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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Determined Angler and the Brook Trout, by
+Charles  Bradford
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Determined Angler and the Brook Trout
+       an anthological volume of trout fishing, trout histories,
+       trout lore, trout resorts, and trout tackle
+
+Author: Charles  Bradford
+
+Release Date: October 26, 2011 [EBook #37856]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE DETERMINED ANGLER AND ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Christian Boissonnas and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+=By Charles Bradford=
+
+
+    =The Determined Angler=
+
+    "Most sensible volume of its kind."--Grover
+    Cleveland. 12º. illustrated.
+    By mail, $1.10.     $1.00
+
+
+    =The Angler's Secret=
+
+    "A modern 'Compleat Angler.'"--N.
+    Y. Times. 16mo illustrated. By
+    mail, $1.10       $1.00
+
+
+    =The Angler's Guide=
+
+    "A valuable volume of reference for
+    the Angler."--Dr. Jas. A. Henshall.
+    200 pgs. By mail, 80 cts.  .75
+
+
+    =The Wildfowlers=
+
+    A volume of duck shooting. "A
+    classic."--N. Y. World. 16mo illustrated.
+    By mail, $1.10   $1.00
+
+
+    =Frank Forester=
+
+    Life and Writings of the Father of
+    American Fishing and Field Sports.
+    By mail, $1.10      $1.00
+
+    [Illustration: A MORNING'S CATCH OF TROUT NEAR SPOKANE, WASHINGTON
+
+    "Three times too many for one rod."--_William T. Hornaday_
+    An object lesson on the too-liberal fish laws. _See page 38_]
+
+
+
+
+    The Determined Angler
+    and the
+    Brook Trout
+
+    An Anthological Volume of Trout Fishing.
+    Trout Histories, Trout Lore, Trout
+    Resorts, and Trout Tackle
+
+    By
+
+    Charles Bradford
+
+    Author of "The Wildfowlers," "The Angler's Secret."
+    "The Angler's Guide," "Frank Forester," etc.
+
+    [Illustration]
+
+    _Second Edition, Greatly Enlarged_
+
+    _Illustrated_
+
+    G. P. Putnam's Sons
+    New York       London
+    The Knickerbocker Press
+    1916
+
+
+    COPYRIGHT, 1916
+    BY
+    CHARLES BRADFORD
+
+    The Knickerbocker Press, New York
+
+
+To
+
+J. CHARLES DAVIS
+
+THESE LITTLE YARNS ARE DEDICATED IN REMEMBRANCE OF SOME DELIGHTFUL
+OUTINGS PASSED IN HIS SOCIETY.
+
+
+
+
+THE BROOK TROUT'S HOME
+
+
+    "I am _Salmo fontinalis_.
+      To the sparkling fountain born;
+    And my home is where oxalis.
+      Heather bell and rose adorn
+        The crystal basin in the dell
+        (Undine the wood-nymph knows it well):
+        That is where I love to dwell.
+
+    There was I baptized and christened,
+      'Neath the somber aisles of oak;
+    Mute the cascade paused and listened.
+      Never a word the brooklet spoke;
+        Bobolink was witness then.
+        Likewise grosbeak, linnet, wren--
+        And all the fairies joined "amen!"
+
+    Thus as _Salmo fontinalis_
+      Recognized the wide world o'er.
+    In my limpid crystal palace.
+      Content withal, I ask no more.
+        Leaping through the rainbow spray.
+        Snatching flies the livelong day.
+        Naught to do but eat and play."
+
+        CHARLES HALLOCK.
+
+
+
+
+BROOK TROUT ANGLING
+
+
+"... it carries us into the most wild and beautiful scenery of
+nature; amongst the mountain lakes, and the clear and lovely streams
+that gush from the higher ranges of elevated hills, or that make their
+way through the cavities of calcareous strata. How delightful in the
+early spring, after the dull and tedious time of winter, when the
+frosts disappear and the sunshine warms the earth and waters, to
+wander forth by some clear stream, to see the leaf bursting from the
+purple bud, to scent the odors of the bank perfumed by the violet, and
+enameled, as it were, with the primrose and the daisy; to wander upon
+the fresh turf below the shade of trees, whose bright blossoms are
+filled with the music of the bee; and on the surface of the waters to
+view the gaudy flies sparkling like animated gems in the sunbeams,
+whilst the bright and beautiful trout is watching them from below; to
+hear the twittering of the water-birds, who, alarmed at your approach,
+rapidly hide themselves beneath the flowers and leaves of the
+water-lily; and as the season advances, to find all these objects
+changed for others of the same kind, but better and brighter, till the
+swallow and the trout contend as it were for the gaudy May fly, and
+till in pursuing your amusement in the calm and balmy evening, you are
+serenaded by the songs of the cheerful thrush ... performing the
+offices of paternal love, in thickets ornamented with the rose and
+woodbine."--_Days of Fly Fishing, 1828._
+
+"Gentlemen, let not prejudice prepossess you. I confess my discourse
+is like to prove suitable to my recreation, calm and quiet.... And so
+much for the prologue of what I mean to say-"
+
+    Izaak Walton
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+"Don't give up if you don't catch fish; the unsuccessful trip should
+whet your appetite to try again."--GROVER CLEVELAND.
+
+
+A preface is either an excuse or an explanation, or both. The Brook
+Trout needs no excuse, and it is fully explained in the general text
+of this volume. Nor does the Angler, be he Determined or otherwise,
+need any excuse, because "our Saviour chose simple fishermen ... St.
+Peter, St. John, St. Andrew, and St. James, whom he inspired, and He
+never reproved these for their employment or calling" (Izaak Walton,
+_The Compleat Angler_, 1653). And the Angler--the man--needs no
+explanation, though it seems ever necessary to define the word.
+
+Webster, himself a profound Angler, must have been unconscious of his
+gentle bearing, for his definition of "angle" is simply: "to fish,"
+and every Angler knows that merely to fish--to go forth indifferent of
+correct (humane) tackle, the legal season, and ethical methods in the
+pursuit--is not the way of the Angler.
+
+I like the explanation of the word by Genio C. Scott: "Angling, a
+special kind of fishing."
+
+The inspired landscape genius and the kalsominer who shellacs the
+artist's studio are both painters; so, the gentle Angler with perfect
+tackle and the mere hand-line fish taker are both fishermen.
+
+The Angler is the highest order of fisherman, and while all Anglers
+are fishermen there are many fishermen who are not Anglers.
+
+"Anglo-Saxon," writing in the New York _Press_. October 14, 1915, uses
+the term "gentleman Anglers." He should have said "gentleman
+fishermen" (Anglers), because all Anglers are gentlemen, regardless of
+their business calling, appearance, personality, companionship, etc.
+When a man, fisherman or no fisherman, develops into an Angler he must
+first become gentle in order to be of the gentle art. "Angling is the
+gentle art" (Walton). "The gentle art of angling" (Cotton).
+
+"If true Anglers," says Genio C. Scott, "you are sure to be gentle."
+
+Peter Flint (New York _Press_, Oct. 15, 1915): "Our most successful
+Anglers, amateurs as well as professionals."
+
+All Anglers are amateurs, brother Peter. There are no professional
+Anglers, though there are both amateur and professional fishermen, and
+those fishermen who are amateurs are Anglers. The word "amateur" seems
+to be adrift upon the same bewildering tideway as the words "angler"
+and "angling." "Amateur" hasn't the definition commonly attributed to
+it--it doesn't signify inefficiency, inexperience, unpracticality,
+etc., as do the words "beginner," "neophyte," "tyro," etc. An amateur
+in fishing, or farming, or any other pastime or pursuit, may be far
+more practical, more experienced, more proficient, and better equipped
+in tools and paraphernalia than a professional, and he usually is so;
+he is certainly always so in angling.
+
+Watch your word.
+
+"It is the belief of Acker that hand-line fishing is as good [as], if
+not better than, the rod and reel kind." (Wandering Angler, New York
+_Press_, Aug. 17, 1915.)
+
+Hand-line fishing, as fishing,--though the Tuna Angling Club, of Santa
+Catalina Island, California, is bound to the use of light rods and
+fine reels and tells us hand-lines are unsportsmanlike and detrimental
+to the public interest,--is good (Christ and His disciples sanctioned
+it), but to say it is as good as or better than rod and reel angling
+is not convincing. The indifferent fisher can't condemn angling in
+praising common fishing with any more reason than he might proclaim
+against cricket playing in favoring carpentry, or _vice versa_. One
+might as correctly say hand-line fishing is as good as riding, or
+driving, or golf, or baseball, or canoeing (of course it is), for
+fishing without rod and reel and fishing with proper tackle are
+pursuits as distinct in character as riding a plain horse bareback
+with a rough halter, and straddling a gallant charger with neat bridle
+and saddle; or as mere boating upon a refuse creek, and skimming the
+green billows in a trim yacht.
+
+That the fisher's hand-line and the fisherman's net will take _more_
+fish than the Angler's tackle is not of moment, because a stick of
+dynamite or a cannon filled with leaden pellets or a boy with a market
+basket will take still more fish than the net and hand-line. Quantity
+makes fishing "good" with the fisherman; quality delights the Angler.
+There is no objection to the mere fish-getter filling his boat with
+fishes with or without tackle, but as the jockey is separated from the
+sportsman rider and the sailor from the yachtsman so should the
+quantity fisher and the quality Angler be considered in contrasting
+spheres. "What a man brings home in his heart after fishing is of
+more account than what he brings in his basket," says W. J. Long.
+"Anglers encourage the adoption of angling methods," says Dr. Van
+Dyke, "which make the wholesale slaughter of fishes impossible and
+increase the sport of taking a fair number in a fair way."
+
+As chivalric single-missile bow-and-arrow exercise dignifies archery
+above bunch-arrow work in war, so the gentle use of refined tackle
+dignifies angling above mere fish getting. Trap shooting is
+delightful, and more birds are killed than the gunner would bag in
+marsh and meadow, but is trap shooting therefore more "good" than
+game-shooting in the glorious fields and forests? No, sir; and though
+the hand-line fisherman may honestly take half the ocean's yield,
+still his pursuit and his catch cannot equal and cannot be
+legitimately compared to the code and the creel of the competent
+Angler.
+
+    =C. B.=
+
+    RICHMOND HILL,
+    LONG ISLAND, N. Y.,
+    _March, 1916_.
+
+
+
+
+
+AUTHOR'S ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
+
+
+The article "Fly Fishing for Trout," I contributed in its original
+form to _Sports Afield_, Mr. Claude King's Western journal.
+
+The article "Trout and Trouting," as I originally prepared it, was
+entitled "Near-by Trout Streams," and was written for and published in
+_Outing_, when I was field editor of that delightful magazine.
+
+"Trouting in Canadensis Valley" is rewritten from a little story of
+mine penned at the suggestion of the noted angler and ichthyologist,
+the late William C. Harris, and published by him in his _The American
+Angler_ when I became his managing editor.
+
+"Trout Flies, Artificial and Natural" and "The Brook Trout Incognito"
+are elaborations of studies I composed for _Forest and Stream_.
+
+And many of the items in "Little Casts," etc., are from a collection
+of paragraphs I have contributed to the New York _Herald_, the New
+York _Press_, and various sporting periodicals in past years.
+
+The extracts from the article by Willis Boyd Allen are reprinted by
+permission of _Scribner's Magazine_.
+
+For the little pen-and-ink sketches I am indebted to our jovial
+artist, Leppert.
+
+The picture, "Taking the Fly," is a reproduction from an etching in my
+possession, presented to me by Mr. William M. Carey, whose etchings
+and paintings in oil are well known to American sportsmen.
+
+"The Fly Rod's Victim" is reproduced from a photograph framed in
+birch bark and presented to me by the poet, Isaac McLellan.
+
+"The Brook Trout" illustration is from a photograph of a captive
+specimen in an aquarium, the engraving being loaned me by the late
+John P. Burkhard.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+      CHAPTER                                         PAGE
+
+            I.--THE HOLY ANGLERS                         1
+
+           II.--HISTORIES OF THE TROUTS--HOW
+                    THE ANGLER TAKES THEM                7
+
+          III.--THE ANGLER AND THE FISHERMAN            15
+
+           IV.--FLY-FISHING                             21
+
+            V.--WALTON'S WAY                            33
+
+           VI.--THE WANTON WAY                          38
+
+          VII.--FLY-FISHING FOR TROUT                   41
+
+         VIII.--THE ANGLER'S PRAYER--SAVE THE
+                   WOODS AND WATERS                     52
+
+           IX.--TROUT AND TROUTING                      56
+
+            X.--TROUTING IN CANADENSIS VALLEY           64
+
+           XI.--THE TROUTER'S OUTFIT                    68
+
+          XII.--TROUT FLIES, ARTIFICIAL AND
+                    NATURAL                             71
+
+         XIII.--THE BROOK TROUT'S RIVAL                 84
+
+          XIV.--TROUT ON BARBLESS HOOKS                 87
+
+           XV.--THE BROOK TROUT INCOGNITO               92
+
+          XVI.--HOOKING THE TROUT                      102
+
+         XVII.--DOCTOR NATURE                          104
+
+        XVIII.--THE BROOK TROUT                        106
+
+          XIX.--THE ANGLER                             112
+
+           XX.--ANGLING                                119
+
+          XXI.--TROUT FLIES                            133
+
+         XXII.--CASTING THE FLY                        138
+
+        XXIII.--TACKLE TALKS                           142
+
+         XXIV.--THE ANGLER'S KITCHEN                   149
+
+          XXV.--CARE AND BREEDING OF TROUT             151
+
+         XXVI.--THE ANGLER'S CLOTHING AND
+                    FOOTWEAR                           153
+
+        XXVII.--LITTLE CASTS                           155
+
+        XVIII.--BORROWED LINES                         157
+
+
+
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+                                                      PAGE
+
+        A MORNING'S CATCH OF TROUT NEAR SPOKANE.
+          WASHINGTON                    _Frontispiece_
+
+        BROOK TROUT                                      8
+
+        MALMA (DOLLY VARDEN) TROUT                       8
+
+        LAKE (MACKINAW) TROUT                            8
+
+        OQUASSA (BLUE-BACK) TROUT                       10
+
+        BROWN TROUT                                     10
+
+        YELLOWSTONE TROUT                               10
+
+        SAIBLING TROUT (LONG-FIN CHARR)                 10
+
+        RAINBOW TROUT                                   12
+
+        LAKE TAHOE TROUT                                12
+
+        STEEL-HEAD TROUT                                12
+
+        AN UNUSUAL WAY OF TAKING THE FLY                46
+
+        THE TROUT BROOK                                 66
+
+
+
+
+The Determined Angler
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+THE HOLY ANGLERS
+
+    "The greater number of them [Christ's disciples] were found
+    together, fishing, by Jesus, after His Resurrection."--IZAAK
+    WALTON.
+
+    "... certain poor fishermen coming in very weary after a night of
+    toil (and one of them very wet after swimming ashore) found their
+    Master standing on the bank of the lake waiting for them. But it
+    seems that He must have been busy in their behalf while he was
+    waiting; for there was a bright fire of coals on the shore, and a
+    goodly fish broiling thereon, and bread to eat with it. And when
+    the Master had asked them about their fishing he said: 'Come, now,
+    and get your breakfast.' So they sat down around the fire, and
+    with His own hands he served them with the bread and the
+    fish."--HENRY VAN DYKE.
+
+    "The first men that our Saviour dear
+    Did choose to wait upon Him here.
+    Blest fishers were...."
+                                  W. BASSE.
+
+    "I would ... fish in the sky whose bottom is pebbly with
+    stars."--THOREAU.
+
+
+The principal fishes of the Sea of Galilee to-day are the same as they
+were two thousand years ago--bream and chub. These were taken in
+olden times by both net and hook and line.
+
+The fishermen whom Christ chose as His disciples--Peter. Andrew,
+James, and John--were professional net fishermen, but hook and line
+fishing was a favorite pastime of the well-to-do Egyptians as well as
+the poor people who could not afford a net.
+
+Weirs not unlike the modern article were used in the Holy Land in
+Bible time, excepting on Lake Gennesaret, where the law of the land
+forbade them.
+
+The bream and the chub were eaten alike by rich and poor people.
+Wayfarers roasted them over chip fires in the groves and on the lake
+shores, housewives boiled and broiled them, and the wealthy man served
+them at his banquets. "Moses, the friend of God," writes Izaak Walton,
+in his immortal _Compleat Angler_, quoting from Lev. xi., 9, Deut.,
+xiv., 9, "appointed fish to be the chief diet for the best
+commonwealth that ever yet was. The mightiest feasts have been of
+fish."
+
+Our Saviour "fed the people on fish when they were hungry." The
+species is not alluded to in the Biblical paragraph, but no doubt the
+fish feasts of the Lord were mostly of chub and bream. Jesus loved
+fishermen and was in their society most of His time. No other class of
+men were so well favored by Him. He inspired St. Peter, St. John, St.
+Andrew, and St. James, poor fishermen, who drew their nets for the
+people, and these four fishermen, declares Father Izaak, "He never
+reproved for their employment or calling, as he did scribes and money
+changers."
+
+The Lord's favorite places of labor and repose--the places He most
+frequented--were near the fishes and fisherman. "He began to teach by
+the seaside. His pulpit was a fishing boat or the shore of a lake. He
+was in the stern of the boat, asleep. He was always near the water to
+cheer and comfort those who followed it." And Walton tells us that
+"when God intended to reveal high notions to His prophets He carried
+them to the shore, that He might settle their mind in a quiet repose."
+
+Bream and chub are not monster fishes--they do not average the great
+weights of the tarpon and the tuna; they are of the small and
+medium-size species; so, if the apostles were pleased with "ye gods
+and little fishes," we mortals of to-day should be satisfied with our
+catch, be it ever so small.
+
+
+
+
+APPELLATIONS OF THE TROUTS
+
+
+    Trout, Bear: _See_ Lake Trout
+    Trout, Beardslee: _See_ Crescent Lake Blue-Back
+    Trout, Black-spotted Salmon
+    Trout, Blue-Back: _See_ Oquassa Trout
+    Trout, Brook
+    Trout, Brown
+    Trout, Canada: _See_ Greenland Trout
+    Trout, Canada Sea: _See_ Brook Trout and Greenland Trout
+    Trout, Colorado River: _See_ Black-Spotted
+    Trout, Columbia River: _See_ Black-Spotted
+    Trout, Cousin: _See_ Roach
+    Trout, Crescent Lake Blue-Back
+    Trout, Crescent Lake Long-Headed
+    Trout, Crescent Lake Speckled
+    Trout, Dolly Varden: _See_ Malma Trout
+    Trout, Dublin Pond
+    Trout, European Brown
+    Trout, Fresh-Water Cod: _See_ Lake Trout
+    Trout, Golden: _See_ Rainbow Salmon Trout and Sunapee
+    Trout, Great Lakes: _See_ Mackinaw
+    Trout, Green: _See_ Black Bass
+    Trout, Green-Back
+    Trout, Greenland
+    Trout, Hard-Head: _See_ Steel-Head Salmon Trout
+    Trout, Jordan
+    Trout, Kansas River: _See_ Kansas River Salmon Trout
+    Trout, Kern River: _See_ Rainbow
+    Trout, Lac de Marbre
+    Trout, Lake
+    Trout, Lake Salmon: _See_ Lake Trout
+    Trout, Lake Southerland Salmon
+    Trout, Lake Southerland Spotted: _See_ Jordan's Trout
+    Trout, Lake Tahoe: _See_ Lake Tahoe Salmon Trout
+    Trout, Lewis: _See_ Yellowstone Trout
+    Trout, Loch Leven
+    Trout, Lunge: _See_ Lake Trout
+    Trout, Mackinaw: _See_ Mackinaw Lake Trout
+    Trout, Mackinaw Lake
+    Trout, Malma
+    Trout, Marston: _See_ Lac de Marbre Trout
+    Trout, Mountain: _See_ Brook Trout, Small-Mouth Black Bass,
+        and Rainbow Salmon Trout
+    Trout, Mt. Whitney: _See_ Rainbow
+    Trout, Mucqua Lake: _See_ Lake Trout
+    Trout, Namaycush: _See_ Lake Trout
+    Trout, Namaycush Lake
+    Trout, Nissuee: _See_ Rainbow
+    Trout, Noshee: _See_ Rainbow
+    Trout, Oquassa
+    Trout, Pickerel: _See_ Long Island Pickerel
+    Trout, Pickerel: _See_ Long Island Pickerel
+    Trout, Pike: _See_ Long Island Pickerel
+    Trout, Pike: _See_ Long Island Pickerel
+    Trout, Rainbow: _See_ Rainbow Salmon Trout
+    Trout, Rainbow Lake: _See_ Rainbow Salmon Trout
+    Trout, Red: _See_ Lac de Marbre Trout
+    Trout, Red-Spotted: _See_ Malma Trout
+    Trout, Rio Grande: _See_ Rio Grande Salmon Trout
+    Trout, Rio Grande Salmon
+    Trout, Saibling
+    Trout, Salmon
+    Trout, Sea: _See_ Greenland Trout and Brook Trout
+    Trout, Silver: _See_ Black-Spotted Salmon Trout and Lake Tahoe
+        Salmon Trout
+    Trout, Siskawitz: _See_ Lake Trout
+    Trout, Siscowet: _See_ Lake Trout
+    Trout, Stone's: _See_ Rainbow
+    Trout, Sunapee
+    Trout, Tahoe
+    Trout, Togue: _See_ Lake Trout
+    Trout, Truckee: _See_ Lake Tahoe
+    Trout, Tuladi: _See_ Lake Trout
+    Trout, Utah
+    Trout, Waha Lake: _See_ Waha Lake Salmon Trout
+    Trout, Waha Lake Salmon
+    Trout, Western Oregon Brook: _See_ Rainbow
+    Trout, White: _See_ Sunapee
+    Trout, Winipiseogee: _See_ Lake Trout
+    Trout, Yellow-Fin
+    Trout, Yellowstone
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+HISTORIES OF THE TROUTS--HOW THE ANGLER TAKES THEM
+
+
+=Trout, Brook= (Speckled Trout, Mountain Trout. Fontinalis, Speckled
+Beauty, Spotted Trout, etc.): Caught in the spring and summer in clear
+streams, lakes, and ponds, on the artificial fly. Favors eddies,
+riffles, pools, and deep spots under the banks of the stream and near
+rocks and fallen trees. Feeds on small fish, flies, and worms. Breeds
+in the autumn. Weighs up to ten pounds in large waters. There is a
+record of one weighing eleven pounds. This specimen was taken in
+northwestern Maine. Averages three quarters of a pound to one pound
+and a half in the streams, and one pound to three pounds in the lakes
+and ponds. Occurs between latitude 32-1/2 deg. and 55 deg., in the lakes and
+streams of the Atlantic watershed, near the sources of a few rivers
+flowing into the Mississippi and the Gulf of Mexico, and some of the
+southern affluents of Hudson Bay, its range being limited by the
+western foothills of the Alleghanies, extending about three hundred
+miles from the coast, except about the Great Lakes, in the northern
+tributaries of which it abounds. It also inhabits the headwaters of
+the Chattahoochee, in the southern spurs of the Georgia Alleghanies
+and tributaries of the Catawba in North Carolina, and clear waters of
+the great islands of the Gulf of St. Lawrence--Anticosti, Cape
+Breton. Prince Edward, and Newfoundland; and abounds in New York,
+Michigan, Connecticut, Pennsylvania. Maine, Long Island, Canada,
+Wisconsin, New Hampshire, and Massachusetts. For the larger specimens
+use a six-ounce fly rod; for the tiny mountain specimens, a four-ounce
+fly rod. Leaders: Single, fine, and long. Reel: Small click. Flies: 6
+to 14 on the streams and 4 to 6 on the lakes and ponds. Patterns:
+Quaker, Oak, Coachman, Dark Stone, Red Hackle. Blue Bottle, Bradford,
+Wren, Cahil, Brown Drake. Brandreth, Canada, Page, Professor, Codun,
+Dark Coachman, and the Palmers--green, gray, red, and brown. Use dark
+colors on bright days and early in the season; lighter shades on dark
+days, in the evening, and as the season grows warmer.
+
+=Trout, Crescent Lake Blue-Back= (_Salmo beardsleei_): Beardslee
+Trout, etc. A deep-water fish weighing up to fourteen pounds, found
+only in Crescent Lake. Washington, and taken during April, May, June,
+and October, chiefly on the troll. Leaps from the water when hooked.
+Color: Upper, deep blue ultramarine; lower, white.
+
+=Trout, Crescent Lake Long-Headed= (_Salmo bathaecetor_): Closely
+related to the Steel-Head Trout. A deep-water fish of Lake Crescent,
+Washington, caught only on set lines within a foot of the bottom. Will
+not come to the surface; will not take the fly or trolling spoon.
+Somewhat resembles the speckled trout of Crescent Lake, though more
+slender and of lighter color.
+
+=Trout, Crescent Lake Speckled= (_Salmo crescentis_): Closely
+resembles the Steel-Head. Weighs up to ten pounds. Found in
+Crescent Lake, Washington. An excellent game fish.
+
+[Illustration: _Brook Trout._]
+
+[Illustration: _Malma (Dolly Varden) Trout._]
+
+[Illustration: _Lake (Mackinaw) Trout._]
+
+=Trout, Dublin Pond= (_Salvelinus agassizii_): Inhabitant of Center
+and Dublin Pond and Lake Monadnock, etc., New Hampshire. Differs from
+the Brook Trout in being pale gray in color and more slender. Reaches
+a length of eight inches. Brook Trout tackle.
+
+=Trout, Green-Back= (_Salmo stomias_): A small black-spotted species,
+inhabiting the head waters of the Arkansas and Platte rivers; abundant
+in brooks, streams, and shallow parts of lakes. Common in the waters
+near Leadville and in Twin Lakes, Colorado, in company with the
+Yellow-Fin Trout, which see. Weighs up to one pound.
+
+=Trout, Greenland= (_Canada Sea Trout_): Caught in midsummer on medium
+Brook Trout tackle in Labrador, the rivers of considerable size in
+Canada, and the lakes of Greenland. Rivals the Atlantic Salmon in
+size, and is a fine sporting species. Averages two pounds in weight.
+It frequents the sandy pits that are uncovered at half-tide. Higher up
+the rivers it is found in the pools.
+
+=Trout, Jordan's= (_Salmo jardani_): Lake Southerland Spotted Trout,
+etc. Inhabits Lake Southerland, west of Puget Sound. Caught on the
+artificial fly as late as October, and is a great leaper. Is
+black-spotted. Resembles the Utah Trout in color and the Steel-head
+Trout in shape.
+
+=Trout, Kamloops= (_Salmo kamloops_): Stit-tse, etc. A form of the
+Steel-Head. Abounds in Okanogan, Kamloops, Kootenai lakes, and other
+waters tributary to the Frazer and upper Columbia rivers. Taken
+chiefly on the troll. A large, gamy, graceful, slender fish. Color:
+Dark olive above, bright silvery below.
+
+=Trout, Lac de Marbre= (_Salvelinus marstoni_): Marston Trout, etc.
+Found in Lac de Marbre, near Ottawa, the lakes of the Lake St. John
+district, Lac a Cassette in Rimouski county, and Lake Soccacomi and
+the Red Lakes in Maskinonge County, Canada. Takes the fly readily.
+Color: Upper, dark brown; below, whitish pink unspotted. Reaches a
+length of one foot.
+
+=Trout, Lake= (Togue, Fresh-Water Cod, Tuladi. Lunge, etc.): Caught on
+medium tackle with the troll and minnow bait in deep water, and, early
+in the season, near the surface, the young rising to artificial trout
+flies in rapid water. Occurs in all the great lakes of New Brunswick
+and in many similar waters in Maine. Attains a weight of twenty-one
+pounds. Haunts deep water as a rule, though often steals to the shoals
+and shores in search of food, small fish, early in the morning and at
+twilight.
+
+=Trout, Lake= (Siscowet, Siskawitz): Caught on medium tackle and
+small-fish bait along the north shores of Lake Superior. Haunts deep
+water and feeds upon a species of sculpin. Attains a weight of thirty
+pounds; averages four pounds. Its habits closely resemble those of the
+Mackinaw Lake Trout.
+
+=Trout, Lake= (Mucqua, Bear Trout, etc.): Caught in deep water on
+medium tackle and small-fish bait on the south shore of Lake Superior.
+Closely resembles the Siscowet Lake Trout of the same lake, if it
+is not, as many think, merely a local variety of the same form.
+
+[Illustration: _Oquassa (Blue-back) Trout._]
+
+[Illustration: _Brown Trout._]
+
+[Illustration: _Yellowstone Trout._]
+
+[Illustration: _Saibling Trout (Long-fin Charr)._]
+
+=Trout, Lake= (Winipiseogee Trout): Caught on medium tackle and
+small-fish bait in Lake Winipiseogee and supposedly in Lake George.
+
+=Trout, Lake= (Mackinaw Trout, Namaycush, Lake Salmon, Salmon Trout,
+etc.): Caught with medium tackle on the troll and with minnow bait in
+deep water in the chain of Great Lakes from Superior to Ontario, also
+in Lake Champlain, New York, and other lakes of the United States and
+British America, occurring also to the northeastward, in Mackinaw
+River and in the Knowall River, Alaska. Is known as Mackinaw Trout in
+Lakes Huron, Michigan, and Superior, and as Lake Salmon and Salmon
+Trout in the lakes of northern New York. Is said to attain a weight of
+ninety pounds and a length of six feet.
+
+=Trout, Malma= (Dolly Varden Trout, Bull Trout. Speckled Trout, Lake
+Trout, Red-Spotted Trout. Salmon Trout, Chewagh, etc.): Caught on
+Brook Trout tackle in fresh water and Black Bass tackle in the ocean.
+Occurs in northern California, west of the Cascade Range, throughout
+the Aleutian Islands, and northward to Colville River in Alaska, and
+is not unknown at Behring Island, and Plover Bay, Siberia. Taken in
+the sea it is called Salmon Trout; in the lakes it is called by all
+the names parenthesized above. In salt water it feeds upon shrimp,
+smelt, young trout, sand lance, anchovy, herring, etc.; in fresh
+water small fish, worms, etc. Weighs up to fourteen pounds in the
+ocean; averages smaller in the lakes.
+
+=Trout, Oquassa= (Blue-Back Trout): Caught on Brook Trout tackle in
+the lakes of western Maine. New York, and New Hampshire. Attains a
+length of ten inches.
+
+=Trout, Saibling:= Caught on Brook Trout tackle in Massachusetts, New
+York, New Hampshire, and Wisconsin. A native of northwestern Europe,
+introduced in American Brook Trout waters.
+
+=Trout, Sunapee= (_Salvelinus aureolus_): American Saibling, White
+Trout, Golden Trout, Charr, etc. A native of Sunapee Lake, N. H., and
+Flood Pond. Ellsworth, Maine, now being introduced in other lakes.
+Favors deep water; takes live bait. Weighs up to twelve pounds.
+
+=Trout, Utah= (_Salmo virginalis_): Abounds in the streams and lakes
+of Utah west of the Wasatch Mountains--in Utah Lake and the Sevier,
+Jordan, Bear, and Provo rivers. Weighs up to twelve pounds.
+
+=Trout, Yellow-Fin= (_Salmo macdonaldi_): Found in Twin Lakes,
+Colorado, in company with the Green-Back Trout, from which it is
+distinct in color, habits, and size. Weighs up to nine pounds. Is
+caught on the artificial fly and with the troll. Favors gravel bottom
+in deep water.
+
+=Trout, Yellowstone= (_Salmo lewisi_): Abundant in Yellowstone Lake,
+Wyoming, and throughout the Snake River Basin above Shoshone Falls,
+and the headwaters of the Missouri.
+
+[Illustration: _Rainbow Trout._]
+
+[Illustration: _Lake Tahoe Trout._]
+
+[Illustration: _Steel-head Trout._]
+
+=Salmon Trout, Black-Spotted= (Silver Trout, Black Trout,
+Black-Spotted Trout, Preestl, etc.): Caught on the artificial fly in
+the Rocky Mountain region, the lakes of New Mexico, Utah, Western
+Colorado, Wyoming. Idaho, Montana, Oregon, and Washington. The young
+are abundant in Puget Sound, and are occasionally taken along the
+California coast. Weighs up to thirty pounds.
+
+=Salmon Trout, Brown= (Brown Trout, etc.): Caught on the artificial
+fly practically the same as Brook Trout are taken. Same rods, tackle,
+and flies. Introduced in this country from Europe. Weighs up to twenty
+pounds.
+
+=Salmon Trout, Kansas River:= Caught on Brook Trout tackle from the
+Kansas River to the upper Missouri. Reaches twenty-four inches in
+length.
+
+=Salmon Trout, Lake Southerland= (_Salmo declivifrons_): Found only in
+Lake Southerland. Reaches a length of ten inches; is very gamy; takes
+the fly, and leaps.
+
+=Salmon Trout, Lake Tahoe= (Lake Tahoe Trout, Silver Trout, Black
+Trout, etc.): Caught in Lake Tahoe. Pyramid Lake, and the streams of
+the Sierra Nevada on Brook Trout tackle. Weighs up to twenty pounds.
+
+=Salmon Trout, Loch Leven= (Loch Leven Trout, etc.): Introduced to
+this country from Europe, in streams in Michigan, Maine, and other
+States. Is taken on the artificial fly the same as Brook Trout.
+
+=Salmon Trout, Rainbow= (Rainbow Trout, Golden Trout, Golden Salmon,
+Brook Trout, Speckled Trout. Mountain Trout, etc.): Caught with the
+artificial fly in fresh streams and salt rivers. Occurs from near the
+Mexican line to Oregon and has been successfully introduced in the
+Eastern and Northern States, where it is taken upon ordinary Brook
+Trout tackle--light fly rod, fine leader, click reel, etc. Flies, same
+as those flailed for Brook Trout. Season: Same as Brook Trout. Weighs
+up to six pounds.
+
+=Salmon Trout, Rio Grande:= Abundant in the headwaters of the Rio
+Grande, Rio Colorado, and their tributaries; occurs in Bear River and
+the streams of Utah.
+
+=Salmon Trout, Steel-Head= (Hard-Head, Steel-Head Trout, etc.): Caught
+mostly in nets. Reaches a weight of twenty-two pounds. Found along the
+Pacific coast from the Sacramento River northward to Alaska. Abundant
+in the Columbia and Frazer rivers in the spring. Inhabits
+river-mouths.
+
+=Salmon Trout, Waha Lake= (Waha Lake Trout, etc.): Caught on Brook
+Trout tackle. A local form of the Black-Spotted Salmon Trout, found in
+Waha Lake, a landlocked mountain tarn in Washington.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+THE ANGLER AND THE FISHERMAN
+
+
+One profound proof of the soundness in the philosophy that teaches
+against wantonly wasteful slaughter in the chase is the disinclination
+on the part of certain so-called sportsmen--a vulgar gentry that
+resort to the woods and waters solely because it is fashionable to do
+so--and their guides to honorably dispose of their game after the
+killing. These greedy snobs are viciously adverse to losing a single
+bird or fish in the pursuit, but they think little of letting the game
+rot in the sun after the play. With this fact easily provable any day
+in the year, it may be said that outside of market fishing and camp
+fishing for the pot the one real object in fishing and angling is the
+pursuit itself and not the quarry.
+
+In baseball, it's the game, not the bases; in archery, it's the
+straightest shooting, not the target. True, we play cards for prizes,
+but surely as much for the game itself, not altogether for the prizes,
+because it is possible to buy the prizes or their equivalent outright
+or take the prizes by force.
+
+My bayman develops fits bordering closely upon incurable hysteria if I
+lose a single bluefish in the play, but he worries not when he goes
+ashore with a sloopful of hand-liners and half a hundred fish he
+cannot make good use of.
+
+"Pull it in! you'll lose it!" "We could catch a hundred if you
+wouldn't fool!" "The other boats'll beat us badly!" "There's a million
+right 'round the boat!"
+
+These are a few of his excitable expressions. But, when I say to him,
+"What's the difference, Captain, in losing one or two fish here and
+wasting half a hundred on shore?" he calms down for a minute or two.
+Only for a minute or two, however, for he's in the game solely for
+fish, not the fishing. It's all numbers and size with him, and he's
+encouraged in this greed by nine out of every ten men he takes aboard
+his boat.
+
+"We caught fifty," says Tom.
+
+"We caught a hundred and ten," says Dick.
+
+"We caught two hundred and sixty," says Harry.
+
+And so the bayman brags, too, because it's purely business with him.
+
+I have always found the greatest pleasure in fishing is the fishing
+and not the blood and bones associated with the pursuit. I would
+rather take five fair fish on fine tackle correctly manipulated than
+fill the hold with a hundred horrid monsters mastered by mere
+strength, as in hand-line trolling for bluefish in the ocean and for
+muskellonge, etc., in fresh water.
+
+"But," says Captain Getemanyway, "I can catch more fish with a
+hand-line than you can with your fine rod and reel."
+
+"Of course you can," I reply, "and you could catch more if you used a
+net, a stick of dynamite, or a shotgun."
+
+If it's the fish alone that is the object of the Angler's eye, why
+resort to any sort of tackle when there's a fish stall in every
+bailiwick?
+
+There is great need of enlightenment in the common ethics of angling.
+Many persons are under the impression that quantity rather than
+quality makes the Angler's day.
+
+According to their view of the pursuit, fishing is judged by figures,
+as in finance--glory to the man with the biggest balance. This is not
+so, because with this view accepted, Rockefeller would shine above
+Christ, Shakespeare, and Lincoln.
+
+The mere catch--the number of fish taken--is only one little detail;
+it is not all of angling. If it were, the superior fisherman would be
+the man who got his fish in any manner.
+
+Some of our greatest Anglers purposely never excel in the matter of
+numbers. The Angler's true qualities are based on the application of
+correct tackle, correct methods in fishing, and a correct appreciation
+of the pursuit, the game, the day, and the craft.
+
+'Tis the day and the play, not the heads and hides that count.
+
+An ancient writer says of the royal hounds: "The hunter loves to see
+the hounds pursue the hare, and he is glad if the hare escapes." So it
+is in angling; we do not wish to catch all the fish we can take in any
+fashion. We want to take some of them in a proper manner with
+appropriate implements.
+
+"I can catch more trout with the angleworm and more bass with the
+trolling spoon than you can with the artificial fly," says Robert.
+
+"Of course you can, Robert," say I, "and you could catch still more if
+you spread a screen across the tiny stream or set a trap, or if you
+used a set line with a hundred hooks, just as the target shooter might
+more readily puncture the circle with a charge of shot than with the
+single bullet, or just as the greedyman with a blunderbuss might excel
+in number the wing shot by potting quail bunched on the ground instead
+of chivalrously bagging single birds on the wing with a pertinent arm."
+
+The neophyte always confounds the angler with the indiscriminate
+fisherman and so implicates the angler in the cruelty and wastefulness
+associated with mere chance fishing, when in fact the Angler is the
+real propagator and protector of the fishes, and is in no sense cruel
+or wasteful.
+
+The laws that prohibit greedy catches, and protect the mother fish in
+breeding time, are made by, enforced by, and supported financially by
+the Angler.
+
+The rearing of the fishes that are placed in depleted waters was
+originated by, is conducted by, and is paid for by the Angler.
+
+No other class has earnestly bothered its head, honestly lifted its
+hands, or liberally opened its purse in these matters, and the nearest
+association man in general has with the preservation of both wild fish
+and fowl is in uttering a cowardly, false accusation against the one
+who really deserves sole credit for the work, the sportsman, the
+genuine field sportsman, not the vicious sporting man of the race
+track, cockpit, and gambling den--two distinct species of animal, as
+vastly separated in character as the deerhound and the dragon.
+
+And why this charge against the innocent? Simply because the guilty
+wish to shield and profit themselves, as the thief cries fire that he
+may pick your pocket in the panic that ensues.
+
+But then there is a well meaning but wholly unenlightened element,
+that, influenced by the cry of the methodical spoiler, ignorantly
+condemns the honest man--the really humane men and women who are
+sincere in their condemnation but totally ignorant of their subject.
+
+One of this sort, an estimable woman in public life, loudly preaches
+against the chase and is all the time drawing dividends that provide
+her with the means to indulge in the vulgarest and cruelest of
+fashionable extravagances--among them the wool of the unborn lamb,
+furs from the backs of fast-disappearing quadrupeds, and feathers of
+the farmers' most valuable insect-destroying song birds--and these
+wicked dividends derived from several acid factories, a gas house, a
+power plant, and a dye works that have not only killed off the
+trillions of fishes in several rivers but destroyed forever the very
+habitat of the species!
+
+Another of this sort is well exemplified in the character of an old
+gentleman in Pennsylvania who loudly proclaims against trout fishing,
+but who utterly ruins nearly eight miles of trout water, once the home
+of thousands of lordly fish, by permitting his mill hands to run off
+sawdust in the streams.
+
+This poor, ignorant soul objects to you and me chivalrously taking
+half a dozen specimens on the fly--catching the cunning trout with an
+imitation of the living thing itself destroys by the thousands for
+food and play--while he mercilessly slaughters the entire immediate
+supply, and prevents further propagation of the whole species with the
+refuse of his forest-devastating, money-making machine.
+
+True, the Angler like all fishermen, and like the fishes themselves,
+kills his specimens, but this killing is ordained by nature
+herself--at least it has better grounds for excuse, if excuse it
+needs, than that ten-fold more destructive killing _by_ the fishes
+that not only slay for food, but actually mutilate millions upon
+millions of their kind for the mere play afforded them in this
+practice--and though the Angler may be in the wrong when he humanely
+dispatches a few of the batch he breeds, he is not as hopeless as the
+wanton fisher, or as brutal as the unenlightened "reformers," the
+so-called humane lady with the fashionable furs and feathers of
+fast-disappearing species she never turns a hair to replenish or
+protect, and the old gentleman hypocrite with his murderous sawmill.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+FLY-FISHING
+
+
+"Of all sports, commend me to angling; it is the wisest, virtuousest,
+best."--THOMAS HOOD.
+
+When I go fishing, it is for the purpose of catching fish; when I go
+angling--fly-fishing--it is the soul I seek to replenish, not the
+creel.
+
+"One of the charms of angling," says Pritt, "is that it presents an
+endless field for argument, speculation, and experiment."
+
+True, but Anglers have no argument in the first feature of their
+pastime--the object of it. Fishermen and men who do not go fishing or
+angling argue that the object sought by the Angler is the fish, but
+Anglers all agree that the game is but one of the trillion of pleasant
+things that attract them to the pursuit of it.
+
+They argue and speculate and experiment in the matter of rods and
+tackle, and they argue as to the virtues of the various species, the
+qualities of the waters, the conditions of the weather, but they have
+ever been and ever will be calmly agreed as to the object of it
+all--the love of studying rather than destroying the game, the love of
+the pursuit itself.
+
+They angle because of its healthfulness, and the consequent
+exhilaration of mind and body that attends the gentle practice, not
+merely for the fishes it may procure them, or for the sake of killing
+something, as the unenlightened person charges, for the death of an
+animal, to the Angler, is the saddest incident of his day.
+
+All things animate, man included, were made to kill and to be killed.
+The only crimes in killing are in killing our own kind, and in killing
+any kind inhumanly.
+
+And, of all creatures, the Angler is the least offender in these
+crimes. The very game he seeks, though beautiful and gentle to the
+eye, and, at times, noble in deed and purpose, is the most brutal
+killer of all the races--the lovely trout in its attacks upon gaudy
+flies, the valiant bass and pike in devouring their smaller brethren,
+and the multitudinous sea-fishes, not alone in their feeding upon one
+another, but in their wanton murder of the millions upon millions of
+victims of their pure love of slaughter.
+
+But, of fly-fishing for brook trout:
+
+"Fly-fishing," says Dr. Henshall, "is the poetry of angling"; and "the
+genuine Angler," says Frederick Pond, "is invariably a poet."
+
+Fly-fishing, the highest order of angling, is indulged in in several
+forms--in fresh water for salmon, trout, black bass, grayling, perch,
+pike-perch, pickerel (Long Island brook pickerel), sunfish, roach,
+dace, shad, herring (branch), etc.; in brackish water for shad, trout,
+white perch, etc.; and in salt water for bluefish (young), herring
+(common), mackerel, and--doubt not, kind sir, for I am prepared to
+prove it--squeteague (weakfish), plaice (fluke, summer flounder), and
+other species of both bottom and surface habitats--another "endless
+field for argument, speculation, and experiment."
+
+As there are many forms of fly-fishing, so are there many ways of
+fly-fishing for trout, and many kinds of trout, the various forms of
+brook trout, lake trout, and sea trout.
+
+Volumes would be required to discourse intelligently upon all these
+forms of trout and fly-fishing for them; so I purpose in this
+particular instance to confine myself to one species and one form of
+trout and one order of fly-fishing.
+
+The trout referred to is the true brook trout, scientifically alluded
+to as _Salvelinus fontinalis_ and commonly called, besides brook trout
+(its most popular name), speckled trout, mountain trout, speckled
+beauty, spotted trout, etc.
+
+The fly-fishing treated of is that popular form that is most indulged
+in by the Eastern trout fly-fisherman--small-stream fishing in the
+mountains and wooded level lands that "carries us," as Davy wrote as
+far away as 1828, "into the most wild and beautiful scenery of nature
+to the clear and lovely streams that gush from the high ranges of
+elevated hills."
+
+Above all other styles of fly-fishing, it calls for the most delicate
+tackle and the very daintiest hand.
+
+"How delightful," says the author of _Salmonia_, "in the early spring,
+after the dull and tedious time of winter, when the frosts disappear
+and the sunshine warms the earth and waters, to wander forth by some
+clear stream, to see the leaf bursting from the purple bud, to scent
+the odors of the bank perfumed by the violet, and enameled, as it
+were, with the primrose and the daisy; to wander upon the fresh turf
+below the shade of trees, whose bright blossoms are filled with the
+music of the bee; and on the surface of the waters to view the gaudy
+flies sparkling like animated gems in the sunbeams, whilst the bright
+and beautiful trout is watching them from below; to hear the
+twittering of the water-birds, who, alarmed at your approach, rapidly
+hide themselves beneath the flowers and leaves of the water-lily; and,
+as the season advances, to find all these objects changed for others
+of the same kind, but better and brighter, till the swallow and the
+trout contend as it were for the May fly, and till in pursuing your
+amusement in the calm and balmy evening you are serenaded by the songs
+of the cheerful thrush, performing the offices of paternal love in
+thickets ornamented with the rose and woodbine."
+
+The other forms of fly-fishing for trout, the pursuit of larger
+specimens of the same species in larger waters, the lakes and ponds
+and rivers--all equally inviting by their gentle requirements and the
+"beautiful scenery of nature"--deserve special treatment, because, as
+in fly-fishing for salmon (_salmo salar_), the very top notch of all
+forms of angling, the play, the player, the scenes, and the
+accessories are sufficiently different to confound the reader I am
+mainly endeavoring to amuse with these particular lines.
+
+Small stream fly-fishing for brook trout belongs in a class just
+between fly-fishing for the brook trout of broader waters, the lakes
+and ponds, and fly-fishing for salmon in the lordly rivers of Maine
+and Canada.
+
+The brook trout is angled for in the spring and summer, principally
+with the artificial fly, and by the chivalric Angler only with the
+artificial fly, though many greedy fishermen of trifling experience
+and wholly deprived of the true spirit of angling--in that they fish
+for the fish alone and judge their day and play solely by the size of
+their catch--contrive to convince us that the live lure is equally
+honorable, notwithstanding that the cruel, clumsy, uncleanly, unfair,
+wasteful practice of live-bait trout fishing is condemned by every
+truly gentle disciple and practical authority.
+
+Most advocates of live-bait trout fishing, who would have us believe
+that their method is entitled to recognition in the same category with
+fly-fishing, proudly proclaim that this should be because they "can
+catch more fish with the worm or minnow than the Angler can catch with
+his fly."
+
+If this reasoning is to settle the debate, if killing and quantity
+compose the Angler's axiom, why not resort to still more productive
+means--dynamite, or net the stream instead of gently fishing it?
+
+No, the trout fly-fisherman abhors trout bait-fishing for the same
+reason the wing shot prefers his appropriate arm to a cannon; the
+yachtsman, his gentle craft to a man-o'-war; the horseman, his trained
+mount to a locomotive; the archer, his arrow instead of a harpoon; and
+so I might go on in similes that would burlesque every form of
+recreative amusement in the world.
+
+The brook trout breeds in the autumn, favors eddies, riffles, pools,
+and deep spots under the banks of the stream, and near rocks and
+fallen trees, and feeds on flies, small fish, worms, and other small
+life forms.
+
+Its shape, weight, size, and color are influenced by its food, its
+age, its activity, its habitat, and its habits. Its color corresponds
+to the color of the water bottom and will change as the water bottom
+changes. If removed to a new water, where the bottom color is
+different from the bottom color of its first abode--lighter or darker,
+as the case may be,--it will gradually grow to a corresponding shade,
+blending with its new habitat just as its colors suited the stones
+and grasses and earthy materials of its native domain.
+
+In weight, the brook trout ranges up to ten pounds in large waters.
+There is a record of one weighing eleven pounds. This specimen was
+taken in Northwestern Maine. The species averages threequarters of a
+pound to one pound and a half in the streams, and one pound to three
+pounds in the lakes and ponds. It occurs between latitude 32-1/2 deg. and
+55 deg., in the lakes and streams of the Atlantic watershed, near the
+sources of a few rivers flowing into the Mississippi and the Gulf of
+Mexico, and some of the southern affluents of Hudson Bay, its range
+being limited by the western foothills of the Alleghanies, extending
+about three hundred miles from the coast, except about the Great
+Lakes, in the northern tributaries of which it abounds. It also
+inhabits the headwaters of the Chattahoochee, in the southern spurs of
+the Georgia Alleghanies, and tributaries of the Catawba in North
+Carolina and clear waters of the great islands of the Gulf of St.
+Lawrence--Anticosti, Cape Breton, Prince Edward, and Newfoundland; and
+abounds in New York, Michigan, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, Maine. Long
+Island, Canada, Wisconsin, New Hampshire, and Massachusetts.
+
+My favorite rod for stream trout fishing is a cork-handled,
+all-lancewood rod of three or four ounces in weight and eight feet in
+length, or a rod of similar length weighing four or five ounces and
+made of split bamboo--the best split bamboo of the best workmanship.
+The cheap, so-called split bamboo of the dry-goods store bargain (?)
+counter, retailed for a price that would not pay for the mere wrapping
+of the correct article, is a flimsy, decorative thing, and would
+collapse, or, worse still, bend one way and stay that way, if used on
+the stream. The fly-rod material must be springy and resiliently so,
+and the rod must be constructed so as to permit of this condition.
+
+The reel I favor is a small, narrow, light, all-rubber or narrow
+aluminum common-click reel, holding twenty-five yards of the
+thinnest-calibered silk, waterproof-enameled line.
+
+My leader is a brown-stained one of silk gut, twelve feet in length.
+The leader should be fresh and firm, flexible and fine, not a
+dried-up, brittle, unyielding, snappy snarl of the salesman's
+discarded sample box that breaks at the mere touch, or releases the
+flies at the first cast or parts at the first strike--if by some
+miraculous mischance you get this far with it. The leaders, a
+half-dozen of them, should be carried, when not in actual use, in a
+flat, aluminum, pocket-fitting box between two dampened flannel mats
+(though not preserved this way in close season), so as to have them
+thoroughly limp from being water soaked, that you may more readily and
+more safely adjust them, for break they surely will if handled in a
+dry state.
+
+The willow creel, in which the spoil of the day is deposited, should
+be, I think, about the size of a small hand-satchel. To this is
+fastened a leather strap, with a broad, shoulder-protecting band of
+stout canvas. This I sling over the right shoulder, allowing the creel
+to hang above the back part of the left hip where it will least
+interfere with me during the fight with _fontinalis_.
+
+The landing net I use is a little one of egg shape, made of cane with
+no metal whatsoever, and it has a linen mesh about ten inches in width
+and eighteen inches in length. The handle is a trifle over one foot
+in length. To this I tie one end of a stout but light-weight flexible
+and small-calibered cord, or a stretch of small rubber tube, and the
+other end of this I tie to a button on my coat under my chin, throwing
+the net over my left shoulder to lie on my back until called into
+service.
+
+The clothing should be of dark-gray wool of light weight. I wear a
+lightly woven gray sweater under my coat when the weather is cool.
+
+I have plenty of pockets in my trouting coat, and I make it a practice
+to tie a string to nearly everything I carry in them--shears,
+hook-file, knife, match-box, tobacco-pouch, pipe, purse,
+field-glasses, fly-book, etc.--so that I will not mislay them
+ordinarily, or drop them in the rushing current during some exciting
+moment.
+
+The headgear I like is a gray, soft felt hat of medium brim to protect
+my eyes in the sun and to sit upon in the shade.
+
+The footwear may consist of waterproof ankle shoes attached to rubber
+or canvas trousers, or of a pair of light, close-fitting hip rubber
+boots. Some Anglers wear rubber waterproof combined trousers and
+stockings and any sort of well-soled shoes. In warm weather, I affect
+nothing beyond a pair of old shoes with holes cut in both sides to let
+the water run freely in and out, the holes not big enough to admit
+sand and pebbles.
+
+The artificial flies are of many hundreds of patterns. I have a
+thousand or two, but half a hundred, of sizes four to six for the
+lakes and ponds, and six to fourteen for the small streams, are enough
+to select from during a season; two dozen are sufficient for a single
+trip, half a dozen will do to carry to the stream for a day,--if you
+don't lose many by whipping them off or getting them caught in a
+tree,--and two are all I use for the cast, though a cast of three
+flies is the favorite of many fishermen. I amuse myself by presuming
+to have a special list for each month, week, day, and hour, but the
+extravagantly erratic notions of the trout forbid my recommending it
+to brother rodmen. Trout that show a preference for certain flies one
+day may the next day favor entirely different patterns. Sometimes they
+will take an imitation of the natural fly upon the water and at other
+times, being gorged with the natural insect, will only strike at some
+oddly colored concoction of no resemblance to any living thing in
+nature; this in play, or in anger, and at other times out of pure
+curiosity. An Angler doesn't need a great number of flies--if he knows
+just what fly the game is taking. You can't very well determine this
+half a hundred miles from the fishing; so you take a variety with you
+and experiment. The flies should be of the best make and freshest
+quality, tied by a practical hand--some honest maker who is himself an
+Angler--not the cheap, dried-up, wall-decorative, bastard butterflies
+of the ladies' dry-goods shop, that hybrid mess of gaudy waste
+ribbon-silk and barnyard feather, the swindling output of the
+catch-penny shopman whose sweat help do not know--upon my word--the
+name or the purpose of the thing they make.
+
+Any six of the following list will kill well enough for a single day's
+pleasant fishing in any water at any time during the legal season:
+Dark Coachman, Gray and Green Palmer, Ginger Palmer, Alder, Scarlet
+Ibis, Abbey, Imbrie, Professor, Conroy, Reuben Wood, March Brown,
+Orvis, White Miller, Coachman. Royal Coachman, Codun, Brown and Red
+Palmer, Brown Hen, Queen of the Water, King of the Water. Squires,
+Black Gnat, Grizzly King, Quaker.
+
+I use, as a rule, dark colors in clear water, and on bright days and
+early in the season; lighter shades in dull water and on dark days, in
+the evening, and as the season grows warmer; but many Anglers
+philosophize just the reverse--use light colors for early season
+fishing and somber hues for midsummer play--hence the endless
+arguments and experiments described as one of the charms of the craft.
+
+I prefer, as I have said, two flies on the leader, and my favorite of
+favorites for all times and all places is a cast made up of gnat-size
+pattern of dark-gray wing and pale-blue body, and another of a
+peculiar drab-cream shade.
+
+In throwing or casting the fly I never "whip" or "flail" the rod, and
+I never cast with a long line when a short one will answer the
+purpose. Distance alone may count in a fly-casting contest, but in the
+wild stream a careful short cast is more effective than a clumsy long
+one.
+
+I angle with my shadow behind me, and in casting the flies endeavor to
+allow only the flies to touch the water. The line frightens the game,
+and if a trout should take a fly on a loose, wavy line, he will not
+hook himself and he will blow the fly from his mouth before the Angler
+is able to hook him.
+
+In learning to cast the fly, the young Angler should start with the
+leader alone, as I believe all fly-fishing is begun by old and young,
+and as he lifts the flies from the water after the forward cast to
+make the backward motion he should simultaneously draw from the reel a
+half-yard of line and allow time for the flies to complete the whole
+circuit back of him. In fly-fishing the cast is not made from the
+reel as in bait-casting; the line is drawn from the reel a half-yard
+at a time with the left hand. The line must fully straighten itself
+behind the Angler ere it can be sent out straight before him. The
+flies and at most only a little part of the leader should fall lightly
+upon the surface--as we imagine two insects, entangled in a delicate
+cobweb, might fall from a tree branch--and be drawn smartly but gently
+in little jerks a second or two in imitation of two tiny live-winged
+bugs fluttering in the water; and then, as the Angler steps slowly,
+firmly, but silently and softly in the current downstream, he should
+repeat the lifting of the flies, the drawing off of more line from the
+reel, and the circling backward cast that takes up the slack and gives
+the line its forward force. Thus he should continue, deftly placing
+the lure in every likely spot ahead of him in the center of the brook
+and along its moss-lined, flower-decked, rock-bound or grass-fringed
+banks.
+
+The Angler is careful not to let the trout see him, see his shadow, or
+see the rod, and not to let this wisest, most watchful species of all
+the finny tribes hear him or feel the vibration of his body.
+
+In hooking the trout the Angler strikes the second the fish
+strikes--not by a violent arm movement, but by a mere instantaneous
+nervous backward twist of the wrist, as one would instinctively draw
+up his hand from the pierce of a needle point. Many trout are hooked
+the instant the leader is lifted for a new cast, and many hook
+themselves without the slightest effort on the part of the Angler.
+
+When the fish is hooked he should not be flaunted in the air, as the
+boy fisher yanks his pond perch. The prize should be handled as if he
+were but slightly secured, his head should be kept under water, the
+line kept gently taut, and the fish softly led out of noisy water and
+away from stones, long grass, submerged tree branches or logs.
+
+If the catch is heavy enough to draw the line from the reel it is
+allowed to do so, but the line should be kept taut and reeled in the
+second he hesitates. There need be no hurry.
+
+After a little while the game's rushes will cease; then it should be
+reeled in, care being taken not to arouse it again by the contact of a
+weed or stone.
+
+The tip of the rod is now raised over the head and back of the Angler
+until the butt points downward; then, if the fish has been reeled in
+near enough, it is secured in the landing net, tail first, and
+carefully slid into the creel through the little square opening for
+this purpose in the lid.
+
+If you, reader mine, should some day get as far as this glorious part
+of the play, and the fish should be a small one, be satisfied; the
+true Angler is ever of a contented heart; if the fish should be too
+small, set it free--the true Angler is always humane and generous; if
+it should prove fit to feed upon, do not subject it to unnecessary
+suffering--skillfully kill it outright at once; the true Angler is
+manly and merciful.
+
+And, and--good luck to you, brother.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+WALTON'S WAY
+
+"More than half the intense enjoyment of fly-fishing is derived from
+the beautiful surroundings."--CHARLES F. ORVIS.
+
+
+A clause in a recent tariff bill prohibited the importation of some of
+the favorite artificial flies of the Angler and likewise prohibited
+the importation of the materials used in making these flies,
+particularly feathers and skins of the valuable song birds whose
+insect-eating prevents the destruction of the trees and other foliage
+absolutely necessary to the preservation of the planet upon which man
+lives.
+
+This clause was fathered by the wise and welcome bird-protecting
+institutions known as the Audubon Societies, and was intended to stop
+the infamous traffic in wild birds for millinery purposes, which, if
+not reformed, means the utter extermination of the world's feathered
+friends.
+
+The feathers and skins imported annually for artificial flies were to
+come under the same prohibition as millinery feathers.
+
+England has a law prohibiting the importation of certain plumage, but
+specific exception is made for the materials used in fly-making.
+
+There was a foolish opposition to this clause on the part of a few
+professional fly tiers, some of the fly dealers, and a lot of
+fishermen, and these men and women were loud in their declaration that
+the Angler is also opposed to the clause, which, if allowed, they
+think would injure the business of the professional fly maker, fly
+dealer, _et al._
+
+Now the truth is: No Angler was opposed to the clause, and the claim
+that the protection of valuable tree-saving birds would hurt trade of
+any sort is absurd. The same sort of foolish objection was made to the
+introduction of the sewing-machine--it was said it would prevent a lot
+of hand-sewing workmen from making a living. In a few years man will
+laugh at this silly and selfish individual cry against bird-protection
+with the same ridiculous spirit with which he now laughs at the old
+idiotic objection to the sewing-machine.
+
+A writer in the New York _Sun_ says: "The first effect of prohibiting
+the importation of the feathers for flies will be to drive many back
+to bait-fishing. An Angler using bait should take ten trout for every
+one he could kill with a fly. The Government, the States, and clubs
+are spending large sums for the stocking of streams with trout. The
+expenditure would scarcely be justified if there is to be bait-fishing
+in these streams--they would soon be fished out. Thousands who
+formerly used bait have taken up fly-fishing because it is better
+sport."
+
+What does this writer mean by the word "many"--the "many" he thinks
+that will be driven back to bait fishing as the effect of the
+prohibition of the importation of the feathers for flies? Many what?
+Not Anglers, by any means, because the Angler would rather merely try
+to catch his trout with an artificial fly made from a feather duster
+than to be assured of catching the game with a worm or minnow or
+salmon egg. The "many" refers to fishermen, or professional fly tiers,
+not Anglers.
+
+The Angler and the ordinary fisherman are as far separated in
+character and nature as the hummingbird and the buzzard are separated
+in life and lesson.
+
+The real opposer to bird-protection in this objection to the clause
+prohibiting the importation of bird feathers and skins is the
+commercial fellow, and there is no commercial side to angling.
+
+The Angler is a student as well as a lover of nature, and he knows
+that without the insect-eating birds there can be no trees, that
+without trees there can be no waters, that without waters there can be
+no fishes, and that without fishes there can be no fishing. The stupid
+fisherman can't surmount this, and the commercial fly tier, whose
+business alone teaches him enough of the angling art to be able to
+figure this natural science, thinks too much of his money creel to
+admit it. This pretended ignorance is called good business instinct,
+and the Angler doesn't object to men minding their own business, but
+when business instinct runs wild and evokes the effrontery to imply
+that the Angler, a non-commercial being, is opposed to the prohibition
+of earth-valuable bird extermination, business instinct is going a
+little too far with its money-mad method.
+
+The Angler does not condemn the use of correct tackle; he's a believer
+in it, and just as he is sincere in his advocacy of proper tackle and
+in his immaculate use of proper tackle, so is he sincere in his
+profound belief in correct methods in fishing.
+
+The fisherman--the fellow who judges his day by the number of fishes
+he kills in any manner regardless of season and size--may resort to
+dynamite, and he may not be in sympathy with any of the chivalric
+means, manners, and methods of any of the worldly matters, but the
+Angler is not of this stamp.
+
+Izaak Walton, the father of fishing, never posed for his portrait with
+half a hundred dead fishes tied to his body. Ferns, feathered friends,
+flowers, fair skies, fine fishing tackle, _and_ fishes embellished his
+pictures.
+
+The fish, to the Angler, is only one feature--no doubt the main
+feature--of his favorite pastime, and the killing of the fish is not a
+pleasant part of his pursuit; the death of the game is, to the Angler,
+a sad incident, however happy the fisherman may be over the slaughter
+of his greedy mess, and the Angler, therefore, could not possibly
+derive the delights of his angling at the sacrifice of the lordly
+winged creatures he so repeatedly thanks his Master for.
+
+Who ever read an Angler's story without the song birds in it? The
+expression "gentle art" is applied to angling and the Angler. Who ever
+heard of the gentle art of fishing! And angling is a _gentle_ art; so,
+to practice it, one must be gentle.
+
+The Angler will not resort to fishing with live bait if the few
+European artificial flies are excluded from his lures, because he can
+catch all the fishes his _gentle_ art _entitles_ him to with the flies
+of home make.
+
+The artificial flies of England, Scotland, and Ireland are lovely
+creations of practical as well as beautiful design, and the Angler
+adores them, but, since his _gentle_ creel can be filled without them,
+he'll not insist on their importation if it tends in the slightest
+manner toward the extermination of the very things that make possible
+the gentle art of angling--the birds and the trees, without which the
+fishes themselves could not survive.
+
+The world is not composed entirely of fishermen--the earth itself
+should not be sacrificed for a few against the multitude--and the
+Angler, the fisherman of quality, is wise enough to appreciate this;
+his individual pastime is not as important as the general welfare of
+the masses, and it will be said that the fisherman, who estimates
+quantity over quality, is far less entitled to consideration.
+
+Angling is a pastime of a craft; the birds, the trees, and the waters
+are necessities of a planet and its people.
+
+Fishing for the market--a distinct method from that of the Angler and
+the common fisherman who fishes for the mere sake of killing and
+counting--is not concerned in this argument, and may be dismissed with
+a brief word of commendation. Legitimately practiced, discriminately
+carried on according to the law of man and nature, it is even more
+admirable than angling and far more honorable than the wasteful
+pursuit of the vulgar amateur fisherman. Our Saviour sanctioned net
+fishing; chose simple fishermen for his disciples--St. Andrew, St.
+Peter, St. James, and St. John.
+
+The expression, "fly fisherman," may refer to the fisherman or the
+Angler, for there are lots of fly fishermen as well as mere fishermen
+who are not Anglers, for the reason that fly-fishing, indulged in by a
+greedy hand, can permit of ungentle fish-catching the same as
+bait-fishing. Both methods are equally destructive if not followed
+with strict rules of angling, and all that need be said to properly
+define angling is that it is the poetry--the art and refinement--of
+fishing. The common fisherman is simply a fish-basket filler; the
+Angler fills his soul, not the creel.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+THE WANTON WAY
+
+"There's an Angler's law, and a court or legal law. The fisherman who
+adheres to the Angler's law can't break the court law."--SETH
+FIELDING.
+
+
+Gentility in the limit of the catch and giving the fish its sporting
+chance on light tackle constitute the ethical soul of angling. The
+fisherman who stops fishing when he has a few specimens is angling;
+he's an Angler. The fisherman who fishes with no limit in his catch is
+merely fishing; he's a fisherman, not an Angler.
+
+Any picture of a few fishes may illustrate the catch of the Angler,
+and the photograph on Frontispiece shows the catch of the worst type
+of fisherman--the wanton fish exterminator who, ignoring the Angler's
+gentle law, takes his greedy mess because it is according to the
+so-called legal law.
+
+Dr. William T. Hornaday, author of _Wild Life Conservation_, _The
+American Natural History_, _Our Vanishing Wild Life_, etc., and
+director of the New York Zooelogical Park, has sent me the photograph
+of the greedyman's catch--made near Spokane, Washington--with the
+following notes:
+
+"The great trouble [in the matter of wasteful fish-catching] is not so
+much with the people who catch fish as with the brutally destructive
+laws that permit fishermen to catch four or five times as many fish as
+they should. There are a great many sportsmen who sincerely believe
+that it is all right to take all the fish and game of all kinds that
+the law allows. Whenever any destruction is waged on that basis I
+always charge it to the abominably liberal laws that in many cases
+seemed framed to promote destruction. Ninety-nine per cent. of the
+streams of this country very soon will be so nearly destitute of fish
+that fishing will become a lost art. In the Rocky Mountains the
+overfishing abuse is particularly vicious and destructive because in
+those cold streams the fish mature slowly, their food is very scarce
+and dear, and the fish are so hungry that they are easily caught. It
+is an easy matter to completely fish out a mountain stream in the
+Rocky Mountain region or in the Pacific States. In the State of
+Wyoming some very aggravated cases of wanton fish destruction by
+indifferent rod and line fishermen have lately been brought to my
+attention."
+
+Dr. Hornaday is an Angler, and his views and practices are endorsed by
+all Anglers. His great book on wild life conservation is brimful of
+practical detail and should be in the library of all who are
+interested in the preservation of our fishes, birds, and quadruped
+game. Here is a sample of the Doctor's vigorous style in his admirable
+campaign against the exterminator:
+
+"A few years ago, certain interests in Pennsylvania raised a great
+public outcry against the alleged awful destruction of fish in the
+streams of Pennsylvania by herons.... A little later on, however, the
+game commissioners found that the herons remaining in Pennsylvania
+were far too few to constitute a pest to fish life, and furthermore,
+the millinery interests appeared to be behind the movement. Under the
+new law the milliners were enabled to reopen in Pennsylvania the sale
+of aigrettes, because those feathers came from members of the
+unprotected Heron Family! It required a tremendous State campaign to
+restore protection to the herons and bar out the aigrettes; but it was
+accomplished in 1912. Hereafter, let no man for one moment be deceived
+by the claim that the very few-and-far-between herons, bitterns, and
+kingfishers that now remain in the United States, anywhere, are such a
+menace to fish life that those birds are a pest and deserve to be
+shot. The inland streams of the United States and Canada lack fishes
+because they have been outrageously overfished,--wastefully, wickedly
+depleted, without sense or reason, by men who scorn the idea of
+conservation. In Orleans County, New York, a case was reported to me
+of a farmer who dynamited the waters of his own creek, in spawning
+time!"
+
+The Angler angles according to his own humanely conservative law. The
+greedy fisherman fishes according to court or so-called legal law,
+good or bad, and he always breaks the Angler's law and very often the
+court's law.
+
+In viewing Dr. Hornaday's Spokane photograph note the bait-casting
+reel on the fly-casting rod--the rig of a clumsy as well as greedy
+fisherman. The mess of trout shown is one that no Angler would ever
+make and one that any gentleman would be ashamed of--"three times too
+many fish for one rod," as Dr. Hornaday says, "another line of
+extermination according to law." Of course, the Doctor means the
+fisherman's law or the court's law, not the Angler's law.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+FLY-FISHING FOR TROUT
+
+"The variety of rivers require different ways of angling."--IZAAK
+WALTON, _The Compleat Angler_.
+
+
+The art of catching fish with artificial lures in imitation of natural
+insects is the most chivalric of all methods of angling.
+
+Fish, particularly trout, often hook themselves when they seize the
+fly of a fisherman using a pliant rod that will yield and spring
+freely. As the game strikes, the Angler strikes, hooking the fish
+swiftly but delicately by a simple turn of the wrist. The trout is not
+flaunted up in the air by force, as some coarse perch fishermen lift
+their catch. The trout fisher does not use his arm at all in hooking a
+trout beyond aiding the hand in holding the rod for the wrist to do
+the work. A practiced troutman can secure his fish by moving his hand
+five inches--a little backward nervous twist of the wrist.
+
+Trout often snap a fly and spit it out so quickly that the tyro does
+not have a chance to strike and hook the prize. At other times they
+take hold more slowly, and afford the beginner more opportunity to
+hook them, and, as I have said, they very often hook themselves.
+
+The beginner will have some trouble in overcoming the excitement or
+"trout fever" that always accompanies the trout's rise and strike, but
+experience will gradually make him more calm and active at this
+important moment. The tyro trout fisher is often more frightened at
+the rise of the trout than he would be at the flush of a noisy grouse
+or the springing of a surprised deer.
+
+When you have hooked the fish, always handle him as if he were but
+lightly secured. Do not attempt to lift him out or yank him up to you.
+Keep the line gently taut, and softly lead the prize out of rough
+water or away from stones, grasses, logs, or tree branches. Do not let
+him come to the surface until he is pretty well exhausted and you are
+about to put him in the landing-net. If he is a large fish, tow him
+ashore if the water edge will permit. Where there are overhanging
+banks this cannot be done. Do not be in a hurry to get him out of the
+water. Be calm and work carefully.
+
+If the fish is large enough to overcome the reel click and run off the
+line, let him do so, but check him and guide him according to any
+obstruction there may be.
+
+When he has rushed here and there for some little time with his mouth
+open and with a constant check--the line should always be taut--he
+will become tired, and when he is tired he will not rush. Then softly
+reel him in, being careful not to let him come in contact with a stone
+or weed, which is sure to arouse him again. Reel him up quickly,
+without making a splashing swoop, and he will soon grace your creel.
+
+Several persons have expressed an objection to a list of flies I once
+named, saying a good Angler might kill just as many trout on quarter
+the number.
+
+Any Angler can take even less than one quarter of the enumerated list
+and catch fully as many brook trout as one who might use all of the
+flies mentioned--if he can pick out the ones the trout are rising to
+without trying them all until he discovers the killing ones. A chef
+might please his master with one or two of the forty courses billed,
+if he knew what the man wanted.
+
+Sometimes an Angler can judge the appropriate fly to use by observing
+nature in seeing trout rise to the live fly; but, there are times when
+trout are not rising, times when they are tired of the fly upon the
+water, and times when the real fly is not on the wing. Then the Angler
+is expected to take matters in his own hands and whip about quietly
+until he discovers the proper patterns. It is better to try for the
+right flies with a list of twenty-nine than whip over a list of a
+thousand or more. I have learned from experience that trout, like
+human beings, are in love with a variety of foods at different times.
+Their tastes change with the months, the weeks, the days, the hours,
+and, under certain conditions which I will presently explain, the
+minutes.
+
+"... fish will not bite constantly, nor every day. They have
+peculiar, unexplainable moods that continuing favoring conditions of
+water, wind, and weather cannot control" (Eugene McCarthy, _Familiar
+Fish_).
+
+When I mention twenty-nine different patterns as being seasonable at a
+stated period, I do not mean to say that the trout will rise to them
+all and at any time and under all conditions. In the first place, the
+person using them might be a tyro unfamiliar with the gentle art, the
+streams might be dried up, there might be an earthquake, the flies
+might be too large, too coarse, and for that matter a thousand other
+conditions might interfere. I fish dozens of streams in different
+localities several times every month during the legal season, and I
+have been a fond Angler--if not a skillful one--since my tenth
+birthday. Experience on the streams, a true love for nature, and a
+careful attention to my notebook enable me to separate the artificial
+flies into monthly lists. No man can class them into weekly or daily
+lots.
+
+"When a fly is said to be in season it does not follow that it is
+abroad on every day of its existence" (Alfred Ronalds).
+
+The Eastern gentleman who said if he could have but one fly he would
+take a yellow one, is probably a good Angler, for a yellow fly is a
+fair choice. If I could have but one fly I should take a--ah! I cannot
+name its color; 'tis the quaker, a cream, buff, grayish, honey-yellow
+shade.
+
+Beaverkill, Seth Green, Ashey Montreal, Dun. Wickham's Fancy, August
+Brown are killing patterns in the Pennsylvania streams.
+
+Trout change in their tastes by the month, week, day, hour, and
+minute. There are flies among the list given for this or that month
+that they will not rise to to-day or perhaps to-morrow, but surely
+there are some among the list that will please them, and you have to
+discover those particular flies, and so, as I have said before, 'tis
+better to search among twenty-nine than twenty-nine hundred.
+
+In July of a certain season I waded a stream in Pennsylvania and had
+these flies with me: Quaker. Oak, Codun, Reuben Wood, White Miller,
+Yellow Sallie, Hare's Ear, Iron Dun, Brown Palmer, Cahill, and a few
+others. The first day I killed eighteen trout in fishing fifty yards
+in a small stream running partly through a large open field and partly
+through bushes, fishing from the left bank. Twelve were taken on a
+brown palmer, four on a dark-gray midge, and two on a tiny
+yellow-gold-brown fly. I fished three hours, in which time I received
+exactly two hundred and fifteen strikes; eighteen, as I have said,
+proved killing. I fished stealthily up and down the stream, hiding
+here and there and making the most difficult of casts at all times. I
+went up and down the little stream a half dozen times, never going
+into the wood, but merely fishing from where the stream came out of
+the wood to where it hid itself again beyond the field. Part of the
+water I fished, as I say, was in underbush, but I did not leave the
+field.
+
+Now I am going to show you how the tastes of trout varied by minutes,
+in two instances at least, and I desire you to know every little
+detail. To well convince you that the casts I made were difficult, I
+will say that my line became fastened in twigs, leaves, and bushes
+every other toss. I had to put the flies through little openings no
+larger than the creel head and take chances of getting the leader
+caught while on the way, and after it was there and on its return. I
+sometimes whipped twenty times at a little pool before I reached it.
+There were logs, branches, mosses, cresses, leaves, and grasses to
+avoid. The water in parts was swift and still, narrow, shallow, and
+deep, sometimes being four feet wide and three feet deep, and then ten
+feet wide and three inches deep; sometimes running smartly over bright
+grasses or pebbles and light in color, and in other places lying dark
+and still in pools made by logs and deep holes.
+
+A tyro would have fished the ground in ten minutes and caught
+nothing; some Anglers would have gone over it once in twenty-five
+minutes and taken a half-dozen fish. I had the day to myself; I had
+nowhere else to go; I was out for sport, recreation, and study,--not
+fish, for I am a lover of nature in general,--and so I took three
+hours at the play, and fished and observed inch by inch like a mink,
+the king of trouters.
+
+I say I had two hundred and fifteen strikes, out of which I killed
+eighteen trout, and you are surprised. You think you could have done
+better, much better, but I know you could not--you could not have done
+as well as I did and I wish that I could put you to a test. I have
+seen a _fontinalis_ rise to a small coachman twenty-six times,
+snapping apparently at the feather each time, but never allowing
+himself to be hooked nor hooking himself. He was playing. He was a
+young trout, but an educated one, and well knew there was no danger if
+he kept his wits about him. I have witnesses to this performance who
+will substantiate my story, and I can easily further prove the
+truthfulness of the statement by taking you to a stream where a
+similar performance may be enacted. And I have seen an uneducated
+trout rise and snap at a fly without taking it. The first one rose in
+play, this one in curiosity--and there are trout that will rise in
+anger. All of them may know the bait is not food. It is a mistake to
+think that all brook trout will spurt from a fly the very second they
+discover it is not real food, as it is an error to believe that all
+brook trout will take the fly when they know it is the living thing.
+All trout are not alike; they vary in their tastes and antics as they
+do in color and size. Mind you, I speak only of one species here--the
+true brook trout, _Salvelinus fontinalis_, and thus the material
+should be interesting.
+
+[Illustration: AN UNUSUAL WAY OF TAKING THE FLY]
+
+The day I took my creel of eighteen was a fair one; we had rain the
+day before; the water was clear and the stream was in ordinary
+condition. The brown hackle which killed twelve of the eighteen was on
+a No. 8 hook; the other two flies were tied on No. 16, as the hackle
+should have been, for the fish were small and the stream was in a
+small-fly condition and quite right for the daintiest leaders and the
+finest midges. But the hackle seemed to please the trout; all sizes
+appeared to jump at it. I hooked many that were not over three inches
+long! Several times when taking my flies from the water for a new
+cast, I lifted a poor little trout up in the air back of me, like the
+scurvy fisherman who makes a practice of landing all his fish by
+yanking them out. So you see it pays to be patient on the stream and
+try all sorts of gentle tricks with _fontinalis_. You must not hurry;
+you must not be coarse; you must not be careless and untidy with your
+fly-book. Take your time, fish slowly, surely, and delicately. Be not
+weary of the play: banish the thought of discouragement, keep at the
+sport for sport alone, and study as you angle.
+
+A little trout will rise to a fly he has missed one or more times; a
+large trout will seldom do so. When you miss a big trout do not give
+him back the fly for ten minutes, and then if you miss him again,
+change the pattern, wait a little while, and he is once more ready for
+the rise--if the new fly suits him.
+
+I never raised a trout on the scarlet ibis fly. I believe it is a poor
+color on the well-fished waters, just as I believe that all flies are
+killing on wild streams. New trout will take old flies; old trout love
+new ones and many old ones. Personally I like the sober colors in
+flies for all seasons on all water, though I well appreciate the old
+rule: "When the day is bright and where the water is clear, small
+flies and plain colors; in deep and dull waters and on dark days and
+in the evening the brighter and larger ones." Trout do not in all
+cases show their liking to flies in accordance with any condition of
+weather or water, though as a rule it is advisable to use lighter
+colors when the day and water are dull, which is not saying, however,
+that fish will not rise to loud flies on bright days or sober flies in
+dull weather, for the tastes of trout vary like the tastes of other
+living things, and nothing can equal them in erraticness when
+fly-feeding.
+
+You must give _fontinalis_ sport, for he very often strikes for play
+more than food, and, like every other living thing, loves a choice of
+variety.
+
+There is an old story that if the Angler's book has a pattern of fly
+in exact imitation of the real fly upon the trout water, he has but to
+join it as the stretcher to fill his creel. Ogden tells us in so many
+words: "Give not the trout an exact imitation of the real fly upon the
+water, for your artificial fly will then be one in a thousand.
+Something startling will please them better--loud gold body,
+strange-colored wings--and an odd fellow may take it for sport if
+nothing else."
+
+While this is a good bit of advice, it does not seem right to me to
+send it forth in such a sweeping manner. The question of whether we
+should imitate nature in general fly building has long been in vogue.
+Some say we should do so, and others that it does not matter. Both are
+correct--there are times when we should copy the living flies, and
+times when we should use those artificial things that have no
+resemblance to nature's insects. I have come upon a water where the
+trout were rising to the small dusky miller, and have, by putting on
+the artificial fly of this order, taken a dozen beauties in good play.
+It was because I arrived just in time; the trout were not tired of
+their course. Perhaps twenty minutes later they would not have done
+more than eyed my cast. In that case, even if the water were covered
+with a species of the real fly, it would have been better to have
+offered something different. Copy nature if the fish be devouring--not
+alone because the fly is on the water; they may be tired of it.
+Sometimes there are flies being taken that are not seen by the Angler,
+for trout can snap a fly upon the wing. Fly-fishing is not an easy
+pursuit; 'tis a real science. Rules are good, but we must not fail to
+suit the rules to conditions.
+
+No; you are not supposed to use the entire list, for to-day the trout
+may not favor over two or three of them; to-morrow he may take six of
+them--all different from those he may show a liking for to-day. It is
+all very well for an Angler to take but three dozen coachmen and brown
+and gray hackle for the Western trout, or any trout that is not
+educated up to the standard of the trout that is fished for
+incessantly, but I should not like to make a month's trouting trip and
+take along only three kinds of flies, even if I had dozens of each of
+the three and if my favorite quaker were one of the trio, no matter
+where the stream--East. West, North, or South.
+
+Some days after my catch of eighteen I visited the field again and
+fished from the point where the stream entered the wood down to a
+beautiful little waterfall. I took twenty-one of fair size--one on a
+yellow Sallie, one on an oak fly, four on an Esquimaux dun, five on a
+hare's ear, and nine on the quaker. This day I had ninety-three
+rises--not as many as on the day I took the eighteen and had two
+hundred and fifteen rises. The day was dark, the water very clear and
+shallow, and there had been no rain for ten days.
+
+This was the occasion of learning more about striking the Eastern
+brook trout than I had ever before enjoyed. The old rule is to strike
+on the second of the rise, and, while I do not think this electric
+quickness should be practiced in all cases and under all conditions. I
+found it was the rule this day, especially in the one deep pool I
+found. In other places--one in particular, where I saw six of my catch
+make every move in taking the flies--I found it necessary to depart
+from the old rule and strike not upon the second of the rise. I very
+often gave wrist too quickly. It all goes to prove that rules are not
+to be exercised at all times and under all conditions. We must make
+allowances. I came upon one quiet piece of water that was as clear and
+still as glass; I could see every detail of the pebbles at the bottom.
+Eight pretty trout were in this bed of silent water, resting without a
+perceptible movement--not even that delicate wave of the tail so
+common with the trout in his balancing in running water. They did not
+see me; a bush hid my form. When my slender rod tip moved over the
+water and the leader with the flies went down gently upon the surface,
+the trout thought (all animals think) the wind had stirred the frail
+branch of an adjacent tree and swept into the water upon a cobweb
+three insects for their feeding. Four rushed for the deceit and two
+were hooked quietly and quickly. I landed them and went away to return
+to the same spot a half-hour later. Seven trout were there this time.
+I flailed gently over them, but received no rushing rise; one little
+fellow came up deliberately, broke water two inches behind the little
+dun, and then returned to his old position. Then two others did
+precisely the same as their companion had done, excepting one that
+chose the oak fly for his inspection. Then they sank themselves, and a
+fourth gamester spurted up to the dun and took it in his mouth much as
+a sunfish would suck in a bit of worm. I struck him, and he made a
+splash that nearly drove a near-by-perched catbird into hysterics, and
+sent the other trout up, down, and across the stream like so many
+black streaks of lightning. Now, had I cast at these fish from above
+or below and not just over them, where I saw every move they made, I
+should have given them wrist on the second of their rise--as I did in
+the case of the first two that made the first rush--and lost any
+chance of success.
+
+No, I say, we must not always follow rules regardless of conditions.
+We must not judge all trout alike, even if they be of one species.
+Men, though of one race, are not all alike in their habits any more
+than they are in their sizes and colors.
+
+I found in some parts of the stream that as long as I changed the
+flies I had rises; in other parts no trout took the fly, no matter how
+I worked it. Perhaps there were no fish hereabout; perhaps they saw
+me; perhaps they were not hungry, and perhaps there were hundreds and
+thousands of other reasons why they were not to be taken in these
+certain places.
+
+No man can strictly follow rules in all cases and take trout upon
+every occasion of his trials. Conditions govern, and must be
+studied--conditions, conditions.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+
+THE ANGLER'S PRAYER--SAVE THE WOODS AND WATERS
+
+"Perpetual devotion to what a man calls his business is only to be
+sustained by perpetual neglect of other things. And it is not by any
+means certain that a man's business is the most important thing he has
+to do."
+
+    ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON.
+
+
+Commerce or civilization or whatever you like to call modern man's
+accumulation of money wealth at the sacrifice of nature is perpetrated
+with no greater force than in the wanton waste of our forests--the
+trees given by God to the people and stolen from the people by
+individuals. It seems all right for man to prudently use our forests
+in the making of homes and other practical things of actual necessity,
+but it is a downright shame that the people allow greedy men to
+destroy the trees for the mere sake of adding dollars to the
+destroyers' already well-filled purses. And these selfish men even
+deprive the people of their breathing-air, drinking-water, and fish
+food. Springs, ponds, and brooks are dried up by the loss of
+sheltering foliage. Lakes and rivers are ruined by the commercial
+gentry's waste acid, dye, oil, gas, etc., and the very air we breathe
+is poisoned by the fumes of the money-makers' chimneys.
+
+The railroads cut down the people's trees to make ties, and they burn
+the old ties instead of consuming them for steam power or giving them
+back to the people for fuel or fence posts, etc. The mill owner burns
+as rubbish the sawdust and slabs instead of burying the sawdust and
+allowing it to turn into loam that would enrich the soil and thereby
+propagate vegetable food matter and the very tree life the millman
+wastes. He is not only destroying the material on hand but he is doing
+his best to prevent the growth of future material. Slabs should not be
+burned as waste matter; they are good fuel and good material for the
+farmer, _et al._
+
+Nothing should be burned as waste matter; nature tells us to bury, not
+burn. Fire destroys not alone the valuable ingredient it consumes to
+make itself, but burns up the earth's vital moisture--the life-giving
+oxygen we breathe, without which no animate thing could survive.
+
+Before fresh timber is cut for market-cornering purposes, the millmen
+should be compelled to use up the vast rafts of trees they have
+allowed to float upon river banks, there to rot while the choppers
+continue their attack on new trees, half of which will go to waste
+with the lumberman's already-decaying market-cornering mess in the
+flooded valley.
+
+Anyone may personally witness this wanton waste if so inclined: Take a
+ride on the railroad between Portland, Oregon, and Tacoma, Washington,
+and note the conditions _en route_; or glance out of the car window as
+you ride through the timberland district in the Southern
+states--Alabama, Georgia, etc.
+
+Oregon and Washington are bragging about what the native biped
+conceitedly calls enterprise, western spirit, progress, prosperity,
+etc. Poor fools! They imagine the so-called prosperity is due to the
+enterprise or spirit of themselves, while any nature student could
+tell them that the business success of any territory is directly due
+to that territory's material that is marketed, and that as soon as the
+marketable material is used up the so-called enterprise, energy,
+spirit, etc., of the ego-marketman go up with it.
+
+In Michigan (Bay City) thirty-five years ago the wasters used to boast
+that Bay City was going to outrival New York City in size, intellect,
+money wealth, social standing, etc., in a few years. All this on a
+little timber they were cutting and selling. It was remarked by a
+nature student that the success of their ambition depended upon the
+pine trees they were gradually consuming--ruthlessly cutting down to
+extermination--and a practical man suggested that they plant and
+propagate as well as cut and consume. Also it was hinted that the
+lumber they made out of the trees was the only thing they had to make
+possible the social downfall of New York.
+
+"Oh, by no means," they said; "we have enterprise and spirit; that's
+what counts."
+
+But, the count was a failure--the trees giving out. Northern Michigan
+was turned into a sugar-beet farm, and most of the unfortunates who
+counted on making Bay City outrival New York are now of the very dust
+that nurtures the present-day material that their offspring exists
+upon.
+
+The Michigan enterprise, spirit, etc., is now transferred to the few
+other timberland States, and the natives of to-day, the early day of
+plenty, are just like the old conceited Michiganders--they foolishly
+imagine the financial success of their territory is due to so-called
+personal energy, pride, enterprise, progress, etc., on the part of
+themselves, when any naturalist knows that their prosperity is
+directly due to God's bountifulness--the abundance of marketable
+material--not man's effort or egotism.
+
+When Oregon and Washington have lumbered all their timber the
+"enterprising" natives will not have rivaled New York socially or
+financially any more than the Michigander has accomplished this end;
+Oregon and Washington, without timber, like Michigan, will stay just
+where they are--if lucky enough not to go lower down in the social and
+financial standard--when their marketable material is exhausted.
+
+Climate is a mere matter of pure air. What's the good in climate if
+it's smoked and burned? Any clean climate, hot or cold, is better than
+any soiled climate, hot or cold.
+
+Marketable material, pure air, and pure water are the three big
+concerns of life; man isn't worthy of being included in the list of
+important things because he destroys these three mighty essentials.
+Material makes man more than man makes material.
+
+Man's energy and egotism couldn't get a footing without marketable
+material. What the world needs is less of vain man and more plain
+market stuff.
+
+Save the woods and waters.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX
+
+TROUT AND TROUTING
+
+    "A day with not too bright a beam;
+      A warm, but not a scorching, sun."
+               --CHARLES COTTON.
+
+
+Where can I enjoy trout fishing amid good scenery and good cheer
+without its necessitating a lengthy absence from the city? That is a
+question which frequently rises in the mind of the toilers in the busy
+centers of the East, and it is one becoming daily more difficult to
+answer. Yet there are still nearby trout streams where a creel of from
+fifteen to fifty, or even more, in favorable weather, might be made.
+One such locality, which for years local sportsmen have proven, lies
+within a four hours' ride of either Philadelphia or New York. All that
+is necessary is to take the railroad, which conveys you to Cresco, in
+Monroe County, Pa., and a ride or drive of five miles through the
+Pocono Mountains will land you in the little village of Canadensis, in
+the valley of the Brodhead; and within the radius of a few miles on
+either side fully a dozen other unposted streams ripple along in their
+natural state, not boarded, bridged, dammed, or fenced by the hand of
+man, thanks to the naturally uncultivatable condition of the greater
+part of this paradise for trout fishers. The villagers of Canadensis
+do their trading and receive their mail at Cresco, and it is an easy
+matter to obtain excellent food and lodgings for a dollar a day at one
+of the many farmhouses dotting here and there the valleys, and a seat
+when needful in one of the several private conveyances running every
+day between the two villages.
+
+The open season for trout in Pennsylvania is from April 15th until
+July 15th, and there appears to be no particularly favored period
+during these three months, for the trout here afford sport equally
+well at all times, though they greatly vary in their tastes for the
+fly.
+
+If the angler goes there in the early part of the open season, when
+the weather is cold, he should engage a room and take his meals at the
+farmhouse selected; but if the trip is made in the early part of June
+or any time after that, during the open season, camp life may be
+enjoyed with great comfort.
+
+Two favorite waters within walking distance from any of the farmhouses
+in Canadensis are Stony Run and the Buckhill. The great Brodhead, a
+famous old water in the days of Thaddeus Norris, and noted then and
+now for its big trout, flows in the valley proper, within a stone's
+throw of the farmhouse at which I engaged quarters. Spruce Cabin Run,
+a mile distant, is a charming stream, but the trout here are not very
+large beyond the deep pools at the foot of Spruce Falls and in the
+water flowing through Turner's fields and woods above the falls.
+
+Any of these streams will afford plenty of sport, but if one wishes to
+visit a still more wild, romantic, and beautiful trout water, he has
+only to walk a little farther or take a buckboard wagon and ride to
+the mighty Bushkill, a stream that must not be confounded with the
+Buckhill, which lies in an opposite direction from Canadensis.
+
+The Bushkill is the wildest stream in the region, and is fished less
+than any of the others named, one reason being that there are plenty
+of trout in the waters of Canadensis which can be fished without the
+Angler going so far. For those who like to camp, the Bushkill is the
+proper locality. I spent a day there with friends one season, and we
+caught in less than two hours, in the liveliest possible manner, all
+the trout five of us could eat throughout the day, and four dozen
+extra large ones which we took home to send to friends in the city.
+
+"The trout in the Bushkill," remarked one of my companions, "are so
+wild that they're tame"--an expression based upon the greediness and
+utter disregard of the enemy with which _fontinalis_, in his
+unfamiliarity with man, took the fly. I remember having a number of
+rises within two feet of my legs as I was taking in my line for a
+front toss.
+
+I know men who have many times traveled a thousand miles from New York
+on an angling trip to different famous waters who have not found
+either the sport or the scenery to be enjoyed on the Bushkill.
+
+The lower Brodhead below the point at which this stream and Spruce
+Cabin Run come together is very beautiful. It is owned by a farmer who
+lives on its banks, and who has never been known to refuse Anglers
+permission to fish there when they asked for the privilege.
+
+There are four natural features in the scenery about Canadensis that
+are especially prized by the countrymen there--the Sand Spring,
+Buckhill Falls, Spruce Cabin Falls, and the Bushkill Falls.
+
+The Sand Spring is so called because grains of brilliant sand spring
+up with the water. This sand resembles a mixture of gold and silver
+dust; it forms in little clouds just under the water's bubble and then
+settles down to form and rise again and again. This effect, with the
+rich colors of wild pink roses, tiny yellow watercups, blue lilies,
+and three shades of green in the cresses and deer tongue that grow all
+about, produces a pretty picture. The spring is not over a foot in
+diameter, but the sand edges and the pool cover several feet. In
+drinking the water, strange to say, one does not take any sand with
+it.
+
+Being located at one side of the old road between Cresco and
+Canadensis every visitor has an opportunity of seeing it without going
+more than a few feet out of his direct way. Some of the stories told
+about the old Sand Spring are worth hearing, and no one can tell them
+better or with more special pleasure than the farmers living
+thereabout. One man affirms that "more 'an a hundred b'ar and as many
+deer have been killed while drinking the crystal water of the spring."
+
+Each of the falls is a picture of true wild scenery. Though some miles
+apart they may be here described in the same paragraph.
+
+Great trees have fallen over the water from the banks and lodged on
+huge projecting moss-covered rocks; they are additional obstacles to
+the rushing, roaring, down-pouring water, which flows through and over
+them like melted silver. This against the dark background of the
+mountain woods, the blue and snow-white of the heavens, the green of
+the rhododendron-lined banks, and the streams' bottoms of all-colored
+stones creates a series of charming and ever-varying views.
+
+A half dozen trout, weighing from one to two pounds and a half, may
+always be seen about the huge rock at the point where the lower
+Brodhead and the Spruce Cabin Run come together, and hundreds may be
+seen in the stream below the Buckhill Falls. I do not know that fish
+may be actually seen in any other parts of the waters of Canadensis,
+but at these points the water is calm and the bottom smooth, and the
+specimens are plainly in view.
+
+Do not waste time on the "flock" lying about the big rock at Brodhead
+Point. The trout there will deceive you. I played with them a half
+day, and before I began work on them I felt certain I would have them
+in my creel in a half-hour's time. They are a pack of pampered idlers
+who do not have to move a fin to feed. All the trout food comes
+rushing down both streams from behind these big rocks into the silent
+water and floats right up to the very noses of these gentlemen of
+leisure. If you have any practicing to do with the rod and fly do it
+here. These trout are very obliging; they will lie there all day and
+enjoy your casting all sorts of things at them. This is a good place
+to prove to yourself whether you are a patient fisherman or not.
+
+And now a few words about the proper tackle for mountain streams. Most
+anglers use rods that are too heavy and too long. During my first
+visit I used a rod of eight feet, four ounces, and I soon found that,
+while it was a nice weight, it was too long for real convenience,
+although there were rods used there nine and ten feet long. My rod was
+the lightest and one of the shortest ever seen in the valley. There
+are only a few open spots where long casts are necessary, and a long,
+ordinary-weight trout rod is of very little service compared with one
+of seven, seven and a half, or eight feet, four or three ounces, that
+can be handled well along the narrow, bush-lined, tree-branch-covered
+streams.
+
+The greater part of the fishing is done by sneaking along under cover
+of the rocks, logs, bushes, and the low-hanging branches, as casts are
+made in every little pool and eddy. I use a lancewood rod, but of
+course the higher-priced popular split bamboo is just as good. I shall
+not claim my rod's material is the better of the two, as some men do
+when speaking of their tackle, but I am quite sure I shall never say
+the split bamboo is more than its equal. I do not advise as to the
+material; I speak only of the weight and length. Let every man use his
+choice, but I seriously advise him to avoid the cheap-priced split
+bamboo rod.
+
+If split bamboo is the choice, let it be the work of a practical
+rod-maker. Any ordinary wood rod is better than the four-dollar split
+bamboo affair.
+
+The leader should be of single gut, but the length should be a trifle
+more than is commonly used. Twelve feet is my favorite amount. The
+reel should be the lightest common click reel; the creel, a willow one
+that sells for a dollar in the stores; and the flies--here's the
+rub--must be the smallest and finest in the market. Large, cheap,
+coarse flies will never do for Eastern waters, and you must not fail
+to secure your list of the proper kind, as well as all your outfit,
+before you start on your trip. The only decent thing on sale in the
+village stores is tobacco.
+
+When you buy your flies buy lots of them, for, be you a tyro or
+practical Angler, you will lose them easier on these streams than you
+imagine. Yes, you must be very careful about the selection of your
+flies. They must be small and finely made, high-priced goods. I wish
+I might tell you who to have make them, but I dare not, lest I be
+charged with advertising a particular house. Regarding the patterns to
+use, I will say that none are more killing than the general list, if
+they are the best made and used according to the old rule all are
+familiar with--dark colors on cold days and bright ones on warm days.
+The later the season the louder the fly--that is, when the season
+closes during hot weather, as it does in Canadensis. My favorite time
+here is from June 15th to July 15th, the closing day, but any time
+after the first two weeks of the open season is very charming. I avoid
+the first week or two because the weather is then cold and the trout
+are more fond of natural bait than the artificial fly. Men take
+hundreds of fish early in the season with worms and minnows.
+
+I never wear rubber boots to wade in. An old pair of heavy-soled shoes
+with spikes in their bottoms, and small slits cut in the sides to let
+the water in and out, and a pair of heavy woolen socks comprise my
+wading footwear. The slits must not be large enough to let in coarse
+sand and pebbles, but I find it absolutely necessary to have a slight
+opening, for if there be no means for the water to run freely in and
+out, the shoes fill from the tops and become heavy. Rubber boots are
+too hot for my feet and legs, while the water is never too cold. I
+have often had wet feet all day, and have never yet experienced any
+ill effects from it.
+
+I never use a staff in wading, but I should, for here in some places
+it is very hard to wade. I have often fallen down in water up to my
+waist, overbalanced by the heavy current, where the bottoms were
+rough, with sharp, slimy stones. If you carry a staff, follow the
+custom of the old Anglers and tie it to your body with a string to
+keep it out of the way and allow your hands to be as free as possible
+for a strike. Your landing-net should be a small one, minus any metal,
+with a foot and a half handle, and a string tied to a front button on
+your garment should allow it to be slung over your shoulder onto your
+back when not in use.
+
+Of course, these little points about the use of different things are
+all familiar to the Angler with but the slightest experience, and will
+appear to him neither instructive nor interesting, but we must, as
+gentle Anglers, give a thought or two to the earnest tyro, for we were
+young once ourselves.
+
+I always carry two fly-books with me; one big fellow with the general
+fly stock in, which is kept at the farmhouse, and a little one holding
+two dozen flies and a dozen leaders, which I carry on the stream. A
+string tied to this, too, will prevent the unpleasantness of having it
+fall in the water and glide away from you. I even tie a string to my
+pipe and knife. The outing hat is an important thing to me. Mine is
+always a soft brown or gray felt, and I use it to sit on in damp and
+hard places fifty times a day.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X
+
+TROUTING IN CANADENSIS VALLEY
+
+
+The Canadensis Valley in Monroe County, Pennsylvania, is a
+_fontinalis_ paradise. With my friend George Blake I creeled the
+little heroes by the dozen every day for a week. We each could have
+easily caught fifty in an afternoon had we cared to do so, but there
+were other rural pleasures to attend to, and we were not dealing in
+fish, and saw more beauty in just enough to eat than in wasteful
+quantity. Fishermen are generally known as exaggerators, and I do not
+deny that they do sometimes resort to an innocent little fib when a
+yarn may amuse many and injure no one, but I must say that this
+region's beauties are too numerous to overpraise by all the
+exaggeration of all the fabricators in the world. No word of mouth or
+pen could do justice to nature in these mountains. And I need not
+elaborate on the fish; the truth is bold enough.
+
+Brook trout weighing a quarter of a pound to a pound and a half are
+taken every day by Anglers, who more than fill their creels. Two
+gentlemen took in one day sixty-five beauties on the stream known as
+Stony Run, and two Philadelphia Anglers took half a hundred the day
+before above the Buckhill Falls. Another great stream in this region
+is the Bushkill, and still another is Brodhead's Creek. The latter
+flows past our camp, and is famous for big trout. My favorite is
+Spruce Cabin Stream, above and below the beautiful Spruce Cabin Falls.
+There are big trout in this water, especially at the bottom of the
+falls, and I can--if I will--take fifty trout in an afternoon, and
+they'll weigh from a quarter of a pound to one pound and a half. I
+like something besides fish about a stream, and this is why I am fond
+of the Spruce Cabin water.
+
+There are not many Anglers in love with the place. Though beautiful,
+it is very hard to fish. I have to creep under great trees that have
+fallen over the water and then wade up to my waist to gain certain
+points in order to get along down the stream. The banks are lined with
+trees and shrubbery, and my line is ever getting tangled. One does not
+need to be a fly-casting tournament Angler to fish any of the
+Canadensis waters. Distance in the cast is not required as much as
+accuracy at more than one or two places on each stream. The rest of
+the fishing is done by short, low casts, and by creeping under
+branches and letting the line float with the ripples into the eddies.
+Every step or two there are little falls, and in the white, bubbling
+water at their bottom a trout may be taken. Under the big fall, and in
+the still waters above and below, the big trout hide.
+
+Artificial flies are the popular bait with the gentle Angler, though
+all sizes of trout will take worms, and the big, educated trout like
+minnows. Both small, medium, and large trout like flies if the flies
+are the right kind. We have had great trouble in getting good flies. I
+brought four dozen with me, and not over a half dozen of them are
+worth the snell tied to them; they are too clumsy in size, of coarse
+material, and bad in color. The six decent ones are the work of an
+artist. I could give his name, but it might look like an advertisement
+and spoil my story. Trout like choice food just as much as human
+beings favor savory dishes. You may stick an oyster shell on a reed,
+and decoy a summer yellowleg, but you can't hook a trout on any kind
+of a fly. They know a thing or two.
+
+Tyros who angle in a trout country without success go home and say
+there are no trout. They don't think about conditions of water and
+weather; about their line lighting in the water before their bait;
+about their coarse line and poor flies.
+
+Trout are philosophers, not only the educated ones, those which have
+been hooked and seen others hooked, but trout in general. They're born
+that way. A young man came up here the other day with an old cane
+pole, weighing fully three pounds, and a big salt water sinker, and he
+went away saying there were few trout in these waters. I think he had
+a float with him, too, but am not sure.
+
+A word or two about appropriate tackle for mountain streams, and I'll
+put up the pen and joint the rod again. In the city a few weeks ago I
+proudly displayed a four-ounce, nine-foot lancewood rod, and my
+friends laughed at me, saying it was too frail for any service. Now, I
+find this rod, shortened two feet, just the thing for this country
+where trout run small and where there's no long casting. I frequently
+run across good Anglers here with five-ounce rods, and have seen two
+four-ounce rods. There is no use for a rod above four ounces in weight
+and seven feet in length. When I come again I shall use a three-ounce
+rod. The reel should be the lightest and smallest common click, and
+the line the finest enameled silk,tapered if you like. The
+flies--here's the main thing--should be the best, and of the smallest
+brook trout pattern. Next year, when I make up my supply, I'll pack
+fully two hundred, and they'll be the dearest-priced flies, for they
+are none too good.
+
+[Illustration: THE TROUT BROOK]
+
+Oh, I must say a word about cooking and eating trout before I close.
+I've tried them in all styles, and the best way, I think, is when
+they're roasted over a camp fire on a little crotch stick, one prong
+in the head and the other in the tail. And the worst way, I think, is
+when they're fried in a pan with bad butter or poor lard.
+
+Blake and I are in our glory. Our only displeasure is in knowing that
+our perspiring city friends are not as comfortable. The days here are
+warm and bright--not hot and close--and the nights cool and clear, so
+that we live merrily all the time.
+
+I went a few hundred yards down the stream in front of the camp to two
+great bowlders, one morning, and there, during a little sun shower,
+took a _Salvelinus fontinalis_ that weighed just a little over two
+pounds and a quarter. He rose to a pinkish, cream-colored fly, with
+little brown spots on the wings. I forget its name, but it's one of
+the six really good ones I referred to. I decided to keep the large
+captive alive, so I took off one of the cords tied about my trousers
+at the bottoms (I never wear wading boots in warm weather), put it
+through his gill, and tied the other end to a submerged tree-root.
+Later, Mr. Trout was lodged in a small box, with bars tacked over the
+top, and placed under a spout running from an old mill race. He was a
+big specimen--large enough to saddle and ride to town, the cook said.
+And pretty--as pretty as a gathering of lilacs and giant ferns decked
+with wintergreen berries.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI
+
+THE TROUTER'S OUTFIT
+
+
+The rod for stream fishing should weigh from three to six ounces and
+measure in length from seven to nine feet. Split bamboo and lancewood
+are two of the best rod materials. If you cannot afford a good split
+bamboo do not buy a cheap one; choose a lancewood.
+
+The line should be a small-sized waterproofed silk one. The reel, a
+small common light rubber click, holding twenty-five or thirty-five
+yards.
+
+The landing net, used to take the fish from the water after being
+hooked, should be made of cane with linen netting, and have no metal
+about it. The handle should be about a foot long. Tie a string to the
+handle, tie the string to a button on your coat under your chin, and
+then toss the net over your back out of the way.
+
+The creel, or fish basket, should be a willow one about the size of a
+small hand satchel. This should have a leather strap, to be slung over
+the right shoulder, allowing the creel to rest on the left hip.
+
+The hat should be a soft brown or gray felt with two-inch brim. This
+may be used as a cushion to sit down upon on rocks or in damp places.
+
+The footwear may be either rubber boots, leather shoes, or rubber
+wading trousers. If the water is warm, wear leather shoes, and have
+nails put in the thick soles to keep your feet from slipping in swift
+water and on slimy stones. If you choose rubber boots see that they
+are of the light, thin, thigh-fitting sort and not the clumsy affairs
+with straps attached.
+
+The fly-book for use on the stream should have room for not more than
+a dozen flies, with pockets for leaders, silk cord, small shears, and
+other tools. A larger book for your general stock of flies and leaders
+may be left at your rural lodgings with your tackle box and other
+traps.
+
+The leader, to which are attached the flies in use, should be of the
+finest quality of single silk gut, and in length three feet. Two of
+these attached make a cast, though I prefer a longer cast of leader.
+
+The coat and general clothing should be of a dead-grass, gray, or
+light brown color. Have plenty of pockets, and tie a string to nearly
+everything you carry in them, so you cannot lose them if they fall
+from your hands.
+
+The flies--every known variety of trout fly, providing you order these
+of the finest make.
+
+Do not undertake to go trouting stintingly equipped, which is not
+saying that you are to dress and act like a circus clown. But you must
+be properly outfitted. Good carpenters make good houses, but their
+work is better and more pleasant if they have good tools.
+
+The tyro who is not fortunate enough to have the friendship of a
+practical fisherman to whom he may apply for advice should read the
+works on angling and ichthyology by Izaak Walton, Henry William
+Herbert ("Frank Forester"), Seth Green, Charles Hallock. Wm. C.
+Harris, Thaddeus Norris, Genio C. Scott. Frederick Mather, Robert
+Roosevelt, G. Brown Goode, Kit Clarke, Dr. Jas. A. Henshall, Charles
+Zibeon Southard, Dr. Edward Breck, Emlyn M. Gill. George M. L.
+LaBranche, Louis Rhead, Eugene McCarthy, Dr. Henry van Dyke, David
+Starr Jordan. Dr. Evermann, Prof. Baird, Tarlton H. Bean, Richard
+Marston, Frederick E. Pond ("Will Wildwood"). Mary Orvis Marbury, A.
+Nelson Cheney, Charles F. Orvis, Dr. Charles Frederick Holder, Perry
+D. Frazer. Emerson Hough, Rowland E. Robinson, Isaac McLellan. Francis
+Endicott, Dean Sage, Wm. C. Prime. Henry P. Wells, Judge Northrup,
+John Harrington Keene, _et al._, and make a study of the catalogues of
+the better class of sporting-goods houses.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII
+
+TROUT FLIES, ARTIFICIAL AND NATURAL
+
+
+"The wide range of difference between the wet fly and the dry fly lies
+in the fact that the wet fly is an imitation of no special thing
+active and living, while the dry fly purports to be an imitation of
+the natural fly. It is generally a well-known fact that any of our
+well-known American wet flies can be converted into exceptionally good
+dry flies by giving them an ablution of oil."--Robert Page Lincoln,
+_Outdoor Life_. September, 1915.
+
+Then the wet fly resembles the dry fly, and therefore the wet fly is
+an imitation of the living fly. Of course it is. Is not the artificial
+black gnat imitative of the live black gnat? And is not the white
+miller artificial fly patterned after the living white miller fly?
+Certainly. Mary Orvis Marbury, author of _Favorite Flies_, and
+daughter of Charles F. Orvis, one of America's greatest fly-makers,
+says so. So says William C. Harris, Seth Green, Frank Forester, Louis
+Rhead, A. Nelson Cheney, Frederick Mather, Dr. Henshall, Charles
+Hallock, Dean Sage, William C. Prime, Charles Z. Southard, Dr. van
+Dyke, Edward Breck, _et al._
+
+All angling writers in discoursing upon artificial flies use the
+expressions "in season," "seasonable flies," etc. Now, how could this
+or that artificial fly be in season if it were not copied from the
+living fly? Of course, there are some artificial flies that are not
+copied from nature, but the artificial fly in general is a duplicate
+of the living thing. "When a fly is said to be in season," says Alfred
+Ronalds, "it does not follow that it is abroad on every day of its
+existence." But, our opinions must not be harshly expressed--rather
+set forth "in pleasant discourse," as Walton says--for, as Pritt tells
+us, "one of the charms of angling is that it presents an endless field
+for argument, speculation, and experiment."
+
+After the foregoing excerpt and my comment upon it appeared in the New
+York _Press_ (Sept. 11, 1915). I wrote several of the authorities
+mentioned, asking their views on the subject, and following will be
+found their replies.
+
+Henry van Dyke, author of _Little Rivers_, _Days Off_, _Fisherman's
+Luck_, etc.:
+
+    For flies as "wet," or flies as "dry."
+    I do not care a whit--not I!
+    The natural fly is dry, no doubt.
+    While through the air he flits about;
+    But, lighting on the stream, you bet
+    He very often gets quite wet.
+    This fact is known to all the fish;
+    They take their flies just as they wish.
+    Upon the surface or below.
+    Precisely _why_ we do not know.
+    The honest Angler should not be
+    A man of rigid theory.
+    But use the most alluring fly.
+    And sometimes "wet," and sometimes "dry."
+
+Louis Rhead, author of _The Book of Fish and Fishing_: "After
+thirty-two years' active fishing for trout, beginning with a worm as a
+bait, I have developed through various stages to know fish with
+nothing but my own nature flies. I have made careful color pictures of
+all the most abundant insects and produced flies tied to exactly
+imitate them. Many insects do not and cannot float, yet an imitation
+can be made of them to fish wet. The English dry fly is not of
+necessity a copy of the natural insect. Halford has many fancy dry
+flies that are not copies of insects. Nearly all American commercial
+trout flies are fancy flies, and do not imitate insects. To be exact,
+in fishing with a floating fly it is only right to use copies of
+insects that will float, mostly drakes. The average Angler has been
+sadly fooled by this so-called dry-fly fishing, and books have been
+written (mostly culled from British sources), making Anglers more
+bewildered than ever."
+
+Charles Zibeon Southard, author of _Trout Fly-Fishing in America_: "In
+reply to your question about trout flies, 'Am I right?' I would say
+that unquestionably you are. From the earliest days of trout
+fly-fishing it has been the intention of Anglers to have their flies
+resemble as far as possible the natural ones found upon their trout
+waters. One has only to read dear old Izaak Walton and the many noted
+fly-fishing authorities that have followed to the present day to be
+convinced of your view. Of course the art of fly-tying has advanced
+with mighty strides during the past fifteen years and more especially
+during the past ten years, and to the makers of 'dry' flies for the
+wonderful development of the artificial fly too much credit, in my
+judgment, cannot be given. That wet flies are not such remarkable
+imitations of the natural flies as are the dry flies goes almost
+without saying. As a matter of fact it is not the question which fly
+is the better imitation, but that both the wet fly and the dry fly are
+patterned, in most cases, after the natural flies. From the time of
+Walton and before that, wet flies have been patterned after natural
+flies. In many instances nowadays wet flies are not designed to
+represent natural flies, but such flies are freaks, are short-lived,
+and are seldom used by real trout fly-fishermen. There is no doubt in
+my mind that taken as a whole wet flies have been intended to
+represent natural flies, but quite often in the past and in the
+present day have not been and are not good imitations. As the art of
+fly-tying has advanced, more nearly do the artificial represent the
+natural flies, and this advancement is due, in a great measure, to the
+makers of dry flies. Speaking from a practical standpoint, the
+so-called dry flies are the very best wet flies obtainable, and on
+most American trout waters more trout will be caught on them when
+fished wet than when fished dry, especially the _fontinalis_."
+
+Dr. James A. Henshall, author of _The Book of the Black Bass_:
+"Regarding the 'Trout Flies' clipping sent me for comment I think the
+mention of my name in it is sufficient without adding anything more."
+
+Dr. Edward Breck, author of _The Way of the Woods_, etc.: "I suppose
+that I may subscribe to your paragraph in answer to Mr. Lincoln. We
+old chaps all know that laying down any hard and fast rules for trout
+is a futile undertaking; there are so many exceptions, and _les
+extremes se touchent_ so very often. Many wet flies are certainly not
+imitations of natural flies nor are they meant to be; as, for example,
+the Parmachenee belle, which they say Wells fashioned to imitate the
+belly-fin of a trout, always known to be a killing lure.
+'Non-university' trout grab anything that looks like food, whether it
+has the appearance of an insect or something else. The more educated
+fish of the more southern waters may make finer distinctions. It is a
+vast subject, and as many authorities may be found for almost any
+statement as for the several pronunciations of the word 'Byzantine.'
+You remember the scoffing English Angler who dyed his dry flies blue
+and red and took a lot of fish with them, to the scandal of the
+purists! The charm of the whole thing is precisely that there are no
+rules. It is like style in writing English. Every man makes his own.
+Whether it is more pleasing in the sight of Saint Izaak to wait for a
+fish to begin feeding before casting over him, or for a man to sally
+forth, and, by dint of knowledge and patience and skill, actually make
+the trout rise to his lure, what arrogant mortal shall judge?"
+
+Robert Page Lincoln: "Perhaps I should have said _some_ wet flies are
+an imitation of no special object connected with living things. In the
+list of wet flies there are experimentations galore that will serve as
+well as any of the standard regulation flies. I can sit down and
+construct offhand a fly to be used as wet or submerged that I feel
+sure I can use with as much success as with the miller, gnat, or any
+other fly that is no doubt much on the order of an imitation of the
+natural. Perhaps in writing the article I was thinking too deeply of
+the eccentric nondescripts that do not imitate nature. Yet these
+nondescripts (flies tied anyway to suit the fancy), yet having hackle
+wings, etc., will get the fish; they are drawn in the water gently
+back and forth, thus purporting to be some insect drowning; yet I
+doubt very much if the fish can tell what sort of a fly, living fly,
+it should be. I do not care; it is the motion, the apparent endeavor
+of the fly to get out of that watery prison that arouses the fish's
+blood. However, Halford says: 'The modern theory is that these
+patterns (the wet flies) are taken by the fish for the nymphae or
+pupae--these being the scientific names of the immature insects at the
+stage immediately preceding the winged form.... Candidly, however, the
+presence of the wings in the sunk fly pattern has puzzled me, because
+in my experience I have never seen the winged insects submerged by the
+action of the stream. Sedges do at times descend to oviposit and so do
+certain spinners, but the appearance under this condition, with an air
+bubble between their wings, resembles nothing so much as a globe of
+mercury--an appearance which bears no resemblance to the ordinary sunk
+fly patterns.' I have been strictly a devotee to the wet-fly form, and
+always hold that it is the better fly for our swift Western streams;
+in the wet form certainly it is the better fly two thirds of the time.
+Still, glassy pools, even smooth waters, come few and far between,
+but, where they are, there the dry fly is a valuable addition to the
+Angler's outfit. You might change my article (in the paragraph in
+question) to read thus: 'The wide range of difference between some wet
+flies and the dry fly lies in the fact that a good number of wet flies
+are an imitation of no special thing active and living, while the
+majority of the dry flies purport to be an imitation of natural
+flies.' This would exclude the wet flies that make good dry flies,
+namely the suggested millers, gnats, etc. It would be interesting to
+know the number of captures made with wet flies as they fall lightly
+to water and for a moment ride the brim. Captures have been made
+wherein two thirds of the time the wet fly has lain on the surface
+but a scant moment before it was seized. In my great number of
+articles printed in the universal outdoor press I have always
+suggested that the fly be cast easily to water, expecting, first, a
+rise as it lies on the surface; second, failing at this, then the fly
+submerges and is drawn in the water, to assure the opening and closing
+of hackles, thus purporting to imitate the drowning, struggling
+insect."
+
+Charles Hallock, author of _The Sportsman's Gazetteer_, _The Salmon
+Fisher_, etc.: "I have nothing more to say. I hung up my trout rod
+last summer at Chesterfield. Mass., in my eighty-second year. So, my
+fly-book is closed. Let younger Anglers do the talking and discuss _ad
+infinitum_. Flies are not on my line. Good-bye."
+
+    "To frame the little animal
+    Let nature guide thee."
+                        --GAY.
+
+
+
+TROUT TAKING THE FLY
+
+"You will observe when casting the wet fly ... that trout seldom rise
+to the fly when it first strikes the water ... after years of
+experience I am prepared to state as my opinion that such a thing does
+not happen once in thirty casts."--Charles Zibeon Southard, _Trout
+Fly-Fishing in America_.
+
+This has not been my experience with _fontinalis_ in the streams and
+ponds of Long Island, N. Y., and the mountain brooks of Pennsylvania,
+where many of my trout took the fly almost before it touched the
+water. I have seen trout catch large live flies in the air a few
+inches over the surface. I think large trout in clear, still ponds
+easily see the cast fly before it alights. The trout in rapid streams
+may not be so alert, but I have certainly caught many a specimen on
+the fly the instant the lure touched the water.
+
+Mr. William M. Carey, who is responsible for the frontispiece in this
+volume, is positive trout often jump out of the water in taking the
+fly. I, too, have seen trout do so. It is not a regular practice of
+the species, but I easily recall many instances of the trout leaping
+clear of the surface and taking the fly in the descent. Trout of all
+sizes will often strike both living and artificial flies with their
+tails, this either in play or to disable the insect. A writer in
+_Forest and Stream_ (January 9, 1901) says: "In fishing a trout stream
+in northern Michigan I was using a cast of a Parmachenee belle and a
+brown hackle. I was wading downstream, and I came to a place where a
+tree had fallen into the stream, and after several casts I noticed
+some small trout following my flies. I cast again, and while my flies
+were five or six inches from the water a trout four or five inches
+long jumped clear out of the water, grabbed my Parmachenee belle and
+immediately dove with it in its mouth. I believe the same trout did
+the same thing several times while I was fishing there. These were
+brook trout and they were not jumping except when they jumped at my
+flies."
+
+The foregoing comments were submitted to Mr. Southard, and he writes
+me:
+
+"What you say about catching trout in Long Island waters and the
+mountain brooks of Pennsylvania is entirely true. During the early
+spring season I have caught, at times, many small trout on such waters
+in precisely the same way, and in addition there have been days on
+many different waters where occasionally during the whole of the open
+season I have caught trout when they rose the moment the fly alighted
+upon the water. These experiences of ours alone, however, do not
+establish as a fact nor as a general proposition that trout rise to a
+fly more often when it first alights upon the water than after the fly
+has been fished or played by the Angler; nor that my statement as a
+general proposition is not a correct one.
+
+"The statement was perhaps poorly worded and thus misleading, and I
+should have said that on _an average_ trout do not rise to a fly once
+in thirty casts when it first alights upon the water. My opinion was
+based, _first_, upon trout fly-fishing on all kinds of fishable waters
+wherever found; _second_, upon all sizes of trout from the minimum of
+six inches to the maximum of thirty inches whether or not they were
+indigenous or planted fish; _third_, upon my own experience of over
+twenty-five years as well as the opinion of many Anglers and guides
+with an experience covering a longer period than my own; _fourth_,
+upon my knowledge of the habits and habitats of trout under the many
+varying conditions which govern their lives and actions.
+
+"Unfortunately most Anglers have given almost no thought to studying
+and analyzing 'the art of fly-fishing' to the end that they may become
+better and more successful fishermen and thus enjoy to a greater
+extent the pleasures of the clean, dignified, and delightful sport of
+angling. It is not surprising then that an Angler upon first thought,
+even an experienced one, might think that trout rise to flies when
+they first alight upon the water more often than once in thirty casts
+because he remembers only the rises and his successes, but pays very
+little attention to the lack of either. How many Anglers know
+approximately the number of casts they make in an hour? How many know
+the number of rises they have and when? How many know the number of
+trout that rise and strike and are hooked and landed? The answer is
+'Few indeed'; and those who hazard a guess are usually far from the
+facts.
+
+"The average fly-fishing Angler casts his fly or flies, _on most
+waters_, from five to seven times a minute and the less experienced
+Angler from seven to ten times. With the more experienced Angler this
+means that he casts from 300 to 420 times in an hour and in five hours
+from 1500 to 2100 times. Let us take the lesser number as a basis of
+reasoning; in one hour, if once in thirty casts a trout rose, struck,
+and was hooked when the fly first alighted upon the water, the
+Angler's creel would be richer by ten fish and in five hours by fifty
+fish. Then to this number should be added the trout that rise, strike,
+and are hooked _after_ the fly has alighted upon the water and has
+been fished or played by the Angler. Would it not be a fair
+proposition to say that at least as many trout would be caught under
+the latter circumstances as the former? To my mind it would. The
+Angler then would have creeled one hundred fish in five hours. As some
+trout, even with the most expert of Anglers, are bound to be lost let
+us be liberal and place the loss at fifty per cent., thus making the
+Angler's net catch fifty instead of one hundred fish. Think this over
+and think over what your experience has been, day after day and season
+after season, and ask yourself if a catch of this size is not very
+unusual on the best of trout fishing waters. So far as my own
+experience goes it certainly is most unusual, and I fish on many fine
+waters each year and for at least one hundred days.
+
+"There are some places, especially in the State of Maine, and notably
+'The Meadow Grounds' of 'The Seven Ponds,' Franklin County, where at
+times large numbers of small trout, running from five to seven or
+eight inches, can be caught in a fishing day of five hours and I have
+known of Anglers catching, though not killing, from three hundred to
+seven hundred trout and most of them rose to the flies when they first
+alighted upon the water. At 'Tim Pond,' Maine, the only place I know
+where more trout can be caught on the fly than by bait, one hundred to
+two hundred trout have been caught in one day on the fly, but in most
+instances these trout take the fly _not_ when it alights upon the
+water but _after_ it has been played. Such occurrences as these,
+however, take place where countless numbers of small trout are found
+in the shallow waters of remarkable and wonderful natural breeding and
+propagating sections. Instances of this kind prove nothing because
+they are the great exception and the art of fly-fishing is not brought
+into play, for one fly is as good as another and the small boy with
+his fifty-cent pole can catch just as many trout as the man of
+experience with his thirty-dollar rod of split bamboo. Yet in
+expressing my opinion about trout rising to a fly when it first
+alights upon the water I took into consideration just such instances
+as I have cited.
+
+"'For your own satisfaction and education,' to quote from my book,
+'when the opportunity offers, keep an account of the number of rises
+you get when your fly first strikes the water and the number you get
+after you have begun to fish the fly, and so prove for yourself what
+the real facts are on this subject.'
+
+"It is unquestionably true that all trout both large and small, when
+in clear, still water that is shallow, easily see a cast fly before it
+alights upon the surface.
+
+"At times, under certain conditions both on streams and lakes, trout
+will leap into the air and take small as well as large flies in the
+air. But seldom will large or very large trout rise above the surface
+for any kind of fly either real or artificial.
+
+"In order that there may be no misunderstanding I would say that I
+classify the size of trout as follows:
+
+"Small trout, 8 inches and under.
+
+"Medium sized trout, 9 to 13 inches.
+
+"Large trout, 14 to 18 inches.
+
+"Very large trout, 19 inches and over.
+
+"Trout found in rapid streams are more alert than trout found
+elsewhere; they in most cases represent the perfection of trout life
+in all its different phases. Trout in rapid streams are snappy risers
+to both the real and artificial fly but owing to the current they
+frequently 'fall short' and fail to strike and take the fly. Such
+trout when they do take the fly are the easiest to hook because they
+often hook or help to hook themselves owing to the current.
+
+"Your experience can hardly be said to differ materially from my own
+in the instances you mention, but I cannot help thinking that you have
+failed to take into account the many times when you have returned with
+an empty or very nearly empty creel or to consider the number of times
+you have actually cast your fly on the days when the creel was full to
+overflowing.
+
+"If you have cited your usual experience then I heartily congratulate
+you upon your skill and upon your good fortune in knowing such
+remarkable fishing waters wherein there dwells 'the most beautiful
+fish that swims.'"
+
+I fully agree with Mr. Southard, and I, too, should have worded my
+comment differently, though I didn't declare, fortunately, that most
+of my trout were taken the instant the fly touched the water. I used
+the word "many" in both instances where I spoke of the trout taking
+the fly. I think I should have considered more deeply Mr. Southard's
+line "once in thirty casts"; then we'd have understood each other.
+However, no crime has been committed; far from it, for look you,
+reader, what you have gained--all this delightful extra practical
+reading; and remember ye, "one of the charms of angling," as Pritt
+says, "is that it presents an endless field for argument, speculation,
+and experiment."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII
+
+THE BROOK TROUT'S RIVAL
+
+
+When the German brown trout was introduced in the brook trout streams
+of Pennsylvania some years ago fly-fishermen condemned the act because
+they believed the brook trout (_S. fontinalis_) was superior to the
+brown trout as a game fish. Deforestation, rendering the streams too
+warm for the brook trout, has changed the fly-fisherman's feeling in
+the matter. The brown trout can thrive in warm water, and with the
+brook trout's gradual extermination the brown trout is being welcomed
+as the next best thing. A correspondent at Reading, Pa., signing
+himself "Mourner"--he mourns the passing of the true brook
+trout--declares the brown trout strikes harder than the brook trout
+and after being hooked, unlike the brook trout, makes two or three
+leaps out of the water, but is not so gamey and cunning as the brook
+trout and tires out much quicker. The German species has been popular
+because it attains a larger size quickly and destroys almost every
+fish in the streams, including the brook trout. "The fly-fishermen who
+for years have matched their skill, cunning, artifice, and prowess
+against the genuine brook trout that since creation dawned have
+inhabited the mountain brooks that flow down every ravine," says
+Mourner, "have had forced on them, as never before, the sad truth
+that, like the deer, bear, quail, woodcock, and grouse, brook trout
+are slowly but surely passing. There never was a fish so gamy,
+elusive, and eccentric, so beautiful and so hard to deceive and
+capture by scientific methods as the native brook trout. No orator has
+yet risen to fully sound its praises; no poet to sing its merits as
+they deserve; no painter to produce its varied hues. The brook trout
+was planted in the crystal waters by the Creator 'when the morning
+stars sang together' and _fontinalis_ was undisturbed, save as some
+elk, deer, bear, panther, or wildcat forded the shallows of his abode,
+or some Indian or mink needed him for food. In this environment the
+brook trout grew and thrived. Much warfare made him shy and suspicious
+until he became crafty to a degree. The brook trout successfully
+combated man's inventive genius in the shape of agile rods, artificial
+flies and other bait calculated to fool the most wary, and automatic
+reels, landing nets, and other paraphernalia designed to rob a game
+fish of 'life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.' But it was not
+until the tanner and acid factory despoiler turned poisoned refuse
+into the streams and the dynamiter came upon the scene and the
+sheltering trees were cut away by the lumberman, letting in the sun
+and warming the water to a nauseous tepidity, that the brave trout
+faltered, hesitated, and then quit the uneven conquest. Carp and bass
+were planted in the streams to further endanger the brook trout's
+existence. Next the California trout and the German brown trout, who
+prey upon the true brook trout's progeny, followed, till finally,
+beaten, baffled, dismayed, poisoned, routed, and overwhelmed by the
+superior numbers and size of a cannibalistic race, he gradually began
+his retreat. It is good-bye to the brook trout now. With him it was
+either cool pools, solitude, and freedom, or extermination. The waters
+that pour down into larger streams are sad memories now of his school
+playgrounds. No more will the sportsman's honest hunger be appeased by
+the brook trout's fine-grained flesh from hardening waters of nearby
+mountain brooks. But memory of the brook trout cannot be wrested from
+those who knew him at his best, and braved personal danger from
+rattler, bear, and wildcat to win him from the crystal waters. The
+brook trout has been butchered to make a carp's holiday. Gone he may
+be now, but he will live forever in the dreams of all true fishermen
+as the real aristocrat of the mountain streams. The like of him will
+not soon be seen again." The Fish Commission has mastered the science
+of the artificial propagation of the brook trout--millions are now
+produced with little trouble and expense--and the stocking of waters
+is a common practice, but the Fish Commission can't propagate forests
+and woodland streams. Mourner must know that the brook trout itself is
+not hard to save; it is the preservation of its wild habitat that is
+the great puzzle. If the United States Forestry Department will
+protect the trout streams from the greedy lumberman, the factoryman,
+and acid maker, the Fish Commission will have no trouble in saving the
+brook trout.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV
+
+TROUT ON BARBLESS HOOKS
+
+
+Most women who indulge in fishing are, like children, mere fish
+takers, not Anglers, but the craft is honored by the association of
+many fine female devotees who study and practice the gentle art in its
+fullest meaning--a devotion to the poetic, artistic, healthful, and
+humane elements in piscatorial pursuits. Dame Juliana Berners, who
+wrote the earliest volume on gentle fishing (1500), was the first
+celebrated example of the artful and merciful woman fisher, and
+Cleopatra the first female to make notorious the coarse and ungodly
+method in fishing for pastime. Sweet Dame Berners believed in
+angling--the desire of fair treatment to the quarry, correct tackle, a
+love of the pursuit superior to greed for number in the catch, and a
+heavenly admiration of the general beauties of nature in the day as
+well as in the play; and brutal Cleopatra believed in mere fishing,
+the killing of the greatest number, regardless of means, mercy, or
+method.
+
+Our modern Dame Bernerses and Cleopatras in the fishing fold are many.
+The wife who aids the net fisherman--the marine farmer whose calling
+emulates the professional duties of Jesus' disciples, Peter. Andrew,
+James, and John--does not count. Her part in fishing, while by no
+means angling, is as honest as the work of the upland farmer's
+helpmate, and God Himself will not condemn little children, male or
+female, who fish indiscriminately, "because they do not know." Fishing
+for the modern market is just as honorable as market fishing was in
+the ancient days when Jesus praised the net fishermen and made them
+His nearest and dearest friends, and angling--merciful ungreedy
+fishing with humane tackle and a clear conscience--is even more
+righteous than net fishing, because, while the main result of the
+Angler's pursuit is the same as the marketman's--fish taking--the
+Angler's method of capture is far less cruel, and his creel of fish is
+far less in number than the boatful of the marketman.
+
+The distinction in angling and fishing is made by the modes employed
+in the taking, the killing, and the disposing of the fishes. Any
+fisherman who uses tackle appropriate to the various species, who is
+not greedy in his catch, who plays his game with mercy, who dispatches
+it with the least suffering, who disposes of it without wanton waste,
+and who is thankful to the Maker for the ways and means for all these
+conditions, is an Angler. And cannot woman be as artful and gentle in
+pursuits and as appreciative in feeling as man? Surely. England and
+Scotland and Ireland are famous for their women Anglers, and Maine,
+the Adirondacks, California, and Canada boast of the finest female
+fly-casters in the world. There are more women Anglers in these
+last-named territories than there are men Anglers in all other parts
+of the United States. A woman, Mary Orris Marbury, wrote the best
+volume scientifically descriptive of trout, bass, and salmon flies of
+modern times, and Cornelia Crosby, a daughter of the Maine wilderness,
+is the fly-fishing enthusiast of America.
+
+Great minds, male and female, have gentle hearts. Izaak Walton handled
+a frog as if he loved him. Cowper would not unnecessarily hurt a worm.
+Lincoln upset his White House Cabinet to rescue a mother pig from a
+mire. Webster neglected the Supreme Court to replace a baby robin that
+had fallen from its nest. Moses, John the Divine, Washington, Thoreau.
+Audubon, Wilson, and even Napoleon and Caesar the mighty mankillers
+were all of tender hearts, and all of these were--Anglers. Christ was
+only a fisher of men, but He loved and associated with the fishers of
+fishes. Walton, the father of fishers and fishing, angled for the
+habits of fishes more than for their hides. The capture of a fish was
+insignificantly incidental to the main notion of his hours abroad--his
+divine love of the waters, the fields, the meadows, the skies, the
+trees, and God's beautiful things that inhabit these. 'Tis the soul we
+seek to replenish, not the creel. So a Long Island dairyman's daughter
+views the theme, and she handles the mother and baby trout as if she
+loved them. _Salvelinus fontinalis_, little salmon of the streams, the
+Angler's dearly beloved brook trout--this is the dairymaid's special
+delight. She breeds these rainbow-hued beauties and broods over them,
+she feeds and fondles them, and they are to her what David's holy,
+fleecy flock were to him--his blessed charge by heavenly day and
+cardinal care at night. They feed from her hand, and play like kittens
+with her fingers. Cleopatra cleaved her fishes with a murderous hand
+and hook. Audrey cuddles her trout with a magnanimous mind and heart.
+
+The trout, with all its famous beauty of color, grace, and outline,
+all its army of admirers, all the glory of its aqua-fairyland habitat,
+all its seeming gentility of breeding and character, is none the less
+a little villain at the killing game, like the less admired feline and
+canine and serpentine species, for he will devour the daintiest and
+gaudiest butterfly that ever poet sang of. Fledgling robins and
+bluebirds, orioles and wrens are meat and drink to him. Young
+chipmunks and squirrels that lose their balance in the storm fall into
+his ready maw. The bat, the bee, the beetle and ladybug are rich
+morsels to his gastric eye, and the golden lizard, the umber ant, the
+silvery eel, the crawling angleworm, the chirping cricket, creeping
+spider, the grasshopper, the hopping frog, and e'en the heavenly
+hummingbird are but mealtime mites to him. Perhaps the knowledge of
+this life-destroying trait in all the fishes made Cleopatra
+indifferent to the gentler mode of fishing, just as it had a softer
+influence over Audrey, for she, though loving both the fishes and
+their victims, was induced to angle and thus punish, but never kill,
+her finny favorites. She had heard of the artificial dry fly Anglers
+of Europe using the barbless hook that held the trout without pain or
+injury, and this she made herself, tying up dozens of somber-hued and
+lustrous patterns on the bent bit of bronze that formed the snare. The
+ruly trout who gently waver in the deep pool, satisfied with the food
+supplied by their fair mistress, and who behave themselves when they
+swim abroad in the general ponds and streams, are not molested, but
+the rebellious urchins who, disdaining the bits of liver and worm fed
+to them in plenty, go forth to slay the happy ladybug and butterfly,
+are made the game of the barbless hook.
+
+Audrey has five or six thousand trout in the pond and the stream
+flowing into it. The surrounding country is wildly beautiful, the
+water being surrounded by great trees of elm, hickory, maple, beech,
+chestnut, walnut, and dogwood, under which is spread a rich green
+lawn, with here and there patches of wild shrubs, vines, and ground
+flowers. Rustic benches circle the water-edge oaks, and sleek deer, as
+tame as Belgian hares, browse on the rich grass and eat dainty morsels
+from the palms of their human friends. Cleopatra's marble perch basin
+was cold and deadly in its artificial atmosphere. Audrey's woodland
+trout preserve is warm and lifelike in its natural loveliness.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XV
+
+THE BROOK TROUT INCOGNITO
+
+(_The "Sea Trout"_)
+
+    "I am the wiser in respect to all knowledge and the better
+    qualified for all fortunes for knowing that there is a minnow in
+    that brook."--THOREAU.
+
+
+There is still considerable argument about the identification and
+classification of the sea trout. Some authorities still claim the sea
+trout is a distinct species; others declare it to be the brook trout,
+_Salvelinus fontinalis_, that goes to sea from the fresh water ponds
+and streams.
+
+The squeteague (_vulgo_ weakfish, wheatfish, sea bass, white sea bass,
+carvina, checutts, shecutts, yellowfin, drummer, bluefish, squit,
+suckermang, succoteague, squitee, chickwit, gray trout, sun trout,
+salmon, salmon trout, shad trout, sea trout, salt-water trout, spotted
+trout, etc.) is not a trout of any sort; so this species need not be
+considered in this sea trout discussion.
+
+My personal theory concerning the sea trout is that any trout that
+goes to sea is a sea trout, and that more than one species of trout go
+to sea--whenever they have the opportunity.
+
+The small-stream trout that visit the ocean do so mainly in search of
+a change in food; the sea-going trout of large rivers are impelled to
+leave their fresh water retreats for the ocean waters also to satisfy
+a desire for new varieties of food, but more so because of an instinct
+that warns them of the danger of remaining in the fresh-water rivers
+during certain periods of the year--the coldest seasons when the
+waters freeze to the river bottom, and in the melting time, when the
+ice thaws into huge sharp-edge chunks, and the mass of ice,
+swift-running water, and rocks turn the rivers into raging, roaring
+floods that would cut and bruise the trout unmercifully.
+
+Nature makes these large-river brook trout in the calm periods of
+spring, summer, and autumn, and sea trout in severe winter weather and
+during dangerous flood time.
+
+The broad streams of the west coast of Newfoundland--Fishels River,
+Crabs River, Big and Little Codroy Rivers, Big and Little Barachois
+Rivers, and Robinson's River--afford the best evidence of trout
+migrating to the sea to escape the fury of the flood, and any of the
+little trout streams in any part of the world where the streams flow
+into salt water will afford the student means of observing the trout's
+fondness for marine excursions in search of a change of diet.
+
+Just as the different species of trout are widely contrasting in
+colors, shapes, sizes, traits, etc., while in their natural
+habitat--fresh water--so are they confoundingly different in these
+matters while sojourning in salt water.
+
+The true brook trout (_Salvelinus fontinalis_) is of various shades,
+shapes and sizes, these depending upon the character of the water he
+inhabits. In shallow, swift streams of a light color pebble bottom
+the specimens in general are likely to be thin, narrow, and of a
+bright gray hue, though, of course, there are individual specimens in
+this condition of water that are exceptions to the rule--a few old
+specimens who have sheltered themselves for years in dark, deep,
+steady spots under the protruding bank of the stream, or along the
+side of a sunken tree stump, etc. This autocrat of the eddy is fat,
+stocky, and dark in color, just the opposite of his younger relatives
+of the swift-running part of the stream.
+
+The brook trout of deep, still dark-bottom ponds are fatter, darker,
+broader, of duller color and of slower motion than their brothers of
+the rapid waters. The trout's shape, weight, size, and color are
+influenced by its food, its age, its activity, its habitat, and its
+habits. Its color corresponds to the color of the water bottom, and
+will change as the water bottom changes. If removed to a new water,
+where the bottom color is different from the bottom color of its first
+abode--lighter or darker, as the case may be--it will gradually grow
+to a corresponding shade, blending with its new habitat just as its
+colors suited the stones and grasses and earthy materials of its
+native domain.
+
+The landlocked trout, if imprisoned in a deep, dark, muddy-bottom,
+shaded woodland pool, will be dull in color, stocky in shape, and of
+sluggish habits. The trout confined to a bubbling fountain pool, with
+a bottom of golden sand, at the foot of a waterfall, in the full glare
+of the sun, will be of albino character.
+
+Perhaps no other fish offers specimens of its own kind so deeply in
+contrast as _fontinalis_. This is scientifically and interestingly
+illustrated in many ways--color, size, shape, form, action,
+environment, etc. For example, consider the big, fat, long, strong,
+copper-color brook trout that, having access to salt water,
+gormandizes upon the multitudinous food of the sea--shrimp, killifish,
+spearing, spawn, crab, etc.--and the tiny, active, silvery albinolike
+brook trout that is locked in a small foamy basin under a dashing
+waterfall, feeding only upon minute crustacea and the insect life that
+is carried to its watery prison. These two specimens are not freakish
+individuals of their species--like the blunt-nose specimen and the
+various other deformities--but are quite common contrasting
+representatives of their tribe.
+
+If we were to display in a group side by side one of each of the
+shape-and-color-differing specimens--one large copper-shade, sea-going
+brook trout, one tiny silvery, fountain-locked brook trout, one
+ordinary-environed brook trout, one blunt-nose brook trout, etc.--the
+fact of their being of an identical species would be correctly
+appreciated by the scientific man only.
+
+I am not resorting to poetic license or theorizing or delving into
+ancient precedents to carry my point of natural history, for I once
+captured one of the big, sea-going specimens, and my friend, James
+Cornell, angling in an adjacent stream the same day, brought to creel
+a little silvery beauty of the foamy waterfall. Shape, form, tint,
+weight--every mood and trait--were of astounding contrast in these two
+specimens, yet both were of the same species, the true brook trout; my
+dark, strenuous three-pounder taken in the open, brackish creek as I
+cast from the salt meadowland sod banks, and Cornell's albinolike
+gamester succumbing to the fly in the foamy fountain of a deep
+woodland brook; both specimens widely separated in appearance, habits,
+and habitat, but still both legitimate brothers of the family
+_fontinalis_--little salmon of the streams.
+
+Trout in the sea feed on shrimp, the spawn of herring, and on the
+entrails of cod and other species of fishes thrown away by market
+fishermen.
+
+If the sea-going trout did not eat the spawn of the herring, herring
+would be too plentiful for Nature's even-distribution arrangement. The
+sea trout is gorged with herring spawn, which lies in heaps like so
+much sawdust on the shores and shallow places of the ocean. Cod spawn
+and milt float on the water's surface; the spawn of the herring sinks.
+
+The sea trout fresh from the streams is plump, has bright red spots,
+and is in ordinary color when it goes to sea; when it returns to the
+streams, though bigger (longer) and stronger, it is comparatively
+thin, and is of white or silver-sheened shade.
+
+Prof. George Brown Goode (_American Fishes_): "The identity of the
+Canadian sea trout and the brook trout is still denied by many, though
+the decision of competent authorities has settled the question beyond
+doubt."
+
+Eugene McCarthy (_Familiar Fish_): "Many Anglers are now turning their
+attention to catching sea trout, either on account of the novelty of
+the sport or because they believe that they are taking a new variety
+of fish. That there is novelty in such fishing cannot be denied, but
+that the fish is new in any way certainly can be.... There is no doubt
+that the sea trout and the brook trout are one and the same fish. It
+is broadly claimed that any of the trout can live as well in salt
+water as they can in fresh water, and everything seems to prove the
+claim to be correct. All trout grow to a larger size in salt water
+than in the brooks or rivers, and they lose their spots in the sea,
+becoming pale and silvery in color. Brook trout were originally found
+at a distance not greater than three hundred miles back from the ocean
+in waters tributary to it. Where conditions of temperature were
+favorable, they invariably sought salt water. When transplanted to, or
+found in, inland waters, they have adapted themselves to fresh-water
+conditions as well. All members of the trout family require cold water
+for their habitat, averaging about 68 degrees or less. Therefore, they
+must either seek the cold water of the ocean, or, if barred from that
+by long stretches of warm-river waters, they must seek the cold, small
+tributaries high up in the hills. While trout are found in the
+highland streams south of New York as far as South Carolina, they are
+not able to seek the sea on account of the warm, intervening waters.
+In Long Island (N. Y.) streams all trout are sea-going. From that
+point along the coast northward sea trout are rarely, if ever, found
+until the northern shores of Maine and New Brunswick are reached. All
+rivers flowing into the St. Lawrence as far west as Quebec, as well as
+those entering the Saguenay and those of the Labrador coast, are
+especially noted for most excellent sea trout fishing, and are the
+favorite resorts of Anglers.... In all ways the sea trout corresponds
+with the brook trout when taken in fresh water. If taken in salt
+water, there will only be the variation of coloring. ... ouananiche
+... and sea trout ... with the exception of salmon ... afford the
+greatest sport that the Angler can find.... Exactly the same tackle is
+used (for sea trout) as for ouananiche, trout, or bass, and the same
+flies, both in kind and size.... When the fish begin to leave the sea
+and ascend the rivers, the bright colorings not only return, but
+actually appear to be more beautiful than those of the trout that
+always remain in fresh water.... But little attention, comparatively
+speaking, has been given to sea trout, principally because their
+nature was not understood, and, in fact, but little has been said or
+written in regard to them to arouse interest. The lessees of the sea
+trout streams on Long Island are very enthusiastic over the fishing
+they secure, as are those sportsmen who have sought it in Canada. The
+Canadian rivers are now more quickly and easily reached than formerly,
+and as the fish are rapidly acquiring fame they are bound to become
+much sought after by Anglers. However, sea trout fishing is but
+fishing for brook trout under different conditions, and amid varied
+surroundings. They offer, however, two extra inducements--they are
+more plentiful and usually average larger."
+
+Charles Hallock (_Sportsman's Gazetteer_) refers to the common theory
+that sea trout (Canada) are merely a clan or detachment of the brook
+trout which have temporarily left their fresh-water haunts for the
+sea; then Mr. Hallock asks: "But, if we must accept this as a
+postulate, we must be permitted to ask why the same peculiarities do
+not attach to the trout of Maine. Cape Cod, and Long Island? Why do we
+not discover here this periodical midsummer advent and 'run' of six
+weeks' duration; and why are only isolated individuals taken in the
+salt-water pound nets and fykes of Long Island, etc., instead of
+thousands, as in Canada? Moreover, the Canadian sea trout are never
+taken in the small streams, but only in rivers of considerable size,
+and the same trout uniformly return to the same river, just as salmon
+do--at least, we infer so from the fact that six-pounders are
+invariably found in the Nouvelle, and varying sizes elsewhere.
+Besides, we must be able to answer why a portion only of the trout in
+a given stream should periodically visit the sea at a specified time,
+while an equal or greater number elect to remain behind in fresh
+water; for we may suppose that, having equal opportunities, all have
+the same instincts and desires."
+
+But, trout of different localities do not have equal opportunities;
+therefore, they have not the same instincts and desires. Local
+conditions of Nature everywhere guide the instincts and govern the
+desires of every living thing. So, the trout of Maine, the trout of
+Cape Cod, the trout of Long Island--influenced by local
+conditions--are all vastly different in opportunities, instincts,
+desires, etc. The Eskimo biped, the African biped--the bipeds of all
+countries--are all species of the animal man, but who dare suggest
+that they all have equal (similar) opportunities and the same
+instincts and desires?
+
+Even individuals of the trout of one community are profoundly
+separated in character from their immediate brothers and sisters.
+Trout vary in their tastes and antics as they vary in color, shape,
+and size. There are hundreds of natural trout flies and hundreds of
+artificial trout flies, imitations of the living insects, used as
+lures in fishing. Why so many patterns? Because the trout, like man,
+is in love with a variety of foods at different times, and both man
+and trout change in their tastes by the month, the week, the day, the
+hour, and the minute.
+
+The Angler does not have to use the hundreds of fly patterns at one
+fishing, but he does experiment with a variety of the lures to find
+the particular patterns the fish is responsive to at the moment. One
+or two patterns would suffice--if the Angler could select the
+particular species the trout are rising to without trying all the
+patterns until he discovers the killing patterns. A chef might please
+his master with one or two of the forty courses billed if he knew what
+the man wanted. Sometimes the Angler can judge the appropriate fly to
+use by observing Nature in seeing trout rise to the live fly; but
+there are times when trout are not rising, times when they are tired
+of the fly upon the water, and times when the real fly is not on the
+wing.
+
+General rules are of no service without a deep regard for general
+conditions, local and otherwise. All trout must not be judged alike
+even if they be of one species and in one little pool. Individuals of
+man, though of one race and in one district, are not all alike in
+their habits any more than they are in their shades, shapes, and
+sizes.
+
+The conditions of the large rivers of Newfoundland are different from
+the conditions of the small streams of Maine, Long Island, and Cape
+Cod; hence the differing desires of the trout in these differing
+waters. There is no similarity in the quiet, tiny trout brooks of Long
+Island and the broad torrential rivers of Newfoundland, and it is only
+natural that the fishes of these deeply contrasting waters should be
+widely separated in character--instinct, desires, color, shape, size,
+etc. So I do not hesitate to express a belief that the sea trout, no
+matter where we find it, is just our own fond _fontinalis_ incognito.
+
+Between Halifax and Sydney, Nova Scotia, there are many wild sea trout
+rivers where the fish have never seen a human being. Angle from the
+middle of June to the end of August. In June large sea trout are
+caught in salt water at the mouth of rivers on the artificial fly and
+minnow bait. The best east shore sea trout streams are St. Mary's,
+Muscadoboit. Tangier, Cole Harbor, Petpeswick, Quoddy, Sheet Harbor,
+Moser's River, Half-way Brook, Smith Brook, Ecwon Secum, Isaac's
+Harbor, and about Guysboro.
+
+Southwest of Halifax great sea trout fishing may be had at Ingram
+River, Nine Mile River, Hubley's. Indian River, and about Liverpool,
+Chester, and the salmon country about Medway.
+
+In New Brunswick beautiful and prolific sea trout waters may be
+reached from the towns of New Castle (Miramichi River and
+branches--May and June). Chatham (Miramichi River, Tabusintac River,
+Bartibog River, Eskeldoc River), Bathhurst (Nipisguit River,
+Tetagouche River, Caroquet River, Pockmouche River), and Campbellton,
+in the Baie de Chaleur River, Restigouche River, and the Cascapedia.
+Metapedia, Upsalquitch, Nouvelle, Escuminac rivers.
+
+My choice of sea trout flies includes: Brown Hackle. Claret, Cinamon,
+Codun, Jenny Lind, Parmachenee Belle, Montreal, Grouse, Silver Doctor.
+Use sober-hued patterns in fresh water; bright patterns in salt water.
+Hooks: Nos. 7 to 12.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI
+
+HOOKING THE TROUT
+
+"Give plenty of time for the fish to swallow the hook," says O. W.
+Smith, in _Outdoor Life_ (December, 1914), addressing the croppie
+(strawberry bass) Angler.
+
+
+It is not un-anglerlike to catch any fish hooked beyond the lips?
+Angling has its gentle qualities as well as its practical ends. It's
+different in mere fishing. I don't believe any Angler would purposely
+hook his game otherwise than in the lip--a nerveless center where
+there is no pain--though the plain fisherman may resort to any method
+in his pursuit.
+
+I remember some years ago when two fishermen caught the same fish (a
+large fluke), one hook being in the fish's mouth and the other hook on
+the inside of the fish's stomach, it was decided after a long
+discussion that the fish really belonged to the man whose hook held to
+the mouth; the swallowed hook was judged as illegitimate.
+
+Fishes hooked in the mouth do not suffer any pain. I've recaught many
+a once-lost specimen with my snell in its lip; these in both fresh
+water and salt water. Incidents of this character furnish one of the
+many proofs that mouth-hooking the fish is perfectly humane. Two
+friends witnessed my catch (July 11, 1915) of a Long Island
+two-and-one-quarter-pound brook trout that had a fly and leader (my
+first cast) dangling from its mouth, the gear he broke away with a few
+minutes before his actual capture.
+
+There is no need of subjecting fishes to any pain in angling. Hook
+them in the lips, and kill them the very second they are taken from
+the water. Letting them die slowly not only pains the captured fishes,
+but injures them as food.
+
+Be a sportsman in angling as well as in hunting. The chivalric gunner,
+unlike the market shooter, does not pot his quail huddled stationary
+on the ground; he gallantly takes it on the wing--gives it a fair
+chance. So the Angler, unlike the trade fisher, gives his game fair
+play. I catch quite my share of many species of fishes, but I only
+rarely suffer them to swallow the bait, and this by accident. Even
+pickerel and fluke (plaice) can be abundantly taken by being hooked in
+the lips. I never allow the pickerel or the black bass to swallow the
+bait; I hook them in the lip as I hook my trout--on the wing, as it
+were.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII
+
+DOCTOR NATURE
+
+    "The wise for cure on exercise depend;
+    God never made His work for man to mend."
+
+    "He that takes no holiday hastens a long rest."
+
+
+Game is not the only thing sought for by many men and women who go
+angling and shooting. Wise Lord Russell used to ride to the hounds
+until he bagged an appetite, then turn suddenly and ride as hard as
+possible to the nearest farmhouse and eat a hearty meal. Audubon and
+Wilson went afield to study ornithology; Gray and Thoreau for the
+study of general natural history, and thousands upon thousands of men
+and women less famous have gone afield with rod and gun for still
+another quarry--health.
+
+Lord Russell's appetite hunting reminds me of the case of a young
+invalid whom I once took on a trout fishing trip. The young man had
+been ill all his life. Nobody seemed to know what his complaint was,
+but everybody he came in contact with agreed that he was ill. He
+looked it, and often said he was born that way. I defined his case the
+first day I met him--the city complaint, a complication of general
+under-the-weather-ness that is brought about by foul air, improper
+exercise, steady indoor work, irregularity, cigarettes, and incorrect
+food incorrectly eaten. He's well now. He went out in the woods for
+two weeks every three months for six years, and at present he's as
+fat and solid as a Delaware shad. I shall never forget his expression
+when he hooked his first breath of fresh air and creeled a genuine
+outdoor appetite. A woods appetite is very different from the hunger
+that once in a while comes to the always-in-the-city man. It strikes
+suddenly, one's knees begin to shake, and a cold perspiration breaks
+out on the forehead. My poor young friend, having never previously
+experienced an appetite, of course didn't know what had taken hold of
+him. He began to cry and totter, and I stepped up to him just in time
+to save him from falling off a moss-covered rock into a roaring trout
+stream.
+
+"I'm ill," he said, "have been ill all my life. I thought this trip
+would do me good but I'm worse. Please let me lie down; I'm very
+faint."
+
+"Oh, come," said I, "you're only hungry; here, give me your rod, and
+lean on my arm; you'll be all right in a little while."
+
+I took him up to the farmhouse and started him slowly on some deviled
+trout and watercress. Poor fellow, he reminded me of a young setter
+dog born and brought up in the city and taken afield for the first
+time. Well, that young man did nothing but cry and eat for two weeks.
+He then went home to tell his folks he had come to life, and then
+hurried out to feed and weep for another month. I know a hundred young
+men and women in New York who are in a bad way with the city
+complaint. The streets are filled with ghost-like creatures. Lord
+Derby is right: "If you do not find time for exercise you will have to
+find time for illness."
+
+
+"To-morrow we will go a-fishing; do thou go now and fetch the bait."
+--Hymir to Thar.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVIII
+
+THE BROOK TROUT
+
+    "Then, give me the trout of the mountain stream.
+    With his crimson stars and his golden gleam;
+    When he, like a hero, on the moss lies.
+    The Angler has won his fairest prize!"
+
+        AUTHOR UNKNOWN.
+
+
+=Trout Taking Flies.=--"Trout invariably strike the insect first with
+their tails, knocking it into the water and then devouring it with a
+swift dart which can hardly be distinguished from the original
+movement, so quickly does one succeed the other."--W. C. Prime.
+
+=Trout Colors.=--The color of a trout's back depends on the color of
+the bottom of the river. Rapidly growing trout differ greatly in spots
+and color from those which grow slowly and thrive badly. A middle-aged
+trout differs in color from an aged trout. Speaking generally, the
+young, healthy, fast-growing fish will have silvery sides, white
+belly, and plenty of well-defined spots. The poorly fed fish will have
+few or no spots, a drab belly, and muddy yellow sides. Old trout are
+particularly lank and large-headed.
+
+=Tame Trout.=--An English gentleman has two brook trout that take
+flies from his fingers, and that ring a little bell cord when they
+are hungry. They were taught this latter performance by having bits of
+food tied to the cord when it was first introduced.
+
+=Wild Trout and Tame.=--"Somehow the catching of, as it were,
+stall-fed trout has not the same charm as the fishing for the wild
+trout. The domestics lack that fierce rush and dash of the wild
+beauty."--John B. Robinson.
+
+=Sight, Hearing, etc., of Trout.=--"There is no question ... as to the
+high development of the senses of sight, taste, and hearing in
+trout."--Wm. C. Harris.
+
+=Trout at Play.=--"Many times have I leaned over the sides of my boat
+in Northern waters, where the trout lay beneath me, and seen the
+mottled beauties chase each other, and race and leap in rivalry of
+sport, until their bright sides irradiated the dark stream with
+glancing light, as if the rays of the sun had taken water and were at
+their bath."--W. H. H. Murry.
+
+=Trout in Hungary.=--The streams of Hungary afford excellent angling
+for trout and grayling.
+
+=Unidentified Trout.=--M. P. Dunham of Ovando. Montana, a sportsman's
+guide of many years' experience, writes me: "We have two trout here in
+Montana that I do not find pictured in _The Angler's Guide_ or any
+other book I have seen containing the technical portraits of the
+fishes. One of these trout weighs up to forty-nine pounds and its
+average weights are twelve pounds to fifteen pounds. The other is a
+small trout that averages less than one pound in weight, and it has
+no spots. The large trout has a few spots, these being particularly
+brilliant in the mating season--September and October. The best time
+to fish for this large species is in August and September. Both of
+these unidentified trout will rise to the artificial fly, but in
+fly-fishing I have never taken a specimen of the large species that
+weighed over six pounds, the fish ranging beyond this weight favoring
+small fish and red meat for bait. The waters are overstocked with the
+large variety; the small unspotted variety is only in one stream."
+Undoubtedly these two trout are odd forms of well-known species. Mr.
+Dunham should send specimens of each to the United States Fish
+Commission at Washington. The small trout will undoubtedly prove to be
+the common mountain trout, whose peculiar habitat--the one stream Mr.
+Dunham mentions--is responsible for its peculiar coloring. The large
+fish that ranges up to forty-nine pounds is no doubt a form of lake
+trout which has been known to attain a weight of eighty pounds and a
+length of six feet.
+
+=The Trout's Symmetry.=--"Few humanly designed lines are more graceful
+than those of the yacht. The trout is made up of such lines. It is a
+submarine designed by the Almighty. It makes the most of the simple
+elements of artistic beauty--symmetry of line, suggestive of agile
+power, and delicately blended harmonies of rich color."--New York
+_Evening Telegram_, editorial page, July 17, 1915.
+
+=The Beautiful Trout.=--"Of all the many species of trout,
+_Salvelinus_ or _Salmo_, the brook trout, _fontinalis_, is by far the
+most beautiful."--Charles Zibeon Southard.
+
+=A Loving Trout.=--At the Wintergreen estate, Highland Lake, Winsted,
+Conn., a brook trout was kept in captivity in a deep spring for seven
+years. When the fish was fifteen inches in length two other brook
+trout, a male and female, each ten inches long, were placed in the
+spring to keep the old fellow company. He promptly fell in love with
+the lady trout and killed and swallowed her escort.
+
+=Albino Trout.=--The fish hatchery in St. Paul, Minn., had at one time
+twenty thousand albino trout in stock. This species was discovered in
+1893. There is something peculiar in Minnesota waters which aids
+propagation of this species. The fish are white mottled with red and
+yellow spots; the fins are white with red bands mottled with yellow.
+The eyes are red and the trout has apparently a transparent skin so
+that the bones are visible through it.
+
+=Rainbow Trout.=--Dr. A. E. Buzard, of Hayward. Calif., fishing in the
+Spokane River within ten minutes' walk of the city of Spokane, Wash.,
+creeled eleven rainbow trout weighing, collectively, seventeen pounds.
+
+=Rocky Mountain Trout.=--H. E. Peck, of Kenman. North Dakota, and H.
+N. Stabeck, of Minneapolis. Minn., enjoyed good trout fishing last
+summer in the Crow West country of the Rocky Mountains. A catch of
+thirty-one trout weighed, collectively, fifty-one pounds. The largest
+specimen weighed three and one fourth pounds.
+
+=Flood-water Trout.=--When the trout stream is flooded, the trout find
+plenty of food and they gorge themselves with worms, etc. Then they
+refuse the Angler's bait for several days--"trout feed on a rising
+stream, not on a falling stream."--E. Curley.
+
+=A Tame Trout.=--"Sunbeam, the pet speckled trout in the fish hatchery
+at Estes Park, is very fond of being stroked and petted, and will swim
+around and rub itself against a person's hand whenever a chance is
+given it."--Estes (Calif.) Correspondent New York _World_. I'll
+warrant this fish only rubs its lips against the hand of man. No fish
+will willingly allow its body to come in contact with a man's hand,
+because fishes are covered with a slime that protects them when they
+encounter rocks, logs, etc., and they naturally would not voluntarily
+waste this valuable armor.
+
+=Traits of the Trout.=--The brook trout (_Salvelinus fontinalis_),
+using its tail with vigor and precision, will splash water into the
+midst of a mass of flying insects (midge, black gnat, mosquito, etc.),
+and thus disable these insects so that they will fall on the surface
+of the water, where they become easy prey to the voracious trout.
+_Fontinalis_ will also use his tail in striking to disable larger
+insects (butterflies, beetles, cricket, potato-bug, etc.), and the
+Angler's artificial flies when they are floating in or upon the water.
+
+=Rainbow Trout.=--"The rainbow takes the fly so readily that there is
+no reason for resorting to grasshoppers, salmon eggs, or other bait.
+It is a fish whose gameness will satisfy the most exacting of expert
+Anglers, and whose readiness to take any proper line will please the
+most impatient of inexperienced amateurs."--Prof. Evermann.
+
+=The Tactful Trout.=--"Trout are emblems of quiet, calm, and
+gentleness, such as love not to be in troubled waters or to be tossed
+to and fro by the blustering of wicked and malevolent spirits, but
+rather live quiet at home than enjoy abundance through labor and
+trouble."--Randal Holme.
+
+=Double-headed Trout.=--A two-headed brook trout is the product of the
+fish hatchery at Colebrook, N. H.
+
+=Trout in Side Currents.=--"As a general rule although many trout are
+taken near, very near the rough, white water of a stream, they do not
+as a rule lie in the very swiftest portions, but in adjacent and
+quieter side currents."--Samuel G. Camp.
+
+=The Angler's Joy.=--"The brook trout always will be the Angler's
+greatest joy, but the German brown trout [introduced in American
+waters] and the rainbow trout add variety to the social life of the
+streams."--Neal Brown.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIX
+
+THE ANGLER
+
+    "I live not in myself, but I become
+    Portion of that around me; and to me
+    High mountains are a feeling, but the hum
+    Of human cities torture."
+
+        BYRON.
+
+    "He'd eat his lunch in a minute;
+      He had no time to spare.
+    At a mounted fish in a window
+      He'd stop an hour to stare."
+
+       _Judge._
+
+
+=The Lone Angler.=--"The reason a man likes to go angling is that his
+family doesn't like to go with him."--New York _Press_.
+
+=The True Angler.=--"If true Anglers, you are sure to be gentle; and
+as the truly gentle are always virtuous, you must be happy. Let
+neither prosperity nor adversity deaden 'the fresh feeling after
+Nature' which the use of the rod and reel always heightens or confers.
+Whether overladen with good fortune or suffering under the shocks of
+adversity, forget not to take the magic wand and repair to the
+murmuring waters. 'The music of those gentle moralists will steal into
+your heart'; and, while invigorating physical energy, your souls will
+be charmed and your minds soothed and tempered by the melody of
+birds, the sights of nature, and the sounds of inferior animals above,
+around, and beneath the enlivening waters. With rosy dreams and bright
+streams, breezy morns and mellow skies, a light heart and a clear
+conscience, may 'God speed ye well.'"--Genio C. Scott, _Fishing in
+American Waters_.
+
+=Real vs. Rural Angler.=--The assertion that the bent-pin-fishing
+country boy can catch more trout than the properly equipped Angler is
+material of the comic papers. No impracticable boy, whether he be of
+the country or of the city, can excel the correctly rigged, careful
+Angler. The bent-pin youth of the farm may outfish the unskillful,
+showy tyro from the city, but to compete with the scientific Angler he
+would have about the same chance of outfishing the expert as a cow
+would have fishing alongside of a mink.
+
+=The Bicycle Angler.=--Mr. David Rivers writes me: "I ride my wheel to
+my favorite angling places regularly in the spring, summer, and autumn
+times. The four-ounce rod takes up no noticeable space on the wheel,
+and my leader-box and fly-book are easily carried in my pockets."
+
+=The Determined Angler.=--"There is peculiar pleasure in catching a
+trout in a place where nobody thinks of looking for them, and at an
+hour when everybody believes they cannot be caught."--Henry van Dyke.
+
+=Dry and Wet Fly Angler.=--"Startling as the statement may sound, it
+is probably true that the really good wet-fly fisherman is a greater
+rarity than the really good dry-fly man."--London _Field_.
+
+=The Expert Fly Angler.=--"A real expert with the wet-fly is a much
+rarer bird than one with the dry."--London _Fishing Gazette_.
+
+=The Finished Fly Angler.--= " ... to be a finished wet-fly Angler one
+must possess as much skill as the dry-fly fisherman."--Emlyn M. Gill.
+
+=The Angler Body and Soul.=--"To take fish is only the body of the
+gentle art. Some of its real enjoyments are what the Angler sees and
+feels--the echo of the running streams, the music of the birds, the
+beauty of the flowers peering at him from every side, the bracing
+atmosphere, the odor of pines, hemlocks, and spruce; the hush of the
+woods at night, the morning song of the robin, and the revived
+appetite."--A. L. H.
+
+=Ye Gude Angler.=--"Wha ever heard o' a gude angler being a bad or
+indifferent man?"--Noctes.
+
+=The Merry Angler.=--"And if the angler take fysshe: surely thenne is
+there noo man merier than he is in his spyryte."--Dame Juliana Berners
+(1496).
+
+=The Religious Angler.=--"The old man fished not for pastime, nor
+solely for a subsistence, but as a solemn sacrament and withdrawal
+from the world, just as the aged read their Bible."--Thoreau.
+
+=The Satisfied Angler.=--Trout in the creel or no trout in the creel,
+the Angler never complains of poor sport if there be trout in the
+water he fishes, if the weather be pleasant, and the scenery fair.
+Some fishermen judge their day by the actual catch of fish. The true
+rodster loves the pursuit and capture of the fish, the bright day, and
+the beautiful natural surroundings equally well.
+
+=The Tidy Angler.=--I don't care if the fish I catch weigh only a
+pound, no matter what the species may be. My tackle is light, fine,
+and properly rigged, and with it, in taking big fish or half-pound and
+pound fish, I have just as much sport as the man who uses heavy,
+coarse, ill-kept tackle on bigger game alone. The woodcock--the king
+of game birds--is bagged with No. 10 shot, but the sport of taking it
+is quite as great as the shooting of fowl ten times its size.
+
+=The Assiduous Angler.=--The constant-in-application man becomes the
+practical fisherman.
+
+=The Compleat Angler.=--"Walton's book is as fresh as a handful of
+wild violets and sweet lavender. It breathes the odors of green fields
+and woods."--Henry van Dyke.
+
+=The Literary Angler.=--Izaak Walton's famous work, _The Compleat
+Angler, or the Contemplative Man's Recreation_, a copy of the first
+edition, small 8vo, original sheep binding, London, 1653, brought the
+highest price of the day (April 9, 1915) at the sale of the library of
+the late General Brayton Ives at the American Art Galleries, New York,
+$2475. George D. Smith was the successful bidder. The record price for
+this edition is $6000, which was paid at the sale of the library of
+W. C. Van Antwerp of New York some years ago at Sotheby's in London by
+the late Bernard Quaritch, acting as agent for the late J. Pierpont
+Morgan, in whose collection the valuable volume now is.
+
+=A Centenarian Angler.=--Mrs. Jane T. Rinkle of Bristol, Tenn., is
+over one hundred years of age. Still vigorous for one of her years,
+Mrs. Rinkle believes that her long life and her bright prospect for
+living some years longer is due to her fondness for angling. "I have
+hardly passed a fishing season in fifty years," said the old lady at
+her last anniversary party, "that I have not gone to the river with
+hook and line."
+
+=The Woman Angler.=--The Duchess of Bedford has the distinction of a
+record catch of English salmon. Her creel for one day numbered
+thirteen, the greatest string of salmon ever taken in a single day by
+a woman. Three other prominent English women Anglers are Lady Sybil
+Grey, daughter of Earl Grey, Milicent. Duchess of Sutherland, and Lady
+Rosemary Portal, only child of the second Earl of Cairns. Each of
+these ladies are highly expert in fly-casting.
+
+=The Waltonian Angler.=--"It matters not at all what trout waters the
+Angler fishes if he has the true and kindly spirit of Izaak Walton,
+the Master Angler of years ago; for then every stream and lake has its
+own peculiar and delightful charms in which the Angler revels while
+angling, with either the wet or the dry fly, to fathom their
+piscatorial secrets. Of all sport. I know of none that seems to
+develop in the individual such a kindly spirit, such a full
+appreciation of all living things, and such an absorbing love for the
+many and varied charms of 'the open' as fly-fishing."--Charles Zibeon
+Southard.
+
+=The Merciful Angler.=--The names of three members of a recent jury in
+the County Court of Brooklyn. N. Y., were Fish, Fisher, and
+Fishline--a trio of honest men, no doubt. With Bates and Waters added,
+this jury would have little trouble in mercifully holding up the
+scales of justice.
+
+=The Peaceful Angler.=--"Don't think of your business or profession
+while fishing. Forget your desk, your pen, and also your debts and
+your enemies, if you have any."--"The Professor."
+
+=The Mathematical Angler.=--"His rule in fishing was to fish in the
+difficult places which others were likely to skip."--Daniel Webster.
+
+=The Ever-Youthful Angler.=--"Don't become old--go fishing once or
+twice a week."--"The Professor."
+
+=The Halcyonian Angler.=--"The whole arcana book of trout fishing
+consists in rather the mental construction of the Angler than in the
+manner and method of the process. The fish is a convenient peg, so to
+say, on which we hang the _dolce far niente_, and render the day's
+sport in its pursuit halcyon and superlative. The sport itself may be
+insufficient, but there is always some recompense in the effort made
+and in the close communion with 'dear nature's self.' Not always do
+large bags and great results crown the Angler's desire. Too often it
+is far otherwise, and yet the true Angler never feels like giving up
+fishing because of poor sport."--John Harrington Keene.
+
+=The Luxuriant Angler.=--James L. Breeze's string of salmon pools in
+Restigouche cost this enthusiastic Angler $35,000.
+
+=The Concentrated Angler.=--"A gentleman hesitates to bother anybody
+whose mind is concentrated on his fishing. The expert knows by
+experience one question leads to another, then on to begging,
+borrowing, or buying. The expert knows that tyros are never provided
+with tackle, bait, or reasonable consideration for others. They expect
+the whole boatload of Anglers to wait on them because they catch no
+fish."--Louis Rhead.
+
+=The Home Angler.=--"The sporting element among fishermen haven't any
+fine sensibilities ... the true fishermen fish for edible fish only
+for their own use and the use of their families."--"Piscator."
+
+=The Lost Angler.=--"Remember that water always is supposed to run
+south, save in a few instances where it runs direct north or west from
+the mountains, as the Red River in Minnesota, flowing north, for
+instance. This certainly would be a misleader. But as a rule water
+runs south. Follow it. Along streams man makes his abode."--Robert
+Page Lincoln.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XX
+
+ANGLING
+
+    "... which, as in no other game
+    A man may fish and praise His name."
+
+        W. BASSE.
+
+    "I chose of foure good dysportes and honeste gamys, that is to
+    wyte: of huntynge: hawkynge: fysshynge: and foulynge. The best to
+    my symple dyscrecon why then is fysshynge: called Anglynge with a
+    rodde: and a line and an hoke."--DAME JULIANA BERNERS, _The
+    Treatyse of Fysshynge wyth an Angle, 1496_.
+
+    "If the bending rod and the ringing reel
+    Give proof that you've fastened the tempered steel.
+    Be sure that the battle is but begun
+    And not till he's landed is victory won."
+
+        AUTHOR UNKNOWN.
+
+
+=Fair and Foul Angling.=--Anybody can catch a trout with a worm. This
+is the bait of the boy and the boatman. The Angler gives the trout a
+fair battle with the artificial fly. Comparing live-bait fishing to
+artificial fly angling is like comparing blacksmithry to jewel
+working, bronco breaking to genteel horsemanship, or buccaneering to
+yachting.
+
+=Refinement of Angling.=--Angling is fishing governed by rules of
+chivalry--correct tackle, limit in the catch, and humane treatment of
+the game.
+
+=Landing the Fish.=--"The surest way to take the fish is give her
+leave to play and yield her line."--Quarles, _Shepheard's Eclogues_,
+1644. Subdue a big fish before you try to land him. Don't be in a
+hurry. Give him line, but keep it taut (not tight), and don't become
+excited. Don't try to yank him out of his element or pull him through
+the line guides. Raise the rod tip over the back of your head, and
+don't grab the line--guide the game into the landing net or up to the
+gaff. Take your time. Be glad if the fish escapes. His life is as
+important as yours--to him, at least. Besides, you'd soon tire of
+fishing if you never lost a fish. "The play's the thing" in angling,
+anyway, because, as an Angler, you can buy fish cheaper than you can
+catch them, if you play fair--if you're not of the gentry that judge
+the day by quantity instead of quality. Some of the greatest Anglers
+are the poorest fish killers, but to them one fish correctly captured
+on chivalric tackle means more than a tubful of butchered victims
+means to the unenlightened bungler. Contrast and conditions count for
+something in everything. If there were no cloudy days we'd never
+correctly value the sunshine. Method in the pursuit, appropriateness
+of the equipment, and uncertainty in the catch, wholly distasteful to
+the selfish neophyte, are thoroughly appreciated by the Angler.
+
+=Ancient Angling.=--One of the most ancient literary works on fishing,
+perhaps the most ancient of all really known volumes on the subject,
+is _Hauleutics of Oppian_, the work of a Greek poet, A.D. 198, from
+which many articles on fishing and angling, thought to be modern, have
+been taken. Athenaeus tells us that several writers wrote treatises or
+poems on fishing centuries before the Christian era.
+
+=Old Angling Books.=--1486--_The Booke of St. Albans_; by Dame Juliana
+Berners. 1590--_Booke of Fishing with Hook and Line_; by Leonard
+Mascall. 1596--_Hawking. Hunting, Fowling and Fishing_; by W. C.
+Faukener. 1606--_Booke of Angling or Fishing_; by Samuel Gardner, D.D.
+1651--_Art of Angling_; by Thomas Barker (the second edition of this
+book, published in 1657, was issued under the title of _Barker's
+Delight_). 1652--_Young Sportsman's Delight and Instructor in
+Angling_, etc.; by Gervase Markham. 1653--_The Compleat Angler, or the
+Contemplative Man's Recreation_, etc.; by Izaak Walton (the second
+edition, almost rewritten by the author, appeared in 1655).
+1662--_Experienced Angler, or Angling Improved_; by Robert Venables.
+1676--_Angler's Delight_, etc.; by William Gilbert. 1681--_Angler's
+Vade Mecum_; by Chetham. 1682--_Complete Troller_; by Nobles.
+1696--_The True Art of Angling_; by J. S.
+
+=Carrying the Rod.=--Joint your rod only when you reach the place of
+angling, and take it apart again when you are ready to leave the water
+for camp, unless the camp is on the edge of the lake or stream. When
+angling along thickly wooded banks, carry the rod in front of you, tip
+first, pointing the tip through the bushes you penetrate; never pull
+it after you. Fasten the hook on one of the reel bars, and then thrust
+the rod's tip through the branches or shrubbery ahead of you when you
+move along, casting here and there. This is not necessary when one
+only moves a step or two, for then, if there be open space, the rod
+and line may be held clear of the underbrush and branches. In all
+cases keep the rod ahead of you. When disjointed, the rod pieces may
+be held together by small rubber bands until the rod case is made use
+of, but don't lay the rod away with the rubber bands intact, as the
+rubber will bend the tip out of shape, dislodge the wood coating,
+disturb the whipping, and tarnish the ferrules. Dr. E. F. Conyngham of
+Bonner. Mont., doesn't like my notion of carrying the rod tip first.
+The Doctor says he favors carrying it butt first with the tip trailing
+behind. "I have fished with a fly for trout and salmon nearly forty
+years in Europe and this continent," says the Doctor, "and never yet
+saw an expert Angler carry a rod in the way described by Mr. Bradford.
+That is just the proper caper to break tips. The rod in going through
+brush should be carried butt forward; then the tip will trail as
+easily as the tail on a dog, and furthermore, you can walk at good
+speed without interference. In my many years of fly fishing I have had
+one broken tip; a woman knocked it down and stepped on it. Luckily it
+was lancewood, so I could repair it. What would have been my
+predicament had the rod been of split bamboo?" Very good, Doctor. I
+may be wrong but, I learned my way from my fathers of the angle--Seth
+Green. John Harrington Keene, Frederick Mather, William C. Harris, _et
+al._--when I was being taught first lessons in fly-fishing. Seth
+Green, John Keene, and Harris personally advised me to carry the fly
+rod tip in front of me, and each of the trio personally showed me the
+method on the trout streams. Harris and Keene always carried their fly
+rods tip first, and I have seen both these experts along the streams
+many times during many years of personal fishing with both of these
+Anglers. However, Dr. Conyngham must not be denied his view on the
+subject. Just as there are famous wing shots who shoot with one eye
+closed and other experts who give trigger with both eyes open, so in
+angling, there are many practiced hands who disagree on the various
+ways and means in fishing. I favor keeping my tip in front of me, and
+while I shall never change this method, I refrain from condemning Dr.
+Conyngham's contrastive way of carrying his tip. Charles Zibeon
+Southard agrees with both the Doctor and me. He advises carrying the
+tip ahead in the open and behind in the brush.
+
+=The Angling World.=--"Angling takes us from the confusion, the filth,
+and the social and moral degradation of the big cities and places us
+in close contact with one of the most important divisions of human
+labor--the cultivation of the soil, which is the real foundation of
+all national wealth and true social happiness. Everything connected
+with the land is calculated to foster the best and noblest feelings of
+the soul and to give the mind the most lofty and sublime ideas of
+universal nature. To men of contemplative habits the roaming along
+brooks, rivers, lakes, and fields gives rise to the most refined
+intellectual enjoyment. Such persons move in a world of their own and
+experience joys and sorrows with which the world cannot meddle."--A.
+L. H.
+
+=Colorado Trout Streams.=--Colorado has six thousand miles of trout
+streams.
+
+=Angling Saves Words.=--"Contemplation and quietness! Will these words
+soon be labeled in our dictionaries 'obsolete'? It would seem so; yet
+there will be some use for them, among old-fashioned folk, as long as
+the word 'angling' holds its place."--Willis Boyd Allen.
+
+=Large-Trout Angling.=--Frank Brigg, of London. England, fishing in
+New River, caught an eighteen-pound trout, the heaviest specimen of
+trout ever taken in a London water.
+
+=Speculation in Angling.=--"I often wonder if the basis of fishing is
+not founded upon the element of chance, and whether fishing does not
+fascinate because it is a species of gambling. To a degree it is a
+hazard. You take your best tackle, select your choicest bait, and you
+do more, for you pray to the goddess of success."--"Ancient Mariner."
+
+=Economy in Angling.=--"Don't take more fish than you can use; if you
+do, you take that which belongs to someone else."--"Tops'l."
+
+=An Angling Classic.=--"Angling is the only sport that boasts the
+honor of having given a classic [Izaak Walton's _The Compleat Angler_,
+1653] to literature."--Henry van Dyke.
+
+=How to Approach a Trout.=--" ... sense of hearing in all species of
+fish is a matter of concussion on the surface of the water. Sit
+motionless in a boat, and you may sing, "I Won't Go Home 'Til
+Morning," or any other gala song, to the extreme high limit of your
+voices, and the trout or any other fish will remain undisturbed, but,
+scratch your toe upon the bottom of the boat, and presto! the pool is
+as dead and barren as a burned prairie. Approach a pool from over the
+bank with a careless tread, and when you reach it the trout are gone,
+none know where. Crawl to the pool noiselessly on all fours and you
+will find your trout reposing without fear of danger. The avoidance of
+concussion is the great factor on a trout pool or stream in getting a
+satisfactory creel. Slide, rather than step, in wading, and your
+success will be greater."--Wm. C. Harris.
+
+=Strike from the Reel or Hand?=--"The strike must be made with
+sufficient force and no more. If insufficient, the hook will not
+penetrate far enough to hold the fish in its subsequent struggles, and
+if the force is excessive the gut will break at its weakest point, and
+leave the fly and possibly one or more strands of gut in the trout's
+jaws. The Angler should acquire the habit of striking from the reel,
+_i.e._, without holding the line in the hand. Many old fishermen
+prefer holding the line when striking, but it is at best a risky
+proceeding, and too likely to result in a breakage of the gut."--F. M.
+Halford, _The Dry-Fly Man's Handbook_. "Personally I never 'strike
+from the reel' ... because less control is had over the line, likewise
+the fish."--Charles Zibeon Southard, _Trout Fly-Fishing in America_. I
+favor Mr. Halford's method--"strike from the reel"--in fly-fishing and
+in weakfish fishing with light tackle. In heavy bait fishing, Mr.
+Southard's strike with the "hand-held line" suits me.
+
+=The Silver Hook.=--"There is a good deal of fun in thinking you are
+going to have it."--New York _Press_. True; Walton says the Angler's
+anticipation of fishing is as great a joy as the realization of it.
+
+=Angling Ailment.=--"We never get over the fishing fever; it is a
+delightful disease, and, thank the Lord, there is no cure."--Ira W.
+Moore.
+
+=Angling and Nature.=--"Association with men of the world narrows the
+heart; communion with nature expands it."--Jean Paul Richter.
+
+=Angling and Mathematics.=--"Angling may be said to be so much like
+the Mathematics, that it can ne'er be fully learnt; at least not so
+fully, but that there will still be more new experiments left for the
+tryal of other men that succeed us."--Izaak Walton, _The Compleat
+Angler_, 1653.
+
+=Tendency of Angling.=--"I am now over 76 [years in age] and owe my
+life to fishing, and I find the tendency of fishing is to make one
+careful, artful, patient, and practical."--"Watcher."
+
+=Angling a Science.=--"Angling is a science, not merely a pastime. It
+will broaden you and start your boy in a manly sport that will draw
+him to the country instead of to the dance hall, to the fields and
+streams instead of to the pool room."--"Greenhorn."
+
+=Fly vs. Worm.=--"That fly-fishing is clean, and free from the
+muscular efforts of mountain-climbing; that it is usually rewarded
+with larger fish than those taken with a worm; that it has a freedom,
+a jollity, a certain broad, wide-spaced exhilaration, I willingly
+admit. But, the humbler, old-fashioned method has a charm of its own
+which I am not ready to forego."--Willis Boyd Allen.
+
+="Ye Gods and Little Fishes."=--"When we have become familiar with the
+great cities with their bewildering sights and distracting sounds, the
+finest things remain to be discovered, and these discoveries must be
+made as we stand open-eyed in the presence of God's workmanship. Hills
+and streams, woods and flowers, bees and birds and butterflies, the
+flora and fauna of this earth where we have our home for a little
+time, should, somehow, be brought into the life of the child. The boy
+who grows up into manhood without being privileged to know the world
+of nature by personal contact has been robbed. He may be intelligent
+in many things and a useful member of society, but he has missed out
+of life some of its deepest satisfactions and purest joys. Indeed,
+such an one is not symmetrically educated, and is quite likely to be
+put to shame as the years pass by."--Lathan A. Crandall, _Days in the
+Open_.
+
+=Angling Is its Own Reward.=--"No other sportsman brings home more
+from his sport than he takes to it than the fisherman. His basket is
+heavy with present food in the morning, and loaded with future food in
+the afternoon, with an appetite and a sleepetite that requires three
+days to satisfy."--Hy. Julius.
+
+=Ideal Angling Time.=--The last two weeks in June--what lovelier
+period for brook trout fishing in the rich flower-lined mountain
+streams? When does the wild shrub smell sweeter than now, the wind
+blow more balmily, the songbirds trill sweeter, and the spotted trout
+bite better?
+
+=Landing the Trout.=--The proper time to spend in landing a fish all
+depends upon the condition of your fishing ground. Lead your prize
+away from obstructions, keep the line taut, and do not nervously hurry
+the play. Take your time.
+
+=Fishes' Feeding-Time.=--Fishes are said to bite better between the
+new moon and the first quarter; or between the last quarter and the
+change.
+
+=Calmness in Angling.=--Don't hurry a large fish. Subdue him as far
+from you as possible.
+
+=Shadowless Angling.=--Never let your shadow fall upon the angling
+water. Keep the sun in front of you.
+
+=Striking and Hooking.=--Nothing is more difficult to learn about
+fly-fishing than the art of striking or hooking the game.
+
+=The Fishless Fisherman.=--"You took a day off from your work and went
+fishing? Have any luck?" "Certainly. A day off is luck enough."--New
+York _American_.
+
+=Angling Spirit.=--"It is the way we do things and the spirit in which
+we prosecute our endeavors that counts. The man who takes the day to
+go fishing on the great ocean or in the forest and can commune with
+Nature can be as good a Christian as the best man that ever entered
+the portals of a church, cathedral, or synagogue."--"Nature Factor."
+
+=All Sports in Angling.=--"The sport that sums up dancing, song and
+picture, athletics and all games of chance is angling. The waves make
+you dance, all pictures roll before you, any chance can win the pool,
+and every fishing boat is a _saengerfest_."--B. M. Briggs.
+
+=Early Trout Angling.=--"Don't let anyone tell you of the folly of
+trout fishing in early April. It's great sport, and if you're skillful
+enough to get a few of the gamest and wisest fish that swims at this
+time of the year your success will be complete in May and June, when
+the ideal weather comes."--H. T. Walden.
+
+=Skill vs. Kill.=--"To qualify as a sportsman in the taking of any
+kind of game, a man must show much more enthusiasm in skill rather
+than in the kill, always remembering to give or inflict the least pain
+possible on the game taken by his skill."--Wes' Wood.
+
+=Rainbow Trout Angling.=--"I get harder play with a three-pound
+rainbow trout than with a maskinonge of twenty-five pounds. I have
+caught only a few rainbow trout. The first one I ever caught was three
+years ago in the Esopus Creek in the Catskills. I felt somewhat
+relieved when I had him in the net. He was the gamest fish for his
+size I ever hooked, and I have killed ten and twelve pound salmon on a
+trout rod. The rainbow trout is first cousin to the lordly
+salmon."--M. J. Doyle.
+
+=Secret of Angling.=--"Fishing is more than catching. Its pleasures
+are the whole outdoors. Appreciation is the secret of the
+lure."--Theodore Macklin.
+
+=Limit in Angling.=--"It is very foolish for Anglers, when they get
+more fishes than they want, to even give them away; far better it
+would be for them to stop fishing when they have caught enough for
+themselves, and give the fish a chance."--George Hartley.
+
+=Age of Angling.=--"The allurement of fishing is as old as the granite
+mountains of the Andes. Down through the ages of the past, even from
+the day of the anthropophagi, comes to us the fact that all the world
+rejoices in the gentle art of fishing. Fishing--the one word that
+opens up to our understanding the philosophy of nature--is the
+fundamental basis of our civilization."--David Jones.
+
+=Gentility in Angling.=--"Sportsmanship abhors greed and all
+vulgarity."--H. W. Wack.
+
+=Angling Clears the Brain.=--"When we are confused and harried by the
+turmoil of modern life, our heads and our hearts aching with its
+complex problems, its exigent demands, its rebuffs, and its bitter
+disappointments, let us turn once more to the forest and meadow, the
+peaceful stream, with the fleecy clouds or overhanging boughs kindly
+tempering the rays of the summer sun; let us drop our pens, abandon
+for the nonce our manuscript, our ledgers, or the stock reports of the
+day, and 'go a-fishing.'"--Willis Boyd Allen.
+
+=Up and Down Stream.=--"I fish up stream (and I think this best) and
+down stream and across stream--according to wind and time and weather,
+etc., and the sun. I have found I can get the larger fish in upstream
+fishing; but there are pools one can't get the flies to--the likely
+places--from below, nor yet from either side. When I come to such a
+pool I get above and cover it well by casting across stream from
+me--the sun being opposite--and let my flies float down, drawing them
+the while across current with a twitching motion, as an insect
+struggling to swim across. It is a deadly method if well done and gets
+the big ones too. I hold the line of course in my left hand, and as I
+gently raise the rod with my right, I take in line with my left, thus
+at all times having full control and ready for a strike."--Ernest L.
+Eubank.
+
+=Fly-Fishing First.=--"Fly-fishing comes first, then comes bait
+casting with the fly rod; third, still fishing; fourth, casting of
+live bait with the short rod from the reel, and last, if not entirely
+without the pale of true sportsmanship, the use of the plug."--Rayx.
+
+=Fly Rod and Bait Rod.=--"It takes some skill to keep sixty feet of
+line in the air when fly casting, and requires free space for the back
+cast. It is fascinating work and requires more delicacy in handling a
+fly rod than a bait rod. The fly rod, especially in Southern Missouri
+waters, lands more fish during the day than the bait rod, but the
+latter lands larger fish. The bait caster makes fewer casts on account
+of reeling in the line after each cast, but the water is more
+effectively covered. One has to be a judge of the water and determine
+which method should be used. In the northern lakes bait casting is
+far superior in results to fly casting."--M. J. Brennan.
+
+=Land and Water.=--"You're natural when fishing, and unnatural on
+shore. Fishing rubs the barnacles off your natural self, and makes
+your bodyship sail more easily."--B. M. Briggs.
+
+=First Record of Angling.=--"The first authentic record of angling
+appears in the Old Testament of the Bible, computed to be about 1500
+years before Christ, where the Lord asked Job: 'Canst thou take out a
+fish with the hook?'"--John Ryan.
+
+=Roman Angling.=--The walls of Pompeii are adorned with angling
+scenes.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXI
+
+TROUT FLIES
+
+      "To make several flies
+      For the several skies.
+    That shall kill in despite of all weathers."
+
+        CHARLES COTTON.
+
+
+=Weight of Flies.=--"Flies do not soon get tired; ... they are light;
+the wind carries them. An ounce of flies was once weighed, and
+afterwards counted; and it was found to comprise no less than six
+thousand two hundred and sixty-eight."--Victor Hugo, _The Toilers of
+the Sea_.
+
+=The Dry-Fly.=--"Upon the curling _surface_ let it glide, with natural
+motion from thy hand supplied."--Unknown Author. The italics in the
+word surface are ours. The dry artificial fly must swim on the
+surface, must fly upstream, must have no companion fly, must keep dry
+by sailing in the air between actual casts, and must attract the fish
+by minutely mimicking the living fly both in the air and on (not in)
+the water.
+
+=Vegetable Flies.=--Bearded seed of the wild oat and a silvery willow
+leaf have been used successfully as artificial flies for brook trout
+and black bass.
+
+=To Carry Flies.=--Do not use your large fly-book when wading. Put a
+half dozen seasonable patterns in your hatband, and a dozen more in a
+little book that will not bulge your pocket.
+
+=Variety in Flies.=--You can never carry too many trout flies on your
+trip. Fill your fly-book and stick them all over the crown of your
+hat. Trout do not like the same fly at all times any more than you are
+fond of feeding on one sort of meat.
+
+=Clumsy Flies.=--Most trout flies are too large, and they frighten
+more trout than they attract.
+
+=A New Fly.=--" ... an altogether original fly, unheard of, startling,
+will often do great execution in an overfished pool."--Henry van Dyke.
+
+=The Floating Fly.=--"The floating fly seemed to have the effect of
+arousing the trout to action at once. During the week I estimate that
+there was an average of ten rises to the dry-fly to every one to the
+same fly wet."--Emlyn M. Gill.
+
+=Fishing the Dry-Fly.=--"The dry-fly is clearly out of place on the
+wet-fly water as the wet-fly is on the dry-fly stream. After all, it
+is only in the style of deceiving and hooking fish that dry-fly and
+wet-fly Anglers ... assuming both to be good sportsmen ... can much
+differ. In nearly all other fly-fishing matters they must naturally be
+at one. It has already been said that the dry-fly is quite out of
+place in many trout streams. The dry-fly streams, though they have
+increased of late years, are still and ever must be in a decided
+minority. The dry-fly Angler is not, as a rule, a very early riser. He
+can do nothing without natural flies, and in my experience there are
+very few duns or other water-flies out till nine or even ten o'clock
+in the morning."--A. B. Dewar, _The Book of the Dry-Fly_.
+
+=American Dry-Flies.=--"Whirling Dun, Wickham's Fancy, Pale Evening
+Dun, Jenny Spinner, (Hackle Fly), Willow Fly (Hackle Fly), Orange Fish
+Hawk (Hackle Fly), Olive Dun, Soldier Palmer (Hackle Fly). Silver
+Sedge, Red Spinner, White Miller, Coachman. Black Gnat."--Emlyn M.
+Gill, _Practical Dry-Fly Fishing_.
+
+=Brazilian Flies.=--Brazilian flies, costing seven dollars a ton, are
+used to feed fishes in England.
+
+=Fresh Flies.=--"When trout are taking the fly on the surface, and are
+not simply feeding on the larvae as they swim upward, a brand new fly
+is more likely to catch a fish than one which has been a great deal
+used. I always use May-flies dressed on eyed hooks, have a goodly
+supply, and when one gets so wet as to necessitate a considerable
+amount of labor in the drying of it, off it comes, and is stuck in my
+cap to dry at its leisure. Of course it is rather wasting to the
+cast--this frequent changing flies--and no little trouble to those
+whose fingers are all thumbs, and whose eyesight is becoming dim, but
+it is far less trouble to change the fly than to dry it when
+thoroughly soaked."--_London Fishing Gazette._
+
+=Rocky Mountain Trout Flies.=--First, Royal Coachman; second, Gray
+Hackle with yellow body. Then: Black Gnat, Ginger Quill, Cowdung,
+Blue Quill. Grizzly King, Shad Fly, and Stone Fly. Hooks, No. 6 to 14.
+
+=Early Season Flies.=--Dark Stone, Codun, Alder. Bowman, Black May,
+Beauty, Ben Bent, Blue Bottle. Hare's Ear.
+
+=All-Season Flies.=--Alder, Gray Palmer, Green Palmer, Ginger Palmer,
+March Brown, Reuben Wood. Professor, White Miller, Coachman, Royal
+Coachman. Dark Coachman, Codun, Scarlet Ibis, Brown Palmer. Red
+Palmer, Grizzly King, Queen of the Water, King of the Water, Brown
+Hen, Black Gnat. Early in the season use hooks No. 6 to 8; later, No.
+8 to 12. Use the small patterns on streams, and the large patterns on
+lakes and rough waters; and, as I have repeatedly suggested, when the
+day is bright and where the water is clear, use the small flies of
+plain colors; on dark days and in the evening, use the large bright
+flies.
+
+=Dyed-Feather Flies.=--"Some Anglers say no dyed feathers should be
+used in tying flies, that they fade to a damaging extent. We have
+always found dyed feathers practicable."--_London Rod and Gun._
+
+=The Brown Hackle.=--"Fasten red (crimson red) wool round a hook, and
+fit into the wool two feathers which grow under a cock's
+wattles."--AElian, third century, A.D. "Out of the thousands of trout
+that I have caught, it is safe to say that over 70 per cent. were
+taken with the Brown Hackle."--C. T. Ramsey. Two hundred Anglers,
+representing all parts of the United States, contributed fly-fishing
+chapters to _Favorite Flies_. Mary Orvis Marbury's wonderful volume
+on artificial flies and fly-fishing, and 130 of them declared the
+Brown Hackle their favorite pattern. "I had supposed that the Red
+Hackle was an imitation of the small red caterpillar, but the veteran
+Nessmuk affirms that it resembles nothing below or above. It is his
+favorite bug, and that settles the question."--H. C. Wilcox, _Favorite
+Flies_.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXII
+
+CASTING THE FLY
+
+    "Ah, tired man! Go find a spot
+      Somewhere in solitude;
+    Take hammock, books and tackle
+      And wearing apparel crude.
+    And live, if but the shortest time.
+      A wild life in the wood
+    A-fishing, reading, dreaming.
+      And you'll declare it good."
+
+        J. MILTON HARKINS.
+
+
+=Up and Down Stream.=--English Anglers wade upstream, and some Anglers
+in America do the same. There is good reason in this manner of wading
+on the part of the old country's Anglers, because where they practice
+it the water is quiet and not altogether shallow. In America, where
+our trout waters are rapid and foaming as they rush along, it is not
+practical as a general rule to wade upstream. The walking is
+difficult, you become wet, the trout see you notwithstanding they lie
+face up stream, your flies drift toward you, it is hard to keep the
+line from being slack all the time, the flies sink too often, and
+altogether you spoil the chances of creeling whatever is takable in
+the stream. On still, barely-flowing, deep waters a line may be cast
+up or down stream.
+
+=Down Stream.=--"There is much diversity of opinion about the manner
+of fishing, whether up or down the stream. The great majority of
+Anglers, both in Europe and this country, favor the latter method, and
+very few the former."--John J. Brown.
+
+=Motion of the Fly.=--In clear, smooth water let the fly sink a
+little; then move it along with a quick motion.
+
+=Manner in Fly-Fishing.=--"The manner in which the flies are fished
+distinguishes the fly-fisherman from the mere fly-caster, whether or
+no the fly-caster, as such, be expert or otherwise."--Samuel G. Camp,
+_The Fine Art of Fishing_.
+
+=Fly-Casting Practice.=--"When the learner becomes accustomed to
+handling his rod, he must try to perfect himself in two matters of
+great importance--accuracy and delicacy. Place a small piece of paper
+fifteen or twenty feet away, and aim at making the knot in the end of
+the line fall easily and quietly upon it. Your efforts will be aided
+if you will raise the point of the rod a trifle just as the forward
+impulse of the line is spent, and the line itself is straightened in
+the air for an instant in front. This is a novel kind of target
+shooting, but its usefulness will be realized when the Angler finds it
+necessary to drop his flies lightly just over the head of some wary
+trout."--Ripley Hitchcock.
+
+=The Magic Fly.=--"Reader, did you ever throw the fly to tempt the
+silvery denizen of the lake or river to his destruction? Have you
+watched him, as it skimmed like a living insect along the surface,
+dart from his hiding-place and rush upon the tempting but deceitful
+morsel? Have you noticed his astonishment when he found the hook was
+in his jaw? Have you watched him as he bent your slender rod 'like a
+reed shaken by the wind,' in his efforts to free himself, and then
+have you reeled him to your hand and deposited him in your basket as
+the spoil of your right arm? If you have not, leave the dull,
+monotonous, everyday things around you and try it."--S. S. Hammond.
+
+=Lifelike Fly.=--Don't simply drag the fly through the water. Move
+your wrist gently up and down; then the lure will look and act like a
+living insect, not a bunch of hair or feather.
+
+=Nature-like Fly.=--"In fly-fishing the lure must always be in
+motion." Excepting, say I, the instant when it first drops upon the
+pool. I have caught many of my largest trout--sometimes two at a
+single cast--the moment the fly touched the water.
+
+=Dry-Fly Success.=--"There are no insurmountable obstacles in the way
+of becoming a successful dry-fly Angler that do not confront the user
+of the sunken fly."--Emlyn M. Gill, _Practical Dry-Fly Fishing_.
+
+=Correct Fly-Fishing Line.=--"Nothing in reference to fly-fishing can
+be answered with such ease and confidence as the question what line
+should be used. Unquestionably the enameled waterproofed line, and no
+other."--Henry P. Wells.
+
+=Sunken Fly.=--"Every bass fly-fisherman knows that to let his flies
+sink for a depth of six or eight inches is alluring. Under certain
+conditions, when after trout, to let the flies descend for a depth of
+two feet before retrieving, is to tempt some sleepy old monster to
+attack. "--O. W. Smith.
+
+=The Strike.=--"The moment the trout seizes the artificial fly, it is
+as far in his mouth as it ever will be; therefore, you cannot strike
+too quickly after you have seen or felt the trout."--D. W. Cross.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIII
+
+TACKLE TALKS
+
+    "Slight lines of hair surprise the finny prey."
+
+        POPE.
+
+        "See that all things be right
+        For 'tis a very spite
+    To want tools, when a man goes afishing."
+
+        CHARLES COTTON.
+
+
+=To Extract Hooks.=--Cut the snell free and push the hook on through,
+depressing the upper end so as to bring the point out as near as
+possible to where it went in. Don't try to pull the hook back.
+
+=Knots in Rodwood.=--Don't switch a light rod sideways. The maker may
+have purposely put a knot to one side, and this would cause the rod to
+snap.
+
+=Function of the Rod.=--"The essential and most important office of a
+rod is that which is exhibited after the fish is hooked ... in other
+words, in the playing and landing of the fish. In practical angling
+the act of casting, either with fly or bait, is preliminary and
+subordinate to the real uses of the rod. The poorest fly-rod made will
+cast a fly thirty or forty feet, which is about as far as called for
+in ordinary angling. But it is the continuous spring and yielding
+resistance of the bent rod, constantly maintained, that not only tires
+out the fish, but protects the weak snell or leader from breakage, and
+prevents a weak hold of the hook from giving way; and this is the
+proper function of the rod."--James A. Henshall, _Favorite Fish and
+Fishing_.
+
+=Silkworm Gut.=--"The features to be sought are good color, a hard,
+wiry texture, roundness, even diameter from end to end, and length.
+From these are to be inferred the strength and wearing quality of the
+gut, which are what we wish to estimate. From the color we infer
+whether the gut is fresh or stale, its probable strength in relation
+to its thickness, and, in part, its wearing quality. In all these
+respects fresh gut is superior to old gut of original equal quality.
+The color can best be judged from the fuzzy end of the hank, and
+should be clear and glassy, and by no means dull or yellowish. The
+wearing quality of the gut may be judged partly by its color, partly
+by its springiness when bent and released, and also by its hardness.
+It should feel like wire."--Henry P. Wells, _Fly-Rods and Fly-Tackle_.
+
+=Ronalds' Rod.=--"The best materials are ash for the stock, lancewood
+for the middle, and bamboo for the tip."--Alfred Ronalds (1836).
+
+=South's Rod.=--Theophilus South, in his _Fly Fisher's Text Book_
+(London, 1845), prefers ash to willow for butts, hickory for middle
+joints, and favors tips made from lancewood, cane, and whalebone,
+spliced together--four and even five pieces in a tip.
+
+=Lightest Rod.=--Benjamin S. Whitehead fly-fishes with a
+gold-and-ivory-mounted split bamboo rod weighing one and eleven
+sixteenths ounces.
+
+=Tapered Line.=--"The line for dry-fly fishing should be either
+single-tapered or double-tapered; the fine end of the taper will make
+more of an inconspicuous connection with the leader and with a tapered
+line casting ability is doubled."--Robert Page Lincoln.
+
+=Knife and Shears.=--A small pair of scissors attached to a string and
+fastened to the Angler's coat are useful companions along the stream.
+They are more easily operated than a knife; they save time, and while
+you may do with them nearly all that can be done with a knife, they
+will render a service that cannot be obtained from the single blade. A
+knife should always be carried, nevertheless, and the proper one for
+the trout Angler is that newly invented thing which requires no
+finger-nail work and which is made ready for service by a mere
+pressure of the thumb on the top of the handle.
+
+=Trouting Outfit.=--Here's a plain, practical, reasonable-price outfit
+with no unnecessary items: A four-ounce lancewood fly-rod, a common
+rubber click reel to hold twenty-five yards of fine waterproof silk
+line, a seventy-five cent cane landing-net, small and with no metal on
+it, a seventy-five cent creel, a dozen of the best made and
+highest-priced assorted trout-flies, a pair of waders, and a dollar's
+worth of the finest and best made silk gut leaders.
+
+=Rod Dressing.=--To whip rings or guides on the rod use silk twist,
+drawing the final end through a few coils of the whipping by means of
+a loose loop. To revarnish, wipe off all grease stains, and dress
+lightly down with the best copal. To reblacken brasses, mix a little
+lampblack with spirit varnish. Dress once or twice and let the
+dressing thoroughly dry before using the copal.
+
+=Buy your Tackle.=--The old Anglers tied their flies themselves, and,
+in fact, made all their rods and tackle, save, perhaps, lines. To-day
+few Anglers think of tying flies or preparing any tackle, owing to the
+expertness and moderate terms on the part of dealers. It is much
+cheaper to buy tackle outright, as it is to buy gun shells ready
+loaded.
+
+=To Remove a Ferrule.=--Hold it over the flame of a spirit lamp or any
+flame until the cement is softened. If it has been pinned on, take a
+large needle, break it off squarely, put it on the pin, and strike
+just hard enough to set the pin below the ferrule, then warm and
+remove.
+
+=The Joints.=--If your rod joints go together harshly or do not come
+apart with ease, oil them lightly. See that no sand or any dirt gets
+in the ferrules. To take the joints apart easily when they are tightly
+set, gently warm the metal.
+
+=Rubber Bands.=--Little rubber bands are practical items of a
+sportsman's outfit. One real service they render is in holding the
+fly-rod joints together when you travel through the woods after your
+day's fishing.
+
+=The Rod as a Measure.=--"The size of a fish can be found out very
+easily, simply by having the butt of the fishing rod marked off in
+inches up to two feet."--John Koltzan.
+
+=Position of the Reel.=--The reel of a bait-rod should be on the top
+side of the rod, in front of the handle; that of a fly-rod, on the
+under side below the handle.
+
+=Cork Handle.=--To avoid blisters on the hand, have the handle of your
+rod covered with cork instead of cane, twine, or rubber. It will
+prevent the hand from slipping, is pleasant to the touch, and very
+light in weight.
+
+=Smooth Ferrules.=--Before jointing your rod, oil the male ferrules
+with vaseline, or by rubbing them on the back of your neck. This will
+prevent the joints from becoming tight after the day's sport.
+
+=Be Particular.=--The finer the tackle the fairer the sport.
+
+=Care of the Rod.=--See that your rod-case is thoroughly dry before
+you put your rod in it, and always tie the case-strings loosely or you
+will have bent tips and joints.
+
+=Tackle Tells.=--"The quality of gameness in a fish is best determined
+by the character of the tackle used. A brook trout on a striped bass
+rod, or a black bass on a tarpon rod, could not, in either case,
+exhibit its characteristic gameness, or afford any sport to the
+Angler. Excellent sport with small fishes, however, is now rendered
+possible owing to the advent of the very light trout rod. It should
+not be considered beneath the dignity of an Angler to cast the fly for
+a rock bass, a blue-gill, or a croppie, with a three-ounce rod.
+Certainly it is just as sportsmanlike as to fish for six-inch brook
+trout in a meadow brook or a mountain rill."--James A. Henshall.
+
+=Rust Preventive.=--Use animal oil free of salt on any metal--steel,
+iron, brass, German silver, etc. Vaseline may be used on brass and
+German silver; mercurial ointment on steel and iron. Don't use
+ordinary vegetable oil.
+
+=Telescopic Reel.=--An English reel, the telescope winch, can be
+expanded to carry a double quantity of line or less at will. By its
+means a trout reel becomes a salmon reel or bass reel or vice versa as
+you please.
+
+=Fine Tackle.=--"His tackle for bricht, airless days is o' gossamere;
+and at a wee distance aff you think he's fishin' without ony line
+ava."--The Ettrick Shepherd.
+
+=Dressing for Silk Wrappings.=--Cobbler's wax dissolved in spirits of
+wine. Paint it on with a feather.
+
+=Line Dressing.=--Deer's fat solidifies at a higher temperature than
+most fats and will cling well.
+
+=Black Leader and Snell.=--"For trout, use a black leader and have
+your hooks snelled with black gut."--"Country Pumpkin."
+
+=Thin Line.=--"The thinner the line I use the more fish I catch."--A.
+Hamilton, Jr.
+
+=Cocoon Lines.=--The Japanese now make almost invisible fishing lines
+from cocoons. The silk threads are boiled in oil and glue and
+calendered under heavy pressure. The fish cannot see these lines, and
+they are effective against the gamest species.
+
+=Enameled Line.=--"In casting from the reel I use a soft silk line,
+but I prefer to strip cast. In strip casting it is absolutely
+necessary to use a good enameled line. The reason I prefer strip
+casting is that a long, slender rod can be used. No other line than an
+enameled one can be stripped into the bottom of the boat and permitted
+to run out rapidly without snarling."--"Greenhorn."
+
+=Making a Camp Rod.=--Surgeon's plaster, in tin spools, or
+electrician's adhesive tape, are serviceable in many ways in camp. You
+can even build a makeshift casting rod if you've forgotten or lost the
+real article. Fasten the reel to a stiff section of any fishing rod or
+a straight light-weight tree switch with the tape. Screw eyes or small
+staples will answer for the running guides, but finer guides and a
+cleaner-looking tip guide may be made with fine wire and the tape.
+
+=Tackle and Time.=--Correct fishing tackle is as necessary in the
+hands of the tyro as with the practical Angler, but the beginner
+mustn't expect tackle, however appropriate, to be all that is required
+to make toward perfection in angling; experience and practice are
+equally important. As an apprentice in carpentry who may have all the
+tools of his master still needs experience and actual practice, so the
+young Angler fully equipped with good tackle must serve an
+apprenticeship on the waters.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIV
+
+THE ANGLER'S KITCHEN
+
+    "The reputation that trout enjoy as a food-fish is partly due to
+    the fact that they are usually cooked over an open fire.... The
+    real reason why food cooked over an open fire tastes so good to us
+    is because we are really hungry when we get it."--HENRY VAN DYKE.
+
+    "Moses, the friend of God--Lev. xi., 9, Deut. xiv., 9,--appointed
+    fish to be the chief diet for the best commonwealth that ever yet
+    was. The mightiest feasts have been of fish."--WALTON.
+
+      "... and fish the last
+    Food was that He on earth did taste."
+
+        W. BASSE.
+
+    "If you eat your kind, we will eat you."--BENJ. FRANKLIN.
+
+
+=Catching vs. Cooking.=--"I care little whether I catch a fish on a
+No. 6 or a No. 5 hook, or whether I use a $3 reel or a $2.99 one.
+Whether I use bay leaves, or cloves, or mushrooms, or tomato sauce, or
+tartar sauce in preparing my fish is more important. Game is improved
+by hanging for a while, but fish should be eaten as soon as possible
+after being caught."--"Piscator."
+
+=Fish as Food.=--The great variety of flavors in fish food makes an
+ichthyological diet more palatable than quadruped meat, and therefore
+more healthful because only that which is eaten with a relish is
+digestible and nourishing.
+
+=Forest Fish Sauce.=--Use a wild rose berry to make a sauce for fish
+food in camp.
+
+=Carp.=--The carp, celebrated in ancient song and story as the meat of
+kings, is as savory as the trout or any other fish species if cooked
+and served correctly.
+
+=Preserving Fish.=--Don't pack fish in wet grass or anything damp. Use
+dry straw.
+
+=Frozen Fish.=--Don't freeze fish unless you keep it frozen until
+quite ready for the fire, as it spoils soon after thawing.
+
+=Scaling Fish.=--Use an ordinary horse currycomb.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXV
+
+CARE AND BREEDING OF TROUT
+
+    "The water, more productive than the earth, Nature's store-house,
+    in which she locks up her wonders, is the eldest daughter of the
+    creation, the element upon which the spirit of God did first
+    move."--IZAAK WALTON.
+
+
+=Transporting Trout.=--To bring your fish home, first clean them
+carefully, taking pains to remove that little dark blood streak along
+the backbone. Then, after wiping them dry, pack them in ferns,
+separately, and free from ice. Never send your fish home by express;
+take them with you. A box cannot be checked on the train. Use an old
+packing trunk. In this you can also transport your heavy
+outfit--wading boots, oilskins, landing-net, etc.
+
+=Trout in Captivity.=--Trout in artificial ponds should be fed three
+or four times a week in the winter time during the very warmest part
+of the day. There is no natural food in artificial ponds, and feeding
+is necessary in order to keep the big fish from eating their small
+companions. In natural trout ponds fed by springs so much care need
+not be exercised in winter. Air holes need not be cut in any ice that
+may form, as the springs afford a proper temperature, and but little
+food, if any, need be given the fish.
+
+=Killing the Trout.=--Kill your trout the instant they are landed;
+don't let them suffer slow death. The game deserves humane treatment,
+and the meat tastes better by quick killing.
+
+=Trout Destroyers.=--Eels are ruinous to trout. They eat trout spawn,
+and they should be removed from all trout waters.
+
+=Live Frozen Trout.=--Trout packed in ice for several days and carried
+forty miles by stagecoach and two hundred and fifty miles by railway
+(Feb., 1914) from the State of Washington to Montana, says the
+_Lewiston Democrat_ of Butte, Montana, came to life and swam spryly
+when placed in a tank of water at the end of their journey--Hennessy's
+meat store at Butte.
+
+=Water Plants.=--Aquatic plants, besides affording protection and
+shade to the fishes, supply oxygen to the water.
+
+=Growth of Trout.=--"Mr. Tomkin of Polgaron put some small river
+trout, 2-1/2 inches in length, into a newly made pond. He took some of
+them out the second year, above twelve inches in length; the third
+year, he took one out of sixteen inches in length; and the fourth
+year, one of twenty-five inches in length: this was in 1734."--Carew's
+_Survey of Cornwall_.
+
+=Ducks Eat Trout.=--Arthur A. Woodford and S. W. Eddy, of Avon, Conn.,
+say that ducks eat trout and destroy the trout's breeding places by
+digging in the banks along the ponds and streams.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVI
+
+THE ANGLER'S CLOTHING AND FOOTWEAR
+
+    And let your garments russet be or gray.
+    Of colour darke, and hardest to descry.
+
+        _Pleasures of Angling._
+
+
+=Hobnail Footwear.=--Most any boot or shoe can be used for wading the
+trout streams, but a special selection is always best for every sort
+of purpose. Rubber, canvas, and leather are employed in the making of
+the fisherman's footwear. The hobnail heel-and-sole pattern is the
+correct article for use in swift-running water. The hobnail
+recommended above all others is the common, cheap soft-iron hobnail
+with corrugated head; carry a package in your tackle box.
+
+=Repairing Waders.=--Patch holes in rubber boots and rubber stockings,
+etc., by covering the holes with thin sheet rubber, cementing this
+with a mixture of black rubber dissolved in spirits of turpentine.
+
+=Drying Rubber Boots.=--Fill 'em full of hot bran.
+
+=Clothing.=--Sack coats, heavy trousers, a stout vest, all with plenty
+of large pockets. In color the garments should be gray, drab, or
+brown.
+
+=Hat.=--A soft felt of gray shade.
+
+=Boots and Shoes.=--Brown leather.
+
+=Waders.=--Leather shoes with holes in the sides or canvas shoes for
+summer. Rubber boots or wading trousers for cold weather.
+
+=Woolen and Rubber Clothing.=--Good quality woolen will shed rain for
+hours. Wear rubber outer garments in a wet brushy trail.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVII
+
+LITTLE CASTS
+
+
+=The Fingerling Fisher.=--It is sad to see a man with his creel full
+of trout each not over the size of a lady's penknife. This character
+has a photograph made of himself with the fingerlings held in front of
+him so as to make them appear of legal size; this he sends to friends
+in the city with glowing accounts of his catch of "a hundred speckled
+beauties in one day."
+
+=Tent Waterproofing.=--Sugar of lead and alum.
+
+=Woodcraft.=--A good, simple way to find a road or dwelling, if you
+are lost in the woods, is to follow down a stream.
+
+=Destroying the Streams.=--Discourage the indiscriminate cutting down
+of trees. The destruction of forest land means the drying up of trout
+waters and the waste of drinking water.
+
+=The Bungler.=--Bragging of ungentle catches, untruths about the size
+of a specimen, and non-ichthyological nonsense about the mystery of a
+species--unnatural history such as cheap fiction writers indulge
+in--by bungling would-be fishermen annoy the practical man and puzzle
+the earnest tyro. The record of honest sport is entertaining and
+instructive.
+
+=Discrimination.=--Do not worry if the fish are small so long as they
+are of legal size; reduce your tackle. A vest-pocket watch keeps just
+as good time as a town-hall clock.
+
+=Sportsmanship.=--Chivalry to his companion and humane treatment to
+the game he pursues are the Angler's axioms.
+
+=Giving Fishes to Neighbors.=--Don't give your neighbors part of your
+catch. They won't appreciate it. They'll throw them away in most
+cases. If they cook and eat them they suffer the belief that they are
+doing you a favor. Most recipients of fishes think the specimens too
+small, or that they have too many bones, or that they are too thin,
+too tough, too hard to scale, etc. They'd rather have a
+bought-and-paid-for cold-storage cod of ten pounds than a freshly
+caught brook trout presented by an Angler friend.
+
+=Not All of Fishing to Fish.=--"The fisherman whose catching of many
+fish causes him to forget his surroundings, blinds his eyes to the
+beauties of Nature, and deadens his ears to the music of the wild, is
+no Angler."--O. W. Smith.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVIII
+
+BORROWED LINES
+
+    "Oh I could wish the lord to say
+    That all the twelve months
+    Should be May."
+
+        GEORGE BORROW.
+
+    "I borrow no man's tackle."--"FRANK FORESTER."
+
+
+=Nature.=--"Solitude has its charm and its reward and Nature offers to
+mankind the proper blessings, be they indulged in with care and
+consideration. The mind that has been oppressed by following
+civilization's rut will find ample comfort in the solitude given man
+by Nature."--R. P. L., _The Sportsmen's Review_.
+
+=Save the Fishes.=--"We who love wild life and long ago abandoned the
+many instruments of extermination and who have come to a more
+considerate mode of recreation should do all in our power to
+discourage its destruction and to encourage the propagation of the
+wild life which has been so generously and graciously given us by our
+Creator. Only extremists insist on terrible slaughter of fishes,
+birds, and quadrupeds."--E. M. Hermann.
+
+"=Improvement.="--"No building enterprise, no 'betterment' ever spares
+a tree. Insects and lack of care kill what 'improvement'
+leaves."--New York _Evening World_, Aug. 18, 1914.
+
+=Jesus the Fisherman.=--"Had not the Saviour of Gennesaret understood
+fishermen's signs, such as the riff on the water, the schooling of the
+fishes, the hovering gulls, there would have been no miraculous catch
+of fishes."--Charles Hallock.
+
+=Society where None Intrudes.=--"I had pined so much, in the dust and
+heat of the great town, for trees and fields, and running waters, and
+the sounds of country life, and the air of country winds, that never
+more could I grow weary of these soft enjoyments."--Blackmore, _Lorna
+Doone_.
+
+=The Call of the Wild.=--"Lying hidden away in the back of the brain
+is the primitive longing for adventure and the tingle of the nerves
+that awaits it. Under the veneer of what is called civilization lie
+the racial and elemental passions, just as Mother Earth lies beneath
+the asphalted streets of the city."--Adele M. Ballard.
+
+=Gold Fishing.=--"When all green places have been destroyed in the
+builder's lust of gain; when all the lands are but bricks and piles of
+wood and iron; when there is no moisture anywhere and no rain ever
+falls; when the sky is a vault of smoke and all the rivers reek with
+poison; when forest and stream, the moor and meadow and all the old
+green wayside beauty are things vanished and forgotten; when every
+gentle, timid thing of brake and bush, of air and water, has been
+killed because it robbed them of a berry or a fruit; when the earth
+is one vast city, whose young children behold neither the green of the
+field nor the blue of the sky, and hear no song but the hiss of the
+steam, and know no music but the roar of the furnace; when the old
+sweet silence of the countryside, and the old sweet sounds of waking
+birds, and the old sweet fall of summer showers, and the grace of a
+hedgerow bough, and the glow of the purple heather, and the note of
+the cuckoo and cushat, and the freedom of waste and of woodland and
+all things are dead and remembered of no man; then the world, like the
+Eastern king, will perish miserably of famine and of drought, with
+gold in its stiffened hands, and gold in its withered lips and gold
+everywhere; gold that the people can neither eat nor drink, gold that
+cares nothing for them, but mocks them horribly; gold for which their
+fathers sold peace, and health, and holiness, and beauty; gold that is
+one vast grave."--Ouida.
+
+=Heaven.=--"My heart is fixed firm and stable in the belief that
+ultimately the sunshine and the summer, the flowers and the azure sky,
+shall become, as it were, interwoven into man's existence. He shall
+take from all their beauty and enjoy their glory."--Richard Jefferies,
+_The Life of the Fields_.
+
+=Modern Savagery.=--"Civilization is a nervous disease."--Clarence
+King.
+
+=Humanity.=--"Reading and writing are not educational, unless they
+make us feel kindly towards all creatures."--Ruskin.
+
+=Walton's Depth.=--"In Walton's angling works a child may wade and a
+giant swim."--John Ryan.
+
+    "I shall stay ... [the reader] no longer than to wish him a rainy
+    evening to read this ... Discourse; and that, if he be an honest
+    Angler, the East wind may never blow when he goes
+    a-Fishing."--IZAAK WALTON, _The Compleat Angler_, 1653.
+
+
+
+
+APPRECIATIONS:
+
+
+    PRINCETON, MAY 30, 1900--"The
+    Determined Angler ... the
+    most pleasantly written, the
+    most sensible and practical and
+    instructive volume I have ever
+    seen of its kind."
+
+    [Illustration: Grover Cleveland]
+
+    THE ART OF ANGLING.-- ... a
+    book on the art of angling,
+    with a hearty indorsement from
+    the most famous of latter-day
+    fishermen, former President
+    Grover Cleveland. It fully
+    deserves this indorsement.--_New
+    York Herald_, September 22,
+    1900.
+
+    THE TROUT AND THE WHALE.-- ... rare
+    sympathy and
+    genuine knowledge. Mr. Bradford
+    undoubtedly knows, as
+    did his sainted forerunner, that
+    "there are fish, as namely the
+    whale, three times as big as the
+    mighty elephant, that is so fierce
+    in battle," yet a single salve-liner
+    fontinalis of "just a little
+    over two pounds and a quarter"
+    is the single luxury he allows
+    himself. Mr. Bradford's dealings
+    are with those sophisticated
+    denizens of much-fished streams,
+    that have to be approached with
+    the finesse of a diplomat and
+    handled with the swift skill of a
+    fencing master. In all that
+    pertains to this difficult and
+    studious art one feels that Mr.
+    Bradford is an adept, and that the
+    graceful, commendatory letter
+    from former President Cleveland
+    is amply merited.--_New York
+    Evening Telegram_, September
+    8, 1900.
+
+    PRACTICAL.--Practical advice.--_New
+    York Sun._
+
+    ANGLING CONVERTS.--There
+    is always a real charm about
+    what is written on the subject of
+    fishing, by real disciples of old
+    Izaak Walton, and the reason
+    may be found in the fact that
+    the spirit of the greatest of
+    anglers has come upon them.
+    _The Determined Angler_ is no
+    exception to the rule. It is
+    good reading, full of wisdom and
+    instruction. And while it will
+    prove very useful to the beginner
+    and even the veteran, it is also
+    calculated to make many converts
+    to the rod and line. The
+    book is full of wise counsel and
+    information.--_New York Evening
+    Sun_, September 8, 1900.
+
+    FOR FAIR FISHERMEN.--Appeals
+    to those who fish fair.... Charles
+    Bradford, the
+    modern American authority on
+    angling.--_New York Press._
+
+    FOR GENTLE READERS.--Much
+    good advice and very
+    pleasant entertainment for any
+    gentle reader.--_New York Observer._
+
+    SUMMER AND WINTER.--Pleasant
+    reading whether by the
+    winter fireside or the shaded
+    banks of summer.--_New York
+    Evening Post._
+
+    ANGLING EXPERIENCE.--Mr.
+    Bradford is no novice in this line
+    of literature.--_New York Athletic
+    Club Journal._
+
+    ANGLING PHILOSOPHY.--Breathes
+    the very essence of
+    philosophy; the result of much
+    experience.--_Brooklyn (N. Y.)
+    Eagle._
+
+    WALTONIAN SPIRIT.--Pervaded
+    by the spirit of Izaak
+    Walton.--_The Outlook._
+
+    THE GENTLE TROUT.--The
+    author is an enthusiastic devotee
+    of the sport [angling], upon
+    which he writes with a contagious
+    enthusiasm ... an angler
+    of very positive convictions; he
+    has a fixed aversion to fishing
+    with the scarlet ibis, and confesses
+    to a personal preference
+    to sober colors in flies for all
+    seasons and on all waters. Above
+    all, he insists upon the use of
+    the most scientific methods,
+    since "a trout is a gentleman,
+    and should be treated as such
+    and lured with only delicate and
+    humane weapons." A facsimile
+    of a letter of warm commendation
+    from ex-President
+    Cleveland serves as frontispiece
+    to this agreeable volume which
+    is attractively printed.--_New
+    York Commercial Advertiser_.
+    September 13, 1900.
+
+    THE GENTLE ART.--A gentle
+    exponent of a gentle art.--_Denver
+    (Colo.) Republican._
+
+    WILD BROOK TROUT.--The
+    announcement of a new book
+    on fishing interests a class of the
+    community, especially those
+    confined to the cities, which is
+    increasing year by year. This
+    work depicts a trout fisherman's
+    paradise. It is from the same
+    graphic pen as _The Wildfowlers_,
+    and divulges many a secret of
+    the fisherman's craft. One may
+    learn from its pages where a
+    gentle creel of real wild brook
+    trout may be made in a morning's
+    pleasant angling, "in a
+    free and comparatively virgin
+    gameland--a wild and naturally
+    beautiful country, embracing
+    all the charms of scenic splendor
+    for which the American brook
+    trout regions are famous," and
+    its pages contain an abundance
+    of practical detail concerning
+    tackle and methods of casting
+    the fly, and playing and landing
+    the game ... it makes a notable
+    addition to the sportsman's
+    library.--_New York Home Journal_.
+    May 10, 1900.
+
+    THE ANGLER'S ART.--Mr.
+    Bradford gives eminently practical
+    hints on the angler's art.--_Salt
+    Lake City (Utah) Telegram._
+
+    A STUDY OF FISHING.--The
+    advice comes from one who has
+    learned many things about
+    fishing.--_Utica (N. Y.) Press._
+
+    COMPREHENSIVE ANGLING.--One
+    of the most comprehensive
+    bits of angling literature we
+    have had for many a long year,
+    and thoroughly deserves the
+    generous praise it has received ... the
+    most delightful fishing
+    book of this generation--_The
+    Amateur Sportsman._
+
+    THE ANGLER'S LIBRARY.--deserves
+    a place in the library
+    of every fly-fisherman.--_The
+    Sportsman's Magazine._
+
+    A FISHER OF MEN.--Mr.
+    Bradford may well be proud
+    of this tribute, for Mr. Cleveland
+    is himself a determined angler
+    and an experienced fisher of
+    men.--_Spirit of the Times._
+
+    SECRETS OF THE FISH.--What
+    he has to tell of the secrets
+    known only to the fish, himself,
+    and a few others is marvelous.--_Montreal
+    (Canada) Gazette._
+
+    PHILOSOPHY AND FISHING.--With
+    this kind of man philosophy
+    and fishing mix well.--_Rochester
+    (N. Y.) Herald._
+
+    QUALITY, NOT QUANTITY.--Mr.
+    Bradford writes for those
+    who see more in the trip than
+    the frying-pan.--_Savannah (Ga.)
+    News._
+
+    WALTON'S FOLLOWER.--A
+    true disciple of Izaak Walton.--_London
+    (Eng.) Post._
+
+    ANGLING ENTHUSIASM.--An
+    accomplished and enthusiastic
+    angler.--_Cincinnati (Ohio) Star._
+
+    CLEVELAND'S WORDS.--Charles
+    Bradford writes practical and
+    sensible books.--_Philadelphia
+    (Pa.) Public Ledger._
+
+    ANGLING ANTICIPATIONS.--Mr.
+    Bradford believes fishing is
+    a means and not an end.--_Albany
+    Argus._
+
+    JOYOUS MATERIAL.--He has
+    gathered material to make the
+    heart of the fisherman leap for
+    joy.--_Boston Transcript._
+
+    WOULD PLEASE WALTON.--Izaak
+    Walton, Christopher
+    North, and the other mighty
+    fishermen known to fame, would
+    wag their wise heads approvingly
+    over Mr. Bradford's book.
+    The Pilgrims who told King
+    James that they desired to go
+    God and catch fishes would
+    accord Mr. Bradford's volume
+    a place beside the Bay Psalm
+    Book.--_Pittsburg (Pa.) Gazette._
+
+    ENTERTAINING.--Mr. Bradford
+    has written before on angling,
+    and very entertainingly.--_Saturday
+    Evening Post (Phila.)._
+
+    CONTEMPLATIVE MAN.--Charles
+    Bradford is one to
+    whom, as Washington Irving
+    said, "There is something in
+    angling that tends to produce
+    a gentleness of spirit and a
+    pure serenity of mind."--_Dundee
+    (Scot.) Adv._
+
+    UNIVERSAL READING.--The
+    descriptive matter is both
+    interesting and instructive.
+    Fishermen in all parts of the
+    country will find the book well
+    worth reading.--_Bay City (Mich.)
+    Tribune_, July 19, 1900.
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Note:
+
+
+     * Obvious punctuation and spelling errors repaired.
+
+     * Changed "water-proof" to "waterproof" for consistency. Both
+      forms appeared in the original text.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Determined Angler and the Brook
+Trout, by Charles  Bradford
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