ Basal half of +tail white, end half barred with black; belly with more or less black. +_Yng._ No black bars on end half of tail; buffier below, more black on +belly. Black phase. Black more or less varied with brown and rusty as +it approaches light plumage of ad. or yng; but to be known by +feathered legs. + +Range.--North America; breeds north of United States; winters south to +Virginia, Missouri and central California. + + [Illustration: 348.] + +=348. Ferruginous Rough-Leg= (_Archibuteo ferrugineus_). B. 1. deep, +larger than in No. 347a; L. [Male], 22; [Female], 24. Legs feathered +to toes. _Ads._ Above rich rusty streaked with black; legs rusty +barred with black; tail grayish sometimes washed with rusty. _Yng._ +Above blackish brown margined with rusty; below white; breast with a +few streaks; legs _spotted_; tail with inner webs and base white; +outer webs grayish. Dark phase. Sooty brown more or less varied with +rusty; _tail as in ad_. + +Range.--"Western North America from the Plains (east North Dakota to +Texas), west to the Pacific and from the Saskatchewan region south +into Mexico; casually east to Illinois. Breeds from Utah, Colorado and +Kansas north to the Saskatchewan Plains." (A.O.U.) + + [Illustration: 355.] + +=355. Prairie Falcon= (_Falco mexicanus_). L. [Male], 17; [Female], +20. A blackish patch on the sides. _Ad._ [Male]. Above including +middle tail feathers, grayish brown; back with more or less concealed +buffy bars. _Ad._ [Female]. No buffy bars on back. _Yng._ Above +margined with rusty and whitish; head much as in ad. _Notes._ _Kee_, +_kée_, _kee_ and a sort of cackle. (Bendire.) + +Range.--"United States from the eastern border of the Plains to the +Pacific and from the Dakotas south into Mexico; casual east to +Illinois. Breeds throughout its United States range." (A.O.U.) + + +Eagles and Gyrfalcons + + [Illustration: 349.] + +=349. Golden Eagle= (_Aquila chrysaëtos_). L. [Male], 30-35; [Female], +35-40; Ex. [Male], 78-84; [Female], 84-90. (Ridgw.) Legs feathered to +toes. _Ads._ Back of head and nape paler than body; basal two-thirds +of tail white. _Yng._ Base of tail with broken grayish bars. _Notes._ +A shrill, _kee-kee-kee_, and, when alarmed, _kiah-kiah_ repeated a +number of times. (Bendire.) + +Range--Northern parts of northern hemisphere; in America south into +Mexico; rare east of Mississippi, more common in Rocky Mountains and +mountains of Pacific coast. + + [Illustration: 352.] + +=352. Bald Eagle= (_Haliæetus leucocephalus_). L. [Male], 33; +[Female] 35; Ex. [Male], 84; [Female], 89. Legs _not_ feathered to +toes. _Ads._ Head, neck and tail white. _Yng._ Head and body blackish, +more or less varied with white; tail blackish mottled with white. +_Notes._ Of the male, a loud, clear _cac cac-cac_; of the female harsh +and broken. (Ralph.) + +Range.--North America breeding locally throughout its range, more +frequently near the Atlantic coast; resident in United States. + + +=352a. Alaska Bald Eagle= (_H. l. alascanus_). Similar to No. 352, but +larger. W. [Male], 23.8; [Female], 24.6; T. [Male], 11.5; [Female], +12; Tar. [Male], 4.1; [Female], 3.7. (Townsend.) + +Range.--Alaska. + + [Illustration: 353.] + +=353. White Gyrfalcon= (_Falco islandus_). L. [Male], 22; [Female], +24. Tarsus feathered in front nearly to toes; only outer primary +notched. Under tail coverts _pure_ white. _Ads._ Below white with few +or no black markings. _Yng._ Dark areas above larger, below with +elongate blackish spots. + +Range.--Arctic regions, in America south in winter casually to Maine. + + +=354. Gray Gyrfalcon= (_Falco rusticolus_). L. [Male], 22; [Female], +24. Tarsus feathered in front nearly to toes; only outer primary +notched. Under tail coverts _with_ dusky margins. _Ads._ Crown usually +more white than dusky; above _barred_ with blackish and grayish; below +white, breast streaked; sides and legs barred with dusky. _Yng._ Above +dark brown with broken buffy bars and margins: tail with white and +brown bars of nearly equal width, below white everywhere streaked with +blackish. + +Range.--Arctic regions; south in winter to the northern border of the +United States; casually as far as Kansas and Maine. + + +=354a. Gyrfalcon= (_F. r. gyrfalco_). Similar to No. 354, but head +usually with more dusky than white; back in ad. indistinctly barred +with grayish. _Yng._ With dark stripes of lower parts usually about +equal in width to white interspaces. + +Range.--"Northern Europe and Arctic America, from northern Labrador +and coasts of Hudson Bay to Alaska" (Ridgw.); south in winter +casually, to northern border of United States as far as Long Island. + + [Illustration: 354b.] + +=354b. Black Gyrfalcon= (_F. r. obsoletus_). Similar to No. 354, but +much darker; above plain dusky with few or no buffy markings; below +dusky margined with buffy, the former prevailing. _Notes._ A +chattering _ke-a_, _ke-a_, _ke-a_, blending into a rattling scream. +(Turner.) + +Range.--Labrador: south in winter to northern New England; casually to +Long Island. + +Hawks + + [Illustration: 356.] + +=356. Duck Hawk= (_Falco peregrinus anatum_). L. [Male], 16; [Female], +19. Sides of throat black. _Ads._ Above bluish slate; below buffy. +_Yng._ Above blackish margined with rusty; tail with broken rusty bars +and whitish tip; below _deep_ rusty buff streaked with blackish; under +surface of wing uniformly barred. _Notes._ Loud screams and noisy +cacklings. (Bendire.) + +Range.--Western Hemisphere; breeds locally from Southern States to +Arctic regions; winters from Northern States southward; more common +west of Rocky Mountains. + + +=356a. Peale Falcon= (_F. p. pealei_). _Ads._ Crown uniform with back; +chest heavily spotted with blackish; bars of remaining underparts very +broad. (Ridgw.) + +Range.--"Pacific coast region of North America from Oregon to the +Aleutian and Commander Islands, breeding throughout its range." (A. O. +U.) + + [Illustration: 357.] + +=357. Pigeon Hawk= (_Falco columbarius_). L. [Male], 10.5; [Female], +13. Two outer primaries notched. _Ad._ [Male]. Above slaty blue; +middle tail feather with not more than _four_ black bands. _Ad._ +[Female] and _Yng._ Above dark blackish brown; bars in middle tail +feather five or less; below more heavily barred than in [Male]. + +Range.--North America; breeds chiefly north of United States from +Rocky Mountains and westward; breeds from Colorado and California +north to Alaska; winters from Gulf States, Colorado and California, +south to northern South America. + + +=357a. Black Merlin= (_F. c. suckleyi_). Similar to No. 357, but much +darker above and more heavily, marked below; bars on tail and under +side of wing nearly obsolete. + +Range.--Pacific coast from northern California to Sitka; east to +eastern Oregon and Washington. + + [Illustration: 358.] + +=358. Richardson Merlin= (_Falco richardsonii_). Resembles No. 357, +but is paler and has the central tail feather crossed by six light +bars, counting the terminal one. + +Range.--Interior of North America from eastern border of Great Plains +west; rare west of Rockies; north to, at least, latitude 53°; south to +Mexico. + + [Illustration: 359.] + +=359. Aplomado Falcon= (_Falco fusco-cærulescens_). L. [Male], 16; +[Female], 17.5. Middle of belly black. _Ads._ Above slaty gray; breast +buff, lower belly rusty. _Yng._ Similar but grayish brown above, belly +paler. + +Range.--South and Central America north to southern border of the +United States. + + [Illustration: 360. Male.] + + [Illustration: 360. Female.] + +=360. Sparrow Hawk= (_Falco sparverius_). L. 10; [Female], 11. _Ad._ +[Male]. Tail with one black bar; below _spotted_. _Ad._ [Female]. +Whole back barred; tail with numerous black bars; below _streaked_. +_Notes._ A rapidly repeated _killy-killy-killy_, usually uttered while +on the wing. + +Range.--Eastern North America west to Rocky Mountains; breeds from +Gulf States to Hudson Bay; winters from southern Illinois and New +Jersey southward. + + +Hawks and Owls + +=360a. Desert Sparrow Hawk= (_F. s. phalæna_). Similar to No. 360, but +slightly larger and appreciably paler; [Female] with black bars above +narrower; streakings of underparts finer and more rusty. [Male], L. +10.6; W. 7.5; T. 5.3; [Female], L. 10.8; W. 7.7; T. 5.3. (Mearns.) + +Range.--"Western United States, north to western British Columbia and +western Montana south, to Mazatlan in northwestern Mexico." (A.O.U.) + +=360b. St. Lucas Sparrow Hawk= (_F. s. peninsularis_). Similar to No. +360a, but paler; smaller than No. 360. [Male], W. 6.4; T. 4.5; +[Female], W. 7; T. 4.7. (Mearns.) + +Range--Lower California (Cape Region only?) + + [Illustration: 365.] + +=365. Barn Owl; Monkey-faced Owl= (_Strix pratincola_). L. 18. No +ear-tufts; eyes black. _Ads._ Above gray and yellowish buff; below +white more or less washed with buff and spotted with black. _Yng._ +More buffy below. _Notes._ A sudden, harsh scream and a screaming +_cr-r-r-r-e-e_, repeated several times generally when flying. + +Range.--United States north to Long Island, (rarely Massachusetts), +southern Ontario, Minnesota and Oregon; migrates slightly south and +winters south to Mexico. + + [Illustration: 366.] + +=366. American Long-eared Owl= (_Asio wilsonianus_). L. 14.8. +Ear-tufts long; eyes yellow. _Ads._ Above varied with _gray_; belly +_barred_. _Notes._ Usually silent except during the breeding season +when they utter a soft toned, slow _wu-hunk_, _wu-hunk_ and a low, +twittering, whistling _dicky_, _dicky_, _dicky_. (Bendire.) + +Range.--North America; breeds from Nova Scotia, Manitoba, and British +Columbia south into Mexico. + + [Illustration: 367.] + +=367. Short-eared Owl= (_Asio accipitrinus_). L. 15.5. Ear tufts +short; eyes yellow. _Ads._ No gray above; belly _streaked_. _Notes._ A +shrill barking call like the _ki-yi_ of a small dog. (Lawrence.) + +Range.--"Nearly cosmopolitan;" in America breeds locally from +Virginia, northern Mississippi Valley, and Dakotas northward; winters +from northern United States southward. + + [Illustration: 378.] + +=378. Burrowing Owl= (_Speotyto cunicularia hypogæa_). L. 10. Tarsi +bare behind. _Ads._ Spotted above with buffy; belly barred; chin and +breast-patch white. _Yng._ Less distinctly spotted above; belly +without bars. _Notes._ A mellow, sonorous _coo-c-o-o_; a chattering +note uttered when flying, and a short, shrill alarm-note, _tzip-tzip_. +(Bendire.) + +Range.--Western North America from humid coast region east to prairies +of Mississippi Valley (western Nebraska, central Kansas, western +Minnesota); north to about line of Canadian Pacific R. R.; south to +Central America. + + +=378a. Florida Burrowing Owl= (_S. c. floridana_). Similar to No. 378, +but slightly smaller and whiter throughout; spots above white with +little if any buff; tarsi nearly bare. + +Range.--Interior of southern Florida. + + +Owls + + [Illustration: 368.] + +=368. Barred Owl= (_Syrnium varium_). L. 80. No ear-tufts; eyes +black. _Ads._ Head, back and breast _barred_; _toes feathered +nearly if not quite to the nails_. _Notes._ A loud, sonorous +_whoo-whoo-whoo-too-whoo_, _to-whoo-ah_; a long-drawn, _whoo-ah_; +rarely a wild scream; and when two individuals meet, a remarkable +medley of hoots and _ha-has_. + +Range.--Eastern North America except Gulf Coast; north to Nova Scotia +and Manitoba; west to Colorado; resident, except at northern limit of +range. + + +=368a. Florida Barred Owl= (_S. v. alleni_). Similar to No. 368, but +smaller, darker; black bars especially on breast, wider; _toes nearly +if not quite bare_. + +Range.--Florida; north along coast to South Carolina; west along coast +to Texas. + + +=368b. Texas Barred Owl= (_S. v. helveolum_). Similar to No. 368 in +color, but with the toes bare as in No. 368a. + +Range.--Southern Texas. + + [Illustration: 369.] + +=369. Spotted Owl= (_Syrnium occidentale_). Resembles No. 368, but has +the head and neck _spotted_ with white; primaries with broad, whitish +tips. _Notes._ Probably similar to those of No. 368. (Bendire.) + +Range.--Western United States from southern Colorado and New Mexico, +west to California, south to Lower California and Guanajuato, Mexico. + + +=369a. Northern Spotted Owl= (_S. o. caurinum_). Similar to No. 369, +but darker; white markings smaller; white spots on head and neck +reduced to minimum; white tips to primaries nearly obsolete. +(Merriam.) + +Range.--Western Washington and British Columbia. + + [Illustration: 370.] + +=370. Great Gray Owl= (_Scotiaptex nebulosa_). L. 27. No ear-tufts; +eyes yellow. _Ads._ Above black finely and _irregularly_ marked with +white; breast _streaked_; feet feathered to toe-nails. _Notes._ Said +to be a tremulous, vibrating sound. (Fisher.) + +Range.--North America; breeds north of Lat. 55°; winters south to +northern border of United States casually as far as New Jersey, +Illinois, Minnesota, Idaho, and northern California. + + +=371. Richardson Owl= (_Nyctala tengmalmi richardsoni_). L. 10. _Ads._ +Above _grayish_ brown with numerous white _spots_, particularly on +head; feet feathered to toes and usually with indistinct, dusky bars. +_Notes._ A musical, soft whistle. (Wheelright.) A peculiar grating +cry. (Nelson.) (See next page.) + +Range.--Northern North America; breeds from Gulf of St. Lawrence and +Manitoba northward; winters south to northern border of United States, +casually to Massachusetts, Iowa, and Colorado; no Pacific coast record +(?). + + [Illustration: 371.] + + [Illustration: 372.] + +=372. Saw-whet Owl; Acadian Owl= (_Nyctala acadica_). L. 8. _Ads._ +Above _cinnamon_ brown; forehead with many, hindhead with few +_streaks_; back with white spots; feet and legs less heavily feathered +than in No. 371 and _without_ dusky bars. _Yng._ Breast and back +cinnamon brown with few white markings; belly _rusty buff, +unstreaked_. _Notes._ A frequently repeated whistle; sometimes high, +sometimes low; generally begins slow and ends rapidly; resembles noise +of saw-filing. (Ralph.) + +Range.--North America; breeds from mountains of Pennsylvania, +Massachusetts (rarely), northern New York, northern Illinois; and, in +Rocky Mountains, from Mexico northward; winters south to Virginia, +Kansas and central California. + + +=372a. Northwest Saw-whet Owl= (_N. a. scotæa_). Similar to No. 372, +but darker both above and below, dark markings everywhere heavier; +flanks, legs and feet more rufescent. (Osgood.) + +Range.--Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. + + [Illustration: 379.] + +=379. Pygmy Owl= (_Glaucidium gnoma_). L. 7. Top of head _spotted_. +_Ads._ Above grayish brown; spots whitish. _Yng._ No spots on head. +_Notes._ A soft cooing _coohuh_, _coohuh_, repeated a number of times. +(Bendire.) + +Range.--"Timbered regions of western North America, from southern +Rocky Mountains in Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona," west to +California, Oregon, and Washington, except coast belt, south into +Mexico. + + +=379a. California Pygmy Owl= (G. g. californicum). Similar to No. 379, +but darker; spots above buff or rusty. + +Range.--Humid coast region from Monterey, California, north to British +Columbia. + + +=379.1. Hoskin Pygmy Owl= (_Glaucidium hoskinsii_). Similar to No. +379a, but smaller and grayer, the forehead and facial disc with more +white, the upperparts less distinctly spotted. (Brewst.) + +Range.--Southern Lower California. + + [Illustration: 380.] + +=380. Ferruginous Pygmy Owl= (_Glaucidium phalænoides_). L. 7. Top of +head _streaked_. _Ads._ Above varying from grayish brown marked with +whitish to plain reddish brown without marks; below white streaked +with grayish brown or reddish brown. _Yng._ No streaks on head. +_Notes._ A softly whistled _coo_ repeated many times at intervals of +about one second. + +Range.--Tropical America; from Brazil north to Mexican border of +United States. + + [Illustration: 381.] + +=381. Elf Owl= (_Micropallas whitneyi_). L. 6. Smallest of our Owls. +_Ads._ Above grayish brown, head spotted; back barred with rusty; +below mixed rusty, white and grayish. _Notes._ A tremulous _cha-cha_, +_cha-cha_, in different keys, sometimes low, sometimes distinct. +(Bendire.) + +Range.--Tableland of Mexico from Puebla north to Mexican border of +United States; Lower California, and (rarely) California. + + [Illustration: 373.] + +=373. Screech Owl= (_Megascops asio_). L. 9.4; W. 6.4; T. 3. Two color +phases; with ear-tufts; eyes yellow. _Ad._ Gray phase. Above buffy +gray irregularly marked with black; below gray, white, rusty and +black. _Ad._ Red phase. Above bright rusty brown with a few black +streaks; below white streaked with black and barred with rusty brown. +_Yng._ Above gray or rusty _barred_ with black and white; below white +thickly barred with blackish. _Notes._ A frequently repeated +tremulous, wailing whistle; often followed by a slower refrain-like +call; a castanet-like snapping of the mandibles. + +Range.--Eastern North America from Florida north to New Brunswick, +Ontario and Minnesota, west to the Great Plains; resident. + + +=373a. Florida Screech Owl= (_M. a. floridanus_). Smaller than No. +373, W. 6.0; T. 2.8. Two color phases. Similar to those of No. 373, +but averaging darker and more heavily marked below; especially in red +phase. + +Range.--Florida, north along coast to South Carolina; west along coast +to Louisiana. + + +=373b. Texas Screech Owl= (_M. a. mccalli_). Similar to No. 373, but +smaller, W. 6.1; underparts, especially sides of belly, with more +black bars; toes barer. I have seen only a gray phase. + +Range.--"From western and southern Texas across east border of +tablelands of Mexico." (Bailey.) + + +=373c. California Screech Owl= (_M. a. bendirei_). W. 6.6. A gray +color phase only. Resembling No. 373, but somewhat darker above; less +buff about the nape; black streakings more regularly distributed; +underparts much as in No. 373b. + +Range.--California and southern Oregon. + + [Illustration: 373d.] + +=373d. Kennicott Screech Owl= (_M. a. kennicottii_). L. 10; W. 7.25. +_Ads._ Sooty brown prevailing above; blackish markings below nearly if +not fully as wide as white ones; darkest of our Screech Owls. + +Range.--Pacific coast from Oregon to Sitka. + + [Illustration: 373e.] + +=373e. Rocky Mountain Screech Owl= (_M. a. maxwelliæ_). W. 7. Similar +to No. 373f above but paler; pale grayish buff predominating; black +markings throughout much narrower and less numerous than in No. 373g; +palest of our Screech Owls. + +Range.--"Foothills and adjacent plains of the east Rocky Mountains +from Colorado north to Montana" (Bendire). + + +=373f. Mexican Screech Owl= (_M. a. cineraceus_). A gray color phase +only. Similar to No. 373b. but much grayer above; buff markings of No. +373b almost wholly absent; below black bars more numerous and narrower +than in No. 373b. + +Range.--"New Mexico, Arizona, Lower California, and western Mexico." +(A.O.U.) + + +=373g. Aiken Screech Owl= (_M. a. aikeni_). A gray color phase only. +W. 6.5. Similar to 373f, but still grayer; almost no buff above; black +markings wider on head, back, and underparts. + +Range.--"Plains, El Paso County, Colorado, south probably to central +New Mexico and northeastern Arizona." (A.O.U.) + + +=373h. MacFarlane Screech Owl= (_M. a. macfarlanei_). A gray color +phase only. _Ads._ Of the size of _kennicottii_, but with color and +markings of _bendirei_. W. 7.2; T. 3.8. (Brewst.) + +Range.--"Eastern Washington and Oregon to western Montana and probably +intermediate regions, and north to the interior of British Columbia." +(Bailey.) + + +=373.1. Spotted Screech Owl= (_Megascops trichopsis_). L. 7.7. _Ads._ +Above mixed black, grayish brown and buff; black prevailing on head; +feathers of foreback with buffy white _spots_ on either side near the +end; below much as in No. 373f. + +Range.--Southern Arizona and southward into northern Mexico. + + +=373.2. Xantus Screech Owl= (_Megascops xantusi_). W. 5.3. _Ad._ +[Male]. Above drab, back tinged with pinkish rusty and faintly +vermiculated with reddish brown; breast paler ashy faintly suffused +with pinkish or rusty; belly whitish; underparts finely barred with +reddish brown and streaked with clove-brown. (Brewst.) + +Range.--Cape Region of Lower California. + + [Illustration: 374.] + +=374. Flammulated Screech Owl= (_Megascops flammeola_). L. 7. _Ads._ +Ear-tufts small; eye surrounded by rusty, then by gray; crown, nape +and tips of scapulars largely rusty; neck band rusty. + +Range.--Mountains of Guatemala north to Colorado (11 specimens, 7 from +Boulder County, Cook), west rarely to California (2 specimens). + + +=374a. Dwarf Screech Owl= (_M. f. idahoensis_). Similar to No. 374, +but slightly smaller and paler, especially on underparts where ground +color is white and black markings are restricted. + +Range.--Idaho, eastern Oregon and California (San Bernardino +Mountains, 3 specimens, Grinnell). + + [Illustration: 375.] + +=375. Great Horned Owl= (_Bubo virginianus_). [Male], L. 22; W. 15. +_Ads._ Ears conspicuous; the feathers nearly throughout the body rusty +basally; facial disc rich rusty. _Notes._ A loud, low, deep-toned +_whoo_, _hoo-hoo-hoo_, whooo-whooo, variable, but usually on the same +note; rarely a hair-raising scream. + +Range.--Eastern North America; north to Labrador, south to Central +America; resident. + + +=375a. Western Horned Owl= (_B. v. pallescens_). Smaller and paler +than No. 375, W. 13.7; facial disc washed with rusty. + +Range.--Western United States, except Pacific coast region, east to +Great Plains; casually Wisconsin and Illinois north to Manitoba and +British Columbia; south to Mexico. + + [Illustration: 375b.] + +=375b. Arctic Horned Owl= (_B. v. arcticus_). Black and white +prevailing above; bases of feathers light yellowish buff; below black +and white with little or no buffy; facial disc gray. + +Range.--Interior of Arctic America, from Rocky Mountains east to +Hudson Bay; breeds north of Lat. 51°; in winter straggles southward to +adjacent border of United States; rarely to Wyoming and Nebraska. + + +=375c. Dusky Horned Owl= (_B. v. saturatus_). Size of No. 375b, but +much darker; black bars below equalling white ones in width; darkest +bird of group. + +Range.--"Pacific coast region from Monterey Bay, California, north to +Alaska; east to Hudson Bay and Labrador." (A.O.U.) + + +=375d. Pacific Horned Owl= (_B. v. pacificus_). Somewhat smaller than +No. 375b, W. 13.5; more like No. 375 in color but less rusty. + +Range.--California, except humid coast region; east to Arizona. + + +=375e. Dwarf Horned Owl= (_B. v. elachistus_). Similar to No. 375c, +but very much smaller. W. [Male], 12.8; [Female], 13.4. (Brewster.) + +Range.--Lower California. + + [Illustration: 376.] + +=376. Snowy Owl= (_Nyctea nyctea_). L. 25. _Ad._ [Male]. White more or +less barred with blackish. _Ad._ [Female]. Similar, but more heavily +barred. + +Range.--Northern parts of northern hemisphere; in America breeds from +Lat. 50° northward; winters south to northern United States; straggles +as far as Texas and California. + + [Illustration: 377a.] + +=377a. American Hawk Owl= (_Surnia ulula caparoch_). L. 15; T. 7.2 +long and _rounded_. _Ads._ Above brownish black, crown thickly +spotted, scapulars conspicuously margined with white; chin blackish; +belly barred. _Notes._ A shrill cry generally uttered while flying. +(Fisher.) + +Range.--Northern North America: breeds from Newfoundland and northern +Montana northward; winters south to northern United States, rarely to +New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Illinois; rare on Pacific coast. + + + + +Order XIII. PAROQUETS AND PARROTS. + +PSITTACI. + + + Family 1. PARROTS and PAROQUETS. Psittacidæ. 2 species. + + +Parrots are found throughout the warmer parts of the earth. About one +hundred and fifty of the some five hundred known species inhabit +America. The Carolina Paroquet, practically the only member of this +family found in the United States, since the Thick-billed Parrot +barely reaches our border in Arizona, was once an abundant bird in the +Southern States, but it is now restricted to a few localities in +Florida and possibly Indian Territory. + + + + +Order XIV. CUCKOOS, TROGONS, KINGFISHERS, Etc. + +COCCYGES. + + + Family 1. CUCKOOS, ANIS, etc. Cuculidæ. 5 species 2 subspecies. + + Family 2. TROGONS. Trogonidæ. 1 species. + + Family 3. KINGFISHERS. Alcedinidæ. 2 species. + +The Cuckoos are a group of world-wide distribution, but are more +numerous in the eastern than in the western hemisphere where only +thirty-five of the some one hundred and seventy-five species are +found. The habit of the European Cuckoo in placing its eggs in the +nest of other birds is well known. The American species, however, +build nests of their own though it is true they are far from well made +structures. With the Anis one nest serves for several females who may +deposit as many as thirty eggs, incubation and the care of the young +being subsequently shared by the members of this singular family. + +Trogons are found in the tropics of both the Old and New Worlds. They +are quiet, sedentary birds inhabiting forests and feeding largely on +fruit. So far as is known they nest in hollow trees. + +Only eight of the one hundred and eighty or more known Kingfishers are +found in America, the remaining species being confined to the Old +World where they are most numerous in the Malay Archipelago. + + +Parrots and Paroquets + + [Illustration: 382.1] + +=382.1. Thick-billed Parrot= (_Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha_). L. 16.5. +_Ads._ Forehead, loral region, stripe over eye, bend of wing and +thighs red; greater under wing-coverts yellow; rest of plumage green. + +Range--Central Mexico north rarely to southern Arizona. + + [Illustration: 382.] + +=382. Carolina Paroquet= (_Conurus carolinensis_). L. 12.5 _Ads._ +Forehead and cheeks deep orange, rest of head yellow. _Yng._ Forehead +and loral region orange; rest of head green like back; no yellow on +bend of wing. _Notes._ A sharp, rolling _kr-r-r-r-r-r_. + +Range.--Formerly eastern United States, north to Maryland, Great +Lakes, and Iowa; west to Colorado, Oklahoma and eastern Texas; now +restricted to southern Florida and parts of Indian Territory. + + +Cuckoos + +=383. Ani= (_Crotophaga ani_). Resembling No. 384 but upper mandible +without grooves. _Notes._ A complaining whistled _oo-eeek_, _oo-eeek_. + +Range eastern South America; north to West Indies and Bahamas, rarely +to southern Florida; accidental in Louisiana and Pennsylvania. + + [Illustration: 384.] + +=384. Groove-billed Ani= (_Crotophaga sulcirostris_). L. 12.5 B. .7 +_high_; the upper mandible with ridges and furrows. _Ads._ Blue-black, +many of the feathers with iridescent margins. + +Range.--Northwestern South America, north through Mexico to Lower +California and southeastern Texas; casually Arizona, Louisiana and +Florida. + + [Illustration: 385.] + +=385. Road-runner= (_Geococcyx californianus_). L. 23. Toes two in +front, two behind. _Ads._ Above glossy olive-brown with whitish and +rusty margins, tail much rounded, outer tail-feathers tipped with +white. _Notes._ A soft cooing and a low _chittering_ note produced by +striking the mandibles together. Bendire mentions a note like that of +a hen calling her brood. + +Range central Mexico north, rarely to southwestern Kansas, southern +Colorado, and Sacramento Valley, California, rarely to southern +Oregon. + + [Illustration: 386.] + +=386. Mangrove Cuckoo= (_Coccyzus minor_). L. 13. _Ads._ Underparts +_uniformly_ rich buff; above grayish brown, crown grayer; ear-coverts +black; tail black, outer feathers broadly tipped with white. + +Range.--Northern South America, north through Central America, Mexico +and Greater Antilles (except Porto Rico?) to Florida and Louisiana, +migrating south in fall. + + +=386a. Maynard Cuckoo= (_C. m. maynardi_). Similar to No. 386, but +underparts paler, the throat and forebreast more or less ashy white. + +Range.--Bahamas and (eastern?) Florida Keys. + + [Illustration: 387.] + +=387. Yellow-billed Cuckoo= (_Coccyzus americanus_). L. 12.2. _Ads._ +Below white; lower mandible largely yellow, tail black, outer feathers +widely tipped with white. _Notes._ _Tut-tut_, _tut-tut_, _tut-tut_, +_tut-tut_, _cl-uck_, _cl-uck_, _cl-uck_, _cl-uck_, _cl-uck_, _cl-uck_, +_cow_, _cow_, _cow_, _cow_, _cow_, _cow_, usually given in part. + +Range.--Eastern North America; breeds from Florida to New Brunswick +and Minnesota; winters in Central and South America. + + +=387a. California Cuckoo= (_C. a. occidentalis_). Similar to No. 387 +but somewhat grayer and larger; the bill slightly longer, 1.05. + +Range.--Western North America; north to southern British Columbia; +east to Western Texas; winters south into Mexico. + + [Illustration: 388.] + +=388. Black-billed Cuckoo= (_Coccyzus erythrophthalmus_). L. 11.8. +_Ads._ White below; bill _black_; tail, seen from below, grayish +_narrowly_ tipped with white; above, especially on crown, browner than +No. 387. _Notes._ Similar to those of No. 387, but softer, the _cow_ +notes connected. + +Range.--Eastern North America; west to Rocky Mountains; breeds north +to Labrador and Manitoba; winters south of United States to Brazil. + + [Illustration: 389.] + +=389. Coppery-tailed Trogon= (_Trogon ambiguus_). L. 12. _Ad._ [Male]. +Wing-coverts finely vermiculated; tail coppery tipped with black; +outer web and end of outer feathers white, mottled with black. _Ad._ +[Female]. Ear-coverts gray; back grayish brown; middle tail-feathers +rusty brown tipped with black; breast brownish; upper belly grayish; +ventral region pink. _Notes._ Resemble those of a hen Turkey. +(Fisher.) + +Range.--Southern Mexico north to Lower Rio Grande and Arizona. + + [Illustration: 390.] + +=390. Belted Kingfisher= (_Ceryle alcyon_). L. 13. _Ad._ [Male]. +Breast-band and sides like back. _Ad._ [Female]. Breast-band and sides +rusty. _Notes._ A loud, harsh rattle. + +Range.--North America; breeds from Florida, Texas, and California +north to Arctic regions; winters from Virginia, Kansas, and southern +California south to northern South America. + + [Illustration: 391.] + +=391. Texas Kingfisher= (_Ceryle americana septentrionalis_). L. 8.7. +_Ad._ [Male]. Breast rusty brown; back greenish; a white collar. _Ad._ +[Female]. Throat and breast white, sometimes tinged with buffy; a +breast and belly band of greenish spots. _Notes._ When flying, a +sharp, rattling twitter; when perching, a rapid, excited ticking. + +Range.--Tropical America, from Panama north to southern Texas. + + + + +Order XV. WOODPECKERS. + +PICI. + + + Family 1. WOODPECKERS. Picidæ. 24 species, 22 subspecies. + + +The some three hundred and fifty known species of Woodpeckers are +distributed throughout the wooded parts of the world, except in +Australia and Madagascar, nearly one half of this number being found +in the New World. Feeding largely upon the eggs and larvæ of insects, +which they can obtain at all seasons, most of the North American +species are not highly migratory but are represented in the more +northern parts of their range at all times of the year. + +Woodpeckers nest in holes in trees generally excavated by themselves. +The eggs, four to eight or nine in number, like those of most birds +that lay in covered situations, are pure white. The young are born +naked and are reared in the nest. + +In few birds is the close relation between structure and habit more +strikingly illustrated than in the Woodpeckers. Their lengthened toes +placed two before and two behind (except in one genus) and armed with +strong nails enable them readily to grasp the bark of trees up which +they climb. Their stiffened, pointed tail-feathers are also of +assistance to them in retaining their position on tree trunks, serving +as a prop on which they may rest while chiseling out their homes or +laying bare the tunnels of the grubs of wood boring beetles. For this +purpose they use their bill, a marvellously effective tool with which +some of the large Woodpeckers perform astonishing feats. I have seen +an opening made by a Pileated Woodpecker in a white pine tree, twelve +inches long, four inches wide, and eight inches deep, through +perfectly sound wood to reach the larvæ at work in the heart of the +tree. The bill is also used as a musical instrument, the 'song' of +Woodpeckers being a rolling tattoo produced by rapid tappings on some +resonant limb. + +As might be supposed the Woodpeckers are great of economic value. +Professor Beal states that at least two-thirds to three-fourths of the +food of our common Downy and Hairy Woodpeckers consists chiefly of +noxious insects. + + +Woodpeckers + + [Illustration: 392.] + +=392. Ivory-billed Woodpecker= (_Campephilus principalis_). L. 20; B. +2.7, ivory white. _Ad._ [Male]. Crest scarlet. _Ad._ [Female]. Similar +to the [Male], but crest black. _Notes._ A sharp, penny trumpet-like +_yap-yap_. + +Range.--Florida west to eastern Texas; north to southern Missouri and +Oklahoma; formerly north to North Carolina, Illinois, and Indiana. + + [Illustration: 400.] + +=400. Arctic Three-toed Woodpecker= (_Picoides arcticus_). L. 9.5. +Back shining black _without_ white; toes two in front, one behind +_Ad._ [Male]. Crown yellow. _Ad._ [Female]. Crown black. _Notes._ A +sharp, shrill, _chirk_, _chirk_. (Hardy.) + +Range.--"Northern North America, from the Arctic regions south to +northern United States, (New England, New York, Michigan, Minnesota +and Idaho), and in the Sierra Nevadas to Lake Tahoe." (A.O.U.) + + [Illustration: 401.] + +=401. American Three-toed Woodpecker= (_Picoides americanus_). L. 8.7. +Back _with_ white: toes two in front, one behind. _Ad._ [Male]. Crown +yellow; white bars on back broken, detached _not_ confluent. _Notes._ +A prolonged squealing, rarely uttered. (Turner.) + +Range.--Northern North America; west to Rocky Mountains; breeds from +Maine, mountains of New Hampshire, northern New York, and northern +Minnesota northward; south in winter, rarely to Massachusetts, central +New York, and northern Illinois. + + +=401a. Alaskan Three-toed Woodpecker= (_P. a. fasciatus_). Similar to +No. 401, but white bars on back confluent forming a more or less +continuous white patch. + +Range.--"Alaska Territory; casually? south through western British +Columbia to northwestern Washington (vicinity of Mt. Baker); east +irregularly to Great Bear Lake and the Mackenzie River Valley, +Northwest Territory." (Bendire.) + + +=401 b. Alpine Three-toed Woodpecker= (_P. a. dorsalis_). Similar to +No. 401a, but larger. W. 5; bill narrower. _Notes._ A harsh, nasal +cry; a sudden, sharp _whip_, _whip_, _whip_, (Mearns.) + +Range.--"Rocky Mountain region from British Columbia and Idaho south +into New Mexico." (A.O.U.) + + [Illustration: 405.] + +=405. Pileated Woodpecker= (_Ceophlœus pileatus_). L. 17. W. 8.9. +_Ad._ [Male]. Crown, crest, and streaks on sides of throat red; sides +of neck and patch on wing white. _Ad._ [Female]. Forehead brownish, no +red on sides of throat. _Notes._ A sonorous _cow-cow-cow_, repeated +slowly many times and a _wichew_ call when two birds meet; both +suggesting calls of the Flicker. + +Range.--Southern United States, north to South Carolina. + + +=405a. Northern Pileated Woodpecker= (_C. p. abieticola_). Similar to +No. 405, but slightly larger, W. 9; T. 6.2. + +Range.--Locally distributed throughout more heavily wooded regions of +North America, except in southern United States, north to Lat. 63°. + + [Illustration: 393.] + +=393. Hairy Woodpecker= (_Dryobates villosus_). L. 9; W. 4.7 Outer +tail-feathers white _without_ terminal black marks. _Ad._ [Male]. +Wing-coverts spotted, underparts white; nape with a red band. _Ad._ +[Female]. Similar but nape band white. _Notes._ A sharp _peek_ and a +Kingfisher-like rattle. + +Range.--Eastern United States from North Carolina to Canada. + + +=393a. Northern Hairy Woodpecker= (_D. v. leucomelas_). Similar to +No. 393, but larger; L. 10; W. 5.2. + +Range.--British America north to Alaska. + + +=393b. Southern Hairy Woodpecker= (_D. v. audubonii_). Similar to +No. 393, but smaller; L. 8; W. 4.2. + +Range.--South Atlantic and Gulf States, north to South Carolina. + + [Illustration: 393c.] + +=393c. Harris Woodpecker= (_D. v. harrisi_). Similar to No. 393, but +wing-coverts usually _without_ white spots; underparts dirty, dusky, +brownish. + +Range.--Pacific coast from northern California to British Columbia. + + +=393d. Cabanis Woodpecker= (_D. v. hyloscopus_). Similar to No. 393c, +but whiter below. + +Range.--California, east to Arizona. + + +=393e. Rocky Mountain Hairy Woodpecker= (_D. v. monticola_). Similar +to No. 393c, but pure white below; larger, size of No. 393a. + +Range.--Rocky Mountain region from northern New Mexico north to +British Columbia. + + +=393f. Queen Charlotte Woodpecker= (_D. v. picoideus_) Similar to +No. 393c, but middle of back barred and spotted with black; flanks +streaked with black. (Osgood.) + +Range.--Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. + + [Illustration: 394.] + +=394. Southern Downy Woodpecker= (_Dryobates pubescens_). L. 6; W. +3.5. Outer tail-feathers white _with_ terminal black marks. _Ad._ +[Male]. Nape-band red; smallest of group, underparts dingier than in +No. 394c; white of less extent; wing-coverts spotted. _Ad._ [Female]. +Similar but nape-band white. _Notes._ A sharp _peek_ and a rattle +similar to that of No. 393, but not so loud. + +Range.--South Carolina, Georgia, and Gulf States to Texas. + + [Illustration: 394a.] + +=394a. Gairdner Woodpecker= (_D. p. gairdnerii_). Similar to No. 394b, +but underparts sooty gray; the darkest below of any form in the group. + +Range.--Pacific coast from northern California north to British +Columbia. + + +=394b. Batchelder Woodpecker= (_D. p. homorus_). Similar to No. 394c, +but wing-coverts with few or no white spots, under tail-coverts +without dusky streaks. + +Range.--"Rocky Mountain region of the United States." (A.O.U.) + + +=394c. Northern Downy Woodpecker= (_D. p. medianus_). L. 6.5; W. 3.7. +Similar to No. 394, but larger; whiter below; white markings of +greater extent. + +Range.--Eastern North America south to South Carolina. + + +=394d. Alaskan Downy Woodpecker= (_D. p. nelsoni_). W. 4. Similar to +No. 394c, but still larger and whiter; largest of the group. + +Range.--Alaska. + + +=394e. Willow Woodpecker= (_D. p. turati_). Similar to No. 394a, but +smaller, W. 3.8. superciliary patch and underparts whiter; tertials +always more or less spotted with white. (W. K. Fisher.) + +Range.--"California, _except_: desert ranges and eastern slope of +Sierra Nevada, coast region north of Marin Co., and region north of +upper end of Sacramento Valley." (W. K. Fisher.) + + [Illustration: 395.] + +=395. Red-cockaded Woodpecker= (_Dryobates borealis_). L. 8.4. Sides +of head and neck white bordered by black below. _Ad._ [Male]. A nearly +concealed red tuft on either side of the hindhead. _Ad._ [Female]. +Similar, but no red on head. _Notes._ A loud, hoarse, _yank_, _yank_. + +Range.--Southern United States; west to eastern Texas; north to +Virginia and Arkansas. + + [Illustration: 396.] + +=396. Texan Woodpecker= (_Dryobates scalaris bairdi_). L. 7.5. Outer +tail-feathers barred to their base; nasal tufts brownish. _Ad._ +[Male]. All crown feathers tipped with red; back barred: below +_brownish white_, spotted and streaked with black. _Ad._ [Female]. +Similar but top of head wholly black. + +Range.--Northern Mexico, north to Texas boundary, New Mexico, southern +Colorado, southern Nevada, southwestern Utah, and southeastern +California. + + +=396a. Saint Lucas Woodpecker= (_D. s. lucasanus_). Similar to +No. 396, but outer tail-feather barred with black only on terminal half +or less, except sometimes on inner web. (Ridgw.) + +Range.--Lower California, north, rarely to Colorado Desert, +California. + + [Illustration: 397.] + +=397. Nuttall Woodpecker= (_Dryobates nuttallii_). L. 7.5. Below white +only _slightly_ soiled; outer tail-feather barred only on end half. +_Ad._ [Male]. Crown _black_ streaked with white; nape red. _Ad._ +[Female]. Similar but top of head entirely black, usually, with a few +white spots. _Yng._ Top of head dull red. _Notes._ A sharp +_quee-quee-quee-queep_; a diminutive _chittah_. (Bailey.) Loud +rattling notes. (Henshaw.) + +Range.--Northern Lower California, north locally, to southern Oregon. + + [Illustration: 398.] + +=398. Arizona Woodpecker= (_Dryobates arizonæ._). L. 8.2. Above _brown_, +below _spotted_. _Ad._ [Male]. A red nape band. _Ad._ [Female]. +Similar but no red on nape, brown of crown continuous with that of +back. _Yng._ Whole crown red. + +Range.--Northwestern Mexico north to southern Arizona and southwestern +New Mexico. + + [Illustration: 399.] + +=399. White-headed Woodpecker= (_Xenopicus albolarvatus_). L. 9. Whole +head and part of wings white. _Ad._ [Male]. Nape red. _Ad._ [Female]. +Nape white. _Notes._ A sharp, clear _witt-witt_; a rather silent bird. +(Bendire.) + +Range.--Mountains of western United States from southern California +north to southern British Columbia; east to western Idaho and western +Nevada. + + [Illustration: 402.] + +=402. Yellow-bellied Sapsucker= (_Sphyrapicus varius_). L. 8.5; W. +4.8. _Ad._ [Male]. Crown and throat red; a _whitish_ band from eye to +eye across nape; belly washed with yellow; breast patch black _Ad._ +[Female]. Similar, but throat white; crown rarely black. _Yng._ Breast +grayish with internal dark rings or bars; crown dirty yellowish +margined with dusky; red feathers soon appear on throat and crown. +_Notes._ A clear ringing _cleur_ repeated; a low snarling cry +resembling _mew_ of Catbird. (Brewster.) + +Range.--Eastern North America; breeds from Massachusetts and northern +Illinois north to about Lat. 63° 30'; south in Alleghanies to +northwest Georgia; winters from southern Illinois and southern +Virginia to Central America. + + +=402a. Red-naped Sapsucker= (_S. v. nuchalis_). Similar to No. 402, +but slightly larger. W. 5; the nape band red; _red_ of throat +encroaching on black bordering streaks; female the same but chin +white. + +Range.--Rocky Mountain region; breeds from Colorado and northeastern +California (?), north to British Columbia; winters from southern +California south to northwestern Mexico. + + [Illustration: 403.] + +=403. Red-breasted Sapsucker= (_Sphyrapicus ruber_). L. 9. _Ads._ +Crown, whole throat and _breast_ dull red; in other respects +resembling No. 402. _Notes._ _Jay_ or _chaē_, _peeye_, _pinck_, and +_peurr_: (Bendire.) + +Range.--Breeds in mountains from northern Lower California north to +southern Oregon. + + +=403a. Northern Red-breasted Sapsucker= (_S. r. notkensis_). Similar +to No. 403, but colors deeper, red brighter; belly yellower. + +Range.--Pacific coast region from Santa Cruz Mountains, California, +north to southern Alaska. + + [Illustration: 404.] + +=404. Williamson Sapsucker= (_Sphyrapicus thyroideus_). L. 9. Belly +_bright_ yellow; rump white. _Ad._ [Male]. Above black;, a red stripe +on throat; lesser wing-coverts white. _Ad._ [Female]. Crown and throat +brownish; back and lesser wing-coverts barred black and whitish. +_Yng._ Similar to [Female], but breast barred like sides. _Notes._ A +shrill _huit-huit_ uttered when flying. (Bendire.) The roll of this +Woodpecker is not continuous, but is broken or interrupted. + +Range.--Higher mountain ranges of western United States; breeds from +northern New Mexico, Arizona, and southeastern California north to +Wyoming and southern British Columbia; winters from southern +California and western Texas into Mexico. + + [Illustration: 408.] + +=408. Lewis Woodpecker= (_Asyndesmus torquatus_). L. 11. _Ads._ Breast +and a collar around the neck gray; region about base of bill dark red; +belly pinkish red; above shining green black. _Yng._ No gray collar; +crown suffused with red. _Notes._ A weak, peeping twitter. (Lawrence). +Generally a silent bird. + +Range.--Western United States; breeds from New Mexico, Arizona, and +southern California north to southern Alberta and British Columbia; +winters from southern Oregon and Colorado south to western Texas and +southern California. + + [Illustration: 406.] + +=406. Red-headed Woodpecker= (_Melanerpes erythrocephalus_). L. 9.7. +_Ads._ Whole head and breast red; end half of secondaries white. +_Yng._ Whole head and breast grayish streaked with blackish; back +black margined with grayish; end half of secondaries white with black +bars. _Notes._ A tree-toad-like _ker-r-ruck, ker-r-ruck_. + +Range.--Eastern United States west to Rocky Mountains: breeds from +Florida and Texas north to New York and Manitoba; local and irregular +in northern parts of range; winters from Virginia, and occasionally +from New York, southward. + + [Illustration: 407.] + +=407. Striped-breasted Woodpecker= (_Melanerpes formicivorus_). +L. 9.5. Breast band _streaked with white_; rump white. _Ad._ [Male]. +Forehead, white, _crown_, nape, and breast-spot red. _Ad._ [Female]. +Center of crown with a black band of _same_ width as white band on +forehead. _Notes._ A loud _tchurr, tchurr_. + +Range.--Mexico north to southwest Texas and Arizona. + + +=407a. Californian Woodpecker= (_M. f. bairdi_). Similar to No. 407, +but black breast-band with white only on its posterior margin. + +Range.--Pacific coast region from northern California to southern +Oregon. + + +=407b. Narrow-fronted Woodpecker= (_M. f. angustifrons_). _Ad._ +[Male]. Similar to No. 407, but smaller, W. 5.2; the throat brighter +yellow. _Ad._ [Female]. With black crown-band _wider_ than white +forehead band. + +Range.--Cape Region of Lower California. + + [Illustration: 409.] + +=409. Red-bellied Woodpecker= (_Centurus carolinus_). L. 9.5. Center +of belly reddish. _Ad._ [Male]. Top of head and nape entirely red. +_Ad._ [Female]. Nape red, crown grayish, forehead tinged with red. +_Notes._ A hoarse, _chûh-chûh_. + +Range.--Eastern United States, west to the Plains; breeds from Florida +and Texas to Maryland, Ontario, and South Dakota; winters from +Virginia and southern Ohio southward; casually north as far as +Massachusetts. + + [Illustration: 410.] + +=410. Golden-fronted Woodpecker= (_Centurus aurifrons_). L. 10.5; +center of belly yellow. _Ad._ [Male]. Forehead yellow, crown-patch +red, nape orange. _Ad._ [Female]. Forehead and nape yellow, crown +entirely gray. _Notes._ Loud and penetrating. (Bailey.) + +Range.--Mexico, north to central Texas. + + [Illustration: 411.] + +=411. Gila Woodpecker= (_Centurus uropygialis_). L. 10. Center of +belly yellow. _Ad._ [Male]. Top of head and nape _sooty_ gray; a +red-crown patch. _Ad._ [Female]. Top of head and nape entirely sooty +gray. _Notes._ _Dchūrr, dchūrr_; when flying, a shrill _huit_ like +call-note of Phainopepla. (Bendire.) + +Range.--Northwestern Mexico, north to southwestern New Mexico, and +Lower California. + + [Illustration: 412.] + +=412. Southern Flicker= (_Colaptes auratus_). Smaller than No. 412a, +W. 5.6. + +Range.--Southeastern United States north to South Carolina. + + +=412a. Northern Flicker= (_C. a. luteus_). L. 13; W. 6.4. Crown bluish +gray; throat pinkish brown; a scarlet nape-band; lining of wings and +tail yellow. _Ad._ [Male]. With black patches on the sides of the +throat. _Ad._ [Female]. Without black throat patches. _Notes._ A loud, +emphatic _keé-yer_; a low chuckle when taking flight; a _weéchew_ +repeated and used only when two or more birds are together; and a +mellow _cûh-cûh-cûh-cûh_, repeated, doubtless a song. + +Range.--Eastern North America west to the Rocky Mountains and Alaska; +rare on the Pacific coast; apparently hybridizing with No. 413 at the +western border of its range. + + [Illustration: 413.] + +=413. Red-shafted Flicker= (_Colaptes cafer collaris_). L. 13. No red +nape band; crown brownish; throat bluish gray; lining of wings and +tail reddish. _Ad._ [Male]. Patches at side of throat red. _Ad._ +[Female]. No red throat patches. _Notes._ Resemble those of No. 412. + +Range.--Western United States, except northwest coast region; east to +the Rocky Mountain region; apparently hybridizing with No. 412 at the +eastern border of its range. + + +=413a. Northwestern Flicker= (_C. c. saturatior_). Similar to No. 413, +but much darker throughout, back vinous-brown. + +Range.--Pacific coast region; breeds from Oregon north to southern +Alaska; winters south to northwest California. + + [Illustration: 414.] + +=414. Gilded Flicker= (_Colaptes chrysoides_). L. 12; W. 5.7. Crown +cinnamon; under surface of wings and tail yellow. _Ad._ [Male]. No red +band on nape; throat bluish gray, its sides with a red patch. _Ad._ +[Female]. No red on sides of throat. _Notes._ Resemble those of No. +412. (Bendire.) + +Range.--"Central and southern Arizona from Lat. 34° to southern +Sonora, and Lower California south of Lat. 30°." (A.O.U.) + + +=414a. Brown Flicker= (_C. c. brunnescens_). Similar to No. 414, but +slightly smaller; upperparts darker. (Anthony). + +Range.--Lower California north of Lat. 30°. + + +=415. Guadalupe Flicker= (_Colaptes rufipileus_). Similar to No. 413, +but bill 1.6 or more; more slender, wing averaging less than 6.2; +crown cinnamon-brown; rump vinaceous-white. (Ridgw.) + +Range.--Guadalupe Island, Lower California. + + + + +Order XVI. GOATSUCKERS, SWIFTS, AND HUMMINGBIRDS. + +MACROCHIRES. + + + Family 1. GOATSUCKERS. Caprimulgidæ. 6 species, 6 subspecies. + + Family 2. SWIFTS. Micropodidæ. 4 species. + + Family 3. HUMMINGBIRDS. Trochilidæ. 17 species. + +The Goatsuckers are birds of the dusk and early morning. They live +chiefly on insects which they capture on the wing, their enormous +mouths being especially well adapted to this kind of hunting. Our +species build no nest but lay their two mottled eggs on the bare +ground or leaves. The young are hatched covered with down and can +follow their parents about long before they acquire the power of +flight. Goatsuckers are noted for their singular calls, most of the +species uttering loud, characteristic notes which, heard at night, are +especially effective. + +Swifts are birds of world-wide distribution; about half the +seventy-five known species being found in America. They are +pre-eminently birds of the air with wings so well developed that few +birds can surpass them in power of flight, but with feet so weak and +small that many species cannot perch as do most birds, but, when +resting, cling to a vertical surface and use their tail to aid their +feet in supporting themselves. Their nests are often marvels of +architectural skill and constructive ability. The eggs, four to six in +number, are white. + +Hummingbirds are found only in America where they range from Patagonia +to Alaska, but the larger part of the some five hundred known species +are found in the Andean region of Columbia and Ecuador. Only one +species is found east of the Mississippi, and nine of our sixteen +western species advance but little beyond our Mexican border. + +Hummingbirds nests are the most exquisite of birds' homes. Their eggs, +so far as is known, number two, and are pure white. The young are born +naked and, in the case of our Ruby-throat, at least, spend about three +weeks in the nest. + +The notes of some tropical Hummingbirds are sufficiently varied to be +classed as songs but our species utter only sharp squeaks and excited +chipperings. + + +Goatsuckers + + [Illustration: 416.] + +=416. Chuck-will's-widow= (_Antrostomus carolinensis_). L. 12. Mouth +bristles with fine, hair-like branches near their base. _Ad._ [Male]. +End half of outer tail-feathers white, _rusty, and black on outer +webs_; chin chiefly _rusty_; throat-patch buffy. _Ad._ [Female]. No +white in tail. _Notes._ A loudly whistled _chuck-will's-widow_, +repeated many times. + +Range.--South Atlantic and Gulf States; breeds north to Virginia and +Illinois; west to Kansas and central Texas; winters from southern +Florida southward. + + [Illustration: 417.] + +=417. Whip-poor-will= (Antrostomus vociferus). L. 9.7. Mouth bristles +_without_ branches. _Ad._ [Male]. Three outer tail-feathers _broadly_ +tipped with white; white on inner vane of outer feather 1.4 or more +wide; throat patch white; chin chiefly black. _Ad._ [Female]. Three +outer tail-feathers narrowly tipped with rusty buff; throat patch +rusty buff. _Notes._ A rapid, vigorous, whistled _whip-poor-will_, +repeated many times. + +Range.--Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from Gulf +States north to New Brunswick and Manitoba; winters from Gulf States +southward. + + +=417a. Stephens Whip-poor-will= (_A. v. macromystax_). Similar to +No. 417, but slightly larger, W. 6.5; mouth bristles much longer; +male with throat-patch rusty; white on inner web of outer feather +_less_ than 1.3 wide. + +Range.--"Arizona, New Mexico, and southwestern Texas, south over +mountains bordering tablelands of Mexico to Guatemala." (Bailey.) + + [Illustration: 418.] + +=418. Poor-will= (_Phalænoptilus nuttallii_). L. 7.7. Primaries +_rusty_ barred with black. _Ad._ [Male]. Three outer tail-feathers +_evenly_ tipped with white; a _large_ white throat patch; plumage +above suggesting in color the wings of certain moths. _Ad._ [Female]. +Similar, but tail-tips buffy. _Notes._ Variously rendered _poor-will_, +_cow-day_, _pearl-rob-it_, _puir-whee-er_. + +Range.--Western United States; breeds from Kansas, Nebraska, and +Dakota west to eastern slope of Sierra Nevadas: north to Montana and +British Columbia; winters from Mexican border southward. + + +=418a. Frosted Poor-will= (_P. n. nitidus_). Similar to No. 418, but +paler, the upperparts especially whiter, more _frosty_. + +Range.--"Texas to Arizona and from western Kansas south to northern +Mexico." (Bailey.) Lower California. + + +=418b. California Poor-will= (_P. n. californicus_). Similar to No. +418, but darker. + +Range.--Breeds on coast of California, north to Butte County; winters +from southern California southward. + + [Illustration: 419.] + +=419. Merrill Parauque= (_Nyctidromus albicollis merrilli_). L. 12; +T. 6.2. Outer tail-feather without white. Two color phases, one gray, +one rusty. _Ad._ [Male]. Outer tail-feather black with sometimes a +little rusty, next feather white on inner web, third feather white +except at base. _Ad._ [Female]. Outer tail-feathers brownish with +broken rusty bars; next two with white at tip. _Notes._ A vigorous +_ker-whee-you_ repeated and sometimes running into a _whit-whit-whit_, +_ker-whee-you_. + +Range.--Mexico north to southern Texas; winters chiefly south of Rio +Grande. + + [Illustration: 420.] + +=420. Nighthawk= (_Chordeiles virginianus_). L. 10; W. 7.8. Primaries +blackish with a white bar and no rusty spots; darkest of our +Nighthawks. _Ad._ [Male]. Above black with white and buff markings; +throat and band near end of tail white. _Ad._ [Female]. Throat rusty, +no white band in tail. _Notes._ A nasal _peent_; and in the breeding +season, a booming sound produced by diving from a height earthward. + +Range.--Eastern United States, chiefly, breeds from Florida to +Labrador, west and northwest to northern California, British Columbia, +and Alaska; winters south of United States. + + +=420a. Western Nighthawk= (_C. v. henryi_). Similar to No. 420, but +markings above rusty and more numerous; belly washed with rusty. + +Range.--Western United States, east to the Plains, wintering south of +United States; exact distribution unknown. + + +=420b. Florida Nighthawk= (_C. v. chapmani_). Similar to No. 420, but +smaller (L. 8.6; W. 7.1;) and paler; white and buff markings above +larger and more numerous. + +Range.--Florida, west along Gulf Coast to eastern Texas; south in +winter to South America. + + +=420c. Sennett Nighthawk= (_C. v. sennetti_). Similar to No. 420b, but +still paler, white and buff prevailing on back and scapulars; palest +of our Nighthawks. + +Range.--Great Plains north to Saskatchewan; winters south of the +United States. + + [Illustration: 421.] + +=421. Texan Nighthawk= (_Chordeiles acutipennis texensis_). Wing +quills _with_ rusty spots; outer primary shorter than one next to it; +belly conspicuously washed with rusty buff. _Ad._ [Male]. Throat-patch +and band near end of tail white. _Ad._ [Female]. No white band in +tail. _Notes._ A mewing call and a tapping accompanied by a humming +sound. (Merrill.) + +Range.--Central America; breeding north to southern Texas, southern +New Mexico, southern Utah, southern Nevada, and Lat. 38° in +California; winters south of United States. + + +Swifts + + [Illustration: 422.] + +=422. Black Swift= (_Cypseloides niger borealis_). L. 7; W. 6.5. Tail +without spines, slightly forked. _Ads._ Sooty black, paler below; a +black spot before the eye; forehead whitish. _Notes._ Generally +silent. (Bendire.) + +Range.--Breeds from Central America north, in mountains of western +United States, to British Columbia; east to Colorado; winters south of +United States; more common in Pacific coast states. + + [Illustration: 423.] + +=423. Chimney Swift= (_Chætura pelagica_). L. 5.4; W. 4.9. Tail with +protruding spines. _Ads._ Above sooty, rump and underparts paler; +throat whitish. _Notes._ A rolling twitter. + +Range.--Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from Florida +to Labrador and Manitoba; winters south of United States, to Central +America. + + [Illustration: 424.] + +=424. Vaux Swift= (_Chætura vauxii_). L. 4.5; W. 4.4. _Ads._ Similar +to No. 423, but smaller and somewhat browner. _Notes._ Resemble those +of No. 423, but are less frequently uttered. (Bendire.) + +Range.--Western United States; breeds on Pacific coast, locally, north +to British Columbia; east casually to Montana and Arizona; winters +south of United States to Central America. + + [Illustration: 425.] + +=425. White-throated Swift= (_Aëronautes melanoleucus_). L. 6.5. Tail +forked, without spines. _Ads._ Above sooty brownish black; breast, +middle of belly and flank patches white. _Notes._ A sharp, metallic +twitter. + +Range.--Western United States; east to western Nebraska and Black +Hills; breeds in Rocky Mountains north to Montana; on Pacific coast +north to Lat. 38°; winters south of United States to Central America. + + +Hummingbirds + + [Illustration: 426.] + +=426. Rivoli Hummingbird= (_Eugenes fulgens_). L. 5.1. A small white +spot behind eye. _Ad._ [Male]. Crown purple, throat bright green, back +bronzy green; tail somewhat more bronzy. _Ad._ [Female]. Above bronzy +green, all but central tail-feathers with blackish ends and narrow +grayish tips; below grayish, all but throat feathers _green +centrally_. _Yng._ [Male]. Throat with more or less green, belly and +above more bronzy than in [Female]. + +Range.--Nicaragua, north in mountains to mountains of southeastern +Arizona, and southwest New Mexico; winters south of United States. + + [Illustration: 429.] + +=429. Black-chinned Hummingbird= (_Trochilus alexandri_). L. 3.5; W. +1.7. _Ad._ [Male]. Chin and upper throat black, lower throat amethyst; +tail forked, feathers pointed. _Ad._ [Female]. Throat grayish white; +_chin buffy_; tail feathers more rounded, three outer ones tipped with +white. _Yng._ [Male]. Similar [Female], but throat with dusky spots. + +Range.--Western United States; breeds from San Antonio, Texas, New +Mexico, Arizona, and California north to Montana and British Columbia; +rare on Pacific coast north of southern California; winters south of +United States. + + [Illustration: 430.] + +=430. Costa Hummingbird= (_Calypte costæ_). L. 3.1. No rusty in +plumage. _Ad._ [Male]. Crown, throat and lengthened neck-feathers +amethyst, back dull green. _Ad._ [Female]. Below grayish white; above +grayish green; outer tail-feathers _gray_ at base, then black and at +tip white. _Yng._ [Male]. Similar to [Female], but throat usually with +some amethyst spots; tip of outer tail-feather grayish. + +Range.--Northwestern Mexico; breeds north throughout Lower California, +to southern California, northern Nevada, southwestern Utah, and +southwestern New Mexico; winters from Mexican border southward. + + [Illustration: 437.] + +=437. Lucifer Hummingbird= (_Calothorax lucifer_). L. 3.6; B. .8. _Ad._ +[Male]. Throat purplish pink, feathers at its side much lengthened; +tail feathers very narrow, the outer ones less than .05 in. wide on +end half. _Ad._ [Female]. Below nearly uniform _rusty buff_, above +bronzy green; tail-feathers white-tipped. + +Range.--"From western Texas and southern Arizona south to the city of +Mexico and Puebla." (Bailey.) + + [Illustration: 440.] + +=440. Xantus Hummingbird= (_Basilinna xantusi_). L. 3.6. A white +streak behind eye. _Ad._ [Male]. Chin, forehead and cheeks _black_; +throat green; tail rusty brown. _Ad._ [Female]. Below uniform rusty, +above green; outer tail-feathers rusty brown. + +Range.--Lower California, north to Lat. 29°; most common in Cape +Region. + + [Illustration: 427.] + +=427. Blue-throated Hummingbird= (_Cœligena clemenciæ_). L. 5.2. A +white _stripe_ behind, and a smaller one before eye. _Ad._ [Male]. +Throat blue; belly grayish; back green; tail blue-black, outer +feathers broadly white tipped. _Ad._ [Female]. Similar but throat +dusky gray. + +Range.--Southern Mexico north. In mountains to mountains of +southwestern New Mexico and southern Arizona; winters south of United +States. + + [Illustration: 438.] + +=438. Reiffer Hummingbird= (_Amazilis tzacatl_). L. 4.1. _Ads._ Above, +_throat_ and _breast_ shining green; belly _grayish_; tail square, +rusty brown, _narrowly_ margined with coppery. _Yng._ Similar but more +rusty above. + +Range.--Northern South America; north, rarely, to Lower Rio Grande +Valley, Texas. + + [Illustration: 439.] + +=439. Buff-bellied Hummingbird= (_Amazilis cerviniventris +chalconota_). Similar to No. 438, but belly _rusty gray_, tail forked +and _broadly_ margined with coppery green. + +Range.--Central America, north, in spring, to Lower Rio Grande Valley, +Texas. + + [Illustration: 440.1] + +=440.1. White-eared Hummingbird= (_Basilinna leucotis_). L. 3.7. A +white line behind eye. _Ad._ [Male]. Chin, forehead and cheeks _blue_, +throat and breast green, tail blackish bronzy green. _Ad._ [Female]. +Crown rusty, back bronzy green, below gray spotted with green; outer +tail-feathers tipped with gray. _Yng._ [Male]. Similar. + +Range.--Nicaragua north, in spring, through mountains to southern +Arizona. + + [Illustration: 441.] + +=441. Broad-billed Hummingbird= (_Iache latirostris_). L. 4. _Ad._ +[Male]. Above green; below darker; throat purplish blue; tail darker. +_Ad._ [Female]. Below gray; outer tail-feathers green at base, then +bluish black tipped with gray. _Yng._ [Male]. Similar to _Ad._ +[Female], but tail blue black with faint gray tips; throat with +metallic green feathers. + +Range.--Southern Mexico; breeds north through mountains to southern +Arizona and southwestern New Mexico. + + [Illustration: 428.] + +=428. Ruby-throated Hummingbird= (_Trochilus colubris_). L. 3.5; +W. 1.5. _Ad._ [Male]. Throat ruby, chin blackish; tail forked, +the feathers pointed. _Ad._ [Female]. Throat grayish, tail-feathers +rounded, three outer ones tipped with white. _Yng._ [Male]. Like +[Female] but throat with dusky spots. (See next page) + +Range.--Eastern North America, west to about Long. 100°; breeds from +Florida and eastern Mexico, north to Labrador and Hudson Bay region; +winters from southern Florida to Central America. + + [Illustration: 431.] + +=431. Anna Hummingbird= (_Calypte annæ_). L. 3.6. _Ad._ [Male]. +_Crown_ and throat glittering purplish pink; feathers at sides of +throat much lengthened. _Ad._ [Female]. Above green; below grayish +washed with green; throat usually with pink feathers; tail with a +narrow white tip. _Yng._ Similar but browner above. + +Range.--Western United States, from northern Lower California north to +northern California; east to southern Arizona; south in winter to +Mexico; recorded from Guadalupe Island. + + [Illustration: 432.] + +=432. Broad-tailed Hummingbird= (_Selasphorus platycercus_). L. 4. +_Ad._ [Male]. Outer primary very narrow, end sharp; crown green, +throat _pink_; tail green above, purplish below without white tips. +_Ad._ [Female]. Outer tail-feathers rusty at base, then black with a +broad white tip; middle feathers _entirely_ green; above bronzy green; +throat feathers with dusky centers; sides rusty. + +Range.--Rocky Mountains: west, rarely to eastern California; north to +southern Wyoming and Idaho; winters south of United States. + + [Illustration: 433.] + +=433. Rufous Hummingbird= (_Selasphorus rufus_), L. 3.6. _Ad._ [Male]. +Next to middle pair of tail-feathers _notched_ near tip of inner web; +back _reddish brown_ sometimes washed with green. _Ad._ [Female]. +Sides _rusty_, back green, throat spotted with green and sometimes +ruby, outer tail-feathers rusty at base, then black and a white tip, +the feather _more_ than .12 wide; middle tail-feathers green at base, +end black. _Yng._ [Male]. Similar to [Female] but _all_ tail-feathers +rusty at base. + +Range.--Western United States; breeds from the higher mountains of +southern California and Arizona, north to Lat. 61° in Alaska; during +migrations east to Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, and western +Texas; winters in southern Mexico. + + [Illustration: 434.] + +=434. Allen Hummingbird= (_Selasphorus alleni_). L. 3.6. _Ad._ [Male]. +Crown and _back green_, and tail rusty tipped with dusky, no notch in +tail-feathers; in other respects like No. 433. _Ad._ [Female] _and +Yng._ [Male]. Like the same of No. 433, but outer tail-feather less +than .12 in. wide. + +Range.--Pacific coast, from Monterey, California, north to British +Columbia; migrates south through Arizona, and southern California to +Mexico. + + +=435. Morcom Hummingbird= (_Atthis morcomi_). L. 2.9. _Ad._ [Female]. +Above bronzy green; middle tail-feathers bronzy green tinged with +rusty on basal half; rest of tail-feathers rusty brown, then green, +then black and tipped with white; below white, sides rusty, throat +spotted with bronze-green. (Ridgw.) Male unknown. + +Range.--Huachuca Mountains, southern Arizona, (known from one +specimen.) + + [Illustration: 436.] + +=436. Calliope Hummingbird= (_Stellula calliope_). L. 3. _Ad._ [Male]. +Throat purplish pink, white at base _showing through_; above green. +_Ad._ [Female]. Sides rusty, throat with green spots, above green, +outer tail-feathers gray at base, then black, then white _in nearly +equal amounts_. _Yng._ [Male]. Similar to [Female]. + +Range.--Mountains of western United States; breeds north to Montana, +Idaho, and British Columbia; west to eastern Oregon and eastern +California; winters, south of United States; rare on Pacific coast of +United States. + + + + +Order XVII. PERCHING BIRDS. + +PASSERES. + + + Family 1. FLYCATCHERS. Tyrannidæ. 32 species, 7 subspecies. + + Family 2. LARKS. Alaudidæ. 1 species, 13 subspecies. + + Family 3. CROWS AND JAYS. Corvidæ. 21 species, 14 subspecies. + + Family 4. BLACKBIRDS, ORIOLES, ETC. Icteridæ. 18 species, + 14 subspecies. + + Family 5. FINCHES, SPARROWS, ETC. Fringillidæ. 87 species, + 92 subspecies. + + Family 6. TANAGERS. Tanagridæ. 4 species, 1 subspecies. + + Family 7. SWALLOWS. Hirundinidæ. 9 species, 2 subspecies. + + Family 8. WAXWINGS. Ampelidæ. 3 species. + + Family 9. SHRIKES. Laniidæ. 2 species, 3 subspecies. + + Family 10. VIREOS. Vireonidæ. 13 species, 10 subspecies. + + Family 11. WARBLERS. Mniotiltidæ. 55 species, 18 subspecies. + + Family 12. WAGTAILS. Motacillidæ. 3 species. + + Family 13. DIPPERS. Cinclidæ. 1 species. + + Family 14. WRENS, THRASHERS, ETC. Troglodytidæ. 26 species, + 24 subspecies. + + Family 15. CREEPERS. Certhiidæ. 1 species, 4 subspecies. + + Family 16. NUTHATCHES AND TITS. Paridæ. 21 species, 20 subspecies. + + Family 17. KINGLETS, GNATCATCHERS, ETC. Sylviidæ. 7 species, + 3 subspecies. + + Family 18. THRUSHES, BLUEBIRDS, ETC. Turdidæ. 13 species, + 14 subspecies. + + +The North American members of the Order PASSERES are placed in two +Suborders, the _Clamatores_, or so-called Songless Perching Birds, +which includes all the Flycatchers, and the Suborder _Oscines_, or +Singing Perching Birds, which includes all our remaining Perching +Birds. While the Flycatchers are therefore technically classed as +songless birds, it does not follow that they have no songs. Sing they +do, but because of the less developed condition of their +voice-producing organ, they cannot give utterance to the longer and +more musical songs of the Oscines, which are supplied with a better +musical instrument. + +The Flycatchers, (Family Tyrannidæ) number somewhat over three hundred +and fifty species, and are found only in America, where they are most +abundant in the tropics. Feeding almost exclusively on insects, those +species which visit the United States are of necessity migratory, not +more than half a dozen of the thirty species which nest with us, +remaining in the United States during the winter, and these are found +only on our southern borders. + +Flycatchers as a rule, capture their prey on the wing. When perching, +their pose is usually erect and hawk-like. They often raise their +crown feathers, which in many species are somewhat lengthened, a habit +giving them a certain big-headed appearance. + +Flycatchers are most useful birds. The food of the Kingbird, for +example, a species which is erroneously believed to destroy honey +bees, has been found to consist of 90 per cent. insects, mostly +injurious species, while only fourteen out of two hundred and +eighty-one stomachs contained the remains of honey bees; forty of the +fifty bees found being drones. + + +The true Larks, (Family _Alaudidæ_) are chiefly Old World birds, the +Skylark being the best known member of the Family. In America we have +only the Horned or Shore Larks, one species of which shows so much +climatic variation in color throughout its wide range, that no less +than thirteen subspecies or geographical races of it are recognized in +the United States. + +The Horned Lark is a bird of the plains and prairies and is less +common in the Atlantic States than westward. Like the Skylark it sings +in the air, but its vocal powers are limited and not to be compared +with those of its famous relative. + + +The Crows and Jays, (Family _Corvidæ_) number about two hundred +species of which some twenty-five inhabit the western hemisphere. To +this family belong the Raven, Rook, Magpie and Jackdaw, all birds of +marked intelligence; and our Crows and Jays are fully worthy of being +classed with these widely known and distinguished members of their +family. + +The Crows and Jays, by varying their food with the season, are rarely +at loss for supplies of one kind or another and most species are +represented throughout their ranges at all times of the year. In the +more northern parts of their homes, however, some of these birds are +migratory, and Crows, as is well known, gather in great flocks during +the winter, returning each night to a roost frequented, in some +instances, by two or three hundred thousand Crows. + +While the Crows and Jays are technically 'Song Birds' their voices are +far from musical. Nevertheless they possess much range of expression +and several species learn to enunciate words with more or less ease. + + +The Starlings, (Family _Sturnidæ_) are Old World birds represented in +America only by the European Starling which was introduced into +Central Park, New York City, in 1890 and is now common in the +surrounding country. + + +The Blackbirds, Orioles, and Meadowlarks, (Family _Icteridæ_) number +about one hundred and fifty species and are found only in the New +World. The Blackbirds are most numerous in North America, where, +migrating in vast armies and often living in large colonies, they +become among the most characteristic and conspicuous of our birds. + +The Orioles are most numerous in the tropics, where some thirty +species are known. Apparently all of them are remarkable as nest +builders, the large Cassiques, nearly related, great yellow and black +birds, weaving pouches three and four feet long, several dozen of +which, all occupied, may be seen swinging from the branches of a +single tree. + + +The Finches, Sparrows, Grosbeaks, etc., (Family _Fringillidæ_) number +nearly six hundred species, a greater number than is contained in any +other family of birds. They are distributed throughout the world, +except in the Australian region, some ninety odd species inhabiting +North America. + +Varying widely in color, the Fringillidæ all agree in possessing +stout, conical bills, which are of service to them in crushing the +seeds on which they feed so largely. + +The streaked, brownish Sparrows, often so difficult of identification, +are usually inhabitants of plains, fields, or marshes, where they are +rendered inconspicuous by their dull colors. The more gayly attired +Grosbeaks, Buntings, Cardinals etc., frequent trees or bushy growths, +where their plumage either harmonizes with their surroundings or where +they have the protection afforded by the vegetation. + +Most of the members of this family are good singers, some of them +indeed being noted for their powers of song. They are less migratory +than insect-eating birds and some species are with us at all seasons. +Their abundance, musical gifts, and constant presence render them, +from the field student's point of view, highly important members of +the great class Aves. + +From an economic standpoint the Fringillidæ are no less deserving of +our esteem. Some species are of incalculable value as destroyers of +the seeds of noxious weeds. Fifteen hundred seeds have been found in +the stomach of one Snowflake or Snowbunting, and it has been estimated +by Professor Beal, of the Biological Survey of the United States +Department of Agriculture, that during the winter season, in the +single State of Iowa, where his studies were made, Tree Sparrows +devour no less than 875 _tons_ of weed seeds, chiefly of the ragweed. + + +The Tanagers, (Family _Tanagridæ_) are found only in the New World, +where they are most numerously represented in the tropics. As a family +they are remarkable for the brilliancy of their colors; the common, +but mistaken idea that most tropical birds are brightly clad being in +no small part due to the abundance of Tanagers and beauty of their +plumage. + +Only five of the some three hundred and fifty known species reach the +United States and these are migratory, coming to us in the spring and +returning to the tropics in the fall. Tanagers, as a rule, are not +possessed of much vocal ability, our species ranking high in their +family as songsters, the notes of many species being far less musical. + +Like most gaily costumed birds the plumages of many Tanagers undergo +striking changes in color with age and season. The male of our Scarlet +Tanager, for example, is olive-green with black wing-coverts during +his first winter, the scarlet plumage not being acquired until the +following spring. It is worn, however, only during the nesting season +after which the less conspicuous olive-green dress is again acquired, +the wings and tail, however, remaining black. + + +Swallows, (Family _Hirundinidæ_) are of world-wide distribution, and +as might be expected in birds possessing such remarkable powers of +flight, many of the species have unusually extended ranges. Our Barn +Swallow, for example, is found throughout North America in summer, and +in the winter it migrates as far south as southern Brazil. + +Birds of the air, the aërial habits of Swallows are reflected in their +long wings and small, weak feet; while their small bills and broad, +widely opening mouths indicate their manner of feeding. + +In spite of their poor equipment of tools, Swallows take high rank as +nest builders, and it is interesting to observe that although the +birds are structurally much alike, their nests often differ widely in +character. Compare for instance, the mud-made dwellings of the Barn +and Cliff Swallows with the tunneled hole of the Bank Swallow and one +realizes how little the character of a bird's home may depend on the +structure of it's builder. + +The food of Swallows, remarks Professor Beal, "consists of many small +species of beetles which are much on the wing, many species of diptera +(mosquitoes and their allies), with large quantities of flying ants +and a few insects of similar kinds. Most of them are either injurious +or annoying, and the numbers destroyed by Swallows are not only beyond +calculation, but almost beyond imagination." + + +The true Waxwings, (Family _Ampelidæ_) number only three species with +representatives in the northern parts of both hemispheres. Their +notes, as a rule are limited to a few unmusical calls, which, with our +Cedar Waxwing, are usually uttered when the bird is about to fly. + +Waxwings are found in small flocks during the greater part of the year +and roam about the country as though they were quite as much at home +in one place as in another, provided food be plenty. Small fruits, +chiefly wild ones, constitute their usual fare, but they also feed on +insects, the injurious elm beetle being among their victims. + + +The Shrikes, (Family _Laniidæ_) are represented in America by only two +species, the remaining two hundred or more members of this family +being found in the Old World. Shrikes are noted for their singular +habit of impaling their prey on thorns or similarly sharp-pointed +growths, or occasionally they may hang it in the crotch of a limb. +This proceeding enables them to tear it to pieces more readily, for it +will be observed that while Shrikes have a hawk-like bill, their feet +are comparatively weak and sparrow-like and evidently of no assistance +to them in dissecting their food. + +Our Northern Shrike, or Butcherbird, feeds chiefly on small birds and +mice, while the southern species, or Loggerhead, is a great destroyer +of grasshoppers and he also eats lizards and small snakes. + + +The Vireos, (Family _Vireonidæ_) number fifty species, all American. +They search the foliage carefully for leaf-eating insects and their +eggs, and examine the crevices in the bark for eggs of the injurious +wood-boring insects. They are therefore unusually beneficial birds. + +Bearing a general resemblance in size and color to many of the +Warblers, Vireos are sometimes confused with members of that family. +They are, however, as a rule, more deliberate in their motions and not +such active flutterers as are many of the Warblers. They are also more +musical, all the Vireos having characteristic songs, which if not +always highly musical, are generally noticeable, pronounced and +unmistakable. + +The nests of all our Vireos are pendant, deeply cup-shaped structures +usually hung between the forks of a crotch, to the arms of which they +are most skilfully woven. + + +The Warblers, (Family _Mniotiltidæ_) like the Vireos are distinctly +American birds, indeed they may be called characteristic North +American birds since most of the one hundred odd species are found +north of Mexico. Between thirty and forty species of these active, +beautiful little creatures may be found in the course of a year at a +single locality in the Eastern States and they therefore constitute an +exceedingly important element in our bird-life. Most of them come in +May at the height of the spring migration; when the woods often swarm +with them as they flit from limb to limb in pursuit of their insect +food. The larger number of them pass onward to their northern homes +and in September they return to us in increased numbers. + +The beauty of their plumage, the briefness but regularity of their +visits, the rarity of certain species, combine to make the Warblers +especially attractive to the field student and their charms are +heightened by the difficulty with which many of them are identified. +Study them as we may there are still species which have escaped us. + +By far the larger number of Warblers may be described as flutterers +that feed agilely about the terminal branches, (genera _Dendroica_ and +_Helminthophila_); others are true flycatchers, so far as feeding +habit is concerned, (genera _Setophaga_ and _Wilsonia_,) while others +still feed in the undergrowth or on the ground, (genera _Geothlypis_ +and _Seiurus_). Insects constitute almost their entire fare and they +are among our most beneficial birds. + + +Most of the Wagtails (Family _Motacillidæ_), are inhabitants of the +Old World, only three of the sixty odd species being found in this +country. Our Pipit or Titlark is our best known, most widely +distributed species. + +Like other members of its family it has the habit of wagging or +tipping its tail both when walking (for it should be noted that these +birds are ground-inhabiting and walkers) and at rest. + + +The Dippers (Family _Cinclidæ_) though numbering only twelve species +are distributed throughout the larger part of the world from the Andes +of South America to the mountains of Alaska, Europe, Asia and Africa. + +Everywhere they are haunters of streams, usually dashing mountain +torrents, over and _under_ which they seem equally at home. Darting +into the rushing waters they fly beneath the surface or feed on the +bottom with perfect ease, their thick, dense plumage evidently forming +a water-proof covering. Their nests are great balls of moss often +placed so near some boiling cascade as to receive frequent showers of +spray. The opening, however, is at the side, and the eggs and young +are well protected by an effective roof. + + +The Wrens, Thrashers, and Mockingbirds, (Family _Troglodytidæ_) form +two well defined subfamilies. The Wrens, (Subfamily _Troglodytinæ_) +number about one hundred and fifty species all but a dozen of which +are confined to America. The Thrashers and Mockingbirds, (Subfamily +_Miminæ_) number some fifty species, all of which are confined to +America. + +As their dull, neutral colors would lead us to suppose, both Wrens and +Thrashers are inhabitants of the lower growth rather than of the +tree-tops, and while they may seek an elevated perch whence to deliver +their song, their food is secured and their time consequently largely +passed near or on the ground. + +Few families of birds contain so many noted musicians, nearly every +member of this family being a singer of more than usual ability. + + +The Creepers, (Family _Certhiidæ_) number twelve species, only one of +which is found in America. This, however has a wide range and, +presenting more or less climatic variation in color, is recognized +under several subspecific names. Its habits, nevertheless, are much +the same everywhere. It climbs the trees of the mountains of Mexico or +of California with the same ceaseless energy it shows in Maine. + +The sharply-pointed, stiffened tail-feathers of the Creeper are of +evident use to it as it ascends trees and pauses here and there to +pick out an insect's egg from the bark. The same type of tail feather +is shown by Woodpeckers, an excellent illustration of similar +structure accompanying similar habits in birds not at all closely +related. + + +The Nuthatches and Titmice, (Family _Paridæ_), like the Wrens and +Thrashers, belong in two well marked Subfamilies; The Nuthatches, +(Subfamily _Sittinæ_) number about twenty species, only four of which +inhabit America; the Titmice, (Subfamily _Parinæ_) number some +seventy-five species, of which thirteen are American. + +Nuthatches are tree-creepers, but climbing up or down with equal ease, +their tail is not employed as a prop, and consequently shows no +special development of pointed or stiffened feathers. Their toes, +however, are long, and their nails large and strong, evidently giving +them a firm grip on the bark of trees. + +The Chickadees are generally resident birds and, as a rule, whatever +species we find in a given locality are apt to be there throughout the +year. We therefore become better acquainted with some of these lairds +than with others which are with us only a short season. This is +especially true of our eastern Black-capped Chickadee, which comes +familiarly about our homes in winter to partake of the feast of nuts +and suet which we spread for him at that season. + +Feeding largely on the eggs or larvæ of insects particularly injurious +to trees, the Nuthatches and Titmice are of great value to man. + + +The Kinglets, Gnatcatchers, and Old World Warblers, (Family +_Sylviidæ_) number about one hundred and twenty-five species, which +are divided among the following well-defined subfamilies: The +Kinglets, (Subfamily _Regulinæ_) seven species, three of which are +American; the Gnatcatchers, (Subfamily _Polioptilinæ_) some fifteen +species, all American; the Old World Warblers, (Subfamily _Sylviinæ_) +about one hundred species, all Old World except one which inhabits the +Bering Sea coast of Alaska. + +The Kinglets are small, olive green birds which may be mistaken for +Warblers but, aside from structural differences not evident in the +field, they may be known by their smaller size, greater tameness, and +habit of nervously flitting their wings at frequent intervals. One of +our species, the Ruby-crown, possesses a remarkably loud, clear, and +musical song, a surprising performance for so tiny a songster. +Kinglets build large nests of moss and feathers and lay as many as ten +eggs. + +The Gnatcatchers are small, slender, grayish birds which once well +seen will not be confused with other species. The Gnatcatchers, like +the Kinglets, are architects of more than usual ability, building a +nest beautifully covered with lichens. The Thrushes, (Family +_Turdidæ_) are variously classified by different ornithologists, but +under the ruling of the American Ornithologists' Union they are +grouped in the same family with the Bluebird, Solitaires, and +Stonechats. This family numbers about three hundred species, of which +about one-half are true Thrushes (Subfamily _Turdinæ_). The members of +this subfamily are, as a rule, fine singers, many of them being among +the best known song birds, and from a musical point of view the group, +as a whole, is usually given the first place among birds. If, however, +all the fifteen known species of Solitaires sing as well as the four +species it has been my privilege to hear, I am assured that no one +would dispute their claim to the highest rank which can be awarded +singing birds. + + +In the succeeding pages, the five hundred and fifty odd species and +subspecies included in the preceding families of the Order Passeres +are grouped according to some obvious color character in order to +facilitate their identification in life. A satisfactory arrangement of +this kind is out of the question. Lines sharply separating the groups +proposed do not exist and some species appear to fit in one section as +well as in another. Nevertheless, it is hoped that in most instances, +the system will be found to serve the purpose intended. Under its +ruling our Perching Birds are grouped as follows: + + 1. With red markings. + + 2. With blue markings. + + 3. With orange or yellow markings. + + 4. With reddish brown or chestnut markings, chiefly in the form of + patches or uniformly colored areas. + + 5. Brownish, generally streaked birds. + + 6. Dull, inconspicuously colored birds, without prominent markings. + + 7. Gray, black, or black and white birds. + + +While the first object of the bird student is to learn to name birds I +would again urge him to acquaint himself with at least the arrangement +of the Orders and Families of our birds and their leading structural +characters. (see page 2.) + +Having identified a bird, its family may always be determined by referring +to its number in the systematic list of birds at the end of the +book; and the more important characters of its Order and Family will +be found in the synopsis of Orders and Families beginning on page 9. + + +Perching Birds Marked With Red + + [Illustration: 607.] + +=607. Louisiana Tanager= (_Piranga ludoviciana_). L. 7.5. _Ad._ +[Male]. Yellow; back, wings, and tail black, head more or less red. +_Ad._ [Female]. Above olive-green, head rarely red-tinged; below dusky +greenish yellow; wings and tail brownish edged with greenish, two +yellowish white wing-bars. _Yng._ [Male]. Like [Female], but head and +rump greener, underparts yellower. _Notes._ Call, _clit-tuck_; song, +resembles that of No. 608. + +Range.--Western United States from the Plains to the Pacific; breeds +from Arizona to British Columbia; winters in Mexico and Central +America. + + [Illustration: 608.] + +=608. Scarlet Tanager= (_Piranga erythromelas_). L. 7.4. _Ad._ [Male]. +Scarlet; wings and tail black. _Ad._ [Female]. Olive-green, yellower +below, wings and tail blackish brown, no wing-bars. _Yng._ [Male]. +Like [Female], but brighter, wing-coverts black. _Ad._ [Male], +_Winter_. Like Yng. [Female], but wings and tail black. _Notes._ Call, +_chip-churr_; song, a rather forced whistle, suggesting a Robin's +song, but less musical, _Look-up_, _way-up_, _look-at-me_, _tree-top_; +repeated with pauses. + +Range.--Eastern United States, west to the Plains: breeds from +Virginia and southern Illinois north to New Brunswick and Manitoba; +winters in Central and South America. + + [Illustration: 609.] + +=609. Hepatic Tanager= (_Piranga hepatica_). L. 7.8. Bill large. _Ad._ +[Male]. Vermilion, back grayish; tail dull red. _Ad._ [Female]. _No +wing-bars_; above _grayish_ olive; crown and tail greener; below dusky +yellow. _Yng._ [Male]. Like [Female]. and variously intermediate +between it and ad. [Male]. _Notes._ Call, _clut-tuck_; song, like that +of No. 608, but somewhat more robin-like. + +Range.--From Guatemala north in spring to New Mexico and Arizona; +winters in Mexico and Central America. + + [Illustration: 610.] + +=610. Summer Tanager= (_Piranga rubra_). L. 7.5; W. 3.8. _Ad._ [Male]. +Rosy red. _Ad._ [Female]. 9. Olive-yellow above, dusky saffron below. +_Yng._ [Male]. Variously intermediate between Ad. [Male] and [Female]. +_Notes._ Call, _chicky-tucky-tuck_; song, resembles in form that of +No. 608 but is more musical and less forced. + +Range.--Eastern United States, west to the Plains; breeds from Florida +and western Texas north to southern New Jersey, southern Illinois, and +Kansas; winters in Central and South America. + + +=610a. Cooper Tanager= (_P. r. cooperi_). Similar to No. 610, but +larger; W. 4; bill more swollen, colors paler. + +Range.--"Breeds from southwestern Texas to the Colorado Valley, +California, and from Arizona and New Mexico to northwestern Mexico; +south in winter to western Mexico; casually to Colorado." + + [Illustration: 593.] + +=593. Cardinal= (_Cardinalis cardinalis_). L. 9; W. 3.7; T. 4.1. _Ad._ +[Male]. Forehead with a well-defined black band; feathers of back +(except in worn plumage) tipped with _olive-brown_ or _olive-gray_. +_Ad._ [Female]. Above olive-brown; crest, wings and tail dull red +edged with olive-brown; throat and region at base of bill gray; breast +buffy, sometimes tinged with red; belly whiter. _Notes._ Call, a +sharp, insignificant _tsip_; song, a rich, sympathetic whistle, +_whe-e-e-you_, _whe-e-e_, _hurry-hurry-hurry_, _quick-quick-quick_, +and other notes. + +Range.--Eastern United States; resident from northern Florida and +eastern Texas north to southern New York and Iowa. + + +=593a. Arizona Cardinal= (_C. c. superbus_). Largest of our Cardinals, +L. 9.5; W. 4; T. 4.9. _Ad._ [Male]. Paler, more rosy, than No. 593; +margins to back feathers usually gray; black on forehead usually +separated by base of culmen. _Ad._ [Female]. Gray above like No. 593c, +but breast richer, much as in No. 593d; gray of throat more restricted +and often confined to the chin. + +Range.--Southern Arizona and northern Sonora, Mexico. + + +=593b. Saint Lucas Cardinal= (_C. c. igneus_). Similar to No. 593a, +but smaller; W. 3.6; T. 4; [Male] with even less, sometimes almost no +black on forehead; [Female] paler; gray on chin and about base of bill +less defined. + +Range.--Southern Lower California. + + +=593c. Gray-tailed Cardinal= (_C. c. canicaudus_). W. 3.7. _Ad._ +[Male]. Red bright as in No. 593d, but black on forehead narrower, +usually separated by base of culmen. _Ad._ [Female]. Grayer than +[Female] of No. 593, the edgings of wings and tail usually gray +_without_ an olive tinge. + +Range.--Texas, except western and northeastern parts, and northeastern +Mexico. + + +=593d. Florida Cardinal= (_C. c. floridanus_). Smaller than No. 593, +W. 3.4; [Male] averaging deeper red; [Female] darker and richer in +color, particularly on breast. + +Range.--Southern half of Florida. + + [Illustration: 594.] + +=594. Arizona Pyrrhuloxia= (_Pyrrhuloxia sinuata_). L. 9; W. 3.6; +T. 4.1. _Ad._ [Male]. Gray; in fresh plumage washed with brownish; +crest, wings and tail externally dull red; under wing-coverts, center +of breast and of belly, throat, and region about base of bill, rosy +red. _Ad._ [Female]. Usually little or no red about bill or on +underparts. _Notes._ Call, several flat, thin notes; song, a clear, +straight whistle. (Bailey.) + +Range.--Northwestern Mexico, north to western Texas, southwestern +New Mexico, and Arizona. + + +=594a. Texas Pyrrhuloxia= (_P. s. texana_). Similar to No. 594, but +bill larger; underparts averaging slightly grayer; red before eyes +averaging duskier. + + +=594b. Saint Lucas Pyrrhuloxia= (_P. s. peninsulæ_). Similar in color +to No. 594, but decidedly smaller, with the bill larger; W. 3.4; +T. 3.7. (Ridgw.) + +Range.--Cape Region of Lower California. + + [Illustration: 515.] + +=515. Pine Grosbeak= (_Pinicola enucleator leucura_). L. 8.5; W. 4.6. +_Ad._ [Male]. Rosy red in varying amounts; belly gray; wings, tail and +center of back feathers blackish brown; two white wing-bars. _Ad._ +[Female]. Gray, head and rump greenish; breast tinged with greenish. +_Yng._ [Male]. Like [Female], but with head and rump reddish. _Notes._ +Song, sweet; in winter strong and cheery; in spring tender and +plaintive. (Chamberlain.) + +Range.--Northeastern North America; breeds from New Brunswick and +northern New England northward; winters south, irregularly, to +southern New England, Ohio, and Manitoba, and casually to District of +Columbia and Kansas. + + +=515a. Rocky Mountain Pine Grosbeak= (_P. e. montana_). Similar to +No. 515b, but decidedly larger, W. 4.8, and coloration slightly +darker; the adult male with the red of a darker, more carmine hue. +(Ridgw.) + +Range.--"Rocky Mountains of United States, from Montana and Idaho +to New Mexico." (Ridgway.) + + +=515b. California Pine Grosbeak= (_P. e. californica_). Similar to +No. 515, but [Male] with red much brighter; feathers of back plain +ashy gray without darker centers; [Female] with little if any greenish +on rump. + +Range.--Higher parts of "Central Sierra Nevada, north to Placer County +and south to Fresno County, California." (Grinnell.) + + +=515c. Alaskan Pine Grosbeak= (_P. e. alascensis_). Similar to +No. 515, but decidedly larger with smaller or shorter bill and paler +coloration, both sexes having the gray parts of the plumage distinctly +lighter, more ashy. (Ridgw.) + +Range.--"Northwestern North America except Pacific coast, breeding in +interior of Alaska; south, in winter, to eastern British Columbia, +Montana (Bitterroot Valley), etc." (Ridgway.) + + +=515d. Kadiak Pine Grosbeak= (_P. e. flammula_). Similar to No. 515, +but with much larger, relatively longer and more strongly hooked bill; +wings and tail grayish brown instead of dull blackish. + +Range.--"Kadiak Island and south on the coast to Sitka, Alaska." +(Ridgway.) + + [Illustration: 521.] + +=521. American Crossbill= (_Loxia curvirostra minor_). L. 6.1; W. 3.4; +B. .66. Tips of mandibles crossed. _Ad._ [Male]. Red, more or less +suffused with greenish or yellow. _Ad._ [Female]. Olive-green, rump +and underparts yellower. _Yng._ Resemble Ad. [Female]. _Notes._ Calls, +when feeding, a conversational twittering; louder and more pronounced +when flying; song, sweet, varied and musical, but of small volume. + +Range.--Northern North America, chiefly eastward; breeds from northern +New England (in Alleghanies from Georgia) north and west to Alaska; +winters south irregularly to Virginia and Nevada; casually to South +Carolina and Louisiana. + + +=521a. Mexican Crossbill= (_L. c. stricklandi_). Similar to No. 521, +but larger; W. 4; B. .78. + +Range.--"Mountains of Wyoming and Colorado, west to the Sierra Nevada, +and south through New Mexico, Arizona and the tablelands of Mexico to +Guatemala." (A.O.U.) + + [Illustration: 522.] + +=522. White-winged Crossbill= (_Loxia leucoptera_). L. 6. Tips of +mandibles crossed. _Ad._ [Male]. Rose-pink; middle of back black; +wings with _two white bars_. _Ad._ [Female]. Olive-green and dusky; +rump and underparts yellower; _wings with two white bars_. +_Yng._ Like Ad. [Female]. _Notes._ Resemble those of No. 521. + +Range.--Northern North America; breeds from northern New England, +northern New York and northern Michigan northward; winters south +irregularly to Virginia, Illinois, British Columbia, and Nevada. + + [Illustration: 595.] + +=595. Rose-breasted Grosbeak= (_Zamelodia ludoviciana_). L. 8. _Ad._ +[Male]. Black; rump, belly, tips of inner vanes of outer tail-feathers +and patch in wing white; under wing-coverts and breast rose. _Ad._ +[Female]. Under wing-coverts saffron; above streaked brown and black; +below whitish streaked with blackish; a _white line over eye_; two +white wing-bars. _Yng._ [Male]. Resembles [Female], but under +wing-coverts _rose_; breast more or less rose-tinged. _Notes._ Call, a +sharp, steely _peek_; song, a rich, fluent, joyous carol. + +Range.--Eastern United States, west to the Plains; breeds from +northern New Jersey, northern Ohio, and northern Indiana (and south in +Alleghanies to North Carolina), north to Nova Scotia and Manitoba; +winters in Central and South America. + +=517. Purple Finch= (_Carpodacus purpureus_). L. 6.2; W. 3.2. Bill +swollen and rounded; nostrils large, partially covered by projecting, +grayish, bristly feathers; tail slightly forked. _Ad._ [Male]. Dull +rose, head and rump brightest; back brownish; lower belly white. _Ad._ +[Female]. Above grayish brown, slightly edged with whitish and +brownish ashy; below white streaked with dark brownish; a more or less +distinct whitish stripe over the eye. _Yng._ Resemble Ad. [Female]. +_Notes._ Call, _creak, creak_, and a querulous whistle; song, a sweet, +rapidly flowing warble. (See page 175.) + +Range.--Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from +northern New Jersey, the mountains of Pennsylvania, and northern +Illinois northward; winters from the northern States to the Gulf of +Mexico. + + +=517a. California Purple Finch= (_C. p. californicus_). Similar to No. +517, but [Male] duller and darker; [Female] _decidedly_ olive greenish +above. (See page 175.) + +Range.--Pacific coast region; breeds in the mountains of California; +west of the Sierra north to British Columbia; winters from central +Oregon to southern Arizona. + + [Illustration: 517.] + + [Illustration: 518.] + +=518. Cassin Purple Finch= (_Carpodacus cassini_). L. 6.5. _Ad._ +[Male]. Similar to Ad. [Male] of No. 517 and No. 517a, but back much +blacker, streaks more sharply defined; crown as bright but appearing +_like a cap_; below much paler. _Ad._ [Female]. Similar to Ad. +[Female] of No. 517a, but larger and more sharply streaked with black, +both above and below. _Notes._ Resemble those of No. 517. + +Range.--Western United States, east to the eastern base of the +Rockies, west to the Pacific; breeds in the mountains from New Mexico +north to British Columbia. + + [Illustration: 519.] + +=519. House Finch= (_Carpodacus mexicanus frontalis_). L. 6.1; W. 3.1. +_Ad._ [Male]. Throat, breast, _forehead_, _line over eye_, and rump, +bright rose-red; back grayish brown tinged with red; belly white, +streaked with brownish. _Ad._ [Female]. Above brownish gray obscurely +streaked with brownish, _no olive_ tint; below white streaked with +brownish. _Ad._ [Male] _in Winter_. Red areas dull purplish pink +tipped with grayish. _Yng._ Resemble Ad. [Female]. _Notes._ Call, +nasal, in chorus, chattering; song, a musical cheery, varied warble, +reminding one of that of No. 517, but recognizably different. + +Range.--Western United States, east to the Plains, west to the +Pacific, and from northern Mexico north to southern Wyoming and +Oregon. + + +=519b. St. Lucas House Finch= (_C. m. ruberrimus_). Similar to No. +519, but smaller, W. 2.8; red more extended, always showing in males +on under tail-coverts. + +Range.--Southern Lower California. + + +=519c. San Clemente House Finch= (_C. m. clementis_). Similar to +No. 519, but wing and tail averaging shorter, the bill decidedly, +and feet slightly larger; coloration somewhat darker. W. 3; B. .48. +(Ridgw.) + +Range.--Santa Barbara Island, California; Todos Santos Island, +Lower California. + + +=520. Guadalupe House Finch= (_Carpodacus amplus_). Similar to +No. 519, but red deeper; back dark brown without red suffusion. + +Range.--Guadalupe Island, Lower California. + + +=520.1 San Benito House Finch= (_Carpodacus mcgregori_). Similar to +No. 519, but much larger with relatively shorter wings and tail; +above much grayer and more distinctly streaked; red areas paler, +more flesh-colored, often dull yellow; W. 3.2; T. 2.5; B. .5. (Ridgw.) + +Range.--San Benito Island, Lower California. + + [Illustration: 527.] + +=527. Greenland Redpoll= (_Acanthis hornemannii_). L. 6.1; W. 3.3. +A red crown-patch. _Ad._ [Male]. Rump, lower breast, sides and belly +_white_, generally _unstreaked_; breast and rump sometimes faintly +tinged with pink. In winter. Throat, breast, and above washed with +buff. _Ad._ [Female]. Similar to [Male], but no pink on breast or +rump, sides sometimes lightly streaked. + +Range.--Breeds in Greenland; winters south to Labrador. + + +=527a. Hoary Redpoll= (_A. h. exilipes_). Similar to No. 527 but +smaller and darker; rump still _white_, but with sides more apt to +be streaked; L. 5; W. 3; T. 2.3; B. .3. + +Range.--Breeds in Arctic regions; in America, winters south +irregularly to Massachusetts, Ontario, northern Illinois, and +Michigan. + + [Illustration: 528.] + +=528. Redpoll= (_Acanthis linaria_). L. 5.3; W. 2.8; T. 2.3. B. .36. +Crown-cap red. _Ad._ [Male]. Above blackish brown edged with yellowish +brown and some whitish; rump _heavily_ streaked with blackish edged +with whitish and tinged with rose; breast rose; sides heavily +streaked. _Ad._ [Female]. Similar, but no pink on rump or breast. +_Yng._ [Male]. Like female. _Notes._ Call like that of Goldfinch or +Siskin and _chit_; song like that of American Goldfinch but distinct. +(Minot.) + +Range.--Breeds in northern parts of northern hemisphere; in America, +winters south to northern United States, irregularly to Virginia, +Alabama, Kansas, Colorado, and northern California. + + +=528a. Holbœll Redpoll= (_A. l. holbœllii_). Similar to No. 528, +but larger, the bill longer; W. 3.2; T. 2.3; B. .38. + +Range.--Breeds in northern parts of northern hemisphere; in America, +winters south, casually to northern United States, (Quebec, Ontario, +and Massachusetts.) + + +=528b. Greater Redpoll= (_A. l. rostrata_). Similar to No. 528, +but larger, above darker; L. 5.5; W. 3.2; T. 2.5; B. .35; depth +at base, .28. + +Range.--"Southern Greenland in summer, migrating south in winter, +through Labrador to (sparingly) the northern border of the United +States, (New England, lower Hudson Valley, northern Illinois, etc.), +and west to Manitoba." (Ridgway.) + + [Illustration: 749.] + +=749. Ruby-crowned Kinglet= (_Regulus calendula_). L. 4.4. +A conspicuous whitish eye-ring. _Ad._ [Male]. A more or less +concealed vermilion crown-patch; back olive-green; underparts soiled +whitish more or less tinged with buffy; two white wing-bars. +_Ad._ [Female] _and Yng._ Similar, but no crown-patch. _Notes._ Call, +a wren-like _cack_; song, a surprisingly loud, rich, musical, varied, +flute-like whistle. + +Range.--North America; breeds from the northern border of the United +States northward and south in the Rocky Mountains to Arizona and on +the Sierra Nevada of California; winters from South Carolina and +Oregon southward to Central America. + + +=749a. Sitkan Kinglet= (_R. c. grinnelli_). Similar to No. 749, +but more olive-green above, more buffy below. + +Range.--Pacific coast; breeds In southern Alaska; winters southward +to California. + + +=750. Dusky Kinglet= (_Regulus obscurus_). Similar to No. 749, +but above sooty olive. _Ad._ [Male]. With crown-patch pinkish or +purplish vermilion-red. (Ridgw.) (See page 176.) + +Range.--Guadalupe Island, Lower California. + +--=European Goldfinch= (_Carduelis carduelis_). L. 5.50. Feathers at +base of bill red; crown and neck-stripe black; back brownish; wings +with a yellow band; inner webs of tail-feathers tipped with white; +below white tinged with brownish. _Notes._ Call, _twit_; song, +"sweet and varied." (See page 176.) + +Range.--Introduced in this country near Hoboken, N. J., in 1878; +now not uncommon near New York City. + + [Illustration: 443.] + +=443. Scissor-tailed Flycatcher= (_Muscivora forficata_). L. 14.5. +_Ad._ [Male]. Above gray, back washed with red or yellow; crown-patch +red. _Ad._ [Female]. Similar, but tail shorter, red less bright, back +grayer. _Notes._ Loud, harsh, chattering notes uttered on the wing. + +Range.--Central America and Mexico; breeds through Texas north to +southern Kansas and western Louisiana, and winters south to Central +America: accidental in Florida and as far north as Connecticut and +Hudson Bay. + + [Illustration: 471.] + +=471. Vermilion Flycatcher= (_Pyrocephalus rubineus mexicanus_). +L. 6. _Ad._ [Male]. Crown and underparts red; back grayish brown. +_Ad._ [Female]. Above brownish, below white, breast streaked with +dusky, belly red or yellow. _Yng._ [Male]. Similar to [Female] but +spotted with red below and on crown. _Notes._ A shrill _zi-bréé_, +_zi-bréé_, uttered while the bird hovers twenty or thirty feet up +in the air. (Bendire.) + +Range.--Central America and Mexico, breeding north to southern Texas, +New Mexico, Arizona, southwestern Utah (rarely); "winter visitant to +southern California." (Grinnell.) + + [Illustration: 688.] + +=688. Painted Redstart= (_Setophaga picta_). L. 5.4. +_Ads._ Black; center of breast and belly deep red, patch +in wings and outer tail-feathers white. + +Range--Mexican Plateau north to southwest New Mexico and Arizona. + + [Illustration: 690.] + +=690. Red-faced Warbler= (_Cardellina rubrifrons_). +L. 5.2. _Ads._ Forehead, face, throat and sides of neck +red, crown and ear-coverts black, nape band and rump +whitish; back gray; no white in wings or tail. _Notes._ +A prolonged, very clear, whistled song. (Scott.) + +Range.--From Guatemala north over the Mexican Plateau to southern +Arizona and western New Mexico. + + [Illustration: 498.] + +=498. Red-winged Blackbird= (_Agelaius phœniceus_). L. [Male], 9.5; +W. 4.7; B. .88; depth at base, .5. _Ad._ [Male]. Black, in winter more +or less tipped with rusty; lesser wing-coverts scarlet; median +wing-coverts buff, tips in summer whitish. _Ad._ [Female]. Above +brownish black, widely margined with buffy and rusty; below whitish +heavily streaked with black; throat tinged with orange or yellow; +lesser wing-coverts tinged with red. _Yng._ [Male]. Similar to _Ad._ +[Male], but heavily margined with rusty above and less so below; +lesser wing-coverts duller and narrowly edged with black. _Notes._ +Call, _chût_, _chûck_, a reedy _cack_; song, a chorus song, a liquid +_kong-quĕr-rēē_; alarm note a shrill _chee-e-e-e-e_. The notes of this +species are subject to much variation with locality, but I find it +impossible to express on paper differences perfectly apparent when +heard. + +Range.--Eastern North America; breeds from Gulf of Mexico north to +New Brunswick and Manitoba; winters from Virginia and southern +Illinois southward. + + +=498a. Sonoran Red-wing= (_A. p. sonoriensis_). Similar to No. 498, +but larger, bill more slender; [Female] paler, streaking below +browner. W. [Female], 4.8; B. .95; depth at base .5. + +Range.--Lower Colorado Valley in California and Arizona, southern +Arizona and south over coast plain of Sonora; Cape St. Lucas. + + +=498b. Bahaman Red-wing= (_A. p. bryanti_). Similar to No. 498, +but bill slightly longer, the female streaked below with brownish +instead of black. + +Range.--Bahamas and southern Florida. + + +=498c. Florida Red-wing= (_A. p. floridanus_). Similar to No. 498, +but smaller, the bill longer and more slender; [Male], W. 4.2; +B. .9; depth at base .4. + +Range.--Florida, except extreme southern portion; west along Gulf +coast to Texas. + + +=498d. Thick-billed Red-wing= (_A. p. fortis_). Similar to No. 498, +but larger, bill shorter and proportionately thicker. W. 5; B. .8; +depth at base .5. + +Range.--Breeds on Mackenzie River, Athabasca, and other interior +districts of British America; during migrations Great Plains, from +Rockies to Minnesota, Iowa, western Illinois, northern Kentucky, and +southwest to western Texas and Arizona. (Ridgway.) + + +=498e. San Diego Red-wing= (_A. p. neutralis_). Similar to No. 498a, +but slightly smaller, the [Female] with streaks below wider. W. 4.7; +B. .95; depth at base .5. + +Range.--Great Basin region from southern British Columbia south to +Mexico, western Texas, to southern California and northern Lower +California; in winter as far east as Brownsville, Texas. (Ridgway.) + + +=498f. Northwestern Red-wing= (_A. p. caurinum_). Similar to No. 498, +but slightly larger, bill somewhat longer and more slender, the [Male] +with median wing-coverts deeper buff, the [Female] much darker, +streaks below wider, darkest [Female] of group. W. 4.8; B. .9; +depth at base .45. + +Range.--Pacific coast from northern California to British Columbia; +south in winter to southern California. + + [Illustration: 500.] + + [Illustration: 499.] + +=499. Bicolored Blackbird= (_Agelaius gubernator californicus_). +_Ad._ [Male]. Similar to No. 498, but median wing-coverts darker +and broadly tipped with black, concealing as a rule, their brownish +bases. _Ad._ [Female]. Very different from [Female] of No. 498; above +and below blackish slightly edged with rusty. _Notes._ Similar in +character to those of No. 498, but with easily recognizable differences. +(See page 178.) + +Range.--Pacific coast; breeds from northern Lower California +northward, west of Sierra Nevada and Cascade ranges, to Washington; +migratory at north part of range. + + +=500. Tricolored Blackbird= (_Agelaius tricolor_). _Ad._ [Male]. +Similar to No. 498, but glossier, lesser wing-coverts darker, median +wing-coverts _white_; in winter black more or less edged with grayish +brown; median wing-coverts dingy. _Ad._ [Female]. No rusty; above +blackish edged with grayish; below black bordered with whitish. +_Notes._ "Said to be quite different" from those of No. 498. +(Bendire.) (See page 178.) + +Range.--Northern Lower California north to southern Oregon; local +in valleys of interior. + + [Illustration: 523.] + +=523. Aleutian Leucosticte= (_Leucosticte griseonucha_). Like +No. 524a, but much darker, breast chestnut-chocolate; larger, W. 4.4. + +Range.--Islands of Bering Sea (resident); in winter, Shumagin Islands, +lower portion of Alaska Peninsula and Kadiak Island. + + [Illustration: 524.] + +=524. Gray-crowned Leucosticte= (_Leucosticte tephrocotis_). L. 6.7; +W. 4.1. _Ad._ [Male]. Reddish brown more or less tipped with grayish; +rump, upper tail-coverts, lesser wing-coverts, outer edges of +primaries, and lower belly tipped with _pink_; forecrown black; +hindhead gray; cheeks _down to blackish throat brown_. _Ad._ [Female]. +Similar but duller. _Yng._ Nearly uniform brownish; margins of +primaries showing some pink. _Notes._ A quick alarm note, _qui_, +_qui_. (Silloway.) + +Range.--Western United States; breeds in higher parts of Sierra Nevada +of California, from Mt. Shasta south to Mt. Whitney, and on White +Mountains (Grinnell); north in Rocky Mountains to British Columbia; +in winter east to Manitoba, Colorado, and Nebraska. + + [Illustration: 524a.] + +=524a. Hepburn Leucosticte= (_L. t. littoralis_). Similar to No. 524, +but cheeks _gray_ like hindhead; throat often grayish. + +Range.--Higher mountains of Washington and British Columbia; north to +Alaska; winters south to Colorado and, on Pacific Coast, as far north +as Kadiak Island. + + [Illustration: 525.] + +=525. Black Leucosticte= (_Leucosticte atrata_). Similar to No. 524, +but brown replaced by brownish black in _Ad._ [Male], or dusky slate +brownish in _Ad._ [Female] and _Yng._ + +Range.--Breeds on higher mountains of Idaho and Wyoming; winters south +to Colorado and Utah. + + [Illustration: 526.] + +=526. Brown-capped Leucosticte= (_Leucosticte australis_). Resembles +No. 524, but little or no gray on hindhead, the black of forehead +passing gradually into brown of nape and back. + +Range.--Breeds in mountains of Colorado at about 12000 feet altitude, +winters at lower altitudes and south to New Mexico. + + +Perching Birds Marked With Blue + + [Illustration: 599.] + +=599. Lazuli Bunting= (_Cyanospiza amœna_). L. 5.5. _Ad._ [Male]. +Two white wing-bars; breast cinnamon, throat and upperparts light +blue; back blacker. In winter more or less tipped with rusty. _Ad._ +[Female]. Middle wing-coverts _tipped_ with _whitish_; above grayish +brown with generally a blue tinge, strongest on rump and lesser +wing-coverts; below whitish, breast buff. _Yng._ Like [Female], but +browner, no blue. _Notes._ Suggest those of the Indigo Bunting. + +Range.--Western United States, east to western Kansas; breeds north to +Montana and British Columbia; winters in Mexico. + + [Illustration: 600.] + +=600. Varied Bunting= (_Cyanospiza versicolor_). L. 5.5. _Ad._ [Male]. +Reddish purple, crown and rump blue, nape red. _Ad._ [Female]. Above +brownish gray; below whitish washed with buff; a slight tinge of blue +on rump, wings and tail. Much like [Female] of No. 598, but less brown +above and no streaks below. _Yng._ Resemble [Female]. + +Range.--Mexico; breeding north to southern Texas and southern Arizona; +winters south of United States. + + +=600a. Beautiful Bunting= (_C. v. pulchra_). Similar to No. 600, but +slightly smaller, rump more purple, throat with less red. + +Range.--Southern Lower California. + + [Illustration: 601.] + +=601. Painted Bunting; Nonpareil= (_Cyanospiza ciris_). L. 5.4. +_Ad._ [Male]. Below red, rump duller, back green, head dark blue. +_Ad._ [Female]. _Bright_, shining olive-green above; greenish yellow +below. _Yng._ [Male]. Like [Female]; second year variously intermediate +between Ad. [Male] and [Female]. _Notes._ Resemble those of the Indigo +Bunting but possess less volume. + +Range.--Southern United States; breeds north to North Carolina, +southern Illinois, and Kansas, and west to southern Arizona; winters +in Mexico and Central America. + + [Illustration: 654.] + +=654. Black-throated Blue Warbler= (_Dendroica cærulescens_). L. 5.2. +A white patch or spot at base of primaries. _Ad._ [Male]. Throat and +sides black; belly white; above dark grayish blue; outer tail-feathers +with white. _Ad._ [Female]. Grayish olive-green; below yellowish +white; a narrow white line over eye; white wing-patch small, sometimes +barely showing above coverts; tail with a bluish tinge. _Yng._ [Male]. +Like _Ad._ [Female], but greenish above; black areas smaller and +tipped with whitish. _Notes._ Call, a sharp, characteristic _chip_; +song, usually, _zwee-zwee-zwee_ in an ascending scale. + +Range.--Eastern North America; breeds from northern Connecticut, +mountains of Pennsylvania, southern Michigan, and northern Minnesota, +north to Labrador and Hudson Bay region; winters in Central and South +America. + + +=654a. Cairns Warbler= (_D. c. cairnsi_). Similar to No. 654, but +[Male] darker, the back with more or less black; [Female] darker and +duller. + +Range.--Breeds in higher portions of southern Alleghanies; winters +south of United States. + + [Illustration: 658.] + +=658. Cerulean Warbler= (_Dendroica cerulea_). L. 5. _Ad._ [Male]. +A gray-blue breast band; above bright gray-blue streaked with black; +wing-bars and spots in tail white. _Ad._ [Female] and _Yng._ [Male]. +Above blue-gray washed with greenish, below yellowish white; a whitish +line over eye. _Notes._ Call, a warbler _lisp_ and _tchip_ of the +Myrtle Warbler; song resembling that of Parula Warbler. (Brewster.) +(See page 180.) + +Range.--Mississippi Valley, breeding north to Minnesota and east to +Cayuga County, New York, Maryland, and West Virginia; generally rare +east of Alleghanies; migrates south through Texas and winters in +Central and South America. + + [Illustration: 597.] + +=597. Blue Grosbeak= (_Guiraca cærulea_). L. 7; W. 3.4. _Ad._ [Male]. +Deep, dark blue, back blacker and sometimes with brownish edgings; +lesser wing-coverts broadly, greater wing-coverts narrowly tipped with +chestnut. In winter more or less tipped with brownish above and below. +_Ad._ [Female]. Above grayish brown, deepest on head; below grayish +white washed with buffy; wing-bars buff. Some specimens show more or +less blue, particularly about head. _Yng._ [Male]. Like [Female], but +browner. _Notes._ Call, a strong, harsh, _ptchick_; song, a beautiful +but feeble warble, somewhat like that of Purple Finch and with a +slight resemblance to that of Rose-breasted Grosbeak. (Ridgw.) + +Range.--Eastern United States; breeds from the Gulf north to Maryland +and southern Illinois; winters south of United States into Mexico and +Central America; casually north as far as Maine and Quebec. + + +=597a. Western Blue Grosbeak= (_G. c. lazula_). Similar to No. 597, +but larger, W. 3.6; male brighter blue; back blacker; tips of +wing-coverts paler, those of greater coverts usually decidedly paler +than those of lesser coverts and averaging wider than those of No. +597. Female averaging paler, less brown. + +Range.--Western United States; breeds from Mexico north to Kansas, +southern Nebraska, Colorado, and northern California; winters in +Mexico and Central America. + + [Illustration: 598.] + +=598. Indigo Bunting= (_Cyanospiza cyanea_). L. 5.4. No white +wing-bars. _Ad._ [Male]. Deep blue, darkest on head. In winter brown, +paler below, more or less mixed with blue. _Ad._ [Female]. Above +brown; below whitish washed with brown with a _suggestion of streaks_; +lesser wing-coverts and margins of tail-feathers usually tinged with +blue. _Yng._ Similar to [Female] but below more streaked; browner, and +generally without blue tinge. _Notes._ Call, a sharp _pit_; song, a +tinkling, unsympathetic, rapid warble, _July, July, summer-summer's +here_; _morning, noontide, evening, list to me_. + +Range.--Eastern United States, west to the Plains, casually to +Colorado; breeds north to Nova Scotia and Manitoba; winters in Central +America. + + [Illustration: 766.] + +=766. Bluebird= (_Sialia sialis_). L. 7. _Ad._ [Male]. Above, +including wings and tail, bright blue; throat and breast rusty brown, +belly whitish. _Ad._ [Female]. Above grayer, below paler. In winter +specimens of both sexes have upperparts tipped with rusty. _Notes._ +Call, _tur-wee, tur-wee_; song, a rich and sweet but short warble. + +Range.--Eastern United States; breeds from the Gulf States to Nova +Scotia and Manitoba; winters from southern New England and southern +Illinois southward. + + +=766a. Azure Bluebird= (_S. s. azurea_). Similar to No. 766, but +breast paler, upperparts less deep, more cerulean. + +Range.--Mountains of eastern Mexico north to southern Arizona. + + +=767. Western Bluebird= (_Sialia mexicana occidentalis_). L. 7. +_Ad._ [Male]. Above bright blue, foreback with more or less rust-brown, +but rarely wholly chestnut; _throat blue_, breast rust-brown, belly +bluish gray. _Ad._ [Female]. Above grayish blue; rust on foreback +faintly indicated; throat bluish gray, breast paler than in [Male]. +_Notes._ Call, suggests that of No. 766, but is louder and wilder. + +Range.--Pacific coast region from northern Lower California north to +British Columbia, east to western Nevada and casually, during +migrations, to New Mexico. (Ridgway.) + + [Illustration: 767a.] + +=767a. Chestnut-backed Bluebird= (_S. m. bairdi_). Similar to No. 767, +but foreback _wholly_ rust-brown. + +Range.--Rocky Mountain region from Wyoming south into Mexico. + + +=767b. San Pedro Bluebird= (_S. m. anabelæ_). Rust-brown of back and +breast greatly reduced in extent, usually wholly wanting or barely +indicated on back, and divided into two patches on breast by backward +extension of blue of throat; W. 4.2. (Ridgw.) + +Range.--San Pedro Martir Mountains, Lower California. + + [Illustration: 768.] + +=768. Mountain Bluebird= (_Sialia arctica_). L. 7.5. _Ad._ [Male]. +Above beautiful cerulean blue, throat and breast paler, belly whitish. +Winter specimens are more or less tipped with brownish. _Ad._ +[Female]. Above brownish gray, rump blue, throat and breast grayish +buff; belly whitish. _Notes._ Call, suggests that of No. 766, but in +fall is merely a feeble chirp. (Ridgw.) + +Range.--Western United States, except Pacific coast; breeds from the +Sierra Nevada east to the Plains and from New Mexico north to the +Great Slave Lake region; winters from the Mexico boundary states south +into Mexico. + + [Illustration: 477.] + +=477. Blue Jay= (_Cyanocitta cristata_). L. 11.7. _Ads._ Above +gray-blue, breast and sides washed with _grayish_; white tip to outer +tail-feather rarely less than one inch long. _Notes._ Varied; commonly +a loud harsh _jay jay_; often whistling calls and imitations of the +notes of other birds, particularly of common Hawks. + +Range.--Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from Georgia +and northern Texas north to Labrador and Hudson Bay region; resident, +except at northern part of range. + + +=477a. Florida Blue Jay= (_C. c. florincola_). Similar to No. 477, but +smaller, L. 10; blue above with a purplish tinge; greater wing-coverts +more narrowly barred with black and tipped with white. + +Range.--Florida and Gulf Coast to southeastern Texas. + + [Illustration: 482.] + +=482. Arizona Jay= (_Aphelocoma sieberii arizonæ_). L. 13; W. 6.3; +T. 5.8. _Ads._ Above grayish blue, head, wings and tail brighter than +back; below unstreaked, gray breast tinged with bluish; belly whiter. +_Notes._ Noisy, harsh, and far-reaching. (Bendire.) + +Range.--Northern Mexico, north to southern New Mexico and Arizona. + + +=482a. Couch Jay= (_A. s. couchi_). Similar to No. 482, but smaller; +W. 5.8; T. 5.3; bluer above, throat whiter. + +Range.--"Eastern Mexico, extending to western Texas in the Chisos +Mountains." (Bailey.) + + [Illustration: 492.] + +=492. Pinon Jay= (_Cyanocephalus cyanocephalus_). L. 11; T. 4.8. +_Ads._ Above nearly uniform grayish blue, head slightly darker; below +slightly paler, throat streaked with white. _Notes._ Variable, some as +harsh as those of No. 491, others like gabble of Magpie; others like +Jays' common call a shrill, querulous, _peeh, peeh_; when on ground +maintain a constant chatter. (Bendire.) + +Range.--Western North America, from New Mexico and Lower California +north to southern British Columbia; east to Rockies, west to Sierra +Nevada and Cascade Ranges. + + [Illustration: 479.] + +=479. Florida Jay= (_Aphelocoma cyanea_). L. 11.5. _Ads._ foreback +clay-color or pale brownish gray; head, nape, wings, tail, sides of +throat and faint breast-streaks blue; a grayish line over eye; throat +gray; belly dingier; forehead usually hoary. _Notes._ Harsh and +unmusical calls. + +Range.--Florida; confined mostly to coast of the middle portions of +the peninsula. + + [Illustration: 480.] + +=480. Woodhouse Jay= (_Aphelocoma woodhousei_). L. 12; W. 5. _Ads._ +Back _grayish or brownish blue_, usually not sharply defined from +nape; crown, nape, wings and tail blue; throat _gray_; belly dingier; +breast streaked with blue; _under tail-coverts blue_; a _narrow white_ +line over eye. Resembles No. 479, but is larger, back bluer, forehead +not hoary; line over eye sharper. + +Range.--Western United States (chiefly Great Basin region), from +northern Mexico north to southeastern Oregon and southern Wyoming; +east to western Texas and Colorado; west to California, east of the +Sierras. + + [Illustration: 480.1.] + +=480.1. Blue-eared Jay= (_Aphelocoma cyanotis_). Resembling No. 480, +but larger; W. 5. 5; under tail-coverts _white_; back slaty-gray +tinged with blue; white line over eye less evident. + +Range.--"Mexican tableland north casually to Sutton County, Texas." +(Bailey.) + +_480.2. Texan Jay_ (_Aphelocoma texana_). Similar to No. 480.1, but +white line over eye more distinct, below paler and browner gray, lower +throat and chest with obsolete grayish streaks instead of blue +streaks. Differs from No. 480 in having pure white under tail coverts +and in other respects. (Ridgw.) + +Range.--"Southeastern Texas, from Concho and Kerr Counties west to the +Davis Mountains." (Bailey.) + + [Illustration: 481.] + +=481. California Jay= (_Aphelocoma californica_). Similar to No. 480, +but back _brown_; usually sharply defined from nape; blue areas +brighter, throat and belly whiter; breast less streaked with blue. +_Notes._ Varied, usual call a harsh, metallic squawking. + +Range.--Pacific coast from northern Lower California, north to +southern Washington, east, in California, to the Sierra Nevada. + + +=481a. Xantus Jay= (_A. c. hypoleuca_). Similar to No. 481, but blue +areas somewhat lighter, underparts decidedly whiter. + +Range.--Lower California, north to Lat. 28°. + + +=481b. Belding Jay= (_A. c. obscura_). Similar to No. 481, but darker +and with smaller feet; W. 4.7. (Anthony.) + +Range.--San Pedro Martir Mountains, Lower California. + + [Illustration: 481.1.] + +=481.1. Santa Cruz Jay= (_Aphelocoma insularis_). Similar to No. 481, +but larger; W. 5.6; blue areas much deeper, back much darker, grayish +sooty tinged with blue. + +Range.--Santa Cruz Island, California. + + [Illustration: 478.] + +=478. Steller Jay= (_Cyanocitta stelleri_). L. 13. _Ads._ Crest, back +and upper breast sooty brown; rump and belly dark, (Antwerp) blue; +forehead more or less streaked with blue. _Notes._ Varied, usual call +a loud, harsh squawking; the bird is a mimic and also a whistler. + +Range.--Pacific coast from Monterey, California, north to near Cook +Inlet, Alaska, including Vancouver Island. + + +=478a. Blue-fronted Jay= (_C. s. frontalis_). Similar to No. 478, but +back paler, grayer, rump and belly turquoise, forehead with more blue +which sometimes extends to the crest. + +Range.--"Southern coast ranges and Sierra Nevada of California and +western Nevada, from Fort Crook south to northern Lower California." +(A.O.U.) + + +=478b. Long-crested Jay= (_C. s. diademata_). Similar to No. 478, but +paler, grayer above, blue turquoise, as in No. 478a; crest longer, the +forehead with pale, _bluish white_ streaks; a white spot over the eye. + +Range.--"Southern Rocky Mountains; north to southern Wyoming; west to +Uintah Mountains, in eastern Utah, and the higher ranges of +northwestern Arizona; south to New Mexico." (Bendire.) + + +=478c. Black-headed Jay= (_C. s. annectens_). Between No. 478 and +No. 478b. Forehead streaks, and spot over eye much as in latter; +color of body dark as in former. + +Range.--Northern Rocky Mountain region from northern Utah and southern +Wyoming north to Alberta and British Columbia. + + +=478d. Queen Charlotte Jay= (_C. s. carlottæ_). Similar to No. 478, +but darker, sooty slate above, blue deeper. + +Range.--Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. + + [Illustration: 483.] + +=483. Green Jay= (_Xanthoura luxuosa glaucescens_). L. 11. _Ads._ +Crown and patches at side of throat blue; back, wings, and central +tail-feathers green; outer tail-feathers yellow; throat black, breast +and belly greenish yellow. _Notes._ Noisy and harsh often suggesting +certain of the Blue Jay's calls. + +Range.--Lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas, and south into northeastern +Mexico. + + +Perching Birds with Yellow or Orange + + [Illustration: 503.] + +=503. Audubon Oriole= (_Icterus audubonii_). L. 9.5. _Ads._ Head, +breast, wings and tail black; belly yellow; back greenish yellow. +_Yng._ Greenish yellow below; olive-green above. _Notes._ See No. 507. + +Range.--Mexico north to the Lower Rio Grande; casually as far as San +Antonio, Texas; resident. + + [Illustration: 504.] + +=504. Scott Oriole= (_Icterus parisorum_). L. 8; B. .95; _Ad._ [Male]. +Lesser wing-coverts, base of tail, rump and belly yellow; rest of +plumage black. _Ad._ [Female]. Yellowish below, olive-green above, two +white wing-bars. _Yng._ [Male]. Like female, but throat black. +_Notes._ See No. 507. + +Range.--Mexican tableland, migrating north to western Texas, northern +New Mexico, southern Nevada and southeastern California; winters in +Mexico. + + [Illustration: 505.] + +=505. Hooded Oriole= (_Icterus cucullatus sennetti_). L. 8; B. .75. +_Ad._ [Male]. _Orange_; forehead, face, throat, foreback, wings and +tail black; lesser wing-coverts and tips to greater ones white. _Ad._ +[Female]. Yellowish below, brownish olive-green above, two white +wing-bars. _Yng._ [Male]. Like [Female], but throat black. _Notes._ +See No. 507. + +Range.--Mexico; migrating north to the Lower Rio Grande; winters in +Mexico. + + +=505a. Arizona Hooded Oriole= (_I. c. nelsoni_). Similar to No. 505, +but head, rump, etc. yellow instead of orange. + +Range.--Northwestern Mexico and Lower California, migrating north to +southwestern New Mexico, Arizona, and southern California, west of +Sierra Nevada; winters in Mexico. + + [Illustration: 507.] + +=507. Baltimore Oriole= (_Icterus galbula_). L. 7.5. _Ad._ [Male]. +Throat, whole head, foreback, wings and middle tail-feathers black; +breast, belly, rump, lesser wing-coverts and ends of outer +tail-feathers orange; wing-coverts and tertials margined with white. +_Ad._ [Female]. Head and foreback olive-yellow spotted with black; +rump and tail brownish yellow; below dull yellow, throat generally +blackish. _Notes._ The notes of all the orange and black Orioles known +to me are mellow, musical, querulous whistles generally given in +detached fragments, all much alike in character but distinguishable +when one becomes familiar with them. + +Range.--Eastern North America west to the Rocky Mountains; breeds from +Florida and eastern Texas north to New Brunswick and the Saskatchewan; +winters in Central and South America. + + [Illustration: 508.] + +=508. Bullock Oriole= (_Icterus bullocki_). L. 7.5. _Ad._ [Male]. +_Cheeks_, most of underparts, forehead and line over eye orange; rump +and outer tail-feathers yellower; center of throat, crown, foreback +and middle tail-feathers black; a large white wing-patch. _Ad._ +[Female]. Above olive grayish brown; below yellowish, belly whiter; +tail olive-yellow; wings blackish, median coverts tipped, greater +coverts externally margined with white; chin sometimes blackish. +_Yng._ [Male]. Like [Female], but center of throat and lores black. +_Notes._ See No. 507. + +Range.--Western North America, from Mexico north to Assiniboia and +British Columbia; east to western Texas; west to the Pacific; winters +in Mexico. + + [Illustration: 637.] + +=637. Prothonotary Warbler= (_Protonotaria citrea_). L. 5.5. +Tail-feathers with large white areas. _Ad._ [Male]. Whole head and +underparts orange-yellow; back greenish yellow; rump gray. _Ad._ +[Female]. Crown greenish like back; yellow paler; belly whitish; +less white in tail. _Notes._ Call, a sharp, metallic _chink_; song, +a "high pitched, penetrating and startling" "_peet_, _tsweet_, +_tsweet_, _tsweet_, _tsweet_, _tsweet_." (Jones.) + +Range.--Eastern North America; breeds from the Gulf States north to +Virginia, Ohio, and southern Minnesota; winters in the tropics. + + [Illustration: 651.] + +=651. Olive Warbler= (_Dendroica olivacea_). L. 5.2. _Ad._ [Male]. +Head and breast orange brown, a black band through the eye; back +olive-gray; belly grayish; wing-bars white; outer tail-feathers +largely white. _Ad._ [Female]. Above olive-gray, head yellower; +eye-band dusky; breast yellow; belly white. _Notes._ Song, a liquid +_quirt quirt_, _quirt_, in a descending scale. (Price.) + +Range.--Highlands of Guatemala and Mexico north to mountains of +Arizona and New Mexico. + + [Illustration: 662.] + +=662. Blackburnian Warbler= (_Dendroica blackburniæ_). L. 5.2. _Ad._ +[Male]. Throat, line over eye, center of crown, and sides of neck +bright orange; back black with a few whitish streaks; wing-bars +broadly white; tail-spots white. _Ad._ [Female]. Yellow areas paler; +above grayish streaked with blackish. _Yng. and Ad. in Winter._ +Similar to Ad. [Male], but throat paler, back browner; wing with two +distinct bars. _Notes._ Song, _wee-see-wee-see, tsee-tsee_, _tsee_, +_tsee-tsee_, _tsee_, _tsee_, in an ascending scale, the last shrill +and fine. + +Range.--Eastern North America; breeds from northern New England (and +in Berkshire and Worcester counties, Massachusetts), and northern +Minnesota, north to Labrador and Hudson Bay region, (and south in +Alleghanies to South Carolina); winters in tropics. + + [Illustration: 687.] + +=687. Redstart= (_Setophaga ruticilla_). L. 5.4. _Ad._ [Male]. Black; +sides of breast, band in wings and in tail rich salmon. _Ad._ +[Female]. Sides of breast, band in wings and in tail dull yellow; back +olive-brown, crown gray; below whitish. _Yng._ [Male]. Intermediate +between adults. _Notes._ Song, _ching_, _ching_, _chee_; _ser-wee_, +_swee_, _swe-e-e_. + +Range.--North America; rare on the Pacific coast; breeds from North +Carolina, and Kansas north to Labrador and Alaska; winters in the West +Indies, Central and South America. + + [Illustration: 748.] + +=748. Golden-crowned Kinglet= (_Regulus satrapa_). L. 4.1. _Ad._ +[Male]. Crown orange and yellow bordered by black; a whitish line over +eye; back grayish olive-green; below soiled whitish. A blackish band +in wing bordered basally by yellowish white. _Ad._ [Female]. No orange +in crown, its whole center yellow. _Notes._ Call, a fine, high +_ti-ti_; song, five or six fine, shrill high-pitched notes ending in a +short, rapid, rather explosive warble, "_tzee_, _tzee_, _tzee_, +_tzee_, _ti_, _ti_, _ter_, _ti-ti-ti_." + +Range.--North America; breeds from northern United States northward, +and southward along the Rockies into Mexico and in the Alleghanies to +North Carolina; winters from about its southern breeding limit to the +Gulf States and Mexico. + + +=748a. Western Golden-crowned Kinglet= (_R. s. olivaceus_). Similar to +No. 748, but upperparts brighter olive-green; underparts with a +brownish tinge. + +Range.--Pacific coast region; breeds from the higher Sierra Nevada of +California north to southern Alaska. + + [Illustration: 666.] + +=666. Golden-cheeked Warbler= (_Dendroica chrysoparia_). L. 5. _Ad._ +[Male]. Throat, crown and _back_ black; cheeks and spot in forehead +yellow; a narrow black line through eye; wing-bars and tail-patches +white. _Ad._ [Female]. Above olive green with _black streaks_; cheeks +duller than in [Male], eye-streak dusky; throat yellow, breast +blackish; belly _white_. _Notes._ Song, _tser_, _weasy-weasy_, _twea_, +resembling song of No. 667. (Nehrling.) + +Range.--Western central and southern Texas and south through eastern +Mexico to highlands of Guatemala. (Ridgway.) + + [Illustration: 667.] + +=667. Black-throated Green Warbler= (_Dendroica virens_). L. 5. +_Ad._ [Male]. Throat and breast black; cheeks greenish yellow; back +olive-green; wing-bars and tail patches white. _Ad._ [Female] and +_Yng._ [Male]. Similar, but throat yellowish; black breast tipped with +yellowish; _belly tinged with yellow_; back _without_ black _streaks_. +_Yng._ [Female]. Throat and breast yellowish white, little or no +black. _Notes._ Song, a droning _zēē_, _zēē_, _zĕ-ēē'_, _zēē_. + +Range.--Eastern North America; breeds from Connecticut and northern +Illinois north to Nova Scotia and Hudson Bay, and south in Alleghanies +to South Carolina; winters in Central America. + + [Illustration: 668.] + +=668. Townsend Warbler= (Dendroica townsendi). L. 5.1. _Ad._ [Male]. +A black eye-patch bordered by yellow stripes; crown and throat black; +back olive-green spotted with black; wing-bars and tail-patches white. +_Ad._ [Female]. Eye-patch olive; throat yellow, indistinctly blackish; +crown and back olive-green, with few black streaks. _Yng._ Similar, +but yellower. _Notes._ Song, _de-de_, _de-de_, _de_, like that of +No. 667. (Merrill.) + +Range.--Western North America; breeds from mountains of southern +California north to Alaska, east to western Colorado; in migrations to +western Texas; winters in Mexico. + + [Illustration: 669.] + +=669. Hermit Warbler= (_Dendroica occidentalis_). L. 5.1. Underparts +_without_ streaks. _Ad._ [Male]. Crown and cheeks yellow; throat +black; back gray spotted with black; wing-bars and tail-patches +white. _Ad._ [Female]. Crown less yellow; throat yellowish; back +olive-gray, usually without spots. _Yng._ [Female]. Similar, but +yellower. _Yng._ [Male]. Throat dusky; forehead and cheeks yellow; +back olive-green with concealed black spots. Much like Yng of +No. 667, but forehead yellower, no streaks below. _Notes._ Song, +_zeegle-zeegle-zeegle-zeek_. (Barlow.) + +Range.--Western United States; breeds in high mountains from British +Columbia to California, and from Pacific Coast district of United +States to Rocky Mountains; migrates to Lower California, Mexico, and +Guatemala. (Bailey.) + + [Illustration: 684.] + +=684. Hooded Warbler= (_Wilsonia mitrata_). L. 5.7. Outer tail-feather +with white patches. _Ad._ [Male]. Forehead and cheeks yellow; hindhead +extending to breast and throat black; belly yellow; back olive-green. +_Ad._ [Female]. Throat yellow, hindhead olive-green usually with +black. _Notes._ Call, a sharp _cheep_; song, a gracefully whistled +_you must come to the woods, or you wont see me_. + +Range.--Eastern United States; breeds north to southern Connecticut, +central western New York, and southern Michigan; winters in Central +America. + + [Illustration: 531.] + +=531. Lawrence Goldfinch= (_Astragalinus lawrencei_). L. 4.7. _Ad._ +[Male]. Crown, throat and front of cheeks black; body _gray_, breast, +rump, wings and, to a less degree, back with yellow; outer tail +feathers with large white spots near the end. _Ad._ [Female]. Similar, +but no black, back browner and without yellow. _Notes._ Suggesting +those of the Goldfinch, but weaker. + +Range--California, west of the Sierra; breeds from northern Lower +California north to Chico, California; winters to Arizona and New +Mexico. + + [Illustration: 642.] + +=642. Golden-winged Warbler= (_Helminthophila chrysoptera_). L. 5. +_Ad._ [Male]. Crown yellow, wing-bars broadly yellow; above bluish +gray; below grayish white; throat-patch and eye-stripe black. _Ad._ +[Female]. Crown duller; throat-patch and eye-stripe gray. _Notes._ +Song, a lazy _zee-zee-zee-zee_ all on same note. + +Range.--Eastern United States; breeds from northern New Jersey and +northern Indiana north to Vermont, southern Ontario, and Michigan, and +south along Alleghanies to South Carolina; winters in Central America. + + [Illustration: 678.] + +=678. Connecticut Warbler= (_Geothlypis agilis_). L. 5.5. Eye-ring +white; no white in wings or tail. _Ad._ [Male]. Crown and cheeks +bluish slate; throat and breast paler, the latter with no black; above +olive-green; below yellow, sides greenish. _Ad._ [Female] _and Yng._ +Throat and breast olive _brown_; belly yellow; back brownish +olive-green; crown browner. _Notes._ Call, a sharp _peek_; song, +suggesting that of Maryland Yellow-throat and also that of Oven-bird, +_free-chapple_, _free-chapple_, _free-chapple_, _whoit_. (Seton.) + +Range.--Eastern North America, north to Maine and Manitoba; known to +breed only in Manitoba; winters in northern South America. + + [Illustration: 679.] + +=679. Mourning Warbler= (_Geothlypis philadelphia_). L. 5.4. No white +in wings or tail. _Ad._ [Male]. No white eye-ring; crown and cheeks +bluish slate; throat blackish; breast black more or less veiled by +slaty; belly yellow; back olive-green. _Ad._ [Female]. Head slaty; +throat and breast _grayish_; an inconspicuous white eye-ring. _Yng._ +Similar, but browner above; throat more yellow. _Notes._ Song, clear +and whistled, _tee te-o te-o te-o we-se_, the last couplet accented +and much higher pitched. (Jones.) + +Range.--Eastern North America; breeds from northern New England, +northern New York and eastern Nebraska north to Nova Scotia and +Manitoba, and south along the Alleghanies to West Virginia; winters in +Central and South America. + + [Illustration: 680.] + +=680. Macgillivray Warbler= (_Geothlypis tolmiei_), +L. 5.4. _Ads._ Similar to No. 679, but with an incomplete +white eye-ring showing above and below eye. + +Range.--Western North America from the Rocky Mountains to the +Pacific; breeds from western Texas and mountains of southern California +north to British Columbia; in migrations ranges east to Nebraska +and middle Texas; winters in Mexico and Central America. + + [Illustration: 656.] + +=656. Audubon Warbler= (_Dendroica auduboni_). L. 5.6. Crown, sides of +breast, rump, and _throat_ usually with yellow. _Ad._ [Male]. Throat +bright yellow; breast black; back blue-gray streaked with black; +wing-bars broadly white; outer tail-feathers with white. _Ad._ +[Female]. Similar to male, but breast grayish; yellow less bright; +less white in wings. [Male], _Winter_. Like same plumage of No. 655, +but throat, yellowish; more white in tail. [Female], _Winter_. +Similar, but less yellow, throat sometimes without yellow, when like +No. 655, but white on four or five outer tail-feathers instead of on +two or three. + +Range.--Western United States; breeding in higher mountains from +southern California and New Mexico north to British Columbia; winters +south into Mexico. + + +=656a. Black-fronted Warbler= (_D. a. nigrifrons_). Similar to No. +656, but _Ad._ [Male]. with forehead, sides of crown, and ears black; +back black, narrowly margined with bluish gray. _In winter._ Bluish +gray, not brownish above. Ad. [Female] darker, more heavily streaked +with black above. (Ridgw.) + +Range.--Mountains of northern Mexico north to southern Arizona. + + [Illustration: 657.] + +=657. Magnolia Warbler= (_Dendroica maculosa_). L. 5.1. Rump yellow; +seen from below a white band across middle of tail. _Ad._ [Male]. +Crown ashy, back black; wing-coverts broadly white; below yellow +streaked with black. _Ad._ [Female]. Duller; fewer black stripes +below; wing-bars separated, narrow. _Yng. and Ad in winter._ Crown and +sides of head brownish ashy, back olive-green; below yellow, sides +occasionally streaked. _Notes._ Song, a loud, clear whistle, +_chee-to_, _chee-to_, _chee-tee-ee_, uttered rapidly and with a +falling inflection, (Langille.) + +Range.--Eastern North America, west in migrations, to the Rockies; +breeds from northern New England, northern Michigan (and south along +the Alleghanies to Pennsylvania), north to Quebec and Hudson Bay +region; winters in Central America. + + [Illustration: 663.] + +=663. Yellow-throated Warbler= (_Dendroica dominica_). L. 5.2. _Ads._ +Throat and _line from bill to eye_ yellow; cheeks and forehead black; +back bluish gray; two broad white wing-bars; tail-patches white. +_Notes._ Song, loud, ringing and ventriloquial; suggesting that of +Indigo Bunting but shorter. + +Range.--Southeastern United States; breeds from Florida north to +Virginia and winters from Florida south into West Indies. + + +=663a. Sycamore Warbler= (_D. d. albilora_). Similar to No. 663, but +bill smaller, line from eye to bill white or with but traces of +yellow. + +Range.--Mississippi Valley; breeds from Texas north to Kansas, +southern Indiana, southern Illinois, and West Virginia; winters in +Mexico and Central America. + + [Illustration: 664.] + +=664. Grace Warbler= (_Dendroica graciæ_). L. 5. _Ad._ [Male]. Throat +and line over eye yellow; cheeks gray; above gray, crown and back with +black streaks; wing-bars and tail-patches white. _Ad._ [Female]. +Similar, but duller, back sometimes brownish. + +Range.--Northwestern Mexico, north to New Mexico, southwestern +Colorado, and Arizona. + + +=686. Canadian Warbler= (_Wilsonia canadensis_). L. 5.6. No white in +wings or tail. _Ad._ [Male]. A necklace of black spots on breast; back +gray; belly yellow; forehead black. _Ad._ [Female] _and Yng._ [Male]. +Black areas smaller. _Yng._ [Female]. Slightly yellowish above; +necklace slightly indicated by dusky spots. _Notes._ Song, _tu-tu_, +_tswe_, _tu_, _tu_, longer or shorter and suggesting in style of +utterance both the Yellow Warbler and Goldfinch. (Jones.) (See page +190.) + +Range.--Eastern North America; breeds from Massachusetts, central New +York, and northern Michigan north to Labrador and Manitoba, and south +along the Alleghanies to North Carolina; winters in Central and South +America. + + [Illustration: 640.] + +=640. Bachman Warbler= (_Helminthophila bachmanii_). L. 4.2. Outer +tail-feathers usually with a white patch more or less distinct. _Ad._ +[Male]. Breast-patch and crown-band black; forehead, chin and belly +yellow; back olive-green, hindhead grayish. _Ad._ [Female]. Above +grayish olive-green, head grayer; below dingy grayish with a yellow +tinge. _Notes._ Song, when migrating, resembles that of Parula +Warbler, (Brewster); when breeding, that of Worm-eating Warbler, Junco +or Chippy. (Widmann). + +Range.--Southeastern United States, west to Louisiana, north to +Virginia and southern Indiana; rare on Atlantic coast; known to breed +only in Missouri; winters south of United States. + + [Illustration: 641.] + +=641. Blue-winged Warbler= (_Helminthophila pinus_). L. 4.8. _Ad._ +[Male]. Crown and underparts yellow; back olive-green; a black stripe +through eye; two whitish wing-bars; outer tail-feathers with white +patches. _Ad._ [Female]. Similar, less yellow on head, duller below. +_Notes._ Song, a wheezy, _swee-chee_, the first inhaled, the second +exhaled; also, later, _wēē_, _chi-chi-chi-chi_, _chūr_, _chēē-chūr_. + +Range.--Eastern United States; breeds north to southern Connecticut +and Minnesota, occasionally wanders to Massachusetts; winters south +of United States. + + [Illustration: 670.] + +=670. Kirtland Warbler= (_Dendroica kirtlandi_). L. 5.7. _Ad._ [Male]. +Above bluish gray streaked with black; below pale yellow, sides +streaked with black; wing-bars grayish; tail-patches white. _Ad._ +[Female]. Similar, but browner. _Notes._ Song, said to resemble that +of Maryland Yellow-throat and also that of Yellow-throated Warbler. + +Range.--Eastern United States; has been found from April to October +in United States as follows: in Florida, South Carolina, Virginia, +Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Minnesota, Michigan, and Ontario, +in all some twenty odd specimens; found breeding in summer of 1903 in +Oscoda County, Michigan; winters in Bahamas where some fifty specimens +have been taken. + + [Illustration: 671.] + +=671. Pine Warbler= (_Dendroica vigorsii_). L. 5.5. _Ad._ [Male]. +Throat and breast greenish yellow; above bright yellowish green; +wing-bars and tail-patches white. _Ad._ [Female]. Similar, but breast +duller, back browner. _Yng._ [Male]. Similar to Ad. [Male], but +browner. _Yng._ [Female]. Below buffy white, breast slightly or not +all yellowish; back olive-brown. _Notes._ Song, suggesting a Chipping +Sparrow's but more musical. + +Range.--Eastern North America; breeds from Gulf States north to New +Brunswick, Minnesota, and Manitoba; winters from Virginia and southern +Illinois to Gulf States. + + +=696. Siberian Yellow Wagtail= (_Budytes flavus leucostriatus_). +L. 6.5. _Ad._ [Male]. Crown bluish slate, a white line over eye; back +olive-green; below yellow; wing-bars yellowish; outer tail-feathers +largely white. _Ad._ [Female]. Similar, but duller, head and wing-bars +browner. _Notes._ Call, a sharp, _plé-plé-ple_; song, a low, clear, +medley of jingling notes uttered on the wing. (Nelson.) +(See page 191.) + +Range.--China, Eastern Siberia, and Bering Sea portion of eastern +Alaska. + + [Illustration: 529.] + +=529. American Goldfinch= (_Astragalinus tristis_). L. 5.1; W. 2.8. +_Ad._ [Male]. Yellow, cap, wings and tail black; wing-coverts, +secondaries and inner margins of tail-feathers tipped with white. +_Ad._ [Female], Above grayish olive-brown; below buffy whitish; throat +yellowish; wings and tail duller than in male; white tips to tail not +distinct. _Yng._ [Male] _and Ad._ [Male] _in winter_. Similar to +[Female] but wings and tail black; white markings grayer than in +summer. _Notes._ Calls, when perching, _hear me_, _hear me_, _dearie_, +soft and sweet, when flying, _per-chic'-o-ree_; _per-chic'-o-ree_; +song, sweet, rapid, varied and canary-like. + +Range.--Eastern North America west to the Rockies; breeds from +Virginia and Missouri north to Labrador and Manitoba; winters from +northern United States to the Gulf States. + + +=529a. Western Goldfinch= (_A. t. pallidus_). Similar to No. 529, but +larger, W. 3.05. _Ad._ [Male], _in summer_, similar in color to No. +529. [Female] and [Male], _in winter_. Much paler, the white areas +greater in extent. + +Range.--Rocky Mountain region from northern Mexico north to British +Columbia. + + +=529b. California Goldfinch= (_A. t. salicamans_). Similar to No. 529, +but wings and tail shorter and color darker. _Ad._ [Male] _in summer_. +With back always (?) tinged with pale olive-green; in winter darker +than No. 529, but with white areas as large as in 529a. (Ridgw.) + +Range.--California, west of the Sierra, south to Lower California, +north to Washington. + + [Illustration: 530.] + +=530. Arkansas Goldfinch= (_Astragalinus psaltria_). L. 4.1. _Ad._ +[Male]. Cap, wings, and tail black, most of primaries and tail white +basally; back and cheeks olive-green, often marked with black; below +yellow _Ad._ [Female]. No black cap; above olive-green; below dull +yellowish; wings and tail brownish black, former with white much +reduced, latter with little or no white. _Yng._ Resemble female. +_Notes._ Call, _se-e-e-ep_; song, sweet, varied and musical. + +Range.--Western United States, from the Plains to the Pacific; breeds +from northern Lower California and western Texas, north to Colorado, +southern Idaho, and Oregon; winters from the southern part of its +breeding range southward. + + +=530b. Mexican Goldfinch= (_A. p. mexicanus_). Resembles No. 530, +but _cheeks and entire upperparts black_; [Female] as in No. 530. + +Range.--Mexico, north to southern Texas. + + [Illustration: 685.] + +=685. Wilson Warbler= (_Wilsonia pusilla_). L. 5. No white in plumage. +_Ad._ [Male]. Crown shining black; forehead, cheeks and underparts +yellow; back olive-green. _Ad._ [Female]. Similar, but crown-patch +often smaller, sometimes absent. _Yng._ [Female]. Crown-patch absent. +_Notes._ Song, _'tsh-'tsk-'tsh-'tshea_. (Nuttall.) Suggests that of +Redstart or Yellow Warbler. (Minot.) + +Range.--Eastern North America; breeds from Nova Scotia, northeastern +Maine, and Ontario north to Labrador and Hudson Bay region; winters in +Mexico and Central America; "occasional during migration in Colorado... +and other parts of the Rocky Mountain district" (Ridgw.) +(See page 192.) + + +=685a. Pileolated Warbler= (_W. p. pileolata_). Similar to No. 685, +but yellow deeper, olive brighter. + +Range.--Western North America; breeding throughout the Rocky Mountain +district from western Texas in higher mountains, northward to Alaska, +coast and interior; westward to eastern Oregon and Queen Charlotte +Islands; in migrations over all of western North America and east to +Minnesota; in winter south to Central America. (Ridgw.) (See page +192.) + + +=685b. Golden Pileolated Warbler= (_W. p. chryseola_). Similar to +No. 685a, but still brighter, richer yellow; forehead nearly orange; +back brighter green. + +Range.--Pacific coast; breeds from southern California north to +British Columbia; in migration east to eastern Oregon; south to +Chihuahua and Lower California. (Ridgw.) (See page 192.) + + [Illustration: 677.] + +=677. Kentucky Warbler= (_Geothlypis formosa_). L. 5.6. No white in +plumage. _Ad._ [Male]. Cheeks and crown black the latter tipped with +ashy; back olive-green; a yellow line over eye; below bright yellow. +_Ad._ [Female]. Similar, but less black in crown and on cheeks; yellow +duller. _Notes._ Song, a _loud musical_ whistle, _turdle_, _turdle_, +_turdle_, suggesting notes of Carolina Wren. + +Range.--Eastern United States; breeds from Gulf States north to lower +Hudson Valley, southern Michigan and eastern Nebraska; winters in +Central and northern South America. + + [Illustration: 681.] + +=681. Maryland Yellow-throat= (_Geothlypis trichas_). L. 5.2; W. 2.1. +_Ad._ [Male]. Forehead and cheeks black, bordered behind by ashy; back +olive-green; throat and breast yellow, belly whitish washed with +yellow, sides brownish. _Ad._ [Female]. No black mask; above dull +olive-green, forehead brownish; throat and breast more or less washed +with yellow, belly whitish, sides brownish. _Yng._ [Male]. Similar to +Ad. [Male], but browner; breast yellow; cheeks and forehead with more +or less half-concealed black. _Notes._ Calls, _pit_, _chit_, or +_chack_; song, variable, often _wichity_, _wichity_, _wichity_. + +Range.--"Atlantic Coast district of United States; breeding in +Virginia, District of Columbia, Maryland and southern Pennsylvania +(Carlisle), probably also in Delaware and southern New Jersey and in +upland portions of Carolinas and Georgia; ... south in winter to +Bahamas ..." (Ridgw.) + + +=681a. Western Yellow-throat= (_G. t. occidentalis_). Similar to +No. 681d, but yellow below richer, border of mask whiter and broader. + +Range.--Arid western United States; east to western portions of Great +Plains, north to Montana and eastern Washington (?); west to southern +California: breeding southward to northern Chihuahua and northern +Lower California; southward in winter to western Mexico and Cape St. +Lucas. (Ridgw.) + + +=681b. Florida Yellow-throat= (_G. t. ignota_). Similar to No. 681d, +but yellow below more extended and deeper, sides browner; black mask +wider; upperparts, especially hindhead, browner. + +Range.--South Atlantic and Gulf Coast districts of United States from +southeastern Virginia to Florida and westward along Gulf lowlands to +eastern Texas; winters from at least coast of South Carolina +southward; also in Cuba. (Ridgw.) + + +=681c. Pacific Yellow-throat= (_G. t. arizela_). Similar to No. 681a, +but bill smaller, wings and tail shorter, color duller, whitish margin +of mask narrower, yellow usually less orange; W. 2.2; T. 2.1. (Ridgw.) + +Range.--"Pacific Coast district, from British Columbia southward; +breeding southward to Los Angeles County, California, and eastward to +Fort Klamath, Oregon; during migration to Cape St. Lucas." (Ridgw.) + + +=681d. Northern Yellow-throat= (_G. t. brachidactyla_). Similar to +No. 681, but averaging larger; W. 2.2. _Ad._ [Male]. More yellow +below, more olive-green above. _Ad._ [Female]. Usually with yellow +below brighter and more extended. (Ridgw.) + +Range.--Northeastern United States from northern New Jersey to +Newfoundland; west to northern Ontario and eastern Dakota, and south +through Mississippi Valley to upland districts of the Gulf States and +east central Texas; in winter Bahamas, Mexico, and Central America. +(Ridgw.) + + +=681e. Salt Marsh Yellow-throat= (_G. t. sinuosa_). Similar to +No. 681c, but much smaller and slightly darker, especially on sides +and flanks; W. 2.1. (Ridgw.) + +Range.--Salt Marshes of San Francisco Bay, California. + + [Illustration: 682.] + +=682. Belding Yellow-throat= (_Geothlypis beldingi_). L. 5.7. _Ad._ +[Male]. Black mask crossing head diagonally bordered behind by yellow; +rest of plumage much as in No. 681a. _Ad._ [Female]. Similar to [Male] +of No. 681, but larger. + +Range.--Lower California. + + [Illustration: 682.1.] + +=682.1. Rio Grande Yellow-throat= (_Geothlypis poliocephala_). L. 5.7. +_Ads._ Lores and forehead black, crown gray, back olive-green; +underparts yellow. + +Range.--Lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas and southward into Mexico. + + [Illustration: 645.] + +=645. Nashville Warbler= (_Helminthophila rubricapilla_). L. 4.8. +No wing-bars; no white in tail. _Ad._ [Male]. A chocolate crown-patch; +rest of head and cheeks bluish gray; a white eye-ring; back +olive-green; below bright yellow. _Ad._ [Female]. Similar, but +little or no chocolate in crown; yellow duller. _Yng._ Head +brownish; underparts washed with brownish, particularly on throat +and flanks. _Notes._ Song, _ke-tsee-ke-tsee-ke-tsee-chip-ee_, +_chip-ee-chip-ee-chip_, first half like Black and White Warbler's, +second half like Chipping Sparrow's. (Langille.) + +Range.--Eastern North America; breeds from southern New York, +Connecticut, and northern Illinois, north to Labrador and Hudson Bay +region; winters south of United States. + + +=645a. Calaveras Warbler= (_H. r. gutturalis_). Similar to No. 645, +but rump brighter; underparts richer yellow. + +Range.--Western United States; breeds on high mountains, from the +Sierra Nevada to British Columbia, east to eastern Oregon, northern +Idaho; south in migration to Lower California and Mexico; southeast to +Texas. (Ridgw.) + + [Illustration: 648.] + +=648. Parula Warbler= (_Compsothlypis americana_). L. 4.5; W. 2.3. +_Ad._ [Male]. Above grayish blue, a _yellowish patch in the back_; +breast yellow washed with chestnut and with an indistinct blackish +band; belly, wing-bars, spot near tip of outer tail-feathers white. +_Ad._ [Female]. Paler, breast without black, sometimes no chestnut. +_Notes._ A short, little, guttural, lisping trill. + +Range.--Breeds in south Atlantic and Gulf states east of Texas north +near the Atlantic coast to the District of Columbia and Mount Carmel, +Illinois (Brewst.); winters from Gulf States southward. + + +=648a. Northern Parula Warbler= (_C. a. usneæ_). Similar to No. 648, +but bill averaging slightly smaller, the wing longer, 2.4; black +breast-band averaging wider; the chestnut wash stronger. + +Range.--Breeds in New England, New York and west along the northern +tier of states, north into Maritime Provinces and Canada; winters from +Gulf states southward. + + +=649. Sennett Warbler= (_Compsothlypis nigrilora_). L. 4.5. Similar +to No. 648, but yellow below reaching to belly; breast without black +and with only a slight brownish wash; lores and ear-coverts black. +_Notes._ Song probably resembles that of No. 648. + +Range.--Lower Rio Grande Valley south into eastern Mexico. + + [Illustration: 746.] + +=746. Verdin= (_Auriparus flaviceps_). L. 4.2; W. 2.2; T. 1.9. _Ad._ +[Male]. Head and throat yellow; forehead usually with some concealed +orange-brown; lesser wing-coverts reddish chestnut; back brownish +gray; belly whitish. _Ad._ [Male]. Similar, but less yellow. + +Range.--Southern border of the United States and northern Mexico from +southern Texas to southern California; north to southwestern Utah and +southern Nevada. + + +=746a. Baird Verdin= (_A. f. lamprocephalus_). Similar to No. 746, but +tail shorter; wing somewhat shorter; yellow of head brighter; W. 2.0; +T. 1.6. (Oberholser.) + +Range.--Lower California. + + [Illustration: 650.] + +=650. Cape May Warbler= (_Dendroica tigrina_). L. 5.1. _Ad._ [Male]. +Ear-coverts and wash on throat chestnut; crown blackish; back +olive-green with black spots; below yellow streaked with black; +wing-coverts broadly white; outer tail-feathers with white. _Ad._ +[Female] _and Yng._ [Male]. Duller; crown like back; no chestnut. +_Yng._ [Female]. Above olive-gray; below whitish faintly tinged with +yellow; wing-bars, narrow. _Notes._ Song, a wiry "_a-wit_, _a wit_, +_a-wit_, _a-wit_", repeated. (Butler.) + +Range.--Eastern North America; breeds from northern New England, +rarely, and Manitoba north to Hudson Bay region; winters south of +United States. + + [Illustration: 652.] + +=652. Yellow Warbler= (_Dendroica æstiva_). L. 5.1. Inner vanes of +tail-feathers yellow. _Ad._ [Male]. Crown _yellow_, back bright +yellowish green; below yellow thickly streaked with reddish brown. +_Ad._ [Female]. _and Yng._ [Male]. Duller above, crown like back; +below much paler, few or no streaks. _Yng._ [Female]. Similar to last +but still duller. _Notes._ Song, a rather loud _wee-chee_, _chee_, +_chee_, _cher-wee_, variable in form but recognizable in tone. + +Range.--North America, except Alaska, Pacific coast from Vancouver +north, and southwestern United States (western Texas to Arizona). +(Ridgw.); breeds throughout most of its range, and winters in Central +and South America. + + +=652a. Sonora Yellow Warbler= (_D. æ. sonorana_). Similar to No. 652, +but [Male] much yellower, less green above, the crown and rump bright +yellow; below brighter yellow, reddish brown streaks narrower, fewer +sometimes almost wanting. _Ad._ [Female]. Similar to Ad. [Male] of No. +652, but grayer above and whiter below. + +Range--Northern Mexico; breeding north to western Texas and southern +Arizona; winters south of United States. + + +=652b. Alaskan Yellow Warbler= (_D. æ. rubiginosa_). Similar to +No. 652, but [Male] darker above, the crown of about the same color +as back; [Female] duller. + +Range.--Breeds on Pacific coast from Vancouver northward and in +Alaska; winters south of United States. + + [Illustration: 653.] + +=653. Mangrove Warbler= (_Dendroica bryanti castaneiceps_). L. 5. +Inner vanes of tail-feathers yellow. _Ad._ [Male]. Whole head reddish +chestnut; back olive-green; below yellow lightly streaked with reddish +brown. _Ad._ [Female]. Olive-green above; yellow below. + +Range.--Cape Region of Lower California and Pacific coast of Central +America and Mexico. + + [Illustration: 672.] + +=672. Palm Warbler= (_Dendroica palmarum_). L. 5.2. No white +wing-bars; tail patches white. _Ads._ Crown dark chestnut; line over +eye, throat, and breast yellow; breast and sides with reddish brown +streaks; _belly_ much paler, often _grayish_ washed with yellow; back +olive-brown; rump brighter. _Ad. in Winter and Yng._ No crown-patch; +above grayish olive-brown indistinctly streaked; rump yellowish; below +grayish white washed with yellow and streaked with brownish; _under +tail coverts bright yellow_. _Notes._ Call, a recognizable _chip_; +song, a short, simple trill. + +Range--Eastern North America; breeds in interior of British America +west of Hudson Bay; migrates south through Mississippi Valley and +rarely north Atlantic States; winters in Florida and West Indies. + + [Illustration: 673.] + +=672a. Yellow Palm Warbler= (_D. p. hypochrysea_). Similar to No. 672, +but underparts _entirely_ bright yellow; upperparts yellower. Winter +specimens are whiter below but are still conspicuously yellow. + +Range.--Eastern United States; breeds from Nova Scotia northward, east +of Hudson Bay; migrates through Atlantic States and winters in Florida +and west to Louisiana. + + +=673. * Prairie Warbler= (_Dendroica discolor_). L. 4.7. Wing-bars +yellowish; tail-patches white. _Ad._ [Male]. Above bright olive-green +with reddish chestnut spots in the back; below yellow, sides with +black streaks. _Ad._ [Female]. Similar, but usually duller; chestnut +spots smaller, sometimes absent. _Yng._ Similar to [Female] Ad., but +browner. _Notes._ Song, a high, thin _zee_, _zee_, _zee_, _zee_, +_zee-e_, _zee_, the next to last highest. (See page 196.) + +Range.--Eastern United States; breeds from Florida to Massachusetts, +southern Ontario, and southern Michigan; winters from southern Florida +into the West Indies. + + [Illustration: Lawrence Warbler.] + +=Lawrence Warbler= (_Helminthophila lawrencei_). Resembles No. 641, +but has a black breast patch and a broad black stripe through the eye +as in No. 642. It is believed to be a hybrid between the two. Some +15 specimens are known. Its notes are said to resemble those of both +No. 642 and No. 641. + + [Illustration: Brewster Warbler.] + +=Brewster Warbler= (_Helminthophila leucobronchialis_). Resembles +No. 642 above, but is white usually tinged with yellow below, this +type being connected with No. 641, by specimens showing more green +above and yellow below. Hybridism and dichromatism are believed to +account for these birds of which somewhat over a hundred specimens +are known, chiefly from the lower Hudson and Connecticut Valleys. +Some songs resemble those of No. 642, others those of 641. + + [Illustration: 644.] + +=644. Virginia Warbler= (Helminthophila virginiæ). L. 4.5. No white in +wings or tail. _Ad._ [Male]. Above gray, crown-patch chocolate; upper +tail-coverts yellowish; below whitish, breast-patch and under +tail-coverts yellow. _Ad._ [Female]. Similar, but less (sometimes no) +chocolate in crown and yellow on tail-coverts; duller below. _Yng._ No +crown patch; below washed with buff, little or no yellow on breast. +_Notes._ Very musical, with a song of remarkable fullness for so small +a bird. (Aitken.) + +Range.--Rocky Mountain region from Nevada and Colorado (rarely +Wyoming) south into Mexico. + + [Illustration: 655.] + +=655. Myrtle Warbler= (_Dendroica coronata_). L. 5.6. Crown, sides of +breast and rump yellow. _Ad._ [Male]. Above blue-gray streaked with +black; throat white, breast largely black; two white wing-bars; outer +tail-feathers with white. _Ad._ [Female]. Browner above, less black on +breast. [Male] _in winter_. Above brown, back indistinctly streaked +with black; below whitish, breast and sides streaked with black. +_Yng._ [Female]. Similar, but less yellow on crown and sides. +_Notes._ Call, a characteristic _tchip_; song, a trill. + +Range.--Eastern North America, west in migrations, to the Rockies; +breeds from northern New England and northern Minnesota north to +Labrador and Alaska; winters from Massachusetts and Kansas south into +West Indies and Central America. + + [Illustration: 659.] + +=659. Chestnut-sided Warbler= (_Dendroica pensylvanica_). L. 5. _Ad._ +[Male]. Sides chestnut, crown yellow; back streaked black and greenish +yellow; cheek-patch and sides of throat black. _Ad._ [Female]. Crown +duller; chestnut and black reduced. _Yng._ Above bright yellow-green, +back with or without black spots; below grayish white, sides sometimes +with traces of chestnut; wing-bars yellowish white. _Notes._ Song, +resembles that of Yellow Warbler. (See page 197.) + +Range.--Eastern North America; breeds from northern New Jersey and +Central Illinois north to Newfoundland and Manitoba (and south in the +Alleghanies to South Carolina); winters in Central America. + + [Illustration: 604.] + +=604. Dickcissel= (_Spiza americana_). L. 6.2. _Ad._ [Male]. Breast, +bend of wing, line over eye and at side of throat yellow; throat-patch +black; lesser wing-coverts reddish chestnut; no white in tail. _Ad._ +[Female]. Less yellow and chestnut, no black on throat. _Notes._ Song, +an earnest, but unmusical _dick_, _dick_, _che-che-che_, _che_. + +Range.--Middle United States east of the Rockies, west of Alleghanies, +breeds from Alabama and Texas to Minnesota; casual in Atlantic States; +winters in Central and northern South America. + + [Illustration: 618.] + +=618. Bohemian Waxwing= (_Ampelis garrulus_). L. 8. Crested. _Ads._ +Brownish gray; under tail-coverts, forecrown and sides of throat +chestnut-rufous; _throat_ and eye-stripe black; wing-quills and +primary coverts tipped with white or yellow; secondaries usually with +red tips; tail tipped with yellow. + +Range.--Northern parts of northern hemisphere; breeds in far north; +winters south irregularly to northern United States, casually to +Pennsylvania, Illinois, Kansas, and northern California. + + [Illustration: 619.] + +=619. Cedar Waxwing= (_Ampelis cedrorum_). L. 7. Crested. _Ads._ +Grayish brown; belly _yellowish_; under tail-coverts white; no white +tips on wing-quills; secondaries with red tips; tail tipped with +yellow and rarely with red tips. _Notes._ A fine, lisping note; a +string of notes usually uttered when taking flight. + +Range.--North America: breeds from Virginia and the highlands of South +Carolina, Kansas, and Oregon, north to Labrador and southern Alaska +(?); winters from northern United States to Central America. + + [Illustration: 628.] + +=628. Yellow-throated Vireo= (_Vireo flavifrons_). L. 5.5. _Ads._ +Throat and breast _bright_ yellow, belly white; above _bright_ +olive-green, rump gray; two white wing-bars. _Notes._ Call, a scolding +_cack_; song like Red-eye's but richer, more deliberate, _see me_; +_I'm here_; _where are you_? in varying forms; also a mellow trill. + +Range.--Eastern United States; breeds from Florida and Texas to +Newfoundland and Manitoba; winters in tropics. + + [Illustration: 683.] + +=683. Yellow-breasted Chat= (_Icteria virens_). L. 7.5; T. 3.07. +_Ads._ Throat and breast bright yellow; lower belly white; above +olive-green; line over eye and at side of throat white. _Notes._ Call, +a gasping, mewing _keè-yuck_ and _chut_, _chut_; song, of whistles, +caws and chucks, sometimes uttered in flight. + +Range.--Eastern United States; breeds from northeastern Mexico (but +not in Florida?) north to South Dakota, southern Minnesota, and +Massachusetts (locally); winters in Mexico and Central America. + + +=683a. Long-tailed Chat= (_I. v. longicauda_). Similar to No. 683, +but grayer above; tail slightly longer. + +Range.--Western United States, east to Plains; breeds from Mexico +north to North Dakota and British Columbia; winters in Mexico. + + [Illustration: 497.] + +=497. Yellow-headed Blackbird= (_Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus_). +L. 10. _Ad._ [Male]. Black; head and breast orange yellow; outer +wing-coverts white, black tipped. _Ad._ [Female]. Brownish, line over +eye, throat and breast dull yellow, lower breast streaked with white; +ear-coverts rusty. _Notes._ Call, a hoarse _chuck_; song, a variety of +hoarse grunting, guttural whistles; usually uttered with apparent +great effort and bodily contortion. The young utter a rolling, +whistling call. + +Range.--Western North America, east to Kansas, northern Illinois, and +northwestern Indiana; west to the Pacific coast ranges; breeds locally +from Texas (?), New Mexico, Arizona, and Southern California north to +the Hudson Bay region, and southern British Columbia; winters from +southwestern Louisiana, and California southward. + + [Illustration: 501.] + +=501. Meadowlark= (_Sturnella magna_). L. 10.7; W. 4.8. _Ads._ Above +black varied with chestnut and buff; below yellow, a black +breast-crescent; bars on middle tail-feathers _fused_ along shaft, +yellow of throat _not_ spreading on to its sides. _Notes._ Calls, a +nasal note and a rolling twitter; song, a high fife like whistle of +rarely more than eight or ten notes; without gurgles or grace notes. + +Range.--Eastern North America west to about Long. 100°, north to New +Brunswick and Minnesota; winters from Massachusetts and Illinois +southward. + + +=501a. Texas Meadowlark= (_S. m. hoopesi_). Similar to No. 501b, but +yellow not spreading on to sides of the throat. _Notes._ Resemble in +character those of No. 501. + +Range.--Not well determined; known from Corpus Christi, Texas, west +along Mexican boundary to southern Arizona and northern Sonora, +Mexico. + + +=501b. Western Meadowlark= (_S. m. neglecta_). Similar to No. 501, +but bars on middle tail-feathers usually distinct, _not_ confluent +along shaft; yellow of throat spreading on to its sides; general +color paler. _Notes._ Calls, a liquid _chûck_ and a wooden, rolling +_b-r-r-r-r-r-r-r_; song, rich, musical, flute-like with intricate +gurgles and grace notes; wholly unlike that of No. 501. + + +=501c. Florida Meadowlark= (_S. m. argutula_). Similar to No. 591, +but smaller and darker; W. 4.4. + +Range.--Florida and Gulf coast to Louisiana. + + [Illustration: 514.] + +=514. Evening Grosbeak= (_Hesperiphona vespertina_). +L. 8. _Ad._ [Male]. Brownish yellow; wings, tail, and crown black; +exposed part of tertials white. _Ad._ [Female]. Dingy brownish gray, +more or less tinged with yellowish; throat and belly whitish; +_tail-coverts_ and tail-feathers, on inner web, tipped with white. +_Notes._ Call, loud; song, short, but melodious, resembling that of +Robin or Black-headed Grosbeak. (Cooper.) + +Range.--Rocky Mountain region of British America, south, in winter, +to the upper Mississippi Valley, rarely to Ohio and casually through +New York to New England. + + +=514a. Western Evening Grosbeak= (_H. v. montana_). [Male] not +distinguishable from [Female] of No. 514; [Female] more buffy, +especially below. + +Range.--Mountains of western United States from New Mexico north +to British Columbia. + + +EASTERN HORNED LARKS. + + [Illustration: 474.] + +=474[A]. Horned Lark= (_Otocoris alpestris_). L. 7.7, W. [Male], 4.3; +[Female], 4.1. Hind toe-nail much the longest. _Ad._ [Male], _winter_. +Throat and line over eye distinctly _yellow_; black feathers over eye +lengthened, forming when raised little tufts; breast-patch, sides of +throat, line over eye and forecrown black, more or less tipped, +especially on head, with yellowish or brownish; back brownish +indistinctly streaked with blackish; nape, wing and tail-coverts +pinkish brown; belly white, lower breast dusky, sides pinkish brown; +tail mostly black, outer margin of outer feathers white. [Male], +_summer_. Yellow areas whiter; black areas more distinct; back pinker. +_Ad._ [Female], _winter_. Similar to [Male], but throat and line over +eye less yellow; black areas smaller; back more distinctly streaked. +[Female], _summer_. More distinctly streaked above. _Notes._ Call, a +_tseep_, _tseep_; song, an unmusical, twittering warble sung during +soaring flight. + + [A] Fourteen subspecies of this wide-ranging, variable + form are now recognized in America, north of Mexico. Many of + them are too closely related to be distinguished even by + detailed descriptions. When breeding, they may be identified, + in life, by a knowledge of the area which each form alone + inhabits at this season. But during their migrations, and in + winter, when several forms may be associated, it is usually not + possible to identify them in the field. The reader is referred + to admirable monographs of this group by J. Dwight, Jr. (The + Auk, vii, 1890, pp. 138-150), and H. C. Oberholser (Proc. U. S. + Nat. Mus., xxiv, 1902, pp. 801-884). + +Range.--Eastern North America; breeds in Labrador and region east of +Hudson Bay; winters south to South Carolina (chiefly on coast) and in +the Mississippi Valley to Illinois. + + + [Illustration: 474b.] + +=474b. Prairie Horned Lark= (_O. a. praticola_). W. [Male] 4; +[Female], 3.8. Line over eye _white_. Similar to No. 474, but smaller, +line over eye and forehead generally white, the throat often white and +never so yellow as in winter specimens of No. 474. + +Range.--Breeds in the Mississippi Valley, south to southern Illinois +and Missouri west to eastern Nebraska and Assiniboia; east through +northwestern Pennsylvania and central New York to western and northern +New England; north to Quebec and Ontario; winters south to South +Carolina, Kentucky, and Texas. + + +=474d. Texan Horned Lark= (_O. a. giraudi_). W. [Male] 3.9; [Female], +3.6. Similar to No. 474b, but somewhat smaller and paler; throat, +forehead and line over eye yellow; _breast, in males, generally tinged +with yellow_. + +Range.--Coast of Texas from Galveston to the Rio Grande. + + +NORTHERN HORNED LARKS. + +=474a. Pallid Horned Lark= (_O. a. arcticola_). W. [Male], 4.4; +[Female], 4.2. Largest of our Horned Larks; _no yellow_ in plumage; +throat, forehead and line over eye white; back brown with grayish +edgings. + +Range.--"In summer, Alaska (chiefly in the interior) with the Valley +of the Upper Yukon River; in winter south to Oregon, Utah, and +Montana." (Oberholser.) + + +=474k. Hoyt Horned Lark= (_O. a. hoyti_). W. [Male], 4.4; [Female], +4.2. Throat tinged with yellow; line over eye white; back darker, pink +areas richer than in 474a. An intermediate form between Nos. 474 and +474a. + +Range.--"In summer, British America from the west shore of Hudson Bay +to the Valley of the Mackenzie River, north to the Arctic Coast, south +to Lake Athabasca; in winter, southward to Nevada, Utah, Kansas, and +Michigan, casually to Ohio and New York (Long Island)." (Oberholser.) + + +WESTERN HORNED LARKS. + + + [Illustration: 474c.] + +=474c. Desert Horned Lark= (_O. a. leucolæma_). W. [Male], 4.1; +[Female], 3.8. Forehead and line over eye very slightly, often not at +all, tinged with yellow; throat yellow; back brown edged with pinkish +gray; resembles No. 474b, but is paler and less distinctly streaked +above. + +Range.--"In summer, western United States from central Dakota, western +Kansas and western Nebraska to Idaho and Nevada, north on the eastern +side of the Rocky Mountains to Alberta; in winter, south to Texas, +Chihuahua, Sonora, and southeastern California." (Oberholser.) + + +=474e. California Horned Lark= (_O. a. actia_). W. [Male], 3.9; +[Female], 3.6. [Male], _summer_. Back of head and nape, spreading on +to sides of breast, pinkish cinnamon; back distinctly streaked with +brownish black; throat always, forehead and line over eye usually +tinged with yellow. [Male], _winter_. Less distinctly streaked above; +cinnamon areas paler and with grayish tips; black areas more or less +tipped with yellowish. [Female], _summer_. Crown and back uniformly +streaked with blackish margined with pinkish gray. [Female], _winter_. +Less distinctly streaked; black areas tipped with whitish. + +Range.--Northern Lower California north, west of the Sierra, to Marin +and San Joaquin Counties, California. + + + [Illustration: 474f.] + +=474f. Ruddy Horned Lark= (_O. a. rubea_). Similar to No. 472e, but +nape region, sides of breast, etc., much deeper in color, deeper than +in any other of our Horned Larks; back less distinctly streaked with +blackish and more ruddy in tone, _not_ sharply defined from nape; +yellow areas richer in color. + +Range.--Sacramento County, California. + + + [Illustration: 474g.] + +=474g. Streaked Horned Lark= (_O. a. strigata_). Cinnamon areas less +extensive but nearly as deeply colored as in No. 474f; back +_distinctly and widely_ streaked with blackish; forehead, line over +eye, throat and _breast_ washed with yellow. + +Range--"In summer, the states of Oregon and Washington west of the +Cascade Mountains; in winter, to eastern Oregon and Washington, south +to northern California." (Oberholser.) + + +=474h. Scorched Horned Lark= (_O. a. adusta_). W. [Male], 4; [Female], +3.8. Nearest to No. 474l, but the male differs in being nearly uniform +pinkish brown above, back with only a few indistinct brownish streaks; +color deeper, browner, more ruddy. + +Range.--"In summer, the central part of extreme southern Arizona; in +winter, northern Sonora and Chihuahua, Mexico." (Oberholser.) + + +=474i. Dusky Horned Lark= (_O. a. merrilli_). W. [Male], 4; [Female], +3.8. Similar to No. 474b, but somewhat darker above, the line over the +eye usually tinged with yellow. + +Range.--"In summer, northwestern United States, and southern British +Columbia, from northeastern California and northwestern Nevada, +northward through Oregon and Washington east of the Cascade Mountains +to British Columbia and extreme northern Idaho; in winter, south to +central California." (Oberholser.) + + +=474j. Sonoran Horned Lark= (_O. a. pallida_). W. [Male], 3.8; +[Female], 3.6. Nape very pale pinkish; back pale grayish brown edged +with grayish; forehead, line over eye, and throat tinged with +yellowish. Resembles No. 474l, but is still paler. + +Range,--"Region immediately adjacent to the head of the Gulf of +California, Mexico." (Oberholser.) + + +=474l. Montezuma Horned Lark= (_O. a. occidentalis_). W. [Male], 4; +[Female], 3.8. No distinct blackish streaks above; back pale brownish +edged with pinkish gray; throat yellow, forehead and line over eye +tinged with yellow. Similar to No. 474h, but paler, less ruddy above; +differs from No. 474c in being browner and less streaked above. + +Range.--"In summer, central New Mexico, west to central Arizona; in +winter, south to northern Sonora and Chihuahua, Mexico and southeast +Texas." (Oberholser.) + + +=474m. Island Horned Lark= (_O. a. insularis_). Similar to No. 474g, +but slightly darker above, breast usually _without_ a yellow tinge. + +Range.--Santa Barbara Islands, California. + + + [Illustration: 446.] + +=446. Couch Kingbird= (_Tyrannus melancholicus couchii_). L. 9.5. +_Ads._ Throat _white_, breast and belly yellow, tail _dark brown_; +crown gray with an orange patch, back grayish green; _Yng._ Similar, +but no crown-patch. + +Range.--Guatemala, north in spring as far as Lower Rio Grande, Texas. + + + [Illustration: 447.] + +=447. Arkansas Kingbird= (_Tyrannus verticalis_). L. 9. _Ads._ Throat +_light gray_ spreading over breast to yellow belly; tail _black_, +outer margin of outer feather _wholly white_; above resembling No. +446. _Yng._ With no crown-patch. _Notes._ Squeaky, rattling, rolling +notes; a noisy bird. + +Range.--Western United States; breeds east to about Long. 100°, north +to Assiniboia, southern Alberta, southern British Columbia, west to +the Pacific; winters south of United States; to Central America. + + + [Illustration: 448.] + +=448. Cassin Kingbird= (_Tyrannus vociferans_). L. 9. _Ads._ Throat +and breast _dark gray_, belly yellow; tail black, outer web of outer +feather not wholly white; above as in No. 447. _Yng._ With no +crown-patch. _Notes._ Less noisy than No. 447. (Bendire.) + +Range.--Western United States, northwestern Mexico and north through +Rockies, from western Texas, New Mexico and Arizona, to southern +Wyoming; in California north to San Benito County; winters south of +United States to Central America. + + + [Illustration: 449.] + +=449. Derby Flycatcher= (_Pitangus derbianus_). L. 11. _Ads._ Back +brown, wings and tail externally rusty; a yellow crown-patch; +forehead, line over eye and across nape white; throat white, below +yellow. _Notes._ _Kiskadee_, repeated. (Richmond.) + +Range.--Northern South America; breeds north as far as +Lower Rio Grande, Texas. + + + [Illustration: 451.] + +=451. Sulphur-bellied Flycatcher= (_Myiodynastes luteiventris_). L. 8. +Below sulphur streaked with black; tail largely rusty brown; a yellow +crown-patch; inner wing feathers widely margined with whitish; back +grayish brown streaked with dusky. _Yng._ With no crown-patch. +_Notes._ A screech, like squeaking of a wagon wheel, and a single +note. (Poling.) + +Range.--Central America; breeds north as far as southern Arizona. + + +=452. Crested Flycatcher= (_Myiarchus crinitus_). L. 9. Inner webs of +all but middle tail-feathers rust-brown. _Ads._ Throat and breast +gray, belly _bright_ sulphur; back grayish _olive-green_; greenest +above and yellowest below of our larger _Myiarchi_. _Notes._ Loud, +chuckling, grating whistles. + +Range.--Eastern North America; west to the Plains; breeds from Florida +and Texas north to New Brunswick and Manitoba; winters from southern +Florida south to northern South America. + + + [Illustration: 453.] + +=453. Mexican Crested Flycatcher= (_Myiarchus mexicanus_). L. 9.2; +W. 4. Inner webs of all but middle tail-feathers rust brown. _Ads._ +Throat and breast gray, belly sulphur, both paler than No. 452; back +grayish brown, with little or no green tinge. _Notes._ Resemble those +of No. 452. (Merrill.) + +Range.--Central America; breeds north as far as Lower Rio Grande, +Texas. + + + [Illustration: 453a.] + +=453a. Arizona Crested Flycatcher= (_M. m. magister_). Similar to +No. 453, but larger, L. 9.4, W. 4.2, and averaging slightly paler. + +Range.--"Western Mexico; north to southern Arizona and southwest +New Mexico; south in winter to Tehuantepec, Mexico." + + + [Illustration: 454.] + +=454. Ash-throated Flycatcher= (_Myiarchus cinerascens_). L. 8.; W. 4. +Inner webs of all but middle tail-feathers rust-brown, outer pair +dusky at tip of inner web. _Ads._ Throat and breast pale grayish +white, belly white tinged with yellow, above grayish brown, outer web +of outer tail-feather whitish. Palest below of our _Myiarchi_. +_Notes._ A rather resonant but wooden _chūck-pr-r-r-r_. + +Range.--Western United States: breeds from western Texas and Lower +California north to Colorado and Oregon; winters in southern Mexico +and Central America. + + + [Illustration: 454a.] + +=454a. Nutting Flycatcher= (_M. c. nuttingi_). Similar to No. 454, +but smaller, W. 3.6, outer margin of outer tail-feather not whitish, +tip of its inner web rusty, not dusky. + +Range.--Breeds in southern Arizona and western Mexico; winters in +Central America. + + +=454b. Lower California Flycatcher= (_M. c. pertinax_). Similar to +No. 454a, but bill larger and stouter; above grayer; below less +yellow. (Brewster.) + +Range.--Lower California. + + +=455a. Olivaceous Flycatcher= (Myiarchus lawrencei olivascens). L. 7. +_Ads._ Inner webs of tail-feathers like outer webs; tail-feathers +margined with rusty; breast and belly as in No. 452; crown brownish, +back grayish olive-green. _Notes._ A short mournful _peeur_. + +Range.--Breeds from western Mexico north to southern Arizona; +winters south to southern Mexico; casual in Colorado. + + +Perching Birds Marked With Chestnut or Reddish Brown + + + [Illustration: 587.] + +=587. Towhee; Chewink= (_Pipilo erythrophthalmus_). L. 8. Three outer +tail-feathers with white; iris red. _Ad._ [Male]. Above and breast +black; sides reddish chestnut; belly white. _Ad._ [Female]. Above and +breast brown. Call, _chewink_ or _towheé_; song, a loud, not over +musical _sweet bird sin-n-ng_, and a tremulous refrain _I'll try_. + +Range.--Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from Georgia +and Louisiana north to Maine, Ontario, and Manitoba; winters from +Virginia and southern Illinois to Florida and eastern Texas. + + +=587a. White-eyed Towhee= (_P. e. alleni_). Similar to No. 587, but +iris whitish; only two outer tail-feathers with white tips, or if on +third, a mere spot. _Notes._ Call, _towhee_, much sharper than that of +No. 587. + +Range.--Florida, north along coast to South Carolina. + + +=588. Arctic Towhee= (_Pipilo maculatus arcticus_). L. 8.7. _Ad._ +[Male]. White tip of outer tail-feather more than 1.3 long; scapulars +and back marked with white; back black more or less tipped with +brownish. _Ad._ [Female]. Breast and back grayish brown; fewer white +markings than in [Male]. _Notes._ Call, a Catbird-like _mew_; song, +suggesting that of No. 587, but shorter, more wooden, less musical. + +Range.--Great Plains; breeding from southern Montana and western North +Dakota, north to Saskatchewan; winters south and west to Colorado, +Utah, New Mexico, and Texas; east to eastern Kansas. + + + [Illustration: 588a.] + +=588a. Spurred Towhee= (_P. m. megalonyx_). Similar to No. 588, but +blacker above, no brownish edgings on front of back; white markings on +back less numerous; white tip to outer tail-feather _less_ than 1.3 +long. + +Range.--Rocky Mountain region and west to the Pacific; breeds from +Mexico to British Columbia; migratory in the northern part of range. + + +=588b. Oregon Towhee= (_P. m. oregonus_). Similar to No. 588a, but +darker; practically no brownish edgings on back of male; sides much +deeper; white markings much reduced, the white tip to outer +tail-feather less than 1. long; sides much deeper. + +Range.--Pacific coast from San Francisco to British Columbia; winters +south to southern California. + + +=588c. San Clemente Towhee= (_P. m. clementæ_). Similar to No. 588a, +but adult male with black duller or grayer; female lighter brown. +(Ridgw.) + +Range.--"San Clemente, Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa, and Santa Catalina +Islands," southern California. (Grinnell.) + + +=288d. San Diego Towhee= (_P. m. atratus_). Similar to No. 588a, +but decidedly darker, with white markings of wings, tail, etc., +more restricted; rump deep black. + +Range.--The southern coast district of southern California, south +into Lower California. (Ridgw.) + + +=588e. Mountain Towhee= (_P. m. magnirostris_). Similar to No. 588, +but bill much larger, rufous below paler, above browner and tinged +with olive. (Brewster.) + +Range.--Cape Region of Lower California. + + +=589. Guadalupe Towhee= (_Pipilo consobrinus_). Similar to No. 588b +in restriction of white markings, but wings and tail much shorter, +W. 3.1; T. 3.2, hind claw much larger; _Ad._ [Male] sooty rather +than black. (Ridgw.) + +Range.--Guadalupe Island, Lower California. + + + [Illustration: 457.] + +=457. Say Phœbe= (_Sayornis saya_). L. 7.5. _Ads._ Breast rusty gray +changing to rusty on belly; above gray with a brown tinge; tail +_black_. _Notes._ A plaintive _phee-eur_; a short, plaintive, +twittering warble. (Bendire.) + +Range.--Western North America, east to about Long. 100°: breeds from +southwestern Texas, southern California, north to the Yukon, Alaska; +winters in Mexico; accidental in Wisconsin, Illinois, and +Massachusetts. + + + [Illustration: 591.] + +=591. Canon Towhee= (_Pipilo fuscus mesoleucus_). L. 9.; W. 3.7. +_Ads._ Crown cinnamon-brown; back brownish gray; throat buffy bordered +by blackish spots; lower belly and under tail-coverts cinnamon. +_Notes._ Calls, a loud, metallic _chip_ repeated four times; in flight +a robin-like _screep-eep-eep_. + +Range.--Northern Mexico north to western Texas, Arkansas Valley, +Colorado, and Arizona; resident. + + +=591a. St. Lucas Towhee= (_P. f. albigula_). W. 3.3. Similar to +No. 591, but smaller; abdomen whiter, without cinnamon. + +Range.--Southern Lower California. + + +=591b. California Towhee= (_P. f. crissalis_) W. 3.9. Similar to +No. 591, but much browner above; throat and under tail-coverts +rusty brown; breast brownish gray; scarcely lighter on the belly. + +Range.--California, west of the Sierra. + + +=591c. Anthony Towhee= (_P. f. senicula_). W. 3.7. Similar to +No. 591b, but smaller and grayer, the abdomen whiter. + +Range.--Northern Lower California north to southern California. + + [Illustration: 592.] + +=592. Abert Towhee= (_Pipilo aberti_). L. 9. _Ads._ No crown-cap; +lores and chin blackish; below pinkish cinnamon; above grayish brown. +_Notes._ Call, a loud, clear, sharp _chirp_. Song, resembling that of +the Spurred Towhee group. (B. B. and R.) + +Range.--Southern California, Arizona, and northwestern New Mexico, +north to southern Nevada and southwestern Utah. + + [Illustration: 506.] + +=506. Orchard Oriole= (_Icterus spurius_) L. 7.3. _Ad._ [Male]. Black: +breast, belly, rump, and lesser wing-coverts chestnut. _Ad._ [Female]. +Above olive-green, below greenish-yellow; two white wing-bars. _Yng. +Male._ First fall like [Female]; first spring like [Male], but throat +black. _Notes._ Song much richer and more finished than that of the +orange and black Orioles; the difference is indescribable but easily +recognizable. + +Range.--Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from Florida +and Texas north to Massachusetts, Ontario, Michigan, and North Dakota; +winters in Central America and northern South America. + + [Illustration: 592.1.] + +=592.1. Green-tailed Townee= (_Oreospiza chlorura_). L. 7. _Ads._ +Center and sides of breast grayish, middle of throat and abdomen +white; above olive-green more or less washed with grayish; crown +reddish chestnut. _Notes._ Call, a high, thin kitten-like mew; song, +musical, suggesting that of the Thick-billed Sparrow. + +Range.--Mountains of western United States, from more eastern Rockies +to Coast Range in California; north to central Montana, Idaho, and +eastern Washington; south, at least in winter, into Mexico. (Ridgw.) + + [Illustration: 643.] + +=643. Lucy Warbler= (_Helminthophila luciæ_). L. 4.2. _Ad._ [Male]. +Above gray; crown-patch and upper tail-coverts chocolate; below +whitish. _Ad._ [Female]. Chocolate areas smaller. _Yng._ No chocolate +in crown; upper tail-coverts cinnamon. + +Range.--Northwestern Mexico; breeding north to Arizona and +southwestern Utah. + + [Illustration: 660.] + +=660. Bay-breasted Warbler= (_Dendroica castanea_). L. 5.6. _Ad._ +[Male]. Throat, sides and crown rich chestnut; cheeks black; sides of +neck buff; back black and gray; wing-bars and tail-spots white. _Ad._ +[Female]. Less chestnut; cheeks grayish. _Yng. and Ad. in Winter._ +Above olive-green streaked with black; below _buffy_ white, the flanks +usually with a trace of chestnut. _Notes._ Song, a very soft warble, +_tse-chee_, repeated five times, too liquid to admit of exact +spelling. (Langille.) + +Range.--Eastern North America; breeds from northern New England and +northern Michigan north to Labrador and Hudson Bay region; winters in +Central and northern South America. + + [Illustration: 596.] + +=596. Black-headed Grosbeak= (_Zamelodia melanocephala_). L. 8.1. +_Ad._ [Male]. Black; neck-ring, rump, back-streaks and underparts +bright cinnamon; center of belly and under wing-coverts yellow; patch +in wing, wing-bars and tips of inner vanes of outer tail-feathers +white. In winter tipped with brown above and on breast below with +black spots. _Ad._ [Female]. Under wing-coverts yellow as in [Male]; +above as in No. 595; below less streaked, breast buff. _Yng._ [Male]. +Like [Female] but breast deeper buff; few streaks below; sides of +crown blacker. _Notes._ Call and song like those of the Rose-breasted +Grosbeak, but the latter more fluent. + +Range.--Western United States, east to the Plains; breeds from Mexico +north to Dakota and British Columbia; winters south of United States +into Mexico. + + [Illustration: 761.] + +_761. American Robin_ (_Merula migratoria_). L. 10; W. 4.9; T. 3.8. +Outer tail-feathers with white tips. _Ad._ [Male]. Breast and belly +rich rust-brown; above dark slaty, head and spots in back black. _Ad._ +[Female]. Similar but paler below, little or no black above. _Winter._ +Underparts margined with whitish; black above more or less concealed +by ashy. _Notes._ Calls, varied and characteristic; song, a loud, +hearty, _cheer-up cheerily_, _cheerily_, _cheerily_, repeated and +varied. + +Range.--Eastern North America, west to the Rockies, northwest to +Alaska; breeding south to Virginia and, in the mountains, Georgia; +winters from northern States southward. + + +=761a. Western Robin= (_M. m. propinqua_). Similar to No. 761, but +no white tips to tail-feathers. _Ad._ [Male]. Without black spots +in back. + +Range.--Western United States, from the eastern base of the Rocky +Mountains west to the Pacific; breeds from the southern end of the +Mexican tableland north to British Columbia; winters from Oregon and +southern Colorado southward. + + +=761b. Southern Robin= (_M. m. achrustera_). Similar to No. 761, but +smaller and in general much lighter and duller; W. 4.7; T. 3.5. +(Batchelder.) + +Range.--Carolinas and Georgia, except mountainous districts, lowlands +of Virginia. + + [Illustration: 762.] + +=762. St. Lucas Robin= (_Merula confinis_). Resembling No. 761 in plan +of coloration but everywhere much paler; breast and belly buff; no +black in head. + +Range.--Cape Region of Lower California. + + [Illustration: 763.] + +=763. Varied Thrush= (_Ixoreus nævius_). L. 10; W. 4.7. _Ad._ [Male]. +Below rust-brown, belly whiter, a broad black breast-band; above +slaty, line behind eye and bars in wing rusty; outer tail-feathers +with white tips. In winter washed with brownish above; breast band +with rusty. _Ad._ [Female]. Paler below, breast-band faintly +indicated; above washed with brownish. _Notes._ Song, a weird vibrant, +long-drawn whistle repeated on different notes. + +Range.--Pacific coast from higher mountains of northern California +north to Alaska; south in winter along the coast. + + +=763a. Pale Varied Thrush= (_I. n. meruloides_). Similar to No. 763, +but wing longer, 5.1; [Female] paler and grayer. (Grinnell.) + +Range.--- Interior of British Columbia north to north Alaska; south in +winter, through interior, to southern California. + + +Perching Birds Chiefly Dull Colored + + [Illustration: 456.] + +=456. Phœbe= (_Sayornis phœbe_). L. 7. _Ads._ Above grayish olive, +crown _blackish_; outer web of outer tail-feather _whitish_; below +white tinged with yellow, sides of breast grayish; bill _black_. +_Yng._ Greener above, yellower below. _Notes._ _Pewit-phœbe_, +_pewit-phœbe_; call, _pee_, _pee_, rarely a flight song. + +Range.--Eastern North America, west to the Rockies; breeds from South +Carolina and western Texas north to Newfoundland and Manitoba; winters +from North Carolina and northern Texas south to Cuba and Mexico. + + [Illustration: 459.] + +=459. Olive-sided Flycatcher= (_Nuttalornis borealis_). L. 7.4. _Ads._ +Throat and middle of belly white with a yellow tinge; sides and most +of breast grayish; above brownish gray with an olive-tinge, crown +darker, the feathers lengthened. _Notes._ _Hip-hip_ or _quilp-quilp_, +less often a loud, emphatic _whip-péw-hip_. (Head.) + +Range.--North America; breeds from Massachusetts (rarely), northern +New York, and Minnesota, northward to Alaska, south through the +Rockies and Coast Range to Mexico; winters in Central and South +America. + + [Illustration: 460.] + +=460. Coues Flycatcher= (_Contopus pertinax pallidiventris_). L. 7.7. +_Ads._ Below nearly uniform gray, belly paler; above gray, crown +slightly darker, the feathers lengthened. _Notes._ A plaintive musical +four or five noted whistle with regular intervals and a singularly +human-like quality. + +Range.--Western Mexico, north to central Arizona; winters south +of United States. + + [Illustration: 461.] + +=461. Wood Pewee= (_Contopus virens_). L. 6.5; W. 3.3. _Ads._ Above +dark olive, crown blacker; below dusky grayish, throat whitish, belly +yellowish; lower mandible yellowish. _Yng._ Greener above, yellower +below. _Notes._ _Pee-a-wee_, _peer_ and _pee_; all plaintive and +musical. + +Range.--Eastern North America, west to about Long. 100°; breeds from +Florida and Texas north to New Brunswick and Manitoba; winters in +Central America. + + [Illustration: 462.] + +=462. Western Wood Pewee= (_Contopus richardsonii_). Similar to +No. 461, but above with usually no greenish tinge; below less +yellow; under mandible brownish. _Notes._ A nasal, rather +emphatic _pēē-a_. + +Range.--Western United States, east to about Long. 100°; breeds from +western Texas and Lower California north to Manitoba, Alberta, and +British Columbia; winters in Mexico and Central America. + + +=462a. Large-billed Wood Pewee= (_C. r. peninsulæ_). Similar to +No. 462, but smaller, W. 3.3; the bill larger, length from +nostril .42, width at nostril, .31; upperparts grayer. (Brewster.) + +Range.--Cape Region of Lower California. + + [Illustration: 466.] + +=466. Traill Flycatcher= (_Empidonax traillii_). Similar to No. 466a, +but upperparts browner with little if any real greenish tinge; bill +averaging narrower. + +Range.--Western United States; breeds from western Texas and southern +California north to Alaska and Great Slave Lake, east to Kansas, +Missouri and Illinois; winters in the tropics. + + +=466a. Alder Flycatcher= (_E. t. alnorum_). L. 6.1; W. 2.8. _Ads._ +Lower mandible horn color; below white, breast grayish; breast and +sides faintly washed with yellow; above _brownish_ olive-green; +wing-bars usually buffy. Like No. 467, but larger. _Notes._ _Pĕp_ of +alarm, and an explosive _ēē-zēē-e-ûp_ with stress on the rasping +_zēē_. (Dwight.) + +Range.--Eastern United States, west to Michigan; breeds from northern +New Jersey (locally) north to New Brunswick; winters in the tropics. + + [Illustration: 467.] + +=467. Least Flycatcher= (_Empidonax minimus_). 5.4; W. 2.5. _Ads._ +Similar in color to No. 466a, but smaller, tail slightly forked. +_Yng._ Wing-bars more buffy. _Notes._ a vigorous _chebec_, _chebec_; +rarely a flight song, "_chebec_, _tooral-ooral_." + +Range.--Eastern North America, west to western Texas and eastern +Colorado; breeds from Pennsylvania (North Carolina, in the Alleghanies) +north to New Brunswick and Great Slave Lake; winters in Central +America. + + [Illustration: 468.] + +=468. Hammond Flycatcher= (_Empidonax hammondi_). L. 5.5. _Ads._ Bill +smallest of our _Empidonaces, lower_ mandible _brown_; _throat_ and +breast grayish, breast and belly slightly washed with sulphur; above +grayish with a slight olive tint. Like No. 467, but bill smaller, +lower mandible browner, throat grayer. + +Range.--Western North America; breeds from the mountains of New Mexico, +Arizona, and southern Athabasca, east to Colorado, winters in Mexico. + + [Illustration: 469.] + +=469. Wright Flycatcher= (_Empidonax wrightii_). Similar to No. 468, +but underparts whiter; bill much longer, longest and narrowest of our +_Empidonaces_; lower mandible whitish at base, brownish at tip; outer +web of outer tail-feather white. + +Range.--Western United States, east to eastern slope of Rockies; breeds +from mountains of New Mexico, Arizona, and southern California north +to Montana and southern Oregon; winters in Mexico. + + [Illustration: 469.1.] + +=469.1. Gray Flycatcher= (_Empidonax griseus_). L. 6. _Ads._ Above +gray with a _slight_ brownish tinge; below grayish white with little +or no yellow. Grayest of our _Empidonaces_. + +Range.--Western Mexico and Lower California north to southern +California and Arizona, (Fort Verde.) + + [Illustration: 463.] + +=463. Yellow-bellied Flycatcher= (_Empidonax flaviventris_). L. 5.6. +_Ads._ Below distinctly greenish yellow, belly brighter; above +_bright_ olive-green. _Yng._ Brighter, wing-bars buffy. _Notes._ +_Psĕ-ĕk'_ in one harsh explosive syllable; a plaintive +_chū-ē-é-p_. (Dwight.) + +Range.--Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from +northern New England (south in Alleghanies to Pennsylvania), northern +New York, and Minnesota, north to Labrador and Northwest Territories; +winters in Central America. + + [Illustration: 464.] + +=464. Western Flycatcher= (_Empidonax difficilis_). Similar to +No. 463, but brighter yellow below, breast washed with brownish +instead of greenish; above yellower. _Notes._ A soft low note, and +a wailing _pee-eu_. (C. A. Allen.) + +Range.--Western North America; east to about Long. 100°; breeds from +Mexican border north to southern Alaska; winters in Mexico and Central +America. + + +=464.1. St. Lucas Flycatcher= (_Empidonax cineritius_). Most like +No. 464, but much duller; scarcely a tinge of green above; no decided +yellow below except on throat and abdomen. (Brewster.) + +Range.--Lower California, from Cape Region north, rarely, to southern +California. + + +=464.2. Santa Barbara Flycatcher= (_Empidonax insulicola_). Similar to +No. 464, but above darker and browner; below paler. (Oberholser.) + +Range.--Santa Barbara Islands, California. + + [Illustration: 465.] + +=465. Green-crested Flycatcher= (Empidonax virescens). L. 5.7. _Ads._ +Throat and belly _white_, breast grayish; sides, breast and sometimes +belly, washed with sulphur; back olive-green, a tint lighter than in +No. 463; lower mandible _whitish_; wing-bars buffy. _Notes._ _Spee_ or +_peet_ and _pee-e-yuk'_. + +Range.--Eastern United States, west to the Plains; breeds from the +Gulf States to southern Connecticut and Manitoba; winters in Central +America. + + [Illustration: 646.] + +=646. Orange-crowned Warbler= (_Helminthophila celata_). L. 5. +No white in wings or tail. _Ad._ [Male]. Above olive-green more or +less washed with grayish; a concealed, reddish orange crown-patch; +below dusky yellowish green. _Ad._ [Female]. Similar, but grayer, +crown-patch smaller or wanting. _Yng._ Like [Female], but no +crown-patch. _Notes._ Song full and strong, not very high pitched and +ending abruptly on a rising scale, _chee_, _chee_, _chee_, _chw'_, +_chw'_. (Jones.) + +Range.--Interior of North America, breeding from Manitoba and +mountains of New Mexico to Alaska; winters in Gulf States and +southward; rare in Atlantic states north of South Carolina. + + +=646a. Lutescent Warbler= (_H. c. lutescens_). Similar to No. 646, +but greener above, yellower below; underparts distinctly yellow with +a dusky wash. + +Range.--Pacific coast; breeding in mountains from southern California +to Kenai Peninsula, Alaska; winters from California south into Mexico; +east to Colorado in migrations. + + +=646b. Dusky Warbler= (_H. c. sordida_). Similar to No. 646a, but +decidedly darker, bill and feet larger, wing shorter and tail longer. +(Ridgw.) + +Range.--Breeds in Santa Barbara Islands, California; later occurs +on adjoining mainland. + + [Illustration: 472.] + +=472. Beardless Flycatcher= (_Ornithion imberbe_). L. 4.5; W. 2.10. +_Ads._ Bill small, narrow, upper mandible decidedly curved; above gray +tinged with olive, below grayish white with a yellow tinge. + +Range.--Central America; north in spring to Lower Rio Grande Texas. + + +=472a. Ridgway Flycatcher= (_O. i. ridgwayi_). Similar to No. 472, +but larger, W. 2.2; grayer, little if any sulphur tinge on underparts. +(Ridgw.) _Notes._ Call, a shrill _piér_ repeated; song, from the +tree-tops, _yoop_, _yoop_, _yoopeédeedledee_. (Stephens.) + +Range.--Southern border of Mexican tableland north in spring to +southern Arizona. + + [Illustration: 616.] + +=616. Bank Swallow= (_Riparia riparia_). L. 5.2. _Ads._ Below white, +a broad grayish brown band across the breast; above grayish brown. +_Yng._ Similar, but brown areas more or less tipped with rusty. + +Range.--Northern hemisphere: in America, breeds from northern New +Jersey, Kansas, and southern California, north to Labrador, and +Alaska; winters south to Brazil. + + [Illustration: 617.] + +=617. Rough-winged Swallow= (_Stelgidopteryx serripennis_). L. 5.5. +_Ads._ Above grayish brown; below grayish white, whiter on belly; +barbs on outer vane of outer primary recurved. _Yng._ Plumage more or +less tipped with rusty. + +Range.--United States; breeds from Mexico north to Massachusetts, +Manitoba, and British Columbia; winters in Central America. + + [Illustration: 623.] + +=623. Black-whiskered Vireo= (_Vireo calidris barbatulus_). L. 6. +_Ads._ _A dusky streak on either side of the throat_, crown slate +_without_ a black border; back olive-green; below white, lower belly, +under tail-and under wing-coverts yellowish; no wing-bars. _Notes._ +Resemble those of No. 624 but song more emphatic and hesitating. + +Range.--Breeds in Cuba, Bahamas and southern Florida; winters in +Central America. + + [Illustration: 624.] + +=624. Red-eyed Vireo= (_Vireo olivaceus_). L. 6.2. _Ads._ Crown slate, +on either side a narrow black border; a white line over eye; above +olive-green; below white; under wing-coverts sulphur; no wing-bars; no +dusky streaks on throat. _Notes._ Call, a petulant, complaining +_whang_; song, a broken, rambling recitative "you see it--you know +it--do you hear me?--do you believe it?" + +Range.--Eastern United States, west to the Rockies and British +Columbia, east of Cascades; breeds from the Gulf States to Labrador, +Manitoba, and British Columbia; winters in Central and South America. + + [Illustration: 632.] + +=632. Hutton Vireo= (_Vireo huttoni_). L. 4.6. _Ads._ Underparts dusky +grayish white with a faint yellow tinge; above dusky olive-green; +lores and eye-ring grayish, not conspicuous; two white wing-bars. +_Notes._ A piping whistle like the call of a young bird, _peé-yer_, +_peé-yer_; and a hoarse whistle _oh-my'_, _oh-my'_, _oh-my'_. + +Range.--California, west of Sierra; resident. + + +=632a. Stephen Vireo= (_V. h. stephensi_). Similar to No. 622, but +grayer above, whiter below, wing-bars broader. + +Range.--Mexican boundary from western Texas to southeastern +California. + + +=632c. Anthony Vireo= (_V. h. obscurus_). Similar to No. 632, +but darker, and averaging slightly smaller. + +Range.--"Pacific coast, from Oregon to southern British Columbia; +south in winter to California." (A.O.U.) + + [Illustration: 647.] + +=647. Tennessee Warbler= (_Helminthophila peregrina_). L. 5. +No wing-bars; little or no white in tail. _Ad._ [Male]. Head bluish +gray; a whitish line over eye; back olive-green; below grayish white. +_Ad._ [Female]. Gray of head with more or less olive-green; stripe +over eye and underparts yellower. _Yng._ Similar to [Female], but +entirely bright olive-green above; yellower below. _Notes._ Song +scarcely distinguishable from that of the Chipping Sparrow, but first +two syllables _twip_ instead of _chip_. (Jones.) + +Range:--Eastern North America, west in migrations to the Rocky +Mountains; breeds from New Brunswick, northern New England, northern +New York, and Minnesota, north to Quebec and Alaska; winters in +Central and northern South America. + + [Illustration: 747.] + +=747. Kennicott Willow Warbler= (_Phyllopseustes borealis_). L. 5. +_Ads._ Above olive-green; below white tinged with yellowish, sides +greenish; a whitish line over eye; a narrow whitish wing-bar; no white +in tail. _Notes._ Call, a monotonous _dzit_; song, resembles trill of +Redpoll. (Seebohm.) + +Range.--Asia, east to western Alaska. + + [Illustration: 625.] + +=625. Yellow-green Vireo= (_Vireo flavoviridis_). L. 6.4. Resembling +No. 624, but greener above, the sides heavily washed with greenish +yellow. + +Range.--Northern South America, north to the Lower Rio Grande. + + [Illustration: 626.] + +_626. Philadelphia Vireo_ (_Vireo philadelphicus_). L. 4.8. _Ads._ No +distinct crown-cap; above olive-green; below yellowish; a whitish line +over eye; no wing-bars. _Notes._ Resemble those of the Red-eyed Vireo +but generally higher pitched; also a very abrupt, double-syllabled +utterance with a rising inflection which comes in with the song at +irregular intervals. (Brewster.) + +Range.--Eastern North America; breeds from Maine, New Hampshire and +Manitoba northward; winters in the tropics. + + [Illustration: 627.] + +=627. Warbling Vireo= (_Vireo gilvus_). L. 5.4; W. 2.8. _Ads._ Above +grayish olive-green, crown slightly grayer but without distinct cap as +in No. 624; a whitish line over eye but no black line above it; below +white, the sides washed with yellowish; no wing-bars. _Notes._ Call, +resembles that of the Red-eyed Vireo; song; a rich, firm, unbroken +warble with an alto undertone. + +Range.--Eastern United States, west to the Plains; breeds from Gulf +States north to Hudson Bay region; winters in Mexico. + + +=627a. Western Warbling Vireo= (_V. g. swainsoni_). Similar to +No. 627, but averaging smaller, W. 2.6, the bill more slender; +upperparts, particularly crown, grayer. + +Range.--Western United States, east to the Rockies; breeds from +Mexico to British Columbia; winters in Mexico. + + [Illustration: 631.] + +=631. White-eyed Vireo= (_Vireo noveboracensis_). L. 5; W. 2.4.; +B. .4. _Ads._ Eye-ring and lores yellow; iris white; above +olive-green more or less washed with grayish; Below white, sides +yellowish; two whitish wing-bars. _Notes._ Calls, varied, often harsh +and scolding; song, an emphatic whistle _who are you, eh_? or _what's +that you say?_, and a low medley often including imitations of the notes +of other birds. + +Range.--Eastern United States; breeds from Florida and Texas north to +New Hampshire and Minnesota; winters from Florida to Central America. + + +=631a. Key West Vireo= (_V. n. maynardi_). Similar to No. 631, but +bill heavier, sides averaging less yellow. + +Range.--Southern Florida; resident. + + +=621b. Bermuda White-eyed Vireo= (_V. n. bermudianus_). Similar to +No. 631, but wing shorter, 2.30; no yellow on sides. (Bangs and +Bradlee.) + +Range.--Resident in Bermudas. + + +=631c. Small White-eyed Vireo= (_V. n. micrus_). Smaller than No. 631, +W. 2.2; averaging grayer above; sides with less yellow. + +Range.--Northeastern Mexico, north to southeastern Texas. + + [Illustration: 629.] + +=629. Blue-headed Vireo= (_Vireo solitarius_). L. 5.5; W. 2.9; B. .4. +_Ads._ Lores and eye-ring white; crown and cheeks bluish slate-color; +back olive-green; below white, sides washed with greenish yellow; two +whitish wing-bars. _Notes._ Resembling in form those of Red-eyed or +Yellow-throated Vireos but more varied, sometimes a continuous warble; +a musical chatter, like that of the Yellow-throated and a trilled +whistle. (Torrey.) + +Range.--Eastern North America; breeds from Connecticut (and south +along Alleghanies) north to New Brunswick and Manitoba; winters from +Florida to Central America. + + +=629a. Cassin Vireo= (_V. s. cassini_). Like No. 629, but back washed +with the color of the head; white on breast and throat less pure. + +Range.--"Breeds from British Columbia and Idaho south along Pacific +coast region and Nevada to Lower California; migrates to Arizona, New +Mexico; and northern Mexico." (Bailey.) + + +=629b. Plumbeous Vireo= (_V. s. plumbeus_). Above wholly +plumbeous-gray with scarcely, if any, olive tinge, below white, the +sides gray _faintly_ tinged with greenish yellow; size of No. 629c. + +Range.--Rocky Mountain region; breeds from northern Mexico north to +southwestern Dakota and Wyoming; winters south to southern Mexico. + + +=629c. Mountain Solitary Vireo= (_V. s. alticola_). Larger than +No. 629, W. 3.15, B. .46; head darker, its color extending over most +of the back. + +Range.--Breeds in Alleghanies from North Carolina to Georgia; winters +in Florida. + + +=629d. St. Lucas Solitary Vireo= (_V. s. lucasanus_). Smaller than +No. 629a, but bill longer and stouter, sides and flanks much yellower; +young without brownish below, and resembling young of No. 629. + +Range.--Cape Region of Lower California. + + [Illustration: 633.] + +=633. Bell Vireo= (_Vireo bellii_). L. 5. Above olive-green, crown +grayer; lores and eye-ring white; two inconspicuous whitish wing-bars; +below white, sides tinged with yellowish. Most like No. 627, but back +greener, no white line _back_ of eye. _Notes._ Resemble those of the +White-eyed Vireo, but less harsh, song less emphatic. (Goss.) + +Range.--Interior states from Illinois west to Plains; breeds from +Texas to Minnesota; winters in Mexico. + + +=633.1. Least Vireo= (_Vireo pusillus_). L. 4.8. _Ads._ Above gray, +slightly tinged with greenish toward rump; below white, sides with +little if any greenish tinge; one inconspicuous whitish wing-bar; +lores and eye-ring inconspicuously grayish. + +Range.--Northwestern Mexico and northern Lower California; breeds +north to Arizona and middle California. + + [Illustration: 634.] + +=634. Gray Vireo= (_Vireo vicinior_). L. 5.5. Above slaty gray; below +white tinged with grayish; one inconspicuous wing-bar; lores and +eye-ring gray; bill short. _Notes._ Song may be compared with the +finest efforts of the Blue-headed Vireo with the added charm and +mellowness of the song of the Yellow-throated Vireo. (Henshaw.) + +Range.--Northern Mexico, north to western Texas, southeastern +California, and southern Nevada; winters in Mexico. + + [Illustration: 749.] + +=749. Ruby-crowned Kinglet= (_Regulus calendula_). L. 4.4. A +conspicuous whitish eye-ring. _Ad._ [Male]. A more or less concealed +crown-patch; back olive-green; underparts soiled whitish more or less +tinged with buffy; two white wing-bars. _Ad._ [Female] and _Yng._ +(Here figured.) Similar, but no crown-patch. + +Range.--North America; breeds from the northern border of the United +States northward, and south in the Rocky Mountains to Arizona, and in +the Sierra Nevada of California; winters from south Carolina and +Oregon southward to Central America. + + +=749a. Sitkan Kinglet= (_R. c. grinnelli_). Similar to No. 749, +but more olive-green above; more buffy below. + +Range.--Pacific coast; breeds in southern Alaska; winters southward +to California. + + [Illustration: 470a.] + +=470a. Buff-breasted Flycatcher= (_Empidonax fulvifrons pygmæus_). +L. 4.7. _Ads._ Below rusty buff; above grayish brown. + +Range.--Western Mexico; north in spring to southwestern New Mexico +and Arizona. + + [Illustration: 586.] + +=586. Texas Sparrow= (_Arremonops rufivirgata_). L. 6.5. _Ads._ Above +olive-green, sides of crown brownish, its center grayish; below +whitish; bend of wing _yellow_. _Notes._ Song resembles that of the +Chipping Sparrow but with somewhat of the sweetness and modulation of +that of the Yellow Warbler. + +Range.--Eastern Mexico, north to southeastern Texas; casually to +Louisiana. + + [Illustration: 638.] + +=638. Swainson Warbler= (_Helinaia swainsonii_). L. 5. Bill large; +no white in wings or tail. _Ads._ Crown brown, back, wings and tail +olive-brown; a whitish line over eye; below whitish tinged with +yellow. _Notes._ Song, "a series of clear, ringing whistles, the first +four uttered rather slowly and in the same key, the remaining five or +six given more rapidly and in an evenly descending scale." (Brewster.) + +Range.--Southeastern United States; breeds from Gulf States north to +southeastern Virginia, southern Indiana and southern Missouri. + + [Illustration: 639.] + +=639. Worm-eating Warbler= (_Helmitheros vermivorus_). L. 5.5. Bill +large; no white in wings or tail _Ads._ Crown black with three buff +stripes; back, wings and tail olive-green; below buffy white deeper on +breast. _Yng._ Buff everywhere richer. _Notes._ Call, a sharp _chip_; +song, resembles that of Chipping Sparrow but is somewhat weaker. + +Range.--Eastern United States; breeds north to southern Connecticut, +southern Illinois and southern Wisconsin; winters south of United +States. + + [Illustration: 742.] + +=742. Pallid Wren-tit= (_Chamæa fasciata_). L. 6.7; T. 5.4. Outer +tail-feathers shortest. _Ads._ Above brownish gray; below buffy +obscurely streaked with gray. _Notes._ Song wooden and unmusical, +beginning deliberately and ending in a roll, _chick_: _chick_; +_chick_, _chick-chick-chick-chick-chick-chick_. + +Range.--"Interior of California, including the western slope of the +Sierra Nevada, from the head of the Sacramento Valley south to +northern Lower California." (A.O.U.) + + [Illustration: 742a.] + +=742a. Coast Wren-tit= (_C. f. phæa_). Similar to No. 742, but much +browner above and deeper more pink below; sides as dark as back. + +Range.--Pacific Coast from Monterey County, California, north to +southern Oregon. + + +=707. Curve-billed Thrasher= (_Toxostoma curvirostre_). L. 11.2. +_Ads._ Above brownish gray; below mottled with brownish gray; lower +belly buffy; four outer pairs of tail-feathers _tipped with white_; +two narrow white wing-bars. _Notes._ Call, a sharp, _whit-whit_; one +of the most silent of song Thrushes. (Merrill.) Song, remarkably +melodious and attractive. (Couch.) + +Range.--Mexican boundary region of Texas and New Mexico south over +the Mexico tableland to Oaxaca. + + [Illustration: 707a.] + +=707a. Palmer Thrasher= (_T. c. palmeri_). Similar to No. 707, but +wing-bars less evident; outer tail-feathers _without_ white tips. + +Range.--"Southern Arizona, from about fifty miles northwest of +Phoenix, south to Guaymas, Sonora." (A.O.U.) + + [Illustration: 708.] + +=708. Bendire Thrasher= (_Toxostoma bendirei_). L. 10.2. _Ads._ Above +brownish ashy; below soiled whitish washed with buffy and lightly +spotted with dusky, chiefly on breast; outer tail-feathers narrowly +tipped with whitish. _Notes._ Call, _tirup_, _tirup_, _tirup_. +(Brown.) + +Range.--Desert regions of southern Arizona south into Sonora, Mexico; +west rarely to southeastern California; resident except at extreme +northern limit of its range. + + [Illustration: 709.] + +=709. St. Lucas Thrasher= (_Toxostoma cinereum_). L. 10. _Ads._ Above +grayish brown; below white with numerous wedge-shaped spots; outer +tail-feathers tipped with white. + +Range.--Southern Lower California. + + +=709a. Mearns Thrasher= (_T. c. mearnsi_). Differs from No. 709 in +much darker upperparts, more rusty flanks and crissum, much larger and +more intensely black spots on lower parts and less curved bill. +(Anthony.) + +Range.--Northern Lower California, south to about Lat. 30° 30'. + + [Illustration: 710.] + +=710. Californian Thrasher= (_Toxostoma redivivum_). L. 12. _Ads._ +Above grayish brown; belly distinctly buff; breast grayish, throat +whitish, washed with buff; no white in wings or tail. _Notes._ Song +suggesting both that of the Brown Thrasher and the Mockingbird. + +Range.--California west of the Sierra Nevada, north of about Lat. 35°; +south into Lower California. + + +=710a. Pasadena Thrasher= (_T. r. pasadenense_). Similar to No. 710, +but grayer above; belly paler, throat whiter. + +Range.--Southern California. + + [Illustration: 711.] + +=711. Leconte Thrasher= (_Toxostoma lecontei_). L. 10.5. _Ads._ Above +brownish ashy, below creamy white, under tail-coverts buff. _Notes._ +Call, a sharply reiterated _whit_ or _quit_; song, remarkable for its +loud rich tone; can be heard distinctly for more than a mile. +(Mearns.) Call, low and musical, _hueé-e_, whistled through the teeth. +(Stephens.) + +Range.--"Desert region of southern California, Nevada, and extreme +southwestern Utah, from Benton, Cal. (Lat. 38°), southeastward through +Arizona to Sonora (Lat. 30°). Local in San Joaquin Valley." (A.O.U.) + + +=711a. Desert Thrasher= (_T. l. arenicola_). Differing from No. 711 in +having upperparts darker and grayer, tail blacker, and breast gray. +(Anthony.) + +Range.--Northern Lower California. (Rosalia Bay.) + + [Illustration: 712.] + +=712. Crissal Thrasher= (_Toxostoma crissalis_). L. 12. _Ads._ Under +tail-coverts reddish _chestnut_; upperparts brownish gray; underparts +ashy, chin white. _Notes._ No loud call note; song of remarkable scope +and sweetness. (Mearns.) + +Range.--"Southwestern United States, from western Texas to the +Colorado Desert, California, and northern Lower California; north to +Charleston Mountains, Nevada, and St. George, Utah." (A.O.U.) + + +Perching Birds Chiefly Brown or Streaked + + [Illustration: 538.] + + [Illustration: 538. Winter.] + +=538. Chestnut-collared Longspur= (_Calcarius ornatus_). L. 6.2. Hind +toe-nail as long as toe; all but middle pair of tail-feathers (and +sometimes these) with white, _two_ outer pairs white _to the tip_. +_Ad._ [Male]. Throat and cheeks buff; breast and belly black; crown +black, nape chestnut; lesser wing-coverts black tipped with white. +_Ad._ [Female]. Above grayish brown streaked with black; below pale +buff. [Male] _in winter_. Like summer [Male] but black and chestnut +areas more or less tipped with grayish brown. _Notes._ Song, short, +shrill, but very sweet, often uttered on the wing. (Allen.) + +Range.--Great Plains: breeds from central Kansas and eastern Colorado +north to the Saskatchewan; winters from eastern Colorado and Nebraska +south into Mexico. + + [Illustration: 539.] + + [Illustration: 539. Winter.] + +=539. McCown Longspur= (_Rhynchophanes mccownii_). L. 6. Hind toe-nail +as long as toe; all but middle pair of tail-feathers with white, the +outer _one_ white _to the tip_, the others tipped with black; lesser +wing-coverts _chestnut_. _Ad._ [Male]. Throat and belly white, breast +and crown black; back grayish brown streaked with black. _Ad._ +[Female]. Below white washed with brownish; above grayish brown +streaked with black. [Male] _in winter_. Like [Female] but a partly +concealed black breast patch; tail with more white. _Notes._ Call, a +_chip_ at each stroke of the wing; song, of soft, twittering, pleasing +notes. (Goss.) "A twittering, hurried chant, suggestive of the Horned +Lark's performance, but terminating in decreasing power." (Silloway.) + +Range.--Great Plains; breeds from northwestern Kansas to Montana and +the Saskatchewan; winters from eastern Colorado and Kansas south into +Mexico. + + [Illustration: 552.] + +=552. Lark Sparrow= (_Chondestes grammacus_). L. 6.2; _Ads._ Sides of +the crown and ear-coverts chestnut; all but middle tail-feathers +tipped with white; back broadly streaked with black; sides of throat +and spot on breast black. _Notes._ Song, loud and musical suggesting +both a Song Sparrow's and a Canary's. + +Range.--Interior of North America from the Plains east to Illinois; +casually east of the Alleghanies; breeds from Texas to Manitoba; +winters south into Mexico. + + +=552a. Western Lark Sparrow= (_C. g. strigatus_). Similar to No. 552, +but streaks on upperparts generally narrower. + +Range.--Western United States from the Plains to Pacific; breeds from +Mexico to Manitoba and British Columbia; winters south to Central +America. + + [Illustration: 536.] + + [Illustration: 536. Winter.] + +=536. Lapland Longspur= (_Calcarius lapponicus_). L. 6.2 Hind toe-nail +as long as or longer than toe; two outer tail-feathers with white _at +the end_. _Ad._ [Male], _summer_. Nape chestnut; crown, cheeks, throat +and upper-breast black; back black margined with _rusty brown_. _Ad._ +[Female], summer. Crown and back black margined with rusty; nape +brighter; below whitish; breast feathers dusky at base; sides streaked +with blackish. _Winter_, [Male]. Black areas and nape veiled with +whitish or buffy tips; [Female], like [Female] in summer. + +Range.--Breeds in northern Europe and northeast North America south to +northern Labrador; in America, winters south, irregularly, to South +Carolina, Kentucky, Kansas, Texas; west to Manitoba. (Ridgw.) + + +=536a. Alaskan Longspur= (_C. l. alascensis_). Similar to No. 536, but +margins to back feathers much paler, brownish gray or buffy; nape in +winter more buffy. _Notes._ Song, uttered on wing as bird with +up-stretched wings floats downward, sweet, liquid, tinkling, of same +general character as that of Bobolink, but shorter, less powerful. +(Nelson.) + +Range.--Breeds in Alaska, Aleutian and Pribilof Islands east to Fort +Simpson; winters south to eastern Oregon, Colorado, and western +Kansas. (Ridgw.) + + [Illustration: 553.] + +=553. Harris Sparrow= (_Zonotrichia querula_). L. 7.5. _Ads. summer._ +Throat and crown black; nape chestnut, cheeks brownish; two white +wing-bars. _Ads. winter._ Throat mottled with white, crown tipped with +grayish. _Notes._ A queer, chuckling note; song of pleasing, plaintive +whistling notes in musical tone like those of No. 558, but delivered +in a different song. (Cooke.) + +Range.--Interior of North America; from Illinois west to the Dakotas; +in summer, the region west of Hudson Bay (exact breeding range +unknown); south in winter to Texas (and Mexico?); accidental in +British Columbia, Oregon and California. + + [Illustration: 565.] + +=565. Black-chinned Sparrow= (_Spizella atrogularis_). L. 5.7. Below +slaty gray. _Ad._ [Male]. Throat and front of face _black_; rest of +head and underparts slaty gray, the belly whitish; back reddish brown +narrowly streaked with black. _Ad._ [Female], Throat with little or no +black; crown washed with brownish. _Yng._ Similar to Ad. [Female], but +never with black on throat; crown more heavily washed with brownish. +_Notes._ Song said to resemble that of No. 563. (Bailey.) + +Range.--Mexico and southwestern United States; breeds from southern +New Mexico and southern California southward; winters south into +Mexico and southern Lower California. + + [Illustration: English Sparrow.] + +=--English Sparrow= (_Passer domesticus_). L. 6.3. _Ad._ [Male]. +Throat and upper breast black; crown _slate_; band behind eye and on +nape chestnut. _Ad._ [Female]. Below dirty white; crown and rump dingy +grayish brown; back streaked with black and rusty brown; a buffy +stripe behind eye. _Yng._ [Male]. Similar to Ad. but throat and head +tipped with brownish gray. _Notes._ Harsh and discordant. + +Range.--Introduced into America from Europe in 1851 and later dates; +now distributed throughout the greater part of the United States. + + [Illustration: 537.] + + [Illustration: 537 Winter.] + +=537. Smith Longspur= (_Calcarius pictus_). L. 6.6. Hind toe-nail as +long as toe; _two_ outer tail-feathers mostly white. _Ad._ [Male]. +_Throat_, _breast_ and belly buff; nape buff; crown and cheeks black; +ear-coverts and line over eye white; lesser wing-coverts black +margined with white. _Ad._ [Female]. Above brownish black margined +with buff and rusty brown; below pale buff, sides of breast and flanks +streaked with brown. [Male] _in winter_. Like [Female] but lesser +wing-coverts black and white. _Notes._ Call constantly _chirrup_ as +they fly. (Goss.) + +Range.--Middle western United States; breeds in northern British. +America; winters south over the plains and prairies to Texas; east to +Illinois. + + [Illustration: 579.] + +=579. Rufous-winged Sparrow= (_Aimophila carpalis_). L. 5.7. Outer +tail-feathers shortest. _Ads._ Lesser wing-coverts bright reddish +brown; crown reddish brown or chestnut margined with gray; back +streaked with black and margined with _grayish brown_; below whitish; +_two_ black streaks from either side of the base of the lower +mandible. _Notes._ Call, _zib_, _zib_, _zib_. (Bendire.) + +Range.--Southern Arizona, north to Tucson and Camp Lowell and south +through Sonora to northern Sinaloa. (Ridgw.) + + [Illustration: 580.] + +=580. Rufous-crowned Sparrow= (_Aimophila ruficeps_). L. 4; T. 2.6. No +yellow at bend of wing; outer tail-feathers shortest. _Ads._ Above +reddish brown margined with buffy gray (no black streaks); below, +including middle of belly, brownish; sides of throat with black lines. +_Notes._ Song, very sweet, resembling that of Lazuli Bunting, but +distinguishable. (C. A. Allen.) + +Range.--Northern Lower California north to Marin County and Sacramento +Valley, California; local. + + [Illustration: 580a.] + +=580a. Scott Sparrow= (_A. r. scottii_). Similar to No. 580, but above +brighter reddish brown, the margins to the feathers grayer, the +underparts much paler, the breast grayish, the throat and middle of +the belly whitish. + +Range.--Northwestern portion of Mexican plateau and adjacent portions +of Arizona, New Mexico and western Texas (El Paso Co.) (Ridgw.) + + +=580b. Rook Sparrow= (_A. r. eremœca_). L. 6. _Ads._ Crown reddish +chestnut, back olive-brown margined with gray. Similar to No. 580a, +but back of a different color from crown, the grayish margins wider. + +Range.--Limestone Hill districts of middle Texas, from Kinney and +Maverick counties on the Rio Grande, northeastward to Cook County and +westward at least to Tom Green County; south in winter to Mexico. +(Ridgw.) + + +=580c. Laguna Sparrow= (_A. r. sororia_). Similar to No. 580a, but +bill somewhat stouter, reddish brown above averaging brighter and +wider. + +Range.--Southern Lower California. + + [Illustration: 540.] + +=540. Vesper Sparrow= (_Poœcetes gramineus_). L. 6.1. Outer +tail-feather mostly white; hind toe-nail not longer than toe; _lesser_ +wing-coverts reddish brown. _Ads._ Above grayish brown streaked with +black and chestnut; below whitish, breast and sides streaked with +black and chestnut. _Notes._ Call, _chip_. Song, loud and musical +_Look-look_, _see-see_, _me-me-me-me-me-me-sing_, followed by a +confusion of notes. + +Range.--Eastern North America; breeds from Virginia, Illinois and +Missouri north to New Brunswick and Manitoba; winters from Virginia +and southern Illinois to the Gulf of Mexico. + + +=540a. Western Vesper Sparrow= (_P. g. confinis_). Similar to No. 540, +but paler, less black above; bill somewhat more slender. + +Range.--Western United States from the Plains to the Sierra; breeds +from Arizona and New Mexico north to the Saskatchewan and British +Columbia; winters south into Mexico. + + +=540b. Oregon Vesper Sparrow= (_P. g. affinis_). Similar to No. 540a, +but smaller, W. 3; bill still more slender; plumage browner, more +buffy; browner even than No. 540, the underparts, including belly, +suffused with buff. + +Range.--Pacific coast; breeds in western Oregon (and north?); winters +southwest of the Sierra to San Diego, California. + + [Illustration: 575.] + +=575. Pine-woods Sparrow= (_Peucæa æstivalis_). L. 5.8; T. 2.5. Bend +of the wing yellow; outer tail-feathers much shorter than the middle +pair. _Ads._ Above reddish chestnut, _head_ and back streaked with +black and margined with gray; below whitish, breast faintly tinged +with buff. _Notes._ Song, exceedingly sweet and plaintive. + +Range.--Florida and southern Georgia; winters in southern Florida. + + +=575a. Bachman Sparrow= (_T. æ. bachmanii_). Similar to No. 575, but +above brighter reddish chestnut, black speaks fewer and usually +confined to back; breast and sides deeper buff. + +Range.--Lower Mississippi Valley, west to southern Indiana and +southern Illinois, east to Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, +and Virginia (rarely); west to Concho County, Texas; winters south in +Atlantic States, to southern Florida. + + [Illustration: 576.] + +=576. Botteri Sparrow= (_Peucæa botteri_). L. 6; T. 2.8. Bend of wing +yellow; outer tail-feathers shortest. _Ads_. Above bright rusty brown +(about the color of a Field Sparrow), head and back streaked with +black and margined with gray; below buffy, the center of the belly +whitish. _Notes._ Song, begins with a faint trill followed by a +succession of disjointed syllables, _cha_, _cheewee_, _wee_, _wee_, +_wee_, _wir_. (Henshaw.) + +Range.--Entire plateau of Mexico north to Lower Rio Grande Valley in +Texas and southern Arizona. (Ridgw.) + + [Illustration: 578.] + +=578. Cassin Sparrow= (_Peucæa cassini_). L. 6; T. 2.8. Bend of wing +yellow, outer tail-feathers shortest, their ends with distinct +_grayish_ patches. _Ads._ Above _gray_ streaked with _dull_ reddish +brown and _spotted_ or _barred_ with black; below grayish white. +_Notes._ Song, lengthened and pleasing, usually sung on wing. + +Range.--Texas and southern Kansas west to southern Nevada and Arizona +south into Mexico. + + [Illustration: 559.] + +=559. Tree Sparrow= (_Spizella monticola_). L. 6.3. A black spot in +the center of the breast. _Ads._ Cap reddish brown, no black on head; +two white wing-bars, back streaked black, reddish brown and buff; +below whitish; upper mandible black, lower yellowish. _Notes._ Call, +a musical, tinkling, _too-lay-it_, song, "a loud, clear and powerful +chant." + +Range.--Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds in Labrador +and region west of Hudson Bay; winters south to South Carolina, +Tennessee and Indian Territory. + + +=559a. Western Tree Sparrow= (_S. m. ochracea_). Similar to No. 559, +but back with much less reddish brown, largely brownish buff streaked +with black. + +Range.--Western North America east to the Plains; breeds in Alaska; +winters south to Mexican border. + + [Illustration: 560.] + +=560. Chipping Sparrow= (_Spizella socialis_). L. 5.3. _Ads._ Crown +reddish chestnut, forehead _blackish_; a black line from eye to nape; +back streaked with black, _reddish brown_ and grayish brown; wing-bars +not conspicuous; below grayish white; bill largely black. _Yng._ Crown +like back; cheeks brownish. _Notes._ Call, _chip_; song, an unmusical +_chippy_, _chippy_, _chippy_, repeated. + +Range.--Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from Gulf +States to Newfoundland and Great Slave Lake; winters in the Gulf +States and Mexico. + + +=560a. Western Chipping Sparrow= (_S. s. arizonæ_). Similar to +No. 560, but much grayer above; back with little or no reddish brown. + +Range.--Western North America; breeds from Mexican border states to +Alaska; winters from California and Mexican border states to southern +Mexico. + + [Illustration: 563.] + +=563. Field Sparrow= (_Spizella pusilla_). L. 5.6; T. 2.5. Bill +entirely pinkish brown. _Ads._ Crown _reddish_ brown, a gray line over +the eye, a reddish brown stripe from behind it to nape; back _reddish_ +brown streaked with black; below whitish, _no_ streaks, breast washed +with buffy; two white wing-bars. _Notes._ Call, _chip_; song, a +musical whistle, _cher-weé_, _cher-weé-cher-weé_, _cheé-o_, +_dee-e-e-e-e_; with many variations but usually ending in a trill. + +Range.--Eastern North America; breeds from South Carolina, Alabama and +central Texas north to Quebec and Manitoba; winters from Virginia and +Illinois to Gulf States. + + +=563a. Western Field Sparrow= (_S. p. arenacea_). Similar to No. 563, +but much paler above; crown largely grayish; back with but little +reddish brown, breast with little or no buff; tail longer, 2.7. + +Range.--Great Plains of interior; breeds from Nebraska and South +Dakota to eastern Montana; winters south to northeastern Mexico; +casually to Louisiana. (Ridgw.) + + [Illustration: 584.] + +=584. Swamp Sparrow= (_Melospiza georgiana_). L. 5.8. _Ads._ Forehead +black with a gray median line; crown bright chestnut; below grayish +white; _sides brownish_, nape gray; back grayish, black, and buff. +Yng. Crown streaked chestnut and black; gray line over the eye +sometimes tinged with yellow; other parts deeper in color. _Notes._ +Call, a sharp _cheep_; song, a simple _tweet-tweet-tweet_, etc., all +on one note. + +Range.--Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from New +Jersey, Pennsylvania, and northern Illinois, north to Labrador and +Manitoba; winters from Kansas, southern Illinois, and Massachusetts to +Gulf States. + + +=542. Sandwich Sparrow= (_Passerculus sandwichensis_). L. 5.7; W. 2.9 +A yellow line from the bill passing _over_ the eye; bend of wing +usually tinged with yellow. _Ads._ Above streaked with black, chestnut +and brownish gray; below white, (buffy in fall and winter), breast and +sides streaked with black, the streaks narrowly margined with +chestnut. _Notes._ Doubtless resemble those of No. 542a. + +Range.--Northwest coast; breeds in western Alaska; winters south +to northern California. + + [Illustration: 542a.] + +=542a. Savannah Sparrow= (_P. s. savanna_). Similar to No. 542, but +smaller, W. 2.7; yellow line over eye shorter and less pronounced; +bill smaller. _Notes._ Call a sharp _tsip_, frequently uttered; song, +a weak, musical little trill following a grasshopperlike introduction, +_tsip_, _tsip_, _tsip_, _sē-e-e-s'r-r-r_. (Dwight.) + +Range.--Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from +northern New Jersey (rarely), eastern Long Island, and Missouri north +to Labrador and western Hudson Bay; winters from Virginia and southern +Illinois to Cuba and Mexico. + + +=542b. Western Savannah Sparrow= (_P. s. alaudinus_). Similar to No. +542a, but bill more slender, color averaging paler, the yellow line +not passing _over_ the eye, less evident before it and often wholly +wanting. + +Range.--Western North America from the Plains west to the Sierra; +breeds from Mexico City north to Alaska; winters from southern +California southward. + + +=542c. Bryant Marsh Sparrow= (_P. s. bryanti_). Similar to No. 542b, +but smaller, W. 2.6; colors much darker, streaks below heavier; yellow +over eye more pronounced. A darker bird even than No. 542a, but with +the bill slender as in No. 542b. + +Range.--Resident in salt marshes about San Francisco and Monterey Bay; +winters south to San Pedro (Grinnell); casually to Mexico City. +(Ridgw.) + + [Illustration: 543.] + +=543. Belding Sparrow= (_Passerculus beldingi_). L. 5; W. 2.5. +_Ads._ Similar to No. 542c, but somewhat smaller, above darker and +with a slight olive caste; underparts more heavily streaked. + +Range.--Pacific Coast; salt marshes from Todos Santos Island, Lower +California, north to Santa Barbara. + + [Illustration: 544.] + +=544. Large-billed Sparrow= (_Passerculus rostratus_). L. 5.5; W. 2.6. +Bill stout, upper mandible _curved_; no yellow before eye or on bend +of wing. _Ads._ Above grayish brown marked with brown and blackish but +_without_ well-defined streaks; below white, breast and sides streaked +with grayish brown, the streaked feathers centrally blackish. + +Range.--Coast of southern California north to Santa Barbara; winters +south to Cape St. Lucas and northwestern Mexico. + + +=544a. St. Lucas Sparrow= (_P. r. guttatus_). Similar to No. 544, but +smaller, W. 2.5; bill more slender; upperparts brownish gray with an +_olive tint_ and streaked with darker; similar to No. 544c, but +smaller, upperparts more olive and more widely, but less sharply +streaked. + +Range.--Cape Region of Lower California in winter; breeding range +unknown. + + +=544b. Lagoon Sparrow= (_P. r. halophilus_). Similar to No. 544a, but +larger, W. 2.7, and darker; streaks on chest with little if any brown +edging; differing from No. 543, in more uniform coloration of +upperparts, in less narrow and decidedly blackish streaks on chest, +etc. + +Range.--Salt marshes, Abreojos Point, Lower California. + + +=544c. San Benito Sparrow= (_P. r. sanctorum_). Similar to No. 544, +but bill more slender; above grayer (brownish _gray_) distinctly +streaked with blackish, the streaks margined with brown; below +streaked with _black_, the streaks narrowly margined with brownish. + +Range.--Breeds on San Benito Island, Lower California; in winter to +Cape Region of Lower California. + + [Illustration: 545.] + +=545. Baird Sparrow= (_Coturniculus bairdii_). L. 5.7. Tail-feathers +pointed, middle ones shortest. _Ads._ Crown yellowish brown, streaked +with black; back black margined with chestnut and grayish; below +whitish, breast and sides streaked with black. In fall and winter, +colors richer. _Notes._ Song, "_trick-e-trik-eeeee-chiky-le-roit_, +with a peculiar tinkling utterance." + +Range.--Great Plains; breeds from western Minnesota, North Dakota, +eastern Montana, north to Manitoba and Assiniboia; winters south to +Texas, Arizona and New Mexico. (Ridgw.) + + [Illustration: 546.] + +=546. Grasshopper Sparrow= (_Coturniculus savannarum passerinus_). +L. 5.3. Line before eye orange; bend of wing yellow; tail-feathers +pointed. _Ads._ Crown black with a buffy central stripe; nape +_chestnut and gray_; back black, chestnut buff and gray; below buffy, +unstreaked, belly whiter. _Notes._ Call, a sharp _chip_; song, a weak, +insect-like _pit-tuck_, _zee-e-e-e-e-e-e_. + +Range.--Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from the +Gulf States to Massachusetts, Vermont, and Minnesota; winters from +North Carolina to Cuba and Mexico. + + +=546a. Western Grasshopper Sparrow= (_C. s. bimaculatus_). Similar to +No. 546, but paler below and with less black and more chestnut above. + +Range.--Western United States from the Plains to the Pacific; breeds +from Mexican border states north to Montana and British Columbia; +winters south into Mexico. + + +=546b. Florida Grasshopper Sparrow= (_C. s. floridanus_). Similar to +No. 546, but smaller, W. 3; darker above, paler below; sides of crown +almost solid black; chestnut above largely replaced by black. + +Range.--Kissimmee Prairies, Florida. + + [Illustration: 547.] + +=547. Henslow Sparrow= (_Ammodramus henslowii_). L. 5. Bend of wing +yellow; tail-feathers pointed, the outer ones much the shortest. +_Ads._ Crown and nape pale _olive-green_ streaked with blackish; back +bright reddish brown streaked with black and gray; below white; breast +and sides washed with buff and streaked with black. _Notes._ Call, +_tee-wick_; song, _sis-r-r-rit-srit-srit_. (Jouy.) + +Range.--Eastern North America; breeds locally, from Virginia and +Missouri, north to New Hampshire, southern Ontario and Minnesota; +winters from Virginia and Missouri south to the Gulf of Mexico. + + +=547a. Western Henslow Sparrow= (_A. h. occidentalis_). Similar to +No. 547, but paler, in summer little or no buff below. + +Range.--Central western states; breeding, so far as known, in South +Dakota; in winter south to Texas. + + [Illustration: 548.] + +=548. Leconte Sparrow= (_Ammodramus lecontei_), L. 5. No yellow on +wing; tail-feathers pointed, outer ones much the shortest. _Ads._ +Broad line over eye, throat, breast and sides rich buff; nape chestnut +and gray; back black narrowly margined with chestnut and, at the +sides, broadly with buff; sides streaked; breast rarely with a few +streaks. _Notes._ Call, a thin, sharp, _tweet_, and a long-drawn +_bizz_; song, a tiny, husky, _reese_, _reese_. (Seton.) + +Range.--"Great Plains and more western prairies; breeding from Dakota, +Minnesota, etc., to Manitoba, migrating south and east, in winter, +through Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, etc., to South Carolina and Gulf +States from Florida to Texas." (Ridgw.) + + [Illustration: 533.] + +=533. Pine Finch= (_Spinus pinus_). L. 5. Bill sharply pointed; a tuft +of bristly feathers over the nostril; tail slightly forked. _Ads._ +Base of tail, of inner wing-feathers and outer edges of primaries +yellow; above brownish; below whitish streaked with black. _Notes._ +Call, a metallic note; song, tinkling and musical often sung on the +wing as with No. 529, the song of which it resembles. + +Range.--North America; breeds from northern boundary states to Alaska; +in the Alleghanies south to North Carolina; and in the Rockies and +Sierra south to Mexico; winters from the northern states to Gulf +states and Lower California. + + [Illustration: 541.] + +=541. Ipswich Sparrow= (_Passerculus princeps_). L. 6.2. _Ads._ Above +_pale_ brownish gray streaked with brown; below white, breast and +sides streaked with _brownish_; spot above eye and bend of wing often +pale sulphur yellow. _Notes._ Resemble those of No. 542a. + +Range.--Breeds on Sable Island, Nova Scotia, winters south along +coast, regularly to Virginia, rarely to Georgia. + + [Illustration: 549.] + +=549. Sharp-tailed Sparrow= (_Ammodramus caudacutus_). L. 5.8. +Tail-feathers sharply pointed, outer ones shortest. _Ads._ Below +white, breast and sides washed with buff and distinctly _streaked with +black_; nape olive-green; cheeks orange-buff; ear-coverts gray; crown +olive-chocolate with a blue-gray central line; back olive, buff, black +and gray. _Notes._ Call, _chip_; song, an unmusical, short, "husky," +"gasping" effort, uttered from a perch or on fluttering wings above +the reeds. + +Range.--Atlantic coast; breeds from South Carolina to New Hampshire; +winters from North Carolina to Florida. + + [Illustration: 549.1.] + +=549.1. Nelson Sparrow= (_Ammodramus nelsoni_). L. 5.5. Tail-feathers +pointed, outer ones shortest. _Ads._ Similar to No. 549, but breast +and sides much deeper buff, the former with few or no streaks; +upperparts more richly colored. _Notes._ Resemble those of No. 549. + +Range.--Breeds in interior from northern Illinois to Manitoba and +South Dakota; migrates east to New York and winters south to South +Carolina and Texas; accidental in California. + + +=549.1a. Acadian Sharp-tailed Sparrow= (_A. n. subvirgatus_). Similar +to No. 549.1, but breast and sides paler, the former lightly but +distinctly streaked with grayish; upperparts less richly colored. + +Range.--Atlantic coast; breeds in marshes of eastern Maine, southern +New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island; winters south to South +Carolina. + + [Illustration: 550.] + +=550. Seaside Sparrow= (_Ammodramus maritimus_). L. 6: W. 2.5. +Tail-feathers pointed, the outer ones shortest; spot before eye and +bend of wing yellow. _Ads._ Above olive-green and gray (no black); +below white, breast and sides grayish and, in first plumage, streaked +with buff. _Notes._ Similar in character to those of No. 549. + +Range.--Atlantic coast; breeds in salt marshes from North Carolina to +southern Massachusetts; winters from Virginia to Georgia. + + +=550a. Scott Seaside Sparrow= (_A. m. peninsulæ_). Similar to No. 550, +but smaller, W. 2.3; above black margined by olive-brown and +olive-green; below whitish, breast and sides heavily streaked with +blackish. + +Range.--Atlantic coast from northeastern Florida to South Carolina; +Gulf Coast of Florida. + + +=550b. Texas Seaside Sparrow= (_A. m. sennetti_). Similar to No. 550, +but greener above; the feathers of head and back usually, those of +nape always, with black centres. + +Range.--Coast of Texas. + + [Illustration: 550c.] + +=550c. Fisher Seaside Sparrow= (_A. m. fisheri_). Similar to No. 550a, +but darker above, the breast and sides heavily washed with rusty buff +and streaked with black. + +Range.--Coast of Louisiana, south in winter, at least as far as Corpus +Christi, Texas; casual on Gulf coast of Florida. + + +=550d. Macgillivray Seaside Sparrow= (_A. m. macgillivraii_). Similar +to No. 550c, but above grayer, less black, breast and flanks but +faintly washed with buff and streaked with dusky grayish. Grayer above +than No. 550a, and less heavily streaked below. + +Range.--Local on coast of South Carolina. + + [Illustration: 551.] + +=551. Dusky Seaside Sparrow= (_Ammodramus nigrescens_). L. 5.9. Above +_black_ lightly margined with gray; below white heavily streaked with +black; spot before eye and bend of wing yellow. _Notes._ Similar in +character to those of No. 550. + +Range.--Marshes at head of Indian River, Florida, from Banana River +to Haulover Canal. + + [Illustration: 583.] + +=583. Lincoln Sparrow= (_Melospiza lincolnii_). L. 5.7. _Ads._ _A +broad buff band across the breast_; center of crown with a _gray_ +stripe, its sides striped chestnut and black; back grayish brown +streaked with black and chestnut, below streaked with black except on +middle of white belly. _Notes._ Call, a sharp _chirp_; song, suggests +bubbling, guttural notes of House Wren combined with rippling music of +the Purple Finch. (Dwight.) (See, also, Brewster, Bird-Lore II, P. +111.) + +Range.--North America; breeds from northern New York, northern +Illinois and higher parts of Rockies and Sierra north to Alaska; +winters from southern Illinois and southern California into Mexico; +rare east of Alleghanies. + + +=583a. Forbush Sparrow= (_M. l. striata_). Similar to No. 583, but +browner above, crown-stripe and line over eye more brown than gray. + +Range.--Pacific coast from British Columbia to California; breeding +range unknown. + + [Illustration: 554.] + +=554. White-crowned Sparrow= (_Zonotrichia leucophrys_). L. 6.9. No +yellow before eye. _Ads._ White stripe over eye _not_ reaching to +bill; lores black; breast gray, throat but little paler; back _gray_ +streaked with brown, rump browner, _Yng._ Black crown-stripes replaced +by chestnut, the white ones by buff; back much browner, no gray. +_Notes._ Call, a sharp _chip_; song, a plaintive, musical whistle +usually of five or six notes, the first two longest. + +Range.--North America; breeds from northern New England and (in the +higher Rockies and Sierra) New Mexico, Arizona, and California north +to Labrador and Hudson Bay region; winters from southern United States +into Mexico. + + [Illustration: 554a.] + +=554a. Intermediate Sparrow= (_Z. l. gambeli_). Similar to No. 544, +but the lores wholly gray or whitish, the white line over the eye +reaching the bill. + +Range.--Western North America; breeds from Montana and eastern Oregon +northeast of Coast Mountains, to lower Mackenzie and northern Alaska: +winters from southern United States into Mexico; casual in migrations +east to Mississippi River States. + + +=554b. Nuttall Sparrow= (_Z. l. nuttalli_). Similar to No. 554a, but +smaller, L. 6.5, margins to feathers of back browner, underparts +browner, bend of wing yellow. + +Range.--"Pacific coast district, breeding from Monterey, California, +to Mt. Simpson, British Columbia, south in winter to San Pedro Martir +Mountains, Lower California." (Ridgw.) + + [Illustration: 557.] + +=557. Golden-crowned Sparrow= (_Zonotrichia coronata_). L. 7.2. _Ad._ +[Male]. Center of crown yellow, its sides black; below grayish white, +sides brownish; back brown streaked with black; two white wing-bars; +bend of wing yellow. _Ad._ [Female]. Crown like back; its front tinged +with yellow; breast washed with brownish. + +Range.--Pacific coast; breeds in Alaska; winters from Oregon south to +northern Lower California. + + [Illustration: 558.] + +=558. White-throated Sparrow= (_Zonotrichia albicollis_). L. 6.7. +A yellow mark before the eye and on bend of wing. _Ads._ Crown black, +a narrow white stripe through its center and bounded by white _behind_ +the eye; throat white sharply defined from _gray_ breast; back +_reddish brown_ streaked with black. _Yng._ Less yellow before eye, +crown browner, its stripe gray; throat grayer, sometimes like breast. +_Notes._ Call, a low _tseep_, and sharp _chink_; song, a musical, +clearly whistled _sow-wheat peverly_, _peverly_, _peverly_; or +_peabody_, _peabody_, _peabody_. + +Range.--Eastern North America, west to the Plains, casually to the +Pacific; breeds from Massachusetts (locally); northern New York, +northern Michigan, and eastern Montana, north to Labrador and West +Hudson Bay region; winters from Massachusetts (rarely) and Illinois +south to the Gulf. + + [Illustration: 561.] + +=561. Clay-colored Sparrow= (_Spizella pallida_). L. 5.4. No reddish +brown. _Ads._ Above grayish _brown_ streaked with black; sides of +crown _largely-black_, a grayish line through its center; sides of +head _brownish_; below white. _Notes._ Song, three notes, and a slight +trill. (Coues.) + +Range.--Interior of North America, from Illinois to the Rockies; +breeds from eastern Colorado, and northwestern Illinois north to +Saskatchewan; winters from southern Texas into Mexico. + + [Illustration: 562.] + +=562. Brewer Sparrow= (_Spizella breweri_). L. 5.4. _No_ reddish +brown. _Ads._ Back and _crown_ brownish _gray_, uniformly and narrowly +streaked with black; sides of head _grayish_; below white. Grayer +than No. 561, the sides of the crown _not_ largely black. _Notes._ +Call, _chip_; song, a reedy warble resembling in tone that of a +Long-billed Marsh Wren. + +Range.--Western United States, from the Rockies to central California; +breeds from Mexican border States north to British Columbia; winters +from southern California south into Mexico. + + [Illustration: 574.] + +=574. Bell Sparrow= (_Amphispiza belli_). L. 6.1; W. 2.7. _Ads._ Sides +of throat with black streaks; center of breast with black spots; above +grayish _brown_, usually _without_ distinct streaks, no white in tail. + +Range.--Pacific coast, from northern Lower California northwest of +Sierras, to Warren county, California; resident. + + +=574a. Sage Sparrow= (_A. b. nevadensis_). Similar to No. 574, but +larger, W. 3.1; back brownish gray, usually finely but distinctly +streaked with black; less black at sides of throat, usually a white +stripe _over_ the eye. _Notes._ Call, a chipping twitter; song, +feeble, but sweet and sad. (B. B. & R.) + +Range.--Great Basin region; breeds from New Mexico, Arizona, and +southeastern California north to Idaho and eastern Oregon; winters +south to western Texas and southern California. + + +=574b. Gray Sage Sparrow= (_A. b. cinerea_). Similar to No. 574, but +paler above, throat-stripes narrower, more interrupted, breast-spot +smaller, both stripes and spot dull grayish instead of blackish. +(Ridgw.) + +Range.--Lower California. + + [Illustration: 564.] + +=564. Worthen Sparrow= (_Spizella wortheni_). Resembles No. 563a, +but sides of head plain gray, no brownish streak behind eye; tail +shorter, 2.5. + +Range.--Southern New Mexico (Silver City), southward over eastern +border of Mexican plateau to southern Puebla; breeding from Tamaulipas +northward. (Ridgw.) + + +EASTERN SONG SPARROW GROUP. + + [Illustration: 581.] + +=581. Song Sparrow= (_Melospiza cinerea melodia_). L. 6.2. _Ads._ +Above reddish brown and gray with black streaks; tail with a decided +rufous tinge; black streaks below conspicuously margined with reddish +brown, those of center of breast forming a patch. _Notes._ Call, a +characteristic _chimp_ or _trink_; song, too variable in form to admit +of brief description but unmistakable in tone throughout the whole +group. + +Range.--Eastern North America west to the Plains; breeds from Virginia +and northern Illinois north to Quebec and Manitoba; winters from +southern Illinois and Massachusetts to Gulf States. + + +=581b. Mountain Song Sparrow= (_M. c. montana_). Similar to No. 581, +but grayer; reddish brown not so bright; bill smaller. + +Range.--Rocky Mountain district of United States west to, and +including Sierra Nevada in California; north to eastern Oregon, +southern Idaho, and southern Montana; south in winter to western Texas +and northern Mexico. (Ridgw.) + + +=581k. Merrill Song Sparrow= (_M. c. merrilli_). Similar to No. 581b, +but slightly darker and more uniform above, with grayish edgings to +interscapulars and scapulars less strongly contrasted with the darker +mesial streaks, the latter usually with more brown than black. +(Ridgw.) + +Range.--Breeds from northern California (Shasta County) in mountains +and through Oregon and Washington east of Cascade Mountains, to +northwestern Idaho; winters south into Mexico. (Ridgw.) + + +=581j. Dakota Song Sparrow= (_M. c. juddi_). Similar to No. 581, but +above paler, especially line over eye and sides of neck; white below +clearer; interscapulars with black center broader, reddish brown +portions narrower; dark markings on breast restricted and more sharply +defined. (Bishop.) + +Range.--"Turtle Mountains and vicinity, North Dakota." (A.O.U.) + + +DESERT SONG SPARROWS. + + [Illustration: 581a.] + +=581a. Desert Song Sparrow= (_Melospiza cinerea fallax_). W. 2.5. +Above reddish brown and gray; below white with _reddish brown_ +streaks; usually _no black_ in plumage. + +Range.--Lower Sonoran district of southwest Arizona, southern Nevada, +southeast California and northwest Lower California and Sonora. +(Ridgw.) + + +=581g. Brown Song Sparrow= (_M. c. rivularis_). Similar to No. 581a, +but larger, W. 2.7, with longer, more slender and more compressed +bill; still less strongly contrasted markings, and duller, less +rufescent colors. (Ridgw.) + +Range.--Mountain districts of southern Lower California. (Ridgw.) + + +CALIFORNIA SONG SPARROWS. + + [Illustration: 581c.] + +=581c. Heermann Song Sparrow= (_Melospiza cinerea heermanni_). L. 6.5; +W. 2.5. _Ads._ Above _chestnut_ olive-gray with usually distinct black +streaks; tail _without_ a decided rufous tinge; black streaks below +not conspicuously bordered by rufous. + +Range.--Central valleys of California including lower levels of +Sacramento and San Joaquin basins. (Ridgw.) + + [Illustration: 581f.] + + +CALIFORNIA SONG SPARROWS. + + +=581m. San Diego Sparrow= (_M. c. cooperi_). Similar to No. 581c, but +slightly smaller, W. 2.4, much lighter and grayer. + +Range.--Southern coast district of California north to Monterey Bay, +east to Ft. Tejon, San Bernardino, etc., and north Pacific coast +district of Lower California south to San Quentin Bay. (Ridgw.) + + +=581d. Samuels Song Sparrow= (_M. c. samuelis_). Similar to No. 581c, +but smaller, W. 2.4, bill more slender. + +Range.--Coast slope of central California (except salt marshes of San +Francisco Bay), from Santa Cruz County to Humboldt County, north, at +least in winter, to Humboldt Bay. (Ridgw.) + + +=581l. Alameda Song Sparrow= (_M. c. pusillula_). Similar to No. 581a, +but smaller, W. 2.3, less rusty, underparts more heavily streaked, +usually more or less suffused with _yellowish_. + +Range.--Salt marshes of San Francisco Bay, California. (Ridgw.) + + +=581i. San Clemente Song Sparrow= (_M. c. clementæ_). Similar to +No. 581m, but larger and grayer. + +Range.--San Clemente, San Miguel, and Santa Rosa Islands, Santa +Barbara Group, California; Coronados Islands, Lower California. +(Ridgw.) + + +=581h. Santa Barbara Song Sparrow= (_M. c. graminea_). Similar to No. +581i, but much smaller, W. 2.4. + +Range.--Santa Barbara Islands, California mainland in winter. + + +NORTHWEST COAST SONG SPARROWS. + + +=581e. Rusty Song Sparrow= (_M. c. morphna_). W. 2.7. _Ads._ Above +without clear gray and _not_ distinctly streaked; prevailing color +dark reddish brown; below _heavily_ streaked with same. + +Range.--Northwest coast region, Oregon to British Columbia; south in +winter to southern California. + + +=581f. Sooty Song Sparrow= (_M. c. rufina_). Similar to No. 581e, +but larger, W. 2.9, more sooty above and below, underparts more +heavily streaked. + +Range.--Pacific coast region from British Columbia north to southern +Alaska. + + +=581n. Yukutat Song Sparrow= (_M. c. caurina_). Similar to No. 581f, +bill longer and more slender, color grayer. + +Range.--Coast of Mt. St. Elias district of Alaska, from Yakutat Bay +to Lituya Bay. + + +=581o. Kenai Song Sparrow= (_M. c. kenaiensis_). Similar to No. 582, +but smaller, W. 3, plumage darker, more sooty, less rufous. + +Range.--Coast of Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, from east side of Cook Inlet +to Prince William Sound. (Ridgw.) + + +=581.1. Kadiak Island Song Sparrow= (_M. c. insignis_). Similar to +No. 581o, but larger, W. 3.2, bill longer, color grayer. + +Range.--Kadiak Island and opposite coast of Alaska. (Ridgw.) + + [Illustration: 582.] + +=582. Aleutian Song Sparrow= (_Melospiza cinerea_). Similar to No. +581.1, but larger and grayer; largest and grayest bird of group; +L. 8; W. 3.4. + +Range.--"Western portion of Alaska Peninsula (Stepovak Bay, opposite +Shumagin Islands), Shumagin Islands, and Aleutian Islands, from +Unalaska to Atka, Adak, and Attu." (Ridgw.) + + [Illustration: 585.] + +=585. Fox Sparrow= (_Passerella iliaca_). L. 7.2. Back _streaked_, +gray and reddish brown; tail and spots below bright reddish brown. +_Notes._ Call, a weak _tseep_; song, loud, sweet, varied, ringing and +joyous. + +Range.--Eastern North America; breeds from Magdalen Islands and +Manitoba, northwest to Alaska; winters from Virginia to the Gulf +States. + + [Illustration: 585a.] + +=585a. Shumagin Fox Sparrow= (_P. i. unalaschensis_). Back _not_ +distinctly streaked, much paler than No. 585; spots below grayish +brown; palest of present group. + +Range.--Alaska, Shumagin Islands, and Alaskan Peninsula to Cook Inlet. + +=--Kadiak Fox Sparrow= (_P. i. insularis_). Similar to No. 585a, but +browner above and below; tail nearly same as back; breast spots +larger. + +Range.--"Kadiak Island, Alaska, in summer; in winter south along the +coast slope to southern California." (Ridgw.) + + +=--Sooty Fox Sparrow= (_P. i. fuliginosa_). _Ads._ Above, including +wings and tail, uniform brownish umber, _unstreaked_; below heavily +spotted with same. + +Range.--Coast of British Columbia and northwest Washington; +south in winter to San Francisco, California. (Ridgw.) + + +=--Townsend Fox Sparrow= (_P. i. townsendi_). Similar to _fuliginosa_ +but more rufous. + +Range.--Southern Alaska north to Cross Sound; south in winter to +northern California. (Ridgw.) + + +=--Yakutat Fox Sparrow= (_P. i. annectens_). Similar to _townsendi_ +but less rufous; very near _fuliginosa_, but not quite so deeply +colored. + +Range.--Coast of Alaska, from Cross Sound to Prince William Sound +(to Cook Inlet?); in winter, south to California. (Ridgw.) + + +=585b. Thick-billed Sparrow= (_P. i. megarhyncha_). L. 7.3; W. 3.3; +depth of B. at base, .4. _Ads._ Above and spots below _gray_; wings +and tail light brown; bill large. _Notes._ Song, resembles that of +No. 585, but is recognizably different. + +Range.--Breeding in the Sierra Nevada (both slopes) from Mt. Shasta +southward; in winter beyond Sierras as far as Los Angeles County, +California. (Ridgw.) + + + [Illustration: 585c.] + +=585c. Slate-colored Sparrow= (_P. i. schistacea_). Similar to No. +585b, but smaller, bill smaller; W. 3.2; depth of B. at base, .35. + +Range.--Rocky Mountain district of United States and British Columbia; +breeds from more eastern ranges of Colorado west to White Mountains in +southeastern Colorado, mountains of northeastern California and +eastern Oregon; north to interior of British Columbia; in migrations, +New Mexico, Arizona, western slopes of Sierra Nevada, western Kansas. +(Ridgw.) + + +=585d. Stephens Sparrow= (_P. i. stephensi_). Similar in coloration to +No. 585b, but larger, the bill conspicuously so; W. 3.4; depth of +B. at base .6. (Ridgw.) + +Range.--Breeding on San Bernardino and San Jacinto Mountains; southern +California. (Ridgw.) + + + [Illustration: 674.] + +=674. Oven-bird= (_Seiurus aurocapillus_). L. 6.1. _Ads._ No +wing-bars; no white in tail; above brownish olive-green; crown +orange-brown bordered by black; below white streaked with black. +_Notes._ Call, a weak _cheep_; song, a crescendo _teacher_ repeated +about five times; also a wild, ecstatic flight song. + +Range.--Eastern North America, west to the Rockies; breeds from +Virginia and Kansas north to Labrador and northwest to Alaska; +winters from Florida south to West Indies and Central America. (Said +to breed in Bahamas.) + + + [Illustration: 675.] + +=675. Water-Thrush= (_Seiurus noveboracensis_). L. 6; W. 3. A whitish +line over eye; above olive; below pale _sulphur yellow_ heavily +streaked with blackish; _throat spotted_; no wing-bars or +tail-patches. _Notes._ Call, a sharp _chink_; song, a high-pitched, +liquid whistle, _sweet_, _sweet_, _sweet_, _chu-chu-wee chu_. (Jones.) +Also a flight song. + +Range.--Eastern North America; breeds from northern New England and +northern Illinois, north to Newfoundland and Hudson Bay, and south +along the Alleghanies to West Virginia; winters from Florida to +northern South America. + + +=675a. Grinnell Water-Thrush= (_S. n. notabilis_). Similar to No. 675, +but larger, W. 3.1; upperparts darker, less olive; underparts less +yellow. + +Range.--Western North America; breeds from Minnesota, western +Nebraska, and probably more northern Rocky Mountain district of United +States, north to Alaska; winters from southern United States +southward; in migration east to Mississippi valley, rarely to Atlantic +States from New Jersey southward. + + + [Illustration: 676.] + +=676. Louisiana Water-Thrush= (_Seiurus motacilla_). L. 6.2. _Ads._ +A _white_ line over eye; above grayish olive; below _buffy_ white; +breast and sides streaked; _no_ spots on throat; no wing-bars or +tail-patches. _Notes._ Call, a sharp, metallic _chink_; song, a sudden +outburst of loud wild, ringing notes; also a flight song. + +Range.--Eastern United States; breeds from Gulf States to Connecticut, +lower Hudson Valley, and Minnesota; winters in tropics. + + + [Illustration: 697.] + +=697. American Pipit: Titlark= (_Anthus pensilvanicus_). L. 6.4. Hind +toe-nail much the longest. _Ads._ Outer tail-feather largely white; +next one only tipped with white; upperparts grayish brown indistinctly +streaked; underparts rich buff, breast and _sides_ streaked with +blackish. _Yng. and Ads. in Winter._ Less gray above, paler below. +_Notes._ Call, a soft _dee-dee_ usually uttered in flight; a flight +song. + +Range.--North America breeding in Arctic regions and in the higher +parts of the Rockies from Colorado northward (also on Mt. Shasta?); +winters from southern California, Nevada and Gulf States south through +Mexico to Central America. + + + [Illustration: 700.] + +=700. Sprague Pipit= (_Anthus spraguei_). L. 6.2. Hind toe-nail much +lengthened; two outer tail-feathers _largely_ white. _Ads._ Above +streaked with buff and blackish brown; below white tinged with buff; +breast streaked. In winter, similar, but less brown above, less buff +below. _Notes._ Song, uttered on the wing when several hundred feet +above the earth, sweet and far reaching, resembling at beginning song +of Skylark. + +Range.--"Interior plains of North America, breeding from plains of the +Yellowstone northward to Saskatchewan district and from the Red River +westward (probably to the Rocky Mountains); south in winter on the +tablelands of Mexico to Puebla; accidental in South Carolina." + + + [Illustration: 702.] + +=702. Sage Thrasher= (_Oroscoptes montanus_). L. 8.7. _Ads._ Above +brownish gray; below whitish heavily streaked with blackish; outer +tail-feathers _tipped_ with white. _Notes._ Call, a low chuck; song, +deficient in power but possessing sweetness, vivacity and variety; +resembling song of Ruby-crowned Kinglet. (Ridgway.) + +Range.--"Western United States from western South Dakota, western +Nebraska and eastern Colorado, north to Montana, west to the Cascades +and Sierra Nevada, south into northern Mexico and Lower California." +(A.O.U.) + + + [Illustration: 705.] + +=705. Brown Thrasher= (_Toxostoma rufum_). L. 11.5; W. 4.1; B. .95. +_Ads._ Above, wings and tail rufous or rusty brown; below white +heavily streaked with blackish; two white wing-bars. _Notes._ Calls, a +sharp kissing note and a clearly whistled _wheéu_; song, loud, +musical, varied, finished and rich in tone. + +Range.--Eastern North America; breeds from the Gulf States north to +Maine and Manitoba; winters from Virginia and the lower Mississippi +Valley southward. + + +=706. Sennett Thrasher= (_Toxostoma longirostre sennetti_). L. 11.5; +W. 4; B. 1.1. _Ads._ Similar to No. 705, but wing shorter, bill +longer, upperparts less bright, streaks below blacker. _Notes._ +Resemble those of No. 705, but song even finer. + +Range.--Southeastern Texas from Corpus Christi south into +northeastern Mexico. + + [Illustration: 713.] + +=713? Texan Cactus Wren= (_Heleodytes brunneicapillus couesi_). +L. 8.5. Largest of our Wrens. _Ads._ Above brown, head darker, +back streaked with white; below, _including chin_, heavily marked +with black. _Notes._ A loud, harsh _cack-cack-cack-cack_. + +Range.--"Rio Grande region of Texas and adjoining Mexican states, +west to the eastern Desert Tract, south over the Mexican tableland." +(Mearns.) + + +=713a. Bryant Cactus Wren= (_H. b. bryanti_). Differs from No. 713b, +in heavier spotting below, and in perfectly barred tail and slight +wash of rufous on belly and flanks. (Anthony.) + +Range.--"Northern Lower California and southern California, west of +the Coast Range." (Mearns.) + + +=713b. St. Lucas Cactus Wren= (_H. b. affinis_). Resembling No. 713c, +but all the tail-feathers, except middle pair, barred with white for +their whole length; flanks white or very pale buff, with large rounded +or tear-shaped spots. (Ridgw.) + +Range.--Southern Lower California. + + +=713c? Desert Cactus Wren= (_H. b. anthonyi_). Similar to No. 713, but +paler above; chin _without_ spots. + +Range.--Interior deserts of the southwestern United States, south into +Mexico and northeastern Lower California. (Mearns.) + + [Illustration: 755.] + +=755. Wood Thrush= (_Hylocichla mustelina_). L. 8.2. _Ads._ Above +bright cinnamon, _brightest on head_; below white with _large_, +_rounded_ black spots. _Notes._ Calls, a sharp _pit-pit_, a liquid +_quirt_, and a soft _tut-tut-tut_; song, both flute-like and +bell-like; sung with frequent pauses and low notes. + +Range.--Eastern United States; breeds from Virginia and Kansas to +Vermont, Quebec, and Minnesota; winters in Central America. + + [Illustration: 715.] + +=715. Rock Wren= (_Salpinctes obsoletus_). L. 5.7. _Ads._ Rump rusty; +tail tipped and _outer_ feathers barred with pale rusty; above grayish +brown lightly speckled with blackish; below, including belly, whitish; +breast obscurely streaked with brownish. _Notes._ Calls, Wren-like; +song, sweet, varied and Mockingbird-like. + +Range.--"Western United States, from the western border of the Plains +to the Pacific, north to Dakota, Montana, and British Columbia; south +on the tablelands of Mexico and Guatemala to Salvador; breeds +throughout its range, and is resident from about the southern, border +of the United States southward." (A.O.U.) + + +=716. Guadalupe Rock Wren= (_Salpinctes guadeloupensis_). Resembling +No. 715, but darker and browner, with chest, etc., more distinctly +speckled; wings and tail shorter; bill and tarsi longer; W. 2.6; T. +2.2. (Ridgw.) + +Range.--Guadalupe Island, Lower California. + + [Illustration: 717.] + +=717. White-throated Wren= (_Catherpes mexicanus albifrons_). L. 6; +W. 2.7. _Ads._ _Belly_, rump, and _all_ tail-feathers rusty; tail +barred with black; throat white; back rusty brown. + +Range.--Lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas and southward into +northeastern Mexico. + + +=717a. Canon Wren= (_C. m. conspersus_). Similar to No. 717, but +smaller, W. 2.3; tail-bars narrower. _Notes._ Call, a "ringing +_dink_;" song, a series of about seven, loud, ringing whistles uttered +in a regularly descending scale. + +Range.--"Great Basin and Rocky Mountain region, from the Sierra Nevada +and Cascades eastward to southern Idaho, Wyoming, Colorado and western +Texas: south on the tableland of Mexico to Aguas Calientes; breeds +nearly throughout its range; resident in southern parts of its United +States distribution." (A.O.U.) + + +=717b. Dotted Canon Wren= (_C. m. punctulatus_). Similar to No. 717a, +but darker; more nearly resembling No. 717 in colors, but smaller in +size. + +Range.--Pacific coast from Lower California north to Oregon; resident. + + [Illustration: 718.] + +=718. Carolina Wren= (_Thryothorus ludovicianus_). L. 5.5; W. 2.3; +B. .6. _Ads._ Above bright rust-brown; below washed with same, throat +and line over eye white. _Notes._ Calls, Wren-like; song, a great +variety of loud, musical whistles, _whee-udel_, _whee-udel_, _whee-udel_ +or _tea-kettle_, _tea-kettle_, _tea-kettle_, etc. + +Range--Eastern United States; breeds from the Gulf States north to the +lower Hudson Valley (and casually Massachusetts), northern Illinois, +and southern Iowa; resident. + + +=718a. Florida Wren= (_T. l. miamensis_). Similar to No. 718, but +darker above, more deeply colored below; larger, W. 2.4; B. .7. + +Range.--Florida, from Pasco and Brevard counties southward. + + +=718b. Lomita Wren= (_T. l. lomitensis_). Similar to No. 718, but +browner, less rufous above, rump with more white spots; below paler, +the flanks usually barred. + +Range.--Southeastern Texas. + + [Illustration: 719.] + +=719. Bewick Wren= (_Thryomanes bewickii_). L. 5; W. 2.2; T. 2.1. +_Ads._ Above rich, dark cinnamon-brown, tail grayer; below grayish +white; all but middle pair of tail-feathers _black_, outer ones +barred, others tipped with grayish. _Notes._ Call, "a soft, low, +_plit_;" song, strongly suggesting that of Song Sparrow. + +Range.--Mississippi Valley west to the Plains, north to Lat. 40°, east +to Alleghanies and locally to Atlantic States from southern New Jersey +to Georgia. + + +=719a. Vigors Wren= (_T. b. spilurus_). Similar to No. 719, but +smaller, W. 2; upperparts less cinnamon or reddish. + +Range.--California, west of Sierra Nevada and south to Santa Cruz +Island. (Bailey.) + + +=719b. Baird Wren= (_T. b. leucogaster_). Similar to No. 719c, +but upperparts grayer. + +Range.--"Western Texas to southeastern California, and from southern +Nevada Utah, and Colorado south over tablelands of Mexico to +Zacatecas." (Bailey.) + + +=719c. Texas Bewick Wren= (_T. b. cryptus_). Similar to No. 719, but +grayer, brown of upperparts not so rich; slightly larger, W. 2.3. + +Range.--"Texas, except the extreme western corner, states of Nuevo +Leon and Tamaulipas, in Mexico, with probably Kansas, Indian Territory +and Oklahoma; migratory north of Texas." (Oberholser.) + + +=719d. Southwest Bewick Wren= (_T. b. charienturus_). Similar to +No. 719b but flanks and upper surface darker, eye-stripe rather +broader, under tail-coverts more heavily barred, wing shorter, 2. +(Oberholser.) + +Range.--Coast region of southern California, north to about Pasadena, +south to Lat. 28°, Lower California, Santa Catalina Island; resident. +(Oberholser.) + + +=729e. Northwest Bewick Wren= (_T. b. calophonus_). Similar to +No. 719a, but bill larger, upper surface usually rather deeper and +richer brown, flanks somewhat more rufescent; W. 2.1; B. .6. +(Oberholser.) + +Range.--Pacific slope from Oregon north to southern Vancouver Island, +valley of the Fraser River, and slightly farther along the mainland +coast; probably resident. (Oberholser.) + + +=719.1. San Clemente Wren= (_Thryomanes leucophrys_) Similar to +No. 719d, but flanks and upperparts rather grayer and paler, bill +longer, under tail-coverts less heavily barred. (Oberholser.) + +Range.--San Clemente Island, California. + + +=720. Guadalupe Wren= (_Thryomanes brevicauda_). L. 4.5; W. 1.9. +_Ads._ Resembling No. 719a, but rump with few or no concealed white +spots; tail dull grayish brown, narrowly and indistinctly barred with +dusky, two or three outer feathers with brownish gray tips. (Ridgw.) + +Range.--Guadalupe Island, Lower California. + + [Illustration: 721.] + +=721. House Wren= (_Troglodytes aëdon_). L. 4.7; T. 1.7. _Ads._ Above +cinnamon brown, sometimes obscurely barred; tail the same, _all_ the +feathers barred; below grayish with a brownish wash, lower belly and +flanks usually more or less barred. _Notes._ Call, a scolding +_krrring_; song, a bubbling, rippling, irrepressible little melody. + +Range.--Eastern North America; breeds north to Maine, Montreal, and +Manitoba; winters from South Carolina and the Lower Mississippi Valley +southward into Mexico. + + + +=721a. Parkman Wren= (_T. a. parkmanii_). Similar to No. 721, but less +cinnamon above; intermediate in color between No. 721 and No. 721b. + +Range.--Pacific coast; breeds from southern California north to +British Columbia; winters from southern California southward. + + +=721b. Western House Wren= (_T. a. aztecus_). Similar to No. 721, but +much grayer above and paler below; back more frequently barred. + +Range.--Western United States from the Sierra Nevada east to the +Mississippi Valley; winters south into Lower California and Mexico. + + [Illustration: 722.] + +=722. Winter Wren= (_Olbiorchilus hiemalis_). L. 4; T. 1.2. _Ads._ +Above cinnamon, much brighter than in No. 721; below pale cinnamon, +sides and belly heavily barred with blackish. _Notes._ Call, +_chimp-chimp_, resembling call of Song Sparrow; song, tinkling, +rippling, full of trills, runs and grace notes. (Bailey.) + +Range.--Eastern North America; breeds from northern New England and +northern New York northward, and southward along the Alleghanies to +North Carolina; winters from Massachusetts and Illinois to Florida. + + +=722a. Western Winter Wren= (_O. h. pacificus_). Similar to No. 722, +but much deeper colored both above and below, and more heavily barred. + +Range.--Breeds on the Pacific coast from southern California north to +Alaska; east to Idaho; winters south into Mexico. + + +=722b. Kadiak Winter Wren= (_O. h. helleri_). Slightly larger and +paler than No. 722a. (Osgood.) + +Range.--Kadiak Island, Alaska. + + +=723. Alaskan Wren= (_Olbiorchilus alascensis_). Resembling No. 722a, +but paler and larger, W. 2.1, B. .6. + +Range--Breeds on Kadiak Island, Alaska; winter range unknown. + + +=723.1. Aleutian Wren= (_Olbiorchilus meligerus_). Similar to No. 723, +but darker, less reddish; rump and upper tail-coverts more evidently +barred; bars on belly heavier. (Oberholser.) + +Range.--"Westernmost part of the Aleutian group, Alaska." +(Oberholser.) + + +=724. Short-billed Marsh Wren= (_Cistothorus stellaris_). L. 4; +T. 1.4; B. .4. _Ads._ _Crown_ and back streaked with whitish; +breast-band, sides and under tail-coverts rusty; wing-coverts tipped +with whitish. _Notes._ Call, like sound produced by striking two +pebbles together; song, _chap--chap--chap-chap_, _chap-chap-chap +p-p-rrr_. (Seton.) (See next page.) + +Range.--Eastern North America, ranging west to Utah; breeds from the +Gulf States north to Massachusetts and Manitoba; winters from the Gulf +States southward. + + [Illustration: 724.] + + [Illustration: 725.] + +=725. Long-billed Marsh Wren= (_Telmatodytes palustris_). L. 5.2; +T. 1.6; B. .5. _Ads._ Crown and foreback largely black, the latter +with white streaks; a white stripe over eye; rump cinnamon; below +white, sides washed with cinnamon; outer tail-feathers _black_, +broadly barred with pale cinnamon. _Notes._ Call, scolding, a +characteristic Wren-like _cacking_; song, a reedy, guttural, bubbling +trill often sung in flight. + +Range.--Eastern North America west to the Rocky Mountains; breeds from +the Gulf States north to Massachusetts and Manitoba; winters locally +from Massachusetts, south into Mexico. + + +=725a. Tule Wren= (_T. p. paludicola_). Similar to No. 725, but upper +tail-coverts barred, middle tail-feathers more distinctly and broadly +barred; underparts usually browner. + +Range.--Pacific coast; breeds from southern California to British +Columbia: winters from Washington to Guatemala. + + +=725b. Worthington Marsh Wren= (_T. p. griseus_). Similar to No. 725, +but with less black above; upperparts, sides and flanks pale grayish; +dark markings of under tail-coverts, flanks, sides and breast, faint, +confused and inconspicuous, sometimes practically wanting. (Brewster.) + +Range.--Coast of South Carolina and Georgia. + + +=725c. Interior Tule Wren= (_T. p. plesius_). Similar to No. 725a, +but paler. + +Range.--"Western United States, except the Pacific coast; north to +British Columbia and Alberta, east to the Rocky Mountains and Texas, +south into Mexico." (Oberholser.) + + [Illustration: 725.1.] + +=725.1. Marian Marsh Wren= (_Telmatodytes marianæ_). Similar to +No. 725, but upperparts darker; sides and flanks of about same color +as rump; under tail-coverts and sometimes breast barred or spotted +with black. + +Range.--Gulf coast of Florida. + + [Illustration: 726.] + +=726. Brown Creeper= (_Certhia familiaris americana_). L. 5.6; B. .63. +Tail-feathers stiffened and pointed. _Ads._ Rump _rusty_; a _buffy +white_ band in the wing; back and crown streaked with whitish, black +and rusty; below white. _Notes._ Call, a faint, high, thin _tseep_; +song, "an exquisitely pure, tender song of four notes." (Brewster.) + +Range.--Eastern North America: breeds from Maine and Minnesota +(casually Missouri) northward; winters from about the southern +breeding limits to the Gulf States. + + +=726a. Mexican Creeper= (_C. f. albescens_). Similar to No. 726, but +rump rich rusty brown, back black, crown _black_ streaked with white, +band in wing white. + +Range.--Mexican plateau region north to southern Arizona. + + +=726b. Rocky Mountain Creeper= (_C. f. montana_). Similar to No. 726, +but bill longer, .7; band in wing averaging whiter. + +Range.--Rocky Mountains from New Mexico and Arizona northward +to Alaska. + + +=726c. Californian Creeper= (_C. f. occidentalis_). Similar to +No. 726, but much rustier; prevailing color of upperparts yellowish +rusty. + +Range.--Pacific coast; breeds from Santa Cruz Mountains, California, +northward to Alaska. + + +=726d. Sierra Creeper= (_C. f. zelotes_). Similar to No. 726c, but +colors more dusky and less rufescent; similar to No. 726b, but much +darker; light centers of feathers on head and back much reduced. +(Osgood.) + +Range.--"Southern Cascade Mountains of Oregon and Sierra Nevada of +California." (Osgood.) + + [Illustration: 756.] + +=756. Wilson Thrush; Veery= (_Hylocichla fuscescens_). L. 7.5. _Ads._ +Above, wings and tail, _uniform_ cinnamon brown; below white, sides +grayish, breast and throat buff rather faintly marked with triangular +spots the color of the back. _Notes._ Call, a clearly whistled +_wheé-you_ and a softer _too-whee_; song, a weird, _spiral_ of blended +alto and soprano tones largely on one note. + +Range.--Eastern North America; breeds from northern New Jersey, the +mountains of Pennsylvania, and northern Illinois north to Newfoundland +and Manitoba; winters in Central America. + + +=756a. Willow Thrush= (_H. f. salicicola_). Similar to No. 756, but +more olive above. + +Range.--Rocky Mountains north to British Columbia, east to Dakota; +in migration, casually to Illinois and South Carolina; winters as +far south as southern Brazil. + + [Illustration: 759.] + +=759. Alaskan Hermit Thrush= (_Hylocichla guttata_), L. 6.5. W. 3.5; +tail _rufous_, _much_ brighter than back. _Ads._ Eye-ring whitish, not +deep buff; back olive-brown; breast tinged with buff and heavily +spotted with large, wedge-shaped marks. + +Range.--Breeds in northwest coast region from British Columbia to +Alaska; in winter south to Mexico. + + +=759a. Audubon Hermit Thrush= (_H. g. auduboni_). Similar to No. 759, +but larger, W. 4; back grayer, tail paler, flanks less heavily washed +with gray. + +Range.--Rocky Mountain region of United States south to Guatemala. + + [Illustration: 759b.] + +=759b. Hermit Thrush= (_H. g. pallasii_). Similar to No. 759, but back +and sides browner. _Notes._ Call, a low _chuck_; song, highly musical +and probably exceeding in spiritual quality that of any of our birds. + +Range.--Eastern North America; breeds from Michigan, Alleghanies in +Pennsylvania, Catskills, higher mountains of Massachusetts (rarely at +sea level), north to Labrador; winters from New Jersey to Gulf States. + + +=759c. Dwarf Hermit Thrush= (_H. g. nana_). Similar to No. 759, but +smaller, W. 3.2, back slightly browner. + +Range.--Pacific coast; breeds from Washington south through Sierra +Nevadas; east, in migrations, to Nevada and Arizona; south to Lower +California and western Mexico. (A.O.U.) + + [Illustration: 757.] + +=757. Gray-cheeked Thrush= (_Hylocichla aliciæ_). L. 7.5; W. 4. _Ads._ +Tail and back the _same_ color, olive without brownish tinge; eye-ring +and lores _whitish_, cheeks and breast only _slightly_ tinged with +buff, breast with wedge-shaped spots. _Notes._ Doubtless like those of +No. 757a. + +Range.--Breeds in Labrador and west to Alaska: migrates through +eastern North America and winters in Central America. + + +=757a. Bicknell Thrush= (_H. a. bicknelli_). Similar to No. 757, but +smaller, L. 7; W. 3.5. _Notes._ Calls, _pheu_ like that of Veery; a +low _cluck_ like that of Hermit Thrush, and rarely, a pip or _peenk_ +like that of Olive-backed Thrush; song, like that of Veery but more +interrupted. (Brewster.) + +Range.--Breeds in the high parts of the Catskills and north to White +Mountains and Nova Scotia; winters in tropics. + + [Illustration: 758.] + +=758. Russet-backed Thrush= (_Hylocichla ustulata_). L. 7.2; W. 4. +Tail _not_ decidedly more rufous than back. _Ads._ Eye-ring, cheeks, +sides of neck and breast _distinctly buffy_; breast with wedge-shaped +spots; back and _flanks_ olive-brown; tail slightly browner. The most +deeply colored bird of the _ustulata_ group. + +Range.--Pacific coast; breeds from Oregon to Alaska; winters south +to Guatemala. + + [Illustration: 758a.] + +=758a. Olive-backed Thrush= (_H. u. swainsonii_). Similar to No. 758, +but back, tail, and flanks without brownish or rufescent tinge. +_Notes._ Call, a liquid _puit_; song, suggesting both that of Hermit +Thrush and the Veery. + +Range.--Eastern North America; breeds in Alleghanies from Pennsylvania +and the Catskills, north to New Brunswick and Manitoba; winters in +Central and South America. + + +=758b. California Olive-backed Thrush= (_H. u. œdica_). Differs from +758 and 758a, in more rufescent coloration on the flanks; sides and +upper surface usually paler than No. 758. (Oberholser.) + +Range.--California, except north coast; north in interior to southern +Oregon; south, in winter to Arizona and southern Mexico. (Oberholser.) + + +=758c. Alma Thrush= (_H. u. almæ_). Similar to No. 758a, but back and +flanks grayer. The palest bird of the _ustulata_ group. + +Range.--Alaska, except Yukon Basin, south in Rocky Mountain region, +and west to Utah and eastern Nevada. (A.O.U.) + + +Perching Birds Chiefly Gray, Black, or Black and White + +GRAY-HEADED JUNCOS. + + +=566. White-winged Junco= (_Junco aikeni_). L. 6.5; W. 3.30. _Ads._ +Resembling No. 567, but larger, paler, wings generally with two white +bars; _three_ outer tail-feathers mostly or entirely white; fourth +partly white. + +Range.--Breeds in Wyoming and western North Dakota; winters in +Colorado, western Kansas, casually to Indiana and Wisconsin. (Ridgw.) + + [Illustration: 567.] + +=567. Slate-colored Junco= (_Junco hyemalis_). L. 6.2. W. 3. _Ad._ +[Male], _summer_. Head and back gray, the crown sometimes slightly +darker, the feathers usually more or less tipped with brownish; breast +and sides _gray_; belly white; third outer tail-feather with white. +_Ad._ [Female], _summer_. Similar, but brown wash stronger. _Ads., +winter._ Brown tips to feathers longer, sides sometimes brownish. +_Notes._ Calls, a sharp, kissing note and a rapid _chew-chew-chew_, +song, a simple, twittering trill. + +Range.--Eastern North America, breeds from northern New England, +northern New York, and northern Minnesota north to Labrador and +northwest to Alaska; and southward along the Alleghanies to +Pennsylvania; winters south to the Gulf States. + + +=567e. Carolina Junco= (_J. h. carolinensis_). Similar to No. 567, but +slightly larger, W. 3.2, the upperparts and breast uniform slate-gray +_without_ a brownish wash the bill horn color. + +Range.--Alleghanies from Virginia to Georgia. + + [Illustration: 568.] + +=568. Pink-sided Junco= (_Junco mearnsi_). L. 6.2. _Ad._ [Male], +_summer_. Sides _broadly_ brownish pink, center of belly white; breast +pale slate-gray, crown darker, back washed with brownish. _Ad._ +[Female] in _summer_. Similar to the [Male], but with less pink on +sides, the crown washed with gray. _Ads. winter._ Similar to summer +Ads., but with more brownish. + +Range.--Breeds in southern Idaho and south-central Montana; winters +south through Wyoming and Colorado to northern Mexico. + + +=567.1 Montana Junco= (_Junco montanus_). Similar to No. 568, but with +less pink on the sides, the throat and breast darker slate. + +Range.--Breeding from northwestern Montana and northern Idaho north to +northwest Territory and Alberta; in winter south to Mexico, east more +or less irregularly to the Mississippi, Massachusetts, and Maryland. +(Ridgw.) + + [Illustration: 571.] + +=571. Baird Junco= (_Junco bairdi_). Back and sides rusty cinnamon, +head gray, throat and breast grayish white, belly white. + +Range.--Cape Region of Lower California. + + [Illustration: 572.] + +=572. Guadalupe Junco= (_Junco insularis_). Similar to mearnsi but +smaller, W. 2.7, bill longer, head and breast darker. + +Range.--Guadalupe Island, Lower California. + + +=571.1. Townsend Junco= (_Junco townsendi_). Similar to No. 567.1, but +with the back grayer, the brownish wash much reduced. + +Range.--San Pedro Martir Mountains, northern Lower California. + +GRAY-HEADED, BROWN-BACKED JUNCOS. + + [Illustration: 569.] + +=569. Gray-headed Junco= (_Junco caniceps_). L. 6.5; W. 3.2; T. 2.9. +_Ads._ Head, breast and _sides_ gray; back reddish brown; _no_ reddish +brown on wings; three outer tail-feathers with white; _upper_ and +lower mandibles pinkish. + +Range.--Breeds in mountains of southern Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, +Nevada, and northern New Mexico. (Ridgw.) + + +=570. Arizona Junco= (_Junco phæonotus palliatus_). L. 6.5; W. 3.2; +T. 2.9. _Ads._ Head gray; underparts _grayish white_; back, and to a +greater or less extent, _wing-coverts_ and _tertials_, reddish brown; +three outer tail-feathers with white; iris _yellow_; upper mandible +blackish, lower _yellowish_. _Notes._ Calls, resemble those of No. +567; song suggests that of Song Sparrow. + +Range.--Breeds in mountains of southern Arizona and southward. + + [Illustration: 570a.] + +=570a. Red-backed Junco= (_Junco dorsalis_) L. 6.7; W. 3.3; T. 3. +_Ads._ Head gray; underparts _grayish white_; back reddish brown; +_no_ reddish brown on wings; three outer tail-feathers with white; +upper mandible blackish, lower _flesh-color_; iris "brown." + +Range.--Breeds on high mountains of New Mexico and central Arizona; +winters south to northern Mexico and western Texas. + + +BLACK-HEADED JUNCOS. + + [Illustration: 567a.] + +=567a. Oregon Junco= (_Junco oreganus_). L. 6.2; W. 3. _Ad._ [Male], +_summer_. Head, neck, throat and breast black sharply defined from the +mahogany brown back, third outer tail-feather with little or no white; +sides washed with pinkish brown. _Ad._ [Female], _summer_. Head and +breast grayer, back paler. _Ads. winter._ Back deeper, the head and +neck more or less tipped with brown, the breast with gray, these areas +less sharply defined from the back and belly. + +Range.--Pacific coast; breeds from northern British Columbia to +Alaska; winters south to California. + +=--Shufeldt Junco= (_J. o. shufeldti_). Similar to No. 567a, but +larger, W. 3.1, brown of back less intense. + +Range.--Pacific coast; breeds from Oregon north to British Columbia +(and eastward in humid regions to Montana?); winters south to northern +Mexico. + + +=567b. Coues Junco= (_J. o. connectens_). Similar to _shufeldti_, but +back paler, brownish gray, breast grayer, sides with less pinkish +brown, head and breast still sharply defined from adjacent areas. + +Range.--Breeds in the interior of British Columbia and probably in +arid districts southward (breeding areas not definitely known); +winters southward doubtless to Mexican boundary. + + [Illustration: 567c.] + +=567c. Thurber Junco= (_J. o. thurberi_). Similar to No. 567, but back +much paler, a bright pinkish brown; head and breast black as in +No. 567. + +Range.--Breeds in mountains from southern Oregon south to southern +California; east to western Nevada. + + +=567d. Point Pinos Junco= (_J. o. pinosus_). Similar to No. 567c, but +throat and breast slate-color. + +Range.--Santa Cruz district of California; breeds from King Mountain, +south at least to Point Sur, County; wanders eastward in winter into +Santa Clara and San Benito Valleys. (Grinnell.) + + +=733. Plain Titmouse= (_Bæolophus inornatus_). L. 5.5. _Ads._ Head +crested; above grayish _brown_; below grayish _white_, belly white, +sides often buffy. _Notes._ Similar to those of the Tufted Titmouse, +but weaker and less varied. (Ridgw.) + +Range.--California, west of the Sierra; north to Oregon. + + [Illustration: 733a.] + +=733a. Gray Titmouse= (_B. i. griseus_). Similar to No. 733, but above +_gray_, below whitish _gray_, no buff on sides. + +Range.--Southwestern United States: from southeastern California and +Nevada to Colorado and New Mexico. + + +=733b. Ashy Titmouse= (_B. i. cineraceus_). Similar to No. 733a, but +underparts grayish _white_, not whitish _gray_. + +Range.--Cape Region of Lower California. + + +=743. Bush-Tit= (_Psaltriparus minimus_). L, 4.2; T. 2.1. _Ads._ Crown +_sooty_ brown; back grayish brown; below brownish white, sides darker. + +Range.--Pacific coast from northern California to Washington. + + [Illustration: 743a.] + +=743a. California Bush-Tit= (_P. m. californicus_). Similar to No. +743, but crown much lighter, brighter brown, quite different from the +brownish gray back; underparts paler. _Notes._ When feeding, a faint +_tsit_, _tsit_, _tsit_, _tsit_, when moving about, _tsit_, _tsit_, +_tsit_, _sre-e-e-e_; _tsit_, sre-e-e-e; when a bird is separated from +its companions, same as last but uttered more hurriedly; alarm note, a +greatly intensified _tsit''_; _tsit'_; _tsit'_; _tsit'_: in +presence of Hawk or Owl a shrill, quavering trill, _sre-e-e-e-e-e_. +(Grinnell.) + +Range.--California, except the north coast region. + + +=743b. Grinda Bush-Tit= (_P. m. grindæ_). Similar to No. 743, but back +bluish ash-gray. (Ridgw.) + +Range.--Cape Region of Lower California. + + [Illustration: 744.] + +=744. Lead-colored Bush-Tit= (_Psaltriparus plumbeus_). L. 4.5. _Ads._ +_Crown_ and back bluish gray, sides of head brownish; below dingy +white with a buffy tint on belly. + +Range.--Western United States from eastern Oregon and eastern +California east to Wyoming, Colorado, and western Texas. + + +=744.1. Santa Rita Bush-Tit= (_Psaltriparus santaritæ_). Similar to +No. 744, but smaller, sides of head paler, male with a more or less +distinct blackish line along sides of head as in female of No. 745. +(Ridgw.) (Now considered the same as 745.) + +Range.--Santa Rita Mountains, southern Arizona. + + [Illustration: 745.] + +=745. Lloyd Bush-Tit= (_Psaltriparus lloydi_). L. 4.2. _Ad._ [Male]. +Sides of head shining black, crown blue-gray, back browner; chin +blackish, underparts whitish, the belly and sides buffy. _Ad._ +[Female]. Sides of head brownish, ear-coverts bordered above by a +narrow black line; no black on chin. _Yng._ Similar to [Female], but +no black in head. + +Range.--"Mountains of western Texas, between the Pecos and Rio Grande +Rivers" (Sennett), south into Mexico. + + [Illustration: 731.] + +=731. Tufted Titmouse= (_Bæolophus bicolor_). L. 6. _Ads._ Head +crested; forehead _black_; above gray; below whitish, sides rusty. +_Notes._ A clearly whistled _péto_, _péto_, and a hoarse _de-de-de_. + +Range.--Eastern United States; resident from the Gulf States north to +northern New Jersey and southern Iowa; straying somewhat further north +in summer after breeding. + + +=731a. Texan Tufted Titmouse= (_B. b. texensis_). Similar to No. 731, +but forehead rusty, upperparts paler. + +Range.--Southeastern Texas. + + [Illustration: 732.] + +=732. Black-crested Titmouse= (_Bæolophus atricristatus_). L. 6.1. +_Ads._ Head with a _black_ crest; forehead white or tinged with rusty; +back gray; below whitish, sides rusty. _Notes._ An abbreviation of the +call of No. 731, _pete-pete-pete-pete_. (Bailey.) + +Range.--"From southeastern Texas west to El Paso, south to eastern +Mexico." (Bailey.) + + +=751. Blue-gray Gnatcatcher= (_Polioptila cærulea_). L. 4.5; T. 2. +Outer tail-feathers with white, white tip of next to outer one at +least 1.00 long. _Ad._ [Male]. Above bluish gray, forehead narrowly +black; below grayish white. _Ad._ [Female]. Similar, but lighter gray; +no black on forehead. _Notes._ Call, a twanging _ting_; song, sweet +and varied but of small volume. + +Range.--Eastern United States, west to Colorado; breeds from the Gulf +States north to southern New Jersey, and Ontario; wanders casually as +far north as Maine and Minnesota; winters from the Gulf States +southward. + + +=751a. Western Gnatcatcher= (_P. c. obscura_). Similar to No.. 751, +but slightly grayer above; white tip to next to outer tail-feather +_less_ than 1.00 long. + +Range.--Western United States from western Texas west to California +and Lower California. + + [Illustration: 752.] + +=752. Plumbeous Gnatcatcher= (_Polioptila plumbea_). L. 4.4. Outer web +of outer tail-feather _wholly_ white, inner web black except at tip. +_Ad._ [Male]. Crown shining black, back blue-gray; underparts grayish +white. _Ad._ [Female] _and Yng_. [Male]. Similar, but no black on +head. Yng. [Female]. Back and sides with a brownish wash. _Notes._ +Call, a faint mew; song, "a harsh ditty of five notes, something like +a Wren's song with notes like those of a Swallow." (Cooper.) + +Range.--Mexican boundary region, from western Texas to southeastern +California and Lower California. + + +=753. Black-tailed Gnatcatcher= (_Polioptila californica_). L. 4.5; +T. 2.1. Similar to No. 752, but outer vane of outer tail-feather +_black_ margined with white; back darker, underparts much grayer, +flanks brownish. + +Range.--Pacific coast region of southern California and northern +Lower California. + + [Illustration: 734.] + +=734. Bridled Titmouse= (_Bæolophus wollweberi_). L. 5.2. _Ads._ Head +crested, black and gray; throat black; hind neck with a white band +bounded by black; back olive-gray; below whitish. _Notes._ +Chickadee-like but fainter. (Henshaw.) + +Range.--Tableland of Mexico north to western Texas and southern +Arizona. + + [Illustration: 738.] + +=738. Mountain Chickadee= (_Parus gambeli_). L. 5.5. _Ads._ A white +line over the eye and a black through it; back gray; belly whitish. +_Notes._ A hoarse, _dee-dee-dee_, a two or three-noted _phe-be_ +whistle exactly like that of the Chickadee and an exceedingly sweet +three-noted whistle of regular intervals, _d_, _c_, _a_. + +Range.--"Mountainous portions of the western United States from the +eastern base of the Rocky Mountains to the Sierra Nevada, north to +British Columbia, Idaho, etc., and south to northern Lower +California." (A.O.U.) + + [Illustration: 740.] + +=740. Hudsonian Chickadee= (_Parus hudsonicus_). L. 5.2; W. 2.6. +_Ads._ Crown hair-brown, back a more yellow brown; sides of head and +neck grayish white; throat black, belly white, sides rusty. _Notes._ +_Tscha-dee-dee-dee-dee_; the _dee-dee_ notes repeated with almost +incessant volubility. (Brewer.) + +Range.--British America, from the west side of Hudson Bay +northwestward to the Lower Yukon. + + +=740a. Kowak Chickadee= (_P. h. stoneyi_). Similar to No. 740, but +larger, W. 2.7. above grayer, crown much paler. + +Range.--Kowak River region, Alaska. + + +=740b. Columbian Chickadee= (_P. h. columbianus_). Similar to No. 740, +but grayer above, crown slaty-drab. + +Range.--Rocky Mountains from Montana northward; Kenai Peninsula, +Alaska. + +=--Canadian Chickadee= (_P. h. littoralis_). Similar to No. 740, but +smaller, W. 2.5, crown duller brown. + +Range.--British America east and south of Hudson Bay; northern +New York, northern New England, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia. + + +=739. Alaskan Chickadee= (_Parus cinctus alascensis_). L. 5.2. _Ads._ +Crown _brown_, back _brighter_; sides of head and neck _pure white_; +throat blackish; belly whitish, sides buffy. + +Range.--"Northern Alaska and eastern Siberia." (A.O.U.) + + [Illustration: 741.] + +=741. Chestnut-backed Chickadee= (_Parus rufescens_). L. 4.6. _Ads._ +Back and sides rusty chestnut, crown sooty brown, throat black. +_Notes._ A lisping _the-the-the-te-te_. (Kobbe.) + +Range.--Pacific coast from Oregon to southern Alaska. + + +=741a. California Chickadee= (_P. r. neglectus_). Similar to No. 741, +but with only a tinge of rusty on flanks. + +Range.--"Coast of California from Monterey County northward." +(A.O.U.) + + +=741b. Barlow Chickadee= (_P. r. barlowi_). Similar to No. 741a, +but with no rusty on flanks. + +Range.--Vicinity of Monterey, California. + + [Illustration: 735.] + +=735. Black-capped Chickadee= (_Parus atricapillus_). L. 5.2; T. 2.5. +_Ads._ Cap and throat black; back gray with a brownish tinge; outer +margins of wing-coverts _grayish white_; flanks, cream buff. _Notes._ +_Chickadee-dee_, liquid gurgles and chuckling notes and a sweet, +clearly whistled, _phe-be_ or _phe-be-e_. + +Range.--Eastern North America; breeds from southern Illinois and +Pennsylvania north to Labrador, and south along Alleghanies to North +Carolina; migrates a short distance below its southern breeding +limits. + + +=735a. Long-tailed Chickadee= (_P. a. septentrionalis_). Similar to +No. 735, but tail longer, 2.7, flanks paler, white edgings broader. + +Range.--Rocky Mountain region north to British Columbia; east +to Manitoba and the Plains. + + +=735b. Oregon Chickadee= (_P. a. occidentalis_). Similar to No. 735, +but much darker; flanks grayish. + +Range.--Pacific coast from northern California to Sitka. + + [Illustration: 736.] + +=736. Carolina Chickadee= (_Parus carolinensis_). Similar to No. 735, +but smaller, L. 4.6; T. 2., the greater wing-coverts _not_ margined +with whitish. _Notes._ Whistle "_tswee-dee_, _twsee-dee_." + +Range.--Southeastern United States north to middle New Jersey, and +southern Illinois; resident from southern New Jersey southward. + + +=736.a Plumbeous Chickadee= (_P. c. agilis_). Similar to No. 736, +but paler above, whiter below. + +Range.--"Eastern and central Texas (Bee, Victoria, Cook, and Concho +Counties, etc.") (A.O.U.) + + [Illustration: 737.] + +=737. Mexican Chickadee= (_Parus sclateri_). Similar to No. 735, but +sides broadly gray like back, black more extended. _Notes._ A rapid, +vigorous double-noted whistle repeated three times, wholly unlike that +of the Chickadee. + +Range.--Mountainous portions of the Mexican tableland north to +southern Arizona. + + [Illustration: 630.] + +=630. Black-capped Vireo= (_Vireo atricapillus_). L. 4.5. _Ad._ +[Male]. Crown and cheeks shining black; lores and eye-ring white; back +olive-green; below white, sides tinged with greenish yellow; two +whitish wing-bars. _Ad._ [Female]. Similar, but black of head duller. +_Yng._ "Top and sides of head dull grayish brown; lores, orbital ring +and lower parts dull buffy white or pale buffy." (Ridgw.) _Notes._ "Of +the general character of the White-eye or _bellii_ type." (Bailey.) + +Range.--Breeds in central and western Texas; north to southern Kansas; +winters in southern Mexico. + + [Illustration: 727.] + +=727. White-breasted Nuthatch= (_Sitta carolinensis_). L. 6. _Ad._ +[Male]. Crown and foreback _bluish_ black; sides of head and neck +grayish white; tertials with _distinct_ black marks rounded at end. +_Ad._ [Female]. Similar but black of head and shoulders washed with +gray. _Notes._ Call, a nasal _yank-yank_ and conversational notes; +song, a tenor, _ha-ha-ha-ha-ha-ha_, all on the same note. + +Range.--Eastern North America west to the Rocky Mountains, breeds from +the Gulf States to Minnesota and New Brunswick; resident. + + +=727a. Slender-billed Nuthatch= (_S. c. aculeata_). Similar to +No. 727, but head usually greenish black; black of tertials less deep +and one next to inner one usually pointed at end. + +Range.--Western North America west of the Rockies: breeds from Lower +California north to British Columbia; resident. + + +=727b. Florida White-breasted Nuthatch= (_S. c. atkinsi_). Similar to +No. 727, but somewhat smaller, wing-coverts and tertials not tipped +with grayish; [Female] with head black as in [Male]. + +Range.--Florida and north along the coast to South Carolina. + + +=727c. Rocky Mountain Nuthatch= (_S. c. nelsoni_). Similar to +No. 727a, but larger, W. 3.7, with somewhat more white in tail and +more rusty on flanks and lower belly. + +Range.--Wooded mountains of northern Chihuahua and Sonora, Arizona, +New Mexico, Colorado, and northward. (Mearns.) + + +=727d. St. Lucas Nuthatch= (_S. c. lagunæ_). Similar to No. 727a, but +with the wings and tail shorter, the black tips of the outer +tail-feathers more restricted; W. 3.2; T. 1.7. (Brewster.) + +Range.--Higher mountains south of La Paz, Lower California. +(Brewster.) + + [Illustration: 728.] + +=728. Red-breasted Nuthatch= (_Sitta canadensis_). L. 4.6. _Ad._ +[Male]. A stripe through the eye and crown, black; line _over_ eye +white; underparts rusty. _Ad._ [Female]. Similar, but crown gray like +back, line through the eye blackish, paler below. _Notes._ A fine, +thin, nasal, penny-trumpet like, drawled _yna-yna_. + +Range.--North America, breeding from the northern portions of the +northern tier of States northward, and southward in the Alleghanies to +Virginia, in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado, and in the Sierra Nevada +in California; winters irregularly southward to the Gulf States and +Arizona. + + [Illustration: 729.] + +=729. Brown-headed Nuthatch= (_Sitta pusilla_). L. 4.3. _Ads._ Crown +brown; a white patch on nape; back bluish gray; below grayish white, +sometimes tinged with buff. _Yng._ Crown whitish. _Notes._ A +conversational, twittering _tnee-tnee_. + +Range.--South Atlantic and Gulf States north to Delaware, accidentally +to New York and casually to Missouri. + + [Illustration: 730.] + +=730. Pygmy Nuthatch= (_Sitta pygmæa_). L. 4.3. _Ads._ Crown grayish +olive; a whitish patch on nape; a dark brown line through eye; below +white tinged with buff. _Yng._ Crown gray like back. _Notes._ A +metallic, clinking clittick, clittick., + +Range.--Western North America, east to the Rocky Mountains; breeds +from Mexico to British Columbia. + + +=730a. White-naped Nuthatch= (_S. p. leuconucha_). Similar to No. 730, +but bill larger, crown grayer, back less bluish gray, nape patch more +conspicuous, underparts white with scarcely more than a trace of +buffy. (Ridgw.) + +Range.--Lower California. + + [Illustration: 444.] + +=444. Kingbird= (_Tyrannus tyrannus_). L. 8.5. Tail tipped with white. +_Ads._ Above slaty, crown blacker with an orange patch. _Yng._ +Similar, but no crown-patch. _Notes._ An unmusical, steely chatter. +"A soft and very pleasing song," heard only in the early morning. +(O. T. Miller.) + +Range.--North America, breeds from Florida north to New Brunswick and +Manitoba, and from eastern Texas northwest to Utah, Nevada, northeast +California and western British Columbia; winters south of United +States, to Central and South America. + + [Illustration: 445.] + +=445. Gray Kingbird= (_Tyrannus dominicensis_). L. 9. _Ads._ No white +tip on tail; an orange crown-patch; under wing-coverts sulphur; +ear-coverts black; above gray; below white. _Notes._ A loud, +chattering, _pitírri_, _pitírri_. + +Range.--West Indies, breeding north through Florida along the coast to +South Carolina; winters in Lesser Antilles, Mexico, and Central +America. + + [Illustration: 701.] + +=701. American Dipper; Water Ouzel= (_Cinclus mexicanus_). L. 8. +_Ads._ Slaty gray, head and neck browner. In winter more or less +tipped with whitish. _Notes._ Song, remarkably sweet and lively, in +modulation resembling somewhat that of Brown Thrasher, but less +powerful though sweeter in effect. (Ridgway.) Call, a sharp, pebbly +_cack-cack-cack_. + +Range.--"The mountainous parts of central and western North America, +from the Yukon Valley and Unalaska to Guatemala; east in the United +States, to the eastern base of the Rocky mountains. Apparently +resident throughout its range." (A.O.U.) + + [Illustration: 704.] + +=704. Catbird= (_Galeoscoptes carolinensis_). L. 8.9. _Ads._ Slaty +gray, cap and tail black, under tail-coverts reddish chestnut. +_Notes._ Call, a whining, nasal _tchay_; song, rich, musical, and +varied. + +Range.--North America; west to British Columbia and rarely Pacific +coast states; breeds from the Gulf States north to New Brunswick and +the Saskatchewan; winters from Gulf States southward. + + [Illustration: 754.] + +=754. Townsend Solitaire= (_Myadestes townsendii_). L. 8.5. _Ads._ +Brownish gray; eye-ring, tips of outer tail-feathers, a narrow +wing-bar white; wing with a buff band showing in flight. _Notes._ +Song, a rich, flowing, Grosbeak-like warbling, sung with great vigor +and freedom and often for comparatively long periods. + +Range.--"Western United States, from the Plains westward to the +Pacific coast, north to British Columbia and south in winter to the +southern border of Arizona and northern Lower California; breeds from +the mountains of New Mexico, southern Arizona, and central California +northward." + + [Illustration: 621.] + +=621. Northern Shrike= (_Lanius borealis_). L. 10.2. Lores grayish. +_Ads._ Above bluish gray; tail black, outer feathers tipped with +white; below white, usually with wavy bars. _Yng._ Above washed with +brown; below more distinctly and more heavily barred _Notes._ Song, +not unlike that of the Brown Thrasher but more disconnected, less +loud. + +Range.--North America; breeds from Labrador to Alaska; winters south, +irregularly, to Virginia, Kansas, Arizona, and California. + + [Illustration: 622.] + +=622. Loggerhead Shrike= (_Lanius ludovicianus_). 9. Lores black. +_Ads._ Underparts white _without_ bars; above bluish gray; rump and +upper tail-coverts little if any paler; tail black, outer feathers +tipped with white. _Yng._ Underparts, head, and rump more or less +narrowly barred. _Notes._ Call, harsh and discordant; song, a series +of guttural gurgles, squeaky whistles. + +Range.--Eastern United States; breeds from Florida to Virginia; In +Mississippi Valley, northeast to western Pennsylvania, central and +northern New York, Massachusetts, western New Hampshire, Maine, and +British Columbia; migrates down Atlantic States, as well as +Mississippi Valley, and winters in southern States. + + +=622a. White-rumped Shrike= (_L. l. excubitorides_). Similar to No. +622, but paler above, rump and upper tail-coverts whiter; bill less +deep. + +Range.--"Western North America, from eastern border of the Plains to +the Pacific, except coast of California, and from Manitoba and the +Plains of the Saskatchewan south over tablelands of Mexico." + +=622b. California Shrike= (_L. l. gambeli_). Similar to No. 622, but +rump paler, breast usually with indistinct wavy bars and tinged with +brownish. + +Range.--Pacific coast, from Lower California to British Columbia. + + +=622c. Island Shrike= (_L. l. anthonyi_). Similar to No. 622b, but +darker and smaller, W. 3.7. + +Range.--Santa Barbara Islands, California. + + [Illustration: 703.] + +=703. Mockingbird= (_Mimus polyglottos_). L. 10.5. _Ads._ Above ashy +gray; below soiled whitish; outer tail-feathers with white; +wing-coverts narrowly tipped with white; primaries white basally. +_Notes._ Call, a harsh, kissing note; song indescribable. + +Range.--Southeastern United States and Bahamas, west to northeastern +Texas; breeds north to southern New Jersey (rarely Massachusetts), and +southern Illinois; winters from Virginia and lower Mississippi Valley +southward. + + +=703a. Western Mockingbird= (_M. p. leucopterus_). Similar to No. 703, +but with a very slight brownish tinge below and white areas in wing +averaging larger. + +Range.--Southwestern United States and northern Mexico from Indian +Territory and eastern Texas west to California. + + [Illustration: 765.] + +=765. Wheatear= (_Saxicola œnanthe_). L. 6; W. 3.7. _Ad._ [Male]. +Back gray, upper tail-coverts and base of tail white; below white more +or less washed with buff. _Ad._ [Female]. Browner above and below, no +black through eye. _Ads. in winter and Yng._ Similar to [Female], but +cinnamon brown above, cinnamon below. + +Range.--Asia; migrating in summer to Alaska. + + +=765a. Greenland Wheatear= (_S. œ. leucorhoa_). Similar to No. 765, +but larger, W. 4. + +Range.--Western Europe; breeds in Greenland and on adjoining mainland; +rarely south to St. Lawrence; casually to Louisiana. + + [Illustration: 573.] + +=573. Black-throated Sparrow= (_Amphispiza bilineata_). L. 5.3._ Ads._ +Throat, upper breast, and front of face black; a white stripe over eye +and another at the side of the throat; above grayish brown unstreaked; +outer web of outer tail-feather white, except at tip; at least half +an inch of tip of inner web white. _Notes._ Song, simple but sweet, +three ascending and three descending notes. + +Range.--Middle and eastern Texas (except along coast?), north to +Oklahoma and western Kansas; winters from central Texas south into +northeastern Mexico. + + +=573a. Desert Sparrow= (_A. b. deserticola_). Similar to No. 573, but +above grayer, the white tip to outer tail-feather _less_ than half an +inch long. + +Range.--Western United States and northern Mexico, from western Texas +to southeastern California; breeds north to southern Colorado, and +western Nevada; winters south into Mexico. + + [Illustration: 602.] + +=602. Morellet Seed-eater= (_Sporophila morelleti_). L. 4.6. _Ad._ +[Male]. Entire upperparts, cheeks, tail, wings and breast-band black; +bases of wing-feathers, tips to coverts and underparts, except +breast-band, whitish. _Ad._ [Female]. Above grayish brown, below +uniform buffy. _Yng._ [Male]. Variously intermediate between Ad. +[Male] and Ad. [Female]. At least two years evidently required to +reach mature plumage. + +Range.--Eastern Mexico, north to southeastern Texas. + + [Illustration: 636.] + +=636. Black and White Warbler= (_Mniotilta varia_). L. 5.3. _Ad._ +[Male]. Above streaked black and white; throat black or white; belly +white; sides streaked black and white. _Ad._ [Female]. Less black; +whiter below; throat always white. _Notes._ Song, a thin, wiry, +_see-see-see-see_. + +Range.--Eastern North America; breeds from Virginia, Louisiana, and +northern Texas, north to Hudson Bay region; winters from Gulf States +south to northern South America; accidental in California. + + [Illustration: 661.] + +=661. Black-poll Warbler= (_Dendroica striata_). L. 5.6. _Ad._ [Male]. +Crown black, cheeks white; back streaked, gray and black; below white +streaked with black; wing-bars and tail-spots white. _Ad._ [Female]. +No black cap; above olive-green streaked with black. _Yng. and Ad. in +winter._ Above olive-green lightly streaked with black; below +_yellowish_ white; breast obscurely streaked. _Notes._ Song, a +slender, wiry _tree-tree-tree-tree-tree-tree-tree-tree_, rapidly +uttered. (Langille.) + +Range.--Eastern North America, west to the Rockies; breeds from +northern New England, northern New York, northern Michigan, and +Colorado, north to Labrador and Alaska; winters in West Indies and +northern South America. + + [Illustration: 665.] + +=665. Black-throated Gray Warbler= (_Dendroica nigrescens_). L. 5. +_Ad._ [Male]. Crown, cheeks and throat black, a white stripe at sides +of throat, a yellow line before eye; back gray streaked with black; +wing-bars and tail-patches white. _Ad._ [Female]. Similar, but crown +not always wholly black. _Yng._ Above washed with brownish, black +areas tipped with white. _Notes._ Song, _zee-ee-zee-ee_, _ze_, _ze_, +_ze_, with the quality of the song of _Dendroica virens_ or +_D. cærulescens_. + +Range.--Western United States; breeds in mountains from Arizona and +northern Lower California, north to Colorado and Vancouver Island; +winters in Mexico. + + [Illustration: 611.] + +=611. Purple Martin= (_Progne subis_). L. 7.8. _Ad._ [Male]. Shining +blue-black, all feathers with dusky bases. _Ad._ [Female]. Above dull +blue-black; breast grayish edged with white; belly whitish. _Yng._ +[Male]. Variously intermediate between [Female] and Ad. [Male]. + +Range.--North America, except Pacific coast; breeds north to +Newfoundland and the Saskatchewan; winters in tropics. + + +=611a. Western Martin= (_P. s. hesperia_). [Male] similar to [Male] +of No. 611; [Female] belly whiter; forehead grayish. + +Range.--Pacific coast from northern Lower California to Washington +(and British Columbia?); winters in tropics. + + +=611.1. Cuban Martin= (_Progne cryptoleuca_). W. 5.50. _Ad._ [Male]. +With feathers of ventral region basally marked with white. _Ad._ +[Female] _and Yng_. [Male]. With breast and flanks sooty grayish +brown, belly _pure white_. + +Range.--Cuba, north in spring to southern Florida. + + [Illustration: 612.] + +=612. Cliff Swallow= (_Petrochelidon lunifrons_). L. 5.5. _Ads._ +Throat chestnut, forehead and rump cinnamon-buff; nape gray; crown and +back glossy blue-black, the back streaked with white. _Yng._ Throat +dusky, often mixed with chestnut; back blackish brown; rump +cinnamon-buff, forehead usually with same. + +Range.--"North America, north to the limit of trees, breeding south to +the valleys of the Potomac and Ohio, southern Texas, southern Arizona, +and California; Central and South America in winter; not recorded from +Florida or West Indies." (A.O.U.) + + +=612.2. Mexican Cliff Swallow= (_Petrochelidon melanogastra_). Similar +to No. 612, but smaller, W. 4.1, forehead deeper, usually chestnut, +like throat, rump darker, more rusty. + +Range.--Mexico, north to southern Arizona. + + [Illustration: 613.] + +=613. Barn Swallow= (_Hirundo erythrogastra_). L. [Male], 7.5; +[Female], 6.5. Tail deeply forked. _Ad._ [Male]. Above glossy +blue-black, forehead chestnut; throat and upper breast chestnut, belly +paler. _Ad._ [Female]. Forehead, and underparts paler; tail less +deeply forked. _Notes._ Song, a sweet, twittering, warbling song. (The +notes of all our Swallows, while simple, are diagnostic but difficult +of description.) + +Range.--North America, north to Greenland and Alaska; breeds through +most of range; winters south to southern Brazil. + + [Illustration: 614.] + +=614. Tree Swallow= (_Iridoprocne bicolor_). L. 6. _Ads._ Above +steel-blue or steel-green; below white. _Yng._ Sooty gray above; white +below. + +Range.--North America; breeds locally from Lat. 41° on Atlantic coast +and Lat. 38° on Pacific coast north to Labrador and Alaska; winters +from South Carolina and southern California to the tropics. + + [Illustration: 615.] + +=615. Northern Violet-Green Swallow= (_Tachycineta thalassina +lepida_). L. 5.2; W. 4.5. _Ad._ [Male]. Above bronze-green; upper +tail-coverts greener; an indistinct nape-ring; mark above eye, cheeks +and underparts white; flank-patches white, often showing from above. +_Ad._ [Female]. Much duller, the head browner, _Yng._ Above brownish +sooty with a greenish tinge; a whitish mark above and behind eye; +below white. + +Range.--Western United States, from eastern base of Rockies to +Pacific; breeds from Mexico north to British Columbia; winters in +Mexico and Central America. + + +=615a. St. Lucas Swallow= (_T. t. brachyptera_). Similar to No. 615, +but wing shorter, [Male], 4.1, [Female], 4. (Brewster.) + +Range.--Lower California. + + [Illustration: 458.] + +=458. Black Phœbe= (_Sayornis nigricans_). L. 7.2. _Ads._ Breast and +head black, back grayer; outer web of outer tail-feather white; belly +black, under tail-coverts white _streaked with dusky_. _Notes._ A +liquid _hip_, a rising _kee-ree_, and a falling _kee-wray_. (Bailey.) + +Range.--Mexico, except Yucatan and Pacific coast from Colima +northward, north into Texas, New Mexico, and southeastern Arizona. + + +=458a. Western Black Phœbe= (_S. n. semiatra_). Similar to No. 458, +but under tail-coverts white without dusky streaks. + +Range--Pacific coast of Mexico and United States, from Colima to +Oregon, including most of Arizona. (Nelson.) + + [Illustration: 494.] + +=494. Bobolink; Reed bird= (_Dolichonyx oryzivorus_). _Ad._ [Male], +_summer_. Black; nape buffy, lower back, scapulars and upper +tail-coverts white. _Ad._ [Female]. Above yellowish brown streaked +with buff, and black. below yellowish white, sides streaked with +black. _Winter plumage, Ads and Yng._ Like [Female] but yellower. +_Notes._ Song, an irrepressible bubbling outburst of "mad music" often +given on the wing; calls, a blackbird-like _chuck_ and a metallic, far +carrying, _chink_. + +Range.--Eastern North America, west to Utah; breeds from northern New +Jersey, Illinois and Kansas, north to Nova Scotia, Manitoba, and +Montana; migrates south through Florida and West Indies, and winters +south of Amazon. + + [Illustration: 534 Winter.] + + [Illustration: 534 Summer.] + +=534. Snowflake= (_Passerina nivalis_). L. 6.9. Hind toe-nail twice +as long as shortest toe-nail. _Ad._ [Male], _summer_. Head, rump, +secondaries, outer tail-feathers and below white; rest of plumage +largely black. _Ad._ [Female], _summer_. Similar, but crown blackish, +back edged with rusty or grayish. _Winter._ Above rusty and black, +below white, breast tinged with rusty. _Notes._ Calls, a clearly piped +whistle, and a peculiar _chirr_, often uttered when taking wing; song, +short, simple, but rather sweet. (Minot.) + +Range.--Breeds in northern parts of northern hemisphere; in winter +south to northern states; irregularly to Georgia, southern Indiana, +Kansas, Colorado, and eastern Oregon. + + +=534a. Pribilof Snowflake= (_P. n. townsendi_). Similar to No. 534, +but larger, with relatively longer bill; [Male], W. 4.7; B. .5. +(Ridgw.). + +Range.--Aleutian and Commander Islands, Pribilof Islands, Shumagin +Islands. (Ridgw.). + + +=535. McKay Snowflake= (_Passerina hyperborea_). L. 7.5; W. 4.6; B .4. +Similar to No. 534, but with more white. _Ad._ [Male], _summer_. Back +and scapulars entirely white. _Ad._ [Female], _summer_. Crown and +hindneck white. _Yng._ Not certainly distinguishable from Yng. of No. +534. (Ridgw.) + +Range.--Breeds on Hall and St. Mathews Islands, Bering Sea; in winter +west coast of Alaska. + + [Illustration: 605.] + +=605. Lark Bunting= (_Calamospiza melanocorys_). L. 7.2. _Ad._ [Male]. +Black, patch in wing white, outer tail-feathers tipped, tertials +margined with white. _Ad._ [Female]. Above grayish brown streaked with +blackish; below white conspicuously streaked with black; all but +central tail-feathers with white tips; broad wing-bars buff. _Yng._ +[Male]. Variously intermediate between Ad. [Male] and [Female]. (See +page 251). + +Range.--Western United States, chiefly east of Rockies; breeds from +western Kansas and eastern Colorado, north to western Minnesota and +Assiniboia; winters in Mexico; irregular west in migrations to Idaho +and southern California. + + [Illustration: 484.] + +=484. Canada Jay; Whiskey Jack= (_Perisoreus canadensis_). L. 11.5. +_Ads._ Black of hindhead reaching to back of eye; back, wings, and +tail gray, belly lighter, throat white; forehead buffy white. +_Notes._ _ca-ca-ca_ and a number of peculiar sounds impossible to +reproduce on paper. (Bendire.) + +Range.--Eastern North America; Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, northern +New England, northern New York, northern Michigan; northern Minnesota, +north to Newfoundland and Hudson Bay region, west to the Rockies in +Alberta. + + [Illustration: 484a.] + +=484a. Rocky Mountain Jay= (_P. c. capitalis_). Similar to No. 484, +but head white, black of hindhead grayer and _not_ reaching to eye. + +Range.--Rocky Mountain region from New Mexico and Arizona north to +Montana and Idaho. + + +=484b. Alaskan Jay= (_P. c. fumifrons_). Very near to No. 484, but +forehead averaging more yellowish. + +Range.--Alaska; interior and west to Cook Inlet, north of southern +coast region. + + +=484c. Labrador Jay= (_P. c. nigricapillus_). Similar to No. 484, but +black of hindhead deeper and reaching forward as a well defined ring +around the eye; below browner. + +Range.--Labrador. + + [Illustration: 485.] + +=485. Oregon Jay= (_Perisoreus obscurus_). Similar to No. 484, but +back feathers with _light shaft streaks_, forehead less white, +underparts nearly uniform white. + +Range.--Pacific coast from northern California to southern British +Columbia. + + +=485a. Gray Jay= (_P. o. griseus_). Similar to No. 485, but larger and +grayer; back, etc., deep mouse gray, instead of brown; below grayish +white instead of brownish white. (Ridgw.) + +Range.--British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and northern California, +east of Coast and Cascade Ranges. (Ridgw.) + + [Illustration: 491.] + +=491. Clarke Nutcracker= (_Nucifraga columbiana_). L. 12. _Ads._ Gray; +wings and middle tail-feathers black, tips of secondaries and outer +tail-feathers white. _Notes._ A loud, harsh, _car-r-car-r_. + +Range.--Mountains of western North America, from northern Lower +California, Arizona and New Mexico, north to northern Alaska: casually +east to Mississippi Valley. + + [Illustration: 475.] + +=475. American Magpie= (_Pica pica hudsonia_). L. 20. _Ads._ Bill +_black_; scapulars, belly and most of inner margins of primaries +white; wings glossy blue black, tail externally greenish; back and +breast velvety black. _Notes._ _Cack_, _cack_, also garrulous gabble +intermixed with whistling notes. (Bendire.) + +Range.--Western North America, east to the Plains, west to Cascade and +Sierra Ranges; breeds from northern New Mexico and northern Arizona +north to Alaska strays farther east in winter. + + +=476. Yellow-billed Magpie= (_Pica nuttalli_). Similar to No. 475, +but bill and eye-space _yellow_; smaller, L. 18. _Notes._ A harsh, +rasping, _cac-cac-cac_; and a low, rich whistle, audible only at a +short distance. + +Range.--California, west of Sierra Nevada, "north to Red Bluff and +south to Santa Paula." (Grinnell.) + + [Illustration: 493.] + +=493. Starling= (_Sturnus vulgaris_). L. 8.5; T. 2.5. _Ad. summer_, +Metallic green and purple spotted above with buffy; bill _yellow_. +_Ad. winter._ Similar, but above heavily spotted with brownish buff; +below heavily spotted with white; bill blackish. _Notes._ A +long-drawn, two-noted whistle, the second lower; and a chattering, +metallic call when in flocks. + +Range.--Europe and northern Asia; accidental in Greenland; introduced +into New York City in 1890; now common, extending east to New Haven, +Connecticut, north to Ossining, New York, south to Staten Island and +Plainfield, New Jersey. + + [Illustration: 495.] + +=495. Cowbird= (_Molothrus ater_). L. 7.9; W. 4.2. _Ad._ [Male]. Head +and neck coffee-brown, body greenish black. _Ad._ [Female]. Brownish +gray, throat lighter. _Yng._ Like [Female]. _Notes._ A metallic +twitter, and by the male, a long-drawn, glassy _kluck-tse-e-e_; and +watery gurgling notes uttered with spread wings and tail. + +Range.--United States: rare west of Rockies; breeds from Florida and +Texas north to New Brunswick and Little Slave Lake; west to eastern +Oregon, Nevada, and southeastern California; winters from southern New +Jersey, southern Illinois, Indian Territory, northern Texas, and +southeastern California, southward. + + +=495a. Dwarf Cowbird= (_M. a. obscurus_). Similar to No. 495, +but smaller, L. 7.5; W. 4. + +Range.--Southwestern United States; from Gulf Coast of Texas west +along Mexican boundary to Arizona and Lower California; winters south +of United States. + + [Illustration: 496.] + +=496. Red-eyed Cowbird= (_Callothrus robustus_). L. 9. _Ad._ [Male]. +Velvety bronze-black; wings and tail shining blue-black. _Ad._ +[Female]. Dull black, wings and tail with slight greenish reflections. + +Range.--Southern and eastern Mexico north, in spring, to Lower Rio +Grande, Texas. + + [Illustration: 620.] + +=620. Phainopepla= (_Phainopepla nitens_). L. 7.5. Crested. _Ad._ +[Male]. Shining black; inner vanes of primaries largely white, showing +in flight. _Ad._ [Female]. Dark gray, tail blacker, wing-coverts and +quills narrowly margined with whitish. _Yng._ Like [Female]. _Notes._ +Calls, commonest, like call of young Robin; male has also a scold, a +Meadowlark-like note and a harsh _ca-rack_ or _ca-racack_; song, a +jumble of flute-like tones and weak, squeaky notes. (Bailey.) + +Range.--Mexico north to western Texas, southern Utah and southern +California; winters from Mexican border southward. + + [Illustration: 509.] + +=509. Rusty Blackbird= (_Scolecophagus carolinus_). L. 9.5. _Ad._ +[Male]. Nearly uniform greenish black, sometimes with rusty edgings. +_Ad._ [Female]. Slaty gray, generally with some rusty edgings. Winter +plumage of both sexes similar to summer but widely tipped with rusty +above and yellowish rusty below. _Notes._ More musical than those of +other Blackbirds; calls, _tcback_ or _turalee_ repeated several times. +(Bendire.) + +Range.--Eastern North America west to the Plains; breeds from New +Brunswick, northern New England, northern New York, and Manitoba, +north to Labrador and Alaska; winters from Virginia, southern +Illinois, and Kansas, southward. + + [Illustration: 510.] + +=510. Brewer Blackbird= (_Scolecophagus cyanocephalus_). L. 10. _Ad._ +[Male]. Whole head violet-purple, rest of plumage bright greenish +black. _Ad._ [Female]. Grayish brown, throat paler, wings and tail +greenish black, no rusty. Winter plumage with light grayish brown +edgings to the feathers of the anterior part of the body. +_Notes._ _Chack_ and a loud, shrill whistle. (Bailey.) + +Range.--Western North America from the Plains to the Pacific; breeds +from Texas and northern Lower California north to the Saskatchewan and +British Columbia; winters in the southern parts of its range; casually +east to Mississippi River states. + + [Illustration: 511.] + +=511. Purple Grackle= (_Quiscalus quiscula_). L. [Male], 12. _Ad._ +[Male]. Head, purple, steel-green or steel-blue; back purple, brassy +green or greenish; the feathers _always_ with _iridescent_ bars. +_Notes._ _Tchak_ and a short unmusical call uttered with spread wings +and tail. + +Range.--Eastern United States; breeds in lower Mississippi Valley and +east of Alleghanies, from Georgia to Massachusetts; winters from +Virginia southward through its breeding range. + + + +=511a. Florida Grackle= (_Q. q. aglæus_). Similar to 511, but slightly +smaller, head always violet purple; back always bottle-green, with +iridescent bars. + +Range.--Florida, north on the Atlantic coast to Virginia, west on the +Gulf Coast to Texas. + + +=511b. Bronzed Grackle = (_Q. q. æneus_). Head as in No. 511, back and +belly bronze, the feathers _wholly without_ iridescent bars. + +Range.--Eastern United States west to the Rockies; breeds from +southern Texas to Great Slave Lake, east to Alleghanies, and, in New +York, east and northeast to Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Labrador; +winters chiefly in lower Mississippi valley; migrates in part east of +the Alleghanies. + + [Illustration: 513.] + +=513. Boat-tailed Grackle= (_Megaquiscalus major_). L. [Male], 16; +W. 7.5; T. 7. _Ad._ [Male]. Head and neck glossy purple; back and +belly glossy greenish blue. _Ad._ [Female]. Much smaller, T. 5.2; +above blackish brown; below soiled rusty buff. _Notes._ _Tchack_, +a variety of hoarse, rather forced whistles and a gurgling roll as +of a Coot pattering over the water. + +Range.--Florida, north along the coast to Virginia; west along coast +to Texas. + + +=513a. Great-tailed Grackle= (_M. m. macrourus_). Similar to No. 513, +but larger, [Male], L. 18; T. 9. Foreback and breast, as well as head +and neck, purple, only rump and lower belly greenish blue; [Female] +blacker both above and below than [Male] of 513. _Notes._ _Tchack_, +and a greater variety of squeaky calls and hoarse whistles than are +uttered by No. 513. + +Range.--Eastern Texas and south into Mexico. + + [Illustration: 486.] + +=486. American Raven= (_Corvus corax sinuatus_). L. 24; W. 16; B. 2.7. +_Ads._ Resembling No. 488, in color but glossier below and with the +feathers of throat narrow and lengthened; nape feathers gray at base. +_Notes._ A hoarse, croaking, _craack-craack_, sometimes a deep, +grunting _koeer-koeer_; a clucking, and a metallic _klunk_. (Bendire.) + +Range.--Western North America, from Guatemala north to British +Columbia; east to the Rockies, west to Pacific. + + +=486a. Northern Raven= (_C. c. principalis_). Similar to No. 486, but +larger, L. 25; W. 17; B. 3. + +Range.--Eastern North America, from mountains of northern Georgia and +coast of Maine, north to Greenland; west to the Rocky Mountains. + + [Illustration: 487.] + +=487. White-necked Raven= (_Corvus cryptoleucus_). L. 18.5. _Ads._ +Blue-black; feathers of throat narrow and lengthened and with feathers +of neck all around, _white at the base_. _Notes._ _Kwank-kwank_, less +loud and penetrating than those of No. 486. (Bendire.) + +Range.--Northern Mexico, north to western Kansas, eastern Colorado +(rarely), and southern California; east to western Texas. + + [Illustration: 488.] + +=488. American Crow= (_Corvus americanus_). L. 19.3; W. 12.1; B. 2.00. +Black with steel-blue or deep, purplish reflections; below duller, +neck feathers not lengthened. _Notes._ _Caw_, _caw_, with many +variations; song, _car-r-r-uck_, _oo-oo-oo-oo-ah_. + +Range.--North America, north to Arctic Circle; winters from northern +United States southward; local in west. + + +=488a. Florida Crow= (_C. a. pascuus_). Similar to No. 488, but wings +and tail somewhat shorter, bill and feet slightly larger, W. 12; +T. 7.3; B. 2.1. + +Range.--Florida. + + +=489. Northwest Crow= (_Corvus caurinus_). Similar to No. 488 in color +but smaller; L. 16; W. 11; B. 1.7. + +Range.--Northwest coast, from Oregon to Kadiak Island, Alaska. + + [Illustration: 490.] + +=490. Fish Crow= (_Corvus ossifragus_). L. 16; W. 11; B. 1.5. _Ads._ +Resemble No. 488, in color, but back feathers are uniform blue-black +_without_ dull margins; underparts are nearly as bright as upperparts. +_Notes._ A hoarse, nasal, reedy _car_ resembling the call of the young +of No. 488. + +Range.--Atlantic coast north to Connecticut, (casually Massachusetts), +west along Gulf coast to Louisiana; resident, except at northern limit +of range. + + + + +SYSTEMATIC TABLE + +Of the Birds of America north of Mexico, arranged according to the +American Ornithologists' Union's 'Check-List of North American Birds', +Third Edition 1910, and Supplement[B], July, 1912. + +(_The presence of brackets, [ ], indicates that the species is an +accidental visitant_). + + + [B] The Auk, xxix, 1912, pp. 380-387. + + [C] Note that trinomials are now employed for all the + races of a species including the first one described. Hence in + place of No. 13, Puffin, _Fratercula arctica_, we now have + No. 13, Puffin, _Fratercula arctica arctica_. (See pages 6 and + 7 for an explanation of this method.) + + [E] Note also that in accordance with a ruling of the + A.O.U., the apostrophe is used with the names of birds named + after individuals. Thus in place of No. 16, Cassin Auklet, we + have No. 16, Cassin's Auklet. These changes affect all similar + cases throughout the Color Key. After identifying a species, + therefore, the student should turn to its number in the + Systematic Table to learn whether any change has been made in + its name. All alterations other than those of mere nomenclature + are given beyond in Appendix I. + + + +Order PYGOPODES. Diving Birds + + +Family COLYMBIDÆ. Grebes. + + A.O.U. + No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page + + 1 Western Grebe Æchmophorus occidentalis 44 + 2 Holbœll's Grebe Colymbus holbœlli 43 + 3 Horned Grebe " auritus 43 + 4 Eared Grebe " nigricollis californicus 43 + 5 Mexican Grebe " dominicus brachypterus 43 + 6 Pied-bill Grebe Podilymbus podiceps 43 + + +Family GAVIIDÆ. Loons. + + A.O.U. + No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page + + 7 Loon Gavia immer 44 + 8 Yellow-billed Loon " adamsi 44 + 9 Black-throated Loon " arctica 44 + 10 Pacific Loon " pacifica 44 + 11 Red-throated Loon " stellata 44 + + +Family ALCIDÆ. Auks, Murres, and Puffins. + + A.O.U. + No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page + + 12 Tufted Puffin Lunda cirrhata 45 + 13 Puffin Fratercula arctica arctica[C] 45 + 13_a_ Large-billed Puffin " " naumanni 45 + 14 Horned Puffin " corniculata 45 + 15 Rhinoceros Auklet Cerorhinca monocerata 45 + 16 Cassin's Auklet[E] Ptychoramphus aleuticus 46 + 17 Paroquet Auklet Phaleris psittacula 47 + 18 Crested Auklet Æthia cristatella 47 + 19 Whiskered Auklet " pygmæa 47 + 20 Least Auklet " pusilla 47 + 21 Ancient Murrelet Synthliboramphus antiquus 47 + 23 Marbled Murrelet Brachyramphus marmoratus 46 + 24 Kittlitz's Murrelet " brevirostris 46 + 25 Xantus's Murrelet " hypoleucus 46 + 26 Craveri's Murrelet " craverii 46 + 27 Black Guillemot Cepphus grylle 48 + 28 Mandt's Guillemot " mandti 48 + 29 Pigeon Guillemot " columba 48 + 30 Murre Uria troile troile 48 + 30_a_ California Murre " " californica 48 + 31 Brunnich's Murre " lomvia lomvia 48 + 31_a_ Pallas's Murre " " arra 48 + 32 Razor-billed Auk Alca torda 48 + 33 Great Auk Plautus impennis 48 + 34 Dovekie Alle alle 46 + + + + +Order LONGIPENNES. Long Winged Swimmers + + +Family STERCORARIIDÆ. Skuas and Jaegers + + A.O.U. + No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page + + 35 Skua Megalestris skua 51 + 36 Pomarine Jaeger Stercorarius pomarinus 51 + 37 Parasitic Jaeger " parasiticus 51 + 38 Long-tailed Jaeger " longicaudus 51 + + +Family LARIDÆ. Gulls and Terns + + A.O.U. + No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page + + 39 Ivory Gull Pagophila alba 52 + 40 Kittiwake Rissa tridactyla tridactyla 52 + 40_a_ Pacific Kittiwake " " pollicaris 52 + 41 Red-legged Kittiwake Rissa brevirostris 52 + 42 Glaucous Gull Larus hyperboreus 53 + 43 Iceland Gull " leucopterus 53 + 44 Glaucous-winged Gull " glaucescens 53 + 45 Kumlien's Gull " kumlieni 53 + 46 Nelson's Gull " nelsoni 53 + 47 Great Black-backed Gull " marinus 54 + 48 Slaty-backed Gull " schistisagus 54 + 49 Western Gull " occidentalis 54 + [50] Siberian Gull " affinis A.V. + 51 Herring Gull " argentatus 55 + [52] Vega Gull " vegæ A.V. + 53 California Gull " californicus 55 + 54 Ring-billed Gull " delawarensis 52 + 55 Short-billed Gull " brachyrhynchus 52 + [56] Mew Gull " canus A.V. + 57 Heermann's Gull " heermanni 54 + 58 Laughing Gull " atricilla 56 + 59 Franklin's Gull " franklini 56 + 60 Bonaparte's Gull " philadelphia 56 + [60.1] Little Gull " minutus A.V. + 61 Ross's Gull Rhodostethia rosea 56 + 62 Sabine's Gull Xema sabini 56 + 63 Gull-billed Tern Gelochelidon nilotica 58 + 64 Caspian Tern Sterna caspia 57 + 65 Royal Tern " maxima 57 + 66 Elegant Tern " elegans 57 + 67 Cabot's Tern " sandvicensis acuflavida 57 + [68] Trudeau's Tern " trudeaui A.V. + 69 Forster's Tern " forsteri 59 + 70 Common Tern " hirundo 59 + 71 Arctic Tern " paradisæa 59 + 72 Roseate Tern " dougalli 59 + 73 Aleutian Tern " aleutica 58 + 74 Least Tern " antillarum 58 + 75 Sooty Tern " fuscata 60 + [76] Bridled Tern " anætheta 58 + 77 Black Tern Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis 60 + [78] White-winged Black Tern " leucoptera A.V. + 79 Noddy Anous stolidus 60 + + +Family RYNCHOPIDÆ. Skimmers. + + A.O.U. + No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page + + 80 Black Skimmer Rynchops nigra 60 + + + + +Order TUBINARES. Tube-nosed Swimmers + + +Family DIOMEDEIDÆ. Albatrosses. + + A.O.U. + No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page + + 81 Black-footed Albatross Diomedea nigripes 62 + 82 Short-tailed Albatross " albatrus 62 + 82.1 Laysan Albatross " immutabilis 62 + [83] Yellow-nosed Albatross Thalassogeron culminatus 62 + [84] Sooty Albatross Phœbetria palpebrata 62 + + +Family PROCELLARIIDÆ. Fulmars, Shearwaters, and Petrels. + + A.O.U. + No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page + + [85] Giant Fulmar Macronectes giganteus A.V. + 86 Fulmar Fulmarus glacialis glacialis 63 + 86_b_ Pacific Fulmar " " glupischa 63 + 86.1 Rodger's Fulmar " rodgersi 63 + 87 Slender-billed Fulmar Priocella glacialoides 63 + [102] Pintado Petrel Daption capense A.V. + 88 Cory's Shearwater Puffinus borealis 64 + 89 Greater Shearwater " gravis 64 + [90] Manx Shearwater " puffinus A.V. + 91 Pink-footed Shearwater " creatopus 64 + 92 Audubon's Shearwater Puffinus lherminieri 64 + [92.1] Allied Shearwater " assimilis A.V. + 93 Black-vented Shearwater " opisthomelas 64 + 93.1 Townsend's Shearwater " auricularis 64 + 95 Sooty Shearwater " griseus 63 + 96 Slender-billed Shearwater " tenuirostris 64 + 96.1 Wedge-tailed Shearwater " cuneatus 63 + [96.2] New Zealand Shearwater " bulleri A.V. + [97] Black-tailed Shearwater Priofinus cinereus A.V. + [98] Black-capped Petrel Æstrelata hasitata 65 + [99] Scaled Petrel " scalaris A.V. + 100 Fisher's Petrel " fisheri A.V. + [101] Bulwer's Petrel Bulweria bulweri A.V. + 103 Least Petrel Halocyptena microsoma 65 + 104 Stormy Petrel Thalassidroma pelagica 66 + 105 Forked-tailed Petrel Oceanodroma furcata 65 + 105.2 Kaeding's Petrel Oceanodroma kaedingi 65 + 106 Leach's Petrel " leucorhoa 66 + 106.1 Guadalupe Petrel " macrodactyla 66 + [106.2] Hawaiian Petrel " castro A.V. + 107 Black Petrel " melania 66 + 108 Ashy Petrel " homochroa 65 + 108.1 Socorro Petrel " socorroensis 66 + 109 Wilson's Petrel Oceanites oceanicus 66 + [110] White-bellied Petrel Fregetta grallaria A.V. + [111] White-faced Petrel Pelagodroma marina A.V. + + + + +Order STEGANOPODES. Totipalmate Swimmers + + +Family PHAËTHONTIDÆ. Tropic Birds. + + A.O.U. + No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page + + 112 Yellow-billed Tropic-bird Phaëthon americanus 69 + 113 Red-billed Tropic-bird " æthereus 69 + [113.1] Red-tailed Tropic-bird " rubricaudus A.V. + + +Family SULIDÆ. Gannets. + + + A.O.U. + No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page + + [114] Blue-faced Booby Sula cyanops 70 + 114.1 Blue-footed Booby " nebouxi 70 + 115 Booby " leucogastra 70 + 115.1 Brewster's Booby " brewsteri 70 + [116] Red-footed Booby " piscator 70 + 117 Gannet " bassana 69 + + +Family ANHINGIDÆ. Darters. + + A.O.U. + No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page + + 118 Water-Turkey Anhinga anhinga 73 + + +Family PHALACROCORACIDÆ. Cormorants. + + A.O.U. + No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page + + 119 Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo 70 + 120 Double-crested Cormorant " auritus auritus 71 + 120_a_ Florida Cormorant " " floridanus 71 + 120_b_ White-crested Cormorant " " cincinatus 71 + 120_c_ Farallon Cormorant " " albociliatus 71 + 121 Mexican Cormorant " vigua mexicanus 71 + 122 Brandt's Cormorant " penicillatus 72 + 123 Pelagic Cormorant " pelagicus pelagicus 72 + 123_a_ Violet-green Cormorant " " robustus 72 + 123_b_ Baird's Cormorant " " resplendens 72 + 124 Red-faced Cormorant " urile 72 + + +Family PELECANIDÆ. Pelicans. + + A.O.U. + No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page + + 125 White Pelican Pelecanus erythrorhynchos 73 + 126 Brown Pelican " occidentalis 73 + 127 California Brown Pelican " californicus 73 + + +Family FREGATIDÆ. Man-o'-War Birds. + + A.O.U. + No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page + + 128 Man-o'-war-bird Fregata aquila 73 + + + + +Order ANSERES. Lamellirostral Swimmers + + +Family ANATIDÆ. Ducks, Geese, and Swans. + + A.O.U. + No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page + + 129 American Merganser Mergus americanus 76 + 130 Red-breasted Merganser " serrator 76 + 131 Hooded Merganser Lophodytes cucullatus 76 + [131.1] Smew Mergellus albellus A.V. + 132 Mallard Anas platyrhynchos 76 + 133 Black Duck " rubripes 77 + 134 Florida Duck " fulvigula fulvigula 77 + 134_a_ Mottled Duck " " maculosa 77 + 135 Gadwall Chaulelasmus streperus 77 + 136 European Widgeon Mareca penelope 77 + 137 Baldpate " americana 77 + [138] European Teal Nettion crecca A.V. + 139 Green-winged Teal " carolinense 78 + 140 Blue-winged Teal Querquedula discors 78 + 141 Cinnamon Teal " cyanoptera 78 + [141.1] Ruddy Sheldrake Casarca ferruginea A.V. + 142 Shoveller Spatula clypeata 78 + 143 Pintail Dafila acuta 76 + 144 Wood Duck Aix sponsa 78 + [145] Rufous-crested Duck Netta rufina A.V. + 146 Redhead Marila americana 79 + 147 Canvas-back " valisineria 79 + 148 American Scaup Duck " marila 79 + 149 Lesser Scaup Duck " affinis 79 + 150 Ring-necked Duck " collaris 79 + 151 American Golden-eye Clangula clangula americana 80 + 152 Barrow's Golden-eye " islandica 80 + 153 Buffle-head Charitonetta albeola 80 + 154 Old-squaw Harelda hyemalis 81 + 155 Harlequin Duck Histrionicus histrionicus 81 + 156 Labrador Duck Camptorhynchus labradorius 81 + 157 Steller's Eider Polysticta stelleri 81 + 158 Spectacled Eider Arctonetta fischeri 82 + 159 Northern Eider Somateria mollissima borealis 82 + 160 American Eider " dresseri 82 + 161 Pacific Eider " v-nigra 82 + 162 King Eider " spectabilis 82 + 163 American Scoter Oidemia americana 83 + [164] Velvet Scoter " fusca A.V. + 165 White-winged Scoter " deglandi 83 + 166 Surf Scoter " perspicillata 83 + 167 Ruddy Duck Erismatura jamaicensis 80 + [168] Masked Duck Nomonyx dominicus 80 + 169 Lesser Snow Goose Chen hyperboreus hyperboreus 84 + 169_a_ Greater Snow Goose " " nivalis 84 + 169.1 Blue Goose " cærulescens 85 + 170 Ross's Goose " rossi 84 + [171] European White-fronted Goose Anser albifrons albifrons A.V. + 171_a_ White-fronted Goose " " gambeli 85 + [171.1] Bean Goose " fabalis A.V. + [171.2] Pink-footed Goose " brachyrhynchus A.V. + 172 Canada Goose Branta canadensis canadensis 86 + 172_a_ Hutchins's Goose " " hutchinsi 86 + 172_b_ White-cheeked Goose " " occidentalis 86 + 172_c_ Cackling Goose " " minima 86 + 173_a_ Brant " bernicla glaucogastra 86 + 174 Black Brant " nigricans 86 + [175] Barnacle Goose " leucopsis A.V. + 176 Emperor Goose Philacte canagica 85 + 177 Black-bellied Tree-duck Dendrocygna autumnalis 83 + 178 Fulvous Tree-duck " bicolor 83 + [179] Whooper Swan Olor cygnus A.V. + 180 Whistling Swan " columbianus 84 + 181 Trumpeter Swan " buccinator 84 + + + + +Order ODONTOGLOSSÆ. Lamellirostral Grallatores + + +Family PHOENICOPTERIDÆ. Flamingoes. + + A.O.U. + No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page + + 182 Flamingo Phoenicopterus ruber 89 + + + + +Order HERODIONES. Herons, Storks, Ibises, etc. + + +Family PLATALEIDÆ. Spoonbills. + + A.O.U. + No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page + + 183 Roseate Spoonbill Ajaia ajaja 89 + + +Family IBIDIDÆ. Ibises. + + A.O.U. + No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page + + 184 White Ibis Guara alba 90 + [185] Scarlet Ibis " rubra 89 + 186 Glossy Ibis Plegadis autumnalis 90 + 187 White-faced Glossy Ibis " guarauna 90 + + +Family CICONDIIDÆ. Storks and Wood Ibises. + + A.O.U. + No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page + + 188 Wood Ibis Mycteria americana 90 + [189] Jabiru Jabiru mycteria A.V. + + +Family ARDEIDÆ. Herons, Bitterns, etc. + + A.O.U. + No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page + + 190 American Bittern Botaurus lentiginosus 91 + 191 Least Bittern Ixobrychus exilis 91 + 191.1 Cory's Least Bittern " neoxenus 91 + 192 Great White Heron Ardea occidentalis 92 + 194 Great Blue Heron " herodias herodias 93 + 194_a_ Northwestern Coast Heron " " fannini 93 + 194_b_ Ward's Heron " " wardi 93 + [195] European Heron " cinerea A.V. + 196 American Egret Herodias egretta 92 + 197 Snowy Egret Egretta candidissima candidissima 92 + 197_a_ Brewster's Egret " " brewsteri 294 + 198 Reddish Egret Dichromanassa rufescens 94 + 199 Louisiana Heron Hydranassa tricolor ruficollis 94 + 200 Little Blue Heron Florida cærulea 94 + 201 Green Heron Butorides virescens virescens 94 + 201_a_ Frazar's Green Heron " " frazari 94 + 201_b_ Anthony's Green Heron " " anthonyi 94 + 202 Black-crowned Night Heron Nycticorax nycticorax nævius 93 + 203 Yellow-crowned Night Heron Nyctanassa violacea 93 + + + + +Order PALUDICOLÆ. Cranes, Rails, etc. + + +Family GRUIDÆ. Cranes. + + A.O.U. + No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page + + 204 Whooping Crane Grus americana 96 + 205 Little Brown Crane " canadensis 96 + 206 Sandhill Crane " mexicana 96 + + +Family ARAMIDÆ. Courlans. + + A.O.U. + No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page + + 207 Limpkin Aramus vociferus 96 + + +Family RALLIDÆ. Rails, Gallinules, and Coots. + + A.O.U. + No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page + + 208 King Rail Rallus elegans 97 + 209 Belding's Rail " beldingi 97 + 210 California Clapper Rail " obsoletus 97 + 210.1 Light-footed Rail " levipes 294 + 211 Clapper Rail " crepitans crepitans 98 + 211_a_ Louisiana Clapper Rail " " saturatus 98 + 211_b_ Florida Clapper Rail " " scotti 98 + 211_c_ Wayne's Clapper Rail " " waynei 98 + 211.2 Caribbean Clapper Rail " longirostris caribæus 98 + 212 Virginia Rail " virginianus 97 + [213] Spotted Crake Porzana porzana A.V. + 214 Sora " carolina 98 + 215 Yellow Rail Coturnicops noveboracensis 97 + 216 Black Rail Creciscus jamaicensis 98 + 216.1 Farallon Rail " coturniculus 294 + [217] Corn Crake Crex crex A.V. + 218 Purple Gallinule Ionornis martinicus 99 + 219 Florida Gallinule Gallinula galeata 99 + [220] European Coot Fulica atra A.V. + 221 Coot " americana 99 + + + + +Order LIMICOLÆ. Shore Birds. + + +Family PHALAROPODIDÆ. Phalaropes. + + A.O.U. + No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page + + 222 Red Phalarope Phalaropus fulicarius 102 + 223 Northern Phalarope Lobipes lobatus 102 + 224 Wilson's Phalarope Steganopus tricolor 102 + + +Family RECURVIROSTRIDÆ. Avocets and Stilts. + + A.O.U. + No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page + + 225 Avocet Recurvirostra americana 103 + 226 Black-necked Stilt Himantopus mexicanus 105 + + +Family SCOLOPACIDÆ. Snipes, Sandpipers, etc. + + A.O.U. + No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page + + [227] European Woodcock Scolopax rusticola A.V. + 228 Woodcock Philohela minor 105 + [229] European Snipe Gallinago gallinago A.V. + 230 Wilson's Snipe " delicata 105 + [230.1] Great Snipe " media A.V. + 231 Dowitcher Macrorhamphus griseus griseus 106 + 232 Long-billed Dowitcher " " scolopaceus 106 + 233 Stilt Sandpiper Micropalama himantopus 106 + 234 Knot Tringa canutus 106 + 235 Purple Sandpiper Arquatella maritima maritima 107 + 235_a_ Aleutian Sandpiper " " couesi 107 + 235_b_ Pribilof Sandpiper " " ptilocnemis 108 + 238 Sharp-tailed Sandpiper Pisobia aurita 109 + 239 Pectoral Sandpiper " maculata 109 + 240 White-rumped Sandpiper " fuscicollis 109 + 241 Baird's Sandpiper " bairdi 109 + 242 Least Sandpiper " minutilla 109 + [242.1] Long-toed Stint " damacensis A.V. + [243] Dunlin Pelidna alpina alpina A.V. + 243_a_ Red-backed Sandpiper " " sakhalina 108 + 244 Curlew Sandpiper Erolia ferruginea 106 + [245] Spoonbill Sandpiper Eurynorhynchus pygmæus A.V. + 246 Semipalmated Sandpiper Ereunetes pusillus 108 + 247 Western Sandpiper " mauri 108 + 248 Sanderling Calidris leucophæa 108 + 249 Marbled Godwit Limosa fedoa 110 + 250 Pacific Godwit " lapponica baueri 110 + 251 Hudsonian Godwit " hæmastica 110 + [252] Black-tailed Godwit " limosa A.V. + [253] Green-shank Glottis nebularia A.V. + [253.1] Red-shank Totanus totanus A.V. + 254 Greater Yellow-legs " melanoleucus 111 + 255 Yellow-legs " flavipes 111 + 256 Solitary Sandpiper Helodromas solitarius solitarius 107 + 256_a_ Western Solitary Sandpiper " " cinnamomeus 107 + [257] Green Sandpiper " ocrophus A.V. + 258 Willet Catoptrophorus semipalmatus + semipalmatus 111 + 258_a_ Western Willet Catoptrophorus semipalmatus + inornatus 111 + 259 Wandering Tatler Heteractitis incanus 111 + [260] Ruff Machetes pugnax A.V. + 261 Upland Plover Bartramia longicauda 105 + 262 Buff-breasted Sandpiper Tryngites subruficollis 105 + 263 Spotted Sandpiper Actitis macularia 107 + 264 Long-billed Curlew Numenius americanus 103 + 265 Hudsonian Curlew Numenius hudsonicus 103 + 266 Eskimo Curlew " borealis 103 + [267] Whimbrel " phæopus A.V. + 268 Bristle-thighed Curlew " tahitiensis 295 + + +Family CHARADRIIDÆ. Plovers. + + + A.O.U. + No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page + + [269] Lapwing Vanellus vanellus A.V. + [269.1] Dotterel Eudromias morinellus A.V. + 270 Black-bellied Plover Squatarola squatarola 110 + [271] European Golden Plover Charadrius apricarius A.V. + 272 Golden Plover " dominicus dominicus 110 + 272_a_ Pacific Golden Plover " " fulvus 110 + 273 Killdeer Oxyechus vociferus 112 + 274 Semipalmated Plover Ægialitis semipalmata 112 + 275 Ringed Plover " hiaticula 112 + [276] Little Ringed Plover " dubia A.V. + 277 Piping Plover " meloda 112 + 278 Snowy Plover " nivosa 112 + [279] Mongolian Plover " mongola A.V. + 280 Wilson's Plover Ochthodromus wilsonius 112 + 281 Mountain Plover Podasocys montanus 105 + + +Family APHRIZIDÆ. Surf Birds and Turnstones. + + A.O.U. + No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page + + 282 Surf-bird Aphriza virgata 111 + 283 Turnstone Arenaria interpres interpres 102 + 283_a_ Ruddy Turnstone " " morinella 102 + 284 Black Turnstone " melanocephala 107 + + +Family HÆMATOPODIDÆ. Oyster-Catchers. + + A.O.U. + No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page + + [285] European Oyster-catcher Hæmatopus ostralegus A.V. + 286 Oyster-catcher " palliatus 104 + 286.1 Frazar's Oyster-catcher " frazari 104 + 287 Black Oyster-catcher " bachmani 104 + + +Family JACANIDÆ. Jacanas. + + A.O.U. + No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page + + [288] Mexican Jacana Jacana spinosa 102 + + + + +Order GALLINÆ. Gallinaceous Birds + + +Family ODONTOPHORIDÆ. Bob-whites, Quails, etc. + + A.O.U. + No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page + + 289 Bob-white Colinus virginianus virginianus 115 + 289_a_ Florida Bob-white " " floridanus 115 + 289_b_ Texas Bob-white " " texanus 115 + 291 Masked Bob-white " ridgwayi 115 + 292 Mountain Quail Oreortyx picta picta 116 + 292_a_ Plumed Quail " " plumifera 116 + 292_b_ San Pedro Quail " " confinis 116 + 293 Scaled Quail Callipepla squamata squamata 116 + 293_a_ Chestnut-bellied Scaled Quail " " castanogastris 116 + 294 California Quail Lophortyx californica californica 116 + 294_a_ Valley Quail " " vallicola 116 + 295 Gambel's Quail " gambeli 116 + 296 Mearns's Quail Cyrtonyx montezumæ mearnsi 115 + + +Family TETRAONIDÆ. Grouse, Partridges, etc. + + A.O.U. + No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page + + 297 Dusky Grouse Dendragapus obscurus obscurus 117 + 297_a_ Sooty Grouse " " fuliginosus 117 + 297_b_ Richardson's Grouse " " richardsoni 117 + 297_c_ Sierra Grouse " " sierræ 295 + 298 Hudsonian Spruce Partridge Canachites canadensis canadensis 117 + 298_b_ Alaska Spruce Partridge " " osgoodi 117 + 298_c_ Canada Spruce Partridge " " canace 117 + 299 Franklin's Grouse " franklini 117 + 300 Ruffed Grouse Bonasa umbellus umbellus 118 + 300_a_ Canada Ruffed Grouse " " togata 118 + 300_b_ Gray Ruffed Grouse " " umbelloides 118 + 300_c_ Oregon Ruffed Grouse " " sabini 118 + 301 Willow Ptarmigan Lagopus lagopus lagopus 119 + 301_a_ Allen's Ptarmigan " " alleni 119 + 301_b_ Alexander's Ptarmigan " " alexandræ 295 + 301_c_ Ungava Ptarmigan " " ungavus 295 + 302 Rock Ptarmigan " rupestris rupestris 119 + 302_a_ Reinhardt's Ptarmigan " " reinhardi 119 + 302_b_ Nelson's Ptarmigan " " nelsoni 119 + 302_c_ Turner's Ptarmigan " " atkhensis 120 + 302_d_ Townsend's Ptarmigan " " townsendi 120 + 302_e_ Adak Ptarmigan " " chamberlaini 296 + 302_f_ Dixon's Ptarmigan " " dixoni 296 + 302.1 Evermann's Ptarmigan " evermanni 120 + 303 Welch's Ptarmigan " welchi 120 + 304 White-tailed Ptarmigan Lagopus leucurus leucurus 118 + 304_a_ Kenai White-tailed Ptarmigan " " peninsularis 118 + 305 Prairie Chicken Tympanuchus americanus americanus 121 + 305_a_ Attwater's Prairie Chicken " " attwateri 121 + 306 Heath Hen " cupido 121 + 307 Lesser Prairie Chicken " pallidicinctus 121 + 308 Sharp-tailed Grouse Pediœcetes phasianellus + phasianellus 121 + 308_a_ Columbian Sharp-tailed Grouse Pediœcetes phasianellus + columbianus 121 + 308_b_ Prairie Sharp-tailed Grouse " " campestris 121 + 309 Sage Hen Centrocercus urophasianus 122 + + +Family MELEAGRIDÆ. Turkeys. + + A.O.U. + No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page + + 310 Merriam's Turkey Meleagris gallopavo merriami 122 + 310_a_ Wild Turkey " " silvestris 122 + 310_b_ Florida Turkey " " osceola 122 + 310_c_ Rio Grande Turkey " " intermedia 122 + + +Family CRACIDÆ. Curassows and Guans. + + + A.O.U. + No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page + + 311 Chachalaca Ortalis vetula mccalli 122 + + + + +Order COLUMBÆ. Pigeons + + +Family COLUMBIDÆ. Pigeons. + + A.O.U. + No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page + + 312 Band-tailed Pigeon Columba fasciata fasciata 124 + 312_a_ Viosca's Pigeon " " vioscæ 124 + 313 Red-billed Pigeon " flavirostris 124 + 314 White-crowned Pigeon " leucocephala 124 + [314.1] Scaled Pigeon " squamosa A.V. + 315 Passenger Pigeon Ectopistes migratorius 125 + 316 Mourning Dove Zenaidura macroura carolinensis 125 + 316_i_ Western Mourning Dove " " marginella 296 + 317 Zenaida Dove Zenaida zenaida 125 + 318 White-fronted Dove Leptotila fulviventris brachyptera 125 + 319 West Indian + White-winged Dove Melopelia asiatica asiatica 126 + 319_a_ White-winged Dove " " trudeaui 296 + 320 Ground Dove Chæmepelia passerina terrestris 126 + 320_a_ Mexican Ground Dove " " pallescens 126 + 320_b_ Bermuda Ground Dove " " bermudiana 126 + 321 Inca Dove Scardafella inca 126 + [322] Key West Quail-dove Geotrygon chrysia 126 + [322.1] Ruddy Quail-dove " montana 126 + [323] Blue-headed Quail-dove Starnœnas cyanocephala 126 + + + + +Order RAPTORES. Birds of Prey. + + +Family CATHARTIDÆ. American Vultures. + + A.O.U. + No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page + + 324 California Vulture Gymnogyps californianus 129 + 325 Turkey Vulture Cathartes aura septentrionalis 129 + 326 Black Vulture Catharista urubu 129 + + +Family BUTEONIDÆ. Hawks, Eagles, Kites, etc. + + A.O.U. + No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page + + 327 Swallow-tailed Kite Elanoides forficatus 130 + 328 White-tailed Kite Elanus leucurus 130 + 329 Mississippi Kite Ictinia mississippiensis 130 + 330 Everglade Kite Rostrhamus sociabilis 130 + 331 Marsh Hawk Circus hudsonius 130 + 332 Sharp-shinned Hawk Accipiter velox 131 + 333 Cooper's Hawk " cooperi 131 + 334 Goshawk " atricapillus atricapillus 131 + 334_a_ Western Goshawk " " striatulus 131 + 335 Harris's Hawk Parabuteo unicinctus harrisi 132 + 337 Red-tailed Hawk Buteo borealis borealis 132 + 337_a_ Krider's Hawk " " krideri 132 + 337_b_ Western Red-tail " " calurus 132 + 337_d_ Harlan's Hawk " " harlani 132 + 337_e_ Alaska Red-tail " " alascensis 296 + 339 Red-shouldered Hawk " lineatus lineatus 133 + 339_a_ Florida + Red-shouldered Hawk " " alleni 133 + 339_b_ Red-bellied Hawk " " elegans 133 + 340 Zone-tailed Hawk " abbreviatus 134 + 341 Sennett's + White-tailed Hawk " albicaudatus sennetti 135 + 342 Swainson's Hawk " swainsoni 133 + 343 Broad-winged Hawk " platypterus 133 + 344 Short-tailed Hawk " brachyurus 135 + 345 Mexican Black Hawk Urubitinga anthracina 134 + 346 Mexican Goshawk Asturina plagiata 131 + 347_a_ Rough-legged Hawk Archibuteo lagopus sancti-johannis 135 + 348 Ferruginous Rough-leg " ferrugineus 135 + 349 Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaëtos 136 + [351] Gray Sea Eagle Haliæetus albicilla A.V. + 352 Bald Eagle " leucocephalus leucocephalus 136 + 352_a_ Northern Bald Eagle " " alascanus 136 + + +Family FALCONDIDÆ. Falcons, Caracaras, etc. + + A.O.U. + No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page + + 353 White Gyrfalcon Falco islandus 136 + 354 Gray Gyrfalcon " rusticolus rusticolus 136 + 354_a_ Gyrfalcon " " gyrfalco 136 + 354_b_ Black Gyrfalcon " " obsoletus 137 + 355 Prairie Falcon " mexicanus 135 + [356] Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus peregrinus A.V. + 356_a_ Duck Hawk " " anatum 137 + 356_b_ Peale's Falcon " " pealei 137 + 357 Pigeon Hawk Falco columbarius columbarius 137 + 357_a_ Black Pigeon Hawk " " suckleyi 137 + 358 Richardson's Pigeon Hawk " " richardsoni 137 + [358.1] Merlin " æsalon A.V. + 359 Aplomado Falcon " fusco-cærulescens 137 + [359.1] Kestrel " tinnunculus A.V. + 360 Sparrow Hawk " sparverius sparverius 137 + 360_a_ Desert Sparrow Hawk " " phalæna 138 + 360_b_ San Lucas Sparrow Hawk " " peninsularis 138 + 360_c_ Little Sparrow Hawk " " paulus 296 + [361] Cuban Sparrow Hawk " sparveroides A.V. + 362 Audubon's Caracara Polyborus cheriway 134 + 363 Guadalupe Caracara " lutosus 134 + + +Family PANDIONIDÆ. Ospreys. + + A.O.U. + No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page + + 364 Osprey Pandion haliaëtus carolinensis 129 + + +Family ALUCONDIDÆ. Barn Owls. + + A.O.U. + No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page + + 365 Barn Owl Aluco pratincola 138 + + +Family STRIGIDÆ. Horned Owls, etc. + + A.O.U. + No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page + + 366 Long-eared Owl Asio wilsonianus 138 + 367 Short-eared Owl " flammeus 138 + 368 Barred Owl Strix varia varia 139 + 368_a_ Florida Barred Owl " " alleni 139 + 368_b_ Texas Barred Owl " " albogilva 139 + 369 Spotted Owl Strix occidentalis occidentalis 139 + 369_a_ Northern Spotted Owl " " caurina 139 + 370 Great Gray Owl Scotiaptex nebulosa nebulosa 139 + [370_a_] Lapp Owl " " lapponica A.V. + 371 Richardson's Owl Cryptoglaux funerea richardsoni 139 + 372 Saw-whet Owl " " acadica acadica 140 + 372_a_ Northwestern Saw-whet Owl " " scotæa 140 + 373 Screech Owl Otus asio asio 141 + 373_a_ Florida Screech Owl " " floridanus 141 + 373_b_ Texas Screech Owl " " mccalli 141 + 373_c_ California Screech Owl " " bendirei 141 + 373_d_ Kennicott's Screech Owl " " kennicotti 141 + 373_e_ Rocky Mountain Screech Owl " " maxwelliæ 141 + 373_f_ Mexican Screech Owl " " cineraceus 142 + 373_g_ Aiken's Screech Owl " " aikeni 142 + 373_h_ MacFarlane's Screech Owl " " macfarlanei 142 + 373_i_ Sahuaro Screech Owl " " gilmani 297 + 373.1 Spotted Screech Owl " " trichopsis 142 + 373.2 Xantus's Screech Owl " xantusi 142 + 374 Flammulated Screech Owl " flammeolus flammeolus 142 + 374_a_ Dwarf Screech Owl " " idahoensis 142 + 375 Great Horned Owl Bubo virginianus virginianus 143 + 375_a_ Western Horned Owl " " pallescens 143 + 375_b_ Arctic Horned Owl " " subarcticus 143 + 375_c_ Dusky Horned Owl " " saturatus 143 + 375_d_ Pacific Horned Owl " " pacificus 143 + 375_e_ Dwarf Horned Owl " " elachistus 143 + 375_f_ Labrador Horned Owl " " heterocnemis 297 + 375_g_ Saint Michael Horned Owl " " algistus 297 + 376 Snowy Owl Nyctea nyctea 143 + [377] European Hawk Owl Surnia ulula ulula A.V. + 377_a_ Hawk Owl " " caparoch 143 + 378 Burrowing Owl Speotyto cunicularia hypogæa 138 + 378_a_ Florida Burrowing Owl " " floridana 138 + 379 Rocky Mountain Pygmy Owl Glaucidium gnoma pinicola 140 + 379_a_ California Pygmy Owl " " californicum 140 + 379.1 Hoskins's Pygmy Owl " hoskinsi 140 + 380 Ferruginous Pygmy Owl " phalænoides 140 + 381 Elf Owl Micropallas whitneyi 140 + + + + +Order PSITTACI. Parrots, Macaws, Paroquets, etc. + + +Family PSITTACIDÆ. Parrots and Paroquets. + + A.O.U. + No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page + + 382 Carolina Paroquet Conuropsis carolinensis 145 + 382.1 Thick-billed Parrot Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha 145 + + + + +Order COCCYGES. Cuckoos, etc. + + +Family CUCULIDÆ. Cuckoos, Anis, etc. + + A.O.U. + No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page + + [383] Ani Crotophaga ani 146 + 384 Groove-billed Ani " sulcirostris 146 + 385 Road-runner Geococcyx californianus 146 + 386 Mangrove Cuckoo Coccyzus minor minor 146 + [386_a_] Maynard's Cuckoo " " maynardi 146 + 387 Yellow-billed Cuckoo " americanus americanus 146 + 387_a_ California Cuckoo " " occidentalis 146 + 388 Black-billed Cuckoo " erythrophthalmus 146 + [388.1] Kamchatka Cuckoo Cuculus canorus telephonus A.V. + + +Family TROGONIDÆ. Trogons. + + + A.O.U. + No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page + +389 Coppery-tailed Trogon Trogon ambiguus 147 + + +Family ALCEDINIDÆ. Kingfishers. + + A.O.U. + No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page + + 390 Belted Kingfisher Ceryle alcyon alcyon 147 + 390_a_ Northwestern Belted + Kingfisher. " " caurina 297 + [390.1] Ringed Kingfisher " torquata A.V. + 391 Texas Kingfisher " americana septentrionalis 147 + + + + +Order PICI. Woodpeckers, Wrynecks, etc. + + +Family PICIDÆ. Woodpeckers. + + A.O.U. + No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page + + 392 Ivory-billed Woodpecker Campephilus principalis 149 + 393 Hairy Woodpecker Dryobates villosus villosus 150 + 393_a_ Northern Hairy Woodpecker " " leucomelas 150 + 393_b_ Southern Hairy Woodpecker " " auduboni 150 + 393_c_ Harris's Woodpecker " " harrisi 150 + 393_d_ Cabanis's Woodpecker " " hyloscopus 150 + 393_e_ Rocky Mt. Hairy Woodpecker " " monticola 150 + 393_f_ Queen Charlotte Woodpecker " " picoideus 150 + 393_g_ Newfoundland Woodpecker " " terrænovæ 297 + 393_h_ White-breasted Woodpecker Dryobates villosus leucothorectis 297 + 394 Southern Downy Woodpecker " pubescens pubescens 150 + 394_a_ Gairdner's Woodpecker " " gairdneri 150 + 394_b_ Batchelder's Woodpecker " " homorus 150 + 394_c_ Downy Woodpecker " " medianus 150 + 394_d_ Nelson's Downy Woodpecker " " nelsoni 150 + 394_e_ Willow Woodpecker " " turati 151 + 395 Red-cockaded Woodpecker " borealis 151 + 396 Cactus Woodpecker " scalaris cactophilus 151 + 396_a_ San Lucas Woodpecker " " lucasanus 151 + 396_b_ San Fernando Woodpecker " " eremicus 297 + 397 Nuttall's Woodpecker " nuttalli 151 + 398 Arizona Woodpecker " arizonæ 141 + 399 White-headed Woodpecker Xenopicus albolarvatus 151 + 400 Arctic Three-toed Woodpecker Picoides arcticus 149 + 401 Amer. Three-toed Woodpecker " americanus americanus 149 + 401_a_ Alaska Three-toed Woodpecker " " fasciatus 149 + 401_b_ Alpine Three-toed Woodpecker " " dorsalis 149 + 402 Yellow-bellied Sapsucker Sphyrapicus varius varius 152 + 402_a_ Red-naped Sapsucker " " nuchalis 152 + 403 Red-breasted Sapsucker " ruber ruber 152 + 403_a_ Northern Red-breasted Sapsucker " " notkensis 152 + 404 Williamson's Sapsucker " thyroideus 152 + 405 Pileated Woodpecker Ceophlœus pileatus pileatus 149 + 405_a_ Northern Pileated Woodpecker " " abieticola 149 + 406 Red-headed Woodpecker Melanerpes erythrocephalus 153 + 407 Ant-eating Woodpecker " formicivorus formicivorus 153 + 407_a_ Californian Woodpecker " " bairdi 153 + 407_b_ Narrow-fronted Woodpecker " " angustifrons 153 + 408 Lewis's Woodpecker Asyndesmus lewisi 152 + 409 Red-bellied Woodpecker Centurus carolinus 153 + 410 Golden-fronted Woodpecker " aurifrons 153 + 411 Gila Woodpecker " uropygialis 153 + 412 Southern Flicker Colaptes auratus auratus 154 + 412_a_ Northern Flicker " " luteus 154 + 413 Red-shafted Flicker " cafer collaris 154 + 413_a_ Northwestern Flicker " " saturatior 154 + 414 Gilded Flicker " chrysoides chrysoides 154 + 414_a_ San Fernando Flicker " " brunnescens 154 + 414_b_ Mearns's Gilded Flicker " " mearnsi 298 + 415 Guadalupe Flicker " rufipileus 154 + + + + +Order MACROCHIRES. Goatsuckers, Swifts, etc. + + +Family CAPRIMULGIDÆ. Goatsuckers, etc. + + A.O.U. + No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page + + 416 Chuck-will's-widow Antrostomus carolinensis 156 + 417 Whip-poor-will " vociferus vociferus 156 + 417_a_ Stephen's Whip-poor-will " " macromystax 156 + 418 Poor-will Phalænoptilus nuttalli nuttalli 156 + 418_a_ Frosted Poor-will " " nitidus 156 + 418_b_ Dusky Poor-will " " californicus 156 + 419 Merrill's Parauque Nyctidromus albicollis merrilli 157 + 420 Nighthawk Chordeiles virginianus virginianus 157 + 420_a_ Western Nighthawk " " henryi 157 + 420_b_ Florida Nighthawk " " chapmani 157 + 420_c_ Sennett's Nighthawk " " sennetti 157 + 421 Texas Nighthawk " acutipennis texensis 157 + + +Family MICROPODIDÆ. Swifts. + + A.O.U. + No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page + + 422 Black Swift Cypseloides niger borealis 158 + 423 Chimney Swift Chætura pelagica 158 + 424 Vaux's Swift " vauxi 158 + 425 White-throated Swift Aëronautes melanoleucus 158 + + +Family TROCHILIDÆ. Hummingbirds. + + A.O.U. + No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page + + 426 Rivoli's Hummingbird Eugenes fulgens 159 + 427 Blue-throated Hummingbird Cyanolæmus clemenciæ 160 + 428 Ruby-throated Hummingbird Archilochus colubris 160 + 429 Black-chinned Hummingbird " alexandri 159 + 430 Costa's Hummingbird Calypte costæ 159 + 431 Anna's Hummingbird " anna 161 + 432 Broad-tailed Hummingbird Selasphorus platycercus 161 + 433 Rufous Hummingbird " rufus 161 + 434 Allen's Hummingbird Selasphorus alleni 161 + 435 Morcom's Hummingbird Atthis morcomi 161 + 436 Calliope Hummingbird Stellula calliope 161 + 437 Lucifer Hummingbird Calothorax lucifer 159 + 438 Rieffer's Hummingbird Amizilis tzacatl 169 + 439 Buff-bellied Hummingbird " cerviniventris chalconota 160 + 439. 1 Salvin's Hummingbird Uranomitra salvini 298 + 440 Xantus's Hummingbird Basilinna xantusi 159 + 440. 1 White-eared Hummingbird " leucotis 160 + 441 Broad-billed Hummingbird Cynanthus latirostris 160 + + + + +Order PASSERES. Perching Birds + + +Family COTINGIDÆ. Cotingas. + + A.O.U. + No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page + + [441.1] Xantus's Becard Platypsaris aglaiæ albiventris A.V. + + +Family TYRANNIDÆ. Tyrant Flycatchers. + + A.O.U. + No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page + + [442] Fork-tailed Flycatcher Muscivora tyrannus A.V. + 443 Scissor-tailed Flycatcher " forficata 177 + 444 Kingbird Tyrannus tyrannus 247 + 445 Gray Kingbird " dominicensis 247 + 446 Couch's Kingbird " melancholicus couchi 202 + 447 Arkansas Kingbird " verticalis 202 + 448 Cassin's Kingbird " vociferans 202 + 449 Derby Flycatcher Pitangus sulphuratus derbianus 202 + 451 Sulphur-bellied Flycatcher Myiodynastes luteiventris 203 + 452 Crested Flycatcher Myiarchus crinitus 203 + 453 Arizona Crested Flycatcher " magister magister 203 + 453_a_ Mexican Crested Flycatcher " " nelsoni 203 + 454 Ash-throated Flycatcher " cinerascens cinerascens 203 + 454_b_ Lower California Flycatcher " " pertinax 203 + 455_a_ Olivaceous Flycatcher " lawrencei olivascens 203 + 456 Phœbe Sayornis phœbe 208 + 457 Say's Phœbe " sayus 205 + 458 Black Phœbe " nigricans 251 + 459 Olive-sided Flycatcher Nuttallornis borealis 208 + 460 Coues's Flycatcher Myiochanes pertinax pallidiventris 208 + 461 Wood Pewee " virens 208 + 462 Western Wood Pewee " richardsoni richardsoni 208 + 462_a_ Large-billed Wood Pewee " richardsoni peninsulæ 208 + 463 Yellow-bellied Flycatcher Empidonax flaviventris 211 + 464 Western Flycatcher " difficilis difficilis 210 + 464.1 San Lucas Flycatcher " " cineritius 210 + 465 Acadian Flycatcher " virescens 210 + 466 Traill's Flycatcher " trailli trailli 209 + 466_a_ Alder Flycatcher " " alnorum 209 + 467 Least Flycatcher " minimus 209 + 468 Hammond's Flycatcher " hammondi 209 + 469 Wright's Flycatcher " wrighti 209 + 469.1 Gray Flycatcher " griseus 209 + 470_a_ Buff-breasted Flycatcher " fulvifrons pygmæus 215 + 471 Vermilion Flycatcher Pyrocephalus rubinus mexicanus 177 + 472 Beardless Flycatcher Camptostoma imberbe 211 + + +Family ALAUDIDÆ. Larks. + + A.O.U. + No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page + + [473] Skylark Alauda arvensis A.V. + 474 Horned Lark Octocoris alpestris alpestris 200 + 474_a_ Pallid Horned Lark " " articola 200 + 474_b_ Prairie Horned Lark " " praticola 200 + 474_c_ Desert Horned Lark " " leucolæma 201 + 474_d_ Texas Horned Lark " " giraudi 200 + 474_e_ California Horned Lark " " actia 201 + 474_f_ Ruddy Horned Lark " " rubea 201 + 474_g_ Streaked Horned Lark " " strigata 201 + 474_h_ Scorched Horned Lark " " adusta 201 + 474_i_ Dusky Horned Lark " " merrilli 201 + 474_j_ Sonora Horned Lark " " pallida 201 + 474_k_ Hoyt's Horned Lark " " hoyti 200 + 474_l_ Montezuma Horned Lark " " occidentalis 201 + 474_m_ Island Horned Lark " " insularis 201 + + +Family CORVIDÆ. Crows, Jays, Magpies, etc. + + A.O.U. + No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page + + 475 Magpie Pica pica hudsonia 253 + 476 Yellow-billed Magpie " nuttalli 253 + 477 Blue Jay Cyanocitta cristata cristata 181 + 477_a_ Florida Blue Jay " " florincola 182 + 478 Steller's Jay " stelleri stelleri 185 + 478_a_ Blue-fronted Jay " " frontalis 182 + 478_b_ Long-crested Jay " " diademata 185 + 478_c_ Black-headed Jay " " annectens 185 + 478_d_ Queen Charlotte Jay " " carlottæ 185 + 478_e_ Coast Jay " " carbonacea 298 + 479 Florida Jay Aphelocoma cyanea 184 + 480 Woodhouse's Jay " woodhousei 184 + 480.1 Blue-eared Jay " cyanotis 184 + 480.2 Texas Jay " texana 184 + 481 California Jay " californica californica 184 + 481_a_ Xantus's Jay " " hypoleuca 184 + 481_b_ Belding's Jay " " obscura 184 + 481.1 Santa Cruz Jay " insularis 184 + 482 Arizona Jay " sieberi arizonæ 183 + 482_a_ Couch's Jay " " couchi 183 + 483 Green Jay Xanthoura luxuosa glaucescens 185 + 484 Canada Jay Perisoreus canadensis canadensis 252 + 484_a_ Rocky Mountain Jay " " capitalis 252 + 484_b_ Alaska Jay " " fumifrons 252 + 484_c_ Labrador Jay " " nigricapillus 252 + 485 Oregon Jay " " obscurus obscurus 252 + 485_a_ Gray Jay " " griseus 252 + 486 American Raven Corvus corax sinuatus 255 + 486_a_ Northern Raven " " principalis 255 + 487 White-necked Raven " cryptoleucus 255 + 488 American Crow " brachyrhynchos brachyrhynchos 255 + 488_a_ Florida Crow " brachyrhnchos pascuus 255 + 488_b_ Western Crow " " hesperis 304 + 489 Northwestern Crow " caurinus 255 + 490 Fish Crow " ossifragus 255 + [490.1] Rook " frugilegus A.V. + [490.2] Hooded Crow " cornix A.V. + 491 Clarke's Crow Nucifraga columbiana 252 + 492 Piñon Jay Cyanocephalus cyanocephalus 183 + + +Family STURNIDÆ. Starlings. + + A.O.U. + No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page + + [493] Starling Sturnus vulgaris 253 + + +Family ICTERIDÆ. Blackbirds, Orioles, etc. + + A.O.U. + No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page + + 494 Bobolink Dolichonyx oryzivorus 251 + 495 Cowbird Molothrus ater ater 253 + 495_a_ Dwarf Cowbird " " obscurus 253 + 496 Red-eyed Cowbird Tangavius æneus involucratus 253 + 496_a_ Bronzed Cowbird " " æneus 304 + 497 Yellow-headed Blackbird Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus 199 + 498 Red-winged Blackbird Agelaius phœniceus phœniceus 178 + 498_a_ Sonora Red-wing " " sonoriensis 178 + 498_b_ Bahama Red-wing " " bryanti 178 + 498_c_ Florida Red-wing " " floridanus 178 + 498_d_ Thick-billed Red-wing " " fortis 178 + 498_e_ San Diego Red-wing " " neutralis 178 + 498_f_ Northwestern Red-wing " " caurinus 178 + 498_g_ Vera Cruz Red-wing " " richmondi 298 + 499 Bicolored Blackbird " gubernator californicus 179 + 500 Tricolored Blackbird " tricolor 179 + 501 Meadowlark Sturnella magna magna 199 + 501_a_ Rio Grande Meadowlark " " hoopesi 199 + 501_c_ Southern Meadowlark " " argutula 199 + 501.1 Western Meadowlark " neglecta 199 + 503 Audubon's Oriole Icterus melanocephalus auduboni 180 + 504 Scott's Oriole " parisorum 186 + 505 Sennett's Oriole " cucullatus sennetti 186 + 505_a_ Arizona Hooded Oriole " " nelsoni 186 + 506 Orchard Oriole " spurius 206 + 507 Baltimore Oriole " galbula 186 + 508 Bullock's Oriole " bullocki 186 + 509 Rusty Blackbird Euphagus carolinus 254 + 510 Brewer's Blackbird " cyanocephalus 254 + 511 Purple Grackle Quiscalus quiscula quiscula 254 + 511_a_ Florida Grackle " " aglæus 254 + 511_b_ Bronzed Grackle " " æneus 254 + 513 Boat-tailed Grackle Megaquiscalus major major 254 + 513_a_ Great-tailed Grackle " " macrourus 254 + + +Family FRINGILLIDÆ. Finches, Sparrows, etc. + + A.O.U. + No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page + + 514 Evening Grosbeak Hesperiphona vespertina vespertina 199 + 514_a_ Western Evening Grosbeak " " montana 199 + 515 Pine Grosbeak Pinicola enucleator leucura 171 + 515_a_ Rocky Mt. Pine Grosbeak " " montana 171 + 515_b_ California Pine Grosbeak " " californica 171 + 515_c_ Alaska Pine Grosbeak " " alascensis 171 + 515_d_ Kadiak Pine Grosbeak " " flammula 171 + [516] Cassin's Bullfinch Pyrrhula cassini A.V. + 517 Purple Finch Carpodacus purpureus purpureus 171 + 517_a_ California Purple Finch " " californicus 171 + 518 Cassin's Purple Finch " cassini 175 + 519 House Finch " mexicanus frontalis 175 + 519_b_ San Lucas House Finch " " ruberrimus 175 + 519_c_ San Clemente House Finch " " clementis 175 + 520 Guadalupe House Finch " amplus 175 + 520.1 McGregor's House Finch " mcgregori 175 + 521 American Crossbill Loxia curvirostra minor 173 + 521_a_ Mexican Crossbill " " stricklandi 173 + 522 White-winged Crossbill " leucoptera 171 + 523 Aleutian Rosy Finch Leucosticte griseonucha 179 + 524 Gray-crowned Rosy Finch " tephrocotis tephrocotis 179 + 524_a_ Hepburn's Rosy Finch " " littoralis 179 + 525 Black Rosy Finch " atrata 179 + 526 Brown-capped Rosy Finch " australis 179 + 527 Greenland Redpoll Acanthis hornemanni hornemanni 176 + 527_a_ Hoary Redpoll " " exilipes 176 + 528 Redpoll " linaria linaria 176 + 528_a_ Holbœll's Redpoll " " holbœlli 176 + 528_b_ Greater Redpoll " " rostrata 176 + 529 Goldfinch Astragalinus tristis tristis 192 + 529_a_ Pale Goldfinch " " pallidus 192 + 529_b_ Willow Goldfinch " " salicamans 192 + 530 Arkansas Goldfinch " psaltria psaltria 192 + 530_a_ Green-backed Goldfinch " " hesperophilus 299 + 531 Lawrence's Goldfinch " lawrencei 189 + [532] Black-headed Goldfinch Spinus notatus A.V. + 533 Pine Siskin " pinus pinus 225 + 534 Snow Bunting Plectrophenax nivalis nivalis 211 + 534_a_ Pribilof Snow Bunting " " townsendi 211 + 535 McKay's Snow Bunting " hyperboreus 211 + 536 Lapland Longspur Calcarius lapponicus lapponicus 219 + 536_a_ Alaska Longspur " " alascensis 219 + 537 Smith's Longspur " pictus 220 + 538 Chestnut-collared + Longspur " ornatus 218 + 539 McCown's Longspur Rhynchophanes mccowni 218 + 540 Vesper Sparrow Poœcetes gramineus gramineus 221 + 540_a_ Western Vesper Sparrow " " confinis 221 + 540_b_ Oregon Vesper Sparrow " " affinis 221 + 541 Ipswich Sparrow Passerculus princeps 225 + 542 Aleutian Savannah + Sparrow " sandwichensis sandwichensis 223 + 542_a_ Savannah Sparrow " sandwichensis savanna 223 + 542_b_ Western Savannah Sparrow " " alaudinus 223 + 542_c_ Bryant's Sparrow " " bryanti 223 + 542_d_ Nevada Savannah Sparrow " " nevadensis 300 + 543 Belding's Sparrow " beldingi 223 + 544 Large-billed Sparrow " rostratus rostratus 223 + 544_a_ San Lucas Sparrow " " guttatus 223 + 544_c_ San Benito Sparrow " " sanctorum 224 + 545 Baird's Sparrow Ammodramus bairdi 224 + 546 Grasshopper Sparrow " savannarum australis 224 + 546_a_ Western Grasshopper + Sparrow Ammodramus savannarum bimaculatus 224 + 546_b_ Florida Grasshopper + Sparrow " " floridanus 224 + 547 Henslow's Sparrow Passerherbulus henslowi henslowi 224 + 547_a_ Western Henslow's + Sparrow " " occidentalis 224 + 548 Leconte's Sparrow " lecontei 225 + 549 Sharp-tailed Sparrow " caudacutus 225 + 549.1 Nelson's Sparrow " nelsoni nelsoni 225 + 549.1_a_ Acadian Sharp-tailed + Sparrow " " subvirgatus 225 + 550 Seaside Sparrow " maritimus maritimus 226 + 550_a_ Scott's Seaside Sparrow " " peninsulæ 226 + 550_b_ Texas Seaside Sparrow " " sennetti 226 + 550_c_ Fisher's Seaside Sparrow " " fisheri 226 + 550_d_ Macgillivray's Seaside + Sparrow " " macgillivraii 226 + 551 Dusky Seaside Sparrow " nigrescens 226 + 552 Lark Sparrow Chondestes grammacus grammacus 228 + 552_a_ Western Lark Sparrow " " strigatus 228 + 553 Harris's Sparrow Zonotrichia querula 229 + 554 White-crowned Sparrow " leucophrys leucophrys 227 + 554_a_ Gambel's Sparrow " " gambeli 227 + 554_b_ Nuttall's Sparrow " " nuttalli 227 + 557 Golden-crowned Sparrow " coronata 227 + 558 White-throated Sparrow " albicollis 227 + 559 Tree Sparrow Spizella monticola monticola 222 + 559_a_ Western Tree Sparrow " " ochracea 222 + 560 Chipping Sparrow " passerina passerina 222 + 560_a_ Western Chipping Sparrow " " arizonæ 222 + 561 Clay-colored Sparrow " pallida 228 + 562 Brewer's Sparrow " breweri 228 + 563 Field Sparrow " pusilla pusilla 222 + 563_a_ Western Field Sparrow " " arenacea 222 + 564 Worthen's Sparrow " wortheni 228 + 565 Black-chinned Sparrow " atrogularis 219 + 566 White-winged Junco Junco aikeni 240 + 567 Slate-Colored Junco " hyemalis hyemalis 240 + 567_a_ Oregon Junco " " oreganus 241 + 567_b_ Shufeldt's Junco " " connectens 241 + 567_c_ Thurber's Junco " " thurberi 241 + 567_d_ Point Pinos Junco " " pinosus 241 + 567_e_ Carolina Junco " " carolinensis 240 + 567_f_ Montana Junco " " montanus 240 + 567_g_ Pink-sided Junco Junco hyemalis mearnsi 240 + 567_h_ Ridgway's Junco " " annectens 303 + 567_i_ Townsend's Junco " " townsendi 240 + 570 Arizona Junco " phæonotus palliatus 241 + 570_a_ Red-backed Junco " " dorsalis 241 + 570_b_ Gray-headed Junco " " caniceps 241 + 571 Baird's Junco " bairdi 240 + 572 Guadalupe Junco " insularis 240 + 573 Black-throated Sparrow Amphispiza bilineata bilineata 249 + 573_a_ Desert Black-throated + Sparrow " " deserticola 249 + 574 Bell's Sparrow " belli 228 + 574.1 Sage Sparrow " nevadensis nevadensis 228 + 574.1_a_ Gray Sage Sparrow " " cinerea 228 + 574.1_b_ California Sage Sparro " " canescens 300 + 575 Pine-woods Sparrow Peucæa æstivalis 221 + 575_a_ Bachman's Sparrow " " bachmani 221 + 576 Botteri's Sparrow " botterii 221 + 578 Cassin's Sparrow " cassini 221 + 579 Rufous-winged Sparrow Aimophila carpalis 220 + 580 Rufous-crowned Sparrow " ruficeps ruficeps 220 + 580_a_ Scott's Sparrow " " scotti 220 + 580_b_ Rock Sparrow " " eremœca 220 + 580_c_ Laguna Sparrow " " sororia 220 + 581 Song Sparrow Melospiza melodia melodia 229 + 581_a_ Desert Song Sparrow " " fallax 229 + 581_b_ Mountain Song Sparrow " " montana 229 + 581_c_ Heermann's Song Sparrow " " heermanni 229 + 581_d_ Samuel's Song Sparrow " " samuelis 230 + 581_e_ Rusty Song Sparrow " " morphna 230 + 581_f_ Sooty Song Sparrow " " rufina 230 + 581_g_ Brown's Song Sparrow " " rivularis 229 + 581_h_ Santa Barbara Song Sparrow " " graminea 230 + 581_i_ San Clemente Song Sparrow " " clementæ 230 + 581_j_ Dakota Song Sparrow " " juddi 229 + 581_k_ Merrill's Song Sparrow " " merrilli 229 + 581_l_ Alameda Song Sparrow " " pusillula 230 + 581_m_ San Diego Song Sparrow " " cooperi 230 + 581_n_ Yakutat Song Sparrow " " caurina 230 + 581_o_ Kenai Song Sparrow " " kenaiensis 230 + 581_p_ Mendocino Song Sparrow " " cleonensis 301 + 581_q_ Kadiak Song Sparrow " " insignis 230 + 581_r_ Aleutian Song Sparrow Melospiza melodia sanaka 230 + 581_s_ Suisun Song Sparrow " " maxillaris 300 + 583 Lincoln's Sparrow " lincolni lincolni 226 + 583_a_ Forbush's Sparrow " " striata 226 + 584 Swamp Sparrow " georgiana 222 + 585 Fox Sparrow Passerella iliaca iliaca 231 + 585_a_ Shumagin Sparrow " " unalaschcensis 231 + 585_b_ Thick-billed Sparrow " " megarhyncha 231 + 585_c_ Slate-colored Sparrow " " schistacea 231 + 585_d_ Stephen's Sparrow " " stephensi 231 + 585_e_ Sooty Fox Sparrow " " fuliginosa 301 + 585_f_ Kadiak Fox Sparrow " " insularis 301 + 586 Texas Sparrow Arremonops rufivirgatus 215 + 587 Towhee Pipilo erythrophthalmus + erythrophthalmus 204 + 587_a_ White-eyed Towhee " erythrophthalmus alleni 204 + 588 Arctic Towhee " maculatus arcticus 204 + 588_a_ Spurred Towhee " " montanus 204 + 588_b_ Oregon Towhee " " oregonus 204 + 588_c_ San Clemente Towhee " " clementæ 204 + 588_d_ San Diego Towhee " " megalonyx 204 + 588_e_ Large-billed Towhee " " magnirostris 204 + 589 Guadalupe Towhee " consobrinus 204 + 591 Cañon Towhee " fuscus mesoleucus 205 + 591_a_ San Lucas Towhee " " albigula 205 + 591.1 California Towhee " crissalis crissalis 205 + 591.1_a_ Anthony's Towhee " " senicula 205 + 592 Abert's Towhee " aberti 205 + 592.1 Green-tailed Towhee Oreospiza chlorura 206 + 593 Cardinal Cardinalis cardinalis cardinalis 177 + 593_a_ Arizona Cardinal " " superbus 172 + 593_b_ San Lucas Cardinal " " igneus 172 + 593_c_ Gray-tailed Cardinal " " canicaudus 172 + 593_d_ Florida Cardinal " " floridanus 172 + 594 Arizona Pyrrhuloxia Pyrrhuloxia sinuata sinuata 172 + 594_a_ Texas Pyrrhuloxia " " texana 172 + 594_b_ San Lucas Pyrrhuloxia " " peninsulæ 172 + 595 Rose-breasted Grosbeak Zamelodia ludoviciana 174 + 596 Black-headed Grosbeak " melanocephala 207 + 597 Blue Grosbeak Guiraca cærulea cærulea 181 + 597_a_ Western Blue Grosbeak Guiraca cærulea lazula 181 + 598 Indigo Bunting Passerina cyanea 181 + 599 Lazuli Bunting " amœna 180 + 600 Varied Bunting " versicolor versicolor 180 + 600_a_ Beautiful Bunting " " pulchra 180 + 601 Painted Bunting " ciris 180 + 602 Sharpe's Seed-eater Sporophila morelleti sharpei 249 + [603] Grassquit Tiaris bicolor A.V. + [603.1] Melodious Grassquit " canora A.V. + 604 Dickcissel Spiza americana 198 + 605 Lark Bunting Calamospiza melanocorys 252 + + +Family TANGARIDÆ. Tanagers. + + A.O.U. + No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page + + 607 Western Tanager Piranga ludoviciana 171 + 608 Scarlet Tanager " erythromelas 171 + 609 Hepatic Tanager " hepatica 171 + 610 Summer Tanager " rubra rubra 171 + 610_a_ Cooper's Tanager " " cooperi 171 + + +Family HIRUNDINIDÆ. Swallows. + + A.O.U. + No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page + + 611 Purple Martin Progne subis subis 250 + 611_a_ Western Martin " " hesperia 250 + 611.1 Cuban Martin " cryptoleuca 250 + 611.2 Gray-breasted Martin " chalybea 304 + 612 Cliff Swallow Petrochelidon lunifrons lunifrons 250 + 612_a_ Lesser Cliff Swallow " " tachina 304 + 612_b_ Mexican Cliff Swallow " " melanogastra 250 + [612.1] Cuban Cliff Swallow " fulva A.V. + 613 Barn Swallow Hirundo erythrogastra 250 + [613.1] European Swallow " rustica A.V. + 614 Tree Swallow Iridoprocne bicolor 250 + 615 Northern Violet-green + Swallow Tachycineta thalassina lepida 250 + 615_a_ San Lucas Swallow " " brachyptera 250 + [615.1] Bahama Swallow Callichelidon cyaneoviridis A.V. + [615.2] European Martin Chelidonaria urbica A.V. + 616 Bank Swallow Riparia riparia A.V. + 617 Rough-winged Swallow Stelgidopteryx serripennis 211 + + +Family BOMBYCILLIDÆ Waxwings. + + A.O.U. + No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page + + 618 Bohemian Waxwing Bombycilla garrula 198 + 619 Cedar Waxwing " cedrorum 198 + + +Family PTILOGONATIDÆ. Silky Flycatchers. + + A.O.U. + No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page + + 620 Phainopepla Phainopepla nitens 253 + + +Family LANIIDÆ. Shrikes. + + A.O.U. + No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page + + 621 Northern Shrike Lanius borealis 248 + 622 Loggerhead Shrike " ludovicianus ludovicianus 248 + 622_a_ White-rumped Shrike " " excubitorides 248 + 622_b_ California Shrike " " gambeli 248 + 622_c_ Island Shrike " " anthonyi 248 + 622_e_ Migrant Shrike " " migrans 304 + + +Family VIREONIDÆ. Vireos. + + A.O.U. + No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page + + 623 Black-whiskered Vireo Vireosylva calidris barbatula 212 + 624 Red-eyed Vireo " olivacea 212 + [625] Yellow-green Vireo " flavoviridis 233 + 626 Philadelphia Vireo " philadelphica 213 + 627 Warbling Vireo " gilva gilva 213 + 627_a_ Western Warbling Vireo " " swainsoni 213 + 628 Yellow-throated Vireo Lanivireo flavifrons 198 + 629 Blue-headed Vireo " solitarius solitarius 213 + 629_a_ Cassin's Vireo " " cassini 213 + 629_b_ Plumbeous Vireo " " plumbeus 213 + 629_c_ Mountain Solitary Vireo " " alticola 213 + 629_d_ San Lucas Solitary Vireo " " lucasanus 213 + 630 Black-capped Vireo Vireo atricapillus 245 + 631 White-eyed Vireo " griseus griseus 213 + 631_a_ Key West Vireo " " griseus maynardi 213 + 631_b_ Bermuda Vireo " " bermudianus 213 + 631_c_ Small White-eyed Vireo " " micrus 213 + 632 Hutton's Vireo " huttoni huttoni 212 + 632_a_ Stephens's Vireo " " stephensi 212 + 632_c_ Anthony's Vireo " " obscurus 212 + 632_d_ Frazar's Vireo " " cognatus 299 + 633 Bell's Vireo " " belli belli 214 + 633_a_ Least Vireo " " pusillus 214 + 633_b_ Texas Vireo " " medius 299 + 634 Gray Vireo " vicinior 214 + + +Family COEREBIDÆ. Honey Creepers. + + A.O.U. + No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page + + [635] Bahama Honey Creeper Cœreba bahamensis A.V. + + +Family MNIOTILTIDÆ. Wood Warblers. + + A.O.U. + No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page + + 636 Black and White Warbler Mniotilta varia 249 + 637 Prothonotary Warbler Protonotaria citrea 187 + 638 Swainson's Warbler Helinaia swainsoni 215 + 639 Worm-eating Warbler Helmitheros vermivorus 215 + 640 Bachman's Warbler Vermivora bachmani 191 + 641 Blue-winged Warbler " pinus 191 + 642 Golden-winged Warbler " chrysoptera 189 + 643 Lucy's Warbler " luciæ 206 + 644 Virginia's Warbler " virginiæ 197 + 645 Nashville Warbler " rubricapilla + rubricapilla 195 + 645_a_ Calaveras Warbler " " gutturalis 195 + 646 Orange-crowned Warbler " celata celata 219 + 646_a_ Lutescent Warbler " " lutescens 210 + 646_b_ Dusky Warbler " " sordida 212 + 647 Tennessee Warbler " peregrina 212 + 648 Parula Warbler Compsothlypis americana americana 195 + 648_a_ Northern Parula Warbler " americana usneæ 195 + 649 Sennett's Warbler " pitiayumi nigrilora 195 + 651 Olive Warbler Peucedramus olivaceus 187 + 650 Cape May Warbler Dendroica tigrina 196 + 652 Yellow Warbler " æstiva æstiva 196 + 652_a_ Sonora Yellow Warbler Dendroica æstiva sonorana 196 + 652_b_ Alaska Yellow Warbler " " rubiginosa 196 + 652_c_ California Yellow Warbler " " brewsteri 299 + 653 Mangrove Warbler " bryanti castaneiceps 196 + 654 Black-throated Blue Warbler " cærulescens cærulescens 180 + 654_a_ Cairns's Warbler " " cairnsi 180 + 655 Myrtle Warbler " coronata 197 + 656 Audubon's Warbler " auduboni auduboni 190 + 656_a_ Black-fronted Warbler " " nigrifrons 190 + 657 Magnolia Warbler " magnolia 190 + 658 Cerulean Warbler " cerulea 181 + 659 Chestnut-sided Warbler " pensylvania 198 + 660 Bay-breasted Warbler " castanea 206 + 661 Black-poll Warbler " striata 249 + 662 Blackburnian Warbler " fusca 187 + 663 Yellow-throated Warbler " dominica dominica 190 + 663_a_ Sycamore Warbler " " albilora 190 + 664 Grace's Warbler Dendroica graciæ 190 + 665 Black-throated Gray Warbler " nigrescens 249 + 666 Golden-cheeked Warbler " chrysoparia 188 + 667 Black-throated Green Warbler " virens 188 + 668 Townsend's Warbler " townsendi 188 + 669 Hermit Warbler " occidentalis 188 + 670 Kirtland's Warbler " kirtlandi 191 + 671 Pine Warbler " vigorsi vigorsi 191 + 672 Palm Warbler " palmarum palmarum 196 + 672_a_ Yellow Palm Warbler " " hypochrysea 197 + 673 Prairie Warbler " discolor 197 + 674 Oven-bird Seiurus aurocapillus 232 + 675 Water-Thrush " noveboracensis + noveboracensis 232 + 675_a_ Grinnell's Water-Thrush " noveboracensis notabilis 232 + 676 Louisiana Water-Thrush " motacilla 232 + 677 Kentucky Warbler Oporornis formosus 193 + 678 Connecticut Warbler " agilis 189 + 679 Mourning Warbler " philadelphia 189 + 680 Macgillivray's Warbler " tolmiei 189 + 681 Maryland Yellow-throat Geothlypis trichas trichas 193 + 681_a_ Western Yellow-throat " " occidentalis 193 + 681_b_ Florida Yellow-throat " " ignota 194 + 681_c_ Pacific Yellow-throat " " arizela 194 + 681_e_ Salt Marsh Yellow-throat " " sinuosa 194 + 682 Belding's Yellow-throat " beldingi 194 + 682.1 Rio Grande Yellow-throat Chamæthlypis poliocephala 194 + 683 Yellow-breasted Chat Icteria virens virens 198 + 683_a_ Long-tailed Chat " " longicauda 198 + 684 Hooded Warbler Wilsonia citrina 188 + 685 Wilson's Warbler " pusilla pusilla 193 + 685_a_ Pileolated Warbler " " pileolata 193 + 685_b_ Golden Pileolated Warbler " " chryseola 193 + 686 Canadian Warbler " canadensis 191 + 687 American Redstart Setophaga ruticilla 187 + 688 Painted Redstart " picta 177 + 690 Red-faced Warbler Cardellina rubrifrons 177 + + +Family MOTACILLIDÆ. Wagtails and Pipits. + + A.O.U. + No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page + + [694] White Wagtail Motacilla alba A.V. + [695] Swinhoe Wagtail " ocularis A.V. + 696 Alaska Yellow Wagtail Budytes flavus alascensis 192 + 697 Pipit Anthus rubescens 232 + [698] Meadow Pipit " pratensis A.V. + [699] Red-throated Pipit " cervinus A.V. + 700 Sprague's Pipit " spraguei 232 + + +Family CINCLIDÆ. Dippers. + + A.O.U. + No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page + + 701 Dipper Cinclus mexicanus unicolor 247 + + +Family MIMIDÆ. Thrashers, Mockingbirds, etc. + + A.O.U. + No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page + + 702 Sage Thrasher Oreoscoptes montanus 233 + 703 Mockingbird Mimus polyglottos polyglottos 248 + 703_a_ Western Mockingbird " " leucopterus 248 + 704 Catbird Dumtella carolinensis 247 + 705 Brown Thrasher Toxostoma rufum 233 + 706 Sennett's Thrasher " longirostre sennetti 233 + 707 Curve-billed Thrasher " curvirostre curvirostre 216 + 707_a_ Palmer's Thrasher " " palmeri 216 + 708 Bendire's Thrasher " bendirei 216 + 709 San Lucas Thrasher " cinereum cinereum 216 + 709_a_ Mearns's Thrasher " " mearnsi 216 + 710 California Thrasher " " redivivum redivivum 217 + 711 Leconte's Thrasher " lecontei lecontei 217 + 711_a_ Desert Thrasher " " arenicola 217 + 712 Crissal Thrasher " crissale 217 + + +Family TROGLODYTIDÆ. Wrens. + + A.O.U. + No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page + + 713 Cactus Wren Heleodytes brunneicapillus couesi 233 + 713_a_ Bryant's Cactus Wren " " bryanti 233 + 713_b_ San Lucas Cactus Wren " " affinis 233 + 715 Rock Wren Salpinctes obsoletus obsoletus 234 + 715_a_ San Nicolas Rock Wren " " pulverius 301 + 716 Guadalupe Rock Wren " " guadeloupensis 234 + 717 White-throated Wren Catherpes mexicanus albifrons 234 + 717_a_ Cañon Wren " " conspersus 234 + 717_b_ Dotted Cañon Wren " " punctulatus 234 + 718 Carolina Wren Thryothorus ludovicianus ludovicianus 234 + 718_a_ Florida Wren " " miamensis 234 + 718_b_ Lomita Wren " " lomitensis 234 + 719 Bewick's Wren Thryomanes bewicki bewicki 235 + 719_a_ Vigor's Wren " spilurus 235 + 719_b_ Baird's Wren " " bairdi 235 + 719_c_ Texas Bewick's Wren " " cryptus 235 + 719_d_ San Diego Bewick's Wren " " charienturus 235 + 719_e_ Seattle Bewick's Wren " calophonus 235 + 719.1 San Clemente Wren " leucophrys 235 + 720 Guadalupe Wren " brevicauda 235 + 721 House Wren Troglodytes aëdon aëdon 236 + 721_a_ Western House Wren " " parkmani 236 + 722 Winter Wren Nannus hiemalis hiemalis 236 + 722_a_ Western Winter Wren " pacificus 236 + 722_b_ Kadiak Winter Wren " " helleri 236 + 723 Alaska Wren " alascensis 236 + 723.1 Aleutian Wren " meliger 236 + 724 Short-billed Marsh Wren Cistothorus stellaris 236 + 725 Long-billed Marsh Wren Telmatodytes palustris palustris 237 + 725 Tulé Wren " paludicola 237 + 725_b_ Worthington's Marsh Wren " " griseus 237 + 725_c_ Western Tule Wren " plesius 237 + 725_d_ Prairie Marsh Wren " iliacus 301 + 725_e_ Marian's Marsh Wren " " mariannæ 237 + + +Family CERTHIIDÆ. Creepers. + + A.O.U. + No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page + + 726 Brown Creeper Certhia familiaris americana 237 + 726_a_ Mexican Creeper " " albescens 237 + 726_b_ Rocky Mountain Creeper " " montana 237 + 726_c_ California Creeper " " occidentalis 237 + 726_d_ Sierra Creeper " " zelotes 237 + + +Family SITTIDÆ. Nuthatches. + + + A.O.U. + No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page + + 727 White-breasted Nuthatch Sitta carolinensis carolinensis 246 + 727_a_ Slender-billed Nuthatch " " aculeata 246 + 727_b_ Florida White-breasted + Nuthatch " " atkinsi 246 + 727_c_ Rocky Mountain Nuthatch " " nelsoni 246 + 727_d_ San Lucas Nuthatch " " lagunæ 246 + 728 Red-breasted Nuthatch Sitta canadensis 246 + 729 Brown-headed Nuthatch " pusilla 246 + 730 Pygmy Nuthatch " pygmæa pygmæa 246 + 730_a_ White-naped Nuthatch " " leuconucha 247 + + +Family PARIDÆ. Titmice. + + A.O.U. + No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page + + 731 Tufted Titmouse Bæolophus bicolor 243 + 732 Black-crested Titmouse " atricristatus atricristatus 242 + 732_a_ Sennett's Titmouse " " sennetti 303 + 733 Plain Titmouse Bæolophus inornatus inornatus 242 + 733_a_ Gray Titmouse " " griseus 242 + 733_b_ Ashy Titmouse " " cineraceus 242 + 734 Bridled Titmouse " wollweberi 244 + 735 Chickadee Penthestes atricapillus atricapillus 245 + 735_a_ Long-tailed Chickadee " " septentrionalis 245 + 735_b_ Oregon Chickadee " " occidentalis 245 + 735_c_ Yukon Chickadee " " turneri 303 + 736 Carolina Chickadee " carolinensis carolinensis 245 + 736_a_ Plumbeous Chickadee " " agilis 245 + 736_b_ Florida Chickadee " " impiger 303 + 737 Mexican Chickadee " sclateri 245 + 738 Mountain Chickadee " gambeli gambeli 244 + 738_a_ Bailey's Mountain + Chickadee " " baileyæ 303 + 739 Alaska Chickadee " cinctus alascensis 244 + 740 Hudsonian Chickadee " hudsonicus hudsonicus 244 + 740_a_ Acadian Chickadee " " littoralis 244 + 741 Chestnut-backed Chickadee " rufescens rufescens 244 + 741_a_ California Chickadee " " neglectus 244 + 741_b_ Barlow's Chickadee " " barlowi 244 + 741_c_ Valdez Chestnut-sided + Chickadee " " vivax 303 + 743 Bush-Tit Psaltriparus minimus minimus 242 + 743_a_ California Bush-Tit " " californicus 242 + 743_b_ Grinda's Bush-Tit " " grindæ 242 + 744 Lead-colored Bush-Tit " plumbeus 242 + 745 Lloyd's Bush-Tit " melanotis lloydi 242 + 746 Verdin Auriparus flaviceps flaviceps 195 + 746_a_ Cape Verdin " " lamprocephalus 195 + + +Family CHAMÆIDÆ. Wren-Tits. + + A.O.U. + No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page + + 742 Wren-Tit Chamæa fasciata fasciata 215 + 742_a_ Pallid Wren-Tit " " henshawi 215 + 742_b_ Coast Wren-Tit " " phæa 300 + 742_c_ Ruddy Wren-Tit " " rufula 300 + + +Family SYLVIIDÆ. Warblers, Kinglets, Gnatcatchers. + + A.O.U. + No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page + + 747 Kennicott's Willow Warbler Acanthopneuste borealis 212 + 748 Golden-crowned Kinglet Regulus satrapa satrapa 187 + 748_a_ Western Golden-crowned Kinglet " " olivaceus 187 + 749 Ruby-crowned Kinglet " calendula calendula 176 + 749_a_ Sitkan Kinglet " " grinnelli 176 + 750 Dusky Kinglet " " obscurus 177 + 751 Blue-gray Gnatcatcher Polioptila cærulea cærulea 243 + 751_a_ Western Gnatcatcher " " obscura 243 + 752 Plumbeous Gnatcatcher " plumbea 243 + 753 Black-tailed Gnatcatcher " californica 243 + + +Family TURDIDÆ. Thrushes, Solitaires, Stonechats, + Bluebirds, etc. + + + A.O.U. + No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page + + 754 Townsend's Solitaire Myadestes townsendi 247 + 755 Wood Thrush Hylocichla mustelina 233 + 756 Veery " fuscescens fuscescens 238 + 756_a_ Willow Thrush " " salicicola 238 + 757 Gray-cheeked Thrush " aliciæ aliciæ 239 + 757_a_ Bicknell's Thrush " " bicknelli 239 + 758 Russet-backed Thrush " ustulata ustulata 239 + 758_a_ Olive-backed Thrush " " swainsoni 239 + 759 Alaska Hermit Thrush " guttata guttata 238 + 759_a_ Audubon's Hermit Thrush " " auduboni 238 + 759_b_ Hermit Thrush " " pallasi 238 + 759_c_ Dwarf Hermit Thrush " " nana 238 + 759_d_ Monterey Hermit Thrush " " slevini 302 + 759_e_ Sierra Hermit Thrush " " sequoiensis 302 + [760] Red-winged Thrush Turdus musicus A.V. + 761 Robin Planesticus migratorius migratorius 207 + 761_a_ Western Robin " " propinquus 207 + 761_b_ Southern Robin " " achrusterus 207 + 762 San Lucas Robin " confinis 207 + 763 Varied Thrush Ixoreus nævius nævius 207 + 763_a_ Northern Varied Thrush " " meruloides 207 + [764] Siberian Red-spotted Bluethroat Cyanosylvia suecica robusta A.V. + [764.1] Greater Kamchatkan Nightingale Calliope calliope + camtschatkensis A.V. + 765 Wheatear Saxicola œnanthe œnanthe 248 + 765_a_ Greenland Wheatear " " leucorhoa 248 + 766 Bluebird Sialia sialis sialis 182 + 766_a_ Azure Bluebird " " fulva 182 + 767 Western Bluebird " mexicana occidentalis 182 + 767_a_ Chestnut-backed Bluebird " " bairdi 182 + 767_b_ San Pedro Bluebird " " annabelæ 182 + 768 Mountain Bluebird " currucoides 182 + + + + +APPENDIX I + +ADDITIONS, SUBTRACTIONS, AND EMENDATIONS. + + +Since the publication of the first edition of the 'Color Key' in 1903, +the American Ornithologists' Union has issued the Third Edition (1910) +of its 'Check-List of North American Birds.' This includes all +approved additions to and changes in the preceding edition made since +1903 as well as rulings on a number of cases which were in abeyance at +the time the first edition of the 'Color Key' appeared. + +Mere changes in nomenclature not affecting the status of a species are +given without comment in the preceding Systematic Table, which has +been fully revised and brought up to date. To ascertain the correct, +current name of any species or subspecies of North American bird the +student, after determining its identity in the 'Color Key,' has only +to refer to its number in the Systematic Table to learn whether any +change has been made in nomenclature. In addition to actual changes in +nomenclature due to the detection of errors in earlier names, it +should be noted that a third name or trinomial is now employed for +each race of a species, and also that an apostrophe is used in +connection with the names of birds named for individuals. Throughout +the 'Color Key,' therefore, alterations should be made when required +by these two changes in method. + +All other changes than these simple ones of names are included, with +explanations, in this appendix, and the student is urged to make +manuscript cross-references on the pages where such changes occur to +avoid their being overlooked. + +As far as possible the language of the original describer of the new +subspecies of birds is here quoted, while the Ranges are mainly from +the A.O.U. Check-List. + +References to original sources of publication are given only with +cases included in the first supplement to the Third Edition (1910) of +the Check List. In all other instances reference to the original place +of description, etc., is contained in the 'Check-List.' + +Pages 29, 127. The North American Kites, Hawks, Falcons, Eagles, etc., +are now placed in three families instead of one, as follows: +BUTEONIDÆ, containing the Kites, Hawks and Eagles (Nos. 327-352a); +FALCONIDÆ containing the Falcons and Caracaras (Nos. 353-363), and +PANDIONIDÆ, containing the Osprey (No. 364). + +Pages 39, 162, 168. The subfamilies Troglodytinæ and Miminæ are now +elevated to full family rank. The Mockingbirds and Thrashers (Nos. +702-712) are therefore the North American members of the Family +MIMIDÆ; and the Wrens (Nos. 713-725e) the North American members of +the Family TROGLODYTIDÆ. + +Pages 39, 162, 169. The subfamilies Sittinæ and Parinæ are now +elevated to full family rank. The Nuthatches (Nos. 727 to 730a) are +therefore the North American members of the Family SITTIDÆ; and the +Titmice (Nos. 732 to 746a, except Nos. 742 to 742c now placed in the +Family CHAMÆIDÆ, see beyond) the North American members of the Family +PARIDÆ. + +Page 63. Cancel No. 94, _Puffinus fuliginosus_, which proves to be the +same as No. 95, _Puffinus griseus_. The common name, however, is +retained and the species stands =95, Sooty Shearwater= (_Puffinus +griseus_). Characters as given. + +Range--Oceans of Southern Hemisphere; occurs in summer on the Pacific +coast from southern Alaska to Lower California, and on the Atlantic +coast from Gulf of St. Lawrence to South Carolina. + +Page 77. But one form of the Black Duck is recognized by the A.O.U. +It stands as No. 133. Black Duck (_Anas rubripes_), which name, +therefore, includes both Nos. 133 and 133a. + +Page 92. After No. 197 add: =197a. Brewster's Egret= (_Egretta +candidissima brewsteri_). Similar to No. 197 "but larger, bill longer, +tarsus longer, and whole leg _very much_ heavier or thicker." [Male]. +Tar. 4.36; B. 3.60. [Female]. Tar. 4.00; B. 3.42. (Thayer and Bangs). + +Range--"Southern Lower California." (A.O.U.). + +Page 97. After No. 210 add: =210.1. Light-footed rail.= (_Rallus +levipes_) "Much smaller than either _R. obsoletus_ or _R. beldingi_, +bill much more slender, tarsus and foot smaller than in either; +superciliary white instead of rusty...." W. 5.70; T. 2.24; Tar. 1.81; +B. 2.24. (Bangs). + +Range--"Marshes of southern California, from Santa Barbara south to +San Quintin Bay, Lower California; accidental in Arizona." (A.O.U.) + +Page 98. After No. 216 add: =216.1. Farallon Rail= (_Creciscus +coturniculus_). "Smaller [than No. 216] with much slenderer bill; the +plumbeous of the under parts deeper, the chestnut-brown of the upper +parts brighter and more extended, forming a broader patch on the nape +and tinging more or less strongly and generally much of the top of the +head where there is often no pure unmixed plumbeous or slaty save on +the forehead." (Brewster). + +Range--"Pacific coast of United States. Breeds in coast marshes of +California; casual in Washington, Oregon and Lower California." +(A.O.U.) + +Page 103. After 266 add: =268. Bristle-thighed Curlew= (_Numenius +tahitiensis_). Somewhat like _N. hudsonicus_, but thighs with long +bristle-like feathers; tail pale rusty, barred with black; markings +of back and wings pale rusty. + +Range--"Alaska and Pacific Islands. Breeding range unknown; has been +taken in summer in western Alaska from Kowak River to Kenai Peninsula; +also on Laysan and Phoenix Islands; winters in islands of the South +Pacific from Hawaii to New Caledonia" (A.O.U.). Classed with +Accidental Visitants in first edition of 'Color Key.' + +Page 112. Cancel No. 277a, Belted Piping Plover, which proves to be +the same as No. 277, Piping Plover. + +Page 117. After No. 297b add: =297c. Sierra Grouse= (_D. o. sierræ_). +Male resembles male of No. 297, but back less black and more heavily +vermiculated with brown and gray; terminal tail-band narrower and more +speckled with blackish; medium tail-feathers more heavily marked with +gray or brownish; white neck-tufts practically absent; feathers of +sides, flanks and under tail-coverts with less white. Much paler and +more heavily vermiculated above than No. 297b. + +Range--Ft. Klamath, Oregon south through the Sierras to Mount Pinos in +South California. + +Page 117. The ranges of the races of this bird (now known as Spruce +Partridge, rather than Spruce Grouse) are given in the A.O.U. +'Check-List' as follows: + +=298. Hudsonian Spruce Partridge= (_Canachites canadensis +canadensis_). + +Range--"Boreal forest region from the eastern base of the Rocky +Mountains west of Edmonton, Alberta, east to Labrador Peninsula; also +a disconnected area in Alaska from Bristol Bay to Cook Inlet and +Prince William Sound." + +=298b. Alaska Spruce Partridge= (_C. c. osgoodi_). + +Range--"Mt. McKinley and the Yukon region east to Great Slave and +Athabasca lakes." + +=298c. Canada Spruce Partridge= (_C. c. canace_). + +Range--"Manitoba, southern Ontario, and New Brunswick south to +northern parts of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, New York, and New +England." + +Page 119. After No. 301a add: =301b. Alexander's Ptarmigan= (_L. l. +alexandræ_). Similar to _L. l. lagopus_ in corresponding plumage, "but +coloration darker throughout, especially dorsally; bill smaller and +relatively much narrower." (Grinnell). + +Range--Baranof and adjacent islands west to Shumagin Islands +(A.O.U.). + +Page 119. After No. 301b. add; =301c. Ungava Ptarmigan= (_L. l. +ungavus_). Like No. 301 but with a heavier bill. Culmen, .82; depth of +bill at base, .57 (Riley, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XXIV, 1911, p. 233). + +Range--Ungava and probably the eastern shore of Hudson Bay. + +Page 120. Remove the interrogation points from before Nos. 304 and +304a, the distinctions between which there presented having been +accepted by the A.O.U., and amend Range of No. 304a. to read: +"Alpine summits from central Alaska, northern Yukon, and northwestern +Mackenzie south to Cook Inlet region, Kenai Peninsula and southern +Yukon." (A.O.U.). + +Page 120. After No. 302e. add: =302f. Dixon's Ptarmigan= (_L. r. +dixoni_). Resembling _L. r. nelsoni_ in corresponding plumage, "but +much darker; in extreme blackness of coloration nearly like _Lagopus +evermanni_, but feathers of chest and back more or less finely +vermiculated with hazel." (Grinnell). + +Range--Islands near Sitka. + +Page 120. After No. 302d. add: =302e. Adak Ptarmigan= (_L. r. +chamberlaini_). Nearest _L. r. towsendi_ but with finer vermiculations +above, and with black bars on neck and upper back reduced to very +narrow bars or vermiculations. Grayest of the Aleutian Ptarmigan. +(Clark). + +Range--Island of Adak, Aleutian Chain. + +Page 122. A change here in enumeration makes Merriam's Turkey No. 310, +while the Wild Turkey (_M. g. silvestris_) becomes 310a. + +Page 125. After No. 316 add: =316a. Western Mourning Dove= (_Z. m. +marginella_). Similar to _Z. m. carolinensis_ but paler. (Mearns, Auk, +1911, p. 490). + +Range--"Pacific Coast and San Clemente Island east to Mississippi +Valley" (A.O.U.). The range of No. 316 should be correspondingly +restricted. + +Page 126. After No. 319 add: =319a. White-winged Dove= (_M. a. +trudeaui_). Similar to _M. a. asiatica_ but "slightly larger, with a +much longer bill and much paler coloration" (Mearns, Auk. 1911, +p. 489). + +Range--"Lower California, southern Arizona, southwestern New Mexico +and southern Texas, south to Costa Rica. Casual in southeastern +California and Colorado; accidental in Washington" (A.O.U.). + +Page 126. No. 319 becomes West Indian White-winged Dove (_Melopelia +asiatica asiatica_). Its Range includes Cuba and Jamaica, and it is +of casual occurrence in the Bahamas and Florida. + +Page 132. After No. 337d. add =337e. Alaska Red-tail= (_B. b. +alascensis_). Resembling _B. b. calurus_ "but smaller throughout, and, +keeping in consideration the stage of plumage, dark areas blacker and +more extended." [Male] W. 13.5; T. 7.67; [Female] W. 14.44; T. 8.69 +(Grinnell). + +Range--"Southeastern Alaska from Yakutat Bay to Admiralty Island and +the Sitka Islands" (A.O.U.). + +Page 138. After No. 360b. add: =360c. Little Sparrow Hawk= +(_F. S. paulus_). Similar to No. 360 but smaller. [Male] W. 6.80; +T. 4.12 [Female] W. 6.96; T. 4.00 (Howe). + +Range--Southern half of Florida. + +Page 140. No. 379 proves to be separable into southern and northern +races. The former retains the name _Glaucidium gnoma gnoma_, while the +race of northern Mexico and Western United States, heretofore known by +that name, becomes _G. g. pinicola_, the Rocky Mountain Pygmy Owl. +(Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XXIII, 1910, p. 103). + +Page 142. After No. 373h. add: =373i. Sahauro Screech Owl= +(_O. a. gilmani_). Nearest No. 373f but smaller and paler and with +black markings more restricted (Swarth, Univ. Cal. Pub. Zool., VII, +1910, p. 1). + +Range--"Lower Sonoran Life zone of southeastern California, Arizona, +and probably New Mexico; and northwestern Mexico" (A.O.U.). + +Page 143. After No. 375f. add: =375g. Saint Michael Horned Owl= +(_B. v. algistus_). Similar to No. 375d. but larger; face less +ochraceous, upper surface paler ochraceous. W. 14.60 (Oberholser). + +Range--"Coast Region of northern Alaska from Bristol Bay and the Yukon +northward" (A.O.U.). + +Page 143. After No. 275e. add: =375f. Labrador Horned Owl= +(_B. v. heterocnemis_). Similar to No. 375c. "but bill larger; +posterior lower parts paler; feet lighter colored and less heavily +spotted; upper parts with usually less ochraceous." (Oberholser). + +Range--"Northern Ungava and Labrador" (A.O.U.). + +Page 147. After No. 390 add: =390a. Northwestern Belted Kingfisher= +(_C. a. caurina_). Similar to No. 370 "but size greater, especially +measurements of flight-feathers." W. 6.54 (Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. +Zool., V. 1910, p. 388). + +Range--Northwestern America, south along the Pacific coast in winter. +Status of California breeding birds still undetermined. (Grinnell, +Univ. Cal. Pub. Zool., V, 1910, p. 289). + +Page 150. After No. 393f. add: =393g. Newfoundland Woodpecker= +(_D. v. terrænoræ_). Similar to _D. V. villosus_, "but slightly larger, +the black areas of the upperparts increased, the white areas reduced +both in number and in size, especially in the remiges and wing-coverts," +(Batchelder). + +Range--Newfoundland. + +Page 150. After No. 393e. add: =393h. White-breasted Woodpecker= +(_D. v. leucothorectis_). "Much like No. 393e. but decidedly smaller; +wing-coverts practically always without white spots." W. 4.83; +T. 3.07; B. 1.10 (Oberholser, Proc. U. S. N. M. 40, 1908, p. 608). + +Range--"Canadian and Transition Zones, from southern Utah, +northwestern and central New Mexico and extreme southwestern Texas, +south to the mountains of western Zacatecas, Mexico." (A.O.U.). + +Page 151. After No. 396a. add: =396b. San Fernando Woodpecker= +(_D. s. eremicus_). Similar to No. 396a, but larger; lower surface +darker; upperparts darker, the white bars on back averaging narrower +and less regular, the neck bars wider; black bars on posterior lower +parts averaging somewhat wider." [Male] W. 4.16; T. 2.67; B. 1.02. +(Oberholser, Proc. U. S. N. M. 41, 1911, P. 151). + +Range--Lower California, north of Ukai and Plaia Maria Bay, except +extreme northeastern portion" (A.O.U.). The Range of No. 396a is +thus restricted to the southern half of Lower California. + +Page 351. _Dryobates scalaris bairdi_ proves to be restricted to +Mexico; No. 396, its representative in the southwestern United States, +has been named Cactus Woodpecker (_D. s. cactophilus_). (Oberholser, +Proc. U. S. N. M., 41, 1911, p. 152). + +Page 154. After No. 414a. add: =414b. Mearns's Gilded Flicker= +(_C. c. mearnsi_). Similar to _C. c. chrysoides_ but decidedly larger +and paler, with pileum more strongly cinnamomeus, black bars on back, +etc., narrower, spots on outer web of primaries more conspicuous +primary coverts also sometimes spotted, gray of throat, etc. lighter, +and spots on underparts usually smaller. W. 5.74; T. 3.77; B. 1.39 +(Ridgway). + +Range.--"Extreme southwestern California, northern Lower California, +and southern Arizona south to southern Sonora" (A.O.U.). The Range +of No. 414 is now restricted to "southern Lower California," that of +No. 414 to "middle Lower California." + +Page 160. After No. 439 add: =391.1 Salvin's Hummingbird= (_Uranomitra +salvini_). Ad. [Male]. Head glittering blue; back dark shining green; +tail dark glossy green, outer pair of feathers broadly tipped with +drab; below soiled white; throat tinged with clayey white, sides of +throat spotted with blue; sides of breast greenish blue; sides of body +brilliant green. W. 2.07; T. 1.27; B. 1.02 (Brewster). Yng [Female]. +Similar but duller, rump edged with rusty; sides of body brownish gray +(Bishop). + +Range.--"Huachuca Mountains, southern Arizona, and eastern Sonora +(only two specimens known)" (A.O.U.). + +Pages 162 and 166. The Waxwings alone now compose the Family +BOMBYCILLIDÆ (formerly AMPELIDÆ) while the Phainopepla is placed in +the Family PTILOGONATIDÆ. + +Pages 162 and 169. The subfamily Chamæinæ is now elevated to full +family rank and stands as Family CHAMÆIDÆ, Wren-Tits. It contains +solely the Wren-Tits, (Nos. 742 to 742c) the only family of birds +restricted to North America. + +Page 178. After No. 498f. add: =498g. Vera Cruz Red-wing= +(_A. p. richmondi_). Similar to _A. p. floridanus_ but slightly smaller; +adult female much lighter colored (resembling female of _A. p. +sonoriensis_), about intermediate in color between females of +_A. p. floridanus_ and _A. p. bryanti_. [Male] W. 4.40; T. 3.22; B. 90; +depth of B. at base, .44. [Female]. W. 3.61; T. 2.67; B. .77; depth of +B. at base, 39. + +Range.--"Southern coast and Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas south +through eastern Mexico to Yucatan and eastern Guatemala; winters south +to eastern Nicaragua and Costa Rica." (A.O.U.). + +Page 185. After No. 478d. add: =478e. Coast Jay= (_C. s. carbonacea_). +"Intermediate in size and coloration between _C. s. stelleri_ and +_C. stelleri frontalis_. Dorsal surface sooty black as in _stelleri_, +but with blue on forehead nearly as extended as in _frontalis_. Tint +of blue of posterior lower parts paler than in _=stelleri=_, and +extending further forward into pectoral region as in _frontalis_" +(Grinnell). + +Range.--"Breeds in the humid Pacific coast strip from southern Oregon +to the Santa Lucia mountains, California and east to the mountains on +the west side of Napa Valley; in winter east to the Gabilan and Mt. +Diablo ranges" (A. O. U). + +Page 192. Cancel No. 530b, United States specimens of which prove to +be merely adults of No. 530. Further west, however, black-backed birds +are not found, and this western bird has been described as new. +(Consequently after No. 530, add: =530a). Green-backed Goldfinch= +(_A. p. hesperophilus_). Similar to _A. p. psaltria_ "but ear-coverts, +sides of neck with back, nape, and rump, in fully adult plumage, +olive-green instead of black" (Oberholser). Fig. 530 represents this +area. + +Range.--"Southwestern United States. Breeds from southern Oregon and +Utah to southern Lower California, Sonora and extreme southwestern New +Mexico; winters from central California to Cape San Lucas" (A.O.U.). + +The Range of _A. g. psaltria_ is therefore restricted to "northern +Colorado to central northern Texas and south throughout Mexico, except +in northwestern and extreme southern portions; casual in Wyoming." +(A.O.U.). + +Page 194. Cancel No. 618d, Northern Yellow-throat, which proves to be +the same as No. 681, Maryland Yellow-throat. + +Page 196. After No. 652b. add: =652c. California Yellow Warbler= +(_D. æ. brewsteri_). Differs from _D. æ. æstiva_ in smaller size, +paler (or less brightly yellow) coloration and, in the male, narrower +streaking on under surface." Differs from _D. æ. rubiginosa_ "in much +smaller size and yellower coloration," and "from _D. æ. sonorana_ in +smaller size and darker coloration." [Male] W. 2.45; T. 1.96. [Female]. +W. 2.33; T. 1.93 (Grinnell). + +Range.--Pacific Coast, west of the Cascades, and the Sierra Nevada +from Washington to southern California. (The range of _D. æ. æstiva_ +is correspondingly restricted). + +Page 210. Cancel No. 464.2, Santa Barbara Flycatcher, which proves to +be the same as No. 464, Western Flycatcher. + +Page 211. Cancel No. 472a, Ridgway's Flycatcher, which proves to be +the same as No. 472, Beardless Flycatcher. + +Page 212. After No. 632c. add: =632a. Fraser's Vireo= (_V. h. +cognatus_). Similar to _V. h. stephensi_, but wing averaging decidedly +shorter, tarsus longer, and coloration paler. Wing, 2.48; Tar. .74 +(Ridgway). + +Range.--"Cape San Lucas district of Lower California (Sierra de la +Laguna; Victoria Mountains); resident" (Ridgway). + +Page 214. After No. 633a. add: =633b. Texas Vireo= (_V. b. medius_). +"Similar to _V. b. belli_, but coloration paler and tail averaging +longer; pileum and hindneck brownish gray instead of grayish brown; +olive of back, etc. grayer; underparts whiter with olive-yellow of +sides and flanks much paler; under tail-coverts and axillars white, +yellowish white, or very pale sulphur yellow" (Ridgway). + +Range.--"Southwestern Texas (Presidio, Brewster and Kinney Counties) +south to Coahuila and Guanajuato, central Mexico" (A.O.U.). + +Pages 215, 216. The Wren-Tits have been revised and their ranges more +correctly defined, and to the two forms given two more have been +added. The four races now recognized stand as follows: =742. Wren-Tit= +(_Chamæa fasciata fasciata_). Characters as described and figured. + +Range.--"Upper Sonoran zone on the eastern and southern shores of San +Francisco Bay and adjacent Santa Clara Valley" (A.O.U.). + +=742a. Pallid Wren-Tit= (_C. f. henshawi_). Similar to _C. f. +fasciata_, "but decidedly paler, the back, scapulars, rump, etc. +grayish brown (deep hair-brown), the pileum and hindneck brownish +gray (nearly mouse-gray or deep smoke-gray), and general color of +underparts varying from very pale grayish buff to buffy ecru-drab, or +pale, vinaceous-buff, fading to nearly white on lower abdomen" +(Ridgway). + +Range.--"Upper Sonoran Zone of foothills and valleys of interior and +southern California from Shasta County south to northern Lower +California, and along the coast from Monterey Bay southward" +(A.O.U.). + +=742b. Coast Wren-Tit= (_C. f. phæa_). Characters as stated on page +216. + +Range.--"Humid Transition Zone of Pacific Coast of Oregon and northern +California (from Columbia River to Humboldt Bay)" (A.O.U.). + +=742c. Ruddy Wren-Tit= (_C. f. rufula_). Intermediate in color between +No. 742 and No. 742b. More richly colored than the former, but not so +dark as the latter. + +Range.--"Humid Transition coast strip of California from southern +Humboldt County to Santa Cruz" (A.O.U.). + +Page 217. Cancel No. 710a. Pasadena Thrasher, which proves to be the +same as No. 710 California Thrasher. + +Page 223. After No. 542b, add: =542d. Nevada Savannah Sparrow= (_P. s. +nevadensis_). Resembles _P. s. alaudinus_ "but much paler throughout +in all plumages; white replacing buff, black streaks thus more +conspicuously contrasted, there being a minimum amount of hazel +marginings; size slightly less." Differs from _P. s. savanna_ "as +above, but in greater degree" (Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool. +V, 1910, p. 312). + +Range.--"Humboldt and Washoe Counties, Nevada, and probably throughout +Great Basin, south in winter to the Colorado Desert and Los Angeles +Co., California" (A.O.U.). + +Page 228, after No. 574b (which, as shown in the Systematic Table, now +becomes 574.1a) add: =574.1b. California Sage Sparrow= (_Amphispiza +nevadensis canescens_). Similar to _Amphispiza belli_ but size +somewhat greater, and coloration throughout very much paler; resembles +_Amphispiza nevadensis nevadensis_, but size very much less, and +coloration slightly darker. [Male] W. 2.79; T. 3.03. [Female] +W. 2.63; T. 2.87 (Grinnell). + +Range.--"Upper Sonoran Zone in Owens Valley and adjacent areas in +eastern California and extreme western Nevada" (A.O.U.). + +Page 229. After No. 581c. add =581s. Suisun Song Sparrow= (_M. m. +maxillaris_). Size of _M. m. heermanni_; but black streakings +everywhere broader, and the general tone of coloration darker; larger +than _M. m. samuelis_ and with brown more extended and deeper in tone +(bay rather than hazel); unique in having the base of the maxilla +inflated or swollen with "lateral bulbosities" (Grinnell). + +Range.--Marshes bordering Suisun Bay, Solano Co., California. + +Page 230. After No. 581d. add: =581p. Mendocino Song Sparrow= (_M. m. +cleonsis_). Size of _M. m. samuelis_ but lighter and more rusty; black +markings of back more restricted; spots of breast broadly edged with +rusty; black on side of head and neck almost entirely replaced by +rusty or reddish brown" (McGregor). + +Range.--"Coast strip of southern Oregon and northern California from +Yaquina Bay, Oregon, to Tomales Bay, California" (A.O.U.). + +Page 231. After No. 585d. add: =585e. Sooty Fox Sparrow= (_P. i. +fuliginosa_). "Similar to _P. i. townsendi_ but darker and less +rufescent, the upperparts, sides of head and neck and lateral +underparts sepia or sooty brown, the upper tail-coverts and tail +slightly more castaneous; spots on underparts dark sooty brown, larger +and more confluent than in other forms" (Ridgway). + +Range.--"Northwest coast strip. Breeds on the coast of British +Columbia, Vancouver Island and northwestern Washington; winters south +along the coast to San Francisco, California" (A.O.U.). + +=No. 585f. Kadiak Fox Sparrow= (_P. i. insularis_). "Similar to +_P. i. unalaschensis_ but much browner and more uniform above (back +warm sepia), spots on chest, etc., larger and much deeper brown and +under tail-coverts more strongly tinged with buff" (Ridgway). + +Range.--"Alaska coast strip. Breeds on Kadiak Island and on the coast +from Prince William Sound south to Cross Sound; winters along the +coast to southern California" (A.O.U.). + +Page 234. After No. 715 add: =715a. San Nicolas Rock Wren= (_S. o. +pulverius_). Similar to _S. o. obsoletus_ "but entire plumage, +especially the upperparts, suffused with ochraceous or dust color, +almost identical with the tint of the soil on San Nicholas Island" +(Grinnell). + +Range.--San Nicholas Island, California. + +Page 236. Cancel No. 821b, _Troglodytes aëdon aztecus_, which proves +to be the same as No. 721a, _T. a. parkmani_. The common name, Western +House Wren, however, is retained in place of the common name Parkman's +Wren. + +Page 237. After No. 725c add: =725d. Prairie Marsh Wren= (_T. p. +iliacus_). "Similar to _T. p. palustris_, but slightly larger and with +the coloration more rufescent, the brown of the upperparts +russet-brown to cinnamon-brown or russet, the flanks conspicuously +deep cinnamon-buff or cinnamon" (Ridgway). + +Range.--Plains and prairies of central North America. Breeds from +central Alberta and southwestern Keewatin south to central Mississippi +Valley and east to Indiana; winters southward into Mexico and along +the Gulf coast to western Florida (A.O.U.). + +Page 238. After No. 759c add: =759d. Monterey Hermit Thrush= (_H. g. +slevini_). General color extremely pale and ashy, nearly as much so as +in _H. g. sequoiensis_; above hair-brown, slightly browner on top of +head; upper tail-coverts and tail isabella color; spots on breast +sepia, small in size and few in numbers. (Grinnell). + +Range.--"Breeds in Transition Zone of the coast belt in California +from northern Trinity County to southern Monterey County; south in +migration to Lower California and Sonora" (A.O.U.). + +=759e. Sierra Hermit Thrush= (_H. g. sequoiensis_). Similar in +coloration to _H. g. slevini_, but decidedly larger and slightly +darker or browner; similar to _H. g. guttata_, but larger, paler, and +grayer; decidedly smaller." W. 3.65; T. 2.82. (Ridgway). + +Range.--"Breeds in Boreal Zones from southern British Columbia to high +mountains in southern California; south in migration and in winter to +Lower California, western Texas, and northern Mexico" (A.O.U.). + +Page 239. Cancel 758b, Monterey Thrush, and No. 758c, Alma Thrush, +which are now considered to be the same as No. 758, Russet-backed +Thrush. + +Pages 240 and 241. The decisions of the A.O.U. Committee on numerous +proposed changes in the standing of our Juncos were not published +until after the first edition of the Color Key appeared. One new form +(No. 567h) has been added to those therein given one (_J. o. +shufeldti_) has been omitted and the following changes have been made +in nomenclature: + +No. 568. _Junco mearnsi_, becomes No. 567g, Junco hyemalis mearnsi, +and the Range of this form is now given as "Rocky Mountain region. +Breeds from southwestern Saskatchewan to southern Idaho and northern +Wyoming and Colorado to southern Arizona, southern New Mexico, and +northeastern Sonora" (A.O.U.). + +No. 567.1 _Junco montanus_, becomes No. 567f. _Junco hyemalis +montanus_. + +No. 571.1 _Junco townsendi_, becomes No. 567i, _Junco hyemalis +townsendi_. + +No. 569 _Junco caniceps_, becomes No. 570b. _Junco phæonotus +caniceps_. + +No. 570a. _Junco dorsalis_, becomes _Junco phæonotus dorsalis_. + +No. 567a. _Junco oreganus_, becomes _Junco hyemalis oreganus_. + +No. 567c. _Junco oreganus thurberi_, becomes _Junco hyemalis +thurberi_. + +No. 567d. _Junco oreganus pinosus_, becomes _Junco hyemalis pinosus_. + +The common names of all the preceding species remain unchanged. + +No. 567b. Coues' Junco (_Junco oreganus connectens_) becomes +Shufeldt's Junco (_Junco hyemalis connectens_), and this form also +includes _J. o. shufeldti_ of the 'Color Key,' which is therefore +cancelled. The Range of 567b, thus stands as follows: + +Rocky Mountain region. Breeds from the coast of southern British +Columbia east to west, central Alberta and south to northern Oregon; +winters over entire Rocky Mountain tableland to eastern Colorado, +Arizona, New Mexico, western Texas, Chihuahua, and Sonora; casual +in northern Lower California" (A.O.U.). + +The one new form added follows No. 568. after which insert =567h, +Ridgway's Junco= (_J. h. annectens_). Back with a reddish brown patch +as in _J. p. caniceps_, but sides washed with pinkish brown, as in +_J. h. mearnsi_. + +Range.--"Wyoming, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico" (A.O.U.). + +Page 242. Cancel No. 744.1, Santa Rita Bush-Tit, which proves to be +the same as No. 745, Lloyd's Bush-Tit. + +Page 243. Cancel No. 731a, Texan Tufted Titmouse, which proves to be +the same as No. 731, Tufted Titmouse. + +Page 243. After No. 732 add: =732a. Sennett's Titmouse= (_B. a. +sennetti_). "Similar to _B. a. atricistatus_, but decidedly larger; +upper parts much clearer gray, with little, if any olive tinge; adult +female with crest feathers more often and more extensively tipped with +gray, and both sexes with the forehead more often tinged with brown or +rusty, sometimes deeply so" (Ridgway). + +Range.--Central Texas, "from Tom Green and Concho Counties east to the +Brazos River, and from Young County south to Nueces and Bee Counties" +(A.O.U.). + +Page 244. After No. 741b. add: =741c. Valdez Chestnut-sided Chickadee= +(_P. r. vivax_). Like _P. r. rufescens_ in coloration but larger, tail +proportionately longer and bill bulkier. W. 2.48; T. 2.32 (Grinnell). + +Range.--Prince William Sound Region, Alaska. + +Page 244. Cancel 740a. Kowak Chickadee, and No. 740b, Columbian +Chickadee, which prove to be the same as No. 740, Hudsonian Chickadee. +_Parus h. littoralis_ becomes No. 740a, Acadian Chickadee. + +Page 244. After No. 738 add: =738a. Bailey's Mountain Chickadee= +(_P. g. baileyæ_). Similar to _P. g. gambeli_, "but coloration dorsally +and laterally more plumbeous, less brownish, and bill larger." B. 41 +(Grinnell). + +Range.--"Mountains of Great Basin region and northern Lower +California. Breeds in Canadian and Transition Zones from the Maury +Mountains, Oregon, south over Nevada and eastern California to the San +Pedro Martir Mountains, Lower California" (A.O.U.). + +Page 245. After No. 736a add: =736b. Florida Chickadee= (_P. c. +impiger_). Similar to _P. c. carolinensis_ but darker and decidedly +smaller (except bill). W. 2.08; T. 1.81; B. .31 (Ridgway). + +Range.--East central Florida. + +Page 245. After No. 735b add: =735c. Yukon Chickadee= (_P. a. +turneri_). "Similar to _P. a. septentrionalis_ but slightly smaller, +coloration grayer above and more extensively or purely white beneath, +and white edgings of greater wing-coverts, secondaries, and outermost +rectrices broader, more purely white" (Ridgway). + +Range.--Alaska, north and west of Cook Inlet. + +Page 248. After No. 622c add the northeastern form of the Loggerhead +Shrike, which is intermediate between _L. l. ludovicianus_ and _L. l. +excubitorides_ and has been separated as =622e. Migrant Shrike= (_L. +l. migrans_). Similar to _L. l. ludovicianus_ but bill smaller and +colors averaging paler. Not so pale as, and lacking the whitish upper +tail-coverts of _L. l. excubitorides_. + +Range.--"Eastern North America. Breeds chiefly in Transition and Upper +Austral Zones from northern Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, southern +Ontario, southern Quebec, Maine, and New Brunswick, south to eastern +Kansas, southern Illinois, Kentucky, western North Carolina and +interior of Virginia (locally in the east); winters from Middle States +and southern New England to Texas, Louisiana, and Mississippi" +(A.O.U.). + +The Range of the Loggerhead Shrike (No. 622) is therefore restricted +to the South Atlantic and Gulf States from southern North Carolina +south through Florida and west to Louisiana. + +Page 250. After No. 612 add: =612a. Lesser Cliff Swallow= (_P. l. +tachina_). Similar to _P. l. lunifrons_ but decidedly smaller, the +forehead ochraceous instead of cream color. W. 4.08; T. 1.77 +(Oberholser). + +Range.--"Texas and Mexico. Breeds in western Texas, the Rio Grande +Valley, and through eastern Mexico to Vera Cruz" (A.O.U.). + +Page 250. No. 612.2. _Petrochelidon melanogastra_, becomes No. 612b, +_Petrochelidon lunifrons melanogastra_. + +Page 250. After No. 611.1 (which is now believed to be of only +occasional occurrence in southern Florida) add: =611.2. Gray-breasted +Martin= (_Progne chalybea_). Male much like the female of _P. subis_ +but brighter, more uniformly steel-blue above. Female like female of +_P. subis_ but brighter, more uniformly gray, the belly whiter, +without black shaft streaks; the nape without sign of a collar in +either sex. W. 5.2. + +Range.--Breeds from Lower Rio Grande in Texas south to southern +Brazil. + +Page 253. After No. 496 (which has become _Tangavius æneus +involucratus_) add: =496a. Bronzed Cowbird= (_T. w. æneus_). Similar +to _T. æ. involucratus_ but plumage of the male _smoother_ and more +glossy; the female much grayer, more like female of _M. ater_. + +Range.--"San Antonio, Texas, south through eastern Mexico, Yucatan and +central America to Panama" (A.O.U.). + +The Range of No. 496 is hence restricted to the region from +northwestern Mexico to southern Arizona. + +Page 255. After No. 488a. add: =488b. Western Crow= (_C. b. +hesperis_). Similar to No. 488 "but decidedly smaller, with bill +relatively smaller and more slender." [Male] W. 11.88; T. 6.72; +B. 1.87; depth of B. at nostril .62 (Ridgway). + +Range.--"Western North America, from east central British Columbia and +Montana south to southern California, Arizona, and western Texas" (A. +O. U.). + + + + +APPENDIX II. + +FAUNAL BIBLIOGRAPHY + + +When one is engaged in a study of the birds of a certain region or +locality it is of the first importance to learn what has been +published about them by previous workers. Such information may appear +in general works on the bird-life of a large area, but more frequently +it is found in 'local lists' of the birds of a limited district. These +lists constitute one of the most characteristic and numerous types of +ornithological publication. They are of value to the student of +distribution and migration, in the broader phases of these subjects, +and they are of especial interest and assistance to students living in +the region to which they relate. + +The appended titles of works of this nature have been selected from a +card catalogue of faunal publications which the author began to +prepare some twenty years ago, in part with regard to their historic +importance, but mainly on the basis of their present working value. + +Unfortunately many of these papers are now out of print or are hidden +in scientific publications of but limited circulation and are +therefore correspondingly inaccessible. When, however, other means to +secure them fail, the Librarian of the American Museum of Natural +History, in New York City, may be consulted with a view to securing, +at cost, a type written copy of any list desired. + + +THE WORLD + +1875-1895. SHARPE, B., and others. Catalogue of Birds in the British +Museum. 27 vols. with descriptions of the birds of the world, +ills.--1885. STEJNEGER, L., and others. Riverside Natural History. +Vol. IV, Birds, 4to, 558 pp., ills. (Houghton, Mifflin). +Classification, structure, habits, distribution.--1893-1836. NEWTON, +A., and others. A Dictionary of Birds. Pop. Ed., 8vo, 1088 pp., ills. +(Macmillan).--1894-95. LYDEKKER, R., and others. Royal Nat. Hist., +Birds, 4to, Vols. III, 584 pp., and IV, 576 pp., ills., General +account.--1899. EVANS, A. H., Birds. Vol. IX, Cambridge Natural +History (Macmillan). 8vo, 635 pp. ills. Classification, habits, +distribution.--1899-1909. SHARPE, B. A Hand-List of the Genera and +Species of Birds. 8vo, 5 vols. Published by British Museum. Names and +Ranges.--1909. KNOWLTON, F. H., and others. Birds of the World, sm. +4to, 873 pp., ills. (Holt). Habits, distribution. + + +NORTH AMERICA + +1804-14, WILSON, A. American Ornithology. 9 vols., 4to Many subsequent +editions, the last, in one volume, by Porter & Coates, Philadelphia, +is crude, but at least places Wilson's text within reach of every +one.--1831-39. AUDUBON, J. J. Ornithological Biography. 5 vols., 8vo +of text to accompany the 4 elephant folios of plates (1827-38). +Republished in 8 vols., 8vo, 1840-44 and later editions. The elephant +folios with the 5 volumes of text sell for $2500-$3000; the text can +sometimes be purchased at $5 per volume; the first 8vo edition brings +about $350.--1832-34. NUTTALL, T. Manual of the Ornithology of the +United States and Canada. 2 vols. Several later editions, the last +revised by Montague Chamberlain (Little, Brown & Co.), 1903, 2 vols. +in one, 473 and 431 pp.--1858. BAIRD, S. F., CASSIN, J., and LAWRENCE, +G. N. Pacific R. R. Reports. Vol. IX. Birds (of North America). 4to. +pp. LVI+1005--1872. COUES, E. Key to North American Birds. 1903, 5th +and last ed., 2 vols., roy. 8vo. 1152 pp. The introduction, of 233 +pages, treats of general ornithology and the anatomy of +birds.--1874-1884. BAIRD, S. F., BREWER, T. M., and RIDGWAY, R. +History of North American Birds. Land birds, 3 vols.: water birds, +2 vols., 4to. The volumes on land birds republished in 8vo size but +from same plates, 1905, 596, 590, 560 pp. (Little, Brown & Co).--1886. +American Ornithologists' Union Check-List of North American Birds. New +York, Rev. Ed. 1910, 8vo, 430 pp.--1887. RIDGWAY, R. A Manual of North +American Birds. 2d Ed. 1896, 653 pp. (Lippincott).--1892-5. BENDIRE, +C. Life Histories of North American Birds. I, 414 pp., Gallinaceous +birds, Pigeons, Hawks, and Owls; II, 1895, 508 pp., Parrots, Cuckoos, +Trogons, Kingfishers, Woodpeckers, Goatsuckers, Swifts, Hummingbirds, +Cotingas, Flycatchers, Larks, Crows and Jays, Blackbirds and Orioles. +(Pub. by U. S. Nat. Mus.)--1893. NEHRLING, H. Our Native Birds +of Song and Beauty. Vol. I, 371 pp.; Vol. II, 1896, 452 pp. +Biographical.--1898. DAVIE, O. Nests and Eggs of North American +Birds. 5th Ed., 8vo, 509 pp. (Columbus, Ohio).--1901-1911. RIDGWAY, R. +The Birds of North and Middle America. Bull. 50, U. S. Nat. Mus. Part +I, 1901, Fringillidæ; Part II, 1902, Tanagridæ, Icteridæ, Cœrebidæ, +Mniotiltidæ; Part III, 1904, Motacillidæ, Hirundinidæ, Ampelidæ, +Ptilogonatidæ, Dulidæ, Vireonidæ, Laniidæ, Corvidæ, Paridæ, Sittidæ, +Certhiidæ, Troglodytidæ, Cinclidæ, Chameidæ, Sylviidæ; Part IV, 1907, +Turdidæ, Zeledoniidæe, Mimidæe, Sturnidæ, Ploceidæ, Alaudidaæ, +Oxyruncidæ, Tyrannidæ, Pipridæ, Cotingidæ. Part V, 1912, +Pteroptochidæ, Formicariidæ, Furnariidæ, Dendrocolaptidæ, Trochilidæ, +Micropodidæ, Trogonidæ. Other volumes to follow. The standard +work.--1903. CHAPMAN, F. M. Color Key to North American Birds. 312 +pp., upward 800 col. ills.--1904. REED, C. S. North American Birds' +Eggs. 355 pp., many ills.--1910. American Ornithologists' Union +Abridged Check-List of North American Birds. Pocket Edition, +77 printed + 77 blank pp. (New York). + + +EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. + +1872-1881. MAYNARD, C. J. Birds of Eastern North America; 1896, Rev. +Ed., 4to, 721 pp., ills. (West Newton, Mass.).--1884. LANGILLE, J. +H.... Our Birds in Their Haunts. 12mo, 624 pp. (Cassino).--1889. +MERRIAM, F. A. Birds Through an Opera-glass. 12mo, 223 pp. +(Houghton).--1895. WRIGHT, M. O. Birdcraft, 12mo, 317 pp., ills. +(Macmillan).--1895. CHAPMAN, F. M. Handbook of the Birds of Eastern +North America, 421 pp., ills.; 1912. Rev. Ed. (Appleton's).--1897. +CHAPMAN, F. M. Bird-Life. A Guide to the Study of our Common Birds. +12mo. 269 pp. 75 plls.; 1901, Rev. Ed., with col. plls. +(Appleton's).--1897. WRIGHT, M. O., and COUES, E. Citizen Bird, 12mo, +430 pp. ills. (Macmillan).--1898. BLANCHAN, N. Bird Neighbors, 234 +pp., col. Plls. (Doubleday).--1898. MERRIAM, F. A. Birds of Village +and Field. 12mo. 406 pp., ills. (Houghton).--1898. SCOTT, W. E. D. Bird +Studies, an Account of the Land Birds of Eastern North America. 4to, +363 pp. Many half-tones (Putnam's).--1898. APGAR, A. C. Birds of the +United States East of the Rockies. 12mo, 415 pp. ills. (Am. Book +Co.).--1899. CORY, C. B. The Birds of Eastern North America. 8vo, +387 pp., ills. (Field Museum).--1905-6. REED, C. A. Bird-Guide. +Oblong, 32mo, Part I, 254 pp.; Part II, 197 pp.; many ills. (Doubleday). + + +GREENLAND + +1861. REINHARDT, J. List of Birds Hitherto Observed in Greenland; +Ibis, III, pp. 1-19, 118 species.--1875. NEWTON, A. Notes on Birds +Which Have Been Found in Greenland, ... London, 8vo pamphlet, +pp. 94-115 (Author's extra from Man. Nat. Hist. Greenland). 63+62 +species; bibliography.--1889. HAGERUP, A. Some Account of the Birds +of Southern Greenland, from the MSS.. of A. Hagerup, edited by Montague +Chamberlain. Auk, VI, pp. 211-218, 219-297, 39 species.--1891. +HAGERUP, A. T. The Birds of Greenland, translated from the Danish by +Fremann B. Arngrimson, edited by Montague Chamberlain, Boston (Little, +Brown & Co.), 8vo, 62 pp.; 139 species.--1892. STONE, W. Birds +Collected by the West Greenland Expedition. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., +Phila., 1892, pp. 145-152; 147 species.--1895. STONE, W. List of Birds +Collected by the Peary Expd. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1895, pp. +502-505; 28 species.--1895. SCHALOW, H. VON. Ueber eine Voglesammlung +aus Westgrönland. Jour. für Orn., 1895, pp. 457-481; 35 species.--1899. +CHAPMAN, F. M. Report on Birds Received Through the Peary Expeditions +to Greenland. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XII, pp. 219-244; 48 +pages.--1904. SCHALOW, H. Die Vögel der Arktis, Band IV, Leiferung, I, +pp. 81-288; Gustav Fischer, Jena. A detailed synopsis of Arctic +bird-life. + + +ALASKA + +1869. DALL, W. H., and BANNISTER, H. M. List of the Birds of Alaska, +with Biographical Notes. Trans. Chic. Acad. Nat. Sci., I, pp. 267-310, +pll. XXVII-XXXIV; 212 species.--1873. DALL, W. H. Notes on the +Avifauna of the Aleutian Islands, from Unalashka, eastward. Proc. Cal. +Acad. Sci. V, pp. 25-35; 53 species.--1874. DALL, W. H. Notes on the +Avifauna of the Aleutian Islands, especially those west of Unalashka. +Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. V, pp. 270-281; 45 species.--1875. COUES, E. A +Report upon the Condition of Affairs in the Territory of Alaska. By H. +W. Elliot. 8vo. pp. 277. Chapter IX. Ornithology of the Prybilov +Islands, pp. 166-212; 39 species.--1882. BEAN, T. H. Notes on Birds +Collected during the Summer of 1880 in Alaska and Siberia. Proc. U. S. +Nat. Mus., V, pp. 144-173; 77 species.--1885. MURDOCH, J. Bird +Migration at Point Barrow, Arctic Alaska. Auk, II, p. 63; 50 +species.--1883. HARTLAUB, G. Beitrag zur Ornithologie von Alaska, nach +dem Sammlungen und Noten von Dr. Arthur Krause und Dr. Aurel Krause. +Journ für Orn. pp. 257-286; 83 species.--1883. NELSON, E. W. Birds of +Bering Sea and the Arctic Ocean. Cruise of the Revenue steamer Corwin +in Alaska and the N. W. Arctic Ocean in 1881. Washington.--1885. +MURDOCH, J. Report of the International Polar Expedition to Point +Barrow, Alaska. Washington. Birds, pp. 104-128; 54 species.--1885. +TURNER, L. M. Notes on the Birds of the Nearer Islands, Alaska. Auk, +II, pp. 154-159; 69 species.--1887. TOWNSEND, C. H. List of the +Midsummer Birds of the Kowak River, Northern Alaska. Auk, IV, +pp. 11-13; 52 species.--1888. NELSON, E. W. Report upon Natural History +Collections made in Alaska Between the Years 1877 and 1881. Edited by +Henry W. Henshaw. 4to. pp. 337. Birds, pp. 19-230, pll. I-XII, +colored; 260 species; important.--1888. TURNER, L. M. Contributions +to the Natural History of Alaska. Results of Investigations made +chiefly in the Yukon District and the Aleutian Islands. 4to, pp. 226; +birds, pp. 115-191, pll. I-X, colored; 168 species.--1898. +GRINNELL, J. Summer Birds of Sitka, Alaska. Auk, XV, pp. 122-131; +66 species.--1899. PALMER, W. The Avifauna of the Pribilov Islands. +The Fur Seals and Fur Seal Islands of the North Pacific Ocean, +Part III, pp., 355-431; 68 species; bibliography.--1900. GRINNELL, J. +Birds of the Kotzebue Sound Region, Alaska. Pacific Coast Avifauna +No. 1. Cooper Orn. Club, Los Angeles, Calif. 80 pp. 1 map; 113 +species.--1900. STONE, W. Report on Birds and Mammals obtained by the +McIlhenny Expedition to Pt. Barrow, Alaska, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. +Phila., birds, pp. 4-33; 69 species.--1901. OSGOOD, W. H. Natural +History of the Cook Inlet Region, Alaska. North American Fauna, No. 21; +birds, pp. 72-81; 78 species.--1902. McGREGOR, R. C. A List of Birds +Collected in Norton Sound, Alaska. The Condor, IV, pp. 135-144; 63 +species.--1904. OSGOOD, W. H. A Biological Reconnaissance of the Base +of the Alaska Peninsula. North American Fauna, No. 24; birds, pp. +51-81; 134 species.--1906. McGREGOR, R. C. Birds Observed in the +Krenitzin Islands, Alaska. The Condor, VIII, pp. 114-122; 44 +species.--1909. GRINNELL, J. Birds and Mammals of the 1907 Alexander +Expedition to Southeastern Alaska. Univ. Cal. Pub. Zool. V, 2 pp. +171-264; 99 species.--1909. OSGOOD, W. H. Biological Investigations +in Alaska and Yukon Territory. North American Fauna, No. 30; 96 pp. +6 plls. I. East Central Alaska, 76 species; II. Ogilvie Range, Yukon, +43 species; III. The Macmillan River, Yukon, 55 species.--1909. +SHELDON, C. List of Birds Observed on the Upper Toklat River near +Mt. McKinley, Alaska, 1907-1908. The Auk, XXVI, pp. 66-70; 63 +species.--1910. CLARK, A. H. The Birds Collected and Observed in the +North Pacific Ocean, and in Bering, Okhotsk, Japan, and Eastern Seas, +from April to December, 1906. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 1727, pp. +25-74; 175 species.--1910. GRINNELL, J. Birds of the 1908 Alexander +Alaska Expedition, with a note on the Avifaunal Relationships of the +Prince William Sound District, Univ. Cal. Pub. Zool. V, 12, pp. +361-428; 2 plls; 89 species.--1911. SWARTH, H. S. Birds and Mammals +of the 1909 Alexander Alaska Expedition. Univ. Cal. Pub. Zool. VII, 2, +pp. 9-172; 6 plls. Birds, pp. 23-112; 137 species.--1912. BENT, A. C. +Notes on Birds Observed during a Brief visit to the Aleutian Islands +and Bering Sea in 1911. Smiths. Miscell. Colls. Vol. 56 No. 32; +pp. 29; 60+22 species. + + +LOWER CALIFORNIA + +1859, BAIRD, S. F. Notes on a collection of Birds made by Mr. John +Xantus, at Cape San Lucas, Lower California. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. +Phila., XI, pp. 299-306; 42 species.--1876. RIDGWAY, R. Ornithology of +Guadeloupe Island based on notes and collections made by Dr. Edward +Palmer. Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr. Vol. II, pp. 183-195; 10 +species.--1877. STREETS, T. H., M. D. Contributions to the Natural +History of the Hawaiian and Fanning Islands and Lower California. +Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 7, p 172; birds, pp. 9-33.--1883. BELDING, +L. Catalogue of a Collection of Birds made near the Southern Extremity +of the Peninsula of Lower California. Edited by R. Ridgway. Proc. U. S. +Nat. Mus. V. 1882, pp. 532-550; 154 species (See also _Ibid._, pp. +527-532; VI, pp. 344-352).--1888. BRYANT, W. E. Cerros Island. Forest +and Stream, XXVII, pp. 62-64; 27 species.--1887. BRYANT, W. E. +Additions to the Ornithology of Guadeloupe Island. Bull. Cal. Acad. +Sci. II, 6, pp. 269-318; 35 species.--1888. GOSS, N. S. New and Rare +Birds found Breeding on the San Pedro Martir Isle. Auk, V, pp. 240-224; +5 species.--1890. BRYANT, W. E. A catalogue of the Birds of Lower +California, Mexico. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 2nd Ser. II, pp. 237-320, +with map; 320 species; bibliography.--1890. TOWNSEND, C. H. Birds from +the Coasts of Western North America and adjacent Islands Collected in +1888-89, with Descriptions of New Species. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIII, +1890, pp. 131-142. Clarion Islands, 10 species; Socorro Island, +9 species; San Benedicte Island, 6 species; Lower California, +23 species; Mouth of Rio Colorado, Sonora, 3 species; Cerros Island, +2 species; Guadeloupe Island, Lower California, 3 species; Santa +Barbara Island, California, 4 species; San Clemente Island, California, +9 species; San Nicolas Island, California, 1 species; Santa Rosa Island, +California, 5 species; Santa Cruz Island, California, 10 species.--1895. +ANTHONY, A. W. Birds of San Fernando, Lower California. Auk, XII, +pp. 134-143; 65 species.--1898. ANTHONY, A. W. Avifauna of Revillagigedo +Islands. The Auk, XV, pp. 311-318. San Benedicte Island, 11 species; +Socorro Island, 24 species; Clarion Island, 17 species.--1902. BREWSTER, +W. Birds of the Cape Region of Lower California. Bull. Mus. Comp. +Zool., No. 1, XLI, 241 pp., 1 map; 255 species; bibliography.--1903. +GRINNELL, J. and DAGGETT, F. S. An Ornithological Visit to Los +Coronados Islands, Lower California. The Auk, XX, pp. 27-37; 22 +species; bibliography.--1904. BRENINGER, G. F. San Clemente Island and +its Birds. The Auk, XXI, pp. 218-223.--1905. KAEDING, H. B. Birds from +the West Coast of Lower California and Adjacent Islands. The Condor, +VII, pp. 105-111; 168 species.--1905. STONE, W. and RHOADS, S. N. +On a Collection of Birds and Mammals from the Colorado Delta, +Lower California. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci Phila., pp. 676-690; 50 +species.--1907. THAYER, J. E. and BANGS, O. Birds Collected by W. W. +Brown, Jr., on Cerros, San Benito and Natividad Islands in the spring +of 1906, with Notes on the Biota of the Islands. The Condor, IX, pp. +77-81. Cerros, 29; Natividad, 9; San Benito, 7 species.--1907. THAYER, +J. E., and BANGS, O. Catalogue of Birds Collected in Middle Lower +California. The Condor IX, pp. 135-140; 73 species.--1908. THAYER, +J. E. and BANGS, O. The Present State of the Ornis of Guadeloupe +Island. The Condor, X, pp. 101-106; 20 species.--1909. OSBORN, P. I. +Notes on the Birds of Los Coronados Islands, Lower California. +The Condor XI, pp. 134-138; 34 species. + + +BRITISH POSSESSIONS + + +BERMUDA + +1859. JONES, J. M., WEDDERBURN, J. W., and HURDIS, J. L.. The +Naturalist in Bermuda. Birds, pp. 23-97.--1884. REID, S. G. List of +the Birds of Bermuda. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 25., pp. 165-279; +186 species. (See also, MERRIAM, C. H., _Ibid._, 283, 284).--1901. +BANGS, O. and BRADLEE, T. S. The Resident Land Birds of Bermuda. +Auk, XVIII, pp. 249-257; 10 species. + + +CANADA + +1831. SWAINSON, W., and RICHARDSON, J. Fauna Boreali-Americana. +Part Second, 4to, pp. lxvi-524, pll. 24-73, woodct. 41; 238 species; +important.--1863. BLAKISTON, T. On the Birds of the Interior of +British America. Ibis., V, pp. 39-87, 121-155; 250 species.--1887. +CHAMBERLAIN, M. A Catalogue of Canadian Birds with Notes on the +Distribution of the Species. 8vo, pp. 143. St. John, N. B.--1898. +RUSSELL, F. Explorations in the Far North, (Lake Winnipeg, Crow Nest +Pass, Alberta, Fort Chippewayan, Fort Rae, Herschel Island.) Published +by University of Iowa. Birds, pp. 253-270; 122 species.--1909. MACOUN, +J. and J. M. Catalogue of Canadian Birds. 8vo, XVIII+761 pp. +Government Ptg. Bureau, Ottawa. Distribution and nesting; important. + + +ALBERTA + +1892. RAINE, W. (See Saskatchewan.)--1909. STANSELL, S. S. S., Birds +of Central Alberta. The Auk, XXVI, pp. 391-400; 157 species. + + +BRITISH COLUMBIA + +1868. BROWN, R. Synopsis of the Birds of Vancouver Island. Ibis, +2nd Ser., IV, pp. 414-428; 153 species.--1890. CHAPMAN, F. M. On a +Collection of Birds made by Mr. Clark P. Streator in British Columbia +with Field Notes by the Collector. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., III, +pp. 123-158; 160 species, from Westminister, Mt. Lehman, Ducks, and +Ashcroft, B. C., Duncan's Station, Vancouver Island, and Kalama, +Washington.--1891. FANNIN, J. Check-List of British Columbia Birds. +8vo. pp. XIV+49. Victoria, B. C.; 307 species.--1893. RHOADS, S. N. +The Birds observed in British Columbia and Washington during spring +and summer of 1892. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1893, pp. 21-65; +260 species.--1901. OSGOOD, W. H. Natural History of the Queen +Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. North American Fauna, No. 21, +Birds, pp. 38-50; 98 species.--1903. BROOKS, A. Notes on the Birds +of the Cariboo District, British Columbia. The Auk, XX, pp. 277-284; +94 species.--1912. SWARTH, H. S. Report on a Collection of Birds and +Mammals from Vancouver Island, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool. X, 1, pp. 124; +111 species. + + +FRANKLIN + +1879. KUMLIEN, L. Contributions to the Natural History of Arctic +America, made in Connection with the Howgate Polar Expedition, 1877-78. +Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 15. Birds, pp. 69-105; 84 species.--1886. +GREELEY, A. W. Three years of Arctic Service. Roy 8vo, 2 vols, Birds, +Vol. II, App. VIII, pp. 372-385; 35+5 species. + + +KEEWATIN + +1902. PREBLE, E. A. Birds of Keewatin, N. A. Fauna, No. 22, pp. 75-131; +260 species.--1905. EIFRIG, C. W. G. Ornithological Results of the +Canadian Neptune Expedition to Hudson Bay and Northward, 1903-1904. +Auk, pp. 233-241; 51 species. + + +LABRADOR (INCLUDING UNGAVA) + +1861. COUES, E. Notes on the Ornithology of Labrador. Proc. Acad. Nat. +Sci. Phila., XIII, pp. 215-257; 82 species.--1885. TURNER, L. M. List +of the Birds of Labrador, including Ungava, East Main, Moose, and Gulf +Districts of the Hudson Bay Company, together with the Island of +Anticosti. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., VIII, pp. 233-254; 207 species. (See +also PACKARD, A. S. The Labrador Coast, 1891).--1887. FRAZAR, M. A. An +Ornithologist's Summer in Labrador. Orn. and Oöl., XII, pp. 1-3, 17-20, +33-35; 62 species.--1902. BIGELOW, H. B. Birds of the Northwestern +Coast of Labrador. Auk, XIX, 1902, pp. 24-31; 85 species.--1907. +TOWNSEND, C. W., and ALLEN, G. M. Birds of Labrador. Proc. Bost. Soc. +Nat. Hist., XXXIII, pp. 277-428, map; 213 species. (See also TOWNSEND, +C. W., and BENT, A. C. The Auk, 1910, pp. 1-18; 93 species.) + + +MACKENZIE + +1862. ROSS, B. R. List of Mammals, Birds, and Eggs, observed in the +Mackenzie's River District with notices. Canad. Nat. and Geol., VII, +pp. 137-155. Birds, pp. 142-155; 192 species. (See also Nat. Hist. +Rev. 2nd Ser. II, pp. 269-290).--1891. MACFARLANE, R. Notes on and +List of Birds and Eggs Collected in Arctic America, 1861-1866. Proc. +U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, pp. 413-446; 131 species. (See also Hist. & Sci. +Soc. of Man., Trans. 39).--1908. MACFARLANE, R. List of Birds and Eggs +Observed and Collected in the North-West Territories of Canada, +between 1880 and 1894. pp. 285-447 of Mair's "Through the Mackenzie +Basin," Toronto. William Briggs. 220 species.--1908. PREBLE, E. A. A +Biological Investigation of the Athabasca-Mackenzie Region, N. A. +Fauna, No. 27, 574 pp. Birds, pp. 251-500; 296 species; bibliography; +important.--1908. SETON, E. T. Bird Records from Great Slave Lake +Region. The Auk, XXV, pp. 68-74; 88 species. + + +MANITOBA + +1886. SETON, E. T. The Birds of Western Manitoba. Auk, III, pp. 145-156, +320-329, 453; 258 species.--1891. SETON, E. T. The Birds of Manitoba. +Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIII, pp. 457-643, 1 pl.; 266 species. (See also +14 additions. Auk, 1893, p. 49.)--1909. SETON, E. T. Fauna of Manitoba. +British Assc. Handbook. Winnipeg, pp. 1-47; 273 species. + + +NEW BRUNSWICK + +1857. BRYANT, H. A List of Birds Observed at Grand Menan and at +Yarmouth, N. S., from June 16 to July 8. Proc. Bost. Nat. Hist., VI, +pp. 114-123; 55 species.--1873. HERRICK, H. A Partial Catalogue of the +Birds of Grand Menan, N. B., Bull. Essex. Inst., V. pp. 28-41; 194 +species.--1879. PEARSALL, R. F. Grand Menan Notes; Summers of 1877 and +1878. Forest and Stream, XIII, p. 524; 43 species.--1882. BATCHELDER, +C. F. Notes on the Summer Birds of the Upper St. John. Bull. N. O. C, +VII, pp. 106-111, 147-152; 105 species.--1882, CHAMBERLAIN, M. A +Catalogue of the Birds of New Brunswick. Bull. Nat. Hist. Soc. New +Brunswick, No. I, pp. 23-68, 269 species.--1912. TOWNSEND, C. W. Notes +on the Summer Birds of the St. John Valley, New Brunswick. The Auk, +XXIX, pp. 16-23; 81 species. + + +NEWFOUNDLAND + +1869. REEKS, H. Notes on the Zoölogy of Newfoundland. Zoölogist, 2nd +ser., IV, pp. 1609-1614, 1698-1695, 1741-1759, 1849-1858; 212 species. +See also Canad. Nat. and Quart. Journ. Sci., V. 1870-71, pp. 38-47, +151-159, 289-304, 406-416; and HARVEY M. Forest and Stream, III, +pp. 53, 196, 341.--1900. PORTER, L. H. Newfoundland Notes. Auk, XVII, +pp. 71-73; 50 species summer birds.--1912. ARNOLD, E. A Short Summer +Outing in Newfoundland. The Auk, XXIX, pp. 72-79; 68 species. + + +NOVA SCOTIA + +1857. BRYANT, H. (See New Brunswick.)--1858. BLAKISTON, R. A., BLAND, +R. E., and WILLIS, J. R. List of Birds of Nova Scotia. Thirteenth Ann. +Rep. Smiths. Inst., pp. 280-286; 206 species.--1879. JONES, J. +MATTHEW. List of the Birds of Nova Scotia--Land Birds. Forest and +Stream, XII, pp. 65, 66, 105, 106, 205, 245; 128 species.--1887. +DWIGHT, J., Jr. Summer Birds of the Bras d'Or Region of Cape Breton +Island, Nova Scotia. Auk, IV, 1887, pp. 13-16; 59 species. (See also +ALLEN, F. H., Ibid., 1891.)--1888. DOWNS, A. Birds of Nova Scotia, +edited by Harry Piers, Proc. and Trans. Nova Scotia Inst. Nat. Sci., +VII, ii, pp. 142-178; 240 species. + + +ONTARIO + +1860. McILWRAITH, T. List of Birds Observed in the Vicinity of +Hamilton. Canad. Journ., V. pp. 387-396. (See also Proc. Essex. Inst., +V. 1866, pp. 79-96), 241 species.--1882. MORDEN, J. A., and SAUNDERS, +W. E. List of the Birds of Western Ontario. Canad. Sportsm, and +Nat. II, pp. 183-187, 192-194, also III, pp. 218, 219, 243; 236 +species.--1891. FARLEY, W. L. A List of the Birds of Elgin County, +Ontario. The Oölogist, VIII, pp. 81-87; 190 species.--1891. Ottawa +Field Nat. Club. The Birds of Ottawa. Ottawa Nat. V. pp. 31-47; 224 +species.--1894. McILWRAITH, T. The Birds of Ontario, 8vo. X+426 pp. +Wm. Briggs, Toronto; 317 species.--1897-8. NASH, C. W. Birds of +Ontario in Relation to Agriculture. Rep. Farmers' Inst. of Ont. 8vo, +32 pp.--1900. NASH, C. W. Check List of the Birds of Ontario. Warwick +Bros, and Rutter, Toronto. 8vo. 58 pp.; 302 species.--1901. FLEMING, +J. H. A list of the Birds of the Districts of Parry Sound and Muskoka, +Ont. Auk, XVIII, 1901, pp. 33-45; 196 species. (See also Ibid., XIX, +p. 403.)--1905. NASH, C. W. Check List of the Birds of Ontario. L. K. +Cameron, Printer, Toronto, Ont. 82 pp; 324 species.--1906. SWALES, B. +H., and TAVERNER, P. A. Remarks on the Summer Birds of Lake Muskoka, +Ont. Wilson Bull., XVIII, pp. 60-68; 59 species.--1906-7. FLEMING, J. +H. Birds of Toronto, Ont. Auk, XXIII, pp. 437-453; XXIV, pp. 71-89; +290 species.--1907. HUBEL, F. C. Preliminary List of the Summer Birds +of the Cobalt Mining Region, Nipissing District, Ont. Auk XXIV, pp. +48-52; 76 species.--1907-8. TAVERNER, P. A. and SWALES, B. H. The +Birds of Point Pelee, Wilson Bull. XIX, pp. 37-53; 82-99, 133-153; +XX, pp. 79-96, 107-129; 209 species. See also WOOD, N. A., _Ibid._, +1910, pp. 63-78.--1910. EIFRIG, G. A. Winter of Rare Birds at Ottawa. +Auk, XXVII, pp. 53-59. + + +QUEBEC + +1878. CORY, C. B. A Naturalist in the Magdalen Islands (Boston). Part +II, pp. 33-83, list of birds; 109 species.--1882. WINTLE, E. D. +Ornithology of the Island of Montreal. Canad. Sportsm. and Nat., II, +pp. 108-110, 116, 117; 168 species.--1882-5. MERRIAM, C. H. List of +Birds Ascertained to Occur within Ten Miles of Point des Monts, +Province of Quebec, Canada; based chiefly upon the notes of Napoleon +A. Comeau. Bull. N. O. C, VII, pp. 233-242, and Addenda, VIII, +pp. 244, 245; Auk, I, 1884, p. 295; II, 1885, pp. 113, 315; 180 +species.--1884. BREWSTER, W. Notes on the Birds Observed During a +Summer Cruise on the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., +XXII, pp. 364-412; 92 species.--1889. BISHOP, L. B. Notes on the Birds +of the Magdalen Islands. Auk, VI, pp. 144-150; 66 species.--1889. +DIONNE, C. E. Catalogue des Oiseaux de la Province de Quebec avec des +Notes sur leur Distribution Geographique.... Quebec des Presses a +Vapeur de J. Dussault, Port Dauphin, 8vo, 119 pp.; 273 species.--1891. +PALMER, WILLIAM. Notes on the Birds Observed During the Cruise of the +United States Fish Commission Schooner Grampus in the Summer of 1887. +Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIII, 1890, pp 249-265; 78 species.--1893. +DWIGHT, J., JR. Summer Birds of Prince Edward Island. Auk, X, 1893, +pp. 1-15; 81 species.--1896. WINTLE, E. D. The Birds of Montreal. +W. Drysdale & Co., Montreal. 8vo, xiv+181 pp.; 254 species.--1908. +MACSWAIN, J. A Catalogue of the Birds of Prince Edward Island. Proc. +and Trans. Nova Scotia Inst. of Science. XI, pp, 570-592; 220 species. + + +SASKATCHEWAN + +1892. RAINE, W. Bird-nesting in North-West Canada. 8vo. pp. 197; ills. +Toronto.--1907-8. BENT, A. C. Summer Birds of Southern Saskatchewan. +The Auk, XXIV, pp. 407-430; XXV, pp. 25-35; 153 species.--1910. +FERRY, J. F. Birds Observed in Saskatchewan During the Summer of 1909. +The Auk, XXVII, pp. 185-204; 118 species. + + +UNITED STATES + + +WESTERN UNITED STATES + +1856. CASSIN, J. Illustrations of the Birds of California, Texas, +Oregon, British, and Russian America. Intended to Contain descriptions +and figures of all North American Birds not given by former American +authors, and a General Synopsis of North American Ornithology. 1 Vol. +large 8vo. pp. viii+298; pll. 50.--1870. COOPER, J. G. Geological +Survey of California. Ornithology. Volume I. Land Birds. Edited by +S. F. Baird. Published by authority of the Legislature. Vol. I large +8vo, pp. xi+591; ills.--1872. ALLEN, J. A. Notes of an Ornithological +Reconnaissance of Portions of Kansas, Colorado, Wyoming, and Utah. +Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. III, pp. 113-183. Annotated lists of birds +observed at Leavenworth, Topeka, Fort Hays and in Northwestern Kansas; +between Colorado City and Denver, at South Park near Mount Lincoln, +Colorado; at Cheyenne, Wyoming, and near Ogden, Utah.--1874. COUES, E. +Birds of the Northwest: A Handbook of the Ornithology of the Region +drained by the Missouri River and its Tributaries. U. S. Geol. Survey +of the Territories. Miscellaneous Publications, No. 3. Washington, 1 +Vol. 8vo, pp. xii+791; important.--1874. YARROW, H. C. and HENSHAW, H. +W. Geog. and Geol. Explorations and Surveys West of the one hundredth +Meridian. Reports upon Ornithological Specimens Collected in the years +1871, 1872, and 1873. 8vo, pp. 1-148. Observations made in Utah, +Nevada, Colorado, New Mexico and Arizona.--1875. HENSHAW, H. W. Report +upon Geograph. and Geol. Explorations and Surveys West of the One +Hundredth Meridian. Vol. V, Zoology. Chap. III, Report upon the +Ornithological Collections made in Portions of Nevada, Utah, +California, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona, during the years 1871, +1872, 1873 and 1874. 4to, pp. 184-508; pll. xv; 296 species.--1878. +COUES, E. Birds of the Colorado Valley. A Repository of Scientific and +Popular Information Concerning North American Ornithology. Part +First. Passeres to Laniidæ. Bibliographical Appendix. Seventy +illustrations.--1890. BELDING, L. Land Birds of the Pacific District. +Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences, II, 8vo, pp. +1-274; 295 species.--1902. BAILEY, F. M. Handbook of Birds of Western +United States. 12mo, pp. xc-512; many ills. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. +Important. + + +MISSISSIPPI VALLEY + +1888. COOKE, W. W. Reports on Bird Migration in the Mississippi Valley +in the year 1884 and 1885. Edited and revised by C. Hart Herriam. +Bull. No. 2, Div. Economic Ornithology [= Biological Survey]. 313 pp., +1 map. + + +NEW ENGLAND + +1877. MINOT, H. D. The Land and Game Birds of New England. Second +Ed., edited by Wm. Brewster, 1895, 492 pp. (Houghton).--1881-3. +STEARNS, W. A., and COUES, E. New England Bird-Life, 2 vols., pp. +324-409.--1904. HOFFMANN, R. A Guide to the Birds of New England and +Eastern New York. 350 pp. (Houghton).--1909. ALLEN, G. M. Birds of New +England. Occ. Papers Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., VII, pp. 1-230; 402 species. + + +ALABAMA + +1878-9. BROWN, N. C. A List of Birds Observed at Coosada, Central +Alabama. Bull. N. O. C, III, pp. 168-174; IV, pp. 7-13; 119 +species.--1890-1. AVERY, W. C. Birds Observed in Alabama. Am. Field, +XXXIV, pp. 584, 607, 608; XXXV, 1891, pp. 8, 32, 55; 184 species.--1908. +SAUNDERS, A. A. Some Birds of Central Alabama. Auk, XXV, pp. 413-424; +129 species. + + +ARIZONA + +1853. WOODHOUSE, S. W. Report of an Expedition down the Zuni and +Colorado Rivers, by Captain L. Sitgreaves.... 8vo, pp. 198. Birds, +pp. 58-105; pll. i-vi; 219 species.--1866. COUES, E. List of the Birds +of Fort Whipple. Arizona: with which are incorporated all the other +species ascertained to inhabit the Territory; with brief critical and +field notes, descriptions of new species, etc. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. +Phila. XVIII, pp. 39-100; 245 species.--1874. YARROW, H. C., and +HENSHAW, H. W. (see Utah).--1875. HENSHAW, H. W. Annual Report of the +Chief of Engineers for 1875. App. I 2, pp. 153-166. Annotated list of +the Birds of Arizona; 291 species.--1882-3. BREWSTER, W. On a +Collection of Birds lately made by Mr. F. Stephens in Arizona. +Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, VII, pp. 65-86; 135-147; 193-212; VIII, pp. +21-36; 165 species (see also The Auk, II, 1885, pp. 84, 85; +196-200).--1886-8. SCOTT, W. E. D. On the Avifauna of Pinal County +with Remarks on Some Birds of Pima and Gila Counties, Arizona. With +annotations by J. A. Allen. Auk, III, 249-258; 383-389; 421-432; IV, +pp. 16-24; 196-205; V, pp. 29-36; 159-168; 246 species.--1887. +MORCOM, G. (See California).--1890. MEARNS, E. A. Observations on the +Avifauna of Portions of Arizona. Auk, VII, pp. 45-55; 251-264; 100 +species.--1890. MERRIAM, C. H. Results of a Biological Survey of the +San Francisco Mountain region and Desert of the Little Colorado in +Arizona. North American Fauna, No. 3. Part IV, Annotated List of Birds +of the San Francisco Mountain Plateau and Desert of the Little Colorado +River, Arizona, pp. 85-101; 151 species.--1892. RHOADS, S. N. (See +Texas).--1893. FISHER, A. K. (See California).--1903. OSGOOD, W. H. +A List of Birds observed in Cochise County, Arizona. The Condor, V, +pp. 128-131; 149-151; 123 species.--1904. SWARTH, H. S. Birds of the +Huachuca Mountains, Arizona. Pacific Coast Avifauna, No. 4. Cooper +Orn. Club, 8vo, pp. 70; 195 species.--1905. SWARTH, H. S. Summer Birds +of the Papago Indian Reservation and of the Santa Rita Mountains, +Arizona. The Condor, VI, pp. 22-28; 47-50; 77-81; 65+68; species.--1908. +SWARTH, H. S. Some Fall Migration Notes from Huachuca Mountains, +Arizona. The Condor, X, pp. 107-116; 109 species.--1910. VISHER, S. S. +Notes of the Birds of Pima County, Arizona. The Auk, XXVII, pp. +279-288; 127 species. + + +ARKANSAS + +1911. HOWELL, A. H. Birds of Arkansas. Bull. No. 38, Biological Survey. +8vo, pp. 100, 1 map; 255 species. + + +CALIFORNIA[E] + + [E] See Grinnell, J. A Bibliography of California + Ornithology. Pacific Coast Avifauna, No. 5. + +1846-47. GAMBEL, W. Remarks on the Birds Observed in Upper California +with Descriptions of New Species. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., III, +pp. 44-48; 110-114; 154-158; 200-204; 82 species (see also Journ. +Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1847, pp. 25-56; 1849, pp. 215-229; 176 +species).--1853. HERRMANN, A. L. Notes on the Land Birds of California, +observed during a residence of three years in that country. Journ. +Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., II, pp. 259-272; 130 species.--1857. NEWBERRY, +J. S. Report on the Birds Observed in California and Oregon. Pac. R. R. +Rep. Vol. VI, Part VI, pp. 73-110; 174 species.--1859. HERRMANN, A. L. +Report on Birds Collected on the Survey. Pac. R. R. Rep. Vol. X, No. 2, +pp. 29-80; 180 species.--1859. XANTUS, J. Catalogue of Birds Collected +in the vicinity of Fort Tejon, California, with a description of a new +species of _Syrnium_. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XI, pp. 189-193; +144 species.--1866. COUES, E. (See Arizona).--1870. COOPER, J. G. The +Fauna of California and its geographical Distribution. Proc. Cal. Acad. +Sci., IV, pp. 61-81.--1875. COOPER, J. G. New Facts relating to +California Ornithology. Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci., VI, 1875, +pp. 189-202; 45 species.--1875. NELSON, E. W. (See Utah).--1876. +HENSHAW, H. W. Report on the Ornithology of the Portions of California +visited during the Field Season of 1875; pp. 224-278. Annual Report +upon the Geographical Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian. +Notes from Santa Cruz Island, Santa Barbara, region about Mt. Whitney, +Kernville, and Walker's Basin; 204 species.--1877. HENSHAW, H. W. +(See Nevada).--1877. RIDGWAY, R. (See Nevada).--1879. BELDING, L. +Partial List of the Birds of Central California. Edited by R. Ridgway. +Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. I, pp. 388-449; 220 species.--1879. COOPER, J. G. +On Migration and Nesting Habits of West-Coast Birds. Proc. U. S. Nat. +Mus. II, pp. 241-251.--1880. HENSHAW, H. W. (See Nevada).--1886. +EVERMANN, B. W. A List of the Birds observed in Ventura County, +California. Auk, III, pp. 86-94, 179-186; 200 species. (See also +Cooper, _Ibid._, IV, pp. 85-94).--1886. STREATOR, C. P. List of Birds +observed in the Vicinity of Santa Barbara, Cal., During the year 1885. +Orn. and Oöl., XI, pp. 51, 52, 66, 67, 89, 90, 107; 187 species.--1887. +BLAKE, E. W. JR. Summer Birds of Santa Cruz Island, California. Auk, +IV, pp. 328-330; 28 species.--1887. MORCOM, G. F. Notes on the birds +of Southern California and Southwestern Arizona. Bull. No. 2, Ridgw. +Orn. Club, pp. 36-57; 139 species.--1887. STREATOR, C. P. The Water +Birds of San Miguel Island. Proc. Santa Barbara Soc. Nat. Hist. Bull. +No. I, pp. 21-23; 10 species.--1887. TAYLOR, H. R. Trip to the +Farallone Islands. Orn. and Oöl. XII, pp. 41-43: 12 species.--1887. +TOWNSEND, C. H. Field-Notes on the Mammals, Birds, and Reptiles of +Northern California. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. X, pp. 159-241; Birds, +pp. 190-237; 261 species.--1888.... BRYANT, W. E. Birds and Eggs from +the Farallon Islands. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 2nd Ser. I; 1887, +pp. 25-50; 81 species.--1888. STREATOR, C. P. Notes on the Birds of the +Santa Barbara Islands. Orn. and Oöl., XIII, pp. 52-54.--1890. TOWNSEND, +C. (See Lower California).--1890-91. KEELER, C. A. Geographical +Distribution of Land Birds in California. Zoe, I, 1890, pp. 225-230; +257-260; 295-299; 337-343; 1891, 369-373.--1893. FISHER, A. K. Report +on the Ornithology of the Death Valley Expedition N. A. Fauna, No. 7, +pp. 7-158; 290 species.--1895. LOOMIS, L. M. California Water Birds. +No. 1--Monterey and Vicinity from the Middle of June to the end of +August. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, V. pp. 177-224; map; 44 +species.--1896. LOOMIS, L. M. California Water Birds, No. II. Vicinity +of Monterey in Midwinter. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, VI, pp. 1-30; +1 map; 43 species. III, South Farallon in July, Ibid., pp. 353-366; +2 maps; 10 species.--1896. MERRIAM, F. A. A-birding on a Bronco [in +San Diego Co.] 16mo, pp. x+226; ills. Houghton, Mifflin & Co.--1897. +BARLOW, C. The Story of the Farallones. Ob. 16mo, 32 pp. ills. H. R. +Taylor, Alameda.--1897. GRINNELL, J. Report on Birds Recorded during a +Visit to the Islands of Santa Barbara, San Nicolas, and San Clemente +in the spring of 1897; pp. 26.--1898. GRINNELL, J. Birds of the Pacific +Slope of Los Angeles County. Pub. No. II, Pasadena Acad. Sci., pp. 52; +300 species.--1898. GRINNELL, J. Land Birds Observed in Midwinter +on Santa Catalina Island, California. Auk, XV, pp. 233-236; +29 species.--1899. KEELER, C. A. Bird Notes Afield. 12mo, pp. viii+353. +D. P. Elder & Morgan Sheppard, San Francisco.--1899. MERRIAM, C. H. +Results of a Biological Survey of Mount Shasta, California. North +American Fauna, No. 16, Birds, pp. 109-134; 136 species.--1900. +LOOMIS, L. M. California Water Birds. No. IV. Vicinity of Monterey in +Autumn. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 3d Ser. II, pp. 277-322; 1 map; +42 species. V. Vicinity of Monterey in May and Early June, Ibid., +pp. 349-363; 36 species.--1900. MAILLARD, J. Land Birds of Marin +County, Cal. The Condor, II, pp. 62-68; 137 species.--1900. SWARTH, +H. S. Avifauna of a 100-acre Ranch [at Los Angeles]. The Condor, II, +pp. 14-16; 37-41; 175 species.--1901. BARLOW, C. A List of the Land +Birds of the Placerville-Lake Tahoe Stage Road. The Condor, III, +pp. 151-184; 130 species.--1901. MAILLARD, J. and J W. Birds Recorded +at Paicines, San Benito Co., California. The Condor, III, pp. 120-127; +168 species.--1901. McGREGOR, R. C. A List of the Land Birds of Santa +Cruz County, California. Pacific Coast Avifauna No. 2. Cooper Orn. +Club, pp. 22; 139 species.--1902. FISHER, W. K. The Redwood Belt of +Northwestern California. The Condor, IV, Faunal Peculiarities, +pp. 111-114; Land-Birds, 131-135; 63 species.--1902. FISHER, W. K. +List of Birds of Santa Clara Valley and Santa Cruz Mountains, exclusive +of Water-Birds. Bailey's Handbook of Birds of the Western United States, +pp. li-lvi; 147 species.--1902. GRINNELL, J. Check-List of California +Birds. Pacific Coast Avifauna, No. 3, Cooper Orn. Club, 92 pp.; 2 maps; +491 species.--1902. GRINNELL, J. List of Birds to be looked for in the +Vicinity of Pasadena. Bailey's Handbook of Birds of the Western United +States, pp. lvi-lxiv; 191 species.--1902. KOBBE, W. H. List of Water +Birds of San Francisco Bay. Bailey's Handbook of Birds of the Western +United States, pp. lviii-1; 91 species.--1903. ANDERSON, M. P., and +GRINNELL, J. Birds of the Siskiyou Mountains, California: A Problem +in Distribution. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., pp. 4-15; +43 species.--1903. KAEDING, H. B. Bird-Life on the Farallones. +The Condor, V, pp. 121-127; 17 species.--1903. RAY, M. S. A List of +Land Birds of Lake Valley, Central Sierra Nevada Mountains, California. +The Auk, pp. 180-193; 109 species.--1903. STEPHENS, F. Bird Notes from +Eastern California and Western Arizona. The Condor, V, pp. 75-78; +100-105; 119 species.--1904. EMERSON, W. O. The Farallones Revisited, +1887-1903. The Condor, VI, pp. 61-67.--1904. RAY, M. S. A Fortnight on +the Farallones. The Auk, XXI, pp. 425-442; 14 species.--1904. WHEELOCK, +J. G. Birds of California: An Introduction to more than Three Hundred +Common Birds of the State and Adjacent Islands. 12mo. xxviii+578 pp.; +ills. A. C. McClurg & Co.--1905. GRINNELL, J. Summer Birds of Mount +Pinos, California. The Auk, XXII, pp. 378-391; 73 species.--1906. +DIXON, J. Land Birds of San Onofre, California. The Condor, VIII, +pp. 91-98; 63 species.--1906. RAY, M. S. Summer Birds of San Francisco +County, California. The Condor, VIII, pp. 42-44; 44 species.--1907. +BEAL, F. E. L. Birds of California in Relation to the Fruit Industry. +Bull. No. 30, Biological Survey, pp. 100.--1908. GOLDMAN, E. A. Summer +Birds of the Tulare Lake Region. The Condor, X, pp. 200-205; 83 +species.--1908. GRINNELL, J. The Biota of the San Bernardino Mountains. +Univ. Cal. Publ. Zool. V, I, 170 pp. xxiv plls. Birds, pp. 50-54; 139 +species.--1908. HOLLISTER, N. Birds of the Region about Needles, +California. The Auk, XXV, pp. 455-462; 66 species.--1910. BECK, R. H. +Water Birds of the Vicinity of Point Pinos, California. Proc. Cal. +Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, III, pp. 57-72; 94 species.--1908. LINTON, C. B. +Notes from San Clemente Island. The Condor, X, pp. 82-86; 58 +species.--1908. LINTON, C. B. Notes from Santa Cruz Island. The Condor, +X, pp. 124-129; 88 species (See also Ibid, XIII, pp. 208-210).--1911. +DAWSON, W. L. Another Fortnight on the Farallones. The Condor, XIII, +pp. 171-183; 43 species.--1911. VAN ROSSEM, A. Winter Birds of the +Salton Sea Region. The Condor, XIII, pp. 129-137; 72 species.--1912. +LAMB, C. Birds of Mohave Desert Oasis. The Condor, XIV, pp. 32-40; +133 species.--1912. WILLETT, G. Birds of the Pacific Slope of Southern +California, Pacific Coast Avifauna No. 7. Cooper Orn. Club, pp. 122; +377 species.--1912. GRINNELL, J. A Systematic List of the Birds of +California. Ibid., No. 8, pp. 23; 530 species. + + +COLORADO + +1872. AIKEN, C. E., and HOLDEN, C. H. Jr. (See Wyoming).--1873. +RIDGWAY, R. The Birds of Colorado. Bull. Essex Inst. V, pp. 174-195. +Distribution tables and 243 species. Based on the Observations of C. +E. Aiken.--1874. YARROW, H. C., and HENSHAW, H. W. (See Utah).--1881. +DREW, F. M. Field Notes on the Birds of San Juan Co. Colorado. Bull. +Nutt. Orn. Club, VI, pp 85-91; 138-143; 104 species.--1883. ALLEN, J. +A., and BREWSTER, W. List of Birds Observed in the Vicinity of +Colorado Springs, Colorado, During March, April, and May, 1882. Bull. +N. O. C. VIII, pp. 151-161; 189-198; 134 species.--1885. DREW, F. On +the Vertical Range of Birds in Colorado. Auk, II, pp. 11-18; 277 +species. (See also 10 additions by H. Smith, Jr., and A. W. Anthony, +Ibid., III, 1886, pp. 284-286, and also 20 species by P. M. Thorne, +Ibid., IV, 1887, pp. 264, 265).--1885. HOFFMAN, W. J. (See +Montana).--1888-90. MORRISON, C. F. A List of the Birds of Colorado. +Orn. and Oöl., XIII, pp. 145, 148, 165-168, 181-183; XIV, 1889, pp. +6-9 65-68, 145-150; XV, 1890, pp. 36-38. ("To be continued.") +233 species to _Junco_, inclusive.--1890. KELLOGG, V. L. Summer +Birds of Estes Park, Colorado, Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci. XII, pp. +80-90.--1897. COOKE, W. W. The Birds of Colorado. Bull. 37, State +Agricultural College, Ft. Collins, pp. 144; 360 species; bibliography +(See also 1898, Bull. 44, first appendix, 1900, Bull. No. 56, second +appendix; and 1909. The Auk, pp. 400-422, third supplement, increasing +total number of species to 397).--1902. KEYSER, L. S. Birds of the +Rockies. With a Complete Check-List of Colorado Birds. 8vo, xii+355 pp; +ills. McClurg, Chicago.--1908. ROCKWELL, R. B. An Annotated List of +the Birds of Mesa County, Colorado. The Condor, X, pp. 152-180; +203 species.--1908. WARREN, E. R. Northwestern Colorado Bird Notes. +The Condor, X, pp. 18-26; 93 species.--1909. FELGER, A. H. Annotated +List of the Water Birds of Weld, Morgan and Adams Counties, Colorado, +south to the first sectional line below the Fortieth Parallel. The +Auk, XXVI, pp. 272-291; 3 maps; 107 species, (see also Hersey, L. J. +and Rockwell, R. B. The Condor, XI, 1909, pp. 110-122, and Rockwell, +Ibid., XIV, pp. 117-131).--1909. HENDERSON, J. An Annotated List of +the Birds of Boulder Co., Colorado. Univ. Colo., Studies, VI, +pp. 219-242--1910.--FELGER, A. H. Birds and Mammals of Northwestern +Colorado, Univ. Studies Colo. Mus., VII, 2, pp. 132-146; 133 +species.--1910. WARREN, E. R. Some Central Colorado Bird Notes. The +Condor, XII, pp. 23-39; 127 species.--1911. WIDMANN, O. List of Birds +Observed in Estes Park, Colorado, from June 10, to July 18, 1910. The +Auk, XXVIII, pp. 304-319; 90 species.--1912. COOKE, W. W. The Present +Status of the Colorado Check-List of Birds. The Condor, XIV, pp. +147-153. Admits 403 species.--1912. SCLATER, W. L. A History of +the Birds of Colorado. Witherby & Co., London, 8vo, pp. xxiv+576; +plls. xvii; 392 species; important. + + +CONNECTICUT + +1843. LINSLEY, J. H. A Catalogue of the Birds of Connecticut. Am. +Journ. Sci. and Arts, XLIV, pp. 249-274, 302 species. See also Ibid., +XLVI, 1844, pp. 50, 51.--1877. MERRIAM, C. H. A Review of the Birds of +Connecticut, with Remarks on their Habits. Trans, of the Conn. Acad., +IV, pp. 1-165; 292 species.--1887. PLATT, F. A List of the Birds of +Meriden, Conn. Trans. Meriden Scientific Assoc, II, 1885-86, +pp. 30-53; III, p. 41; 116 species.--1892. AVERILL, C. K., JR., List +of Birds Found in the Vicinity of Bridgeport, Connecticut. Bridgeport +Scientific Society, 8vo, pp. 1-19, 246 species.--1906. CHAPMAN, F. M. +(See New York).--1908. COMMITTEE. A List of the Birds of the New Haven +Region. Bull. No. 1, New Haven Bird Club, pp. 1-32; 217 species. + + +DAKOTA (NORTH and SOUTH) + +1875. GRINNELL, G. B. Report of a Reconnaissance of the Black Hills of +Dakota, made in the summer of 1874. By William Ludlow. Chapter II. +Birds, pp. 85-102; 110 species.--1875. HOFFMAN, W. J. List of Birds +Observed at Grand River Agency, Dakota Ter., from October 7th, 1872, +to June 7th, 1873. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XVIII, pp. 169-175; +79 species.--1877. McCHESNEY, C. E., M. D. Birds of the Coteau des +Prairies of Eastern Dakota. Forest and Stream, VIII, pp. 176, 177, +192, 224, 225, 241, 242, 261; 102 species.--1901-2. BENT, A. C. +Nesting habits of the Anatidæ in North Dakota. Auk, XVIII, pp; +328-336; XIX, pp. 11-12; 165-174; 16 species.--1908. REAGAN, A. B. +The Birds of the Rosebud Indian Reservation, South Dakota. The Auk, +XXV, pp. 462-467; 108 species.--1909. VISHER, S. S. A List of the +Birds of western South Dakota. The Auk, XXVI, pp. 144-153; 194 +species.--1911. VISHER, S. S. Annotated List of the Birds of Harding +County, Northwestern South Dakota. The Auk, XXVIII, pp. 5-16; +154 species. + + +DELAWARE + +1905. RHOADS, S. N., and PENNOCK, C. J. Birds of Delaware: A +Preliminary List. Auk, XXII, 1905, pp. 194-205; 211 species. (See also +Auk, XXV, 1908, pp. 282-288.)--1897-1908. STONE, W., Editor. Numerous +Notes on Delaware Birds. Proc. Del. Valley Orn. Club, Phila. + + +DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA + +1883. COUES, E. and PRENTISS, D. W. Avifauna Columbiana, Second +Edition. Bull. U. S. Natl. Mus. No. 26, 8vo, pp. 1-133, many woodcuts, +4 maps, 248 species.--1888. RICHMOND, C. W. An Annotated List of +Birds Breeding in the District of Columbia. Auk, V, pp. 18-25; 100 +species.--1888. SMITH, HUGH M., and PALMER, WILLIAM. Additions to the +Avifauna of Washington, D. C., and Vicinity. Auk, V, pp. 147, 148. Adds +12 species to Coues' and Prentiss' list of 1883.--1898. MAYNARD, L. W. +Birds of Washington and Vicinity, with Introduction by Florence A. +Merriam. 12mo. 204 pp. Washington, D. C. 291 species. + + +GEORGIA + +1883. BAILEY, H. B. Memoranda of a Collection of Eggs from Georgia. +Bull. N. O. C., VIII, pp. 37-43; 104 species--1903. SMITH, R. S. +Birds of Kirkwood, De Kalb Co., Ga. Wilson Bull., XV, pp. 49-59; +125 species.--1909. HOWELL, A. H. Notes on the Summer Birds of +Northern Georgia. Auk, XXVI, pp. 129-137; 76 species. + + +FLORIDA + +1871. ALLEN, J. A. On the Mammals and Winter Birds of East Florida. +Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoöl., II, pp. 161-450, pll. ix-xiii; 181 +species.--1888. CHAPMAN, F. M. A List of Birds Observed at Gainesville, +Florida. Auk, V, pp. 267-277; 149 species.--1888-90. SCOTT, W. E. D. +A Summary of Observations on the Birds of the Gulf Coast of Florida. +Auk, V, pp. 373-379; VI, pp. 13-18, 152-160, 245-252, 318-326; +VII, pp. 14-22, 114-120; 262 species.--1890. SCOTT, W. E. D. On +Birds Observed at the Dry Tortugas, Florida, during parts of March +and April, 1890. Auk, VII, pp. 301-314; 80 species.--1891. BREWSTER, +W., and CHAPMAN, F. M. Notes on the Birds of the Lower Suwanee +River. Auk, VIII, pp. 125-138; 116 species. (See also Brewster, +Ibid., pp. 149-157.)--1892. SCOTT, W. E. D. Notes on the Birds +of the Caloosahatchie Region of Florida. Auk, IX, pp. 209-218, 259 +species.--1895. WAYNE, A. T. Notes on the Birds of the Wacissa and +Aucilla River Regions of Florida. Auk, XII, 1895, pp. 362-367; 161 +species.--1896. CORY, C. B. Hunting and Fishing in Florida with a Key +to the Water Birds of the State.--1904. WILLIAMS, R. W., JR. A +Preliminary List of the Birds of Leon County, Florida. Auk, XXI, 1904, +pp. 449-462; 156 species. (See also Ibid., XXIII, pp. 153-161; XXIV, +pp. 158, 159.)--1906. FOWLER, H. W. Birds Observed in June in the +Florida Keys. Auk, XXIII, pp. 396-400; 33 species. + + +IDAHO + +1891. MERRIAM, C. H. Results of a Biological Reconnaissance of Idaho, +south of latitude 45° and east of the thirty-eighth Meridian made +during the summer of 1890. N. A. Fauna, No. 5. Annotated List of Birds +Observed in Idaho during the Summer and Fall of 1890, with Notes +on Species previously Recorded from the State, pp. 90-108; 157 +species.--1897-8. MERRILL, J. C. Notes on the Birds of Fort Sherman, +Idaho. Auk, XIV, pp. 347-357, XV, pp. 14-22; 159 species. + + +ILLINOIS + +1855. KENNICOTT, R. Catalogue of Animals Observed in Cook County. +Illinois. Trans. Ill., State Agric. Soc. for 1853-54, I, Birds, +pp. 580-589; 187 species.--1868. ALLEN, J. A. (See Iowa).--1874. +RIDGWAY, R. Catalogue of the Birds Ascertained to Occur in Illinois. +Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., X, pp. 364-394; 311 species.--1876. NELSON, +E. W. Birds of Northeastern Illinois. Bull. Essex Inst., VIII, +pp. 90-155; 316 species.--1877. NELSON, E. W. Notes upon Birds Observed +in Southern Illinois, between July 17 and September 4, 1875. Bull. +Essex. Inst., IX, pp. 32-65; 133 species.--1881. RIDGWAY, R. A. Revised +Catalogue of the Birds Ascertained to Occur in Illinois. Ills. State +Lab. Nat. Hist., Bull. No. 4, pp. 161-208; 352 species.--1884. COOKE, +W. W. Bird Migration in the Mississippi Valley, Southern Illinois. +Forest and Stream, XXIII, pp. 444, 445, 463, 464; 144 species based +on Ridgway's list of 1881, and observations of Cyrus W. Butler in +the vicinity of Anna, Ills., during December, 1882, and January +1883.--1887. RIDGWAY, R. List of the Birds Found Breeding Within the +Corporate Limits of Mt. Carmel, Illinois. Bull. No. 2, Ridgway Orn. +Club, pp. 26-35; 85 species.--1890-1895. RIDGWAY, R. The Ornithology +of Illinois. Roy. 8vo, Vol. I, 1890, 520 pp., 32 plls. Land-birds to +Gallinæ; Vol. II, 1895, 282 pp., 33 plls. Gallinæ and Water-birds; +363 species.--1891. LOUCKS, W. E. List of Birds Found Breeding in the +Vicinity of Peoria, Illinois. The Oölogist, VIII, pp. 224-226; +80 species.--1904. WALTER, H. E. and A. W. Wild Birds in City Parks. +Rev. Ed., Chicago. 16mo, 66 pp.; 145 species.--1907. WOODRUFF, F. M. +The Birds of the Chicago Area. Chicago Acad. Sci. Bull. VI. Nat. Hist. +Surv., 221 pp., 12 plls.; 318 species.--1909. CORY, C. B. Birds of +Illinois and Wisconsin. Field Museum, Zoöl. Ser. IX, 8vo. 764 pp. many +ills.; 398 species.--1910. HESS, I. E. One Hundred Breeding Birds of +an Illinois Ten-Mile Radius. Auk, XXVII, pp. 19-32. + + +INDIANA + +1869. HAYMOND, R. Birds of Franklin County, Indiana. Cox's Geol. Surv. +Indiana, Rep. for 1869, pp. 209-235; 163 species.--1886. BUTLER, A. W. +A List of the Birds Observed in Franklin Co., Ind. Bull. Brookville +Soc. Nat. Hist., No. 2, pp. 12-39. 253 species.--1888-89. EVERMANN, B. +W. Birds of Carroll County, Indiana. Auk, V. pp. 344-351; VI, +pp. 22-30; 203 species.--1891. BUTLER, A. W. The Birds of Indiana, with +Illustrations of Many of the Species. Prepared for the Indiana +Horticultural Society and Originally Published in its Transactions for +1890. 8vo, 135 pp.; 305 species.--1898. BUTLER, A. W. The Birds of +Indiana, a descriptive Catalogue of the Birds that have been observed +within the State with an account of their Habits. Rep. of the State +Geologist, pp. 515-1187; 321 species; bibliography. Important.--1906. +McATEE, W. L. Ecological Notes on the Birds Occurring within a Radius +of Five Miles of the Indiana University Campus. Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci., +pp. 65-202, 32 ills., 225 species. + + +IOWA + +1868. ALLEN, J. A. Notes on Birds Observed in Western Iowa, in the +Months of July, August and September; also on Birds Observed in +Northern Illinois, in May and June, and at Richmond, Wayne Co., +Indiana, between June third and tenth. Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, +I. pt. IV, pp. 488-526. Ogle County, Ills., 84 species; Cook County, +Ills., 94 species; Richmond, Ind., 72 species; Western Iowa, 108 +species.--1873. TRIPPE, F. M. Notes on the Birds of Southern Iowa. +Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XV, pp. 229-242; 162 species.--1888. +KEYES, CHARLES R. and WILLIAMS, H. S. A Preliminary Annotated +Catalogue of the Birds of Iowa. Proc. Davenport Acad. Nat. Sci., V, +8vo, 49 pp.; 260 species.--1890. COONE, JOHN V. Summer Residents of +Buena Vista County, Iowa. The Oölogist, VII, pp. 45-47; +52 species.--1895. JONES, LYNDS. Bird Migration at Grinnell, Iowa. +Auk, XII, 1895, pp. 117-134, 231-237.--1897. ANDERSON, R. M. An +Annotated List of the Birds of Winnebago and Hancock Counties, Iowa. +Pub. by Author, Forest City, Iowa. 16mo, 19 pp.; 218 species.--1906. +WILSON, B. H. Birds of Scott Co., Iowa. Wilson Bull., XVIII, pp. 1-11; +166 species.--1907. ANDERSON, R. M. The Birds of Iowa. Proc. Davenport +Acad. Sci., XI, pp. 125-417; 355 species. + + +KANSAS + +1875. SNOW, F. H. A Catalogue of the Birds of Kansas. Contributed to +the Kansas Academy of Science. 8vo, 14 pp. Third Edition. 295 +species.--1886. GOSS, N. S. A Revised Catalogue of the Birds of +Kansas, with Descriptive Notes of the Nests and Eggs of the Birds +Known to Breed in the State. Topeka. 8vo, vi+76 pp.; 335 species. (See +also review in Auk, III, 1886, p. 399.)--1891. GOSS, N. S. History of +the Birds of Kansas. Illustrating 529 Birds. Topeka, Kansas. Geo. W. +Crane & Co., Royal 8vo, 692 pp., 35 photogravure plates; 343 +species.--1899. LANTZ, D. E. A Review of Kansas Ornithology. Trans. +Kans. Acad. Sci., 1896-7, pp. 224-276; 351 species.--1903. SNOW, F. H. +A Catalogue of the Birds of Kansas. Fifth Edition. Trans. Kans. Acad. +Sciences, XVIII, 23 pp.; 342 species.--1909. WETMORE, A. Fall Notes +from Eastern Kansas. The Condor, XI, pp. 154-164; 74 species.--1912. +ISELEY, D. A List of the Birds of Sedgwick County, Kansas. The Auk, +XXIX, pp. 25-43; 208 species. + + +KENTUCKY + +1882. BECKHAM, C. W. A List of the Birds of Bardstown, Nelson County, +Kentucky. Journ. Cinc. Soc. Nat. Hist., VI, pp. 136-147; 167 +species.--1885. BECKHAM, C. W. List of the Birds of Nelson County. +Kentucky Geol. Surv., John R. Proctor, Director. Author's Edition, +4to, pp. 1-58; 171 species.--1887. PINDAR, L. O. List of the Birds of +Fulton County, Kentucky. Orn. and Oöl. XII, pp. 54, 55, 84, 85; 122 +species.--1889. PINDAR, L. O. List of the Birds of Fulton County, +Kentucky. Auk, VI, pp. 310-316, 183 species.--1910. HOWELL, A. H. +Notes on the Summer Birds of Kentucky and Tennessee. Auk, XXVII pp. +295-304. Kentucky, 80 species. + +LOUISIANA + +1900. BEYER, G. E. The Avifauna of Louisiana. Proc. La. Soc. Nat. 45 +pp.; 323 species.--1904. ALLISON, A. The Birds of West Baton Rouge +Parish, Louisiana. Auk, XXI, 1904, pp. 472-484; 130 species.--1906. +BEYER, G. E., ALLISON, A., KOPMAN, H. H. List of the Birds of +Louisiana. Auk, XXIII, 1906, pp. 1-15, 275-281, XXIV, 314-321; XXV, +173-180; 339-448. 128 species to Pici.--1908. HOWELL, A. H. Notes on +the Winter Birds of Northern Louisiana Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, +XXI, 119-124 pp.; 70 species. + + +MAINE + +1862. BOARDMAN, G. A. Catalogue of the Birds Found in the Vicinity of +Calais, Maine, and about the Islands of the Mouth of the Bay of Fundy. +Edited by A. E. Verrill. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., IX, pp. 122-132; +236 + 4 species. (For 12 additions see Verrill, Ibid., pp. 233, +234.)--1862. VERRILL, A. E. Catalogue of the Birds Found at Norway, +Oxford Co., Maine. Proc. Essex. Inst., III, pp. 136-160; 159 +species.--1872. MAYNARD, C. J. A Catalogue of the Birds of Coos Co., +N. H., and Oxford Co., Maine. With notes by Wm. Brewster, Proc. Bost. +Soc. Nat. Hist., XIV, 1871, pp. 356-385; 164 species.--1882. BROWN, +N. C. A Catalogue of the Birds Known to Occur in Portland, Maine. +Proc. Portl. Soc. Nat. Hist., Dec. 14, 1882, pp, 1-37; 250 species. +(See also Proc. Portl. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1889, pp. 37-40).--1900. HOWE, +R. H., JR. Summer Birds near Isleboro and the Fox Islands. Journ. +Maine Orn. Soc. II, pp. 28-32, III, pp. 14, 15; IV, p. 18; 100 +species.--1908. KNIGHT, O. W. The Birds of Maine, Pub. by Author, +Bangor 8vo, 693 pp., 30 ills.; 327 species. + + +MARYLAND + +1895. KIRKWOOD, F. C. A List of the Birds of Maryland. Trans. Md. +Acad. Sci., 1895, pp. 241-382; 290 species.--1900. MERRIAM, C. H., and +PREBLE, E. A. The Summer Birds of Western Maryland. Maryland Geol. +Surv., pp. 291-307; 100 species.--1904. EIFRIG, G. Birds of Allegany +and Garrett Counties, Western Maryland. Auk, XXI, 1904, pp. 234-250; +180 species. + + +MASSACHUSETTS + +1870. MAYNARD, C. J. Catalogue of the Birds of Eastern Massachusetts. +The Naturalist's Guide, Part II, pp. 81-170; 299 species.--1886. +ALLEN, J. A. A Revised List of the Birds of Massachusetts. Bull. Am. +Mus. Nat. Hist., I, pp. 221-271; 349 species.--1887. CLARK, H. L. The +Birds of Amherst and Vicinity, Including Nearly the Whole of Hampshire +County, Mass. 8vo. 55 pp.; 177 species--1888. BREWSTER, W. Notes +on the Birds of Winchendon, Worcester Co. Auk, V, pp. 386-393; 82 +species.--1889. FAXON, W. On the Summer Birds of Berkshire County, +Mass. Auk, VI, pp. 39-46, 99-107. Southern Berkshire, 76 species; +Graylock Mountain, 80 species.--1889. INGALLS, C. E. Birds of +Templeton and the Adjoining Towns. Gardner News, XX, June; 155 species. +Not seen; title from Howe and Allen.--1891. COLBURN, W. W., and MORRIS, +R. O. The Birds of the Connecticut Valley in Massachusetts. 16mo, 24 pp. +Springfield. Published by the Authors. 212 species.--1891. WAKEFIELD, +J. R. A List of the Birds of Dedham. Dedham Hist. Reg., II, pp. 70-74; +181 species. Not seen; title from Howe and Allen.--1897. MORSE, A. P. +Birds of Wellesley. Published by Author. Wellesley. 16mo, 56 pp.; +224 species.--1900. FAXON, W., and HOFFMANN, R. The Birds of Berkshire +Co. Coll. Berkshire Hist. and Sci. Soc., III, pp. 109-166; 200 +species.--1901. HOWE, R. H. JR., and ALLEN, G. M. The Birds +of Massachusetts. Published by the Authors. 8vo, 154 pp.; 362 +species.--1901. MORRIS, R. O.--The Birds of Springfield, Mass., and +Vicinity. H. R. Johnson, Springfield. 8vo, 54 pp.; 255 species.--1905. +TOWNSEND, C. W. The Birds of Essex County, Massachusetts. Memoirs Nutt. +Orn. Club. 4to, 352 pp. Frontispiece and Map; 319 species.--1906. +BREWSTER, W. The Birds of the Cambridge Region of Massachusetts. +Memoirs Nutt. Orn. Club, IV. 426 pp., plls. 7; 249 species.--1909. +WRIGHT, H. W. Birds of the Boston Public Garden. (Houghton, Mifflin), +16mo, 238 pp.; 166 species.--1912. MORSE, A. P. A Pocket List of the +Birds of Eastern Massachusetts with especial reference to Essex County. +Pp. 92. Peabody Academy Science, Salem. + + +MICHIGAN + +1857. KNEELAND, S. On the Birds of Keeweenan Point, Lake Superior, +Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, VI, 231-241 pp.; 147 species.--1875. +BOIES, A. H. Catalogue of the Birds Ascertained to Occur in Southern +Michigan. 8vo, 12 pp.; 211 species.--1876. COVERT, A. B. Birds of +Lower Michigan. Forest and Stream, VI, pp. 99, 132, 163, 214, 318, +354, 402; VII, pp. 147, 164, 276. (See also VI, p. 197.) +213 species.--1879. GIBBS, M. Annotated List of the Birds of Michigan. +Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geograph. Survey of the Territories, V, 3 pp. +481-497; 310 species.--1880. STEERE, J. B. A List of the Mammals and +Birds of Ann Arbor and Vicinity. 8vo. 8pp.; 111 species of +birds.--1884. ATKINS, H. A. Summer Birds of Locke, Michigan. Orn and +Oöl., IX, pp. 43-45; 80 species.--1884. ATKINS, H. A. Winter Birds of +Locke, Michigan. Orn and Oöl., IX, pp. 31, 32; 31 species.--1885. +ATKINS, H. A. Summer Birds of Locke, Michigan. Orn and Oöl., X, +p. 3; 82 species.--1885. GIBBS, M. A Catalogue of the Birds of +Kalamazoo County, Michigan. Orn and Oöl., X, pp. 6, 7, 38, 39, 54, +55, 68-70, 86, 87, 118, 119, 133-135, 149-151, 166, 167, 189, 190; +230 species.--1885-7. GIBBS, M. The Birds of Michigan. Forest and +Stream, XXIII, pp. 483, 484; XXIV, pp. 5, 6, 26, 27, 44, 45, 65, 84, +104, 105, 124, 125, 144, 145, 184, 224, 267, 268, 288, 289, 307, 347, +387, 388, 427; XXV, pp. 4, 5. 304, 305, 365, 366; XXVI, pp. 305, 306; +XXVII, pp. 123, 124, 223, 224; 68 species--1890. WHITE, T. G. Birds +of Mackinac Island, Michigan. The Oölogist, VII, pp 48, 49; 101 +species.--1893. COOK, A. J. Birds of Michigan. Bull. 94, State +Agricultural College. 8vo, 148 pp.; 332 species.--1893. WHITE, S. E. +Birds Observed on Mackinac Island, Michigan, During the Summers of +1889, 1890, and 1891. The Auk, X, pp. 221-230; 143 species.--1897. +BOIES, A. H. Birds of Neebish Island, St. Mary's River, Michigan. +Bull. Mich. Orn. Club, I. pp. 17-20, 27-29; 149 species.--1903. SWALES, +B. H. Notes on the Winter Birds of Wayne Co., Michigan. Wilson Bull., +XIV, pp. 20-24; XV, 1904, p. 82; 71 species.--1903. SWALES, B. H. +A List of the Land Birds of Southeastern Michigan. Bull. Mich. Orn. +Club, IV, pp. 14-17, 35-40; V, pp. 37-43; 165 species. (See also +Wilson Bull. XVII, 1905, p. 108-114; Auk, XXV, pp. 230-232).--1905. +WOOD, N. A., and FROTHINGHAM, E. H. Notes on the Birds of Au Sable +Valley, Michigan. Auk, XXII, 1905, pp. 39-154; 103 species.--1906. +WOOD, N. A., PEET, M. M., McCREARY, O. Annotated List of the Birds of +Porcupine Mountains [89 species] and Isle Royale [81 species], Mich. +Rep. Geol. Surv. Mich., 1905, pp. 113-127. See also McCreary, Ibid., +pp. 56-57.--1909. BLACKWELDER, E. Summer Birds of Iron County. Auk, +XXVI, pp. 363-370; 80 species.--1910. WOOD, J. CLAIRE. Some Winter +Birds of the Season 1908-9 in Wayne County. Auk, XXVII, pp. +36-41.--1910. WOOD, N. A., and TINKER, A. D. Notes on Some of the +Rarer Birds of Washtenaw County. Auk, XXVII, pp. 129-141; 34 +species.--1910. CHANEY, R. W. Summer and Fall Birds of the Hamlin Lake +Region, Mason County. Auk, XXVII, pp. 271-279; 119 species.--1911. +WOOD, N. A. Expedition to Charity Islands, Lake Huron. Wilson Bull., +XXIII, pp. 78-112; 162 species.--1912. BARROWS, W. B. Michigan Bird +Life. Special Bull. of Mich. Agric. College. 8vo, pp. xiv + 822; +many ills., bibliography; important. + + +MINNESOTA + +1871. TRIPPE, T. M. Notes on the Birds of Minnesota. Proc. Essex +Inst., VI, pp. 113-119; 138 species.--1874. HATCH, P. L. Report on the +Birds of Minnesota. Bull. Minn. Acad. Nat. Sci., pp. 43-68; +230 species.--1876. ROBERTS, T. S. A List of Some Birds Observed in +the Vicinity of Minneapolis, Minn., not Enumerated in Dr. Hatch's List. +The Scientific Monthly (Toledo, Ohio), I, 5, p. 231.--1880. ROBERTS, +T. S., and BENNER, F. A Contribution to the Ornithology of Minnesota. +Bull. N. O. C., V, pp. 11-20; 86 species.--1881. HATCH, P. L. A List +of the Birds of Minnesota. Ninth Ann. Rep. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Surv. +Minn., for 1880, 1881, pp. 361-372; 281 species.--1881. ROBERTS, T. S. +The Winter Birds of Minnesota. 9th Ann. Rep. Geol. and N. H. Surv. +Minn., for 1880-1881, pp 373-383; 52 species.--1883. BRACKETT, F. H. +Ornithological Notes from Minnesota. Quart. Journ. Bost. Zoöl. +Soc. II, pp. 47-49; III, pp. 7-16; 134 species.--1890. CANTWELL, G. C. +A List of the Birds of Minnesota. Orn. and Oöl., XV, p, 129-139. (See +also p. 156 and XVI, p. 157); 295 species.--1892. HATCH, P. L. Notes +on the Birds of Minnesota. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey of Minn. 8vo, +487 pp.; 302 species.--1904. CURRIER, E. S. Summer Birds of the Leech +Lake Region, Minn. Auk, XXI, pp. 29-44; 117 species.--1907. ROBERTS, +T. S. List of Birds of Becker Co., Minn., Pioneer Hist. of Becker Co. +(Pioneer Press, St. Paul), pp. 159-190; 262 species.--1911. HONYWILL, +A. W. JR.--Notes on some Summer and Fall Birds of the Crooked Lake +Region. Cass and Crow, Wing Counties, Minn. The Auk, XXVIII, +pp. 229-237; 86 species. + + +MISSISSIPPI + +1905. STOCKARD, C. R. Nesting Habits of Birds in Mississippi. Auk, +XXII, 1905, pp. 146-158, 273-285; 83 species.--1906. ALLISON, A. Notes +on the Winter Birds of Hancock Co., Miss., Auk, XXIII, 1906, +pp. 44-47; 51 species. Also Ibid., p. 232.--1907. ALLISON, A. Notes on +the Spring Birds of Tishomingo County, Miss. Auk, XXIV, pp. 12-25. + + +MISSOURI + +1879. SCOTT, W. E. D. Notes on Birds Observed During the Spring +Migration in Western Missouri. Bull. N. O. C., IV, pp. 139-147; +148 species.--1884. HURTER J. List of Birds Collected in the +Neighborhood of St. Louis, Mo. Orn. and Oöl., IX, pp. 85-87, +95-97. (see also p. 128); 265 species.--1896. WIDMANN, O. The +Peninsula of Missouri as a Winter Home for Birds. Auk, XIII, 1896, +pp. 216-222.--1907. WIDMANN, O. A Preliminary Catalogue of the Birds +of Missouri. Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, XVIII, pp. 1-288; 383 +species--1908. WOODRUFF, E. S. Birds of Shannon and Carter Counties, +Missouri, Auk, XXV, pp. 191-213; 172 species. + + +MONTANA + +1876. GRINNELL, G. B. Report of a Reconnaissance from Carroll Montana +Territory on the Upper Missouri, to the Yellowstone National Park, and +Return, made in the summer of 1875 by William Ludlow.... Birds, +pp. 72-92; 139 species.--1894. RICHMOND, C. W., and KNOWLTON, F. H. +Auk, XI, pp. 298-308; 111 species.--1895. THORNE, P. M. List of Birds +observed in the Vicinity of Fort Keogh, Montana, from July 1888, +to September 1892. The Auk, XII, pp. 211-219; 139 species.--1901. +CARY, M. Birds of the Black Hills. The Auk, XVIII, pp. 231-238; 91 +species.--1901. SILLOWAY, P. M. Summer Birds of Flathead Lake. Bull, +No. 3 Univ. Mont. 8vo. 83 pp., 16 plls.; 123 species (see also, Ibid, +No. 6, pp. 289-308).--1903. SILLOWAY, P. M. The Birds of Fergus +County, Montana. Bull. No. 1, Fergus Co. Free High School, Lewiston, +Mont. 77 pp., 17 ppls.; 179 species.--1907-8. CAMERON, E. S. The Birds +of Custer and Dawson Counties, Montana. The Auk, XXIV, pp. 241-270; +389-406; XXV, pp. 34-56; 192 species.--1911. SAUNDERS, A. A.... A +Preliminary List of the Birds of Gallatin County, Montana. The Auk, +XXVIII, pp. 26-49; 198 species.--1912. SAUNDERS, A. A. Some Birds of +Southwestern Montana. The Condor, XIV, pp. 22-32; 152 species. + + +NEBRASKA + +1878. AUGHEY, S. Notes on the Nature of the Food of the Birds of +Nebraska. First Ann. Rep. U. S. Ent. Com. for the year 1877. +Appendix II, pp. 13-62; 252 species.--1883. HALL, A. Spring +Birds of Nebraska. Forest and Stream, XX, pp. 265, 266, 284; +114 species.--1888. TAYLOR, W. EDGAR. A Catalogue of Nebraska +Birds ... Ann. Rep. Nebr. State Board of Agric., for the year 1887, +pp. 111-118; 314 species.--1888-89. TAYLOR, E. W., and VAN VLEET, A. +H. Notes on Nebraska Birds. Orn. and Oöl., XIII, pp. 49-51, 169-172; +XIV, pp. 163-165; 137 species.--1896. BRUNER., L. Notes on Nebraska +Birds. Rep. Neb. State Hort. Soc., 1896, pp. 48-178; 415 +species.--1901. BRUNER, L. Birds that Nest in Nebraska. Proc. Nebr. +Orn. Union, 1901, pp. 48-61; 212 species.--1904. BRUNER, L., WALCOTT, +R. H., and SWENK, M. H. A Preliminary Review of the Birds of Nebraska, +1-116+5 p.; 406 species. Klopp and Bartlett, Omaha, Nebr.--1909. +WALCOTT, R. H. An Analysis of Nebraska's Bird Fauna. Proc. Neb. Orn. +Union, IV, pp. 25-55. + + +NEVADA + +1877. HENSHAW, H. W. Annual Report upon the Survey West of the +One-Hundredth Meridian. Being Appendix N N of the Annual Report of +Engineers for 1877. Report on the Ornithology of Portions of Nevada +and California, pp. 1303-1322.--1877. RIDGWAY, R. Report of Geological +Exploration of the Fortieth Parallel. Clarence King, Geologist, in +charge. Vol. IV, Part III, Ornithology, 4to, pp. 303-670. Mainly +limited to that portion of the Great Basin included between the +thirty-ninth and forty-second parallels and extending from the Sierra +Nevada to the Wasatch Mountains; 262 species.--1880. HENSHAW, H. W. +Annual Report upon the Geog. Surv. of the Terr. west of the 100th +Meridian ... App. O. O. of the Ann. Rep. of the Chief of Engineers +for 1879. App. L. Ornithological Report from Observations and +Collections made in portions of California, Nevada, and Oregon; pp. +282-335; 184 species.--1881. HOFFMAN, W. J. Annotated List of the +Birds of Nevada. Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geograph. Survey of the +Territories, VI, 2, pp. 203-256; 250 species.--1903. HANFORD, F. S. +The Summer Birds of Washoe Lake, Nevada. The Condor, V, pp. 49-52; +48 species.--1912. TAYLOR, W. P. Field Notes on Amphibians, Reptiles +and Birds of Northern Humboldt County, Nevada. Univ. Pub. Zool. VII, +10, pp. 319-436; 103 species. + + +NEW HAMPSHIRE + +1877. GOODHUE, C. F. The Birds of Webster and Adjoining Towns. Forest +and Stream, VIII, pp. 33, 49, 96, 113, 146; 151 species.--1872. +MAYNARD, C. J. See Maine.--1887. CHADBOURNE, A. P. A List of the Summer +Birds of the Presidential Range of the White Mountains, N. H. Auk, IV, +pp. 100-108; 47 species.--1888. FAXON, W., and ALLEN, J. A. Notes on +the Summer Birds of Holderness [65 species], Bethlehem [50 species], +and Franconia, N. H. [87 species]. Auk, V. pp. 149-155.--1889. ALLEN, +F. H. Summer Birds at Bridgewater, N. H. Auk, VI, pp. 76-79.--1882. +KNOWLTON, F. H. A Revised List of the Birds of Brandon, Vt. The +Brandon Union, February 10, 1882; 149 species.--1899. DEARBORN, N. +Preliminary List of the Birds of Belknap and Merrimac Counties, N. H. +New Hampshire College, Durham, 8vo, 34 pp.; 175 species.--1900. +BATCHELDER, F. W. and FOGG, E. H. Preliminary List of Birds... of +Manchester, N. H. Proc. Manchester Inst. Arts and Sci., I, pp. +123-138; 132 species. (See also Proc. for 1901, 1902.)--1900 DEARBORN, +N. The Birds of Durham and Vicinity. Cont. Zoöl. Lab. N. H. College +Agric. and Mech. Arts, VI, 121 pp., map.--1904. ALLEN, G. M. The Birds +of New Hampshire. Proc. Manchester Inst. Arts and Sciences, IV, +pp. 23-222; 283 species.--1904. COMEY, A. C. A Partial List of the +Summer Birds of Holderness, N. H. Wilson Bull., XVI, 5-9 pp.; +94 species. + + +NEW JERSEY + +1885. BARRELL, H. F. Birds of the Upper Passaic Valley, New Jersey. +Orn. and Oöl., X, pp. 21-23, 42, 43; 149 species.--1887. THURBER, E. +A List of Birds of Morris County, New Jersey. True Democratic Banner +(newspaper), Morristown, N. J., Nov. 10, 17, 24; 205 species.--1894. +STONE, W. The Birds of Eastern Pennsylvania and New Jersey. 8vo, +185 pp. Del. Valley Orn. Club, Phila.; 346 species.--1894. STONE, W. +Summer Birds of the Pine Barrens of New Jersey. Auk, XI, 1894, +pp. 138-140; 90 species.--1897-1910. STONE, W., Editor. Numerous Notes +on Birds of Chiefly Southern New Jersey. Proc. Del. Valley Orn. Club, +Phila.--1901. BABSON, W. A. The Birds of Princeton, N. J. Bull. Bird +Club, Princeton Univ. I, pp. 7-28; 230 species.--1906. CHAPMAN, F. M. +(See New York.)--1907. HOLMES, L. K. Birds Found within a Radius of +12 Miles of Summit, N. J. Wilson Bull. XIX, pp. 21-27; 201 species. +See also list of Summer Birds, _Ibid._, XVII, pp. 8-12; and Hann, List +of Summer Birds, _Ibid._, pp. 117-122.--1909. STONE, W. The Birds of +New Jersey. Ann. Rep. N. J. State Museum for 1908, pp. 11-347, 409-419; +plls. 1-84.--1909. BAILY, W. L. Breeding Birds of Passaic and Sussex +Counties. Cassinia, pp. 29-36; 94 species. + + +NEW MEXICO + +1853. WOODHOUSE, S. W. (See Arizona)--1859. HENRY, T. C. Catalogue of +the Birds of New Mexico as compiled from Notes and Observations made +while in that Territory during a residence of Six Years. Proc. Acad. +Nat. Sci. Phila., XI, pp. 104-109; 198 species.--1885-6. HENSHAW, H. +W. List of Birds Observed in Summer and Fall on the Upper Pecos River, +New Mexico. Auk, II, pp. 326-333; III, pp. 73-80; 80 species.--1892. +ANTHONY, A. W. Birds of Southwestern New Mexico. Auk, IX, pp. 357-369; +129 species.--1898. MITCHELL, W. I. The Summer Birds of San Miguel +County, New Mexico. The Auk, XV, pp. 306-311; 85 species. (See +also, Bailey, _Ibid._, XXI, 1904, pp. 443-449).--1904. BAILEY, F. M. +Additional Notes on the Birds of the Upper Pecos. The Auk, XXI, +pp. 349-363; 93 species.--1906. HUNN, J. T. S. Notes on Birds +of Silver City, New Mexico. The Auk, XXIII, pp. 418-425; 112 +species.--1908. GILMAN, M. F. Birds on the Navajo Reservation in New +Mexico. The Condor, X, pp. 146-152; 108 species.--1912. BERGTOLD, W. H. +October Birds of the Headwaters of the Gila River, New Mexico. +The Auk, XXIX, pp. 327-336; 76 species. + + +NEW YORK + +1844. GIRAUD, J. P., JR. The Birds of Long Island ... New York, +vol. V, 8vo, 397 pp.; 286 species.--1844. DE KAY, JAMES E. Zoölogy +of New York. Part II, Birds. Albany. 1 vol., 4to, xii+380 pp., +141 col. plls.--1876. FOWLER, H. G. Birds of Central New York. +Forest and Stream, VI, pp. 180, 233, 284, 337, 402; VII, pp. 36, 52, +84, 230. Also Additions _Ibid._, p. 180; 170 species.--1877. ROOSEVELT, +T., JR., and MINOT, H. D. The Summer Birds of the Adirondacks in +Franklin County, N. Y. 8vo, 4 pp.; 97 species.--1879. RATHBUN, FRANK +R. A Revised List of Birds of Central New York. (Cayuga, Onondaga, +Seneca, Wayne, and Yates Counties, Auburn, N. Y.) 44 pp. See also Orn. +and Oöl., VII, 1882, pp. 132, 133; 14 additions.--1879-80. MEARNS, E. A. +A List of the Birds of the Hudson Highlands. Bull. Essex. Inst., +X, pp. 166-179; XI, pp. 43-52, 154-168, 189-204; XII, pp. 11-25, +109-128; XIII, pp. 75-93. (See also Auk, VII, 1890, pp. 55, 56); 214 +species.--1880. GREGG, W. H. Revised Catalogue of the Birds of Chemung +County, New York, Elmira, N. Y., O. H. Wheeler; 217 species.--1881-84. +MERRIAM, C. H. Preliminary List of Birds Ascertained to Occur in the +Adirondack Region, Northeastern New York. Bull. N. O. C., VI, pp. +225-235; and Addenda VII, 1882, pp. 128, 256, 257. Auk, I, 1884, pp. +58, 59; 211 species.--1882. BICKNELL, E. P. A Review of the Summer +Birds of a part of the Catskill Mountains, with prefatory remarks on +the faunal and floral features of the region. Trans. of the Linn. Soc. +of New York, I, pp. 115-168; 90 species.--1885 ... HOLLICK, A. +Preliminary List of the Birds Known to Breed on Staten Island. +Proc. Nat. Sci. Assc. Staten Island. Extra No. 4, December. 67 +species.--1886.... BARNUM, M. K. A Preliminary List of the Birds of +Onondaga County, N. Y. Bull. of the Biol. Lab. of Syracuse. 8vo, pp. +1-34; 204 species.--1886. RALPH, W. L., and BAGG, E. An Annotated List +of the Birds of Oneida County, N. Y., and Its Immediate Vicinity. +Trans. Oneida Hist. Soc., III, pp. 101-147; 224 species. (See also +_Ibid._, VII, 1890, pp. 2, 29-232.) Orn. and Col. XIII, 1888, pp. 58, +59. Auk, XI, 1894, pp. 162-164.--1886. WOODRUFF, L. B., and PAINE, +A. G., JR. Birds of Central Park, New York City. A Preliminary List. +Forest and Stream, XXVI, pp. 386, 387, 487; 121 species.--1889. +BERGTOLD, W. H. A List of the Birds of Buffalo and Vicinity. Bull. +Buffalo Nat. Field Club, 1, 7, pp. 1-21; 237 species.--1889. DAVISON, +J. L. Birds of Niagara County, New York, Forest and Stream, XXXIII, +pp. 164, 183, 303; 190 species.--1892. CLUTE, W. N. The Avifauna of +Broome Co., N. Y. Wilson Quart., pp. 59-64; 106 species.--1896. SHORT, +E. H. Birds of Western New York. F. H. Lattin, Albion, N. Y. 20 pp.; +229 species.--1901. EATON, E. H. Birds of Western New York. Proc. +Roch. Acad. IV, 64 pp.; 299 species.--1901. EMBODY, G. O. Birds of +Madison County, N. Y. Bull. Dep't. Geol. and Nat. Hist., Colgate +University, Hamilton, N. Y. 8vo, 36 pp.; 191 species. (See also Maxon, +Auk, XX, p. 263.)--1904. CHAPMAN, F. M. An Annotated List of the +Birds Known to Breed within 50 Miles of New York City. Guide Leaflet, +No. 14, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 31 pp., 13 ills.--1906. CHAPMAN, F. M. +The Birds of the Vicinity of New York City. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Guide +Leaflet, No. 22, Rev. Ed., 96 pp. Numerous ills.; 353 species.--1907. +BRAISLIN, W. C. A List of the Birds of Long Island, N. Y. Abst. Proc. +Linnæan Society, N. Y., 1907, pp. 31-123; 364 species. (See also Auk, +1909, pp. 314-316.)--1910. REED, H. D., and WRIGHT, A. H. Vertebrates +of the Cayuga Lake Basin. Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., XLVIII, pp. 370-459; +257 species.--1910. WRIGHT, A. H. and ALLEN, A. A. The Increase of +Austral Birds at Ithaca. Auk, XXVII, pp. 63-66.--1910. EATON, E. H. +Birds of New York. I, Water and Game Birds. 4to, pp. 1-501, col. plls. +[by Fuertes] 42. Important.--1912. BAGG, E. Annotated List of the +Birds of Oneida County, N. Y., and of the West Canada Creek Valley. +Trans. Oneida Hist. Soc. XII, pp. 16-85; 257 species. + + +NORTH CAROLINA + +1871. COUES, E. Notes on the Natural History of Fort Macon, N. C. and +Vicinity. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. XXIII, Birds, pp. 18-47. Also +_Ibid._, 1878, pp. 22-24; 133 species.--1885. BRIMLEY, H. H. and C. S. +Summer Birds of Raleigh, N. C. Orn. and Oöl., X. pp. 143, 144; +82 species.--1885.--BRIMLEY, H. H. and C. S. Winter Birds of +Raleigh, N. C. Orn. and Oöl., X, p. 128; 72 species.--1886. BREWSTER, +W. An Ornithological Reconnaissance in Western North Carolina. Auk, +III, pp. 94-112, 173-179; 102 species.--1886. BATCHELDER, C. F. +The North Carolina Mountains in Winter. Auk, III, pp. 307-314; 40 +species.--1887. ATKINSON, G. F. Preliminary Catalogue of the Birds +of North Carolina. Journ. Elisha Mitchell Society, 1887, Part 2, pp. +44-87; 255 species. A compilation with some errors.--1887. CAIRNS, +J. S. A List of Birds of Buncombe Co., North Carolina. Orn. and Oöl., +XII, pp. 3-6; 169 species.--1887. SENNETT, G. B. Observations in +Western North Carolina Mountains in 1886. Auk, IV, pp. 240-245; +29 species.--1888. BRIMLEY, C. S. A List of Birds Known to Breed at +Raleigh, N. C. Orn. and Oöl., XIII, pp. 42, 43; 54 species. (See also +_Ibid._, p. 187. Auk, XIV, p. 165.)--1889. CAIRNS, J. S. The Summer +Birds of Buncombe County, North Carolina. Orn. and Oöl., XIV, +pp. 17-22; 123 species.--1893. BRIMLEY, C. S. Some Additions to the +Avifauna of North Carolina, with Notes on Some Other Species. Auk, X, +1893, pp. 241-244; 48 species.--1897. SMITHWICK, J. W. P. Ornithology +of North Carolina. Bull. 144, N. C. Agric. Exp. Sta. 193-228; +303 species.--1899. PEARSON, T. G. Preliminary List of Birds of Chapel +Hill, N. C. Journ. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc., XVI, pp. 33-51; +132 species.--1901. BISHOP, L. B. The Winter Birds of Pea Island, N. C. +Auk, XVIII, pp. 260-268; 42 species.--1905. OBERHOLSER, H. C. Notes on +the Mammals and Summer Birds of Western North Carolina. Published by +Biltmore Forest School. Birds pp. 11-24; 136 species.--1910. PHILIPP, +P. B. (see S. C.) + + +OHIO + +1877 ... LANGDON, F. W. A Catalogue of the Birds of the Vicinity of +Cincinnati. 8vo, 18 pp. Salem, Mass.; 279 species.--1879. LANGDON, F. +W. A Revised List of Cincinnati Birds. Journ. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., I, +4, pp. 167-193. (See also _Ibid._, III, pp. 121-127; V, 1882, p. 186; +VI, 1883, pp. 12-31; 256 species.)--1882. WHEATON, J. M. Report on the +Birds of Ohio, Report of the Geological Survey of Ohio, IV, I, +pp. 188-628; 298 species.--1891. SMITH, R. W. 000 A List of the Birds +of Warren County, Ohio. Journ. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., XIV, pp. 105-133; +189 species.--1896. OBERHOLSER, H. C. A Primary List of the Birds +of Wayne Co. Bull. Ohio Agric. Exp. Sta. I, 4, pp. 243-354; 183 +species.--1902. HENINGER, W. F. A Preliminary List of the Birds of +Middle Southern Ohio. Wilson Bulletin, IX, pp. 77-93; 209 species. +(See also _Ibid._, pp. 130-132; XII, 1905, pp. 89-93).--1902. JONES, +L. Bird Studies in Lorain Co., Ohio. Wilson Bull., IX, pp. 37-58; +also pp. 94-100.--1908. DAWSON, W. L. The Birds of Ohio, 4 to +xiv+671 pp. Many illus. Columbus, Wheaton Pub. Co.--1903. FIELD, A. +I. Birds of Lecking Co., Ohio. Bull. Sci. Lab. Denison Univ., XV; +203 species.--1903. JONES, L. The Birds of Ohio. A revised Catalogue, +Ohio State Acad. of Sci., Special Papers No. 6, 141 pp. 1 map; 318 +species.--1906. HENINGER, W. F. A Preliminary List of Birds of Seneca +Co., Ohio. Wilson Bull., XVIII. pp. 47-60; 205 species.--1909-10. +JONES, L. The Birds of Cedar Point and Vicinity. Wilson Bull., XXI, +pp. 55-76, 115-131, 187-202; XXII, pp 25-41, 97-115, 172-182. +_Note._--Every issue of the Wilson Bulletin (Oberlin, Ohio) contains +matter of special interest to bird students in Ohio and the adjoining +states. + + +OREGON + +1839. TOWNSEND, J. K. Narrative of a Journey across the Rocky +Mountains to the Columbia River ... Philadelphia: Henry Perkins, +134 Chestnut Street. Boston: Perkins and Marvin. 8vo, pp. viii, 352. +Appendix: Catalogue of Birds found in the Territory of the Oregon, +pp. 331-352.--1860. COOPER, J. G. and SUCKLEY, G. Report upon the +Birds Collected on the Survey. Pac. R. R. Rep. Vol. XII, Book 11, +pp. 140-291; 216 species observed in Oregon and Washington.--1877. +BENDIRE, C. Notes on some of the Birds found in Southeastern Oregon, +particularly in the Vicinity of Camp Harney, from November, 1874 to +January 1877. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XIX, pp. 109-149; +191 species.--1879. MEARNS, E. A. Partial List of the Birds of Fort +Klamath, Oregon, Collected by Lieutenant Willis Wittich, U. S. A., +with Annotations and Additions by the Collector. Bull. N. O. C., +IV, pp. 161-166, 194-199; 111 species.--1880. HENSHAW, H. W. +(See Nevada.)--1880. JOHNSON, O. B. List of the Birds of the +Willamette Valley, Oregon. Am. Nat. XIV, pp. 485-491, 635-646; 140 +species.--1886. ANTHONY, A. W. Field Notes on the Birds of Washington +County, Oregon. Auk, III, pp. 161-172; 120 species.--1888. MERRILL, J. +C. Notes on the Birds of Fort Klamath, Oregon. With remarks on certain +species by William Brewster. Auk, V, pp. 139-146, 251-262, 357-366; +168 species.--1902. ANTHONY, A. W. List of Birds in the Vicinity of +Portland, Oregon. Bailey's 'Handbook of Birds of the Western United +States,' pp. xliii-xlviii; 145 species.--1902. LORD, W. R. A First +Book upon the Birds of Oregon and Washington, 16mo, 304+iv pp. ills. +J. K. Gill Co., Portland.--1904. MILLER, L. H. The Birds of the John +Day Region, Oregon. The Condor, VI, pp. 100-106; 71 species.--1905. +FINLEY, W. L. Among the Sea Birds off the Oregon Coast. The Condor, +VII, pp. 110-127; 161-169.--1909. JEWETT, S. G. Some Birds of Baker +County, Oregon. The Auk, XXVI, pp. 5-9; 83 species.--1911. Peck, M. E. +Summer Birds of Willow Creek Valley, Malheur County, Oregon. The +Condor, XIII, pp. 63-69; 74 species. + + +PENNSYLVANIA + +1844. BAIRD, W. M. and S. F. List of Birds Found in the Vicinity of +Carlisle, Cumberland County, Pa. Am. Journ. Sci. and Arts, XLVI, +pp. 261-273; 201 species.--1845. BAIRD, S. F. Catalogue of Birds Found +in the Neighborhood of Carlisle, Cumberland County, Pa. Lit. Rec. +and Journ. Linn. Assoc. of Penna. College, I, pp. 249-257; 203 +species.--1861. BARNARD, V. A. A Catalogue of the Birds of Chester +County, Pa. Times of Arrival in Spring. Ann. Rep. Smiths. Inst., 1860, +pp. 434-438; 191 species--1869. TURNBULL, W. P. The Birds of East +Pennsylvania and New Jersey ... 1 vol. roy. 8vo, and also 4to, +xii+62 pp.; 342 species.--1880. WARREN, H. B. The Birds of Chester +County, Pa. Forest and Stream, XIII, pp. 1024, 1025; XIV, pp. 6, 25; +218 species.--1886. PARKER, H. G. List of Birds near Philadelphia with +the Dates That Sets of Eggs Were Taken. Orn. and Oöl. XI, pp. 70, 71; +76 species.--1887. PENNOCK, C. J. Birds of Chester County, Pa. The +Oölogist. IV, pp. 1-10; 234 species.--1889. RESSEL, C. B. Birds of +Chester County, Pa. Orn. and Oöl., XIV, 97-101, pp. 112-116, 129, 130; +199 species.--1890. WARREN, B. H. Report on the Birds of Pennsylvania. +With Special Reference to the Food Habits. Second Edition. Harrisburg, +8vo, xiv+434 pp.; 100 col. plls.--1891. STONE, W. The Summer Birds of +Harvey's Lake, Luzerne Co., Pennsylvania, with Remarks on the Faunal +Position of the Region. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1891, +pp. 431-438; 54 species.--1892. DWIGHT, J., JR. Summer Birds of the +Crest of the Pennsylvania Alleghanies. Auk, IX, pp. 129-141; +84 species.--1893. JACOBS, J. W. Summer Birds of Greene Co., Pa. 8vo, +15 pages; 90 species. Published by Author, Waynesburg, Pa.--1893. +TODD, W. E. C. Summer Birds of Indiana [65 species] and Clearfield +[55 species] Counties, Pa. Auk, X, 1893, pp. 35-46.--1894. STONE, W. +The Birds of Eastern Pennsylvania and New Jersey. 8vo, vii+185 pp. Del. +Valley Orn. Club, Phila. 346 species.--1895. ROTZELL, W. E. Birds of +Narbeth, Pa., and Vicinity. The Citizen, June 22 and 29, and reprinted +in pamphlet, 8 pp.; 108 species.--1896. BAILY, W. L. Summer Birds of +Northern Elk Co. Auk, XIII, pp. 289-197; 69 species.--1896. YOUNG, R. +T. Summer Birds of Anthracite Coal Regions of Pennsylvania. Auk, XIII, +1896, pp. 278-285; 59 species--1897. MONTGOMERY, T. H., JR. A List of +the Birds of the Vicinity of West Chester, Chester Co., Pa. Am. Nat., +1897, pp. 622-628, 812-814, 907-911; 145 species--1897-1910. STONE, W. +Editor. Numerous Notes on and Short Lists of Eastern Pennsylvania +Birds. Proc. Del. Valley Orn. Club, Phila.--1899. RHOADES, S. N. Notes +on Some of the Rarer Birds of Western Pennsylvania. Auk, XVI, +pp. 308-313; 65 species.--1901. BURNS, F. L. A Sectional Bird Census, +at Berwyn, Pa. Wilson Bull. No. 36, pp. 84-103; 62 species.--1904. +TODD, W. E. C. The Birds of Erie and Presque Isle, Erie Co., Pa. Annals +Carnegie Museum, II. pp. 841-596, 4 plates; 237 species.--1904. TODD, +W. E. C. The Mammal and Bird Fauna of Beaver County, Pa. Bausman's +History of Beaver County, II, 1904, pp. 1195-1202; 178 species. + + +RHODE ISLAND + +1899. HOWE, R. H., JR. and STURTEVANT, E. The Birds of Rhode Island. +Published by Authors. 8vo, 111 pp.; 291 species.--1908. Commissioners +of Birds. A Check-List of Rhode Island Nesting Birds, pp. 1-26; +104 species. + + +SOUTH CAROLINA + +1868. COUES, E. Synopsis of the Birds of South Carolina. Proc. Bost. +Soc. Nat. Hist., XII, pp. 104-127; 294 species.--1879. LOOMIS, L. M. A +Partial List of the Birds of Chester County, S. C. Bull. N. O. C., IV, +pp. 209-218; 140 species. (See also additions and notes. Auk, II, +1885, pp. 188-193; VIII, 1891, pp. 49-59, 167-173; IX, 1892; pp. 28-39; +XI, 1894, pp. 26-39, 94-117.)--1885. HOXIE, W. Notes on the Birds of +the Sea Islands. Orn. and Oöl., X, pp. 13-27, 29, 44-46, 62, 63. +(Also Corrections and Additions. _Ibid._, XI, 1886, pp. 33, 34.) +238 species.--1890. LOOMIS, L. M. Observations on Some of the Summer +Birds of the Mountain Portions of Pickens County, Auk, VII, pp. 30-39, +124-130; 76 species.--1891. LOOMIS, L. M. June Birds of Cæsar's Head, +S. C. Auk, VIII, pp. 323-333; 52 species.--1910. PHILIPP, P. B. List +of Birds Observed [in the Carolinas]. Auk, XXVII, pp 312-322. (See +also Wayne, _Ibid._, p. 464.)--1910. WAYNE, A. T. Birds of South +Carolina. Cont. from Charleston Museum, I, 8vo, xxi+pp. 254; +337 species. + + +TENNESSEE + +1886. FOX, W. H. List of Birds Found in Roane County, Tennessee, +During April, 1884, and March and April, 1885. Auk, III, pp. 315-320; +114 species.--1895. RHOADS, S. N. Cont. Zoöl. Tenn., Proc. Acad. Nat. +Sci., Phila., 1895. pp. 463-501. Also Auk, XIII, 1896, p. 181; +223 species.--1910. HOWELL, A. H. Notes on the Birds of Kentucky and +Tennessee. Auk, XXVII, pp. 295-304. Tenn.; 161 species. + + +TEXAS + +1865-6. DRESSER, H. E. Notes on the Birds of Southern Texas. Ibis., +2nd Ser. I, pp. 312-330, 466-495, II, pp. 23-46; 272 species.--1878. +MERRILL, J. C. Notes on the Ornithology of Southern Texas. Being a +List of Birds Observed in the Vicinity of Fort Brown, Texas, from +February, 1876, to June, 1878. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. I, pp. 118-173; +252 species.--1878. SENNETT, G. B. Notes on the Ornithology of the +Lower Rio Grande, Texas, from Observations made during the Season of +1877. Edited, with Annotations, by Dr. Elliott Coues. Bull. U. S. +Geol. and Geograph. Survey, Vol. IV, pp. 1-66; 151 species.--1879. +SENNETT, G. B. Further Notes on the Ornithology of the Lower Rio +Grande of Texas, from observations made during the spring of 1878. +Edited, with Annotations by Dr. Elliott Coues. Bull. U. S. Geol. +and Geograph. Survey of the Territories, V, 3, pp. 371-440; 168 +species.--1882. BROWN, N. C. A Reconnaissance in Southwestern Texas. +Bull. N. O. C., VII, pp. 33-42! 104+6? species observed near Boerne, +Kendall County.--1882. NEHRLING, H. List Of Birds Observed at Houston, +Harris, Texas and vicinity, and in the Counties Montgomery, Galveston, +and Ford Bend. Bull Nutt. Orn. Club, VII, pp. 6-13, 166-175, 222-225; +209 species.--1887. LLOYD, W. Birds of Tom Green and Concho Counties, +Texas. Auk, IV, pp. 181-193, 289-299; 253 species.--1888. BECKHAM, C. +W. Observations on the Birds of southwestern Texas. Proc. U. S. Nat. +Mus., X, 1887, pp. 635-696; 283 species.--1891. CHAPMAN, F. M. On the +Birds Observed near Corpus Christi, Texas, during parts of March and +April, 1891. Bull Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., III, pp. 315-328; 33+66 +species.--1892. ATTWATER, H. P. List of Birds Observed in the vicinity +of San Antonio, Bexar County, Texas. Auk, IX, pp. 229-238; 337-345; +242 species.--1892. RHOADS, S. N. The Birds of Southeastern Texas and +Southern Arizona, Observed during May, June, and July, 1891. Proc. +Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., pp. 98-126. Annotated lists of 100+8 species +observed at Corpus Christi, and 124+2 species observed in Southern +Arizona.--1900. CARROLL, J. J. Notes on the Birds of Refugio County, +Texas. The Auk, pp. 337-348.--1905. MONTGOMERY, T. H. JR. Summer +Resident Birds of Brewster County, Texas. The Auk, XXII, pp. 12-15; +47 species.--1911. LACEY, H. The Birds of Kerrville, Texas, and +Vicinity. The Auk, XXVIII, pp. 200-219; 202 species. + + +UTAH + +1858. BAIRD, S. F. Birds found at Fort Bridger, Utah. Pac. R. R. Rep. +IX, pp. 926-927; 104 species.--1873. MERRIAM, C. H. Report on the +Mammals and Birds of the Expedition to Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, and +Utah. Sixth Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr. for 1872, 1873. Birds, +pp. 670-715. A list of 176 Utah birds.--1873. RIDGWAY, R. Notes on the +Bird-fauna of the Salt Lake Valley and the adjacent portions of the +Wahsatch Mountains. Bull. Essex Inst., V, pp. 168-173. Remarks on +Allen's "List of Birds Collected in the Vicinity of Ogden" and list of +Birds found breeding near Salt Lake City.--1874. HENSHAW, H. W. An +annotated list of the Birds of Utah. Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist., N. Y., XI, +pp. 1-14; 214 species.--1877. RIDGWAY, R. (See Nevada.) + + +VERMONT + +1901. HOWELL, A. H. Preliminary List of Summer Birds of Mount +Mansfield, Vt. Auk, XVIII, pp. 337-347; 86 species.--1902. PERKINS, G. +H. A Preliminary List of the Birds Found in Vermont. 21st Ann. Rep. +Vt. State Bd. Agric., pp. 85-118; 261 species. See also HOWE, R. H., +JR., Cont. N. A. Orn. II, pp. 5-22.--1903. DAVENPORT, E. B. Birds +Observed on Mt. Mansfield and the West End of Stowe Valley at the Base +of the Mountain, in the Summer of 1902. Wilson Bull., XV, pp. 77-86; +74 species.--1907. DAVENPORT, E. B. Birds of Windham and Bennington +Counties. Bull. No. 2, Vermont Bird Club (Burlington, Vt.), pp. 5-14; +176 species.--1908. ALLEN, F. H. Summer Birds of Southern Vermont, +Auk, XXV, pp. 56-64; 86 species. + + +VIRGINIA + +1890. RIVES, WM. C., M. D. A Catalogue of the Birds of the Virginias. +Proc. Newport Nat. Hist. Soc., Document VII, Newport R. I. 8vo. +100 pp.; 305 species.--1902. DANIELS, J. W. Summer Birds of the Great +Dismal Swamp. Auk, XIX, 15-18 pp.; 41 species.--1910. EMBODY, G. C. A +List of Birds Observed at Ashland, Va. Auk, XXVII, pp. 169-177; 114 +species.--1912. BAILEY, H. B. Notes on Birds Breeding in the Mountains +of Virginia. The Auk, XXIX, pp. 79-84; 94 species. + + +WASHINGTON + +1892. LAWRENCE, R. H. A Preliminary List of the Birds of the Gray's +Harbor Region, Washington. Auk, IX, pp. 39-47; 92 species. (See also +pp. 352-357; and Palmer, _Ibid._, pp. 308-310).--1893. RHOADS, S. N. +(See British Columbia.)--1897. DAWSON, W. L. A Preliminary List of the +Birds of Okanagan County, Washington. The Auk, XIV, pp. 168-182; +143 species.--1900. KOBBÉ, W. H. The Birds of Cape Disappointment, +Washington. The Auk, XVII, pp. 349-358; 63 species--1902. LORD, W. R. +(See Oregon.)--1902. RATHBUN, S. F. A List of the Land Birds of +Seattle, Washington and Vicinity The Auk, XIX, pp. 131-141; +112 species--1903. SNODGRASS, R. E. A List of Land Birds from Central +Washington. The Auk, XX, pp. 202-209; 53 species.--1904. SNODGRASS, R. +E. A List of Land Birds from Central and Southeastern Washington. The +Auk, XXI, pp. 223-233; 58 species.--1906. BOWLES, J. H. A List of +Birds of Tacoma, Washington, and Vicinity. The Auk, XXIII, pp. 138-148; +201 species.--1906. JOHNSON, R. H. The Birds of Cheney, Washington. +The Condor, VIII, pp. 25-28; 113 species.--1908. EDSON, J. M. Birds +of the Bellingham Bay Region. The Auk, XXV, pp. 425-439; 212 +species.--1908. DAWSON, W. L. The Bird Colonies of the Olympiades. +The Auk, XXV, pp. 153-166. + + +WEST VIRGINIA + +1873. SCOTT, W. E. D. Partial List of the Summer Birds of Kanawha +County, West Virginia, with Annotations. Proc. Bost. Soc. Hist., XV, +pp. 219-227; 86 species.--1875. BREWSTER, W. Some Observations on the +Birds of Ritchie County, West Virginia. Annals of the Lyc. Nat. Hist., +N. Y., XI, pp. 139-146; 100 species.--1888. DOAN, W. D. Birds of West +Virginia. Bull. 3, Agric. Exp. Sta., Morgantown; 200 species.--1889. +SURBER, T. Birds of Greenbriar County, West Va. The Hawkeye Orn. and +Oöl. (E. B. Webster, Cresco, Iowa), II, pp. 2-4, 13-15, 29-32; +121 species.--1890. RIVES, W. C. (See Virginia.)--1898. RIVES, W. C. +Summer Birds of the West Virginia Spruce Belt. Auk, XV, pp. 131-137; +46 species.--1909. BROOKS, E. A. West Virginia Birds in State Board of +Agriculture. Report W. Va. State Board Agric., for 1908, pp. 3-62; +193 species. + + +WISCONSIN + +1853. HOY, P. R. Notes on the Ornithology of Wisconsin. Proc. Acad. +Nat. Sci., Phila., VI, pp. 304-313, 318-385, 423-429; 283 species. +(Revised with additions in the Trans. Wisc. State Agric. Soc., 1852, +II, pp. 341-364.)--1854. BARRY, A. C. On the Ornithological Fauna of +Wisconsin. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., V, 1854, pp. 1-13; +218 species.--1882. KING, F. H. Economic Relations of Wisconsin Birds. +Wis. Geol. Survey, I, pp. 441-610; figs. 103-144; 295 species.--1883. +WILLARD, S. W. Migration and Distribution of North American Birds in +Brown and Outgamie Counties. Trans. Wisc. Acad. Sci. Arts, and +Letters, VI, pp. 177-196; 210 species.--1894. GRUNDTVIG, F. L. The +Birds of Shiocton in Bovine, Outgamie Co., Wisc. Trans. Wisc. Acad. +Sciences, X, pp. 73-158; 183 species.--1903. KUMLEIN, L., and +HOLLISTER, N. The Birds of Wisconsin. Bull. Wisc. Nat. Hist. Soc., III +(N. S.), pp. 1-143, 8 half-tones; 357 species.--1909. CORY, C. B. +(See Ills.) + + +WYOMING + +1872. HOLDEN, C. H. JR. Notes on the Birds of Wyoming and Colorado +Territories, with additional memoranda by C. E. Aiken. Edited by +T. M. Brewer. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XV, pp. 193-210; 142 +species.--1873. MERRIAM, C. H. (See Utah.)--1876. GRINNELL, G. B. +(See Montana).--1879. WILLISTON, S. W. A List of Birds taken in +Southern Wyoming, with supplementary notes by George B. Grinnell; +Forest and stream, XII, pp. 306-307, 325-326, 365; 109 species.--1902. +KNIGHT, W. C. The Birds of Wyoming. University of Wyoming. 8vo. +174 pp., 48 plls.; 288 species.--1902. BOND, F. List of Birds of +Cheyenne and Vicinity. Bailey's 'Handbook of Birds of the Western +United States,' pp. lxxiii; 184 species.--1907. PALMER, T. S. Birds +of Yellowstone Park. Ann. Rep. Supt. of Yellowstone Park for 1907. +pp. 15-23; 70 species. + + + + +INDEX + + + Acanthis hornemannii + " exilipes 176 + linaria 176 + " holbœllii 176 + " rostrata 176 + + Accipiter atricapillus 131 + " striatulus 131 + cooperii 131 + velox 131 + + Actitis macularia 107 + + Actodromas acuminata 109 + bairdii 109 + fuscicollis 109 + maculata 109 + minutilla 109 + + Æchmophorus occidentalis 44 + + Ægialitis hiaticula 112 + meloda 112 + " circumcincta 112 + nivosa 112 + semipalmata 112 + + Aëronautes melanoleucus 158 + + Æstrelata fisheri 260 + hasitata 65 + scalaris 260 + + Agelaius gubernator californicus 179 + phœniceus 178 + " bryanti 178 + " caurinus 178 + " floridanus 178 + " fortis 178 + " neutralis 178 + " richmondi 298 + " sonoriensis 178 + tricolor 179 + + Aimophila carpalis 220 + ruficeps 220 + " eremœca 220 + " scottii 220 + " sororia 220 + + Aix sponsa 78 + + Ajaia ajaja 89 + + Alauda arvensis 275 + + Alaudidæ 34, 163 + + Albatross, Black-footed 62 + Laysan 62 + Short-tailed 12, 62 + Sooty 62 + Yellow-nosed 62 + + Alca torda 48 + + Alcedinidæ 32, 144 + + Alcidæ 10 + + Alle alle 46 + + Amazilis cerviniventris chalconota 160 + tzacatl 160 + + Ammodramus caudacutus 225 + henslowi 224 + " occidentalis 224 + leconteii 225 + maritimus 226 + " fisheri 226 + " macgillivraii 226 + " peninsulæ 226 + " sennetti 226 + nelsoni 225 + " subvirgatus 225 + nigrescens 226 + + Ampelidæ 37, 166 + + Ampelis cedrorum 198 + garrulus 198 + + Amphispiza belli 228 + " canescens 300 + " cinerea 228 + " nevadensis 228 + bilineata 249 + " deserticola 249 + + Anas boschas 76 + fulvigula 77 + " maculosa 77 + obscura 77 + " rubripes 77 + + Anatidæ 16, 74 + + Anhinga 14, 73 + anhinga 73 + Anhingidæ 14, 67 + + Ani 146 + Groove-billed 146 + + Anous stolidus 60 + + Anser albifrons 262 + " gambeli 85 + fabialis 262 + + Anseres 15, 74 + + Anthus pensilvanicus 232 + spraguei 232 + + Antrostomus carolinensis 156 + vociferus 156 + " macromystax 156 + + Aphelocoma californica 184 + + Aphelocoma californica hypoleuca 184 + " obscura 184 + cyanea 184 + cyanotis 184 + insularis 184 + sieberii arizonæ 183 + " couchii 183 + texana 184 + woodhouseii 184 + + Aphriza virgata 111 + + Aphrizidæ 24, 100 + + Aquila chrysaëtos 136 + + Aramidæ 20, 95 + + Aramus giganteus 96 + + Archibuteo ferrugineus 135 + lagopus sancti-johannis 135 + + Arctonetta fischeri 82 + + Ardea herodias 93 + " fannini 93 + " wardi 93 + occidentalis 92 + + Ardeidæ 19, 87 + + Ardetta exilis 91 + neoxena 91 + + Arenaria interpres 102 + melanocephala 107 + morinella 102 + + Arquatella couesi 107 + maritima 107 + ptilocnemis 108 + + Arremonops rufivirgatus 215 + + Asio accipitrinus 138 + wilsonianus 138 + + Astragalinus lawrenci 189 + psaltria 192 + " hesperophilus 299 + " mexicanus 299 + tristis 192 + " pallidus 192 + " salicamans 192 + + Asturina plagiata 131 + + Asyndesmus torquatus 152 + + Atthis morcomi 161 + + Auk, Great 48 + Razor-billed 9, 48 + + Auklet, Cassin 46 + Crested 47 + Least 47 + Paroquet 47 + Rhinoceros 45 + Whiskered 47 + + Auriparus flaviceps 195 + " lamprocephalus 195 + + Avocet 22, 103 + + Aythya affinis 79 + americana 79 + collaris 79 + + Aythya marila 78 + vallisneria 79 + + + Bæolophus atricristatus 243 + " sennetti 303 + bicolor 243 + " texensis 243, 303 + inornatus 242 + " cineraceus 242 + " griseus 242 + wollweberi 244 + + Baldpate 77 + + Bartramia longicauda 105 + + Basilinna leucotis 160 + xantusi 159 + + Becard, Xantus's 276 + + Bittern, American 91 + Cory 91 + Least 91 + + Blackbird, Bicolored 179 + Brewer 254 + Red-winged 178 + Rusty 254 + Tricolored 179 + Yellow-headed 199 + + Bluebird 182 + Azure 182 + Chestnut-backed 182 + Mountain 182 + San Pedro 182 + Western 182 + + Bobolink 251 + + Bob-white 26, 115 + Florida 115 + Masked 115 + Texan 115 + + Bombycillidæ 298 + + Bonasa umbellus 118 + " sabini 118 + " togata 118 + + Bonasa umbellus umbelloides 118 + + Booby 70 + Blue-faced 70 + Blue-footed 70 + Brewster 70 + Red-footed 70 + + Botaurus lentiginosus 91 + + Brachyramphus brevirostris 46 + craveri 46 + hypoleucus 46 + marmoratus 46 + + Brant 86 + Black 86 + + Branta bernicla glaucogastra 86 + canadensis 86 + " hutchinsii 86 + " minima 86 + " occidentalis 86 + leucopsis 262 + + Branta nigricans 86 + + Bubo virginianus 143 + " algistus 297 + " arcticus 143 + " elachistus 143 + " heterocnemis 297 + " pacificus 143 + " pallescens 143 + " saturatus 143 + + Bubonidæ 30, 127 + + Budytes flavus leucostriatus 192 + + Buffle-head 80 + + Bullfinch, Cassin's 279 + + Bulweria bulweri 260 + + Bunting, Beautiful 180 + Indigo 181 + Lark 252 + Lazuli 180 + Painted 180 + Varied 180 + + Bush-Tit 242 + California 242 + Grinda 242 + Lead-colored 242 + Lloyd 242 + Santa Rita 242, 303 + + Buteo abbreviatus 134 + albicaudatus sennetti 135 + borealis 132 + " alascensis 296 + " calurus 132 + " harlani 132 + " kriderii 132 + brachyurus 134 + lineatus 133 + + Buteo lineatus alleni 133 + elegans 133 + platypterus 133 + swainsoni 133 + + Buteonidæ 294 + + Butorides virescens 94 + " anthonyi 94 + " frazari 94 + + Buzzard, Turkey 129 + + + Calamospiza melanocorys 252 + + Calcarius lapponicus 219 + " alascensis 219 + ornatus 218 + pictus 220 + + Calidris arenaria 108 + + Callipepla squamata 116 + " castanogastris 116 + + Callothrus robustus 253 + + Calothorax lucifer 159 + + Calypte annæ 161 + costæ 159 + + Campephilus principalis 149 + + Camptolaimus labradorius 81 + + Canachites canadensis 117, 298 + " canace 117, 298 + " osgoodi 117, 298 + franklinii 117 + + Canvas-back 79 + + Caprimulgidæ 33, 155 + + Caracara, Audubon 134 + Guadalupe 134 + + Cardellina rubrifrons 177 + + Cardinal 36, 172 + Arizona 172 + Florida 172 + Gray-tailed 172 + St Lucas 172 + Texas 172 + + Cardinalis cardinalis 172 + canicaudus 172 + floridanus 172 + igneus 172 + superbus 172 + + Carduelis carduelis 177 + + Carpodacus amplus 175 + cassini 175 + mcgregori 175 + mexicanus elementis 175 + " frontalis 175 + " ruberrimus 175 + purpureus 174 + " californicus 174 + + Casarca casarca 262 + + Catbird 247 + + Catharista urubu 129 + + Cathartes aura 129 + + Cathartidæ 28, 127 + + Catherpes mexicanus albifrons 234 + " conspersus 234 + " punctulatus 234 + + Centrocercus urophasianus 122 + + Centurus aurifrons 153 + carolinus 153 + uropygialis 153 + + Ceophlœus pileatus 149 + " abieticola 149 + + Cepphus columba 48 + grylle 48 + mandtii 48 + + Cerorhinca monocerata 45 + + Certhia familiaris albescens 237 + " americana 237 + " montana 237 + " occidentalis 237 + " zelotes 238 + + Certhiidæ 39, 168 + + Ceryle alcyon 147 + " caurina 297 + americana septentrionalis 147 + torquata 273 + + Chachalaca 27, 122 + + Chætura pelagica 158 + vauxii 158 + + Chamæa fasciata 215, 300 + " phæa 216, 300 + " rufula 300 + + Chamæidæ 294, 298 + + Charadriidæ 24, 100 + + Charadrius dominicus 110 + " fulvus 110 + + Charitonetta albeola 80 + + Chat, Long-tailed 198 + Yellow-breasted 38, 198 + + Chaulelasmus streperus 77 + + Chen cærulescens 85 + hyperborea 84 + " nivalis 84 + rossii 84 + + Chewink 204 + + Chickadee 39 + Alaskan 244 + Bailey's Mountain 303 + Barlow 244 + Black-capped 245 + California 244 + Canadian 244 + Carolina 245 + Chestnut-backed 244 + Columbian 244 + Florida 303 + Hudsonian 244 + Kowak 244 + Long-tailed 245 + Mexican 245 + Mountain 244 + Oregon 245 + Plumbeous 245 + Valdez Chestnut-sided 303 + Yukon 303 + + Chondestes grammacus 218 + " strigatus 218 + + Chordeiles acutipennis texensis 157 + virginianus 157 + " chapmani 157 + " henryi 157 + " sennetti 157 + + Chuck-will's widow 156 + + Ciconiidæ 18, 87 + + Cinclidæ 38, 168 + + Cinclus mexicanus 247 + + Circus hudsonius 130 + + Cistothorus stellaris 236 + + Clangula clangula americana 80 + islandica 80 + + Coccyges 31, 144 + + Coccyzus americanus 146 + " occidentalis 146 + minor 146 + " maynardi 146 + erythrophthalmus 146 + + Cœligena clemenciæ 160 + + Colaptes auratus 154 + " luteus 154 + cafer collaris 154 + " saturatior 154 + chrysoides 154 + " brunnescens 154 + " mearnsi 298 + rufipileus 154 + + Colinus ridgwayi 115 + virginianus 115 + " floridanus 115 + " texanus 115 + + Columba fasciata 124 + " vioscæ 124 + flavirostris 124 + leucocephala 124 + + Columbæ 27, 123 + + Columbidæ 27, 123 + + Columbigallina passerina bermudiana 126 + + Columbigallina passerina pallescens 126 + " terrestris 126 + + Colymbus auritus 43 + dominicus brachypterus 43, 257 + holbœllii 43 + nigricollis californicus 43 + + Compsothypsis americana 195 + " usneæ 195 + nigrilora 195 + + Condor 129 + + Contopus borealis 208 + pertinax pallidiventris 208 + richardsonii 208 + " peninsulæ 208 + virens 208 + + Conurus carolinensis 145 + + Coot, American 21, 99 + European 265 + + Cormorant 71 + Baird 72 + Brandt 72 + Double-crested 71 + Farallon 71 + Florida 71 + Mexican 71 + Pelagic 72 + Red-faced 72 + Violet-green 14, 72 + White-crested 71 + + Corvidæ 35, 163 + + Corvus americanus 255 + " pascuus 255 + brachyrhynchos hesperis 304 + caurinus 255 + corax principalis 255 + " sinuatus 255 + cryptoleucus 255 + ossifragus 255 + + Coturniculus bairdii 224 + savannarum passerinus 224 + " bimaculatus 224 + " floridanus 224 + + Cowbird 253 + Bronzed 304 + Dwarf 253 + Red-eyed 253 + + Cracidæ 27, 113 + + Crake, Corn 265 + Spotted 265 + + Crane, Little Brown 96 + Sandhill 9, 96 + Whooping 96 + + Creciscus coturniculus 294 + + Creeper, Brown 39, 237 + + Creeper, California 237 + Mexican 237 + Rocky Mountain 237 + Sierra 238 + + Crossbill, American 173 + Mexican 173 + White-winged 174 + + Crotophaga ani 146 + sulcirostris 146 + + Crow, American 255 + Carrion 129 + Fish 255 + Florida 255 + Northwest 255 + Western 304 + + Crymophilus fulicarius 102 + + Cuckoo, Black-billed 146 + California 146 + Kamchatka 273 + Mangrove 146 + Maynard 146 + Yellow-billed 146 + + Cuculidæ 31, 144 + + Curlew, Bristle-thighed 295 + Eskimo 103 + Hudsonian 23, 103 + Long-billed 103 + + Cyanocephalus cyanocephalus 183 + + Cyanocitta cristata 183 + " florincola 183 + stelleri 185 + " annectens 185 + " carbonacea 298 + " carlottæ 185 + " diademata 185 + " frontalis 185 + + Cyanopiza amœna 180 + ciris 180 + cyanea 181 + versicolor 180 + versicolor pulchra 180 + + Cyclorrhynchus psittaculus 47 + + Cypseloides niger borealis 158 + + Cyrtonyx montezumæ mearnsi 115 + + + Dafila acuta 76 + + Daption capensis 260 + + Darters 67 + + Dendragapus obscurus 117 + " fuliginosus 117 + " richardsonii 117 + " sierræ 295 + + Dendrocygna autummalis 83 + fulva 83 + + Dendroica æstiva 196 + æstiva brewsteri 299 + æstiva rubiginosa 196 + æstiva æstiva sonorana 196 + auduboni 190 + auduboni nigrifrons 199 + blackburniæ 187 + bryanti castaneiceps 196 + cærulea 181 + cærulescens 180 + cærulescens cairnsii 180 + castanea 206 + chrysoparia 188 + coronata 197 + discolor 197 + dominica 190 + dominica albilora 190 + graciæ 190 + kirtlandii 191 + maculosa 190 + nigrescens 249 + occidentalis 188 + olivacea 187 + palmarum 196 + palmarum hypochrysea 197 + pensylvanica 198 + striata 249 + tigrina 196 + townsendi 188 + vigorsii 191 + virens 188 + + Dichromanassa rufescens 94 + + Dickcissel 198 + + Diomedea albatrus 62 + immutabilis 62 + nigripes 62 + + Diomedeidæ 12, 61 + + Dipper 38, 247 + + Dolichonyx oryzivorus 251 + + Dotterel 267 + + Dove, Bermuda Ground 126 + Blue-headed 126 + Ground 126 + Inca 126 + Key West Quail 126 + Mexican Ground 126 + Mourning 27, 125 + Ruddy Quail 126 + Western Mourning 296 + West Indian White-winged 296 + White-fronted 125 + White-winged 126 + Zenaida 125 + + Dovekie 46 + + Dowitcher 106 + Long-billed 106 + + Dryobates arizonæ 151 + borealis 151 + nuttallii 151 + pubescens 150 + pubescens gairdnerii 150 + pubescens homorus 150 + pubescens medianus 150 + pubescens nelsoni 150 + pubescens turati 151 + scalaris bairdii 151, 297 + scalaris cactophilus 297 + scalaris eremicus 297 + scalaris lucasanus 150 + villosus 150 + villosus leucomelas 150 + villosus leucothorectis 297 + villosus auduboni 150 + villosus harrisii 150 + villosus hyloscopus 150 + villosus monticola 150 + villosus picoideus 150 + villosus terrænovæ 297 + + Duck, Black 77 + Black-bellied Tree 83 + Florida 77 + Fulvous Tree 83 + Harlequin 81 + Labrador 81 + Lesser Scaup 79 + Masked 80 + Mottled 77 + Red-legged Black 77 + Ring-necked 79 + Ruddy 80 + Rufous-crested 262 + Scaup 79 + Wood 78 + + Dunlin 266 + + + Eagle, Alaska Bald 136 + Bald 136 + Golden 136 + + Ectopistes migratorius 125 + + Egret American 92 + Brewster's 294 + Reddish 94 + + Egretta candidissima 92 + candidissima brewsteri 294 + + Eider, American 82 + Greenland 82 + King 82 + Pacific 82 + + Eider, Spectacled 82 + Steller 81 + + Elanoides forficatus 130 + + Elanus leucurus 130 + + Empidonax cineritius 210 + difficilis 210 + flaviventris 210 + fulvifrons pygmæus 215 + griseus 209 + hammondi 209 + insulicola 210 + minimus 209 + traillii 209 + " alnorum 209 + virescens 210 + wrightii 209 + + Eniconetta stelleri 81 + + Ereunetes occidentalis 108 + pusillus 108 + + Erismatura jamaicensis 80 + + Erolia ferruginea 106 + + Eugenes fulgens 159 + + + Falco columbarius 137 + " suckleyi 137 + fusco-cærulescens 137 + islandus 136 + mexicanus 135 + peregrinus anatum 137 + " pealei 137 + richardsonii 137 + rusticolus 136 + " gyrfalco 136 + " obsoletus 136 + sparverius 137 + " paulus 296 + " peninsularis 138 + " phalœna 138 + + Falcon, Aplomado 137 + Peale 137 + Prairie 135 + + Falconidæ 29, 127, 294 + + Finch, California Purple 174 + Cassin 175 + Guadalupe House 175 + House 175 + Pine 225 + Purple 174 + San Benito House 175 + San Clemente House 175 + St Lucas House 175 + + Flamingo 16, 89 + + Flicker, Brown 154 + Gilded 154 + Guadalupe 154 + Mearns's Gilded 298 + Northern 154 + Northwestern 154 + Red-shafted 154 + Southern 154 + + Florida cærulea 94 + + Flycatcher, Alder 209 + Arizona Crested 203 + Ash-throated 203 + Beardless 211 + Buff-breasted 215 + Coues 208 + Crested 203 + Derby 202 + Fork-tailed 276 + Giraud 274 + Gray 209 + Green-crested 210 + Hammond 209 + Least 209 + Lower California 203 + Mexican Crested 203 + Nutting 203 + Olivaceous 203 + Olive-sided 208 + Ridgway 211, 299 + Santa Barbara 210, 299 + Scissor-tailed 177 + St Lucas 210 + Sulphur-bellied 203 + Traill 209 + Vermillion 177 + Western 210 + Wright 209 + Yellow-bellied 210 + + Fratercula arctica 45 + " glacialis 45 + " naumanni 258 + corniculata 45 + + Fregata aquila 73 + + Fregatidæ 15, 67 + + Fregetta grallaria 260 + + Frigate Bird 73 + + Fringillidæ 36, 164 + + Fulica americana 99 + + Fulmar 12, 63 + Giant 260 + Pacific 63 + Rodger's 63 + Slender-billed 63 + Fulmarus glacialis 63 + " glupischa 63 + rodgersii 63 + + + Gadwall 77 + + Galeoscoptes carolinensis 247 + + Gallinæ 25, 113 + + Gallinago delicata 105 + + Gallinula galeata 99 + + Gallinule, Florida 99 + Purple 99 + + Gannet 13, 69 + + Gavia adamsii 44 + arctica 44 + imber 44 + lumme 44 + pacifica 44 + + Gaviidæ 10 + + Gelochelidon nilotica 58 + + Geococcyx californianus 146 + + Geothlypis agilis 189 + beldingi 194 + formosa 193 + philadelphia 189 + poliocephala 194 + tolmiei 189 + trichas 193 + " arizela 194 + " brachidactyla 194 + " ignota 194 + " occidentalis 193 + " sinuosa 194 + + Geotrygon chrysia 126 + montana 126 + + Glaucidium gnoma 140 + " californicus 140 + " pinicola 296 + hoskinsii 140 + phalænoides 140 + + Gnatcatcher, Black-tailed 243 + Blue-gray 243 + Plumbeous 243 + Western 243 + + Godwit, Black-tailed 266 + Hudsonian 110 + Marbled 110 + Pacific 110 + + Golden-eye, American 80 + Barrow 80 + + Goldfinch, American 192 + Arkansas 192 + California 192 + European 177 + Green-backed 299 + Lawrence 189 + Mexican 192 + Western 192 + + Goose, Barnacle 262 + + Goose, Bean 262 + Blue 85 + Cackling 86 + Canada 86 + Emperor 85 + European White-fronted 263 + Greater Snow 84 + Hutchins 86 + Lesser Snow 84 + Pink-footed 263 + Ross Snow 84 + White-cheeked 86 + White-fronted 85, 262 + + Goshawk, American 131 + Mexican 131 + Western 131 + + Grackle, Boat-tailed 254 + Bronzed 254 + Florida 254 + Great-tailed 254 + Purple 35, 254 + + Grebe, Eared 43 + Holbœll 43 + Horned 43 + Least 43 + Mexican 257 + Pied-billed 9, 43 + Western 44 + + Green-shank 266 + + Grosbeak, Alaskan Pine 173 + Black-headed 207 + Blue 181 + Evening 36, 199 + Kadiak Pine 173 + Pine 173 + Rocky Mountain Pine 173 + Rose-breasted 174 + Western Blue 181 + Western Evening 199 + + Grouse, Alaska Spruce 117 + Canada 117 + Canadian Ruffed 118 + Columbian Sharp-tailed 121 + Dusky 117 + Franklin 117 + Gray Ruffed 118 + Hudsonian Spruce 117 + Oregon Ruffed 118 + Prairie Sharp-tailed 121 + Richardson 117 + Ruffed 26, 118 + Sage 122 + Sharp-tailed 121 + Sierra 295 + Sooty 117 + + Gruidæ 20, 95 + + Grus americana 96 + canadensis 96 + mexicana 96 + + Guara alba 90 + rubra 89 + + Guillemot, Black 48 + Mandt 48 + Pigeon 48 + + Guiraca cærulea 181 + " lazula 181 + + Gull, Bonaparte 56 + Black-backed 54 + California 55 + Franklin 56 + Glaucous 53 + Glaucous-winged 53 + Heermann 54 + Herring 11, 55 + Iceland 53 + Ivory 52 + Kittiwake 52 + Kumlien 53 + Laughing 56 + Little 259 + Mew 258 + Nelson 53 + Point Barrow 53 + Ring-billed 52 + Ross 56 + Sabine 56 + Siberian 258 + Slaty-backed 54 + Short-billed 52 + Vega 55 + Western 54 + + Gymnogyps californianus 129 + + Gyrfalcon 136 + Black 136 + Gray 136 + White 136 + + + Hæmatopodidæ 25, 100 + + Hæmatopus bachmani 104 + frazari 104 + palliatus 104 + + Haliæetus leucocephalus 136 + + Halocyptena microsoma 65 + + Harelda hyemalis 81 + + Harrier 130 + + Hawk, American Rough-legged 135 + Broad-winged 133 + Cooper 131 + Desert Sparrow 133 + Duck 137 + Ferruginous Rough-legged 135 + Fish 129 + Florida Red-shouldered 133 + Harlan 132 + Harris 132 + Krider 132 + Little Sparrow 296 + Marsh 130 + Mexican Black 134 + Pigeon 137 + Red-bellied 133 + Red-shouldered 133 + Red-tailed 29, 28, 132 + Sennett White-tailed 135 + Sharp-shinned 131 + Short-tailed 134 + Snail 130 + Sparrow 137 + St Lucas Sparrow 138 + Swainson 133 + Western Red-tail 132 + Zone-tailed 134 + + Heath Hen 121 + + Heleodytes brunneicapillus 233 + " affinis 233 + " anthonyi 233 + " bryanti 233 + " couesi 288 + + Helinaia swainsonii 215 + + Helminthophila bachmanii 191 + celata 210 + " lutescens 210 + " sordida 210 + chrysoptera 189 + lawrencei 197 + leucobronchialis 197 + luciæ 206 + + Helminthophila peregrina 212 + pinus 191 + rubricapilla 195 + " gutturalis 195 + virginiæ 197 + + Helmitheros vermivorus 215 + + Helodromas solitarius 107 + " cinnamomeus 107 + + Herodias egretta 92 + + Herodiones 17, 87 + + Heron, Anthony Green 94 + Black-crowned Night 93 + European 264 + Frazar Green 94 + Great Blue 92 + + Heron, Great White 92 + Little Blue 94 + Little Green 19, 94 + Louisiana 94 + Northwest Coast 93 + Snowy 92 + Ward 93 + Yellow-crowned Night 93 + + Hesperiphona vespertina 199 + " montana 199 + + Heteractitis incanus 111 + + Himantopus mexicanus 104 + + Hirundinidæ 36, 165 + + Hirundo erythrogastra 250 + + Histrionicus histrionicus 81 + + Hummingbird, Allen 161 + Anna 161 + Black-chinned 159 + Blue-throated 160 + Blue-billed 160 + Broad-tailed 161 + Buff-bellied 160 + Calliope 161 + Costa 159 + Lucifer 159 + Morcom 161 + Rieffer 160 + Rivoli 159 + Ruby-throated 33, 160 + Rufous 161 + Salvin 298 + White-eared 160 + Xantus 159 + + Hydranassa tricolor ruficollis 94 + + Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis 60 + + Hylocichla aliciæ 239 + " bicknelli 239 + guttata 238 + " auduboni 238 + " nana 238 + " pallasii 238 + fuscescens 238 + " salicicola 238 + mustelina 233 + ustulata 239 + " almæ 239 + " œdica 239 + " swainsonii 239 + + + Iache latirostris 160 + + Ibididæ 18, 87 + + Ibis, Glossy 90 + Scarlet 89 + Wood 18, 90 + White 90 + White-faced Glossy 18, 90 + + Icteria virens 198 + " longicauda 198 + + Icteridæ 35, 164 + + Icterus audubonii 186 + bullocki 186 + cucullatus nelsoni 186 + " sennetti 186 + galbula 186 + parisorum 186 + spurius 206 + + Ictinia mississippiensis 130 + + Ionornis martinica, 99 + + Iridoprocne bicolor 250 + + Ixoreus nævius 207 + " meruloides 207 + + + Jabiru 264 + + Jacana, Mexican 25, 102 + spinosa 102 + + Jacanidæ 25, 100 + + Jaeger, Long-tailed 51 + Parastic 10, 51 + Pomarine 51 + + Jay, Alaskan 252 + Belding 184 + Black-headed 185 + Blue 35, 183 + Blue-eared 184 + Blue-fronted 185 + California 184 + Canada 252 + Coast 298 + Couch 183 + Florida 184 + Florida Blue 183 + Gray 252 + Green 185 + Labrador 252 + Long-crested 185 + Oregon 252 + Pinon 183 + Queen Charlotte 185 + Rocky Mountain 252 + Santa Cruz 184 + Steller 185 + Texan 184 + Woodhouse 184 + Xantus 184 + + Junco aikeni 240 + Arizona 241 + Baird 240 + bairdi 240 + caniceps 241, 302 + Carolina 240 + Coues 241, 302 + dorsalis 241, 302 + Gray-headed 241 + Guadalupe 240 + hyemalis 240 + " annectens 302 + " carolinensis 240 + " connectens 302 + insularis 240 + mearnsi 240, 302 + Montana 240 + montanus 240, 302 + oreganus 241, 302 + " connectens 241, 302 + " pinosus 241, 302 + " shufeldti 241 + " thurberi 241, 302 + Oregon 241 + phæonotus dorsalis 241 + " palliatus 241 + Pink-sided 240 + Point Pinos 241 + Red-backed 241 + Ridgway's 303 + Shufeldt 241, 302 + Slate-colored 240 + Thurber 241 + Townsend 240 + townsendi 240 + White-winged 240 + + + Killdeer 24, 112 + + Kingbird 247 + Arkansas 202 + Cassin 202 + Couch 202 + Gray 247 + + Kingfisher, Belted 31, 147 + Northwestern Belted 297 + Ringed 271 + Texas 147 + + Kinglet, Dusky 177 + Golden-crowned 40, 187 + Ruby-crowned 176, 215 + Sitkan 176, 215 + Western 187 + + Kite, Everglade 130 + Mississippi 130 + Swallow-tailed 130 + White-tailed 130 + + Kittiwake 52 + Pacific 52 + Red-legged 52 + + Knot 106 + + + Lagopus evermanni 120 + lagopus 119 + " alexandræ 295 + " alleni 119 + " ungavus 295 + leucurus 118 + " peninsularis 118 + rupestris 119 + " atkhensis 120 + " chamberlaini 296 + " dixoni 296 + " nelsoni 119 + " reinhardi 119 + " townsendi 120 + + Laniidæ 37, 166 + + Lanius borealis 248 + ludovicianus 248 + " migrans 304 + anthonyi 248 + " excubitorides 248 + " gambeli 248 + + Lapwing 267 + + Laridæ 11, 50 + + Lark Bunting 252 + California Horned 201 + Desert Horned 201 + Dusky Horned 201 + Horned 34, 200 + Hoyt Horned 200 + Island Horned 202 + Montezuma Horned 202 + Pallid Horned 200 + Prairie Horned 200 + Ruddy Horned 201 + Scorched Horned 201 + Sonoran Horned 202 + Streaked Horned 200 + Texan Horned 200 + + Larus affinis 258 + argentatus 55 + atricilla 56 + barrovianus 53 + brachyrhynchus 52 + californicus 55 + canus 258 + delawarensis 52 + franklinii 56 + glaucescens 53 + glaucus 53 + heermanni 54 + kumlieni 53 + leucopterus 53 + marinus 54 + minutus 259 + nelsoni 53 + occidentalis 54 + philadelphia 56 + schistisagus 54 + vegae 55 + + Leptotila fulviventris brachyptera 125 + + Leucosticte, Aleutian 179 + atrata 179 + australis 179 + Black 179 + Brown-capped 179 + Gray-crowned 179 + griseonucha 179 + Hepburn 179 + tephrocotis 179 + " littoralis 179 + + Limicolæ 21, 100 + + Limosa fedoa 110 + hæmastica 110 + lapponica baueri 110 + + Limpkin 20, 96 + + Longipennes 10 + + Longspur, Alaskan 219 + Chestnut-collared 218 + Lapland 219 + McCown 218 + Smith 220 + + Loon 10, 44 + Black-throated 44 + Pacific 44 + Red-throated 44 + Yellow-billed 44 + + Lophodytes cucullatus 76 + + Lophortyx californicus 116 + " vallicola 116 + gambelii 116 + + Loxia curvirostra minor 173 + " stricklandi 173 + leucoptera 174 + + Lunda cirrhata 45 + + + Macrochires 33, 154 + + Macrorhamphus griseus 106 + scolopaceus 106 + + Magpie American 253 + Yellow-billed 253 + + Mallard 6, 76 + + Man-o'-War Bird 73 + + Mareca americana 77 + penelope 77 + + Marsh Hen 98 + + Martin Cuban 250 + Gray-breasted 304 + Purple 250 + Western 250 + + Meadowlark 199 + Florida 199 + Texas 199 + Western 199 + + Megalestris skua 51 + + Megaquiscalus major 254 + major macrourus 254 + + Megascops asio 141 + " aikeni 142 + " bendirei 141 + " cineraceus 142 + " flammeola 142 + " floridanus 141 + " idahœnsis 142 + " kennicottii 141 + " macfarlanei 142 + " maxwelliæ 141 + " mccalli 141 + " trichopsis 142 + " xantusi 142 + + Melanerpes erythrocephalus 153 + formiciviorus 153 + " angustifrons 153 + " bairdi 153 + + Meleagris gallopavo intermedia 122 + " merriami 122 + " osceola 122 + " silvestris 122 + + Melopelia asiatica asiatica 296 + " trudeaui 296 + leucoptera 126 + + Melospiza cinerea 230 + " caurina 230 + " clementæ 230 + " cooperi 230 + " fallax 229 + " graminea 230 + " heermanni 229 + " insignis 230 + " juddi 229 + " kenaiensis 230 + " melodia 229 + " merrilli 229 + " montana 229 + " morphna 230 + " pusillula 230 + " rivularis 229 + " rufina 230 + " samuelis 230 + + Melospiza georgiana 222 + lincolnii 226 + " striata 226 + melodia cleonensis 301 + " maxillaris 300 + + Merganser, American 76 + americanus 76 + Hooded 76 + Red-breasted 15, 76 + serrator 76 + + Mergus albellus 261 + + Merlin, Black 137 + Richardson 137 + + Merula confinis 207 + migratoria 207 + migratoria achrustera 207 + " propinqua 207 + + Micropalama himantopus 106 + + Micropallas whitneyi 140 + + Micropodidæ 33, 155 + + Mimidæ 294 + + Mimus polyglottos 248 + " leucopterus 248 + + Mniotilta varia 249 + + Mniotiltidæ 38, 167 + + Mockingbird 248 + Western 248 + + Molothrus ater 253 + " obscurus 253 + + Motacillidæ 38, 167 + + Murre 48 + Brunnich 48 + California 48 + Pallas 48 + + Murrelet, Ancient 47 + Craveri 46 + Kittlitz 46 + Marbled 46 + Xantus 46 + + Muscivora forficata 177 + tyrannus 276 + + Myadestes townsendii 247 + + Mycteria americana 263 + + Myiarchus cinerascens 203 + " nuttingi 203 + " pertinax 203 + crinitus 203 + lawrencei olivascens 203 + mexicanus 203 + " magister 203 + + Myiodynastes luteiventris 203 + + Myiozetetes similis superciliosus 274 + + + Netta rufina 262 + + Nettion carolinensis 78 + crecca 261 + + Nighthawk 157 + Florida 157 + Sennett 157 + Texan 157 + Western 157 + + Noddy 60 + + Nomonyx dominicus 80 + + Nonpareil 180 + + Nucifraga columbiana 252 + + Numenius borealis 103 + hudsonicus 103 + longirostris 103 + tahitiensis 295 + + Nutcracker, Clarke 252 + + Nuthatch Brown-headed 246 + Florida 246 + Pygmy 246 + Red-breasted 39, 246 + Rocky Mountain 246 + Slender-billed 246 + St Lucas 246 + White-breasted 246 + White-naped 247 + + Nuttallornis borealis 208 + + Nyctala acadica 140 + " scotæa 140 + tengmalmi richardsoni 139 + + Nyctanassa violacea 93 + + Nyctea nyctea 143 + + Nycticorax nycticorax nævius 93 + + Nyctidromus albicollis merrilli 157 + + + Oceanites oceanicus 66 + + Oceanodroma cryptoleucura 260 + furcata 65 + homochroa 65 + kaedingi 65 + leucorhoa 66 + macrodactyla 66 + melania 66 + socorroensis 66 + + Ochthodromus wilsonius 112 + + Odontoglossæ 16, 87 + + Oidemia americana 83 + deglandi 83 + fusca 262 + perspicillata 83 + + Olbiorchilus alascensis 236 + hiemalis 236 + " helleri 236 + " pacificus 236 + meligerus 236 + + Old-squaw 81 + + Olor buccinator 84 + columbianus 84 + cygnus 263 + + Oreortyx pictus 116 + " confinis 116 + " plumiferus 116 + + Oreospiza chlorura 206 + + Oriole, Arizona Hooded 186 + Audubon 186 + Baltimore 35, 186 + Bullock 186 + Hooded 186 + Orchard 206 + Scott 186 + Sennett 279 + + Ornithion imberbe 211 + " ridgwayi 211 + + Oroscoptes montanus 233 + + Ortalis vetula maccalli 122 + + Osprey, American 129 + + Ossifraga gigantea 259 + + Otocoris alpestris 200 + " actia 201 + " adusta 201 + " arcticola 200 + " giraudi 200 + " hoyti 200 + " insularis 202 + " leucolæma 201 + " merrilli 201 + " occidentalis 202 + " pallida 202 + " praticola 200 + " rubea 201 + " strigata 201 + + Otus asio gilmani 297 + + Ouzel, Water 247 + + Oven-bird 232 + + Owl, Acadian 140 + Aiken Screech 142 + American Hawk 143 + American Long-eared 138 + Arctic Horned 143 + Barn 29, 138 + Barred 139 + Burrowing 138 + California Pygmy 140 + California Screech 141 + Dusky Horned 143 + Dwarf Screech 142 + Elf 140 + Ferruginous Pygmy 140 + Flammulated Screech 142 + Florida Barred 139 + " Burrowing 138 + " Screech 141 + Great Gray 139 + Great Horned 143 + Hoskin 140 + Kennicott Screech 141 + Labrador Horned 297 + Long-eared 138 + MacFarlane Screech 142 + Mexican Screech 142 + Monkey-faced 138 + Northern Saw-whet 140 + Northern Spotted 139 + Pacific Horned 143 + Pygmy 140 + Richardson 139 + Rocky Mountain Screech 141 + Sahauro Screech 297 + Saint Michael Horned 297 + Saw-whet 140 + Screech 30, 141 + Short-eared 138 + Snowy 143 + Spotted 139 + " Screech 142 + Texas Barred 139 + Texas Screech 141 + Western Horned 143 + Xantus Screech 142 + + Oxyechus vociferus 112 + + Oyster-catcher, American 25, 104 + Black 104 + European 267 + Frazar 104 + + + Pagophila alba 52 + + Paludicolæ 19, 95 + + Pandion haliaëtus carolinensis 29 + + Pandionidæ 294 + + Parabuteo unicintus harrisi 132 + + Parauque, Merrill 157 + + Paridæ 39, 169 + + Paroquet, Carolina 30, 145 + + Parrot, Thick-billed 145 + + Partridge 118 + Alaska Spruce 295 + California 116 + Canada Spruce 295 + Chestnut-bellied Scaled 116 + Gambel 116 + Hudsonian Spruce 295 + Mearns 115 + Mountain 116 + + Partridge, Plumed 116 + San Pedro 116 + Scaled 116 + Valley 116 + + Parus atricapillus 245 + " occidentalis 245 + " septentrionalis 245 + carolinensis 245 + " agilis 245 + cinctus alascensis 244 + gambeli 244 + hudsonicus 244 + " columbianus 244 + " littoralis 244 + " stoneyi 244 + rufescens 244 + " barlowi 244 + " neglectus 244 + sclateri 245 + wollweberi 244 + + Passer domesticus 219 + + Passerculus beldingi 223 + princeps 225 + sandwichensis 223 + " alaudinus 223 + " bryanti 223 + " nevadensis 300 + " savanna 223 + rostratus 223 + " guttatus 223 + " halophilus 224 + " sanctorum 224 + + Passerella iliaca 231 + " annectens 231 + " fuliginosa 231, 301 + " insularis 231, 301 + " megarhyncha 231 + " schistacea 231 + " stephensi 231 + " townsendi 231 + " unalaschensis 231 + + Passeres 34, 162 + + Passerina hyperboreus 251 + nivalis 251 + " townsendi 251 + + Pediœcetes phasianellus 121 + " campestris 121 + " columbianus 121 + + Pelagodroma marina 260 + + Pelecanidæ 15, 67 + + Pelecanus californicus 73 + erythrorhynchus 73 + occidentalis 73 + + Pelican, American White 73 + Brown 15, 73 + California Brown 73 + + Pelidna alpina pacifica 108 + + Penthestes carolinensis impiger 303 + gambeli baileyæ 303 + rufescens vivax 303 + + Perisoreus canadensis 252 + " capitalis 252 + " fumifrons 252 + " nigricapillus 252 + obscurus 252 + " griseus 252 + + Petrel, Ashy 65 + Black 66 + Black-capped 65 + Bulwer's 260 + Fisher's 260 + Fork-tailed 65 + Guadalupe 66 + Hawaiian 260 + Kaeding's 65 + Leach's 12, 66 + Least 65 + Pintado 260 + Scaled 260 + Socorro 66 + Stormy 66 + White-bellied 260 + White-faced 260 + Wilson's 66 + + Petrochelidon lunifrons 250 + tachina 304 + melanogastra 250, 304 + + Peucæa æstivalis 221 + " bachmanii 221 + botterii 221 + cassini 221 + + Pewee, Western Wood 208 + Large-billed Wood 208 + Wood 208 + + Phaëthon americanus 69 + æthereus 69 + rubricaudus 260 + + Phaëthontidæ 13, 67 + + Phainopepla 253 + nitens 253 + + Phalacrocoracidæ 14, 67 + + Phalacrocorax dilophus 71 + " albociliatus 71 + " cincinatus 71 + " floridanus 71 + mexicanus 72 + pelagicus 72 + " resplendens 72 + + Phalacrocorax pelagicus robustus 72 + penicillatus 72 + urile 72 + + Phalænoptilus nuttallii 156 + " californicus 156 + " nitidus 156 + + Phalarope, Northern 21, 102 + Red 102 + Wilson 102 + + Phalaropodidæ 21, 100 + + Phalaropus lobatus 102 + + Phasianidæ 27, 113 + + Phasianus colchicus 113, 122 + torquatus 113, 121 + + Pheasant, English 113, 122 + Ring-necked 123, 122 + + Philacte canagica 85 + + Philohela minor 105 + + Phœbe 34, 208 + Black 251 + Say 205 + Western Black 251 + + Phœbetria fuliginosa 62 + + Phœnicopteridæ 17, 87 + + Phœnicopterus ruber 89 + + Phyllopseustes borealis 212 + + Pica pica hudsonia 253 + nuttalli 253 + + Pici 32, 148 + + Picidæ 32, 148 + + Picoides americanus 149 + " dorsalis 149 + " fasciatus 149 + arcticus 149 + + Pigeon, Band-tailed 124 + Passenger 125 + Red-billed 124 + Scaled 269 + Viosca 124 + White-crowned 124 + Wild 125 + + Pincola enucleator alascensis 173 + " californica 173 + " flammula 173 + " leucura 173 + " montana 173 + + Pintail 76 + + Pipilo aberti 205 + consobrinus 204 + erythrophthalmus 204 + " alleni 204 + fuscus albigula 205 + " crissalis 205 + " mesoleucus 205 + + Pipilo fuscus senicula 205 + maculatus arcticus 204 + " atratus 204 + " clementæ 204 + " magnirostris 204 + " megalonyx 204 + " oregonus 204 + + Pipit 38, 232 + Sprague 232 + + Piranga erythromelas 171 + hepatica 171 + ludovicianus 171 + rubra 171 + " cooperi 171 + + Pitangus derbianus 202 + + Plataleidæ 18, 87 + + Platypsaris albiventris 274 + + Plegadis autumnalis 90 + guarauna 90 + + Plover, Black-bellied 24, 110 + European Golden 267 + Golden 110 + Little Ringed 267 + Mongolian 267 + Mountain 105 + Pacific Golden 110 + Piping 112 + Ring 112 + Semipalmated 112 + Snowy 112 + Wilson 112 + + Plautus impennis 48 + + Podasocys montana 105 + + Podicipidæ 9 + + Podilymbus podiceps 43 + + Polioptila cærulea 243 + " obscura 243 + californica 243 + plumbea 243 + + Polyborus cheriway 134 + lutosus 134 + + Pocecetes gramineus 221 + " affinis 221 + " confinis 221 + + Poor-will 156 + California 156 + Frosted 156 + + Porzana carolina 98 + coturniculus 294 + jamaicensis 98 + noveboracensis 97 + + Prairie Hen 121 + Attwater 121 + Lesser 121 + + Priocella glacialoides 63 + + Priofinus cinereus 260 + + Procellaria pelagica 66 + + Procellariidæ 12, 61 + + Progne chalybea 304 + cryptoleucus 250 + subis 250 + " hesperia 250 + + Protonotaria citrea 187 + + Psaltriparus lloydi 242 + minimus 242 + " californicus 242 + " grindæ 242 + plumbeus 242 + santaritæ 242 + + Psittaci 30, 144 + + Psittacidæ 30, 144 + + Ptarmigan 119 + Adak 296 + Alexander 295 + Chamberlain 296 + Allen 119 + Dixon 296 + Evermann 120 + Kenai White-tailed 118 + Nelson 119 + Reinhardt 119 + Rock 119 + Townsend 120 + Turner 120 + Ungava 295 + Welch 120 + White-tailed 118 + Willow 119 + + Ptilogonatidæ 298 + + Ptychoramphus aleuticus 46 + + Puffin 45 + Horned 45 + Large-billed 45 + Tufted 45 + + Puffinus assimilis 260 + auricularis 64 + borealis 64 + bulleri 260 + creatopus 64 + cuneatus 63 + gravis 64 + griseus 63 + lherminieri 64 + opisthomelas 64 + puffinus 259 + tenuirostris 64 + + Pygopodes 9 + + Pyocephalus rubineus mexlcanus 177 + + Pyrrhuloxia, Arizona 172 + sinuata 172 + " peninsulæ 172 + " texana 172 + St Lucas 172 + + + Quail 115 + + Querquedula cyanoptera 78 + discors 78 + + Quiscalus quiscula 254 + " aglæus 254 + " æneus 254 + + + Rail, Belding 97 + Black 98 + California Clapper 97 + Caribbean Clapper 98 + Carolina 98 + Clapper 20, 98 + Farallon 265 + King 97 + Light-footed 294 + Louisiana Clapper 98 + Scott Clapper 98 + Virginia 97 + Wayne Clapper 98 + Yellow 97 + + Rallidæ 21, 95 + + Rallus beldingi 97 + crepitans 98 + " saturatus 98 + " scottii 98 + " waynei 98 + elegans 97 + levipes 294 + longirostris caribæus 98 + obsoletus 97 + virginianus 97 + + Raptores 28, 127 + + Raven, American 255 + Northern 255 + White-necked 255 + + Recurvirostra americana 103 + + Recurvirostridæ 23, 100 + + Redhead 79 + + Redpoll 35, 176 + Greater 176 + Greenland 176 + Hoary 176 + Holbœll 176 + Red-shank 266 + + Redstart, American 38, 187 + Painted 177 + + Red-tail, Alaska 296 + + Red-wing, Bahaman 178 + Florida 178 + Northwestern 178 + San Diego 178 + Sonoran 178 + Thick-billed 178 + Vera Cruz 298 + + Reedbird 251 + + Regulus calendula 176, 215 + " grinnelli 176, 215 + obscurus 177 + satrapa 187 + " olivaceus 187 + + Rhodostethia rosea 56 + + Rhynchophanes mccownii 218 + + Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha 145 + + Riparia riparia 211 + + Rissa brevirostris 52 + tridactyla 52 + " pollicaris 52 + + Road-runner 146 + + Robin 34, 207 + Southern 207 + St Lucas 207 + " Western 207 + + Rostrhamus sociabilis 130 + + Rough-leg, Ferruginous 135 + Ruff 266 + + Rynchopidæ 12, 52 + + Rynchops nigra 60 + + + Salpinctes obsoletus 234 + " pulverius 301 + guadeloupensis 234 + + Sanderling 108 + + Sandpiper Aleutian 107 + Baird 109 + Bartramian 105 + Buff-breasted 105 + Curlew 106 + Green 266 + Least 109 + Pectoral 109 + Prybilof 108 + Purple 107 + Red-backed 108 + Semipalmated 23, 108 + Sharp-tailed 109 + Solitary 107 + Spoonbill 266 + Spotted 107 + Stilt 106 + Upland 105 + Western 109 + Western Solitary 107 + White-rumped 109 + + Sapsucker, Northern Red-breasted 152 + Red-breasted 152 + Red-naped 152 + Williamson 152 + Yellow-bellied 152 + + Saxicola œnanthe 248 + " leucorhoa 248 + + Sayornis nigricans 251 + " semiatra 251 + phœbe 208 + saya 205 + + Scardafella inca 126 + + Scolecophagus carolinus 254 + cyanocephalus 254 + + Scolopacidæ 23, 100 + + Scoter, American 83 + Surf 83 + Velvet 262 + White-winged 83 + + Scotiaptex nebulosa 139 + + Seed-eater, Morellet 249 + + Seiurus aurocapillus 232 + motacilla 232 + noveboracensis 232 + " notabilis 232 + + Selasphorus alleni 161 + platycercus 161 + rufus 161 + + Setophaga picta 177 + ruticilla 187 + + Shearwater Allied 260 + Audubon 64, 260 + Black-tailed 260 + Black-vented 64 + Buller 260 + Cory 64 + Dark-bodied 63 + Greater 64 + Manx 259 + New Zealand 260 + Pink-footed 64 + Slender-billed 64 + Sooty 63 + Townsend 64 + Wedge-tailed 63 + + Sheldrake 262 + Ruddy 262 + + Shoveller 78 + + Shrike, California 248 + Island 248 + Loggerhead 248 + Migrant 304 + Northern 37, 248 + + Shrike, White-rumped 248 + + Sialia arctica 182 + mexicana anabelæ 182 + " bairdi 182 + " occidentals 182 + sialis 182 + " azurea 182 + + Simorhynchus cristatellus 47 + pusillus 47 + pygmæus 47 + + Siskin, Pine 225 + + Sitta canadensis: 246 + carolinensis 246 + " aculeata 246 + " atkinsi 246 + " lagunæ 246 + " nelsoni 246 + pusilla 246 + pygmæa 246 + " leuconucha 247 + + Sittidæ 294 + + Skimmer, Black 11, 60 + + Skua 51 + + Skylark 297 + + Smew 262 + + Snakebird 73 + + Snipe, European 265 + Great 266 + Wilson 105 + + Snowflake 251 + McKay 251 + Pribilof 251 + + Solitaire, Townsend 247 + + Somateria dresseri 82 + molissima borealis 82 + spectabilis 82 + v-nigra 82 + + Sora 20, 98 + + Sparrow, Acadian Sharp-tailed 225 + Bachman 221 + Baird 224 + Belding Marsh 223 + Bell 228 + Black-chinned 219 + Black-throated 249 + Botteri 221 + Brewster 228 + Brown Song 229 + Bryant Marsh 223 + California Sage 300 + Cassin 221 + Chipping 222 + Clay-colored 228 + Desert 249 + Desert Song 229 + Dusky Seaside 226 + English 219 + Field 222 + Fisher Seaside 226 + Florida Grasshopper 224 + Forbush 226 + Fox 231 + Golden-crowned 227 + Grasshopper 224 + Gray Sage 228 + Henslow 224 + Harris 219 + Heerman Song 229 + Intermediate 227 + Ipswich 225 + Kadiak Fox 231, 301 + Lagoon 224 + Laguna 220 + Large-billed 223 + Lark 218 + Leconte 225 + Lincoln 226 + Macgillivray Seaside 226 + Mendocino Song 301 + Merrill Song 226 + Mountain Song 229 + Nelson 225 + Nevada Savannah 300 + Nuttall 227 + Pine Woods 221 + Vesper 221 + Rock 220 + Rufous-crowned 220 + Rufous-winged 220 + Rusty Song 230 + Sage 228 + Samuel Song 230 + San Benito 224 + San Clemente Song 230 + San Diego Song 230 + Sandwich 223 + Savanna 223 + Scott 220 + Scott Seaside 226 + Seaside 226 + Sharp-tailed 225 + Shumagin Fox 231 + Slate-colored 231 + Song 229 + Sooty Fox 231, 301 + Stephen 231 + St Lucas 223 + Suisun Song 300 + Swamp 222 + Texas 215 + Texas Seaside 226 + Thick-billed 231 + Tree 222 + Townsend 231 + Vesper 221 + Western Chipping 222 + Western Field 222 + Western Grasshopper 224 + Western Henslow 224 + Western Lark 218 + Western Savanna 223 + Western Tree 222 + Western Vesper 221 + White-crowned 227 + White-throated 227 + Worthen 228 + Yakutat Fox 231 + + Spatula clypeata 78 + + Speotyto hypogæa cunicularia 138 + " floridana 138 + + Sphyrapicus ruber 152 + " notkensis 152 + thyroideus 152 + varius 152 + " nuchalis 152 + + Spinus pinus 225 + + Spiza americana 198 + + Spizella atrogularis 219 + breweri 228 + monticola 222 + " ochracea 222 + pallida 228 + pusilla 222 + " arenacea 222 + socialis 222 + " arizonæ 222 + wortheni 228 + + Spoonbill, Roseate 89 + + Sporophila morelleti 249 + + Squatarola squatarola 110 + + Starling 253 + + Starnœnas cyanocephala 126 + + Steganopodes 13, 67 + + Steganopus tricolor 102 + + Stelgidopteryx serripennis 211 + + Stellula calliope 161 + + Stercorariidæ 10, 49 + + Stercorarius longicaudus 51 + parasticus 51 + pomarinus 51 + + Sterna anæthetus 58 + antillarum 58 + aleutica 58 + caspia 57 + dougalli 59 + elegans 57 + forsteri 59 + fuliginosa 60 + hirundo 59 + maxima 57 + paridisæa 59 + sandvicensis acuflavida 57 + trudeaui 259 + + Stilt, Black-necked 22, 104 + + Stint, Long-toed 266 + + Strigidæ 127 + + Strix pratincola 138 + + Sturnella magna 199 + " argutula 199 + " hoopesi 199 + " neglecta 199 + + Sturnidæ 164 + + Sturnus vulgaris 253 + + Sula bassana 69 + brewsteri 70 + cyanops 70 + nebouxii 70 + piscator 70 + sula 70 + + Sulidæ 13, 67 + + Surf Bird 111 + + Surnia ulula caparoch 143 + + Swallow, Bank 211 + Barn 250 + Cliff 250 + Lesser Cliff 304 + Mexican Cliff 250 + Northern Violet-green 250 + Rough-winged 211 + St Lucas 251 + Tree 36, 250 + White-bellied 250 + + Swallow-tailed Kite 130 + + Swan, Trumpeter 84 + Whistling 84 + Whooping 263 + + Swift, Black 158 + Chimney 33, 158 + Vaux 158 + White-throated 158 + + Sylviidæ 40, 169 + + Symphemia semipalmata 111 + " inornata 111 + + Synthliboramphus antiquus 47 + + Syrnium occidentale 139 + " caurinum 139 + + Syrnium varium 139 + " alleni 139 + " helveolum 139 + + + Tachycineta thalassina lepida 250 + " brachyptera 251 + + Tanager, Cooper 171 + Hepatic 171 + Louisiana 171 + Scarlet 171 + Summer 36, 171 + Western 171 + + Tanagridæ 36, 165 + + Tangavius æneus æneus 304 + " involucratus 304 + + Tantalus loculator 90 + + Tattler, Wandering 111 + + Teal, Blue-winged 78 + Cinnamon 78 + Green-winged 78 + + Telmatodytes marianæ 237 + palustris 237 + " griseus 237 + " iliacus 301 + " paludicola 237 + " plesius 237 + + Tern, American Black 60 + Aleutian 58 + Arctic 59 + Bridled 58 + Cabot 57 + Caspian 57 + Common 11, 59 + Elegant 57 + Forster 59 + Gull-billed 58 + Least 58 + Roseate 59 + Royal 57 + Sooty 60 + Trudeau 259 + White-winged Black 259 + + Tetraonidæ 26, 113 + + Thalassogeron culminatus 62 + + Thrasher, Bendire 216 + Brown 39, 233 + Californian 217 + Crissal 217 + Curve-billed 216 + Desert 217 + Leconte 217 + Mearns 216 + Palmer 216 + Pasadena 217, 300 + Sage 288 + Sennett 238 + St Lucas 216 + + Thrush, Alaska Hermit 238 + Alma 239, 302 + Audubon Hermit 238 + Bicknell 239 + California Olive-backed 239, 302 + Dwarf Hermit 238 + Gray-cheeked 239 + Hermit 238 + Monterey Hermit 302 + Olive-backed 239 + Pale Varied 207 + Russet-backed 239 + Sierra Hermit 302 + Varied 207 + Willow 238 + Wilson 238 + Wood 40, 233 + + Thryomanes bewickii 235 + " calophonus 235 + " charienturus 235 + " cryptus 235 + " leucogaster 235 + " spilurus 235 + brevicauda 235 + leucophrys 235 + + Thryothorus ludovicianus 234 + " lomitensis 234 + " miamensis 234 + + Titlark 232 + + Titmouse, Ashy 242 + Black-crested 243 + Bridled 244 + Gray 242 + Plain 242 + Sennett 303 + Texan Tufted 243, 302 + Tufted 243 + + Totanus flavipes 111 + melanoleucus 111 + + Towhee 204 + Abert 206 + Anthony 205 + Arctic 204 + Californian 205 + Canon 205 + Green-tailed 206 + Guadalupe 204 + Mountain 204 + Oregon 204 + San Clemente 204 + San Diego 204 + + Towhee, Spurred 204 + St Lucas 205 + White-eyed 204 + + Toxostoma bendirei 216 + cinereum 216 + " mearnsi 216 + " crissalis 217 + curvirostre 216 + " palmeri 216 + lecontei 217 + " arenicola 217 + longirostre sennetti 233 + redivivum 217 + " pasadenense 217 + rufum 233 + + Tree Duck, Black-bellied 83 + Fulvous 83 + + Tringa canutus 106 + + Trochilidæ 33, 155 + + Trochilus alexandri 159 + colubris 160 + + Troglodytes aëdon 236 + " parkmanii 236 + " aztecus 236, 301 + + Troglodytidæ 39, 168, 294 + + Trogon ambiguus 147 + Coppery-tailed 31, 147 + + Trogonidæ 31, 144 + + Tropic Bird 69 + Red-billed 69 + Red-tailed 260 + Yellow-billed 13, 69 + + Tryngites subruficollis 105 + + Tubinares 12 + + Turdidæ 40, 170 + + Turkey Florida 122 + Merriam 122 + Rio Grande 122 + Water 73 + Wild 27, 122 + + Turnstone 24, 102 + Black 107 + Ruddy 102 + + Tympanuchus americanus 121 + " attwateri 121 + pallidicinctus 121 + + Tyrannidæ 34, 163 + + Tyrannus 202 + domincensis 247 + melancholicus couchi 202 + tyrannus 247 + verticalis 202 + vociferans 202 + + + Uranomitra salvini 298 + + Uria lomvia 48 + " arra 48 + troile 48 + " californica 48 + + Urubitinga anthracina 134 + + + Verdin 195 + Baird 195 + + Vireo, Anthony 212 + atricapillus 245 + Bell 214 + belli 214 + " medius 299 + Bermuda 213 + Black-capped 245 + Black-whiskered 212 + Blue-headed 214 + calidris barbatulus 212 + Cassin 214 + flavifrons 198 + flavoviridis 213 + Frazar 299 + gilvus 213 + " swainsonii 213 + Gray 214 + Hutton 212 + huttoni 212 + " cognatus 299 + " obscurus 212 + " stephensi 212 + Key West 213 + Least 214 + Mountain Solitary 214 + noveboracensis 213 + " bermudianus 213 + " maynardi 213 + " micrus 213 + olivaceus 212 + Philadelphia 213 + philadelphicus 213 + Plumbeous 214 + pusillus 214 + Red-eyed 37, 212 + Small White-eyed 213 + solitarius 214 + " alticola 214 + " cassinii 214 + " lucasanus 214 + " plumbeus 214 + St Lucas 214 + Stephens 212 + Texas 299 + vicinior 214 + Warbling 213 + Western Warbling 213 + White-eyed 213 + Yellow-green 213 + Yellow-throated 198 + + Vireonidæ 37, 166 + + Vulture, Black 129 + California 129 + Turkey 28, 129 + + + Wagtail, Siberian Yellow 192 + + Warbler, Alaskan Yellow 196 + Audubon 190 + Bachman 191 + Bay-breasted 206 + Black and White 249 + Blackburnian 187 + Black-fronted 190 + Black-poll 249 + Black-throated Blue 180 + Black-throated Gray 249 + Black-throated Green 188 + Blue-winged 191 + Brewster 197 + Cairns 180 + Calaveras 195 + California Yellow 299 + Canadian 191 + Cape May 196 + Cerulean 181 + Chestnut-sided 198 + Connecticut 189 + Dusky 210 + Golden-cheeked 188 + Golden Pileated 193 + Golden-winged 189 + Grace 190 + Hermit 188 + Hooded 188 + Kennicott Willow 212 + Kentucky 193 + Kirtland 191 + Lawrence 197 + Lucy 206 + Lutescent 210 + Macgillivray 189 + Magnolia 190 + Mangrove 196 + Mourning 189 + Myrtle 197 + Nashville 38, 195 + Northern Parula 195 + Olive 187 + Orange-crowned 210 + Palm 196 + Parula 195 + Pileated 193 + Pine 191 + Prairie 197 + Prothontary 187 + Red-faced 177 + Sennett 195 + Sonora 196 + Swainson 215 + Sycamore 190 + Tennessee 212 + Townsend 188 + Virginia 197 + Wilson 193 + Worm-eating 215 + Yellow 38, 196 + Yellow Palm 197 + Yellow-throated 190 + + Water-Thrush 232 + Grinnell 232 + Louisiana 232 + + Waxwing, Bohemian 198 + Cedar 37, 198 + + Wheatear 248 + Greenland 248 + + Whimbrel 267 + + Whip-poor-will 33, 156 + Stephen 156 + + Whiskey Jack 252 + + Widgeon, European 77 + + Willet 111 + Western 111 + + Wilsonia canadensis 191 + mitrata 188 + pusilla 193 + " chryseola 193 + " pileota 198 + + Woodcock, American 23, 105 + European 265 + + Woodpecker, Alaska Downy 150 + Alaskan Three-toed 149 + Alpine Three-toed 149 + American Three-toed 32, 149 + Arctic Three-toed 149 + Arizona 151 + Batchelder 150 + Cabanis 150 + Cactus 297 + California 158 + Downy 154 + Gairdner 155 + Gila 158 + Golden-fronted 158 + Hairy 150 + Harris 150 + Ivory-billed 149 + Lewis 152 + Narrow-fronted 153 + Newfoundland 297 + Northern Downy 150 + Northern Hairy 150 + Northern Pileated 32, 149 + Nuttall 151 + Pileated 149 + Queen Charlotte 150 + Red-bellied 153 + Red-cockaded 151 + Red-headed 153 + Rocky Mountain Hairy 150 + Saint Lucas 151 + San Fernando 297 + Southern Downy 150 + Striped-breasted 153 + Texan 151 + White-breasted 297 + White-headed 151 + Willow 151 + + Wren, Alaskan 235 + Aztec 236 + Aleutian 236 + Baird 235 + Bewick 235 + Bryant Cactus 233 + Cactus 233 + Canon 234 + Carolina 234 + Desert Cactus 233 + Dotted Canon 234 + Florida 234 + Guadalupe 235 + Guadalupe Rock 234 + House 39, 236 + Interior Tule 237 + Kadiak Winter 236 + Lomita 234 + Long-billed Marsh 237 + Marian Marsh 237 + Northwest Bewick 235 + Parkman 236 + Prairie Marsh 301 + Rock 234 + San Clemente 235 + San Nicolas 301 + Short-billed Marsh 236 + Southwest Bewick 235 + St Lucas Cactus 233 + Texas Bewick 235 + Texan Cactus 233 + Tule 237 + Vigors 235 + Western House 236 + Western Winter 236 + White-throated 234 + Winter 236 + Worthington Marsh 237 + + Wren-Tit, Coast 216, 300 + Pallid 215, 300 + Ruddy 300 + + + Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus 199 + + Xanthoura luxuosa glaucescens 185 + + Xema sabinii 56 + + Xenopicus albolarvatus 151 + + + Yellow-legs 111 + Greater 111 + + Yellow-throat, Belding 194 + Florida 194 + Maryland 193 + Northern 194 + Pacific 194 + Rio Grande 194 + Salt Marsh 194 + Western 193 + + + Zamelodia ludoviciana 174 + melanocephala 207 + + Zenaida zenaida 125 + + Zenaidura macroura 125 + " marginella 296 + + Zonotrichia albicollis 227 + coronata 227 + leucophrys 227 + " gambeli 227 + " nuttalli 227 + querula 219 + + * * * * * * * + + + + +Transcriber's Notes + + +The text presented is that obtained through the conversion of the +printed text into digital form. All OE and oe ligatures were converted +to the individual letters. Where questions remained as to the +identification of the converted image, several on-line versions of the +text and other resources were consulted in an attempt to resolve them. +The word "Alleghenies" appears 30 times and "Alleghanies" only 6. So for +consistancy, the 6 were converted. One instance of "Kæding" (Index) was +converted to "Keading" to match the rest. Two instances of "Zoölogy" and +one instance of "Zoology" which was retained as they are titles in +publications referenced. + +In addition to the list of corrections listed below, a number of minor +corrections were made. + +The U. S. adopted the named Kodiak in 1890; but islanders and others +continued to use "Kadiak" until the early 1920s. Therefore, the word +Kadiak was retained. In the case of the bird species, some have names +that differ from common names used today (for example Canon Wren instead +of Canyon Wren). The A.O.U. listing shows Cañon for two species of Wren +and a Towhee which were retained. As for the scientific names, there are +two spellings for species named in honor of Audubon ("auduboni" and +"audubonii") which have been retained as they appear in the original +publication. + + Typographical Corrections + + Page(s) Typo => Correction + ============ ===================================== + 4 vernacluar => vernacular + 84 Chespeake => Chesapeake + 111, 166, 353 Tatler => Tattler + 151 Bailley => Bailey + 160 Nicaraugua => Nicaragua + 165 incalcuable => incalculable + 170 preceeding => preceding + 171 Louisana => Louisiana + 189 680. Macgillivray Warbler comma changed to period + at end of description + 199 501c. Florida Meadowlark says "Similar to No. 591..." + which is a Towhee assumed it should have been "501" + 201 474f. Ruddy Horned Lark says "Similar to No. 472e..." + 472 is a Flycatcher assumed number should be "474e" + 209 466. Traill Flycatcher comma changed to period + at end of description + 212 632a. Stephen Vireo says: Similar to No. 622 + 622 is a Loggerhead Shrike number should be "632" + 213 Hamshire => Hampshire + 223 Savanna => Savannah + 230 581f. Sooty Song Sparrow comma changed to period + at end of description + 249 Second [Male] changed to [Female] + 257 Æchmorphorus => Æchmophorus + 275 nuttali => nuttalli + 281 bimacuculatus => bimaculatus + 283 Parrhuloxia => Pyrrhuloxia + 284 cyaneovirdis => cyanoviridis + 284 BOMBCILLIDÆ => BOMBYCILLIDÆ + 285 flavovirdis => flavoviridis + 295, 311 Athabaska => Athabasca + 299 Goldfish => Goldfinch + 303 atricistatus => atricistatus + 314 Avifouna => Avifauna + 315 Miffilin => Mifflin + 326 Annonated => Annotated + 326 Veterbrates => Vertebrates + 333 Removed duplicate entry for Actodromas maculata + 345 Mergus albellus => Mergellus albellus + 356 Guadelupe => Guadalupe + + + Incorrect Page Numbers + + Page Item Listed Correction + ===== ============================= ====== =================== + 333 Alcedinidæ 147 144 + 333 Bæolophus bicolor 248 243 + 336 Ceryle torquata 271 273 + 337 Cowbird, Red-eyed 27 253 + 339 Flamingo 7 16 + 339 Flycatcher, Fork-tailed 274 276 + 339 Flycatcher, Giraud (Alternate + name for Buff-breasted) 274 276 + 339 Fulmar, Giant 259 260 + 342 Jabiru 263 264 + 344 Macrochires 154 155 + 344 Mallard 6 74 + 344 Melanerpes torquatus 152 Not found in book + 345 Mergellus albellus 261 262 + 345 Myiozetetes similis + superciliosus 274 Not found in book + 356 Wren, Alaskan 235 236 + + + + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Color Key to North American Birds, by +Frank M. 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