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Giles, D.C.L. + </title> + <style type="text/css"> + + p { margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; + } + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; + } + hr { width: 33%; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; + } + + table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;} + + body{margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + } + + ul { list-style-type:none;} + + .pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: smaller; + text-align: right; + } /* page numbers */ + + .linenum {position: absolute; top: auto; left: 4%;} /* poetry number */ + .blockquot{margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 10%;} + .sidenote {width: 20%; padding-bottom: .5em; padding-top: .5em; + padding-left: .5em; padding-right: .5em; margin-left: 1em; + float: right; clear: right; margin-top: 1em; + font-size: smaller; color: black; background: #eeeeee; border: dashed 1px;} + + .bb {border-bottom: solid 2px;} + .bl {border-left: solid 2px;} + .bt {border-top: solid 2px;} + .br {border-right: solid black 1px;} + .bbox {border: solid 2px;} + + .tdc {text-align: center; white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: top;} /* aligning cell content to the center, forcing no wrap */ + .bline {border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: #000000;} /* bottom line for family tree */ + .tline {border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-color: #000000;} /* top line for family tree */ + .blb {border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-color: #000000;} /* bottom line and left line for family tree */ + .linel {border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: #000000;} /* left line for family tree */ + .liner {border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-color: #000000;} /* right line for family tree */ + .blt {border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-color: #000000;} /* left line and top line for family tree */ + .brb {border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-color: #000000;} /* right line and bottom line for family tree */ + .brt {border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-color: #000000;} /* right line and top line for family tree */ + + .center {text-align: center;} + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + .u {text-decoration: underline;} + + .caption {font-weight: bold;} + + .figcenter {margin: auto; text-align: center;} + + .figleft {float: left; clear: left; margin-left: 0; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: + 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 0; text-align: center;} + + .figright {float: right; clear: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; + margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 0; padding: 0; text-align: center;} + + .footnotes {border: dashed 1px;} + .footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} + .footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} + .fnanchor {vertical-align: super; font-size: .8em; text-decoration: none;} + + .poem {margin-left:10%; margin-right:10%; text-align: left;} + .poem br {display: none;} + .poem .stanza {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;} + .poem span.i0 {display: block; margin-left: 0em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + .poem span.i2 {display: block; margin-left: 2em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + .poem span.i4 {display: block; margin-left: 4em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Old English Chronicles, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Old English Chronicles + +Author: Various + +Editor: J. A. Giles + +Release Date: October 25, 2011 [EBook #37848] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OLD ENGLISH CHRONICLES *** + + + + +Produced by Taavi Kalju, Jane Hyland and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by The Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries) + + + + + + +</pre> + + + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_i" id="Page_i">[Pg i]</a></span></p> + +<h1>BOHN'S ANTIQUARIAN LIBRARY.</h1> + +<h2><br /><br />Old English Chronicles.</h2> + +<h3>ETHELWERD—ASSER'S LIFE OF ALFRED—GEOFFREY OF<br /> +MONMOUTH—GILDAS—NENNIUS—AND<br /> +RICHARD OF CIRENCESTER.<br /><br /><br /><br /></h3> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_ii" id="Page_ii">[Pg ii]</a></span></p> + +<h3>GEORGE BELL AND SONS</h3> + +<h4>LONDON: PORTUGAL ST., LINCOLN'S INN.<br /> +CAMBRIDGE: DEIGHTON, BELL AND CO.<br /> +NEW YORK: THE MACMILLAN CO.<br /> +BOMBAY: A.H. WHEELER AND CO.<br /><br /><br /><br /></h4> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_iii" id="Page_iii">[Pg iii]</a></span></p> + +<h2>Old English Chronicles,</h2> + +<h5>INCLUDING<br /><br /> +ETHELWERD'S CHRONICLE.<br /><br /> +ASSER'S LIFE OF ALFRED.<br /><br /> +GEOFFREY OF MONMOUTH'S BRITISH HISTORY.<br /><br /> +GILDAS. NENNIUS.<br /><br /> +TOGETHER WITH THE<br /><br /> +SPURIOUS CHRONICLE OF RICHARD OF CIRENCESTER.<br /><br /><br /><br /></h5> + +<h5>EDITED, WITH ILLUSTRATIVE NOTES,</h5> +<h3>BY J.A. GILES, D.C.L.,</h3> +<h5>LATE FELLOW OF CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE, OXFORD.</h5> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 100px;"> +<img src="images/image1.jpg" width="100" height="92" alt="" title="" /> +</div> + +<h3>LONDON<br /> +GEORGE BELL & SONS<br /> +1906<br /></h3> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">[Pg iv-v]</a></span></p> + +<p class="center">[<i>Reprinted from Stereotype plates.</i>]</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>EDITOR'S PREFACE.</h2> + + +<p>Of the present volume it will be sufficient to inform the +reader that it contains Six Chronicles, all relating to the +history of this country before the Norman Conquest, and +all of essential importance to those who like to study history +in the very words of contemporary writers.</p> + +<p>We will at once proceed to enumerate them severally.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. I.</span>—ETHELWERD'S CHRONICLE.</h3> + + +<p>The short chronicle, which passes under the name of +Ethelwerd, contains few facts which are not found in the +Saxon Chronicle its precursor. Of the author we know no +more than he has told us in his work. "Malmesbury calls +him 'noble and magnificent' with reference to his rank; for +he was descended from king Alfred: but he forgets his peculiar +praise—that of being the only Latin historian for two +centuries; though, like Xenophon, Cæsar, and Alfred, he +wielded the sword as much as the pen."<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></p> + +<p>Ethelwerd dedicated his work to, and indeed wrote it for +the use of his relation Matilda, daughter of Otho the Great, +emperor of Germany, by his first empress Edgitha or +Editha; who is mentioned in the Saxon Chronicle, <span class="smcap">a.d.</span> +925, though not by name, as given to Otho by her brother, +king Athelstan. Ethelwerd adds, in his epistle to Matilda, +that Athelstan sent <i>two</i> sisters, in order that the emperor +might take his choice; and that he preferred the mother of +Matilda.</p> + +<p>The chronology of Ethelwerd is occasionally a year or two +at variance with other authorities. The reader will be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">[Pg vi]</a></span> +guided in reckoning the dates, not by the heading of each +paragraph, <span class="smcap">a.d.</span> 891, 975, &c., but by the actual words of the +author inserted in the body of the text.</p> + +<p>I have translated this short chronicle from the original +text as well as I was able, and as closely as could be to the +author's text; but I am by no means certain of having always +succeeded in hitting on his true meaning, for such is the extraordinary +barbarism of the style, that I believe many an +ancient Latin classic, if he could rise from his grave, would +attempt in vain to interpret it.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Ingram, p. viii. note</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. II.</span>—ASSER'S LIFE OF ALFRED.</h3> + + +<p>This work is ascribed, on its own internal authority, to +Asser, who is said to have been bishop of St. David's, +of Sherborne or of Exeter, in the time of king Alfred. +Though most of the public events recorded in this book +are to be found in the Saxon Chronicle, yet for many +interesting circumstances in the life of our great Saxon +king we are indebted to this biography alone. But, as if no +part of history is ever to be free from suspicion, or from +difficulty, a doubt has been raised concerning the authenticity +of this work.<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> There is also another short treatise called the +Annals of Asser, or the Chronicle of St. Neot, different from +the present: it is published in vol. iii. of Gale and Fell's +Collection of Historians. And it has been suspected by a +living writer that both of these works are to be looked upon +as compilations of a later date. The arguments upon which +this opinion is founded are drawn principally from the abrupt +and incoherent character of the work before us. But +we have neither time nor space to enter further into this +question. As the work has been edited by Petrie, so has it +been here translated, and the reader, taking it upon its own +merits, will find therein much of interest about our glorious +king, concerning whom he will lament with me that all we +know is so little, so unsatisfying.</p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[Pg vii]</a></span></p> +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> See Wright's Biographia Literaria Anglo-Saxonica, p. 405. Dr. Lingard, +however, in his recent work on the History and Antiquities of the +Anglo-Saxon Church, vol. ii. pp. 424-428, has replied to Mr. Wright's +objections, and vindicated the authenticity of Asser's Life.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. III.</span>—GILDAS.</h3> + + +<p>Of Gildas, the supposed author of the third work contained +in this volume, little or nothing is known. Mr. Stevenson, +in the preface to his edition of the original Latin, +lately published by the English Historical Society, says: +"We are unable to speak with certainty as to his parentage, +his country, or even his name, the period when he lived, or +the works of which he was the author." Such a statement +is surely sufficient to excuse us at present from saying more +on the subject, than that he is supposed to have lived, and to +have written what remains under his name, during some part +of the sixth century. There are two legends<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> of the life of +St. Gildas, as he is termed, but both of them abound with +such absurdities that they scarcely deserve to be noticed in +a serious history. Of the present translation, the first or +historic half is entirely new; in the rest, consisting almost +entirely of texts from Scripture, the translator has thought it +quite sufficient to follow the old translation of Habington, +correcting whatever errors he could detect, and in some +degree relieving the quaint and obsolete character of the +language. It has been remarked by Polydore Virgil, that +Gildas quotes no other book but the Bible; and it may be +added, that his quotations are in other words than those of +the Vulgate or common authorized translation. The title of +the old translation is as follows: "The Epistle of Gildas the +most ancient British Author: who flourished in the yeere +of our Lord, 546. And who by his great erudition, sanctitie, +and wisdome, acquired the name of <i>Sapiens</i>. Faithfully +translated out of the originall Latine." London, 12mo. 1638.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> Both these works are given in the appendix to the editor's "History +of the Ancient Britons."</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. IV.</span>—NENNIUS.</h3> + + +<p>The History of the Britons, which occupies the fourth +place in this volume is generally ascribed to Nennius, but +so little is known about the author, that we have hardly any +information handed down to us respecting him except this +mention of his name. It is also far from certain at what +period the history was written, and the difference is no less +than a period of two hundred years, some assigning the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">[Pg viii]</a></span> +work to seven hundred and ninety-six, and others to nine +hundred and ninety-four. The recent inquiries of Mr. +Stevenson, to be found in the Preface to his new edition of +the original Latin, render it unnecessary at present to delay +the reader's attention from the work itself. The present translation +is substantially that of the Rev. W. Gunn, published +with the Latin original in 1819, under the following title: +"The 'Historia Britonum,' commonly attributed to Nennius; +from a manuscript lately discovered in the library of the +Vatican Palace at Rome: edited in the tenth century, by +Mark the Hermit; with an English version, facsimile of the +original, notes and illustrations." The kindness of that gentleman +has enabled the present editor to reprint the whole, with +only a few corrections of slight errata, which inadvertency +alone had occasioned, together with the two prologues and +several pages of genealogies, which did not occur in the +MS. used by that gentleman.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. V.</span>—GEOFFREY OF MONMOUTH.</h3> + + +<p>Geoffrey, surnamed of Monmouth, is celebrated in English +literature as the author, or at least the translator, of <i>Historia +Britonum</i>, a work from which nearly all our great vernacular +poets have drawn the materials for some of their noblest +works of fiction and characters of romance. He lived in +the early part of the twelfth century, and in the year 1152 +was raised to the bishopric of St. Asaph.</p> + +<p>The first of his writings, in point of time, was a Latin +translation of the Prophecies of Merlin, which he undertook +at the request of Alexander bishop of Lincoln. His next +work was that on which his fame principally rests, the <i>Historia +Britonum</i>, dedicated to Robert, duke of Gloucester, +who died in 1147. Into this second work he inserted the +Latin translation above-mentioned, which now appears as +the seventh book of <i>Historia Britonum</i>. A third composition +has also been ascribed to Geoffrey, entitled <i>Vita Merlini</i>, +in Latin hexameter verse: but the internal evidence which it +affords, plainly proves that it is the work of a different author.</p> + +<p>Although the list of our Chroniclers may be considered +as complete, without the addition of this work, yet we +have thought it worthy of a place in our series for many +reasons. It is not for historical accuracy that the book be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">[Pg ix]</a></span>fore +us is valuable; for the great mass of scholars have come +to the decided conviction that it is full of fables. But it is +the romantic character which pervades the narrative, together +with its acknowledged antiquity, which make it desirable +that the book should not sink into oblivion. Those who +desire to possess it as a venerable relic of an early age, will now +have an opportunity of gratifying their wish; whilst others, +who despise it as valueless, in their researches after historic +truth, may, nevertheless, find some little pleasure in the tales +of imagination which it contains.</p> + +<p>The value of this work is best evinced by the attention +which was paid to it for many centuries; Henry of Huntingdon +made an abstract of it, which he subjoined as an +appendix to his history: and Alfred of Beverley, a later +writer, in his abridgment of this work which still exists, +has omitted Geoffrey's name, though he calls the author of +the original, Britannicus.</p> + +<p>An English translation of the work was first published by +Aaron Thompson, of Queen's College, Oxford, [8vo. Lond. +1718.] and lately revised and reprinted by the editor of this +volume, [8vo. Lond. 1842.] A long preface is prefixed to +that translation, wherein the author endeavoured to prove +Geoffrey of Monmouth to be a more faithful historian than +he is generally considered to be. His words are as follow:—"I +am not unsensible that I expose myself to the censures +of some persons, by publishing this translation of a book, +which they think had better been suppressed and buried in +oblivion, as being at present generally exploded for a groundless +and fabulous story, such as our modern historians think +not worthy relating, or at least mention with contempt. And +though it is true, several men, and those of learning too, +censure this book who have but little considered it, and +whose studies no ways qualify them to judge of it; yet, I +own this consideration has for a long time deterred me from +publishing it: and I should not at last have been able to +surmount this difficulty, without the importunity and encouragement +of others, to whom I owe a singular regard. I +had indeed before I entered upon the work perused the principal +writers both for and against this history, the effect of +which upon my own judgment, as to the swaying it to the +one side more than the other, was but very small; and I<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">[Pg x]</a></span> +must confess, that I find the most learned antiquaries the +most modest in their opinions concerning it, and that it seems +to me to be a piece of great rashness, to judge peremptorily +upon a matter, whereof at this great distance of time there +are no competent witnesses on either side. At least I cannot +but think it a sufficient apology for my publishing this +book, to consider only, that though it seems to suffer under a +general prejudice at present, yet it has not long done so; +but that upon its first appearing in the world, it met with +a universal approbation, and that too, from those who had +better opportunities of examining the truth of it, as there +were then more monuments extant, and the traditions more +fresh and uncorrupted concerning the ancient British affairs, +than any critics of the present age can pretend to; that it +had no adversary before William of Newburgh about the +end of the reign of Richard the First, whose virulent invective +against it, we are told, proceeded from a revenge he +thought he owed the Welsh for an affront they had given +him; that his opposition was far from shaking the credit of +it with our succeeding historians, who have, most of them, +till the beginning of the last century, confirmed it with their +testimonies, and copied after it, as often as they had occasion +to treat of the same affairs: that its authority was alleged by +king Edward the First and all the nobility of the kingdom, +in a controversy of the greatest importance, before Boniface +the Eighth; that even in this learned age, that is so industrious +to detect any impostures, which through the credulity +of former times had passed upon the world, the arguments +against this history are not thought so convincing, but that +several men of equal reputation for learning and judgment +with its adversaries, have written in favour of it; that very +few have at last spoken decisively against it, or absolutely +condemned it; and that it is still most frequently quoted by +our most learned historians and antiquaries. All these considerations, +I say, if they do not amount to an apology for the +history itself, show at least that it deserves to be better +known than at present it is; which is sufficient to justify my +undertaking the publishing of it."</p> + +<p>It is unnecessary in the present day to prove that king +Brute is a shadowy personage, who never existed but in the +regions of romance: but as the reader may justly expect to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi">[Pg xi]</a></span> +find in this place some account of the controversy which has +existed respecting this work, the following remarks will not +be deemed inappropriate. There seems no good reason for +supposing that Geoffrey of Monmouth intended to deceive +the world respecting the history of which he professed to be +the translator; and it may be readily conceived that he did +no more than fulfil the task which he had undertaken, +of rendering the book into Latin out of the original language. +But those who, even as late as the beginning of the last +century, supported the authenticity of the history, have +grounded their opinions on such arguments as the following:—</p> + +<p>1. That, upon its first appearance in the world, the book +met with universal approbation, and that too from those who +had better opportunities of examining the truth of it, as +there were then more monuments extant, and the traditions +were more fresh and uncorrupted, concerning the ancient +British affairs, than any critics of the present age can pretend +to.</p> + +<p>2. That except William of Newburgh, about the end of +the reign of Richard I, it met with no opponents even down +to the seventeenth century, but was, on the contrary, quoted +by all, in particular by Edward I, in a controversy before +Boniface the Eighth.</p> + +<p>3. That we see in this history the traces of venerable +antiquity.</p> + +<p>4. That the story of Brute, and the descent of the Britons +from the Trojans, was universally allowed by Giraldus Cambrensis +and others, and was opposed for the first time by +John of Wethamstede, [Nicolson's Eng. Hist. Lit. 2nd ed. +p. 1, c. v.] who lived in the 15th century: that Polydore +Virgil's contempt for it proceeded from his wish to preserve +unimpaired the glory of the Romans, and Buchanan's observations +betray his ignorance of the story.</p> + +<p>5. That Leland, who lived under Henry the Eighth, +Humphrey Lhwyd, Sir John Price, Dr. Caius, Dr. Powel, +and others, have supported the story of Brute, etc.</p> + +<p>Such arguments may have satisfied the credulous students +of the seventeenth century, but the more enlightened criticism +of the present day will no longer listen to them. It +may not, however, be uninteresting to hear the account which +Thompson, the English translator gives of this work, which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xii" id="Page_xii">[Pg xii]</a></span> +in his own words, and with his additional remarks upon it, +is as follows:—"The story, as collected from himself, Leland, +Bale, and Pitts, is that Walter Mapes, <i>alias</i> Calenius, archdeacon +of Oxford, who flourished in the reign of Henry I, +and of whom Henry of Huntingdon, and other historians as +well as Geoffrey himself, make honourable mention, being a +man very curious in the study of antiquity, and a diligent +searcher into ancient libraries, and especially after the works +of ancient authors, happened while he was in Armorica to +light upon a History of Britain, written in the British +tongue, and carrying marks of great antiquity. And being +overjoyed at it, as if he had found a vast treasure, he in a +short time after came over to England; where inquiring for a +proper person to translate this curious but hitherto unknown +book, he very opportunely met with Geoffrey of Monmouth, +a man profoundly versed in the history and antiquities of +Britain, excellently skilled in the British tongue, and withal +(considering the time,) an elegant writer both in verse and +prose; and so recommended this task to him. Accordingly, +Geoffrey, being incredibly delighted with this ancient book, +undertook the translating of it into Latin, which he performed, +with great diligence, approving himself, according to Matthew +Paris, a faithful translator. At first he divided it into four +books, written in a plain simple style, and dedicated it to +Robert, earl of Gloucester, a copy whereof is said<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> to be at +Bennet College, in Cambridge, which was never yet published; +but afterwards he made some alterations and divided +it into eight books, to which he added the book of Merlin's +Prophecies, which he had also translated from British verse +into Latin prose, prefixing to it a preface, and a letter +to Alexander, bishop of Lincoln. A great many fabulous +and trifling stories are inserted in the history: but that was +not his fault; his business as a translator was to deliver +them faithfully such as they were, and leave them to the +judgment of the learned to be discussed.</p> + +<p>"To prove the truth of this relation, and to answer at +once all objections against Geoffrey's integrity, one needs no +other argument than an assurance that the original manuscript +which Geoffrey translated, of whose antiquity the curious +are able to judge in a great measure by the character, or any<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xiii" id="Page_xiii">[Pg xiii]</a></span> +ancient and authentic copy of it, is yet extant. And indeed, +archbishop Usher<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> mentions an old Welsh Chronicle +in the Cottonian Library, that formerly was in the possession +of that learned antiquary, Humphrey Lhwyd, which he says +is thought to be that which Geoffrey translated. But if that +be the original manuscript, it must be acknowledged that +Geoffrey was not merely a translator, but made some additions +of his own: since, as that most learned prelate informs +us, the account that we have in this History of the British +Flamens, and Archflamens, is nowhere to be found in it. +But besides this, there are several copies of it in the Welsh +tongue, mentioned by the late ingenious and learned Mr. +Lhwyd in his 'Archæologia Britannica.' And I myself +have met with a manuscript history of our British affairs, +written above a hundred years ago by Mr. John Lewis, and +shortly to be published, wherein the author says, that he had +the original of the British History in parchment written in +the British tongue before Geoffrey's time, as he concludes +from this circumstance, that in his book Geoffrey's preface was +wanting, and the preface to his book was the second chapter +of that published by Geoffrey. My ignorance of the Welsh +tongue renders me unqualified for making any search into +these matters; and though the search should be attended with +never so much satisfaction, to those who are able to judge of +the antiquity of manuscripts, yet to the generality of readers, +other arguments would perhaps be more convincing."</p> + +<p>The passages which we have here quoted at length, will +give the reader the most ample information concerning the +nature of the question, and it only remains to inform the +reader what is my own opinion on this long-agitated literary +controversy.</p> + +<p>To those who have read the plain and simple statements +of Julius Cæsar and the other classic historians who have +described the early state of Britain, it will be morally certain +that all such accounts as we have in Geoffrey of Monmouth +are purely fabulous. The uncertainty of every thing, save +the bare fact, connected with the siege of Troy, is so great, +that to connect its fortunes with those of a distant and at +that time unheard-of island like Britain, can be admissible +only in the pages of romance. But in the latter part of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xiv" id="Page_xiv">[Pg xiv]</a></span> +work which contains the history of Britain, during its conquest +by the Saxons, we may possibly find the germs of +facts unnoticed elsewhere.</p> + +<p>This view does not militate against the veracity of Geoffrey, +who professes to have translated from an original in the +British language, but whether any manuscript copy of this +original now exists, is a point which has not been satisfactorily +ascertained. In 1811, the Rev. Peter Roberts published +the Chronicle of the Kings of Britain, translated from +Welsh manuscripts, and being in substance almost identically +the same as Geoffrey's History of the Britons,—but it is most +likely that these Welsh MSS., which are all comparatively +modern, are themselves re-translations from the Latin of +Geoffrey.</p> + +<p>If no other arguments could be adduced to prove the utter +incredibility of the earlier parts of this history, the following +Chronological Table would furnish quite sufficient arguments +to establish it, by the extraordinary anachronisms which it contains. +For instance, between the reigns of Brutus and Leil, is +an interval of 156 years; and yet Geoffrey makes the capture +of the ark contemporaneous with the reign of Brutus, and +the building of Solomon's temple with that of Leil. Now +the interval between these two events cannot by any possibility +be extended beyond eighty years. It is, moreover, +impossible to bring the chronology of the British kings themselves +into harmony with the dates before Christ, as there +is no mention made of the exact interval between the taking +of Troy and Brutus's landing in Britain.</p> + +<p>Geoffrey inscribes his work to Robert, earl of Gloucester, +son of Henry the Second.</p> + +<h3>GENEALOGICAL SUMMARY.</h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="tree"> + +<tr> +<td style="width: 4.0%;"> </td> +<td style="width: 4.0%;"> </td> +<td style="width: 4.0%;"> </td> +<td style="width: 4.0%;"> </td> +<td style="width: 4.0%;"> </td> +<td style="width: 4.0%;"> </td> +<td style="width: 4.0%;"> </td> +<td style="width: 4.0%;"> </td> +<td style="width: 4.0%;"> </td> +<td style="width: 4.0%;"> </td> +</tr> + + +<tr> +<td colspan="3"> </td> +<td colspan="2"><span class="smcap">Latinus</span></td> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +<td colspan="6" class="linel"> </td> +</tr> + + +<tr> +<td colspan="3"> </td> +<td class="blt"> </td> +<td class="brt"> </td> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td align="left" colspan="2"><span style="margin-left: 4.7em;">=</span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Æneas</span></td> +<td align="left" colspan="2">=<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Lavinia</span></td> +<td colspan="2" align="center">(——)</td> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td align="center"> </td> +<td colspan="4" class="linel"> </td> +<td colspan="5" class="linel"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td align="center" colspan="2">Ascanius</td> +<td colspan="3"> </td> +<td colspan="5" class="linel"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td align="center"> </td> +<td colspan="4" class="linel"> </td> +<td colspan="5" class="linel"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2">Sylvius Pandrasus</td> +<td align="center" colspan="2">=</td> +<td colspan="2" align="center">(Niece of Lavinia). I. 3.</td> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td align="center" style="width: 4.0%;"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="linel"> </td> +<td colspan="7" class="linel"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><span style="margin-left: 3em;">Ignoge</span><span style="margin-left:3em;">=</span></td> +<td colspan="8" align="left"><span style="margin-left: 3em;">1. Brutus at the age of 15 kills his father (I. 3.) Reigns twenty four years. (II. 1.)</span></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td align="left" colspan="2"> </td> +<td colspan="8" align="left" class="linel"><span style="margin-left: 3em;">At this time Eli governed Israel, and the ark was taken by the Philistines, and the<br /></span> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">sons of Hector reigned in Troy and Sylvius Æneas, uncle of Brutus, in Italy. (I. 17.)</span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xv" id="Page_xv">[Pg xv]</a></span></td> +</tr> + + +<tr> +<td align="center" colspan="2"> </td> +<td colspan="9" class="linel"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td align="center" style="width: 4.0%;"> </td> +<td colspan="3" class="blt"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="blt"> </td> +<td colspan="4" class="linel"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" align="center" class="linel">Corinæus</td> +<td colspan="2" align="center">Albanact</td> +<td colspan="2" align="center">Kamber II. 1.</td> +<td colspan="3"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td align="center" style="width: 4.0%;"> </td> +<td align="center" style="width: 4.0%;" class="linel"> </td> +<td colspan="8" class="linel"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td align="left" colspan="5"><span style="margin-left: 3em;">2. Locrin</span> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">=</span> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">3. Guendolœna</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">r. 10 yrs.</span><span style="margin-left: 6em;">15 years.</span></td> +<td colspan="5" align="left">Locrin by Estrildis has Sabre, who being drowned +in the Severn, gives name to that river.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +<td colspan="8" class="linel"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2">4. Maddan. II. 6.<br />40 yrs.</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +<td colspan="5" align="left">At this time Samuel governed Israel, and Homer flourished.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +<td colspan="8" class="linel"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="blt"> </td> +<td colspan="7" class="linel"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" align="center">5. Mempricius<br />20 yrs.</td> +<td colspan="2" align="center">Malim</td> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="5" align="left">Saul reigns in Judæa, Eurystheus in Lacedæmon.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="9" class="linel"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" align="center">6. Ebraucus<br />40 yrs.<br />(or 60, <i>quære</i>, II. 7, 8)</td> +<td colspan="3"> </td> +<td colspan="5" align="left">King David—Sylvius Latinus—Gad—Nathan and Asaph.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="9" class="linel"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="10" align="left">7. Brutus II., 12 yrs. and 19 other sons and 30 daughters, II. 8.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="9" class="linel"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" align="center">8. Leil<br />25 yrs.</td> +<td colspan="3"> </td> +<td colspan="5" align="left">Solomon—Queen of Sheba—Sylvius Epitus.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="9" class="linel"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" align="center">9. Hudibras<br />39 yrs.</td> +<td colspan="3"> </td> +<td colspan="5" align="left">Capys—Haggai—Amos—Joel—Azariah.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="9" class="linel"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" align="center">10. Bladud<br />20 yrs. II. 10.</td> +<td colspan="3"> </td> +<td colspan="5" align="left">Elijah.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="9" class="linel"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" align="center">11. Leir<br />60 II. 11. yrs.</td> +<td colspan="8"> </td> +</tr> + + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="9" class="linel"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="blt" colspan="4"> </td> +<td class="blt" colspan="2"> </td> +<td colspan="3" class="linel"> </td> +</tr> + + +<tr> +<td colspan="4" align="left"><span style="margin-left: 3em;">12. Gonorilla</span> +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">=</span><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Maglaunus,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 5em;">5 yrs.</span><span style="margin-left: 4em;"> D. of Albania.</span></td> +<td colspan="2" align="left"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Regan</span><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">=</span> +<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;"> Henuinus,<br /></span> +<span style="margin-left: 7em;">D. of</span><br /><span style="margin-left: 6em;">Cornwall.</span></td> +<td colspan="4" align="left"><span style="margin-left: 3em;">Cordeilla = Aganippus,<br /></span> +<span style="margin-left: 7.5em;">K. of Gaul.</span></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +<td class="linel" colspan="3"> </td> +<td colspan="5" class="linel"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">Margan</td> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2"> 13. Cunedagius<br />33 yrs.</td> +<td colspan="4" align="left">Isaiah—Hosea—Rome built by Romulus and Remus.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +<td colspan="5" class="linel"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +<td colspan="2">14. Rivallo</td> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +<td colspan="5" class="linel"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +<td class="blt" colspan="2"> </td> +<td colspan="3" class="linel"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +<td colspan="2">15. Gurgustius</td> +<td colspan="2" align="left"><span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">(——)</span></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="linel"> </td> +<td colspan="3" class="linel"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +<td colspan="2">16. Sisilius</td> +<td colspan="2"> 17. Jago</td> +<td colspan="2"> <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xvi" id="Page_xvi">[Pg xvi]</a></span></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +<td colspan="5" class="linel"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +<td colspan="2">18. Kinmarcus</td> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +<td colspan="5" class="linel"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +<td colspan="3" align="left"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">19. Gorbogudo</span> +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">=</span> +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Widen</span></td> +<td colspan="3"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="6"> </td> +<td colspan="4" class="linel" > </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +<td class="blt" colspan="2"> </td> +<td colspan="3" class="linel"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +<td colspan="2">Ferrex</td> +<td colspan="2">Porrex</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr><td align='center' colspan="10">Long civil wars.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="10"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='center' colspan="10">At length arose Dunwallo Molmutius, son of Cloten, king of Cornwall. II. 17.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="10"> </td></tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +<td colspan="5" align="left"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">20. Dunwallo Molmutius</span> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">=</span> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Conwenna</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 6em;">40 yrs.</span></td> +<td colspan="3"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +<td colspan="5" class="linel"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +<td class="blt" colspan="3"> </td> +<td colspan="3" class="linel"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="3"> </td> +<td colspan="3" align="left"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">21. Belinus</span><br /> +5 yrs. in concert with Brennius.</td> +<td colspan="2">Brennius</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +<td colspan="6" class="linel"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="3"> </td> +<td colspan="3">22. Gurgiunt Brabtruc. III. 11.</td> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +<td colspan="6" class="linel"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="3"> </td> +<td colspan="3" align="left"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">23. Guithelin</span> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">=</span> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Martia</span></td> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +<td colspan="5" class="linel"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +<td colspan="2">24. Sisillius</td> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +<td colspan="5" class="linel"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="3"> </td> +<td class="blt" colspan="3"> </td> +<td colspan="4" class="linel"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +<td colspan="2">25. Kimarus</td> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="4" align="left"><span style="margin-left: 3em;">26. Danius</span> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">=</span> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tangustela</span></td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="7"> </td> +<td colspan="3" class="linel"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="6"> </td> +<td colspan="2">27. Morvidus<br /> </td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="blt"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="blt"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="blt"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="blt"> </td> +<td class="linel"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2">28. Gorbonian</td> +<td colspan="2">29. Arthgallo</td> +<td colspan="2">30. Elidure</td> +<td colspan="2">31. Vigenius</td> +<td colspan="2">32. Peredure</td> +</tr> + + +<tr> +<td class="liner"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="liner"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="liner"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="liner"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="liner"> </td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="liner"> </td> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="8" align="left">Arthgallo was deposed in favour of Elidure, who, after a +reign of five years, restored his brother, who reigned 10 +years afterwards. Elidure then reigned a second time +but was deposed by Vigenius and Peredure: after whose +deaths he reigned a third time.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="liner"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="liner"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="liner"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="liner"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="liner"> </td> +<td > </td> +</tr> + +<tr><td colspan="2">33. Gorbonian's<br />son, III. 19.</td> +<td class="liner"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="liner"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="liner"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="liner"> </td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="liner"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="liner"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="liner"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="liner"> </td> +<td > </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="blt"> </td> +<td class="brt"> </td> +<td class="liner"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="liner"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="liner"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2">34. Margan</td> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="liner">35. Enniaunus</td> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2">36. Idwallo</td> +<td colspan="2">37. Runno</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="liner" colspan="5"> </td> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +<td colspan="2">38. Geruntius</td> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="liner" colspan="5"> </td> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +<td colspan="2">39. Catellus</td> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="10"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +<td colspan="2">40. Coillus</td> +<td colspan="2">41. Porrex</td> +<td colspan="2">42. Cherin</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="10"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="3"> </td> +<td class="blt" colspan="2"> </td> +<td class="blt" colspan="2"> </td> +<td colspan="3" class="linel"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +<td colspan="2">43. Fulgenius</td> +<td colspan="2">44. Eldadusx</td> +<td colspan="2">45. Andragius</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="7"> </td> +<td colspan="3" class="linel"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="6"> </td> +<td colspan="2">46. Urianus</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="10"> <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xvii" id="Page_xvii">[Pg xvii]</a></span></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2">47. Eliud</td> +<td colspan="2">48. Cledaucus</td> +<td colspan="2">49. Cletonus</td> +<td colspan="2">50. Gurgintius</td> +<td colspan="2">51. Merianus</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="10"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2">52. Bleduno</td> +<td colspan="2">53. Cap</td> +<td colspan="2">54. Oenus</td> +<td colspan="3">55. Sisillius</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="10"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="3"> </td> +<td class="blt" colspan="4"> </td> +<td colspan="3" class="linel"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +<td colspan="2">56. Blegabred</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +<td colspan="2">57. Arthmail</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="10"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2">58. Eldol</td> +<td colspan="2">59. Redion</td> +<td colspan="2">60. Rederchius</td> +<td colspan="2">61. Samuilpenissel</td> +<td colspan="2">62. Pir</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="10"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +<td colspan="2">63. Capoir III. 19.</td> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +<td colspan="5" class="linel" > </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +<td colspan="2">64. Cligueillus</td> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +<td colspan="5" class="linel" > </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +<td colspan="2">65. Heli</td> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +<td colspan="5" class="linel"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="3"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="blt"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="blt"> </td> +<td colspan="3" class="linel"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +<td colspan="2">66. Lud. III. 20</td> +<td colspan="2">67. Cassibellaun</td> +<td colspan="2">Nennius</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="10"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr><td align='center' colspan="10">Cæsar's invasion took place during Cassibellaun's reign.</td></tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="10"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +<td colspan="2">68. Tenuantius</td> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +<td colspan="5" class="linel" > </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +<td colspan="2">69. Kymbelinus</td> +<td colspan="4" align="left">Jesus Christ is born in the reign of Kymbelinus or Cymbeline.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +<td class="linel"> </td> +<td colspan="2">Claudius</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="blt"> </td> +<td class="linel"> </td> +<td colspan="3" class="linel"> </td> +</tr> + + +<tr> +<td colspan="3"> </td> +<td colspan="2">70. Guiderius</td> +<td colspan="3">71. Arviragus = Genuissa</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="6"> </td> +<td colspan="4" class="linel"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +<td colspan="2">72. Marius</td> +<td colspan="3"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="6"> </td> +<td colspan="4" class="linel"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +<td colspan="2">73. Coillus</td> +<td colspan="3"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="6"> </td> +<td colspan="4" class="linel"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +<td colspan="2">74. Lucius IV. 19.</td> +<td colspan="3"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="10"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr><td align='center' colspan="10">Lucius embraces Christianity: he dies, <span class="smcap">a.d.</span> 156.</td></tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="10"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="3"> </td> +<td colspan="2">75. Severus</td> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +<td colspan="6" class="linel"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="3"> </td> +<td colspan="3">76. Bassianus or Caracalla</td> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="10"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +<td colspan="2">77. Carausius, V. 3.</td> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2">78. Allectus</td> +<td colspan="3"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="10"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +<td colspan="2">79. Asclepiodotus</td> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2">80. Coel</td> +<td colspan="3"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="6"> </td> +<td colspan="4" class="linel"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +<td colspan="4" align="left"><span style="margin-left: 3em;">Helena = 81. Constantius</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 9em;">r. 11 yrs.</span></td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="6"> </td> +<td colspan="4" class="linel"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +<td colspan="3">82. Constantine, emperor of Rome</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="10"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr><td align='left' colspan="10"><span style="margin-left: 19em;">83. Octavius assumes the crown of Britain.</span></td></tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +<td colspan="6" class="linel"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td align='center' colspan="3"> </td> +<td colspan="4" align="center">(Daughter) = 84. Maximian, V. 11.</td> +<td align='center' colspan="3"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="10"> <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xviii" id="Page_xviii">[Pg xviii]</a></span></td> +</tr> + + +<tr><td align='center' colspan="10">85. Gratian Municeps</td></tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="10"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr><td align='center' colspan="10">At this time the Picts and Scots harass the Britons, who apply to the Romans.</td></tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="10"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr><td align='center' colspan="10">86. Constantine, prince of Armorica, comes to assist the Britons.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="3"> </td> +<td colspan="7" class="linel" > </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +<td class="blt" colspan="2"> </td> +<td class="blt" colspan="2"> </td> +<td colspan="4" class="linel"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" valign="top">87. Constans</td> +<td colspan="2">89. Aurelius Ambrosius<br />VIII. 2.</td> +<td colspan="5" align="left"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">90. Utherpendragon</span> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Igerna<br /></span> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">VIII. 17.</span> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">=</span> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">VIII. 19.</span></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="7"> </td> +<td colspan="3" class="linel"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="5" align="left">88. Vortigern usurps the throne (VI. 9) and calls in the Saxons.</td> +<td> </td> +<td class="linel"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="3" class="blt"> </td> +<td class="linel"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +<td colspan="2">91. Arthur IX. 1.</td> +<td> </td> +<td align="center" colspan="2">Anne</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="10"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr><td align='center' colspan="10">King Arthur dies, <span class="smcap">a.d.</span> 542 (XI. 3.)</td></tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="10"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2">92. Constantine</td> +<td colspan="2">93. Aurelius Conan</td> +<td colspan="2">94. Wortiporius</td> +<td colspan="2">95. Malgo</td> +<td > </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="10"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +<td colspan="2">96. Careticus</td> +<td colspan="2">97. Cadwan</td> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="3"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="linel"> </td> +<td colspan="5" class="linel"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +<td class="blt" colspan="2"> </td> +<td class="linel"> </td> +<td class="linel"> </td> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2">Peanda</td> +<td colspan="3">(sister) = 98. Cadwallo</td> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +<td colspan="5" class="linel"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +<td colspan="2">99. Cadwallader</td> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="10"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr><td align='center' colspan="10">Cadwallader goes to Rome, where he is confirmed in the faith of Christ by +pope Sergius, and dies <span class="smcap">a.d.</span> 689.</td> +</tr> + +</table></div> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> See Pitts and Voss.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> Brit. Eccl. Prim. cap. 5</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. VI.</span>—RICHARD OF CIRENCESTER.</h3> + + +<p>The supposed chronicle of Richard of Cirencester was first +brought before the public by Charles Julius Bertram, +Professor of the English Language in the Royal Marine +Academy, at Copenhagen, in the year 1757.</p> + +<p>Since the publication of the volume, it has been conclusively +proved to be a modern forgery. The editor's +remarks on that portion of the volume are therefore +omitted, though the document is retained on the supposition +that it may be convenient to some readers to have the text +of a composition which was extensively used before its +spurious character was ascertained.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3>THE CHRONICLE</h3> + +<h5>OF</h5> + +<h2>FABIUS ETHELWERD,</h2> + +<h5>FROM THE BEGINNING OF THE WORLD TO THE YEAR OF +OUR LORD 975.</h5> + +<h3>IN FOUR BOOKS.</h3> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>To Matilda, the most eloquent and true handmaid of Christ, +Ethelwerd the patrician, health in the Lord! I have received, +dearest sister, your letter which I longed for, and I +not only read it with kisses, but laid it up in the treasury of +my heart. Often and often do I pray the grace of the Most +High, to preserve you in safety during this life present, and +after death to lead you to his everlasting mansions. But as +I once before briefly hinted to you by letter, I now, with +God's help, intend to begin in the way of annals from the +beginning of the world, and explain to you more fully about +our common lineage and descent, to the end that the reader's +task may be lightened, and the pleasure of the hearer may +be augmented, whilst he listens to it. Concerning the coming +of our first parents out of Germany into Britain, their numberless +wars and slaughters, and the dangers which they encountered +on ship-board among the waves of the ocean, in +the following pages you will find a full description. In the +present letter therefore I have written, without perplexity of +style, of our modern lineage and relationship, who were our +relations, and how, and where they came from: as far as our +memory can go, and according as our parents taught us. For +instance king Alfred was son of king Ethelwulf, from whom +we derive our origin, and who had five sons, one of whom +was king Ethelred<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> my ancestor, and another king Alfred<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span> +who was yours. This king Alfred sent his daughter Ethelswitha +into Germany to be the wife of Baldwin,<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> who had by +her two sons Ethelwulf and Arnulf, also two daughters Elswid +and Armentruth. Now from Ethelswitha is descended +count Arnulf,<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> your neighbour. The daughter of king +Edward son of the above-named king Alfred was named +Edgiva, and was sent by your aunt into Gaul to marry +Charles the Simple. Ethilda also was sent to be the wife of +Hugh, son of Robert: and two others were sent by king +Athelstan to Otho that he might choose which of them he +liked best to be his wife. He<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> chose Edgitha, from whom +you derive your lineage; and united the other in marriage +to a certain king<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> near the Jupiterean Mountains, of whose +family no memorial has reached us, partly from the distance +and partly from the confusion of the times. It is your +province to inform us of these particulars, not only from your +relationship, but also because no lack of ability or interval +of space prevents you.<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a></p> + +<h4>HERE ENDS THE PROLOGUE.</h4> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> Ethelred died and Alfred succeeded him <span class="smcap">a.d.</span> 871.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> Baldwin, count of Flanders died <span class="smcap">a.d.</span> 918. See Malmesbury, p. 121.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> Arnulf, count of Flanders, <span class="smcap">a.d.</span> 965.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> The emperor Otho married Edgitha <span class="smcap">a.d.</span> 930.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> Lewis the blind.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> The writer adds the barbarous verse, "Esto mihi valens cunctis perhenniter +horis," which is as easy to construe as to scan.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3>BOOK THE FIRST BEGINS.</h3> + + +<p>The beginning of the world comes first. For on the first +day God, in the apparition of the light, created the angels: +on the second day, under the name of the firmament he +created the heavens; &c. &c.<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a></p> + +<p>Rome was destroyed by the Goths in the eleven hundred +and forty-sixth year after it was built. From that time the +Roman authority ceased in the island of Britain, and in +many other countries which they had held under the yoke of +slavery. For it was now four hundred and eighty-five years,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span> +beginning with Caius Julius Cæsar, that they had held the +island above-mentioned, wherein they had built cities and +castles, bridges and streets of admirable construction, which +are seen among us even to the present day. But whilst the +people of Britain were living carelessly within the wall, +which had been built by Severus to protect them, there arose +two nations, the Picts in the north and the Scots in the west, +and leading an army against them, devastated their country, +and inflicted many sufferings upon them for many years. +The Britons being unable to bear their misery, by a wise +device send to Rome a mournful letter<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> ... the army +returned victorious to Rome. But the Scots and Picts, +hearing that the hostile army was gone, rejoiced with no little +joy. Again they take up arms, and like wolves attack the +sheepfold which is left without a protector: they devastate +the northern districts as far as the ditch of Severus: the +Britons man the wall and fortify it with their arms; but +fortune denied them success in the war. The cunning Scots, +knowing what to do against the high wall and the deep +trench, contrive iron goads with mechanical art, and dragging +down those who were standing on the wall, slay them +without mercy: they remain victors both within and without; +they at once plunder and take possession; and a +slaughter is made worse than all that had been before. Thus +ended the four hundred and forty-fourth year since the incarnation +of our Lord.</p> + +<p>The Britons, seeing themselves on every side vanquished, +and that they could have no more hopes from Rome, devise, +in their agony and lamentations, a plan to adopt. For in +those days they heard, that the race of the Saxons were +active, in piratical enterprises, throughout the whole coast, +from the river Rhine to the Danish city,<a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a> which is now commonly +called Denmark, and strong in all matters connected +with war. They therefore send to them messengers, bearing +gifts, and ask assistance, promising them their alliance when +they should be at peace. But the mind of that degraded +race was debased by ignorance, and they saw not that they<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span> +were preparing for themselves perpetual slavery, which is +the stepmother of all misfortune.</p> + +<p>The person who especially gave this counsel was Vurthern,<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> +who at that time was king over all, and to him all the +nobility assented. They preferred to procure assistance to +them from Germany. Already two young men, Hengist +and Horsa, were pre-eminent. They were the grandsons +of Woden, king of the barbarians, whom the pagans have +since raised to an abominable dignity, and honouring him as +a god, offer sacrifice to him for the sake of victory or valour, +and the people, deceived, believe what they see, as is their +wont. The aforesaid youths therefore arrive, according to +the petition of the king and his senate, with three vessels, +loaded with arms, and prepared with every kind of warlike +stores: the anchor is cast into the sea, and the ships come to +land. Not long afterwards they are sent against the Scots +to try their mettle, and without delay they sheathe their +breasts in arms, and engage in a novel mode of battle. Man +clashes with man, now falls a German and now a Scot: on +both sides is a most wretched scene of slaughter: at length +the Saxons remain masters of the field. For this the king +aforesaid honours them with a triumph; and they privately +send home messengers, to tell their countrymen of the fertility +of the country and the indolence of its cowardly people. +Their countrymen, without delay, listen to their representations, +and send to them a large fleet and army. Forthwith +they were magnificently received by the king of the Britons, +and contracted a league of hospitality with the natives. The +Britons promise peace, worthy gifts of alliance and honours, +provided that they might remain in ease under their protection +from the attacks of their enemies, and pay them immense +stipends.</p> + +<p>Thus much of the alliance and promises of the Britons: +now let us speak of their discord and ill fortune. For seeing +the cunningness of the new people, they partly feared and +partly despised them. They break their compact, and no +longer render them the honours of alliance, but instead +thereof, they try to drive them from their shores. These +being their designs, the thing is made public, the treaty is +openly set aside, all parties fly to arms: the Britons give<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span> +way, and the Saxons keep possession of the country. Again +they send to Germany, not secretly as before, but by a public +embassy, as victors are wont to do, and demand reinforcements. +A large multitude joined them from every province +of Germany; and they carried on war against the Britons, +driving them from their territories with great slaughter, and +ever remaining masters of the field. At last the Britons +bend their necks to the yoke, and pay tribute. This migration +is said to have been made from the three provinces of +Germany, which are said to have been the most distinguished, +namely, from Saxony, Anglia, and Giota. The +Cantuarians derived their origin from the Giotæ [Jutes], +and also the Uuhtii, who took their name from the island +Wihta [Isle of Wight], which lies on the coast of Britain.</p> + +<p>For out of Saxony, which is now called Ald-Sexe, or Old +Saxony, came the tribes which are still called so among the +English, the East Saxons, South Saxons, and West Saxons; +that is, those who are called in Latin, the Oriental, Austral, +and Occidental Saxons.</p> + +<p>Out of the province of Anglia came the East Anglians, +Middle Anglians, Mercians, and all the race of the Northumbrians. +Moreover Old Anglia is situated between the +Saxons and Jutes, having a capital town, which in Saxon is +called Sleswig, but in Danish Haithaby. Britain, therefore, +is now called Anglia [England], because it took the name of +its conquerors: for their leaders aforesaid were the first who +came thence to Britain; namely, Hengist and Horsa, sons of +Wyhrtels:<a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a> their grandfather was Wecta, and their great-grandfather +Withar, whose father was Woden, who also +was king of a multitude of barbarians. For the unbelievers +of the North are oppressed by such delusion that they worship +him as a god even to this day, namely the Danes, the +North-men, and the Suevi; of whom Lucan says,</p> + +<p> +"Pours forth the yellow Suevi from the North."<br /> +</p> + +<p>So greatly did the invasion of those nations spread and +increase, that they by degrees obliterated all memory of the +inhabitants who had formerly invited them with gifts. They +demand their stipends: the Britons refuse: they take up +arms, discord arises, and as we have before said, they drive<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span> +the Britons into certain narrow isthmuses of the island, and +themselves hold possession of the island from sea to sea even +unto the present time.</p> + +<p>A. 418. In the ninth year also after the sacking of Rome +by the Goths, those of Roman race who were left in Britain, +not bearing the manifold insults of the people, bury their +treasures in pits thinking that hereafter they might have +better fortune, which never was the case; and taking a portion, +assemble on the coast, spread their canvas to the winds, +and seek an exile on the shores of Gaul.</p> + +<p>A. 430. Twelve years after, bishop Palladius is sent by +the holy pope Celestinus to preach the gospel of Christ to +the Scots.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> Here follow several pages, in which the writer, like other annalists, +deduces his history from the creation. It is now universally the custom +with modern writers and translators to omit such preliminary matter.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> There is evidently a hiatus in this passage, but see Bede i. 13, p. 22.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> Urbs, "city," seems here rather to designate <i>country</i> or <i>territory</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> Otherwise called Vortigern.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> More commonly called Wihtgila.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>CHAPTER<a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor"><span style="vertical-align: super; font-size:.6em;">[17]</span></a></h2> + + +<p>A. 449. When, therefore, nineteen years had elapsed, +Maurice and Valentine<a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a> became emperors of Rome; in +whose reign Hengist and Horsa at the invitation of Vortigern +king of the Britons arrive at the place called Wipped's-fleet, +at first on the plea of assisting the Britons: +but afterwards they rebelled and became their enemies, as +we have already said. Now the number of years, completed +since the marvellous incarnation of our Lord Jesus Christ, +was four hundred and forty-nine.</p> + +<p>A. 455. In the sixth year after, Hengist and Horsa +fought a battle against Vortigern in the plain of Ægelsthrep. +There Horsa was killed, and Hengist obtained the +kingdom.</p> + +<p>A. 457. But after two years, Hengist and Æsc his son +renewed the war against the Britons; and there fell in that +day on the side of the Britons four thousand men. Then +the Britons, leaving Cantia, which is commonly called Kent, +fled to the city of London.</p> + +<p>A. 465. About eight years after, the same men took up +arms against the Britons, and there was a great slaughter +made on that day: twelve chiefs of the Britons fell near a +place called Wipped's-fleet; there fell a soldier of the Saxons +called Wipped, from which circumstance that place took its +name; in the same way as the Thesean sea was so called<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span> +from Theseus, and the Ægæan sea from Ægeus who was +drowned in it.</p> + +<p>A. 473. After eight years were completed, Hengist with +his son Æsc, a second time make war against the Britons, +and having slaughtered their army, remain victors on the +field of battle, and carry off immense spoils.</p> + +<p>A. 477. In the fourth year Ælla landed in Britain from +Germany with his three sons, at a place called Cymenes-Ora, +and defeated the Britons at Aldredes-leage.<a name="FNanchor_19_19" id="FNanchor_19_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a></p> + +<p>A. 485. After eight years, the same people fight against +the Britons, near a place called Mearcrædsburn.</p> + +<p>A. 488. After this, at an interval of three years, Æsc, +son of Hengist, began to reign in Kent.</p> + +<p>A. 492. After three years, Ælla and Assa besieged a +town called Andreds-cester, and slew all its inhabitants, +both small and great, leaving not a single soul alive.</p> + +<p>A. 495. After the lapse of three more years, Cerdic and +his son Cynric sailed to Britain with five ships, to a port +called Cerdic's-ore, and on the same day fought a battle +against the Britons, in which they were finally victorious.</p> + +<p>A. 500. Six years after their arrival, they sailed round +the western part of Britain, which is now called Wessex.</p> + +<p>A. 501. Also after a year Port landed in Britain with his +son Bieda.</p> + +<p>A. 508. Seven years after his arrival, Cerdic with his son +Cynric slay Natan-Leod, king of the Britons, and five thousand +men with him.</p> + +<p>A. 514. Six years after, Stuf and Wihtgar landed in +Britain at Cerdic's-ore, and suddenly make war on the Britons, +whom they put to flight, and themselves remain masters +of the field. Thus was completed the fifty-sixth<a name="FNanchor_20_20" id="FNanchor_20_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a> year since +Hengist and Horsa first landed in Britain.</p> + +<p>A. 519. Five years after, Cerdic and Cynric fought a +battle against the Britons at Cerdic's-ford,<a name="FNanchor_21_21" id="FNanchor_21_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a> on the river +Avene, and that same year nominally began to reign.</p> + +<p>A. 527. Eight years after, they renew the war against the +Britons.</p> + +<p>A. 530. After three years, they took the Isle of Wight,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span> +the situation of which we have mentioned above: but they +did not kill many of the Britons.</p> + +<p>A. 534. Four years after, Cerdic with his son Cenric gives +up the Isle of Wight into the hands of their two cousins +Stuf and Wihtgar. In the course of the same year Cerdic +died, and Cenric his son began to reign after him, and he +reigned twenty-seven years.</p> + +<p>A. 538. When he had reigned four years, the sun was +eclipsed from the first hour of the day to the third.<a name="FNanchor_22_22" id="FNanchor_22_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a></p> + +<p>A. 540. Again, two years after, the sun was eclipsed for +half-an-hour after the third hour, so that the stars were +everywhere visible in the sky.</p> + +<p>A. 547. In the seventh year after this, Ida began to +reign over the province of Northumberland, whose family +derive their kingly title and nobility from Woden.</p> + +<p>A. 552. Five years after, Cenric fought against the Britons +near the town of Scarburh [Old Sarum], and, having routed +them, slew a large number.</p> + +<p>A. 556. The same, four years afterwards, fought with +Ceawlin against the Britons, near a place called Berin-byrig +[Banbury?]</p> + +<p>A. 560. At the end of about four years, Ceawlin began +to reign over the western part of Britain, which is now commonly +called Wessex. Moreover, Ella the Iffing is sent to +the race of Northumbria, whose ancestry extends up to the +highest, namely to Woden.</p> + +<p>A. 565. Five years afterwards, Christ's servant Columba +came from Scotia [Ireland] to Britain, to preach the word of +God to the Picts.</p> + +<p>A. 568. Three years after his coming, Ceawlin and Cutha +stirred up a civil war against Ethelbert, and having defeated +him, pursued him into Kent, and slew his two chiefs, Oslaf +and Cnebba, in Wubbandune.<a name="FNanchor_23_23" id="FNanchor_23_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a></p> + +<p>A. 571. After three years, Cuthulf fought against the +Britons at Bedanford [Bedford], and took four royal cities, +namely Liganburh [Lenbury], Eglesburh [Aylesbury], Bensingtun +[Benson], and Ignesham [Eynsham].</p> + +<p>A. 577. After the lapse of six years, Cuthwin and Ceawlin +fight against the Britons, and slay three of their kings,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span> +Comail, Condidan, and Farinmeail, at a place called Deorhamme +[Derham?]; and they took three of their most +distinguished cities, Gloucester, Cirencester, and Bath.</p> + +<p>A. 584. After seven years, Ceawlin and Cutha fought +against the Britons, at a place called Fethanleage [Frethern?]: +there Cutha fell; but Ceawlin reduced a multitude of cities, +and took immense spoils.</p> + +<p>A. 592. In the eighth year there was a great slaughter on +both sides, at a place called Wodnesbyrg [Wemborow?], so +that Ceawlin was put to flight, and died at the end of one +more year.</p> + +<p>A. 593. After him, Cwichelm, Crida, and Ethelfrid, succeeded +to the kingdom.</p> + + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> Capitulum in the original: but no number is annexed.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> This should be Marcian and Valentinian.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_19_19" id="Footnote_19_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> Perhaps an error for Andredes-leage, formerly Anderida, in Sussex.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_20_20" id="Footnote_20_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> This number should be sixty-six.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_21_21" id="Footnote_21_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> Charford, near Fordingbridge, Hants.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_22_22" id="Footnote_22_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> That is, from seven till nine o'clock in the morning.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_23_23" id="Footnote_23_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> Wimbledon, or Worplesdon, Surrey.</p></div> +</div> +<h4>HERE ENDS BOOK THE FIRST.</h4> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3>HERE BEGINS THE PROLOGUE TO BOOK THE SECOND.</h3> + + +<p>In the beginning of this book it will not be necessary to +make a long preface, my dearest sister; for I have guided +my pen down through many perplexed subjects from the +highest point, and, omitting those things extracted from sacred +and profane history, on which most persons have fixed +their attention, have left higher matters to the skilful reader. +And now I must turn my pen to the description of those +things which properly concern our ancestors; and though a +pupil is not properly called a member, yet it yields no little +service to the other members.</p> + +<p>We therefore entreat in God's name that our words may +not be despised by the malevolent, but rather that they may +give abundant thanks to the King of heaven, if they seem to +speak things of high import.</p> + +<h4> +HERE ENDS THE PROLOGUE;<br /><br /> +AND<br /><br /> +THE SECOND BOOK BEGINS.<br /> +</h4> + + +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. I.</span>—<i>Of the coming of Augustine, who was sent by the blessed Pope +Gregory.</i> [<span class="smcap">a.d.</span> 596.]</h3> + + +<p>As Divine Providence, mercifully looking down upon all +things from all eternity, is accustomed to rule them, not by +necessity, but by its powerful superintendence, and remain<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span>ing +always immoveable in itself, and disposing the different +elements by its word, and the human race to come to the +knowledge of the truth by the death of his only begotten +Son, by whose blood the four quarters of the world are redeemed, +so now by his servant doth it dispel the darkness in +the regions of the west.</p> + +<p>Whilst therefore the blessed pope Gregory sat on the +episcopal seat, and sowed the seeds of the gospel of Christ, +there stood by him some men of unknown tongue and very +comely to look on. The holy man admiring the beauty of +their countenances, asked of them with earnestness from what +country they came. The young men with downcast looks +replied, that they were Angles. "Are you Christians," said +the holy man, "or heathens?" "Certainly not Christians," +said they, "for no one has yet opened our ears." Then the +holy man, lifting up his eyes, replied, "What man, when +there are stones at hand, lays a foundation with reeds?" +They answer, "No man of prudence." "You have well +said," answered he; and he straightway took them into a +room, where he instructed them in the divine oracles, and +afterwards washed them with the baptism of Christ: and +further he arranged with them, that he would go with them +into their country. When the Romans heard of this they +opposed his words, and were unwilling to allow their pastor +to go so far from home. The blessed pope Gregory, therefore, +seeing that the people were opposed to him, sent with +the men aforesaid one of his disciples, who was well instructed +in the divine oracles, by name Augustine, and with him a +multitude of brethren. When these men arrived, the English +received the faith and erected temples, and our Saviour +Jesus Christ exhibited innumerable miracles to his faithful +followers through the prayers of the bishop, St. Augustine; +at whose tomb, even to the present day, no small number of +miracles are wrought, with the assistance of our Lord.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. II.</span>—<i>Of king Ethelbert, and of his baptism.</i> [<span class="smcap">a.d.</span> 597.]</h3> + + +<p>When the man aforesaid arrived, Ethelbert bore rule over +Kent, and receiving the faith, submitted to be baptized with +all his house. He was the first king among the English who +received the word of Christ. Lastly Ethelbert was the son<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> +of Ermenric, whose grandfather was Ochta, who bore the +prænomen of Eisc,<a name="FNanchor_24_24" id="FNanchor_24_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a> from which the kings of Kent were +afterwards named Esings, as the Romans from Romulus, the +Cecropidæ from Cecrops, and the Tuscans from Tuscus. +For Eisc was the father of Hengist, who was the first +consul and leader of the Angles out of Germany; whose +father was Wihtgils, his grandfather Witta, his great-grandfather +Wecta, his great-grandfather's father Woden, who +also was king of many nations, whom some of the pagans +now still worship as a god. And the number of years that +was completed from the incarnation of our Lord was four +years less, than six hundred.<a name="FNanchor_25_25" id="FNanchor_25_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a></p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_24_24" id="Footnote_24_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> See William of Malmesbury, b. i. c. 1, p. 12, note.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_25_25" id="Footnote_25_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> <span class="smcap">a.d.</span> 596.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. III.</span>—<i>Of Ceolwulf, king of the West-Saxons, and of his continued +wars.</i></h3> + + +<p>A. 597. At the end of one year, Ceolwulf began to reign +over the Western English.<a name="FNanchor_26_26" id="FNanchor_26_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a> His family was derived from +Woden; and so great was his ferocity that he is said to have +been always at war, either with his own nation or with the +Britons, or the Picts or Scots.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_26_26" id="Footnote_26_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26_26"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> West-Saxons is the more correct term; but Ethelwerd often uses the +more general name Angles or English, for all the tribes settled in England.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. IV.</span>—<i>Concerning Augustine's pall of apostleship sent him by pope +Gregory.</i></h3> + + +<p>A. 601. When he had reigned four years, pope Gregory +sent to Augustine the pall of apostleship.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. V.</span>—<i>Of the faith of the East-Saxons, and of the decease of the +blessed pope Gregory.</i></h3> + + +<p>A. 604. After three years, the eastern English<a name="FNanchor_27_27" id="FNanchor_27_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_27_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a> also received +baptism in the reign of Sigebert [Sabert] their king.</p> + +<p>A. 606. Two years afterwards, the blessed pope Gregory +departed this world, in the eleventh year after he had +bestowed baptism on the English by sending among them +Christ's servant Augustine. And the number of years that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> +was completed from the beginning of the world was more +than five thousand and eight hundred.<a name="FNanchor_28_28" id="FNanchor_28_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a></p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_27_27" id="Footnote_27_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> <i>Orientales Angli</i> is the expression of Ethelwerd, but it should be +<i>Orientales Saxones</i>, whose king's name is generally written Sabert. See +preceding note.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_28_28" id="Footnote_28_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28_28"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> Ethelwerd adopts that system of chronology which makes 5300 to have +elapsed before Christ.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. VI.</span>—<i>Of the reign of king Cynegils, his wars; and of the coming of +bishop Birinus, of the baptism of the king, and the faith of the East-Saxons,</i><a name="FNanchor_29_29" id="FNanchor_29_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_29_29" class="fnanchor"><span style="vertical-align: super; font-size:.8em;">[29]</span></a> +<i>and of the baptism of Cuthred.</i> [<span class="smcap">a.d.</span> 615-639.]</h3> + + +<p>Afterwards Cynegils received the kingdom of the West-Angles, +and, in conjunction with Cuichelm, he fought +against the Britons at a place called Beandune,<a name="FNanchor_30_30" id="FNanchor_30_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_30_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a> and having +defeated their army, slew more than two thousand and forty +of them.</p> + +<p>A. 629. Fourteen years after, Cynegils and Cuichelm +fought against Penda at Cirencester.</p> + +<p>A. 635. After six years bishop Birinus came among the +Western Angles, preaching to them the gospel of Christ. +And the number of years that elapsed since their arrival in +Britain out of Germany, was about one hundred and twenty. +At that time Cynegils received baptism from the holy bishop +Birinus, in a town called Dorchester.</p> + +<p>A. 639. He baptized Cuthred also four years after in the +same city, and adopted him as his son in baptism.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_29_29" id="Footnote_29_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29_29"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> Should be West-Saxons.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_30_30" id="Footnote_30_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30_30"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> Most probably Bampton in Oxfordshire. This battle took place in +614. See the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle for that year.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. VII.</span>—<i>Of the reign of Kenwalk, and of his actions.</i></h3> + + +<p>A. 648. When nine years were fulfilled, Kenwalk gave +to his relation, Cuthred, out of his farms, three thousand +measures, adjacent to a hill named Esc's dune, [Aston?]</p> + +<p>A. 652. Four years after, he fought a battle against his +own people, at a place called Bradford, on the river Afene.<a name="FNanchor_31_31" id="FNanchor_31_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_31_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a></p> + +<p>A. 655. Three years afterwards king Penda died, and the +Mercians were baptized.</p> + +<p>A. 658. After three years more, the kings Kenwalk and +Pionna<a name="FNanchor_32_32" id="FNanchor_32_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_32_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a> renewed the war against the Britons, and pursued +them to a place called Pederydan.<a name="FNanchor_33_33" id="FNanchor_33_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_33_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a></p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span></p><p>A. 661. After three years, Kenwalk again fought a battle +near the town of Pontesbury, and took prisoner Wulfhere, son +of Penda, at Esc's-dune [Ashdown], when he had defeated +his army.</p> + +<p>A. 664. Three years afterwards there was an eclipse of +the sun.</p> + +<p>A. 670. When six years were fulfilled, Oswy, king of +Northumberland, died, and Egfrid succeeded him.</p> + +<p>A. 671. After one year more, there was a great pestilence +among the birds, so that there was an intolerable stench by +sea and land, arising from the carcasses of birds, both small +and great.</p> + +<p>A. 672. Twelve months after Kenwalk, king of the West-Angles, +died; and his wife, Sexburga, succeeded him in the +kingdom, and reigned twelve months.</p> + +<p>A. 673. After her Escwin succeeded to the throne, and +two years were fulfilled. His family traces to Cerdic.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_31_31" id="Footnote_31_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31_31"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> Avon.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_32_32" id="Footnote_32_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32_32"><span class="label">[32]</span></a> This should be "at Pionna," [Pen]. See Saxon Chronicle.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_33_33" id="Footnote_33_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33_33"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> Petherton.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. VIII.</span>—<i>Of Wulfhere and Cenwulf,</i>[*]<i> and of the council held by the +holy father Theodore.</i></h3> + + +<p>A. 674. After one year, Wulfhere son of Penda, and +Cenwalh<a name="FNanchor_34_34" id="FNanchor_34_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_34_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a> fought a battle among themselves in a place called +Beadanhead [Bedwin].</p> + +<p>A. 677. After three years a comet was seen.</p> + +<p>A. 680. At the end of two years a council was held at +Hethlege,<a name="FNanchor_35_35" id="FNanchor_35_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_35_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a> by the holy archbishop Theodore, to instruct the +people in the true faith. In the course of the same year +died Christ's servant, Hilda, abbess of the monastery called +Streaneshalch [Whitby].</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_34_34" id="Footnote_34_34"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34_34"><span class="label">[34]</span></a>and [*] These names are both wrong; we must read Escwin.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_35_35" id="Footnote_35_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35_35"><span class="label">[35]</span></a> Heathfield or Hatfield.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. IX.</span>—<i>Of king Kentwin and his wars.</i></h3> + + +<p>A. 682. After two years king Kentwin drove the Britons +out of their country to the sea.</p> + +<p>A. 684. After he had reigned two years<a name="FNanchor_36_36" id="FNanchor_36_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_36_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a> Ina became king +of the western English. A hundred and eighty-eight years +were then fulfilled from the time that Cerdic, his sixth<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> +ancestor, received the western part of the island from the +Britons.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_36_36" id="Footnote_36_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36_36"><span class="label">[36]</span></a> There is an error here: Cædwalla is omitted, and three years are lost +in the chronology.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. X.</span>—<i>Of Cædwalla's conversion to the faith of Christ.</i></h3> + + +<p>A. 684. In the course of the same year Cædwalla went to +Rome, and received baptism and the faith of Christ; +after his baptism the pope of that year gave him the surname +of Peter.</p> + +<p>A. 694. About six years afterwards, the Kentish men remembered +the cause which they had against king Ina when +they burnt his relation<a name="FNanchor_37_37" id="FNanchor_37_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_37_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a> with fire; and they gave him thirty +thousand shillings at a fixed rate of sixteen pence each.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_37_37" id="Footnote_37_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37_37"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> His name was Mull: the passage is obscure. See the Anglo-Saxon +Chronicle.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XI.</span>—<i>Of the acts of Ethelred king of the Mercians.</i></h3> + + +<p>A. 704. After ten years, Ethelred son of Penda and king of +the Mercians assumed the monastic habit, when he had completed +twenty-nine years of his reign.</p> + +<p>A. 705. After twelve months died Alfrid king of Northumberland. +And the number of years that was then fulfilled +from the beginning of the world was five thousand +nine hundred.</p> + +<p>A. 709. Four years afterwards died the holy bishop Aldhelm, +by whose wonderful art were composed the words which +are now read, and his bishopric was the province which is +now called Selwoodshire [Sherborne].</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XII.</span>—<i>Of the reign of Ina, and of his acts.</i></h3> + + +<p>A. 710. After a year, the kings and Ina made war against +king Wuthgirete;<a name="FNanchor_38_38" id="FNanchor_38_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_38_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a> also duke Bertfrid against the Picts.</p> + +<p>A. 714. After four years died Christ's servant Guthlac.</p> + +<p>A. 715. After a year Ina and Ceolred fought against +those who opposed them in arms at Wothnesbeorghge [Wanborough.]</p> + +<p>A. 721. After seven years Ina slew Cynewulf, and after +six months made war against the Southern English.</p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span></p> +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_38_38" id="Footnote_38_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38_38"><span class="label">[38]</span></a> Called Gerent in the Saxon Chronicle, and Gerentius in Aldhelm's +works.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XIII.</span>—<i>Of king Ethelard.</i></h3> + + +<p>A. 728. When six years were fulfilled he went to Rome, +and Ethelard received the kingdom of the West Saxons. +In the first year of his reign he made war against Oswy.<a name="FNanchor_39_39" id="FNanchor_39_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_39_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a></p> + +<p>A. 729. At the end of one year a comet appeared, and +the holy bishop Egbert died.</p> + +<p>A. 731. After two years, Osric king of Northumberland +died and Ceolwulf succeeded to the kingdom.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_39_39" id="Footnote_39_39"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39_39"><span class="label">[39]</span></a> Should be Oswald king of Northumberland.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XIV.</span>—<i>Of the acts of king Ethelbald.</i></h3> + + +<p>A. 733. Two years after these things, king Ethelbald received +under his dominion the royal vill which is called +Somerton. The same year the sun was eclipsed.</p> + +<p>A. 734. After the lapse of one year, the moon appeared +as if stained with spots of blood, and by the same omen Tatwine +and Bede<a name="FNanchor_40_40" id="FNanchor_40_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_40_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a> departed this life.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_40_40" id="Footnote_40_40"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40_40"><span class="label">[40]</span></a> It is doubtful whether Bede died in 734 or 735.</p></div> +</div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XV.</span>—<i>Of the reign of Eadbert and of his deeds.</i></h3> + + +<p>A. 738. After four years, Eadbert succeeded to the kingdom +of the Northumbrians, and his brother Egbert discharged +the archiepiscopal office; and now they both lie buried in +the city of York, under the shade of the same porch.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XVI.</span>—<i>Of the rule of king Cuthred.</i></h3> + + +<p>A. 750. After twelve years king Cuthred began to make +war against duke Ethelhun, for some state-jealousy.</p> + +<p>A. 752. Again after two years he drew his sword against +king Ethelbald at a place called Beorgforda.<a name="FNanchor_41_41" id="FNanchor_41_41"></a><a href="#Footnote_41_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a></p> + +<p>A. 753. After another year he gratified the fierce propensities +of his nature by making war against the Britons: and +after another year he died, <span class="smcap">a.d.</span> 754.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_41_41" id="Footnote_41_41"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41_41"><span class="label">[41]</span></a> Without doubt this is Burford in Oxfordshire.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XVII.</span>—<i>Of the acts of king Sigebert and of his reign.</i></h3> + + +<p>Furthermore Sigebert received the kingdom of the western +English.</p> + +<p>A. 756. At the end of one year after Sigebert began to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> +reign, Cynewulf, invading his kingdom, took it from him, and +drew away all the wise men of the west country, in consequence +of the perverse deeds of the aforesaid king; nor was +any part of his kingdom left to him except one province only, +named Hamptonshire [Hampshire]. And he remained there no +long time; for, instigated by an old affront, he slew a certain +duke, and Cynewulf drove him into the wilds of Andred: +and so he fled from thicket to thicket, until he was at last +slain by a herdsman at a place named Pryffetesflodan,<a name="FNanchor_42_42" id="FNanchor_42_42"></a><a href="#Footnote_42_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a> and +so the blood of duke Cumbra was avenged.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_42_42" id="Footnote_42_42"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42_42"><span class="label">[42]</span></a> Privett, Hampshire.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XVIII.</span>—<i>Of the reign of Cynewulf, his war and deeds.</i></h3> + + +<p>A. 755. These things having been premised, Cynewulf frequently +fought no slight battles against the Britons. For +when thirty-one years had passed, he tried to expel from his +territories a certain chief named Cyneard, brother to Sigebert, +whose deeds have been related above. He was afterwards +besieged by this prince, for it was told him that he was +in company of a certain courtezan at a place called Meranton +[Merton], and though he had with him only a few men, who +knew nothing of the matter, he surrounded the house with +arms. The king, seeing how he was situated, leaped to the +door, and bravely repelled their weapons; but making up his +mind he rushed upon the prince, and inflicted no slight wounds +upon him; his companions, not forgetting his threats, raised +their weapons and slew the king. The report being spread, +the king's soldiers, who had been in his company, each for +himself, as was their custom, made an attack, uttering shouts. +But the prince, soothing them, promised them gifts and ample +honours. They desire death, now that their lord is dead; +nor do they attend to his promises, but rush with one accord +upon death. None of them escaped with life except one +British hostage, and he had received severe wounds. When, +therefore, the day dawned, it became known to the soldiers, +who had remained behind the king's back, they assembled +together and set forth, and with them Osric the duke and +Wigferth the knight. They found the prince in the house, +where their master was lying dead. The doors are beleaguered +on both sides. Within are the one party, and the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span> +other party are without. The prince asks a truce, and makes +ample promises; his object is future sovereignty. The +king's friends spurn these offers, and rather seek to separate +from the prince their relations who were in his company. +These reject their proposals; on the contrary they answer +their friends thus:<a name="FNanchor_43_43" id="FNanchor_43_43"></a><a href="#Footnote_43_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a> "No tie is so powerful as that which +binds us to our lord; and whereas you ask us to depart, we +tell you that we made the same proposal to those who were slain +with your king, and they would not accede to it." To this +the other party rejoined, "But you will remain unhurt, if +you only depart, nor share in the vengeance which we shall +inflict for those who were slain with the king." They returned +no answer to this, but silently begin the battle; shield +punishes shield, and arms are laced in bucklers, relation falls +by his kinsman; they smash the doors, one pursues after another, +and a lamentable fight ensues. Alas! they slay the +prince; all his companions are laid low before his face, except +one, and he was the baptismal son of duke Osric, but half +alive, and covered with wounds.</p> + +<p>Now Cynewulf reigned thirty-one years, and his body lies +entombed in the city of Winchester. The above-named prince +also reposes in the church commonly called Axanminster.<a name="FNanchor_44_44" id="FNanchor_44_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_44_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a> +Both their families trace to Cerdic.</p> + +<p>A. 755. In the same year Ethelbald, king of Mercia, was +slain at a place called Seccandune,<a name="FNanchor_45_45" id="FNanchor_45_45"></a><a href="#Footnote_45_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a> and his body rests in a +monastery called Reopandune.<a name="FNanchor_46_46" id="FNanchor_46_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_46_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a> Bernred succeeded to the +kingdom, and not long after he also died.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_43_43" id="Footnote_43_43"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43_43"><span class="label">[43]</span></a> This is a sort of paraphrase rather than a translation: the original is +not only bad in style and ungrammatical, but exceedingly corrupt and +very obscure.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_44_44" id="Footnote_44_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44_44"><span class="label">[44]</span></a> Now Axminster. The syllable <i>an</i> or <i>en</i> occurs similarly in many ancient +Saxon towns; thus Bedanford, Oxenford, &c., and Seccandune, Reopandune +below.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_45_45" id="Footnote_45_45"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45_45"><span class="label">[45]</span></a> Now Seckington.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_46_46" id="Footnote_46_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46_46"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> Now Repton.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XIX.</span>—<i>Of the reign of king Offa and of his deeds.</i></h3> + + +<p>A. 756. In the revolution of the same year, Offa succeeded +to the kingdom, a remarkable man, son of Thingferth; +his grandfather was Enwulf, his great-grandfather +Osmod, his great-grandfather's father Pybba, his great-grandfather's +grandfather was Icel, his sixth ancestor Eomær, the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> +seventh Angeltheow, the eighth Offa, the ninth Wærmund, +the tenth Wihtlæg, the eleventh Woden.</p> + +<p>A. 773. Also after seventeen years, from the time that +Cynewulf took the kingdom from Sigebert, the sign of our +Lord's cross appeared in the heavens after sun-set, and in the +same year a civil contest<a name="FNanchor_47_47" id="FNanchor_47_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_47_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a> took place between the people of +Kent and Mercia, at a place called Cittanford:<a name="FNanchor_48_48" id="FNanchor_48_48"></a><a href="#Footnote_48_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a> and in those +days some monstrous serpents were seen in the country of the +Southern Angles, which is called Sussex.</p> + +<p>A. 777. About four years after, Cynewulf and Offa fought +a battle near the town of Bensington, which was gained by +Offa.</p> + +<p>A. 779. Two years afterwards, the Gauls and Saxons +stirred up no slight contests with one another.</p> + +<p>A. 783. In short, after four years, Cyneard slays king +Cynewulf, and is himself also slain there.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_47_47" id="Footnote_47_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47_47"><span class="label">[47]</span></a> The term 'civile bellum'—<i>civil war</i> is used by Ethelwerd, to denote +a battle between the kindred Anglo-Saxon kingdoms; the classical reader +will also note the use of the word 'bellum' for 'prœlium.'</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_48_48" id="Footnote_48_48"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48_48"><span class="label">[48]</span></a> This should be Ottanford, or Otford, in Kent, a place of great +antiquity.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XX.</span>—<i>Of the acts of Bertric, king of the West-Saxons.</i></h3> + + +<p>A. 783. In the same year Bertric received the kingdom +of the West-Angles, whose lineage traces up to Cerdic.</p> + +<p>A. 786. After three years, he took in marriage Offa's +daughter Eadburga.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h4>HERE ENDS BOOK THE SECOND,<br /><br /> + +AND<br /><br /> + +THE PROLOGUE OF BOOK THE THIRD BEGINS.</h4> + + +<p>After what has been written in the foregoing pages, it remains +that we declare the contents of our third book. We +exhort you, therefore, most beloved object of my desire, that +the present work may not be thought tedious by you for its +length of reading, since to thee especially I dedicate this. +Wherefore, the farther my mind digresses, the more does my +affectionate love generate and expand itself.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span></p> +<h4>HERE ENDS THE PROLOGUE,<br /><br /> +AND THE BOOK BEGINS.</h4> + + +<p>Whilst the pious king Bertric was reigning over the western +parts of the English, and the innocent people spread +through their plains were enjoying themselves in tranquillity +and yoking their oxen to the plough, suddenly there arrived +on the coast a fleet of Danes, not large, but of three ships +only: this was their first arrival. When this became known, +the king's officer, who was already stopping in the town of +Dorchester, leaped on his horse and gallopped forwards with +a few men to the port, thinking that they were merchants +rather than enemies, and, commanding them in an authoritative +tone, ordered them to be made to go to the royal city; +but he was slain on the spot by them, and all who were with +him. The name of the officer was Beaduherd.</p> + +<p>A. 787. And the number of years that was fulfilled was +above three hundred and thirty-four, from the time that Hengist +and Horsa arrived in Britain, in which also Bertric +married the daughter of king Offa.</p> + +<p>A. 792. Moreover, it was after five years that Offa king +of the Mercians commanded the head of king Ethelbert to be +struck off.</p> + +<p>A. 794. After two years Offa also died, and Egfert his +son succeeded to the kingdom, and died in the same year. +Pope Adrian also departed this life. Ethelred, king of the +Northumbrians, was slain by his own people.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. I.</span>—<i>Of Kenulf, king of the Mercians, and of his wars.</i></h3> + + +<p>A. 796. After two years, Kenulf, king of the Mercians, +ravaged Kent and the province which is called Merscwari,<a name="FNanchor_49_49" id="FNanchor_49_49"></a><a href="#Footnote_49_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a> +and their king Pren was taken, whom they loaded with +chains, and led as far as Mercia.</p> + +<p>A. 797. Then after a year, the enraged populace of Rome +cut out the tongue of the blessed pope Leo, and tore out his +eyes, and drove him from his apostolical seat. But suddenly, +by the aid of Christ, who is always wonderful in his works, +his sight was restored, and his tongue regifted with speech, +and he resumed his seat of apostleship as before.</p> + +<p>A. 800. After three years, king Bertric died.</p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span></p> +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_49_49" id="Footnote_49_49"></a><a href="#FNanchor_49_49"><span class="label">[49]</span></a> The Merscwari are thought to have been the inhabitants of Romney, +in Kent, and its vicinity.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. II.</span>—<i>Of the reign of Egbert, and his deeds.</i></h3> + + +<p>Therefore Egbert is raised to the kingdom of the West +Saxons. On the very same day, as king Ethelmund was +passing through a farm, Wiccum, intending to go to a ford +called Cynemæresford [Kempsford], duke Woxstan met him +there with the centuries of the inhabitants of the province +of Wilsætum [Wiltshire]. Both of them fell in the battle, +but the Wilsætæ remained the victors.</p> + +<p>Also, down to the time that Egbert received the kingdom, +there were completed from the beginning of the world 5995 +years, from the incarnation of our Lord 800 years, from the +coming of Hengist and Horsa into Britain 350 years, from +the reign of Cerdic, the tenth ancestor of king Egbert, when +he subdued the western part of Britain, 300 years, and from +the coming of Augustine, who was sent by the blessed pope +Gregory to baptize the English nation, 204 years: and in +the tenth year afterwards the holy father Gregory died.</p> + +<p>A. 805. After king Egbert had reigned five years, was the +death of Cuthred king of Kent.</p> + +<p>A. 812. In the seventh year Charles, king of the Franks, +departed this life.</p> + +<p>A. 814. After two years, the blessed pope Leo passed +from one virtue to another.</p> + +<p>A. 819. After five years, Kenulf king of the Mercians +died.</p> + +<p>A. 821. His successor was Ceolwulf, who was deprived +of the kingdom two years afterwards.</p> + +<p>A. 822. A year afterwards a great synod was held at a +place called Cloveshoo,<a name="FNanchor_50_50" id="FNanchor_50_50"></a><a href="#Footnote_50_50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a> and two dukes were there slain +Burhelm and Mucca.</p> + +<p>A. 823. After one year a battle was fought against the +Britons in the province of Defna [Devonshire], at a place +called Camelford. In the same year king Egbert fought a +battle against Bernulf king of the Mercians at Ellendune,<a name="FNanchor_51_51" id="FNanchor_51_51"></a><a href="#Footnote_51_51" class="fnanchor">[51]</a> +and Egbert gained the victory: but there was a great loss +on both sides; and Hun duke of the province of Somerset +was there slain: he lies buried in the city of Winchester. +Lastly, king Egbert sent his son Ethelwulf with an army<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span> +into Kent, and with him bishop Ealstan and duke Wulfherd. +They defeated the Kentish army, and pursued their king +Baldred into the northern parts beyond the Thames. To +whom the men of Kent are afterwards subjected, and also +the provinces of Surrey and Sussex, that is, the midland +and southern Angles.</p> + +<p>A. 824. For in the course of the same year the king of +the East-Angles with the wise men of his realm, visits king +Egbert, for the sake of peace and protection, on account of +his fear of the Mercians.</p> + +<p>A. 825. In the course of that year the aforesaid East-Angles +made war against Bernulf king of the Mercians, and +having defeated his army they slew him and five dukes with +him. His successor was Withlaf.</p> + +<p>A. 827. Two years afterwards, the moon was eclipsed on +the very night of Christ's nativity. And in the same year +king Egbert reduced under his power all that part of the +kingdom which lies to the south of the river Humber: he +was the eighth king in Britain who was famous for his great +power. For the first was Ælla king of the South-Angles, +who possessed the same dominions as Egbert; the second +was Ceawlin king of the West-Angles; the third Ethelbert +king of Kent; the fourth Redwald king of the East-Angles; +the fifth Edwin king of Northumbria; the sixth Oswald; +the seventh Oswy brother of Oswald; after whom the eighth +Egbert, of whom we have made mention above. He led his +army against the Northumbrians, who also bent their necks +and submitted to him.</p> + +<p>A. 828. At the end of a year therefore, Withlaf again +received the kingdom. At that time also, king Egbert led +his army against the northern Britons, and when he had subdued +all of them, he returned in peace.</p> + +<p>A. 832. After four years therefore the pagans devastated +the territories of a place called Sceapige.<a name="FNanchor_52_52" id="FNanchor_52_52"></a><a href="#Footnote_52_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a></p> + +<p>A. 833. After one year Egbert fought against the pagan +fleet, in number thirty-five vessels, at a place called Carrum +[Charmouth]: and the Danes obtained the victory.</p> + +<p>A. 836. Lastly after three years, a large army of Britons +approached the frontiers of the West-Saxons: without de<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span>lay +they form themselves into a compact body, and carry +their arms against Egbert king of the Angles. Egbert +therefore having ascertained the state of things beforehand, +assembled his army and twice imbued their weapons in the +blood of the Britons at Hengeston,<a name="FNanchor_53_53" id="FNanchor_53_53"></a><a href="#Footnote_53_53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a> and put them to flight.</p> + +<p>A. 837. At the end of a year the powerful king Egbert +died.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_50_50" id="Footnote_50_50"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50_50"><span class="label">[50]</span></a> Near Rochester, Kent.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_51_51" id="Footnote_51_51"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51_51"><span class="label">[51]</span></a> Wilton.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_52_52" id="Footnote_52_52"></a><a href="#FNanchor_52_52"><span class="label">[52]</span></a> The Isle of Sheppey.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_53_53" id="Footnote_53_53"></a><a href="#FNanchor_53_53"><span class="label">[53]</span></a> Hengston-hill, Cornwall.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. III.</span>—<i>Of the reign of Ethelwulf and of his deeds.</i></h3> + + +<p>After his death, Athulf<a name="FNanchor_54_54" id="FNanchor_54_54"></a><a href="#Footnote_54_54" class="fnanchor">[54]</a> succeeded to the throne of his +father Egbert, and he delivered up the kingdom of Kent to +his son Athelstan, together with East-Saxony, South-Saxony, +and Surrey, i.e. the eastern, southern and midland parts.</p> + +<p>A. 838. After one year, duke Wulfherd fought with the +pagan fleet near the town of Hamptun [Southampton], +and having slain many of them gained the victory: the +number of ships in the fleet was thirty-three. After this +exploit the duke himself died in peace. The same year +duke Ethelhelm, with the people of the province of Dorset, +fought another battle against the pagan army at Port, and +pursued them some distance: but afterwards the Danes +were victorious, and slew the duke and his companions with +him.</p> + +<p>A. 839. After one year duke Herebert was slain by the +Danes at Merswarum;<a name="FNanchor_55_55" id="FNanchor_55_55"></a><a href="#Footnote_55_55" class="fnanchor">[55]</a> and the same year a great slaughter +was made by that army in the city of Lindsey, and in the +province of Kent, and in East Anglia.</p> + +<p>A. 840. Also after one year, the same thing took place in +the city of London, in Quintanwic [Canterbury], and in the +town of Rochester.</p> + +<p>A. 841. Meanwhile, after one year king Ethelwulf fought +against the Danes at a place called Charmouth, by whom also +he was vanquished, and the victors kept possession of the +ground.</p> + +<p>A. 844. Three years afterwards duke Eanwulf, who +governed the province of Somerset, and bishop Ealstan +also, and Osric duke of Dorset, fought a battle against the +pagans at the mouth of the Parret before-mentioned; where<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> +they gained the victory, having defeated the Danish army. +Also in the same year king Athelstan and duke Elchere +fought against the army of the above-mentioned nation in +the province of Kent, near the town of Sandwich, where +they slew many of them, put their troops to flight, and took +nine ships.</p> + +<p>A. 851. After seven years Ceorl duke of Devon fought a +battle against the pagans at Wembury,<a name="FNanchor_56_56" id="FNanchor_56_56"></a><a href="#Footnote_56_56" class="fnanchor">[56]</a> where they slew many +of the Danes and gained the victory. In the course of the +same year, the barbarians wintered first in the isle of Thanet, +which lies not far from Britain, and has fruitful but not large +corn fields. That year was not yet finished, when a large fleet +of pagans arrived, 350 ships, at the mouth of the river +Thames, commonly called Thames-mouth, and destroyed the +city of Canterbury and the city of London, and put to flight +Berthwulf king of Mercia, having defeated his army. After +the battle they returned beyond the river Thames towards +the south through the province of Surrey, and there king +Ethelwulf with the Western Angles met them: an immense +number was slain on both sides, nor have we ever heard of a +more severe battle before that day: these things happened +near Ockley Wood.</p> + +<p>A. 854. After three years king Burhred asked assistance +from king Ethelwulf to subdue the Northern Britons: he +granted it, and having collected his army, passed through +the Mercian kingdom to go against the Britons: whom he +subdued and made tributary. In the same year king +Ethelwulf sent his son Alfred to Rome, in the days of our +lord pope Leo,<a name="FNanchor_57_57" id="FNanchor_57_57"></a><a href="#Footnote_57_57" class="fnanchor">[57]</a> who consecrated him king and named him +his son in baptism, when we are accustomed to name little +children, when we receive them from the bishop's hand. In +the same year were fought battles in the isle of Thanet +against the pagans; and there was a great slaughter made +on both sides, and many were drowned in the sea. The +same year also after Easter king Ethelwulf gave his daughter +in marriage to king Burhred.</p> + +<p>A. 855. After a year the pagans wintered in Sheppey. In +the same year king Ethelwulf gave the tenth of all his +possessions to be the Lord's portion, and so appointed it to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> +be in all the government of his kingdom. In the same year +he set out to Rome with great dignity, and stayed there +twelve months. As he returned home, therefore, to his +country, Charles, king of the Franks, gave him his daughter +in marriage, and he took her home with him to his own +country.</p> + +<p>A. 857. Lastly, after a year king Ethelwulf died, and his +body reposes in the city of Winchester. Now the aforesaid +king was son of king Egbert, and his grandfather was +Elmund, his great-grandfather Eafa, his great-grandfather's +father was Eoppa, and his great-grandfather's grandfather +was Ingild, brother of Ina, king of the Western-Angles, who +ended his life at Rome; and the above-named kings derived +their origin from king Kenred. Kenred was the son of +Ceolwald, son of Cuthwin, son of Ceawlin, son of Cynric, +son of Cerdic, who also was the first possessor of the +western parts of Britain, after he had defeated the armies of +the Britons: his father was Elesa, son of Esla, son of Gewis, +son of Wig, son of Freawin, son of Frithogar, son of Brond, +son of Beldeg, son of Woden, son of Frithowald, son of +Frealaf, son of Frithuwulf, son of Finn, son of Godwulf, son +of Geat, son of Tætwa, son of Beaw, son of Sceldi, son of +Sceaf. This Sceaf came with one ship to an island of the +ocean named Scani, sheathed in arms, and he was a young +boy, and unknown to the people of that land; but he was +received by them, and they guarded him as their own with +much care, and afterwards chose him for their king. It is +from him that king Ethelwulf derives his descent. And +then was completed the fiftieth year from the beginning of +king Egbert's reign.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_54_54" id="Footnote_54_54"></a><a href="#FNanchor_54_54"><span class="label">[54]</span></a> Generally called Ethelwulf by modern writers.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_55_55" id="Footnote_55_55"></a><a href="#FNanchor_55_55"><span class="label">[55]</span></a> Romney Marsh.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_56_56" id="Footnote_56_56"></a><a href="#FNanchor_56_56"><span class="label">[56]</span></a> Near Plymouth.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_57_57" id="Footnote_57_57"></a><a href="#FNanchor_57_57"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> Leo the Fourth.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h4>HERE ENDS THE THIRD BOOK,<br /><br /> + +AND THE PROLOGUE OF THE FOURTH BOOK HERE BEGINS.</h4> + + +<p>Three books are now finished, and it remains to guide my +pen to the fourth, in which also will be found greater gain, +and the origin of our race is more clearly intimated. And, +although I may seem to send you a load of reading, dearest +sister of my desire, do not judge me harshly, but as my +writings were in love to you, so may you read them.</p> + +<p>And may God Almighty, who is praised both in Trinity<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span> +and in Unipotence ever preserve you under the shadow of +his wings, and your companions with you. Amen!</p> + +<h4>HERE ENDS THE PROLOGUE.</h4> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. I.</span>—<i>Of the reign of the sons of king Ethelwulf, namely Ethelbald +and Ethelbert.</i></h3> + + +<p>Meanwhile, after the death of king Ethelwulf, his sons were +raised to the kingdom, namely Ethelbald over the Western +Angles, and Ethelbert over the men of Kent, and the +Eastern, Southern, and Midland Angles.</p> + +<p>A. 861. When five years were completed, king Ethelbald +died, and his brother Ethelbert succeeded to the possessions +of both. In those days a large fleet of pagans came to land, +and destroyed the royal city which is called Winton. They +were encountered by Osric duke of Hampshire, and Ethelwulf +duke of Berkshire: a battle ensued; the pagans were +routed, and the English gained the victory.</p> + +<p>A. 865. After four years, from the death of king Ethelbald, +the pagans strengthened their position in the isle of +Thanet, and promise to be at peace with the men of Kent, +who on their part prepare money, ignorant of the future. +But the Danes break their compact, and sallying out +privately by night, lay waste all the eastern coast of Kent.</p> + +<p>A. 866. After one year king Ethelbert died, and his body +rests peaceably in the monastery named Sherborne.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. II.</span>—<i>Of the reign of king Ethelred.</i></h3> + + +<p>Ethelred succeeded to the throne after the death of his +brother Ethelbert. In the same year the fleets of the tyrant +Hingwar arrived in England from the north, and wintered +among the East Angles, and having established their arms +there, they get on their horses, and make peace with all the +inhabitants in their own neighbourhood.</p> + +<p>A. 867. After one year that army, leaving the eastern +parts, crossed the river Humber into Northumberland to the +city of Evoric, which is now commonly called the city of +Eoferwic [York]. For there was then a great civil dissension +between the inhabitants of that land, and they were so +enraged that they also expelled their king Osbert from his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span> +seat; and having confirmed their resolves, they chose an +obscure person for their king; and after some delay they +turned their thoughts to raise an army and repulse those who +were advancing. They collected together no small bodies of +troops, and reconnoitred the enemy: their rage was excited: +they joined battle, a miserable slaughter took place on both +sides, and the kings were slain. Those of them who were +left made peace with the hostile army.</p> + +<p>In the same year died Eanwulf, duke of Somerset; also +bishop Ealstan, fifty years after his succession to the bishopric, +in the diocese called Sherborne. There also his body +now reposes; and that of the above-named duke in the +monastery called Glastonbury.</p> + +<p>A. 868. After one year therefore, the army of the pagans, +of whose arrival we have spoken above, measured out their +camp in a place called Snotingaham [Nottingham], and there +they passed the winter, and Burhred king of the Mercians, +with his nobles, consented to their remaining there without +reproach.</p> + +<p>A. 869. At the end of a year therefore, the army was +transported to York, and there also they measured out their +camp in the winter season.</p> + +<p>A. 870. Again after a year they departed, and passed +through Mercia into East-Anglia, and there measured out +their camp for the winter at Thetford. King Edmund carried +on war against them for a short time, but he was slain +there by them, and his body lies entombed at a place called +Beodoricsworthe,<a name="FNanchor_58_58" id="FNanchor_58_58"></a><a href="#Footnote_58_58" class="fnanchor">[58]</a> and the barbarians obtained the victory, +but with the loss of their king soon afterwards: for king +Hingwar died the same year; archbishop Ceolnoth also died +that same year, and is buried in the city of Canterbury.</p> + +<p>A. 871. After one year therefore the army of the barbarians +above-mentioned set out for Reading, and the principal +object of the impious crew was to attack the West-Saxons; +and three days after they came, their two consuls, forgetting +that they were not on board their fleet, rode proudly through +fields and meadows on horseback, which nature had denied +to them.<a name="FNanchor_59_59" id="FNanchor_59_59"></a><a href="#Footnote_59_59" class="fnanchor">[59]</a></p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span></p><p>But duke Ethelwulf met them, and though his troops were +few, their hearts resided in brave dwellings: they point +their darts, they rout the enemy, and triumph in abundant +spoils. At length four days after their meeting, Ethelred +arrives with his army; an indescribable battle is fought, +now these, now those urge on the fight with spears immoveable; +duke Ethelwulf falls, who a short time before had +obtained the victory: the barbarians at last triumph. The +body of the above-named duke is privately withdrawn, and +carried into the province of the Mercians, to a place called +Northworthig, but Derby in the language of the Danes. +Four days after king Ethelred with his brother Alfred fought +again with all the army of the Danes at Æscendune;<a name="FNanchor_60_60" id="FNanchor_60_60"></a><a href="#Footnote_60_60" class="fnanchor">[60]</a> and +there was great slaughter on both sides: but at last king +Ethelred obtained the victory. But it is proper that I should +declare the names of those chiefs who fell there: Bagsac +king, the veteran Sidrac their consul, the younger Sidrac +also, the consul Osbern, the consul Frene, the consul Harold; +and, so to speak, all the flower of the barbarian youth was +there slain, so that neither before nor since was ever such +destruction known since the Saxons first gained Britain by +their arms.</p> + +<p>Fourteen days after, they again took courage and a second +battle was fought at a place called Basing: the barbarians +came and took part over against them; the fight began, and +hope passed from the one side to the other; the royal +army was deceived, the enemy had the victory, but gained no +spoils.</p> + +<p>Furthermore after two months the aforesaid king Ethelred +renewed the battle, and with him was his brother Alfred, at +Merton, against all the army of the barbarians, and a large +number was slain on both sides. The barbarians obtained +the victory; bishop Heahmund there fell by the sword, and +his body lies buried at Cægineshamme.<a name="FNanchor_61_61" id="FNanchor_61_61"></a><a href="#Footnote_61_61" class="fnanchor">[61]</a> Many others also +fell or fled in that battle, concerning whom it seems to be a +loss of time to speak more minutely at present. Lastly, +after the above-mentioned battle, and after the Easter of the +same year, died king Ethelred, from whose family I derive +my origin.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span></p><p>And now I have followed up my plan, dear cousin Matilda, +and will begin to consolidate my subject; and like a ship +which, having sailed a long way over the waves, already +occupies the port, to which in her patient voyage she had +been tending: so we, like sailors, are already entering, and +as I briefly intimated to you in my former epistle, so also in +the prefaces to this present book, and without any impropriety +I again remind you, and though I cut short the course +of that which is visionary, not impelled by necessity, but +through love of your affection, I now send it you again more +fully to be meditated upon concerning the origin of our +family, and sufficiently embrace the study of your sincerity.<a name="FNanchor_62_62" id="FNanchor_62_62"></a><a href="#Footnote_62_62" class="fnanchor">[62]</a></p> + +<p>Thus far then: I will now leave obscurity and begin to +speak concerning the sons of Ethelwulf. They were five in +number: the first was Ethelstan, who also shared the kingdom +with his father: the second was Ethelbald, who also +was king of the Western English: the third was Ethelbert, +king of Kent: the fourth was Ethelred, who after the death +of Ethelbert succeeded to the kingdom, and was also my +grandfather's grandfather: the fifth was Alfred, who succeeded +after all the others to the whole sovereignty, and was +your grandfather's grandfather. Wherefore I make known +to you, my beloved cousin Matilda, that I receive these things +from ancient tradition, and have taken care in most brief +style to write the history of our race down to these two +kings, from whom we have taken our origin. To you therefore, +most beloved, I devote this work, compelled by the love +of our relationship: if others receive them with haughtiness, +they will be judged unworthy of the feast; if otherwise, we +advise all in charity to gather what is set before them. Let +us return then to the story that we broke off, and to the +death of the above-named Ethelred. His reign lasted five +years, and he is buried in the monastery which goes by the +name of Wimborne.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_58_58" id="Footnote_58_58"></a><a href="#FNanchor_58_58"><span class="label">[58]</span></a> Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_59_59" id="Footnote_59_59"></a><a href="#FNanchor_59_59"><span class="label">[59]</span></a> I shall be glad if my readers will find a better translation for this +obscure and inflated passage.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_60_60" id="Footnote_60_60"></a><a href="#FNanchor_60_60"><span class="label">[60]</span></a> See William of Malmesbury, b. ii. c. 3, p. 111, note.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_61_61" id="Footnote_61_61"></a><a href="#FNanchor_61_61"><span class="label">[61]</span></a> Keynsham.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_62_62" id="Footnote_62_62"></a><a href="#FNanchor_62_62"><span class="label">[62]</span></a> I must again request the reader to pardon the obscurity which so frequently +occurs in our author's style, and my inability to deal with such passages; +the above is a tolerably close translation of the original.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. III.</span>—<i>Of the reign of king Alfred.</i></h3> + + +<p>A. 871. After these things, Alfred obtained the kingdom +when his brothers were dead,—he also was the youngest son +of king Ethelwulf—over all the provinces of Britain.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span></p> + +<p>There came a summer-army innumerable to Reading, and +were eager to fight against the army of the West-Angles: to +their aid also came those who had already long time been +ravaging. But the army of the Angles at that time was +small on account of the king's absence, who at the same time +had performed his brother's obsequies, and although their +ranks were not full, yet their hearts were firm in their +breasts, they rejoice in the fight, and repel the enemy: but +at length oppressed with fatigue, they cease from the fight. +The barbarians hold possession of a sterile field of battle: +afterwards also they spread themselves and ravage the +country. During their foul domination, there were three +battles fought by the Angles, besides the battles before-mentioned, +and eleven of their consuls, whom they call +"earls," were slain, and one of their kings. Lastly, in the +same year the Eastern Angles made peace with them. And +the number of years to the encamping of the barbarian +army in Reading and to the death of king Ethelred and the +succession of his brother Alfred was the seventy-first from +the time that Egbert had first consolidated the kingdom, and +forty-seven from the time that the Mercians and Western +Angles carried on civil wars at the place called Ellandune,<a name="FNanchor_63_63" id="FNanchor_63_63"></a><a href="#Footnote_63_63" class="fnanchor">[63]</a> +and king Egbert received the name of victor twenty-six +years from the time that the battle was fought in Pedredan +[Petherton]; and twenty years after the contest which was +waged near the wood called Ockley, and lastly five years +from the arrival of the pagans in the country of the East +Angles: and without long delay, they then went to Reading.</p> + +<p>A. 872. After a year had elapsed from the time of their +coming to Reading, they measured out their camp in the +neighbourhood of the city of London. But the Mercians +ratify a treaty with them, and pay a stipend.</p> + +<p>A. 873. After one year the barbarians change their +position to the neighbourhood of the city of Lindsey in a +place called Torksey. The Mercian people renew their +treaty with them.</p> + +<p>A. 874. After the lapse of a year, the barbarians at length +remove to a place called Repton, and drive king Burhred +from the kingdom beyond the sea. Twenty and two years<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span> +are enumerated from the time that he first occupied his +father's kingdom. They now break the peace, and devastate +the lands of the Mercians. The above-named king did not +abandon his hope in Christ, but made a journey to Rome and +died there, and his body, laid in a worthy mausoleum, reposes +in the temple of Christ's blessed mother, which is now called +the school of the English. At the same time Ceolwulf +possessed the kingdom of the Mercians.</p> + +<p>A. 875. Lastly after a year, the barbarians divide the +kingdom into two parts: and Halfdene the leader of the +barbarians took one part, namely the kingdom of the +Northumbrians, and there he chose his winter-quarters near +the river called the Tyne, and they ravaged the country +there on every side. But they also made frequent wars on +the Picts and the men of Cumberland. Oskytel also, and +Gothrun, and Anwiund, their three kings, with an immense +army, came from Repton to a place called Grantabridge +[Cambridge], and there remained twelve months. Furthermore +in the summer of the same year, king Alfred came out +with his army on board a fleet by sea, and the barbarians +met them with seven tall vessels. A battle ensues, and +the Danes are routed: the king takes one of their ships.</p> + +<p>A. 876. After one year, the tyrant Halfdene obtained the +kingdom of the Northumbrians, all of whom he reduced to +subjection. And in the course of the same year, the army +which had been at Cambridge made a junction with the +western army, a thing which they had not done before, near +the town which is called Wareham, and ravaged the greater +part of that province. Also the king ratified a treaty of +peace with them and gave them money. But they gave him +hostages chosen out of their army, and made oath to him on +their sacred bracelet which they had never done to the kings +of the other districts, that they would quickly leave their +territories.</p> + +<p>A. 877. But they broke the peace and contravened their +engagements, and the following year extended their troops +into the province of Devon, where they passed the winter at +Exeter. Lastly their fleets put to sea and spread their sails +to the wind: but a lamentable storm came on, and the +greatest part of them, namely a hundred of their chief ships, +were sunk near the rock which is called Swanwich. The<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span> +barbarians renew their fraud and offer peace: hostages were +given, more than were demanded, to the effect that they would +withdraw out of the territories of king Alfred; and they did +so. They devastate the kingdom of the Mercians and drive +out all the free men. They erect their huts in the town of +Gloucester.</p> + +<p>A. 878. At the end of that year therefore this foul mob +broke the compact which they had before solemnly made with +the Western Angles, and they take up their winter-quarters +at Chippenham. The people were everywhere unable to +resist: some of them were driven by the impious wretches +over the sea into Gaul. King Alfred was at this time +straitened more than was becoming. Ethelnoth also duke of +Somerset lived with a narrow retinue in a certain wood, and +they built a stronghold in the island of Athelingay,<a name="FNanchor_64_64" id="FNanchor_64_64"></a><a href="#Footnote_64_64" class="fnanchor">[64]</a> which +seems to have been situated in a marsh. But the aforesaid +king fought daily battles against the barbarians, having with +him the province of Somerset only; no others assisted him, +except the servants who made use of the king's pastures. In +the same year arrived Halfdene brother of the tyrant +Hingwar with thirty galleys, in the western parts of the +Angles, and besieged Odda duke of Devon in a certain +castle, and war was stirred up on all sides. The king of the +barbarians fell, and eighty decads with him. At last the +Danes obtain the victory.</p> + +<p>Meanwhile, after the Easter<a name="FNanchor_65_65" id="FNanchor_65_65"></a><a href="#Footnote_65_65" class="fnanchor">[65]</a> of that year, king Alfred +fought against the army that was in Chippenham, at a place +called Ethandune,<a name="FNanchor_66_66" id="FNanchor_66_66"></a><a href="#Footnote_66_66" class="fnanchor">[66]</a> and they obtain the victory. But after +the decision of the battle, the barbarians promise peace, ask +a truce, give hostages, and bind themselves by oath: their +king submits to be baptized, and Alfred the king receives +him from the laver in the marshy isle of Alney.<a name="FNanchor_67_67" id="FNanchor_67_67"></a><a href="#Footnote_67_67" class="fnanchor">[67]</a> Duke +Ethelnoth also purified the same at a place called Wedmore, +and king Alfred there bestowed upon him magnificent +honors.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span></p><p>A. 879. After a year from the time of the pagan army +leaving Gloucester, they marched to Cirencester, and there +wintered. In the course of the same year the sun was +eclipsed.</p> + +<p>A. 880. A year after the eclipse, the aforesaid army +struck their tents, and leaving Cirencester went into the +country of the East Angles, and pitching their camp, reduced +all the inhabitants of those parts to subjection. And +it was now fourteen years since the barbarians first wintered +in the country aforesaid, and ravaged it. In the same year, +when they had reduced the district aforesaid, they went in +a vessel to Gaul and took up a position at a place called +Ghent: the same men who had formerly measured out their +camp at a place called Fulham.</p> + +<p>A. 881. After a year, they attempt to proceed further; +but the armies of the Franks assail them and gain the victory; +the barbarians were put to flight.</p> + +<p>A. 882. After a year the aforesaid army passed into the +upper districts of the Maese and measured out their camp at +a place called Escelum.<a name="FNanchor_68_68" id="FNanchor_68_68"></a><a href="#Footnote_68_68" class="fnanchor">[68]</a> In the same year king Alfred +put to sea and fell in with four ships; which he defeated, +and destroyed two, the others surrendered.</p> + +<p>A. 883. The next year the aforesaid army entered the +parishes of the Scald,<a name="FNanchor_69_69" id="FNanchor_69_69"></a><a href="#Footnote_69_69" class="fnanchor">[69]</a> to a place called Cundath;<a name="FNanchor_70_70" id="FNanchor_70_70"></a><a href="#Footnote_70_70" class="fnanchor">[70]</a> and +there measured out their camp for the winter.</p> + +<p>A. 884. After one year had expired, that pestilential +army aforesaid removed to the higher districts of the Somme, +to a place called Embenum,<a name="FNanchor_71_71" id="FNanchor_71_71"></a><a href="#Footnote_71_71" class="fnanchor">[71]</a> and there wintered.</p> + +<p>A. 885. After a year they divide themselves into two +parts: one to Sofenum,<a name="FNanchor_72_72" id="FNanchor_72_72"></a><a href="#Footnote_72_72" class="fnanchor">[72]</a> the other to Rochester; and they +laid siege to those towns. They also construct other smaller +camps. Defeat prevails among the inhabitants until the arrival +of king Alfred with an army. The foul plague was +vanquished, and sought reinforcement....<a name="FNanchor_73_73" id="FNanchor_73_73"></a><a href="#Footnote_73_73" class="fnanchor">[73]</a> Some of them +made for the sea-coasts. The same year they renewed their<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span> +league, and gave hostages to the English, and twice in the +year they counted the spoil which they had obtained by +fraud, in the land which borders on the southern bank of +the Thames. The filthy crew which were then in possession +of the East Angles, suddenly removed to a place called Bamfleet; +and there the allied band divided; some of them remained, +and some of them went beyond the sea. In the +same year, therefore, the aforesaid king Alfred sent his fleet +into the country of the East Angles, and immediately on +their arrival, there met them at a place called Stourmouth +sixteen ships, which they forthwith ravaged, and slew the +captains with the sword. The rest of the pirate-crew met +them; they ply their oars, their armour shines over the constrained +waters, the barbarians obtain the victory. In the +same year died Charles the Magnificent king of the Franks, +cut off by death before the revolution of one year; after him +came his uterine brother who ruled over the western coasts +of Gaul. Both were sons of Louis, who had formerly possessed +the sole sovereignty: his life had reached its termination +during the eclipse of the sun aforesaid. He was son of +the great king Charles, whose daughter Ethelwulf king of +the English had taken to wife. In the course of that year, +a great number of barbarians landed and filled the coasts of +the Old Saxons; two battles were fought soon after: the +Saxons were the victors, and the Frisons also were present +in the contest. In the same year Charles the Younger succeeded +to the sovereignty of all the western parts of Gaul as +far as the Tyrrhenian sea, and, if I may so speak, of the +dominions of his grandfather, except the province of the +Lidwiccas.<a name="FNanchor_74_74" id="FNanchor_74_74"></a><a href="#Footnote_74_74" class="fnanchor">[74]</a> His father was Lodwicus, brother of the middle +Charles whose daughter was married to Ethelwulf king of +the English. And both of these were sons of Lodwicus, +namely, Lodwicus was son of Charlemagne who was the +son of Pepin.</p> + +<p>In the same year died the blessed pope Martin,<a name="FNanchor_75_75" id="FNanchor_75_75"></a><a href="#Footnote_75_75" class="fnanchor">[75]</a> who also +gave freedom to the school of the English, by the appointment +of king Alfred, and sent as a present part of the thrice blessed +cross of Christ, who is the salvation of the world. In the +course of that year, the above-named pestilential crew broke +their engagements, and marched in arms against king Alfred.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span> +Lastly, after a year, they went to the lower parts of Gaul, +and fixed on a place to winter near the river Seine. Meanwhile, +the city of London was fortified by king Alfred, whom +no civil discord could subdue, either by cunning or by force: +all men received him as a saviour, and particularly the Saxons—except +the barbarians—and those who were then held +prisoners in their hands. Also, after his army was strengthened, +Ethered was appointed leader there by the aforesaid +king, to guard the citadel.</p> + +<p>A. 887. Now the army which were at that time ravaging +the country of Gaul cut their way through the bridge of the +citadel of Paris, and devastated the whole country along the +Seine, as far as the Marne, and above its vertex, as far as +Catsig [Chezy], where they thrice fixed their winter quarters. +In the same year also died Charles, king of the Franks, and his +cousin Arnulf succeeded to the kingdom, seven years before +his uncle's death. The kingdom was then divided into five, +and so many kings in the same: but all things are done by +the permission of king Arnulf, and they promised to be all +under his subjection, because they were not like him, descended +from the paternal stock; and he lived after this on +the eastern side of the river Rhine. But Rodulf occupied +the middle parts of the kingdom, Oda the western parts, and +Beorngar with Witha held the kingdom of the Lombards +from the division of the Jovian mountain.<a name="FNanchor_76_76" id="FNanchor_76_76"></a><a href="#Footnote_76_76" class="fnanchor">[76]</a> There they +began a civil war; people assailed people; the lands of both +were continually disturbed, nor was there any hope of quiet.</p> + +<p>The same year, in which the barbarians had settled on the +bridge of Paris, duke Ethelhelm received no small part of the +money paid from the diocese of the English by the king for +the people, and went to Rome. In the same year died +queen Ethelswith.</p> + +<p>A. 888. In the lapse of the same year also, archbishop +Athelred deceased, and Ethelwold, commander in Kent.</p> + +<p>A. 889. After one year, abbat Bernhelm carried to Rome +the alms for the people, and principally those of the western +English and of king Alfred. Then also Gothrun, king of +the northern English, yielded his breath to Orcus; he had +taken the name of Athelstan, as he came out of the baptismal +laver, from his godfather, king Alfred, and had his seat<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span> +among the East-Angles, since he there also had held the +first station.</p> + +<p>In the same year, the aforesaid army of barbarians removed +from the river Seine to a place called Santlaudah,<a name="FNanchor_77_77" id="FNanchor_77_77"></a><a href="#Footnote_77_77" class="fnanchor">[77]</a> +situated between the Bretons and the Franks; but the Bretons +met them in arms, and obtained the victory, and followed +them to the windings of a certain river, and there not a few +of them were drowned in the waters.</p> + +<p>A. 891. One year afterwards, the bands of the aforesaid +army visited the eastern parts of France; king Arnulf met +them; a fight of cavalry took place before the fleets arrived. +An army of eastern Franks came up, Saxons and Bavarians; +the pagans spread their sails to flee. In the same year, +three chosen men of Hibernian race, burning with piety, +leave their country: they privately form a boat by sewing +ox-hides; they put into it provisions for a week; they sail +seven days and seven nights, and arrive on the shores of +Cornwall: here they left their fleet, which had been guided, +not by the strength of their arms, but by the power of Him +who rules all things, and set out for the court of king Alfred, +who with his senate rejoice in their coming. From thence +they proceed to Rome, and, as is customary with teachers of +Christ, they essay to go thence to Jerusalem:<a name="FNanchor_78_78" id="FNanchor_78_78"></a><a href="#Footnote_78_78" class="fnanchor">[78]</a> ... Their +names were, Dubslane, the first; Macbeth, the second; +Maelinmun, the third, flourishing in the arts, skilled in letters, +and a distinguished master of the Scots. Also in the +same year, after Easter a comet appeared, which some think +to be an omen of foul times, which have already past; but it +is the most approved theory of philosophers, that they foretel +future things, as has been tried in many ways.</p> + +<p>A. 893. One year after the barbarians fought against king +Arnulf, they go to Boulogne, and there build a fleet, and pass +over into England. There they station their fleet in the Limnean +port, at a place called Apoldre [Appledore, in the eastern +part of Kent,] and destroy an ancient castle, because there +was but a small band of rustics within, and there they make +their winter camp. In the course of this year, a large fleet belonging +to Hasten arrives on the banks of the river Thames,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span> +and found a citadel on the coasts of Kent, at a place called +Middleton [Milton]: they encamp there the whole winter; +and the number of years that had elapsed from the glorious +nativity of our Saviour was nine hundred, all but seven.</p> + +<p>After the Easter of that year, the army which had come +from Gaul leave their camp, and trace the intricacies of a +certain immense wood, which is called Andred, and they extend +as far as the Western Angles. Slowly as they go, they +ravage the adjoining provinces, Hampshire and Berkshire: +these things were told to the heir of Edward, son of king +Alfred, who had been exercising himself in the southern +parts of England. After this they reach the Western Angles, +who meet them with threatening arms and dense array +at Farnham: they exult, freed by the arrival of the prince, like +sheep under the protection of the shepherd; the tyrant is +wounded, and his troops are driven across the river Thames +into the northern countries.</p> + +<p>Meanwhile, the Danes are held besieged in Thorney isle. +Earl Ethered, setting out from the city of London, lent his +aid to the prince. The barbarians asked peace and a treaty: +hostages are given, they promise by oath to leave the kingdom +of the aforesaid king; their words and deeds agree together +without delay. Lastly, they set out for the country +of the East-Angles, formerly governed by the king Saint +Edmund, and their ships fly round to them from the Limnean +port to Meresige [Mersey], a place in Kent.</p> + +<p>In the course of the same year, Hasten breaks away with +his band from Bamfleet, and devastates all Mercia, until they +arrive at the end of Britain. The army, which was then in +the eastern part of the country, supplied them with reinforcements, +and the Northumbrian, in the same way. The illustrious +duke Ethelm, with a squadron of cavalry, and duke +Ethelnoth, with an army of Western-Angles, followed behind +them, and Ethered, earl of the Mercians, pressed after +them with great impetuosity. The youth of both people +join battle, and the Angles obtain the victory. These things +are said by ancient writers to have been done at Buttington, +and the exertions of the Danes appeared futile; they again +ratify peace, give hostages, and promise to leave that part of +the country. In the same year Danaasuda,<a name="FNanchor_79_79" id="FNanchor_79_79"></a><a href="#Footnote_79_79" class="fnanchor">[79]</a> in Bamfleet, was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span> +destroyed by the people, and they divide the treasure among +them.</p> + +<p>After this, Sigeferth, the pirate, lands from his fleet in +Northumbria, and twice devastates the coast, after which he +returns home.</p> + +<p>A. 895. When two years were completed, from the time +that an immense fleet came from Boulogne to Limnæ, a town +of the Angles, duke Ethelnoth set out from the western +parts of the Angles, and goes from the city of York against +the enemy, who devastate no small tracts of land in the kingdom +of the Mercians, on the west of Stanford; <i>i.e.</i> between +the courses of the river Weolod<a name="FNanchor_80_80" id="FNanchor_80_80"></a><a href="#Footnote_80_80" class="fnanchor">[80]</a> and a thick wood, called +Ceoftefne.</p> + +<p>A. 896. In the course of one year also, died Guthfrid, +king of the Northumbrians, on the birthday of Christ's +apostle, St. Bartholomew, whose body is buried at York, in +the high church.</p> + +<p>A. 900. Meanwhile, after four years, from the time that +the above-named king died, there was a great discord among +the English, because the foul bands of the Danes still remained +throughout Northumberland. Lastly, in the same +year, king Alfred departed out of this world, that immoveable +pillar of the Western Saxons, that man full of justice, +bold in arms, learned in speech, and, above all other things, +imbued with the divine instructions. For he had translated +into his own language, out of Latin, unnumbered volumes, of +so varied a nature, and so excellently, that the sorrowful +book of Boethius seemed, not only to the learned, but even +to those who heard it read, as it were, brought to life again. +The monarch died on the seventh day before the solemnity +of All Saints, and his body rests in peace in the city of Winton. +Pray, O reader, to Christ our Redeemer, that he will +save his soul!</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_63_63" id="Footnote_63_63"></a><a href="#FNanchor_63_63"><span class="label">[63]</span></a> Allington, Wiltshire.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_64_64" id="Footnote_64_64"></a><a href="#FNanchor_64_64"><span class="label">[64]</span></a> Athelney, no longer an island, is situated near Borough-bridge in +Somersetshire.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_65_65" id="Footnote_65_65"></a><a href="#FNanchor_65_65"><span class="label">[65]</span></a> Easter Day was the 23rd of March in the year 878.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_66_66" id="Footnote_66_66"></a><a href="#FNanchor_66_66"><span class="label">[66]</span></a> Heddington.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_67_67" id="Footnote_67_67"></a><a href="#FNanchor_67_67"><span class="label">[67]</span></a> Some suppose that this is Aller near Athelingay, or Athelney; but +Athelney itself is called Alney by the common people; it is therefore more +likely that Athelingay and Alney were the same place, as they are at +present.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_68_68" id="Footnote_68_68"></a><a href="#FNanchor_68_68"><span class="label">[68]</span></a> Aschloha, or Ascloha, is on the Maese, about fourteen miles from the +Rhine.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_69_69" id="Footnote_69_69"></a><a href="#FNanchor_69_69"><span class="label">[69]</span></a> The Scheldt.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_70_70" id="Footnote_70_70"></a><a href="#FNanchor_70_70"><span class="label">[70]</span></a> Condé.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_71_71" id="Footnote_71_71"></a><a href="#FNanchor_71_71"><span class="label">[71]</span></a> More commonly Ambiani, now Amiens.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_72_72" id="Footnote_72_72"></a><a href="#FNanchor_72_72"><span class="label">[72]</span></a> Louvain.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_73_73" id="Footnote_73_73"></a><a href="#FNanchor_73_73"><span class="label">[73]</span></a> I acknowledge my inability to translate this and many other passages +of this obscure author. The events which here follow for the next half +page are referred by the Saxon Chronicle to the year 894.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_74_74" id="Footnote_74_74"></a><a href="#FNanchor_74_74"><span class="label">[74]</span></a> Armorica, or Bretagne.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_75_75" id="Footnote_75_75"></a><a href="#FNanchor_75_75"><span class="label">[75]</span></a> This should be Marinus, not Martinus.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_76_76" id="Footnote_76_76"></a><a href="#FNanchor_76_76"><span class="label">[76]</span></a> Mount St. Barnard.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_77_77" id="Footnote_77_77"></a><a href="#FNanchor_77_77"><span class="label">[77]</span></a> Saint Lo.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_78_78" id="Footnote_78_78"></a><a href="#FNanchor_78_78"><span class="label">[78]</span></a> I omit this obscure passage rather than run the risk of misleading the +reader by an inaccurate translation of it.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_79_79" id="Footnote_79_79"></a><a href="#FNanchor_79_79"><span class="label">[79]</span></a> This must be the fortress which Hasten's men built in Bamfleet.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_80_80" id="Footnote_80_80"></a><a href="#FNanchor_80_80"><span class="label">[80]</span></a> Welland, Northamptonshire.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. IV.</span>—<i>Of the reign of king Edward, and of his wars.</i></h3> + + +<p>A. 901. The successor to the throne was Edward, son of +the above-named king. He was elected by the nobles, and +crowned with the royal crown on Whitsunday, one hundred +years having elapsed since his great grandfather, Egbert,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span> +had gained his present territories. In the same year Ethelbald +received, in the city of London, the bishopric of the +city of York; and, it appears, that the number of years completed, +since Christ came in the flesh, was nine hundred full.</p> + +<p>A. 902. After two years was the battle of Holme.<a name="FNanchor_81_81" id="FNanchor_81_81"></a><a href="#Footnote_81_81" class="fnanchor">[81]</a> ... +Five days after the festival of the blessed mother, they +lock together their shields, brandish their swords, and vibrate +their lances in both hands. There fell duke Siwulf +and Sigelm, and almost all the Kentish nobility: and +Eohric, king of the barbarians, there descended to Orcus: +two princes of the English, in the flower of their youth, there +yield up the breath of life, and explore the foreign regions, +under the waves of Acheron, and numbers of full-grown men +fall on both sides. The barbarians remain victors, and triumph +on the field of battle.</p> + +<p>A. 905. At length, after three years, the number of years +completed since the beginning of the world, was six thousand +and one hundred.</p> + +<p>A. 908. After three years archbishop Plegmund inaugurized, +in the city of Winchester, a lofty tower, which had +been recently founded in honour of Mary, the mother of +God. The pontiff aforesaid, in the course of the same year +carried to Rome the alms for the people, and for king +Edward.</p> + +<p>A. 909. After one year the barbarians break their compact +with king Edward, and with earl Ethered, who then ruled +the provinces of Northumberland and Mercia. The lands of +the Mercians are laid waste on all sides by the hosts aforesaid, +as far as the streams of the Avon, where begins the +frontier of the West-Saxons and the Mercians. Thence they +pass over the river Severn into the western regions, and +gained by their devastations no little booty. But when they +had withdrawn homewards, rejoicing in their rich spoils, +they passed over a bridge on the eastern side of the river +Severn, at a place commonly called Cantabridge,<a name="FNanchor_82_82" id="FNanchor_82_82"></a><a href="#Footnote_82_82" class="fnanchor">[82]</a> the troops +of the Mercians and West-Saxons met them: a battle ensued,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span> +and in the plain of Wodnesfield the English obtained the +victory: the Danish army fled, overwhelmed by the darts of +their enemies: these things are said to have been done on +the fifth day of August; and their three kings fell there in +that turmoil or battle, namely, Halfdene, Ecwils, and Hingwar: +they lost their sovereignty, and descended to the court +of the infernal king, and their elders and nobles with them.</p> + +<p>A. 910. After one year, Ethered, who survived of the +Mercians, departed this life, and was buried peacefully in the +city of Gloucester.</p> + +<p>A. 912. After two years, died Athulf in Northumbria; +he was at that time commander of the town called Bebbanburgh.<a name="FNanchor_83_83" id="FNanchor_83_83"></a><a href="#Footnote_83_83" class="fnanchor">[83]</a></p> + +<p>A. 913. After a year, a fleet entered the mouth of the +river Severn, but no severe battle was fought there that +year. Lastly, the greater part of that army go to Ireland, +formerly called Bretannis by the great Julius Cæsar.</p> + +<p>A. 914. After one year, the day of Christ's nativity fell +on a Sunday; and so great was the tranquillity of that +winter, that no one can remember anything like it either +before or since.</p> + +<p>A. 917. After three years, Ethelfled the king's sister +departed this life, and her body lies buried at Gloucester.</p> + +<p>A. 926. Also in the ninth year died Edward, king of the +English. This was the end; his name and his pertinacity +here ceased.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_81_81" id="Footnote_81_81"></a><a href="#FNanchor_81_81"><span class="label">[81]</span></a> The particulars recorded in this passage, concerning the battle of +Holme, are ascribed, by Florence of Worcester and the Saxon Chronicle, +to another battle, fought three years later. This caused Petrie to suppose, +that the paragraph in question had slipped out of its real place.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_82_82" id="Footnote_82_82"></a><a href="#FNanchor_82_82"><span class="label">[82]</span></a> Cambridge, in Gloucestershire.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_83_83" id="Footnote_83_83"></a><a href="#FNanchor_83_83"><span class="label">[83]</span></a> Bambrough.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. V.</span>—<i>Of the reign of king Athelstan, his wars and deeds.</i></h3> + + +<p>A. 926. The year in which the stout king Athelstan +gained the crown of the kingdom, was the nine hundred and +twenty-sixth from the glorious incarnation of our Saviour.</p> + +<p>A. 939. Therefore, after thirteen years, a fierce battle was +fought against the barbarians at Brunandune,<a name="FNanchor_84_84" id="FNanchor_84_84"></a><a href="#Footnote_84_84" class="fnanchor">[84]</a> wherefore that +fight is called great even to the present day: then the +barbarian tribes are defeated and domineer no longer; they +are driven beyond the ocean: the Scots and Picts also bow +the neck; the lands of Britain are consolidated together, on +all sides is peace, and plenty of all things, nor ever did a +fleet again come to land except in friendship with the +English.</p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span></p> +<p>A. 941. Two years afterwards the venerated king Athelstan +died.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_84_84" id="Footnote_84_84"></a><a href="#FNanchor_84_84"><span class="label">[84]</span></a> Brumby, Lincolnshire.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. VI.</span>—<i>Of the reign of king Edmund.</i></h3> + + +<p>After him Edmund succeeded to the neglected kingdom.</p> + +<p>A. 948. After seven years, therefore, bishop Wulfstan and +the duke of the Mercians expelled certain deserters, namely, +Reginald and Anlaf from the city of York, and gave them +into the king's hand. In the same year died also queen +Elfgiva, wife of king Edmund, and afterwards was canonized. +In her tomb, with God's assistance, even to the present day, +miracles are performed in the monastery called Shaftesbury. +In the same period also died king Edmund on the solemnity +of Augustine the Less, who also was the apostle of the +English: and he held the kingdom six years and a half.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. VII.</span>—<i>Of the reign of king Edred.</i></h3> + + +<p>Edmund's successor was Edred his brother, to whom all +the Northumbrians became subject; and the Scots also give +oaths of allegiance and immutable fidelity. Not long after +these things he also departed in peace, on the birthday of the +blessed pope and martyr Clement. He had held the kingdom +nine years and half.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. VIII.</span>—<i>Of king Edwy.</i></h3> + + +<p>His successor to the throne was Edwy, who, on account of +his great personal beauty, was called Pankalus by the +people. He held the sovereignty four years, and was much +beloved.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. IX.</span>—<i>Of the reign of king Edgar.</i></h3> + +<p>A. 959. After this, Edgar was crowned, and he was an +admirable king.<span style="vertical-align: super; font-size:.8em;"><a name="a_999" id="a_999">[85*]</a></span></p> + +<p>Moreover from the nativity of our Lord and Saviour was +then completed the number of 973 years.<a name="FNanchor_85_85" id="FNanchor_85_85"></a><a href="#Footnote_85_85" class="fnanchor">[85]</a></p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span></p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_85_85" id="Footnote_85_85"></a><a href="#FNanchor_85_85"><span class="label">[85]</span></a> and +<a href="#a_999">[85*]</a> Here follow two sets of Latin verses, of a most obscure and angrammatical +character, and altogether untranslatable.</p></div> +</div> + +<h4> +HERE HAPPILY ENDS THE FOURTH BOOK OF<br /><br /> +FABIUS ETHELWERD,<br /><br /> +QUESTOR AND PATRICIAN.<br /> +</h4> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3>ANNALS OF THE REIGN</h3> + +<h5>OF</h5> + +<h3>ALFRED THE GREAT.</h3> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 42-43]</a></span></p> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3>ANNALS OF THE REIGN</h3> + +<h5>OF</h5> + +<h2>ALFRED THE GREAT,</h2> + +<h5>FROM A.D. 849 TO A.D. 887.</h5> + +<h4>BY ASSER OF SAINT DAVID'S.</h4> + + +<p>In the year of our Lord's incarnation 849, was born Alfred, +king of the Anglo-Saxons, at the royal village of Wanating,<a name="FNanchor_86_86" id="FNanchor_86_86"></a><a href="#Footnote_86_86" class="fnanchor">[86]</a> +in Berkshire, which country has its name from the wood of +Berroc, where the box-tree grows most abundantly. His genealogy +is traced in the following order. King Alfred was the son +of king Ethelwulf, who was the son of Egbert, who was the son +of Elmund, was the son of Eafa, who was the son of Eoppa, +who the son of Ingild. Ingild, and Ina, the famous king +of the West-Saxons, were two brothers. Ina went to Rome, +and there ending this life honourably, entered the heavenly +kingdom, to reign there for ever with Christ. Ingild and +Ina were the sons of Coenred, who was the son of Ceolwald, +who was the son of Cudam, who was the son of Cuthwin, +who was the son of Ceawlin, who was the son of Cynric, who +was the son of Creoda, who was the son of Cerdic, who was +the son of Elesa, who was the son of Gewis, from whom the +Britons name all that nation Gegwis,<a name="FNanchor_87_87" id="FNanchor_87_87"></a><a href="#Footnote_87_87" class="fnanchor">[87]</a> who was the son of +Brond, who was the son of Beldeg, who was the son of Woden, +who was the son of Frithowald, who was the son of Frealaf, +who was the son of Frithuwulf, who was the son of Finn +of Godwulf, who was the son of Geat, which Geat the pagans +long worshipped as a god. Sedulius makes mention of him +in his metrical Paschal poem, as follows:—</p> + +<p style="margin-left: 6em;">When gentile poets with their fictions vain,<br /> +In tragic language and bombastic strain,<br /> +To their god Geat, comic deity,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Loud praises sing, &c.</span> +</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span></p><p>Geat was the son of Tætwa, who was the son of Beaw, +who was the son of Sceldi, who was the son of Heremod, +who was the son of Iterinon, who was the son of Hathra, +who was the son of Guala, who was the son of Bedwig, who +was the son of Shem, who was the son of Noah, who was +the son of Lamech, who was the son of Methusalem, who +was the son of Enoch, who was the son of Malaleel, who was +the son of Cainan, who was the son of Enos, who was the +son of Seth, who was the son of Adam.</p> + +<p>The mother of Alfred was named Osburga, a religious +woman, noble both by birth and by nature; she was daughter +of Oslac, the famous butler of king Ethelwulf, which +Oslac was a Goth by nation, descended from the Goths and +Jutes, of the seed, namely, of Stuf and Wihtgar, two brothers +and counts: who, having received possession of the Isle of +Wight from their uncle, king Cerdic, and his son Cynric +their cousin, slew the few British inhabitants whom they +could find in that island, at a place called Gwihtgaraburgh;<a name="FNanchor_88_88" id="FNanchor_88_88"></a><a href="#Footnote_88_88" class="fnanchor">[88]</a> +for the other inhabitants of the island had either been slain +or escaped into exile.</p> + +<p>In the year of our Lord's incarnation 851, which was the +third after the birth of king Alfred, Ceorl, earl of Devon, fought +with the men of Devon against the pagans at a place called +Wicgambeorg;<a name="FNanchor_89_89" id="FNanchor_89_89"></a><a href="#Footnote_89_89" class="fnanchor">[89]</a> and the Christians gained the victory; and +that same year the pagans first wintered in the island called +Sheppey, which means the Sheep-isle, and is situated in the +river Thames between Essex and Kent, but is nearer to Kent +than to Essex; it has in it a fine monastery.<a name="FNanchor_90_90" id="FNanchor_90_90"></a><a href="#Footnote_90_90" class="fnanchor">[90]</a></p> + +<p>The same year also a great army of the pagans came with +three hundred and fifty ships to the mouth of the river +Thames, and sacked Dorobernia,<a name="FNanchor_91_91" id="FNanchor_91_91"></a><a href="#Footnote_91_91" class="fnanchor">[91]</a> which is the city of the Cantuarians, +and also the city of London, which lies on the +north bank of the river Thames, on the confines of Essex +and Middlesex; but yet that city belongs in truth to Essex; +and they put to flight Berthwulf, king of Mercia, with all +the army, which he had led out to oppose them.</p> + +<p>After these things, the aforesaid pagan host went into +Surrey, which is a district situated on the south bank of +the river Thames, and to the west of Kent. And Ethelwulf,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span> +king of the West-Saxons, and his son Ethelbald, with all +their army, fought a long time against them at a place called +Ac-lea,<a name="FNanchor_92_92" id="FNanchor_92_92"></a><a href="#Footnote_92_92" class="fnanchor">[92]</a> i.e. the Oak-plain, and there, after a lengthened +battle, which was fought with much bravery on both sides, +the greater part of the pagan multitude was destroyed and +cut to pieces, so that we never heard of their being so defeated, +either before or since, in any country, in one day; +and the Christians gained an honourable victory, and were +triumphant over their graves.</p> + +<p>In the same year king Athelstan, son of king Ethelwulf, +and earl Ealhere slew a large army of pagans in Kent, at a +place called Sandwich, and took nine ships of their fleet; +the others escaped by flight.</p> + +<p>In the year of our Lord's incarnation 853, which was the +fifth of king Alfred, Burhred, king of the Mercians, sent +messengers, and prayed Ethelwulf, king of the West-Saxons, +to come and help him in reducing the midland Britons, who +dwell between Mercia and the western sea, and who struggled +against him most immoderately. So without delay, king +Ethelwulf, having received the embassy, moved his army, +and advanced with king Burhred against Britain,<a name="FNanchor_93_93" id="FNanchor_93_93"></a><a href="#Footnote_93_93" class="fnanchor">[93]</a> and immediately, +on entering that country, he began to ravage it; and +having reduced it under subjection to king Burhred, he returned +home.</p> + +<p>In the same year, king Ethelwulf sent his son Alfred, +above-named, to Rome, with an honourable escort both of +nobles and commoners. Pope Leo [the fourth] at that time +presided over the apostolic see, and he anointed for king +the aforesaid Alfred, and adopted him as his spiritual son. +The same year also, earl Ealhere, with the men of Kent, +and Huda with the men of Surrey, fought bravely and resolutely +against an army of the pagans, in the island, which +is called in the Saxon tongue, Tenet,<a name="FNanchor_94_94" id="FNanchor_94_94"></a><a href="#Footnote_94_94" class="fnanchor">[94]</a> but Ruim in the +British language. The battle lasted a long time, and many +fell on both sides, and also were drowned in the water; and +both the earls were there slain. In the same year also, after +Easter, Ethelwulf, king of the West-Saxons, gave his daughter +to Burhred, king of the Mercians, and the marriage was +celebrated royally at the royal vill of Chippenham.<a name="FNanchor_95_95" id="FNanchor_95_95"></a><a href="#Footnote_95_95" class="fnanchor">[95]</a></p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span></p><p>In the year of our Lord's incarnation 855, which was the +seventh after the birth of the aforesaid king, Edmund the +most glorious king of the East-Angles began to reign, on the +eighth day before the kalends of January, i.e. on the birthday +of our Lord, in the fourteenth year of his age. In +this year also died Lothaire, the Roman emperor, son of the +pious Lewis Augustus. In the same year the aforesaid +venerable king Ethelwulf released the tenth part of all his +kingdom from all royal service and tribute, and with a pen +never to be forgotten, offered it up to God the One and the +Three in One, in the cross of Christ, for the redemption of +his own soul and of his predecessors. In the same year he +went to Rome with much honour; and taking with him his +son, the aforesaid king Alfred, for a second journey thither, +because he loved him more than his other sons, he remained +there a whole year; after which he returned to his own +country, bringing with him Judith, daughter of Charles, the +king of the Franks.</p> + +<p>In the meantime, however, whilst king Ethelwulf was residing +beyond the sea, a base deed was done, repugnant to +the morals of all Christians, in the western part of Selwood. +For king Ethelbald [son of king Ethelwulf] and Ealstan, +bishop of the church of Sherborne, with Eanwulf, earl of the +district of Somerton, are said to have made a conspiracy +together, that king Ethelwulf, on his return from Rome, +should never again be received into his kingdom. This crime, +unheard-of in all previous ages, is ascribed by many to the +bishop and earl alone, as resulting from their counsels. Many +also ascribe it solely to the insolence of the king, because +that king was pertinacious in this matter, and in many other +perversities, as we have heard related by certain persons; +as also was proved by the result of that which follows.</p> + +<p>For as he was returning from Rome, his son aforesaid, with +all his counsellors, or, as I ought to say, his conspirators, +attempted to perpetrate the crime of repulsing the king from +his own kingdom; but neither did God permit the deed, nor +would the nobles of all Saxony consent to it. For to prevent +this irremediable evil to Saxony, of a son warring against his +father, or rather of the whole nation carrying on civil war +either on the side of the one or the other, the extraordinary +mildness of the father, seconded by the consent of all the +nobles, divided between the two the kingdom which had<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span> +hitherto been undivided; the eastern parts were given to the +father, and the western to the son; for where the father +ought by just right to reign, there his unjust and obstinate +son did reign; for the western part of Saxony is always preferable +to the eastern.</p> + +<p>When Ethelwulf, therefore, was coming from Rome, all +that nation, as was fitting, so delighted in the arrival of the +old man, that, if he permitted them, they would have expelled +his rebellious son Ethelbald, with all his counsellors, +out of the kingdom. But he, as we have said, acting with +great clemency and prudent counsel, so wished things to be +done, that the kingdom might not come into danger; and he +placed Judith, daughter of king Charles, whom he had received +from his father, by his own side on the regal throne, +without any controversy or enmity from his nobles, even to +the end of his life, contrary to the perverse custom of that +nation. For the nation of the West-Saxons do not allow a +queen to sit beside the king, nor to be called a queen, but +only the king's wife; which stigma the elders of that land +say arose from a certain obstinate and malevolent queen +of the same nation, who did all things so contrary to her +lord, and to all the people, that she not only earned for herself +exclusion from the royal seat, but also entailed the same +stigma upon those who came after her; for in consequence +of the wickedness of that queen, all the nobles of that land +swore together, that they would never let any king reign over +them, who should attempt to place a queen on the throne by +his side.</p> + +<p>And because, as I think, it is not known to many whence +this perverse and detestable custom arose in Saxony, contrary +to the custom of all the Theotiscan nations, it seems to me +right to explain a little more fully what I have heard from +my lord Alfred, king of the Anglo-Saxons, as he also had +heard it from many men of truth, who in great part recorded +that fact.</p> + +<p>There was in Mercia, in recent times, a certain valiant +king, who was feared by all the kings and neighbouring +states around. His name was Offa, and it was he who had +the great rampart made from sea to sea between Britain<a name="FNanchor_96_96" id="FNanchor_96_96"></a><a href="#Footnote_96_96" class="fnanchor">[96]</a> and +Mercia. His daughter, named Eadburga, was married to +Bertric, king of the West-Saxons; who immediately, having<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span> +the king's affections, and the control of almost all the kingdom, +began to live tyrannically like her father, and to execrate +every man whom Bertric loved, and to do all things hateful +to God and man, and to accuse all she could before the king, +and so to deprive them insidiously of their life or power; +and if she could not obtain the king's consent, she used to +take them off by poison: as is ascertained to have been the +case with a certain young man beloved by the king, whom she +poisoned, finding that the king would not listen to any accusation +against him. It is said, moreover, that king Bertric +unwittingly tasted of the poison, though the queen intended +to give it to the young man only, and so both of them +perished.</p> + +<p>Bertric therefore being dead, the queen could remain no +longer among the West-Saxons, but sailed beyond the sea +with immense treasures, and went to the court of the great +and famous Charles, king of the Franks. As she stood +before the throne, and offered him money, Charles said to +her, "Choose, Eadburga, between me and my son, who stands +here with me." She replied, foolishly, and without deliberation, +"If I am to have my choice, I choose your son, because +he is younger than you." At which Charles smiled +and answered, "If you had chosen me, you would have +had my son; but as you have chosen him, you shall not +have either of us."</p> + +<p>However, he gave her a large convent of nuns, in which, +having laid aside the secular habit and taken the religious +dress, she discharged the office of abbess during a few years; +for, as she is said to have lived irrationally in her own country, +so she appears to have acted still more so in that foreign +country; for being convicted of having had unlawful intercourse +with a man of her own nation, she was expelled from +the monastery by king Charles's order, and lived a vicious life +of reproach in poverty and misery until her death; so that +at last, accompanied by one slave only, as we have heard +from many who saw her, she begged her bread daily at Pavia, +and so miserably died.</p> + +<p>Now king Ethelwulf lived two years after his return from +Rome; during which, among many other good deeds of this +present life, reflecting on his departure according to the way +of all flesh, that his sons might not quarrel unreasonably +after their father's death, he ordered a will or letter of in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span>structions +to be written, in which he ordered that his kingdom +should be divided between his two eldest sons, his +private inheritance between his sons, his daughters, and his +relations, and the money which he left behind him between +his sons and nobles, and for the good of his soul. Of this +prudent policy we have thought fit to record a few instances out +of many for posterity to imitate; namely, such as are understood +to belong principally to the needs of the soul; for the +others, which relate only to human dispensation, it is not +necessary to insert in this work, lest prolixity should create +disgust in those who read or wish to hear my work. For the +benefit of his soul, then, which he studied to promote in all +things from the first flower of his youth, he directed through +all his hereditary dominions, that one poor man in ten, either +native or foreigner, should be supplied with meat, drink, and +clothing, by his successors, until the day of judgment; supposing, +however, that the country should still be inhabited +both by men and cattle, and should not become deserted. +He commanded also a large sum of money, namely, three +hundred mancuses, to be carried to Rome for the good of his +soul, to be distributed in the following manner: namely, a +hundred mancuses in honour of St. Peter, specially to buy +oil for the lights of the church of that apostle on Easter eve, +and also at the cock-crow: a hundred mancuses in honour of +St. Paul, for the same purpose of buying oil for the church of +St. Paul the apostle, to light the lamps on Easter eve and at +the cock-crow; and a hundred mancuses for the universal +apostolic pontiff.</p> + +<p>But when king Ethelwulf was dead, and buried at Stemrugam,<a name="FNanchor_97_97" id="FNanchor_97_97"></a><a href="#Footnote_97_97" class="fnanchor">[97]</a> +his son Ethelbald, contrary to God's prohibition and +the dignity of a Christian, contrary also to the custom of all +the pagans, ascended his father's bed, and married Judith, +daughter of Charles, king of the Franks, and drew down +much infamy upon himself from all who heard of it. During +two years and a half of licentiousness after his father he held +the government of the West-Saxons.</p> + +<p>In the year of our Lord's incarnation 856, which was the +eighth after Alfred's birth, the second year of king Charles +III, and the eighteenth year of the reign of Ethelwulf,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span> +king of the West-Saxons, Humbert, bishop of the East-Angles, +anointed with oil and consecrated as king the glorious +Edmund, with much rejoicing and great honour in the +royal town called Burva, in which at that time was the royal +seat, in the fifteenth year of his age, on a Friday, the twenty-fourth +moon, being Christmas-day.</p> + +<p>In the year of our Lord's incarnation 860, which was the +twelfth of king Alfred's age, died Ethelbald, king of the +West-Saxons, and was buried at Sherborne. His brother +Ethelbert, as was fitting, joined Kent, Surrey, and Sussex +also to his dominion.</p> + +<p>In his days a large army of pagans came from the sea, +and attacked and destroyed the city of Winchester. As they +were returning laden with booty to their ships, Osric, +earl of Hampshire, with his men, and earl Ethelwulf, with +the men of Berkshire, confronted them bravely; a severe +battle took place, and the pagans were slain on every side; +and, finding themselves unable to resist, took to flight like +women, and the Christians obtained a triumph.</p> + +<p>Ethelbert governed his kingdom five years in peace, with +the love and respect of his subjects, who felt deep sorrow +when he went the way of all flesh. His body was honourably +interred at Sherborne by the side of his brothers.</p> + +<p>In the year of our Lord's incarnation 864, the pagans +wintered in the isle of Thanet, and made a firm treaty with +the men of Kent, who promised them money for adhering to +their covenant; but the pagans, like cunning foxes, burst +from their camp by night, and setting at naught their engagements, +and spurning at the promised money, which they +knew was less than they could get by plunder, they ravaged +all the eastern coast of Kent.</p> + +<p>In the year of our Lord's incarnation 866, which was the +eighteenth of king Alfred, Ethelred, brother of Ethelbert, +king of the West Saxons, undertook the government of the +kingdom for five years; and the same year a large fleet of +pagans came to Britain from the Danube, and wintered in the +kingdom of the Eastern-Saxons, which is called in Saxon +East-Anglia; and there they became principally an army of +cavalry. But, to speak in nautical phrase, I will no longer +commit my vessel to the power of the waves and of its sails, +or keeping off from land steer my round-about course through +so many calamities of wars and series of years, but will<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span> +return to that which first prompted me to this task; that is to +say, I think it right in this place briefly to relate as much as +has come to my knowledge about the character of my revered +lord Alfred, king of the Anglo-Saxons, during the years that +he was an infant and a boy.</p> + +<p>He was loved by his father and mother, and even by all +the people, above all his brothers, and was educated altogether +at the court of the king. As he advanced through +the years of infancy and youth, his form appeared more +comely than that of his brothers; in look, in speech, and in +manners he was more graceful than they. His noble nature +implanted in him from his cradle a love of wisdom above all +things; but, with shame be it spoken, by the unworthy +neglect of his parents and nurses, he remained illiterate even +till he was twelve years old or more; but he listened with +serious attention to the Saxon poems which he often heard +recited, and easily retained them in his docile memory. He +was a zealous practiser of hunting in all its branches, and +hunted with great assiduity and success; for skill and good +fortune in this art, as in all others, are among the gifts of +God, as we also have often witnessed.</p> + +<p>On a certain day, therefore, his mother<a name="FNanchor_98_98" id="FNanchor_98_98"></a><a href="#Footnote_98_98" class="fnanchor">[98]</a> was showing him +and his brother a Saxon book of poetry, which she held in +her hand, and said, "Whichever of you shall the soonest +learn this volume shall have it for his own." Stimulated by +these words, or rather by the Divine inspiration, and allured +by the beautifully illuminated letter at the beginning of the +volume, he spoke before all his brothers, who, though his +seniors in age, were not so in grace, and answered, "Will +you really give that book to one of us, that is to say, to +him who can first understand and repeat it to you?" At this +his mother smiled with satisfaction, and confirmed what she +had before said. Upon which the boy took the book out of +her hand, and went to his master to read it, and in due time +brought it to his mother and recited it.</p> + +<p>After this he learned the daily course, that is, the celebration +of the hours, and afterwards certain psalms, and +several prayers, contained in a certain book which he kept<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span> +day and night in his bosom, as we ourselves have seen, +and carried about with him to assist his prayers, amid all the +bustle and business of this present life. But, sad to say, +he could not gratify his most ardent wish to learn the liberal +arts, because, as he said, there were no good readers at that +time in all the kingdom of the West-Saxons.</p> + +<p>This he confessed, with many lamentations and sighs, to have +been one of his greatest difficulties and impediments in this life, +namely, that when he was young and had the capacity for +learning, he could not find teachers; but, when he was +more advanced in life, he was harassed by so many diseases +unknown to all the physicians of this island, as well as by +internal and external anxieties of sovereignty, and by continual +invasions of the pagans, and had his teachers and +writers also so much disturbed, that there was no time for +reading. But yet among the impediments of this present +life, from infancy up to the present time, and, as I believe, +even until his death, he continued to feel the same insatiable +desire of knowledge, and still aspires after it.</p> + +<p>In the year of our Lord's incarnation 867, which was the +nineteenth of the life of the aforesaid king Alfred, the army +of pagans before mentioned removed from the East-Angles +to the city of York, which is situated on the north bank of +the river Humber.</p> + +<p>At that time a violent discord arose, by the instigation of +the devil, among the inhabitants of Northumberland; as +always is used to happen among a people who have incurred +the wrath of God. For the Northumbrians at that time, as +we have said, had expelled their lawful king Osbert, and +appointed a certain tyrant named Ælla, not of royal birth, +over the affairs of the kingdom; but when the pagans approached, +by divine Providence, and the union of the nobles +for the common good, that discord was a little appeased, +and Osbert and Ælla uniting their resources, and assembling +an army, marched to York. The pagans fled at their approach, +and attempted to defend themselves within the walls +of the city. The Christians, perceiving their flight and the +terror they were in, determined to destroy the walls of the +town, which they succeeded in doing; for that city was not +surrounded at that time with firm or strong walls, and when +the Christians had made a breach as they had purposed, and +many of them had entered into the town, the pagans, urged<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span> +by despair and necessity, made a fierce sally upon them, slew +them, routed them, and cut them down on all sides, both +within and without the walls. In that battle fell almost all +the Northumbrian warriors, with both the kings and a multitude +of nobles; the remainder, who escaped, made peace +with the pagans.</p> + +<p>In the same year, Ealstan, bishop of the church of Sherborne, +went the way of all flesh, after he had honourably +ruled his see four years, and he was buried at Sherborne.</p> + +<p>In the year of our Lord's incarnation 868, which was the +twentieth of king Alfred's life, there was a severe famine. +Then the aforesaid revered king Alfred, but at that time occupying +a subordinate station, asked and obtained in marriage +a noble Mercian lady, daughter of Athelred, surnamed Mucil,<a name="FNanchor_99_99" id="FNanchor_99_99"></a><a href="#Footnote_99_99" class="fnanchor">[99]</a> +earl of the Gaini.<a name="FNanchor_100_100" id="FNanchor_100_100"></a><a href="#Footnote_100_100" class="fnanchor">[100]</a> The mother of this lady was named Edburga, +of the royal line of Mercia, whom we have often seen +with our own eyes a few years before her death. She was a +venerable lady, and after the decease of her husband, she +remained many years a widow, even till her own death.</p> + +<p>In the same year, the above-named army of pagans, leaving +Northumberland, invaded Mercia and advanced to Nottingham, +which is called in the British tongue, "Tiggocobauc," +but in Latin, the "House of Caves," and they wintered +there that same year. Immediately on their approach, Burhred, +king of Mercia, and all the nobles of that nation, sent +messengers to Ethelred, king of the West-Saxons, and his +brother Alfred, suppliantly entreating them to come and aid +them in fighting against the aforesaid army. Their request +was easily obtained; for the brothers, as soon as promised, +assembled an immense army from all parts of their dominions, +and entering Mercia, came to Nottingham, all eager +for battle, and when the pagans, defended by the castle, refused +to fight, and the Christians were unable to destroy the +wall, peace was made between the Mercians and pagans, and +the two brothers, Ethelred and Alfred, returned home with +their troops.</p> + +<p>In the year of our Lord's incarnation 869, which was the +twenty-first of king Alfred's life, there was a great famine +and mortality of men, and a pestilence among the cattle.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span> +And the aforesaid army of the pagans, galloping back to +Northumberland, went to York, and there passed the winter.</p> + +<p>In the year of our Lord's incarnation 870, which was the +twenty-second of king Alfred's life, the above-named army +of pagans, passed through Mercia into East-Anglia, and +wintered at Thetford.</p> + +<p>In the same year Edmund, king of the East-Angles, fought +most fiercely against them; but, lamentable to say, the +pagans triumphed, Edmund was slain in the battle, and the +enemy reduced all that country to subjection.</p> + +<p>In the same year Ceolnoth, archbishop of Canterbury, went +the way of all flesh, and was buried peaceably in his own +city.</p> + +<p>In the year of our Lord's incarnation 871, which was the +twenty-third of king Alfred's life, the pagan army, of hateful +memory, left the East-Angles, and entering the kingdom +of the West-Saxons, came to the royal city, called Reading, +situated on the south bank of the Thames, in the district +called Berkshire; and there, on the third day after their arrival, +their earls, with great part of the army, scoured the +country for plunder, while the others made a rampart between +the rivers Thames and Kennet on the right side of the same +royal city. They were encountered by Ethelwulf, earl of +Berkshire, with his men, at a place called Englefield;<a name="FNanchor_101_101" id="FNanchor_101_101"></a><a href="#Footnote_101_101" class="fnanchor">[101]</a> both +sides fought bravely, and made long resistance. At length +one of the pagan earls was slain, and the greater part of the +army destroyed; upon which the rest saved themselves +by flight, and the Christians gained the victory.</p> + +<p>Four days afterwards, Ethelred, king of the West-Saxons, +and his brother Alfred, united their forces and marched to +Reading, where, on their arrival, they cut to pieces the pagans +whom they found outside the fortifications. But the pagans, +nevertheless, sallied out from the gates, and a long and +fierce engagement ensued. At last, grief to say, the Christians +fled, the pagans obtained the victory, and the aforesaid earl +Ethelwulf was among the slain.</p> + +<p>Roused by this calamity, the Christians, in shame and indignation, +within four days, assembled all their forces, and +again encountered the pagan army at a place called Ashdune,<a name="FNanchor_102_102" id="FNanchor_102_102"></a><a href="#Footnote_102_102" class="fnanchor">[102]</a> +which means the "Hill of the Ash." The pagans had divided<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span> +themselves into two bodies, and began to prepare defences, +for they had two kings and many earls, so they gave the +middle part of the army to the two kings, and the other +part to all their earls. Which the Christians perceiving, +divided their army also into two troops, and also began to +construct defences. But Alfred, as we have been told by +those who were present, and would not tell an untruth, +marched up promptly with his men to give them battle; +for king Ethelred remained a long time in his tent in prayer, +hearing the mass, and said that he would not leave it, till +the priest had done, or abandon the divine protection for +that of men. And he did so too, which afterwards availed +him much with the Almighty, as we shall declare more fully +in the sequel.</p> + +<p>Now the Christians had determined that king Ethelred, +with his men, should attack the two pagan kings, but that +his brother Alfred, with his troops, should take the chance +of war against the two earls. Things being so arranged, the +king remained a long time in prayer, and the pagans came +up rapidly to fight. Then Alfred, though possessing a subordinate +authority, could no longer support the troops of +the enemy, unless he retreated or charged upon them without +waiting for his brother. At length he bravely led his +troops against the hostile army, as they had before arranged, +but without awaiting his brother's arrival; for he relied in +the divine counsels, and forming his men into a dense phalanx, +marched on at once to meet the foe.</p> + +<p>But here I must inform those who are ignorant of the +fact, that the field of battle was not equally advantageous +to both parties. The pagans occupied the higher ground, +and the Christians came up from below. There was also a single +thorn-tree, of stunted growth, and we have with our own eyes +seen it. Around this tree the opposing armies came together +with loud shouts from all sides, the one party to +pursue their wicked course, the other to fight for their lives, +their dearest ties, and their country. And when both armies +had fought long and bravely, at last the pagans, by the divine +judgment, were no longer able to bear the attacks of +the Christians, and having lost great part of their army, +took to a disgraceful flight. One of their two kings, and +five earls were there slain, together with many thousand<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span> +pagans, who fell on all sides, covering with their bodies the +whole plain of Ashdune.</p> + +<p>There fell in that battle king Bagsac, earl Sidrac the +elder, and earl Sidrac the younger, earl Osbern, earl Frene, +and earl Harold; and the whole pagan army pursued its +flight, not only until night but until the next day, even until +they reached the stronghold from which they had sallied. +The Christians followed, slaying all they could reach, until it +became dark.</p> + +<p>After fourteen days had elapsed, king Ethelred, with his +brother Alfred, again joined their forces and marched to +Basing to fight with the pagans. The enemy came together +from all quarters, and after a long contest gained the victory. +After this battle, another army came from beyond the sea, +and joined them.</p> + +<p>The same year, after Easter, the aforesaid king Ethelred, +having bravely, honourably, and with good repute, governed +his kingdom five years, through much tribulation, went the +way of all flesh, and was buried in Wimborne Minster, +where he awaits the coming of the Lord, and the first resurrection +with the just.</p> + +<p>The same year, the aforesaid Alfred, who had been up to +that time only of secondary rank, whilst his brothers were +alive, now, by God's permission, undertook the government +of the whole kingdom, amid the acclamations of all the +people; and if he had chosen, he might have done so before, +whilst his brother above-named was still alive; for in +wisdom and other qualities he surpassed all his brothers, and +moreover, was warlike and victorious in all his wars. And +when he had reigned one month, almost against his will, for +he did not think he could alone sustain the multitude and +ferocity of the pagans, though even during his brothers' +lives, he had borne the woes of many,—he fought a battle +with a few men, and on very unequal terms, against all the +army of the pagans, at a hill called Wilton, on the south +bank of the river Wily, from which river the whole of +that district is named, and after a long and fierce engagement, +the pagans, seeing the danger they were in, and no +longer able to bear the attack of their enemies, turned their +backs and fled. But, oh, shame to say, they deceived their +too audacious pursuers, and again rallying, gained the vic<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span>tory. +Let no one be surprised that the Christians had but +a small number of men, for the Saxons had been worn out +by eight battles in one year, against the pagans, of whom +they had slain one king, nine dukes, and innumerable troops +of soldiers, besides endless skirmishes, both by night and +by day, in which the oft-named Alfred, and all his chieftains, +with their men, and several of his ministers, were engaged +without rest or cessation against the pagans. How +many thousand pagans fell in these numberless skirmishes +God alone knows, over and above those who were slain in +the eight battles above-mentioned. In the same year the +Saxons made peace with the pagans, on condition that they +should take their departure, and they did so.</p> + +<p>In the year of our Lord's incarnation 872, the twenty-fourth +of king Alfred's life, the above-named army of pagans +went to London, and there wintered. The Mercians made +peace with them.</p> + +<p>In the year of our Lord's incarnation 873, the twenty-fifth +of king Alfred, the above-named army, leaving London, +went into the country of the Northumbrians, and there +wintered in the district of Lindsey; and the Mercians again +made treaty with them.</p> + +<p>In the year of our Lord's incarnation 874, the twenty-sixth +since the birth of king Alfred, the army before so +often mentioned left Lindsey and marched to Mercia, +where they wintered at Repton. Also they compelled Burhred, +king of Mercia, against his will, to leave his kingdom +and go beyond the sea to Rome, in the twenty-second +year of his reign. He did not long live after his arrival, +but died there, and was honourably buried in the school of +the Saxons, in St. Mary's church, where he awaits the Lord's +coming and the first resurrection with the just. The pagans +also, after his expulsion, subjected the whole kingdom of the +Mercians to their dominion; but by a most miserable arrangement, +gave it into the custody of a certain foolish man, +named Ceolwulf, one of the king's ministers, on condition +that he should restore it to them, whenever they should wish +to have it again; and to guarantee this agreement, he gave +them hostages, and swore that he would not oppose their will, +but be obedient to them in every respect.</p> + +<p>In the year of our Lord's incarnation 875, which was the +27th of king Alfred, the above-named army leaving Repton,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span> +divided into two bodies, one of which went with Halfdene into +Northumbria, and having wintered there near the Tyne, reduced +all Northumberland to subjection; they also ravaged +the Picts and the Strath-Clydensians.<a name="FNanchor_103_103" id="FNanchor_103_103"></a><a href="#Footnote_103_103" class="fnanchor">[103]</a> The other division, with +Gothrun, Oskytel, and Anwiund, three kings of the pagans, +went to a place called Grantabridge,<a name="FNanchor_104_104" id="FNanchor_104_104"></a><a href="#Footnote_104_104" class="fnanchor">[104]</a> and there wintered.</p> + +<p>In the same year, king Alfred fought a battle by sea +against six ships of the pagans, and took one of them; the +rest escaped by flight.</p> + +<p>In the year of our Lord's incarnation 876, being the twenty-eighth +year of king Alfred's life, the aforesaid army of the +pagans, leaving Grantabridge by night, entered a castle called +Wareham, where there is a monasterium of holy virgins between +the two rivers Fraun<a name="FNanchor_105_105" id="FNanchor_105_105"></a><a href="#Footnote_105_105" class="fnanchor">[105]</a> and Trent, in the district which +is called in British <i>Durngueis</i>, but in Saxon <i>Thornsæta</i>, placed +in a most secure situation, except that it was exposed to danger +on the western side from the nature of the ground. With +this army Alfred made a solemn treaty, to the effect that +they should depart out of the kingdom, and for this they +made no hesitation to give as many hostages as he named; also +they swore an oath over the Christian relics,<a name="FNanchor_106_106" id="FNanchor_106_106"></a><a href="#Footnote_106_106" class="fnanchor">[106]</a> which with king +Alfred were next in veneration after the Deity himself, that +they would depart speedily from the kingdom. But they again +practised their usual treachery, and caring nothing for the +hostages or their oaths, they broke the treaty, and sallying forth +by night, slew all the horsemen that the king had round him, +and turning off into Devon, to another place called in Saxon +<i>Exanceaster</i>,<a name="FNanchor_107_107" id="FNanchor_107_107"></a><a href="#Footnote_107_107" class="fnanchor">[107]</a> but in British <i>Caer-wisc</i>, which means in Latin, +the city of Ex, situated on the eastern bank of the river Wisc, +they directed their course suddenly towards the south sea, +which divides Britain and Gaul, and there passed the winter.</p> + +<p>In the same year, Halfdene, king of those parts, divided +out the whole country of Northumberland between himself +and his men, and settled there with his army. In the same +year, Rollo with his followers penetrated into Normandy.</p> + +<p>This same Rollo, duke of the Normans, whilst wintering in +Old Britain, or England, at the head of his troops, enjoyed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span> +one night a vision revealing to him the future. See more of +this Rollo in the Annals.<a name="FNanchor_108_108" id="FNanchor_108_108"></a><a href="#Footnote_108_108" class="fnanchor">[108]</a></p> + +<p>In the year 877, the pagans, on the approach of autumn, +partly settled in Exeter, and partly marched for plunder into +Mercia. The number of that disorderly crew increased every +day, so that, if thirty thousand of them were slain in one +battle, others took their places to double the number. Then +king Alfred commanded boats and galleys, i.e. long ships, to +be built throughout the kingdom, in order to offer battle by +sea to the enemy as they were coming. On board of these +he placed seamen, and appointed them to watch the seas. +Meanwhile he went himself to Exeter, where the pagans +were wintering, and having shut them up within the walls, +laid siege to the town. He also gave orders to his sailors to +prevent them from obtaining any supplies by sea; and his +sailors were encountered by a fleet of a hundred and twenty +ships full of armed soldiers, who were come to help their +countrymen. As soon as the king's men knew that they were +fitted with pagan soldiers, they leaped to their arms, and +bravely attacked those barbaric tribes: but the pagans, who +had now for almost a month been tossed and almost wrecked +among the waves of the sea, fought vainly against them; +their bands were discomfited in a moment, and all were sunk +and drowned in the sea, at a place called Suanewic.<a name="FNanchor_109_109" id="FNanchor_109_109"></a><a href="#Footnote_109_109" class="fnanchor">[109]</a></p> + +<p>In the same year the army of pagans, leaving Wareham, +partly on horseback and partly by water, arrived at Suanewic, +where one hundred and twenty of their ships were lost;<a name="FNanchor_110_110" id="FNanchor_110_110"></a><a href="#Footnote_110_110" class="fnanchor">[110]</a> +and king Alfred pursued their land-army as far as Exeter; +there he made a covenant with them, and took hostages that +they would depart.</p> + +<p>The same year, in the month of August, that army went +into Mercia, and gave part of that country to one Ceolwulf, +a weak-minded man, and one of the king's ministers; the +other part they divided among themselves.</p> + +<p>In the year of our Lord's incarnation 878, which was the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span> +thirtieth of king Alfred's life, the army above-mentioned +left Exeter, and went to Chippenham, a royal villa, situated +in the west of Wiltshire, and on the eastern bank of +the river, which is called in British, the Avon. There they +wintered, and drove many of the inhabitants of that country +beyond the sea by the force of their arms, and by want of +the necessaries of life. They reduced almost entirely to subjection +all the people of that country.</p> + +<p>At the same time the above-named Alfred, king of the +West-Saxons, with a few of his nobles, and certain soldiers +and vassals, used to lead an unquiet life among the woodlands<a name="FNanchor_111_111" id="FNanchor_111_111"></a><a href="#Footnote_111_111" class="fnanchor">[111]</a> +of the county of Somerset, in great tribulation; for he +had none of the necessaries of life, except what he could +forage openly or stealthily, by frequent sallies, from the pagans, +or even from the Christians who had submitted to the +rule of the pagans, and as we read in the Life of St. Neot, +at the house of one of his cowherds.</p> + +<p>But it happened on a certain day, that the countrywoman, +wife of the cowherd, was preparing some loaves to bake, +and the king, sitting at the hearth, made ready his bow and +arrows and other warlike instruments. The unlucky woman +espying the cakes burning at the fire, ran up to remove +them, and rebuking the brave king, exclaimed:—</p> + +<p> +Ca'sn thee mind the ke-aks, man, an' doossen zee 'em burn?<br /> +I'm boun thee's eat 'em vast enough, az zoon az 'tiz the turn.<a name="FNanchor_112_112" id="FNanchor_112_112"></a><a href="#Footnote_112_112" class="fnanchor">[112]</a><br /> +</p> + +<p>The blundering woman little thought that it was king Alfred, +who had fought so many battles against the pagans, and +gained so many victories over them.</p> + +<p>But the Almighty not only granted to the same glorious king +victories over his enemies, but also permitted him to be harassed +by them, to be sunk down by adversities, and depressed +by the low estate of his followers, to the end that he might +learn that there is one Lord of all things, to whom every +knee doth bow, and in whose hand are the hearts of kings; +who puts down the mighty from their seat and exalteth the +humble; who suffers his servants when they are elevated at +the summit of prosperity to be touched by the rod of ad<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span>versity, +that in their humility they may not despair of God's +mercy, and in their prosperity they may not boast of their +honours, but may also know, to whom they owe all the +things which they possess.</p> + +<p>We may believe that the calamity was brought upon the +king aforesaid, because, in the beginning of his reign, when +he was a youth, and influenced by youthful feelings, he would +not listen to the petitions which his subjects made to him +for help in their necessities, or for relief from those who +oppressed them; but he repulsed them from him, and paid +no heed to their requests. This particular gave much annoyance +to the holy man St. Neot, who was his relation, and +often foretold to him, in the spirit of prophecy, that he would +suffer great adversity on this account; but Alfred neither attended +to the reproof of the man of God, nor listened to his +true prediction. Wherefore, seeing that a man's sins must +be corrected either in this world or the next, the true and +righteous Judge was willing that his sin should not go unpunished +in this world, to the end that he might spare +him in the world to come. From this cause, therefore, the +aforesaid Alfred often fell into such great misery, that sometimes +none of his subjects knew where he was or what had +become of him.</p> + +<p>In the same year the brother<a name="FNanchor_113_113" id="FNanchor_113_113"></a><a href="#Footnote_113_113" class="fnanchor">[113]</a> of Hingwar and Halfdene, +with twenty-three ships, after much slaughter of the Christians, +came from the country of Demetia,<a name="FNanchor_114_114" id="FNanchor_114_114"></a><a href="#Footnote_114_114" class="fnanchor">[114]</a> where he had +wintered, and sailed to Devon, where, with twelve hundred +others, he met with a miserable death, being slain while committing +his misdeeds, by the king's servants, before the castle +of Cynuit (Kynwith<a name="FNanchor_115_115" id="FNanchor_115_115"></a><a href="#Footnote_115_115" class="fnanchor">[115]</a>), into which many of the king's servants, +with their followers, had fled for safety. The pagans, seeing +that the castle was altogether unprepared and unfortified, +except that it had walls in our own fashion, determined not +to assault it, because it was impregnable and secure on all +sides, except on the eastern, as we ourselves have seen, but +they began to blockade it, thinking that those who were +inside would soon surrender either from famine or want of +water, for the castle had no spring near it. But the result +did not fall out as they expected; for the Christians, before +they began to suffer from want, inspired by Heaven, judging<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span> +it much better to gain victory or death, attacked the pagans +suddenly in the morning, and from the first cut them down +in great numbers, slaying also their king, so that few escaped +to their ships; and there they gained a very large booty, and +amongst other things the standard called Raven; for they +say that the three sisters of Hingwar and Hubba, daughters +of Lodobroch, wove that flag and got it ready in one day. +They say, moreover, that in every battle, wherever that flag +went before them, if they were to gain the victory a live +crow would appear flying on the middle of the flag; but if +they were doomed to be defeated it would hang down motionless, +and this was often proved to be so.</p> + +<p>The same year, after Easter, king Alfred, with a few followers, +made for himself a stronghold in a place called +Athelney, and from thence sallied with his vassals and the +nobles of Somersetshire, to make frequent assaults upon the +pagans. Also, in the seventh week after Easter, he rode to +the stone of Egbert,<a name="FNanchor_116_116" id="FNanchor_116_116"></a><a href="#Footnote_116_116" class="fnanchor">[116]</a> which is in the eastern part of the wood +which is called Selwood,<a name="FNanchor_117_117" id="FNanchor_117_117"></a><a href="#Footnote_117_117" class="fnanchor">[117]</a> which means in Latin Silva Magna, +the Great Wood, but in British Coit-mawr. Here he was met +by all the neighbouring folk of Somersetshire, and Wiltshire, +and Hampshire, who had not, for fear of the pagans, fled +beyond the sea; and when they saw the king alive after such +great tribulation, they received him, as he deserved, with joy +and acclamations, and encamped there for one night. When +the following day dawned, the king struck his camp, and +went to Okely,<a name="FNanchor_118_118" id="FNanchor_118_118"></a><a href="#Footnote_118_118" class="fnanchor">[118]</a> where he encamped for one night. The +next morning he removed to Edington, and there fought +bravely and perseveringly against all the army of the pagans, +whom, with the divine help, he defeated with great slaughter, +and pursued them flying to their fortification. Immediately +he slew all the men, and carried off all the booty that he +could find without the fortress, which he immediately laid +siege to with all his army; and when he had been there +fourteen days, the pagans, driven by famine, cold, fear, and +last of all by despair, asked for peace, on the condition that +they should give the king as many hostages as he pleased, +but should receive none of him in return, in which form they<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span> +had never before made a treaty with any one. The king, +hearing that, took pity upon them, and received such hostages +as he chose; after which the pagans swore, moreover, that +they would immediately leave the kingdom; and their king, +Gothrun, promised to embrace Christianity, and receive +baptism at king Alfred's hands. All of which articles he +and his men fulfilled as they had promised. For after seven +weeks Gothrun, king of the pagans, with thirty men chosen +from the army, came to Alfred at a place called Aller, near +Athelney, and there king Alfred, receiving him as his son +by adoption, raised him up from the holy laver of baptism +on the eighth day, at a royal villa named Wedmore,<a name="FNanchor_119_119" id="FNanchor_119_119"></a><a href="#Footnote_119_119" class="fnanchor">[119]</a> where +the holy chrism was poured upon him.<a name="FNanchor_120_120" id="FNanchor_120_120"></a><a href="#Footnote_120_120" class="fnanchor">[120]</a> After his baptism he +remained twelve nights with the king, who, with all his +nobles, gave him many fine houses.</p> + +<p>In the year of our Lord's incarnation 879, which was the +thirty-first of king Alfred, the aforesaid army of pagans +leaving Chippenham, as they had promised, went to Cirencester, +which is called in British <i>Cair Cori</i>, and is situate in +the southern part of the Wiccii,<a name="FNanchor_121_121" id="FNanchor_121_121"></a><a href="#Footnote_121_121" class="fnanchor">[121]</a> and there they remained +one year.</p> + +<p>In the same year, a large army of pagans sailed from +foreign parts into the river Thames, and joined the army +which was already in the country. They wintered at Fulham +near the river Thames.</p> + +<p>In the same year an eclipse of the sun took place, between +three o'clock and the evening, but nearer to three o'clock.</p> + +<p>In the year of our Lord's incarnation 880, which was the +thirty-second of king Alfred, the above-named army of +pagans left Cirencester, and went among the East Angles, +where they divided out the country and began to settle.</p> + +<p>The same year the army of pagans, which had wintered at +Fulham, left the island of Britain, and sailed over the sea +to the eastern part of France, where they remained a year +at a place called Ghent.</p> + +<p>In the year of our Lord's incarnation 881, which was the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span> +thirty-third of king Alfred's life, the aforesaid army went higher +up into France; and the French fought against them; and +after the battle the pagans obtained horses and became an +army of cavalry.</p> + +<p>In the year of our Lord's incarnation 882, the thirty-fourth +of king Alfred's life, the above-named army steered their +ships up into France by a river called the Mese [Meuse] and +there wintered one year.</p> + +<p>In the same year Alfred, king of the Anglo-Saxons, fought +a battle by sea against the pagan fleet, of which he captured +two ships, having slain all who were on board; and the +two commanders of two other ships, with all their crews, +distressed by the battle and the wounds which they had received, +laid down their arms and submitted to the king.</p> + +<p>In the year of our Lord's incarnation 883, which was the +thirty-fifth of king Alfred's life, the aforesaid army went +up the river called Scald [Scheldt] to a convent of nuns called +Cundoht [Condé] and there remained a year.</p> + +<p>In the year of our Lord's incarnation 884, which was the +thirty-sixth of king Alfred's life, the aforesaid army divided +into two parts; one body of them went into East France, +and the other coming to Britain entered Kent, where they +besieged a city called in Saxon Rochester, and situated on +the eastern bank of the river Medway. Before the gate of +the town the pagans suddenly erected a strong fortress, but +yet they were unable to take the city, because the citizens +defended themselves bravely, until king Alfred came up to +help them with a large army. Then the pagans abandoned +their fortress, and all their horses which they had brought +with them out of France, and leaving behind them in the +fortress the greater part of their prisoners, on the arrival of +the king, fled immediately to their ships, and the Saxons immediately +seized on the prisoners and horses left by the +pagans; and so the pagans, compelled by stern necessity, +returned the same summer to France.</p> + +<p>In the same year Alfred, king of the Anglo-Saxons, led +his fleet, full of fighting men, out of Kent to the country of +the East Angles, for the sake of plunder;<a name="FNanchor_122_122" id="FNanchor_122_122"></a><a href="#Footnote_122_122" class="fnanchor">[122]</a> and, when they<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span> +had arrived at the mouth of the river Stour,<a name="FNanchor_123_123" id="FNanchor_123_123"></a><a href="#Footnote_123_123" class="fnanchor">[123]</a> immediately +thirteen ships of the pagans met them, prepared for battle; +a fierce fight ensued, and all the pagans, after a brave resistance, +were slain; all the ships, with all their money, were +taken. After this, while the royal fleet were reposing, the +pagans, who lived in the eastern part of England, assembled +their ships, met the same royal fleet at sea in the mouth of +the same river, and, after a naval battle, the pagans gained +the victory.</p> + +<p>In the same year, also, Carloman, king of the Western +Franks, whilst hunting a wild boar, was miserably killed by +a large animal of that species, which inflicted a dreadful +wound on him with its tusk. His brother Louis [III], who +had also been king of the Franks, died the year before. These +two brothers were sons of Louis, king of the Franks, who +had died in the year above-mentioned, in which the eclipse +of the sun took place; and it was he whose daughter Judith +was given by her father's wish in marriage to Ethelwulf, +king of the West Saxons.</p> + +<p>In the same year also a great army of the pagans came +from Germany into the country of the ancient Saxons, which +is called in Saxon Ealdseaxum.<a name="FNanchor_124_124" id="FNanchor_124_124"></a><a href="#Footnote_124_124" class="fnanchor">[124]</a> To oppose them the said +Saxons and Frisons joined their forces, and fought bravely +twice in that same year. In both those battles the Christians, +with the merciful aid of the Lord, obtained the victory.</p> + +<p>In the same year also, Charles, king of the Almains, received, +with universal consent, all the territories which lie +between the Tyrrhenian sea and that gulf which runs between +the old Saxons and the Gauls, except the kingdom of Armorica, +i.e. Lesser Britain. This Charles was the son of +king Louis, who was brother of Charles, king of the Franks, +father of the aforesaid queen Judith; these two brothers +were sons of Louis, but Louis was the son of the great, the +ancient, and wise Charlemagne, who was the son of Pepin.</p> + +<p>In the same year pope Martin, of blessed memory, went +the way of all flesh; it was he who, in regard for Alfred, +king of the Anglo-Saxons, and at his request, freed the +school of the Anglo-Saxons resident at Rome from all tribute +and tax. He also sent many gifts on that occasion, among<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span> +which was no small portion of the holy and venerable cross +on which our Lord Jesus Christ was suspended, for the +general salvation of mankind.</p> + +<p>In the same year also the army of pagans, which dwelt +among the East Angles, disgracefully broke the peace which +they had concluded with king Alfred.</p> + +<p>Wherefore, to return to that from which I digressed, that +I may not be compelled by my long navigation to abandon +the port of rest which I was making for, I propose, as far as +my knowledge will enable me, to speak of the life and character +and just conduct of my lord Alfred, king of the +Anglo-Saxons, after he married the above-named respected +lady of Mercian race, his wife; and, with God's blessing, I +will despatch it succinctly and briefly, as I promised, that I +may not offend the delicate minds of my readers by prolixity +in relating each new event.</p> + +<p>His nuptials were honourably celebrated in Mercia, among +innumerable multitudes of people of both sexes; and after +continual feasts, both by night and by day, he was immediately +seized, in presence of all the people, by sudden and +overwhelming pain, as yet unknown to all the physicians; +for it was unknown to all who were then present, and even +to those who daily see him up to the present time,—which, +sad to say! is the worst of all, that he should have protracted +it so long from the twentieth to the fortieth year of his life, +and even more than that through the space of so many years,—from +what cause so great a malady arose. For many thought +that this was occasioned by the favour and fascination of +the people who surrounded him; others, by some spite of the +devil, who is ever jealous of the good; others, from an unusual +kind of fever. He had this sort of severe disease from +his childhood; but once, divine Providence so ordered it, +that when he was on a visit to Cornwall for the sake of +hunting, and had turned out of the road to pray in a certain +chapel, in which rests the body of Saint Guerir,<a name="FNanchor_125_125" id="FNanchor_125_125"></a><a href="#Footnote_125_125" class="fnanchor">[125]</a> and now +also St. Neot<a name="FNanchor_126_126" id="FNanchor_126_126"></a><a href="#Footnote_126_126" class="fnanchor">[126]</a> rests there,—for king Alfred was always from +his infancy a frequent visitor of holy places for the sake of +prayer and almsgiving,—he prostrated himself for private +devotion, and, after some time spent therein, he entreated of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span> +God's mercy, that in his boundless clemency he would exchange +the torments of the malady which then afflicted him +for some other lighter disease; but with this condition, that +such disease should not show itself outwardly in his body, +lest he should be an object of contempt, and less able to +benefit mankind; for he had great dread of leprosy or blindness, +or any such complaint, as makes men useless or contemptible +when it afflicts them. When he had finished his +prayers, he proceeded on his journey, and not long after he +felt within him that by the hand of the Almighty he was +healed, according to his request, of his disorder, and that it +was entirely eradicated, although he had first had even this +complaint in the flower of his youth, by his devout and pious +prayers and supplications to Almighty God. For if I may +be allowed to speak briefly, but in a somewhat preposterous +order, of his zealous piety to God, in the flower of his youth, +before he entered the marriage state, he wished to strengthen +his mind in the observance of God's commandments, for he +perceived that he could with difficulty abstain from gratifying +his carnal desires; and, because he feared the anger of God, +if he should do anything contrary to his will, he used often +to rise in the morning at the cock-crow, and go to pray in the +churches and at the relics of the saints. There he prostrated +himself on the ground, and prayed that God in his mercy +would strengthen his mind still more in his service by some +infirmity such as he might bear, but not such as would +render him imbecile and contemptible in his worldly duties; +and when he had often prayed with much devotion to this +effect, after an interval of some time, Providence vouchsafed +to afflict him with the above-named disease, which he bore +long and painfully for many years, and even despaired of +life, until he entirely got rid of it by his prayers; but, sad +to say! it was replaced, as we have said, at his marriage by +another which incessantly tormented him, night and day, +from the twentieth to the forty-fourth year of his life. But +if ever, by God's mercy, he was relieved from this infirmity +for a single day or night, yet the fear and dread of that +dreadful malady never left him, but rendered him almost +useless, as he thought, for every duty, whether human or +divine.</p> + +<p>The sons and daughters, which he had by his wife above +mentioned were Ethelfled the eldest, after whom came Ed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span>ward, +then Ethelgiva, then Ethelswitha, and Ethelwerd, +besides those who died in their infancy, one of whom was +Edmund. Ethelfled, when she arrived at a marriageable age, +was united to Ethered, earl of Mercia; Ethelgiva also was +dedicated to God, and submitted to the rules of a monastic +life. Ethelwerd the youngest, by the divine counsels and the +admirable prudence of the king, was consigned to the schools +of learning, where, with the children of almost all the nobility +of the country, and many also who were not noble, he +prospered under the diligent care of his teachers. Books in +both languages, namely, Latin and Saxon, were both read in +the school. They also learned to write; so that before they +were of an age to practice manly arts, namely, hunting and +such pursuits as befit noblemen, they became studious and +clever in the liberal arts. Edward and Ethelswitha were bred +up in the king's court and received great attention from their +attendants and nurses; nay, they continue to this day, with +the love of all about them, and showing affability, and even +gentleness towards all, both natives and foreigners, and in +complete subjection to their father; nor, among their other +studies which appertain to this life and are fit for noble +youths, are they suffered to pass their time idly and unprofitably +without learning the liberal arts; for they have carefully +learned the Psalms and Saxon books, especially the Saxon +poems, and are continually in the habit of making use of +books.</p> + +<p>In the meantime, the king, during the frequent wars and +other trammels of this present life, the invasions of the +pagans, and his own daily infirmities of body, continued to +carry on the government, and to exercise hunting in all its +branches; to teach his workers in gold and artificers of all +kinds, his falconers, hawkers and dog-keepers; to build houses, +majestic and good, beyond all the precedents of his ancestors, +by his new mechanical inventions; to recite the Saxon +books, and especially to learn by heart the Saxon poems, and +to make others learn them; and he alone never desisted from +studying, most diligently, to the best of his ability; he attended +the mass and other daily services of religion; he was frequent +in psalm-singing and prayer, at the hours both of +the day and the night. He also went to the churches, as we +have already said, in the night-time to pray, secretly, and +unknown to his courtiers; he bestowed alms and largesses on<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span> +both natives and foreigners of all countries; he was affable +and pleasant to all, and curiously eager to investigate things +unknown. Many Franks, Frisons, Gauls, pagans, Britons, +Scots, and Armoricans, noble and ignoble, submitted voluntarily +to his dominion; and all of them, according to +their nation and deserving, were ruled, loved, honoured, and +enriched with money and power. Moreover, the king was in +the habit of hearing the divine scriptures read by his own countrymen, +or, if by any chance it so happened, in company with +foreigners, and he attended to it with sedulity and solicitude. +His bishops, too, and all ecclesiastics, his earls and nobles, +ministers and friends, were loved by him with wonderful affection, +and their sons, who were bred up in the royal household, +were no less dear to him than his own; he had them +instructed in all kinds of good morals, and among other +things, never ceased to teach them letters night and day; but +as if he had no consolation in all these things, and suffered +no other annoyance either from within or without, yet he +was harassed by daily and nightly affliction, that he complained +to God, and to all who were admitted to his familiar +love, that Almighty God had made him ignorant of divine +wisdom, and of the liberal arts; in this emulating the pious, +the wise, and wealthy Solomon, king of the Hebrews, who +at first, despising all present glory and riches, asked wisdom +of God, and found both, namely, wisdom and worldly glory; +as it is written, "Seek first the kingdom of God and his +righteousness, and all these things shall be added unto you." +But God, who is always the inspector of the thoughts of the +mind within, and the instigator of all good intentions, and a +most plentiful aider, that good desires may be formed,—for +he would not instigate a man to good intentions, unless he +also amply supplied that which the man justly and properly +wishes to have,—instigated the king's mind within; as it is +written, "I will hearken what the Lord God will say concerning +me." He would avail himself of every opportunity to +procure coadjutors in his good designs, to aid him in his +strivings after wisdom, that he might attain to what he aimed +at; and, like a prudent bird, which rising in summer with +the early morning from her beloved nest, steers her rapid +flight through the uncertain tracks of ether, and descends +on the manifold and varied flowers of grasses, herbs, and +shrubs, essaying that which pleases most, that she may bear<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span> +it to her home, so did he direct his eyes afar, and seek +without, that which he had not within, namely, in his own +kingdom.</p> + +<p>But God at that time, as some consolation to the king's +benevolence, yielding to his complaint, sent certain lights +to illuminate him, namely, Werefrith, bishop of the church +of Worcester, a man well versed in divine scripture, who, +by the king's command, first turned the books of the +Dialogues of pope Gregory and Peter, his disciple, from +Latin into Saxon, and sometimes putting sense for sense, +interpreted them with clearness and elegance. After him +was Plegmund, a Mercian by birth, archbishop of the church +of Canterbury, a venerable man, and endowed with wisdom; +Ethelstan also, and Werewulf, his priests and chaplains, Mercians +by birth, and erudite. These four had been invited out +of Mercia by king Alfred, who exalted them with many +honours and powers in the kingdom of the West-Saxons, +besides the privileges which archbishop Plegmund and bishop +Werefrith enjoyed in Mercia. By their teaching and wisdom +the king's desires increased unceasingly, and were gratified. +Night and day, whenever he had leisure, he commanded such +men as these to read books to him; for he never suffered +himself to be without one of them, wherefore he possessed a +knowledge of every book, though of himself he could not +yet understand anything of books, for he had not yet learned +to read any thing.</p> + +<p>But the king's commendable avarice could not be gratified +even in this; wherefore he sent messengers beyond the sea +to Gaul, to procure teachers, and he invited from thence +Grimbald,<a name="FNanchor_127_127" id="FNanchor_127_127"></a><a href="#Footnote_127_127" class="fnanchor">[127]</a> priest and monk, a venerable man, and good +singer, adorned with every kind of ecclesiastical discipline +and good morals, and most learned in holy scripture. He +also obtained from thence John,<a name="FNanchor_128_128" id="FNanchor_128_128"></a><a href="#Footnote_128_128" class="fnanchor">[128]</a> also priest and monk, a man +of most energetic talents, and learned in all kinds of literary +science, and skilled in many other arts. By the teaching of +these men the king's mind was much enlarged, and he enriched +and honoured them with much influence.</p> + +<p>In these times, I also came into Saxony out of the furthest +coasts of Western Britain; and when I had proposed to go +to him through many intervening provinces, I arrived in the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span> +country of the Saxons, who live on the right hand, which in +Saxon is called Sussex, under the guidance of some of that +nation; and there I first saw him in the royal vill, which is +called Dene.<a name="FNanchor_129_129" id="FNanchor_129_129"></a><a href="#Footnote_129_129" class="fnanchor">[129]</a> He received me with kindness, and among +other familiar conversation, he asked me eagerly to devote +myself to his service and become his friend, to leave every +thing which I possessed on the left, or western bank of the +Severn, and he promised he would give more than an equivalent +for it in his own dominions. I replied that I could +not incautiously and rashly promise such things; for it +seemed to me unjust, that I should leave those sacred +places in which I had been bred, educated, and crowned,<a name="FNanchor_130_130" id="FNanchor_130_130"></a><a href="#Footnote_130_130" class="fnanchor">[130]</a> +and at last ordained, for the sake of any earthly honour and +power, unless by compulsion. Upon this, he said, "If you +cannot accede to this, at least, let me have your service in +part: spend six months of the year with me here, and the +other six in Britain." To this, I replied, "I could not even +promise that easily or hastily without the advice of my +friends." At length, however, when I perceived that he was +anxious for my services, though I knew not why, I promised +him that, if my life was spared, I would return to him after +six months, with such a reply as should be agreeable to him +as well as advantageous to me and mine. With this answer +he was satisfied, and when I had given him a pledge to return +at the appointed time, on the fourth day we left him and +returned on horseback towards our own country.</p> + +<p>After our departure, a violent fever seized me in the city +of Winchester, where I lay for twelve months and one week, +night and day, without hope of recovery. At the appointed +time, therefore, I could not fulfil my promise of visiting him, +and he sent messengers to hasten my journey, and to inquire +the cause of my delay. As I was unable to ride to him, I +sent a second messenger to tell him the cause of my delay, +and assure him that, if I recovered from my infirmity, I +would fulfil what I had promised. My complaint left me, +and by the advice and consent of all my friends, for the +benefit of that holy place, and of all who dwelt therein,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span> +I did as I had promised to the king, and devoted myself +to his service, on the condition that I should remain with +him six months in every year, either continuously, if I +could spend six months with him at once, or alternately, +three months in Britain and three in Saxony.<a name="FNanchor_131_131" id="FNanchor_131_131"></a><a href="#Footnote_131_131" class="fnanchor">[131]</a> For my +friends hoped that they should sustain less tribulation and +harm from king Hemeid.<a name="FNanchor_132_132" id="FNanchor_132_132"></a><a href="#Footnote_132_132" class="fnanchor">[132]</a> who often plundered that monastery +and the parish of St. Deguus,<a name="FNanchor_133_133" id="FNanchor_133_133"></a><a href="#Footnote_133_133" class="fnanchor">[133]</a> and sometimes expelled the +prelates, as they expelled archbishop Novis,<a name="FNanchor_134_134" id="FNanchor_134_134"></a><a href="#Footnote_134_134" class="fnanchor">[134]</a> my relation, +and myself; if in any manner I could secure the notice and +friendship of the king.</p> + +<p>At that time, and long before, all the countries on the right +hand side of Britain belonged to king Alfred and still belong +to him. For instance, king Hemeid, with all the +inhabitants of the region of Demetia, compelled by the violence +of the six sons of Rotri, had submitted to the dominion +of the king. Howel also, son of Ris, king of Gleguising, +and Brocmail and Fernmail, sons of Mouric, kings of Gwent, +compelled by the violence and tyranny of earl Ethered and +of the Mercians, of their own accord sought king Alfred, +that they might enjoy his government and protection from +him against their enemies. Helised, also, son of Tendyr, +king of Brecon, compelled by the force of the same sons of +Rotri, of his own accord sought the government of the aforesaid +king; and Anarawd, son of Rotri, with his brother, at +length abandoning the friendship of the Northumbrians, +from which he received no good but harm, came into king +Alfred's presence and eagerly sought his friendship. The +king received him honourably, received him as his son by +confirmation from the bishop's hand, and presented him with +many gifts. Thus he became subject to the king with all +his people, on the same condition, that he should be obedient +to the king's will in all respects, in the same way as Ethered +with the Mercians.</p> + +<p>Nor was it in vain that all these princes gained the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span> +friendship of the king. For those who desired to augment +their worldly power, obtained power; those who desired +money, gained money; and in like way, those who desired +his friendship, or both money and friendship, succeeded in +getting what they wanted. But all of them gained his love +and guardianship and defence from every quarter, even as the +king with his men could protect himself.</p> + +<p>When therefore I had come into his presence at the royal +vill, called Leonaford, I was honourably received by him, and +remained that time with him at his court eight months; during +which I read to him whatever books he liked, and such as he +had at hand; for this is his most usual custom, both night +and day, amid his many other occupations of mind and body, +either himself to read books, or to listen whilst others read +them. And when I frequently asked his leave to depart, +and could in no way obtain it, at length when I had made +up my mind by all means to demand it, he called me to +him at twilight, on Christmas eve, and gave me two letters, +in which was a long list of all the things which were in +two monasteries, called in Saxon, Ambresbury<a name="FNanchor_135_135" id="FNanchor_135_135"></a><a href="#Footnote_135_135" class="fnanchor">[135]</a> and Banwell;<a name="FNanchor_136_136" id="FNanchor_136_136"></a><a href="#Footnote_136_136" class="fnanchor">[136]</a> +and on that same day he delivered to me those two monasteries +with all the things that were in them, and a silken +pall of great value, and a load for a strong man, of incense, +adding these words, that he did not give me these trifling +presents, because he was unwilling hereafter to give me +greater; for in the course of time he unexpectedly gave me +Exeter, with all the diocese which belonged to him in Saxony<a name="FNanchor_137_137" id="FNanchor_137_137"></a><a href="#Footnote_137_137" class="fnanchor">[137]</a> +and in Cornwall, besides gifts every day, without number, in +every kind of worldly wealth, which it would be too long to +enumerate here, lest they should make my reader tired. +But let no one suppose that I have mentioned these presents +in this place for the sake of glory or flattery, or to +obtain greater honour. I call God to witness, that I have +not done so; but that I might certify to those who are ignorant, +how profuse he is in giving. He then at once gave +me permission to ride to those two rich monasteries and +afterwards to return to my own country.</p> + +<p>In the year of our Lord's incarnation, 886, which was the +thirty-eighth since the birth of Alfred, the army so often +before-mentioned again fled the country, and went into the +country of the Western Franks, directing their ships to the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span> +river called the Seine, and sailed up it as far as the city of +Paris, and there they wintered and measured out their camp. +They besieged that city a whole year, as far as the bridge, +that they might prevent the inhabitants from making use of +it; for the city is situated on a small island in the middle +of the river; but by the merciful favour of God, and the +brave defence of citizens, the army could not force their way +inside the walls.</p> + +<p>In the same year, Alfred, king of the Anglo-Saxons, after +the burning of cities and the slaying of the people, honourably +rebuilt the city of London, and made it again habitable. +He gave it into the custody of his son-in-law, Ethered, earl +of Mercia, to which king all the Angles and Saxons, who +before had been dispersed everywhere, or were in captivity +with the pagans, voluntarily turned and submitted themselves +to his dominion.</p> + +<p><a name="FNanchor_138_138" id="FNanchor_138_138"></a><a href="#Footnote_138_138" class="fnanchor">[138]</a> +[In the same year there arose a foul and deadly discord +at Oxford, between Grimbald, with those learned men whom +he had brought with him, and the old scholars whom he had +found there, who, on his arrival, refused altogether to embrace +the laws, modes, and forms of prælection instituted by +the same Grimbald. During three years there had been no +great dissension between them, but there was a secret enmity, +which afterwards broke out with great atrocity, clearer than +the light itself. To appease this quarrel, that invincible king +Alfred, having been informed of the strife by a messenger +from Grimbald, went to Oxford to put an end to the controversy, +and endured much trouble in hearing the arguments +and complaints which were brought forwards on both sides. +The substance of the dispute was this: the old scholars contended, +that literature had flourished at Oxford before the +coming of Grimbald, although the number of scholars was +smaller than in ancient time, because several had been driven +away by the cruelty and tyranny of the pagans. They also +proved and showed, by the undoubted testimony of ancient +annals, that the orders and institutions of that place had +been sanctioned by certain pious and learned men, as for +instance by Saint Gildas, Melkinus, Nennius, Kentigern, and +others, who had all grown old there in literature, and happily<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span> +administered everything there in peace and concord; and +also, that Saint Germanus had come to Oxford, and stopped +there half a year, at the time when he went through Britain +to preach against the Pelagian heresy; he wonderfully approved +of the customs and institutions above-mentioned. +The king, with unheard-of humility, listened to both sides carefully, +and exhorted them again and again with pious and +wholesome admonitions to cherish mutual love and concord. +He therefore left them with this decision, that each party +should follow their own counsel, and preserve their own +institutions. Grimbald, displeased at this, immediately departed +to the monastery at Winchester,<a name="FNanchor_139_139" id="FNanchor_139_139"></a><a href="#Footnote_139_139" class="fnanchor">[139]</a> which had been +recently founded by king Alfred, and ordered a tomb to be +carried to Winchester, in which he proposed, after this life, +that his bones should be laid in the vault which had been +made under the chancel of St. Peter's church in Oxford; +which church the same Grimbald had built from its foundations, +of stone polished with great care.]</p> + +<p>In the year of our Lord's incarnation 887, which was the +thirty-ninth of king Alfred's life, the above-mentioned army +of the pagans, leaving the city of Paris uninjured, because +they could not succeed against it, sailed up the river Seine +under the bridge, until they reached the mouth of the river +Materne [Marne]; where they left the Seine, and, following +for a long time the course of the Marne, at length, but not +without much labour, they arrived at a place called Chezy, a +royal vill, where they wintered one year. In the following +year they entered the mouth of the river Ionna [Yonne], not +without doing much damage to the country, and there remained +one year.</p> + +<p>In the same year Charles, king of the Franks, went the +way of all flesh; but Arnulf, his brother's son, six weeks +before he died, had expelled him from his kingdom. After +his death five kings were appointed, and the kingdom was +split into five parts; but the principal rank in the kingdom +justly and deservedly devolved on Arnulf, save only that he +committed an unworthy offence against his uncle. The other +four kings promised fidelity and obedience to Arnulf, as was +proper; for none of these four kings was hereditary on his +father's side in his share of the kingdom, as was Arnulf; +therefore, though the five kings were appointed immediately<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span> +on the death of Charles, yet the empire remained in the +hands of Arnulf.</p> + +<p>Such, then, was the division of the kingdom; Arnulf received +the countries on the east of the river Rhine; Rodulf +the inner parts of the kingdom; Oda the western part; +Beorngar and Guido, Lombardy, and those countries which +are in that part of the mountains; but they did not keep +these large dominions in peace, for they twice fought a +pitched battle, and often mutually ravaged their kingdoms, +and drove each other out of their dominions.</p> + +<p>In the same year in which that [pagan] army left Paris +and went to Chezy, Ethelhelm, earl of Wiltshire, carried to +Rome the alms of king Alfred and of the Saxons.</p> + +<p>In the same year also Alfred, king of the Anglo-Saxons, +so often before mentioned, by divine inspiration, began, on +one and the same day, to read and to interpret; but that I +may explain this more fully to those who are ignorant, I will +relate the cause of this long delay in beginning.</p> + +<p>On a certain day we were both of us sitting in the king's +chamber, talking on all kinds of subjects, as usual, and it +happened that I read to him a quotation out of a certain +book. He heard it attentively with both his ears, and addressed +me with a thoughtful mind, showing me at the same +moment a book which he carried in his bosom, wherein the +daily courses and psalms, and prayers which he had read in +his youth, were written, and he commanded me to write the +same quotation in that book. Hearing this, and perceiving +his ingenuous benevolence, and devout desire of studying +the words of divine wisdom, I gave, though in secret, boundless +thanks to Almighty God, who had implanted such a love +of wisdom in the king's heart. But I could not find any +empty space in that book wherein to write the quotation, for +it was already full of various matters; wherefore I made a +little delay, principally that I might stir up the bright intellect +of the king to a higher acquaintance with the divine testimonies. +Upon his urging me to make haste and write it +quickly, I said to him, "Are you willing that I should write +that quotation on some leaf apart? For it is not certain +whether we shall not find one or more other such extracts +which will please you; and if that should so happen, we +shall be glad that we have kept them apart." "Your plan +is good," said he, and I gladly made haste to get ready a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span> +sheet, in the beginning of which I wrote what he bade me; +and on that same day, I wrote therein, as I had anticipated, +no less than three other quotations which pleased him; and +from that time we daily talked together, and found out other +quotations which pleased him, so that the sheet became full, +and deservedly so; according as it is written, "The just +man builds upon a moderate foundation, and by degrees +passes to greater things." Thus, like a most productive bee, +he flew here and there, asking questions, as he went, until +he had eagerly and unceasingly collected many various +flowers of divine Scriptures, with which he thickly stored the +cells of his mind.</p> + +<p>Now when that first quotation was copied, he was eager at +once to read, and to interpret in Saxon, and then to teach +others; even as we read of that happy robber, who recognized +his Lord, aye, the Lord of all men, as he was hanging +on the blessed cross, and, saluting him with his bodily eyes +only, because elsewhere he was all pierced with nails, cried, +"Lord, remember me when thou comest into thy kingdom!" +for it was only at the end of his life that he began to learn +the rudiments of the Christian faith. But the king, inspired +by God, began to study the rudiments of divine Scripture on +the sacred solemnity of St. Martin [Nov. 11], and he continued +to learn the flowers collected by certain masters, and +to reduce them into the form of one book, as he was then +able, although mixed one with another, until it became almost +as large as a psalter. This book he called his <span class="smcap">Enchiridion</span> +or <span class="smcap">Manual</span>, because he carefully kept it at hand day and +night, and found, as he told me, no small consolation therein.</p> + +<p>But as has already been written by a certain wise man,</p> + +<p style="margin-left:6em;"> +"Of watchful minds are they whose pious care<br /> +It is to govern well,"<br /> +</p> + +<p>so must I be watchful, in that I just now drew a kind of comparison +or similarity, though in dissimilar manner, between that +happy robber and the king; for the cross is hateful to every +one, wherever there is suffering. But what can he do, if he +cannot save himself or escape thence? or by what art can he +remain there and improve his cause? He must, therefore, +whether he will or no, endure with pain and sorrow that +which he is suffering.</p> + +<p>Now the king was pierced with many nails of tribulation,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span> +though placed in the royal seat; for from the twentieth year +of his age to the present year, which is his fortieth,<a name="FNanchor_140_140" id="FNanchor_140_140"></a><a href="#Footnote_140_140" class="fnanchor">[140]</a> he has +been constantly afflicted with most severe attacks of an unknown +complaint, so that he has not a moment's ease either +from suffering the pain which it causes, or from the gloom +which is thrown over him by the apprehension of its coming. +Moreover, the constant invasions of foreign nations, by which +he was continually harassed by land and sea, without any +interval of quiet, were a just cause of disquiet. What +shall I say of his repeated expeditions against the pagans, +his wars, and incessant occupations of government? Of the +daily embassies sent to him by foreign nations, from the +Tyrrhenian sea to the farthest end of Ireland?<a name="FNanchor_141_141" id="FNanchor_141_141"></a><a href="#Footnote_141_141" class="fnanchor">[141]</a> For we +have seen and read letters, accompanied with presents, which +were sent to him by Abel the patriarch of Jerusalem. What +shall I say of the cities and towns which he restored, and +of others which he built, where none had been before? of +the royal halls and chambers, wonderfully erected by his +command, with stone and wood? of the royal vills constructed +of stone, removed from their old site, and handsomely rebuilt +by the king's command in more fitting places? Besides the +disease above-mentioned, he was disturbed by the quarrels of +his friends, who would voluntarily endure little or no toil, +though it was for the common necessity of the kingdom; +but he alone, sustained by the divine aid, like a skilful +pilot, strove to steer his ship, laden with much wealth, into +the safe and much desired harbour of his country, though +almost all his crew were tired, and suffered them not to faint +or hesitate, though sailing amid the manifold waves and +eddies of this present life.</p> + +<p>For all his bishops, earls, nobles, favourite ministers, and +prefects, who, next to God and the king, had the whole government +of the kingdom, as is fitting, continually received +from him instruction, respect, exhortation, and command; +nay, at last, when they were disobedient, and his long patience +was exhausted, he would reprove them severely, and censure +at pleasure their vulgar folly and obstinacy; and in this way +he directed their attention to the common interests of the +kingdom. But, owing to the sluggishness of the people,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span> +these admonitions of the king were either not fulfilled, or +were begun late at the moment of necessity, and so ended +less to the advantage of those who put them in execution; +for I will say nothing of the castles which he ordered to be +built, but which, being begun late, were never finished, because +the hostile troops broke in upon them by land and sea, and, +as often happened, the thwarters of the royal ordinances repented +when it was too late, and blushed at their non-performance +of his commands. I speak of repentance when it is too +late, on the testimony of Scripture, whereby numberless +persons have had cause for too much sorrow when many insidious +evils have been wrought. But though by these +means, sad to say, they may be bitterly afflicted and roused +to sorrow by the loss of fathers, wives, children, ministers, +servant-men, servant-maids, and furniture and household +stuff, what is the use of hateful repentance when their kinsmen +are dead, and they cannot aid them, or redeem those +who are captive from captivity? for they are not able even to +assist those who have escaped, as they have not wherewith +to sustain even their own lives. They repented, therefore, +when it was too late, and grieved at their incautious neglect +of the king's commands, and they praised the royal wisdom +with one voice, and tried with all their power to fulfil what +they had before refused, namely, concerning the erection of +castles, and other things generally useful to the whole +kingdom.</p> + +<p>Of his fixed purpose of holy meditation, which, in the +midst of prosperity and adversity he never neglected, I cannot +with advantage now omit to speak. For, whereas he often +thought of the necessities of his soul, among the other good +deeds to which his thoughts were night and day turned, he +ordered that two monasteries should be built, one for monks +at Athelney, which is a place surrounded by impassable +marshes and rivers, where no one can enter but by boats, or +by a bridge laboriously constructed between two other +heights; at the western end of which bridge was erected a +strong tower, of beautiful work, by command of the aforesaid +king; and in this monastery he collected monks of all kinds, +from every quarter, and placed them therein.</p> + +<p>For at first, because he had no one of his own nation, +noble and free by birth, who was willing to enter the monastic +life, except children, who could neither choose good<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span> +nor avoid evil in consequence of their tender years, because +for many previous years the love of a monastic life had utterly +decayed from that nation as well as from many other nations, +though many monasteries still remain in that country; yet, as +no one directed the rule of that kind of life in a regular way, +for what reason I cannot say, either from the invasions of +foreigners which took place so frequently both by sea and +land, or because that people abounded in riches of every +kind, and so looked with contempt on the monastic life. It +was for this reason that king Alfred sought to gather monks +of different kinds to place in the same monastery.</p> + +<p>First he placed there as abbat, John<a name="FNanchor_142_142" id="FNanchor_142_142"></a><a href="#Footnote_142_142" class="fnanchor">[142]</a> the priest and monk, +an old Saxon by birth, then certain priests and deacons from +beyond the sea; of whom, finding that he had not as large a +number as he wished, he procured as many as possible of the +same Gallic race, some of whom, being children, he ordered +to be taught in the same monastery, and at a later period to +be admitted to the monastic habit. I have myself seen a +young lad of pagan birth who was educated in that monastery, +and by no means the hindmost of them all.</p> + +<p>There was also a deed done once in that monastery, which +I would utterly consign to oblivion, although it is an unworthy +deed; for throughout the whole of Scripture the base +deeds of the wicked are interspersed among the blessed deeds +of the just, as tares and darnel are sown among the wheat: +good deeds are recorded that they may be praised and imitated, +and that their imitators may be held in all honour; +wicked deeds are there related, that they may be censured +and avoided, and their imitators be reproved with all odium, +contempt, and vengeance.</p> + +<p>For once upon a time, a certain priest and a deacon, Gauls +by birth, and two of the aforesaid monks, by the instigation +of the devil, and excited by some secret jealousy, +became so embittered in secret against their abbat, the above +mentioned John, that, like Jews, they circumvented and betrayed +their master. For whereas he had two servants, whom +he had hired out of Gaul, they taught these such wicked +practices, that in the night, when all men were enjoying the +sweet tranquillity of sleep, they should make their way into +the church armed, and shutting it behind them as usual, hide +themselves therein, and wait for the moment when the abbat<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span> +should enter the church alone. At length, when he should +come alone to pray, and, bending his knees, bow before the +holy altar, the men should rush on him with hostility, and +try to slay him on the spot. They then should drag his +lifeless body out of the church, and throw it down before the +house of a certain harlot, as if he had been slain whilst on a +visit to her. This was their machination, adding crime to +crime, as it is said, "The last error shall be worse than the +first."</p> + +<p>But the divine mercy, which always delights to aid the +innocent, frustrated in great part the wicked design of the +wicked men, so that it should not turn out in every respect +as they had proposed.</p> + +<p>When, therefore, the whole of the evil counsel had been +explained by those wicked teachers to their wicked agents, +and the night which had been fixed on as most fit was come, +the two armed ruffians were placed, with a promise of impunity, +to await in the church for the arrival of the abbat. +In the middle of the night John, as usual, entered the +church to pray, without any one's knowing of it, and knelt +before the altar. The two ruffians rushed upon him with +drawn swords, and dealt him some severe wounds. But he, +being a man of a brave mind, and, as we have heard say, not +unacquainted with the art of self-defence, if he had not been +a follower of a better calling, no sooner heard the sound of +the robbers, before he saw them, than he rose up against +them before he was wounded, and, shouting as loud as he +could, struggled against them, crying out that they were +devils and not men; for he himself knew no better, as he +thought that no men would dare to attempt such a deed. +He was, however, wounded before any of his people could +come to his help. His attendants, roused by the noise, were +frightened when they heard the word devils, and both those +two who, like Jews, sought to betray their master, and the +others who knew nothing of the matter, rushed together to +the doors of the church; but before they got there those +ruffians escaped, leaving the abbat half dead. The monks +raised the old man, in a fainting condition, and carried him +home with tears and lamentations; nor did those two deceitful +monks shed tears less than the innocent. But God's +mercy did not allow so bold a deed to pass unpunished; the +ruffians who perpetrated it, and all who urged them to it,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span> +were taken and put in prison, where, by various tortures, +they came to a disgraceful end. Let us now return to our +narrative.</p> + +<p>Another monastery, also, was built by the same king as a +residence for nuns, near the eastern gate of Shaftesbury; and +his own daughter, Ethelgiva, was placed in it as abbess. +With her many other noble ladies bound by the rules of the +monastic life, dwell in that monastery. These two edifices +were enriched by the king with much land, as well as personal +property.</p> + +<p>These things being thus disposed of, the king began, as +was his practice, to consider within himself, what more he +could do to augment and show forth his piety; what he had +begun wisely, and thoughtfully conceived for the public +benefit, was adhered to with equally beneficial result; for +he had heard it out of the book of the law, that the +Lord had promised to restore to him tenfold; and he +knew that the Lord had kept his promise, and had actually +restored to him tenfold. Encouraged by this example, and +wishing to exceed the practices of his predecessors, he vowed +humbly and faithfully to devote to God half his services, +both day and night, and also half of all his wealth, such as +lawfully and justly came annually into his possession; and +this vow, as far as human discretion can perceive and keep, +he skilfully and wisely endeavoured to fulfil. But, that he +might, with his usual caution, avoid that which scripture +warns us against: "If you offer aright, but do not divide +aright, you sin," he considered how he might divide aright +that which he had vowed to God; and as Solomon had said, +"The heart of the king is in the hand of God," that is, his +counsel he ordered with wise policy, which could come only +from above, that his officers should first divide into two parts +the revenues of every year.</p> + +<p>When this division was made, he assigned the first part to +worldly uses, and ordered that one-third of it should be paid +to his soldiers, and also to his ministers, the nobles who +dwelt at court where they discharged divers duties; for so +the king's family was arranged at all times into three classes. +The king's attendants were most wisely distributed into three +companies, so that the first company should be on duty at +court for one month, night and day, at the end of which they +returned to their homes, and were relieved by the second<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span> +company. At the end of the second month, in the same +way, the third company relieved the second, who returned to +their homes, where they spent two months, until their services +were again wanted. The third company also gave place +to the first in the same way, and also spent two months at +home. Thus was the threefold division of the companies arranged +at all times in the royal household.</p> + +<p>To these therefore was paid the first of the three portions +aforesaid, to each according to their respective dignities and +peculiar services; the second to the operatives, whom he had +collected from every nation, and had about him in large numbers, +men skilled in every kind of construction; the third +portion was assigned to foreigners who came to him out of +every nation far and near, whether they asked money of him +or not, he cheerfully gave to each with wonderful munificence +according to their respective merits, according to what is +written: "God loveth a cheerful giver."</p> + +<p>But the second part of all his revenues, which came yearly +into his possession, and was included in the receipts of the +exchequer, as we mentioned a little before, he, with ready devotion, +gave to God, ordering his ministers to divide it carefully +into four parts, on the condition that the first part should +be discreetly bestowed on the poor of every nation who came +to him; and on this subject he said that, as far as human +discretion could guarantee, the remark of pope St. Gregory +should be followed: "Give not much to whom you should +give little, nor little to whom much, nor something to whom +nothing, nor nothing to whom something." The second of +the four portions was given to the two monasteries which he +had built, and to those who therein had dedicated themselves +to God's service, as we have mentioned above. The third +portion was assigned to the school, which he had studiously +collected together, consisting of many of the nobility of his +own nation. The fourth portion was for the use of all +the neighbouring monasteries in all Saxony and Mercia, and +also during some years, in turn, to the churches and servants +of God dwelling in Britain [Wales], Cornwall, Gaul, Armorica, +Northumbria, and sometimes also in Ireland; according +to his means, he either distributed to them beforehand, or +afterwards, if life and success should not fail him.</p> + +<p>When the king had arranged these matters, he remembered +that sentence of divine scripture, "Whosoever will<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span> +give alms, ought to begin from himself," and prudently began +to reflect what he could offer to God from the service of +his body and mind; for he proposed to consecrate to God no +less out of this than he had done of things external to himself. +Moreover, he promised, as far as his infirmity and his +means would allow, to give up to God the half of his services, +bodily and mental, by night and by day, voluntarily, +and with all his might; but, inasmuch as he could not +equally distinguish the lengths of the hours by night, on account +of the darkness, and ofttimes of the day, on account of +the storms and clouds, he began to consider, by what means +and without any difficulty, relying on the mercy of God, he +might discharge the promised tenor of his vow until his +death.</p> + +<p>After long reflection on these things, he at length, by a +useful and shrewd invention, commanded his chaplains to +supply wax in a sufficient quantity, and he caused it to be +weighed in such a manner that when there was so much of +it in the scales, as would equal the weight of seventy-two +pence,<a name="FNanchor_143_143" id="FNanchor_143_143"></a><a href="#Footnote_143_143" class="fnanchor">[143]</a> he caused the chaplains to make six candles thereof, +each of equal length, so that each candle might have twelve +divisions<a name="FNanchor_144_144" id="FNanchor_144_144"></a><a href="#Footnote_144_144" class="fnanchor">[144]</a> marked longitudinally upon it. By this plan, +therefore, those six candles burned for twenty-four hours, a +night and day, without fail, before the sacred relics of many +of God's elect, which always accompanied him wherever he +went; but sometimes when they would not continue burning +a whole day and night, till the same hour that they were +lighted the preceding evening, from the violence of the wind, +which blew day and night without intermission through the +doors and windows of the churches, the fissures of the divisions, +the plankings, or the wall, or the thin canvass of the +tents, they then unavoidably burned out and finished their +course before the appointed time; the king therefore considered +by what means he might shut out the wind, and so by +a useful and cunning invention, he ordered a lantern to be +beautifully constructed of wood and white ox-horn, which, +when skilfully planed till it is thin, is no less transparent +than a vessel of glass. This lantern, therefore, was wonderfully +made of wood and horn, as we before said, and by +night a candle was put into it, which shone as brightly without +as within, and was not extinguished by the wind; for the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span> +opening of the lantern was also closed up, according to the +king's command, by a door made of horn.</p> + +<p>By this contrivance, then, six candles, lighted in succession, +lasted four and twenty hours, neither more nor less, and, +when these were extinguished, others were lighted.</p> + +<p>When all these things were properly arranged, the king, +eager to give up to God the half of his daily service, as he +had vowed, and more also, if his ability on the one hand, +and his malady on the other, would allow him, showed +himself a minute investigator of the truth in all his judgments, +and this especially for the sake of the poor, to whose +interest, day and night, among other duties of this life, he +ever was wonderfully attentive. For in the whole kingdom +the poor, besides him, had few or no protectors; for all the +powerful and noble of that country had turned their thoughts +rather to secular than to heavenly things: each was more +bent on secular matters, to his own profit, than on the public +good.</p> + +<p>He strove also, in his own judgments, for the benefit of +both the noble and the ignoble, who often perversely quarrelled +at the meetings of his earls and officers, so that +hardly one of them admitted the justice of what had been +decided by the earls and prefects, and in consequence of +this pertinacious and obstinate dissension, all desired to +have the judgment of the king, and both sides sought at +once to gratify their desire. But if any one was conscious +of injustice on his side in the suit, though by law and +agreement he was compelled, however reluctant, to go before +the king, yet with his own good will he never would consent +to go. For he knew, that in the king's presence no part +of his wrong would be hidden; and no wonder, for the king +was a most acute investigator in passing sentence, as he was +in all other things. He inquired into almost all the judgments +which were given in his own absence, throughout all his +dominion, whether they were just or unjust. If he perceived +there was iniquity in those judgments, he summoned the +judges, either through his own agency, or through others of +his faithful servants, and asked them mildly, why they had +judged so unjustly; whether through ignorance or malevolence; +i.e., whether for the love or fear of any one, or hatred of +others; or also for the desire of money. At length, if the +judges acknowledged they had given judgment because they<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span> +knew no better, he discreetly and moderately reproved their +inexperience and folly in such terms as these: "I wonder +truly at your insolence, that, whereas by God's favour and +mine, you have occupied the rank and office of the wise, +you have neglected the studies and labours of the wise. +Either, therefore, at once give up the discharge of the temporal +duties which you hold, or endeavour more zealously +to study the lessons of wisdom. Such are my commands." +At these words the earls and prefects would tremble +and endeavour to turn all their thoughts to the study of +justice, so that, wonderful to say, almost all his earls, prefects, +and officers, though unlearned from their cradles, were +sedulously bent upon acquiring learning, choosing rather laboriously +to acquire the knowledge of a new discipline than +to resign their functions; but if any one of them from old +age or slowness of talent was unable to make progress in +liberal studies, he commanded his son, if he had one, or +one of his kinsmen, or, if there was no other person to be +had, his own freedman or servant, whom he had some time +before advanced to the office of reading, to recite Saxon +books before him night and day, whenever he had any leisure, +and they lamented with deep sighs, in their inmost +hearts, that in their youth they had never attended to such +studies; and they blessed the young men of our days, who +happily could be instructed in the liberal arts, whilst they +execrated their own lot, that they had not learned these +things in their youth, and now, when they are old, though +wishing to learn them, they are unable. But this skill of +young and old in acquiring letters, we have explained to +the knowledge of the aforesaid king.<a name="FNanchor_145_145" id="FNanchor_145_145"></a><a href="#Footnote_145_145" class="fnanchor">[145]</a></p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span></p> +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_86_86" id="Footnote_86_86"></a><a href="#FNanchor_86_86"><span class="label">[86]</span></a> Wantage.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_87_87" id="Footnote_87_87"></a><a href="#FNanchor_87_87"><span class="label">[87]</span></a> The Gewissæ, generally understood to be the West-Saxons.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_88_88" id="Footnote_88_88"></a><a href="#FNanchor_88_88"><span class="label">[88]</span></a> Carisbrooke, as may be conjectured from the name, which is a combination +of Wight and Caraburgh.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_89_89" id="Footnote_89_89"></a><a href="#FNanchor_89_89"><span class="label">[89]</span></a> Wembury.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_90_90" id="Footnote_90_90"></a><a href="#FNanchor_90_90"><span class="label">[90]</span></a> Minster.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_91_91" id="Footnote_91_91"></a><a href="#FNanchor_91_91"><span class="label">[91]</span></a> Canterbury.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_92_92" id="Footnote_92_92"></a><a href="#FNanchor_92_92"><span class="label">[92]</span></a> Ockley, in Surrey.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_93_93" id="Footnote_93_93"></a><a href="#FNanchor_93_93"><span class="label">[93]</span></a> This is one the few instances to be met with of the name Britannia applied +to Wales.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_94_94" id="Footnote_94_94"></a><a href="#FNanchor_94_94"><span class="label">[94]</span></a> Thanet.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_95_95" id="Footnote_95_95"></a><a href="#FNanchor_95_95"><span class="label">[95]</span></a> Wilts.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_96_96" id="Footnote_96_96"></a><a href="#FNanchor_96_96"><span class="label">[96]</span></a> Offa's dyke, between Wales and England.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_97_97" id="Footnote_97_97"></a><a href="#FNanchor_97_97"><span class="label">[97]</span></a> Ingram supposes this to be Stonehenge. Stæningham, however, is the +common reading, which Camden thinks is Steyning, in Sussex. The Saxon +Chronicle, <span class="smcap">a.d.</span> 855, states, that Ethelwulf was buried at Winchester.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_98_98" id="Footnote_98_98"></a><a href="#FNanchor_98_98"><span class="label">[98]</span></a> We must understand this epithet as denoting his mother-in-law, +Judith, rather than his own mother, who was dead in <span class="smcap">a.d.</span> 856, when Alfred +was not yet seven years old. When his father brought Judith from France +Alfred was thirteen years old.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_99_99" id="Footnote_99_99"></a><a href="#FNanchor_99_99"><span class="label">[99]</span></a> This nobleman occurs as a witness [Mucil, dux] to many Mercian +charters, dated from <span class="smcap">a.d.</span> 814 to 866.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_100_100" id="Footnote_100_100"></a><a href="#FNanchor_100_100"><span class="label">[100]</span></a> Inhabitants of Gainsborough.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_101_101" id="Footnote_101_101"></a><a href="#FNanchor_101_101"><span class="label">[101]</span></a> Englefield Green is about four miles from Windsor</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_102_102" id="Footnote_102_102"></a><a href="#FNanchor_102_102"><span class="label">[102]</span></a> Aston, in Berkshire.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_103_103" id="Footnote_103_103"></a><a href="#FNanchor_103_103"><span class="label">[103]</span></a> Stratclyde Britons.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_104_104" id="Footnote_104_104"></a><a href="#FNanchor_104_104"><span class="label">[104]</span></a> Cambridge.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_105_105" id="Footnote_105_105"></a><a href="#FNanchor_105_105"><span class="label">[105]</span></a> The Frome.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_106_106" id="Footnote_106_106"></a><a href="#FNanchor_106_106"><span class="label">[106]</span></a> They swore oaths to Alfred on the holy ring, says the Saxon Chronicle, +p. 355. The most solemn manner of swearing among the Danes and other +northern nations was by their arms. Olaus Magnus, lib. viii. c. 2.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_107_107" id="Footnote_107_107"></a><a href="#FNanchor_107_107"><span class="label">[107]</span></a> Exeter.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_108_108" id="Footnote_108_108"></a><a href="#FNanchor_108_108"><span class="label">[108]</span></a> It is necessary to inform the reader that many passages of this work +are modern interpolations, made in the old MS. by a later hand. The +"Annals" referred to in the text are supposed not to be a genuine work +of Asser.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_109_109" id="Footnote_109_109"></a><a href="#FNanchor_109_109"><span class="label">[109]</span></a> Swanwich, in Dorsetshire.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_110_110" id="Footnote_110_110"></a><a href="#FNanchor_110_110"><span class="label">[110]</span></a> This clause is a mere repetition of the preceding. See a former note +in this page.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_111_111" id="Footnote_111_111"></a><a href="#FNanchor_111_111"><span class="label">[111]</span></a> Athelney, a morass formed by the conflux of the Thone and the Parret. +See Saxon Chron. p. 356, and Chronicle of Ethelwerd, p 31.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_112_112" id="Footnote_112_112"></a><a href="#FNanchor_112_112"><span class="label">[112]</span></a> The original here is in Latin verse, and may therefore be rendered into +English verse, but such as every housewife in Somersetshire would understand.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_113_113" id="Footnote_113_113"></a><a href="#FNanchor_113_113"><span class="label">[113]</span></a> Probably the sanguinary Hubba.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_114_114" id="Footnote_114_114"></a><a href="#FNanchor_114_114"><span class="label">[114]</span></a> Or South Wales.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_115_115" id="Footnote_115_115"></a><a href="#FNanchor_115_115"><span class="label">[115]</span></a> Kynwith castle stood on the river Taw. Camden, p. 35.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_116_116" id="Footnote_116_116"></a><a href="#FNanchor_116_116"><span class="label">[116]</span></a> Now called Brixton Deverill, in Wilts.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_117_117" id="Footnote_117_117"></a><a href="#FNanchor_117_117"><span class="label">[117]</span></a> Selwood Forest extended from Frome to Burham, and was probably +much larger at one time.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_118_118" id="Footnote_118_118"></a><a href="#FNanchor_118_118"><span class="label">[118]</span></a> Or Iglea. Supposed to be Leigh, now Westbury, Wilts.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_119_119" id="Footnote_119_119"></a><a href="#FNanchor_119_119"><span class="label">[119]</span></a> Wedmore is four miles and three quarters from Axbridge, in Somersetshire.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_120_120" id="Footnote_120_120"></a><a href="#FNanchor_120_120"><span class="label">[120]</span></a> In the Saxon Chronicle (<span class="smcap">a.d.</span> 878) it is said, that Gothrun was baptized +at Aller, and his <i>chrism-loosing</i> was at Wedmore. The <i>chrismal</i> was +a white linen cloth put on the head at the administration of baptism, which +was taken off at the expiration of eight days.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_121_121" id="Footnote_121_121"></a><a href="#FNanchor_121_121"><span class="label">[121]</span></a> Inhabitants of Gloucester, Worcester, and part of Warwickshire.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_122_122" id="Footnote_122_122"></a><a href="#FNanchor_122_122"><span class="label">[122]</span></a> This expression paints in strong colours the unfortunate and divided +state of England at this period, for it shows that the Danes had settled +possession of parts of it. In fact, all traces of the heptarchy, or ancient +division of the island into provinces, did not entirely disappear until some +years after the Norman conquest.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_123_123" id="Footnote_123_123"></a><a href="#FNanchor_123_123"><span class="label">[123]</span></a> Not the river Stour, in Kent; but the Stour which divides Essex from +Suffolk. Lambard fixes the battle at Harwich haven.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_124_124" id="Footnote_124_124"></a><a href="#FNanchor_124_124"><span class="label">[124]</span></a> Or, Old Saxons.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_125_125" id="Footnote_125_125"></a><a href="#FNanchor_125_125"><span class="label">[125]</span></a> St. Guerir's church was at Ham Stoke, in Cornwall.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_126_126" id="Footnote_126_126"></a><a href="#FNanchor_126_126"><span class="label">[126]</span></a> An interesting account of St. Neot will be found in Gorham's History +And Antiquities of Eynesbury and St. Neot's.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_127_127" id="Footnote_127_127"></a><a href="#FNanchor_127_127"><span class="label">[127]</span></a> Grimbald was provost of St. Omer's.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_128_128" id="Footnote_128_128"></a><a href="#FNanchor_128_128"><span class="label">[128]</span></a> John had been connected with the monastery of Corbie.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_129_129" id="Footnote_129_129"></a><a href="#FNanchor_129_129"><span class="label">[129]</span></a> East Dene [or Dean] and West Dene are two villages near Chichester. +There are also other villages of the same name near East Bourne.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_130_130" id="Footnote_130_130"></a><a href="#FNanchor_130_130"><span class="label">[130]</span></a> This expression alludes to the tonsure, which was undergone by those +who became clerks. For a description of the ecclesiastical tonsure see +Bede's Eccles. Hist. p. 160</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_131_131" id="Footnote_131_131"></a><a href="#FNanchor_131_131"><span class="label">[131]</span></a> The original Latin continues, "Et illa adjuvaretur per rudimenta +Sancti Degui in omni causa, tamen pro viribus," which I do not understand, +and therefore cannot translate.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_132_132" id="Footnote_132_132"></a><a href="#FNanchor_132_132"><span class="label">[132]</span></a> A petty prince of South Wales.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_133_133" id="Footnote_133_133"></a><a href="#FNanchor_133_133"><span class="label">[133]</span></a> Or St. Dewi. Probably by the <i>parish</i> of St. Deguus is meant the +<i>diocese</i> of St. David's. Hence it is said, that Alfred gave to Asser the +whole parish (omnis parochia) of Exeter.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_134_134" id="Footnote_134_134"></a><a href="#FNanchor_134_134"><span class="label">[134]</span></a> Archbishop of St. David's.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_135_135" id="Footnote_135_135"></a><a href="#FNanchor_135_135"><span class="label">[135]</span></a> Amesbury, in Wilts.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_136_136" id="Footnote_136_136"></a><a href="#FNanchor_136_136"><span class="label">[136]</span></a> In Somersetshire.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_137_137" id="Footnote_137_137"></a><a href="#FNanchor_137_137"><span class="label">[137]</span></a> Wessex.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_138_138" id="Footnote_138_138"></a><a href="#FNanchor_138_138"><span class="label">[138]</span></a> The whole of this paragraph concerning Oxford is thought to be an +interpolation, because it is not known to have existed in more than one +MS. copy.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_139_139" id="Footnote_139_139"></a><a href="#FNanchor_139_139"><span class="label">[139]</span></a> Hyde Abbey.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_140_140" id="Footnote_140_140"></a><a href="#FNanchor_140_140"><span class="label">[140]</span></a> This must consequently have been written in <span class="smcap">a.d.</span> 888.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_141_141" id="Footnote_141_141"></a><a href="#FNanchor_141_141"><span class="label">[141]</span></a> Wise conjectures that we ought to read Hiberiæ, <i>Spain</i>, and not +Hiberniæ, <i>Ireland</i>, in this passage.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_142_142" id="Footnote_142_142"></a><a href="#FNanchor_142_142"><span class="label">[142]</span></a> Not the celebrated John Scotus Eregina.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_143_143" id="Footnote_143_143"></a><a href="#FNanchor_143_143"><span class="label">[143]</span></a> Denarii.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_144_144" id="Footnote_144_144"></a><a href="#FNanchor_144_144"><span class="label">[144]</span></a> Unciæ pollicis.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_145_145" id="Footnote_145_145"></a><a href="#FNanchor_145_145"><span class="label">[145]</span></a> Some of the MSS. record, in a note or appendix written by a later +hand, that king Alfred died on the 26th of October, <span class="smcap">a.d.</span> 900, in the thirtieth +of his reign. "The different dates assigned to the death of Alfred," +says Sir Francis Palgrave, "afford a singular proof of the uncertainty arising +from various modes of computation. The Saxon Chronicle and Florence +of Worcester agree in placing the event in 901. The first 'six nights +before All Saints;' the last, with more precision, 'Indictione quarta, et +Feria quarta, 5 Cal. Nov.' Simon of Durham, in 889, and the Saxon +Chronicle, in another passage, in 900. The concurrents of Florence of +Worcester seem to afford the greatest certainty, and the date of 901 has +therefore been preferred."</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3>GEOFFREY OF MONMOUTH'S</h3> + +<h2>BRITISH HISTORY.</h2> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 88-89]</a></span></p> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3>GEOFFREY OF MONMOUTH'S</h3> +<h2>BRITISH HISTORY.</h2> + +<h3>BOOK I.</h3> + +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. I.</span>—<i>The epistle dedicatory to Robert earl of Gloucester.</i><a name="FNanchor_146_146" id="FNanchor_146_146"></a><a href="#Footnote_146_146" class="fnanchor">[146]</a></h3> + + +<p>Whilst occupied on many and various studies, I happened +to light upon the History of the Kings of Britain, and +wondered that in the account which Gildas and Bede, in +their elegant treatises, had given of them, I found nothing +said of those kings who lived here before the Incarnation of +Christ, nor of Arthur, and many others who succeeded after +the Incarnation; though their actions both deserved immortal +fame, and were also celebrated by many people in a pleasant +manner and by heart, as if they had been written. Whilst +I was intent upon these and such like thoughts, Walter, +archdeacon of Oxford,<a name="FNanchor_147_147" id="FNanchor_147_147"></a><a href="#Footnote_147_147" class="fnanchor">[147]</a> a man of great eloquence, and +learned in foreign histories, offered me a very ancient book +in the British tongue, which, in a continued regular story +and elegant style, related the actions of them all, from +Brutus the first king of the Britons, down to Cadwallader +the son of Cadwallo. At his request, therefore, though I +had not made fine language my study, by collecting florid +expressions from other authors, yet contented with my own +homely style, I undertook the translation of that book into +Latin. For if I had swelled the pages with rhetorical<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span> +flourishes, I must have tired my readers, by employing their +attention more upon my words than upon the history. To +you, therefore, Robert earl of Gloucester, this work humbly +sues for the favour of being so corrected by your advice, that +it may not be thought to be the poor offspring of Geoffrey of +Monmouth, but when polished by your refined wit and +judgment, the production of him who had Henry the glorious +king of England for his father, and whom we see an +accomplished scholar and philosopher, as well as a brave +soldier and expert commander; so that Britain with joy +acknowledges, that in you she possesses another Henry.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_146_146" id="Footnote_146_146"></a><a href="#FNanchor_146_146"><span class="label">[146]</span></a> Robert, earl of Gloucester was the natural son of king Henry I, by +whose command he swore fealty to the empress Matilda, daughter of that +monarch. To prove his fidelity, he rebelled against king Stephen, and +mainly contributed to the success of Henry son of the empress, afterwards +Henry II.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_147_147" id="Footnote_147_147"></a><a href="#FNanchor_147_147"><span class="label">[147]</span></a> Thought to be Walter Mapes the poet, author of several ludicrous +and satirical compositions.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. II.</span>—<i>The first inhabitants of Britain.</i></h3> + + +<p>Britain, the best of islands, is situated in the Western +Ocean, between France and Ireland, being eight hundred +miles long, and two hundred broad. It produces every +thing that is useful to man, with a plenty that never fails. +It abounds with all kinds of metal, and has plains of large +extent, and hills fit for the finest tillage, the richness of +whose soil affords variety of fruits in their proper seasons. +It has also forests well stored with all kinds of wild beasts; +in its lawns cattle find good change of pasture, and bees +variety of flowers for honey. Under its lofty mountains lie +green meadows pleasantly situated, in which the gentle +murmurs of crystal springs gliding along clear channels, +give those that pass an agreeable invitation to lie down on +their banks and slumber. It is likewise well watered with +lakes and rivers abounding with fish; and besides the +narrow sea which is on the Southern coast towards France, +there are three noble rivers, stretching out like three arms, +namely, the Thames, the Severn, and the Humber; by +which foreign commodities from all countries are brought +into it. It was formerly adorned with eight and twenty +cities,<a name="FNanchor_148_148" id="FNanchor_148_148"></a><a href="#Footnote_148_148" class="fnanchor">[148]</a> of which some are in ruins and desolate, others +are still standing, beautified with lofty church-towers, +wherein religious worship is performed according to the +Christian institution. It is lastly inhabited by five different +nations, the Britons, Romans, Saxons, Picts, and Scots;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span> +whereof the Britons before the rest did formerly possess +the whole island from sea to sea, till divine vengeance, +punishing them for their pride, made them give way to +the Picts and Saxons. But in what manner, and from +whence, they first arrived here, remains now to be related +in what follows.<a name="FNanchor_149_149" id="FNanchor_149_149"></a><a href="#Footnote_149_149" class="fnanchor">[149]</a></p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_148_148" id="Footnote_148_148"></a><a href="#FNanchor_148_148"><span class="label">[148]</span></a> The names of thirty-three cities will be found in Nennius's History of +the Britons, § 7.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_149_149" id="Footnote_149_149"></a><a href="#FNanchor_149_149"><span class="label">[149]</span></a> This brief description of Britain is taken almost word for word from +the more authentic historians, Bede, Orosius, &c.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. III.</span>—<i>Brutus, being banished after the killing of his parents, +goes into Greece.</i></h3> + + +<p>After the Trojan war, Æneas, flying with Ascanius from +the destruction of their city, sailed to Italy. There he was +honourably received by king Latinus, which raised against +him the envy of Turnus, king of the Rutuli, who thereupon +made war against him. Upon their engaging in battle, +Æneas got the victory, and having killed Turnus, obtained +the kingdom of Italy, and with it Lavinia the daughter of +Latinus. After his death, Ascanius, succeeding in the +kingdom, built Alba upon the Tiber, and begat a son named +Sylvius, who, in pursuit of a private amour, took to wife a +niece of Lavinia. The damsel soon after conceived, and the +father Ascanius, coming to the knowledge of it, commanded +his magicians to consult of what sex the child should be. +When they had satisfied themselves in the matter, they told +him she would give birth to a boy, who would kill his father +and mother, and after travelling over many countries in +banishment, would at last arrive at the highest pitch of +glory. Nor were they mistaken in their prediction; for at +the proper time the woman brought forth a son, and died of +his birth; but the child was delivered to a nurse and called +Brutus.</p> + +<p>At length, after fifteen years were expired, the youth +accompanied his father in hunting, and killed him undesignedly +by the shot of an arrow. For, as the servants +were driving up the deer towards them, Brutus, in shooting +at them, smote his father under the breast. Upon his death, +he was expelled from Italy, his kinsmen being enraged at +him for so heinous a deed. Thus banished he went into +Greece, where he found the posterity of Helenus, son of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span> +Priamus, kept in slavery by Pandrasus, king of the Greeks. +For, after the destruction of Troy, Pyrrhus, the son of +Achilles, had brought hither in chains Helenus and many +others; and to revenge on them the death of his father, had +given command that they should be held in captivity. +Brutus, finding they were by descent his old countrymen, +took up his abode among them, and began to distinguish +himself by his conduct and bravery in war, so as to gain the +affection of kings and commanders, and above all the young +men of the country. For he was esteemed a person of +great capacity both in council and war, and signalized his +generosity to his soldiers, by bestowing among them all the +money and spoil he got. His fame, therefore, spreading over +all countries, the Trojans from all parts began to flock to +him, desiring under his command to be freed from subjection +to the Greeks; which they assured him might easily be done, +considering how much their number was now increased in +the country, being seven thousand strong, besides women +and children. There was likewise then in Greece a noble +youth named Assaracus, a favourer of their cause. For he +was descended on his mother's side from the Trojans, and +placed great confidence in them, that he might be able by +their assistance to oppose the designs of the Greeks. For +his brother had a quarrel with him for attempting to deprive +him of three castles which his father had given him at his +death, on account of his being only the son of a concubine; +but as the brother was a Greek, both by his father's and +mother's side, he had prevailed with the king and the rest of +the Greeks to espouse his cause. Brutus, having taken a +view of the number of his men, and seen how Assaracus's +castles lay open to him, complied with their request.<a name="FNanchor_150_150" id="FNanchor_150_150"></a><a href="#Footnote_150_150" class="fnanchor">[150]</a></p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_150_150" id="Footnote_150_150"></a><a href="#FNanchor_150_150"><span class="label">[150]</span></a> It is unnecessary to remind the classical reader that the historians of +Greece and Italy make no mention of Brutus and his adventures. The +minuteness of detail, so remarkable in the whole story, as related by +Geoffrey, is an obvious objection to its authenticity.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. IV.</span>—<i>Brutus's letter to Pandrasus.</i></h3> + + +<p>Being, therefore, chosen their commander, he assembled the +Trojans from all parts, and fortified the towns belonging to +Assaracus. But he himself, with Assaracus and the whole<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span> +body of men and women that adhered to him, retired to the +woods and hills, and then sent a letter to the king in these +words:—</p> + +<p>"Brutus, general of the remainder of the Trojans, to +Pandrasus, king of the Greeks, sends greeting. As it was +beneath the dignity of a nation descended from the illustrious +race of Dardanus, to be treated in your kingdom +otherwise than the nobility of their birth required, they +have betaken themselves to the protection of the woods. +For they have preferred living after the manner of wild +beasts, upon flesh and herbs, with the enjoyment of liberty, +to continuing longer in the greatest luxury under the yoke +of slavery. If this gives your majesty any offence, impute +it not to them, but pardon it; since it is the common sentiment +of every captive, to be desirous of regaining his former +dignity. Let pity therefore move you to bestow on them +freely their lost liberty, and permit them to inhabit the +thickest of the woods, to which they have retired to avoid +slavery. But if you deny them this favour, then by your +permission and assistance let them depart into some foreign +country."</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. V.</span>—<i>Brutus falling upon the forces of Pandrasus by surprise, +routs them, and takes Antigonus, the brother of Pandrasus, with Anacletus, prisoner.</i></h3> + + +<p>Pandrasus, perceiving the purport of the letter, was beyond +measure surprised at the boldness of such a message +from those whom he had kept in slavery; and having called +a council of his nobles, he determined to raise an army in +order to pursue them. But while he was upon his march to +the deserts, where he thought they were, and to the town of +Sparatinum, Brutus made a sally with three thousand men, +and fell upon him unawares. For having intelligence of his +coming, he had got into the town the night before, with a +design to break forth upon them unexpectedly, while unarmed +and marching without order. The sally being made, +the Trojans briskly attack them, and endeavour to make a +great slaughter. The Greeks, astonished, immediately give +way on all sides, and with the king at their head, hasten to +pass the river Akalon,<a name="FNanchor_151_151" id="FNanchor_151_151"></a><a href="#Footnote_151_151" class="fnanchor">[151]</a> which runs near the place; but in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span> +passing are in great danger from the rapidity of the stream. +Brutus galls them in their flight, and kills some of them in +the stream, and some upon the banks; and running to and +fro, rejoices to see them in both places exposed to ruin. +But Antigonus, the brother of Pandrasus, grieved at this +sight, rallied his scattered troops, and made a quick return +upon the furious Trojans; for he rather chose to die making +a brave resistance, than to be drowned in a muddy pool in a +shameful flight. Thus attended with a close body of men, +he encouraged them to stand their ground, and employed +his whole force against the enemy with great vigour, but to +little or no purpose; for the Trojans had arms, but the others +none; and from this advantage they were more eager in the +pursuit, and made a miserable slaughter; nor did they give +over the assault till they had made nearly a total destruction, +and taken Antigonus, and Anacletus his companion +prisoners.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_151_151" id="Footnote_151_151"></a><a href="#FNanchor_151_151"><span class="label">[151]</span></a> The Achelous, or perhaps the Acheron.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. VI.</span>—<i>The town of Sparatinum besieged by Pandrasus.</i></h3> + + +<p>Brutus, after the victory, reinforced the town with six hundred +men, and then retired to the woods, where the Trojan +people were expecting his protection. In the meantime +Pandrasus, grieving at his own flight and his brother's +captivity, endeavoured that night to re-assemble his broken +forces, and the next morning went with a body of his people +which he had got together, to besiege the town, into which +he supposed Brutus had put himself with Antigonus and the +rest of the prisoners that he had taken. As soon as he was +arrived at the walls, and had viewed the situation of the +castle, he divided his army into several bodies, and placed +them round it in different stations. One party was charged +not to suffer any of the besieged to go out; another to turn +the courses of the rivers; and a third to beat down the walls +with battering rams and other engines. In obedience to +those commands, they laboured with their utmost force to +distress the besieged; and night coming on, made choice of +their bravest men to defend their camp and tents from the +incursions of the enemy, while the rest, who were fatigued +with labour, refreshed themselves with sleep.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. VII.</span>—<i>The besieged ask assistance of Brutus.</i></h3> + + +<p>But the besieged, standing on the top of the walls, were no +less vigorous to repel the force of the enemies' engines, and +assault them with their own, and cast forth darts and firebrands +with a unanimous resolution to make a valiant defence. +And when a breach was made through the wall, +they compelled the enemy to retire, by throwing upon them +fire and scalding water. But being distressed through +scarcity of provision and daily labour, they sent an urgent +message to Brutus, to hasten to their assistance, for they +were afraid they might be so weakened as to be obliged to +quit the town. Brutus, though desirous of relieving them, +was under great perplexity, as he had not men enough to +stand a pitched battle, and therefore made use of a stratagem, +by which he proposed to enter the enemies' camp by +night, and having deceived their watch to kill them in their +sleep. But because he knew this was impracticable without +the concurrence and assistance of some Greeks, he called to +him Anacletus, the companion of Antigonus, and with a +drawn sword in his hand, spake to him after this manner:—</p> + +<p>"Noble youth! your own and Antigonus's life is now at +an end, unless you will faithfully perform what I command +you. This night I design to invade the camp of the Greeks, +and fall upon them unawares, but am afraid of being hindered +in the attempt if the watch should discover the stratagem. +Since it will be necessary, therefore, to have them +killed first, I desire to make use of you to deceive them, that +I may have the easier access to the rest. Do you therefore +manage this affair cunningly. At the second hour of the +night go to the watch, and with fair speeches tell them that +you have brought away Antigonus from prison, and that he +is come to the bottom of the woods, where he lies hid among +the shrubs, and cannot get any farther, by reason of the +fetters with which you shall pretend that he is bound. +Then you shall conduct them, as if it were to deliver him, +to the end of the wood, where I will attend with a band of +men ready to kill them."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. VIII.</span>—<i>Anacletus, in fear of death, betrays the army of the Greeks.</i></h3> + + +<p>Anacletus, seeing the sword threatening him with immediate +death while these words were being pronounced, was +so terrified as to promise upon oath, that on condition he +and Antigonus should have longer life granted them, he +would execute his command. Accordingly, the agreement +being confirmed, at the second hour of the night he directs +his way towards the Grecian camp, and when he was come +near to it, the watch, who were then narrowly examining all +the places where any one could hide, ran out from all parts +to meet him, and demanded the occasion of his coming, and +whether it was not to betray the army. He, with a show of +great joy, made the following answer:—"I come not to betray +my country, but having made my escape from the prison +of the Trojans, I fly thither to desire you would go with me +to Antigonus, whom I have delivered from Brutus's chains. +For being not able to come with me for the weight of his +fetters, I have a little while ago caused him to lie hid among +the shrubs at the end of the wood, till I could meet with +some one whom I might conduct to his assistance." While +they were in suspense about the truth of this story, there +came one who knew him, and after he had saluted him, told +them who he was; so that now, without any hesitation, they +quickly called their absent companions, and followed him to +the wood where he had told them Antigonus lay hid. But +at length, as they were going among the shrubs, Brutus with +his armed bands springs forth, and falls upon them, while +under the greatest astonishment, with a most cruel slaughter. +From thence he marches directly to the siege, and divides +his men into three bands, assigning to each of them a different +part of the camp, and telling them to advance discreetly, +and without noise; and when entered, not to kill +any body till he with his company should be possessed of +the king's tent, and should cause the trumpet to sound for a +signal.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. IX.</span>—<i>The taking of Pandrasus.</i></h3> + + +<p>When he had given them these instructions, they forthwith +softly entered the camp in silence, and taking their appointed +stations, awaited the promised signal, which Brutus delayed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span> +not to give as soon as he had got before the tent of Pandrasus, +to assault which was the thing he most desired. At +hearing the signal, they forthwith draw their swords, enter +in among the men in their sleep, make quick destruction of +them, and allowing no quarter, in this manner traverse the +whole camp. The rest, awaked at the groans of the dying, +and seeing their assailants, were like sheep seized with a +sudden fear; for they despaired of life, since they had +neither time to take arms, nor to escape by flight. They +run up and down without arms among the armed, whithersoever +the fury of the assault hurries them, but are on all +sides cut down by the enemy rushing in. Some that might +have escaped, were in the eagerness of flight dashed against +rocks, trees, or shrubs, and increased the misery of their +death. Others, that had only a shield, or some such covering +for their defence, in venturing upon the same rocks to +avoid death, fell down in the hurry and darkness of the +night, and broke either legs or arms. Others, that escaped +both these disasters, but did not know whither to fly, were +drowned in the adjacent rivers; and scarcely one got away +without some unhappy accident befalling him. Besides, the +garrison in the town, upon notice of the coming of their +fellow soldiers, sallied forth, and redoubled the slaughter.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. X.</span>—<i>A consultation about what is to be asked of the captive king.</i></h3> + + +<p>But Brutus, as I said before, having possessed himself of +the king's tent, made it his business to keep him a safe prisoner; +for he knew he could more easily attain his ends by +preserving his life than by killing him; but the party that +was with him, allowing no quarter, made an utter destruction +in that part which they had gained. The night being +spent in this manner, when the next morning discovered to +their view so great an overthrow of the enemy, Brutus, in +transports of joy, gave full liberty to his men to do what +they pleased with the plunder, and then entered the town +with the king, to stay there till they had shared it among +them; which done, he again fortified the castle, gave orders +for burying the slain, and retired with his forces to the +woods in great joy for the victory. After the rejoicings of +his people on this occasion, their renowned general sum<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span>moned +the oldest of them and asked their advice, what he +had best desire of Pandrasus, who, being now in their +power, would readily grant whatever they would request of +him, in order to regain his liberty. They, according to +their different fancies, desired different things; some urged +him to request that a certain part of the kingdom might be +assigned them for their habitation; others that he would +demand leave to depart, and to be supplied with necessaries +for their voyage. After they had been a long time in +suspense what to do, one of them, named Mempricius, rose +up, and having made silence, spoke to them thus:—</p> + +<p>"What can be the occasion of your suspense, fathers, in a +matter which I think so much concerns your safety? The +only thing you can request, with any prospect of a firm +peace and security to yourselves and your posterity, is +liberty to depart. For if you make no better terms with +Pandrasus for his life than only to have some part of the +country assigned you to live among the Greeks, you will +never enjoy a lasting peace while the brothers, sons, or +grandsons of those whom you killed yesterday shall continue +to be your neighbours. So long as the memory of their +fathers' deaths shall remain, they will be your mortal enemies, +and upon the least trifling provocation will endeavour +to revenge themselves. Nor will you be sufficiently numerous +to withstand so great a multitude of people. And if +you shall happen to fall out among yourselves, their number +will daily increase, yours diminish. I propose, therefore, +that you request of him his eldest daughter, Ignoge, for a +wife for our general, and with her, gold, silver, corn, and +whatever else shall be necessary for our voyage. If we +obtain this, we may with his leave remove to some other +country."</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XI.</span>—<i>Pandrasus gives his daughter Ignoge in marriage to Brutus, +who, after his departure from Greece, falls upon a desert island, where +he is told by the oracle of Diana what place he is to inhabit.</i></h3> + + +<p>When he had ended his speech, in words to this effect, the +whole assembly acquiesced in his advice, and moved that +Pandrasus might be brought in among them, and condemned +to a most cruel death unless he would grant this request. +He was immediately brought in, and being placed in a chair<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span> +above the rest, and informed of the tortures prepared for +him unless he would do what was commanded him, he made +them this answer:—</p> + +<p>"Since my ill fate has delivered me and my brother Antigonus +into your hands, I can do no other than grant your +request, lest a refusal may cost us our lives, which are now +entirely in your power. In my opinion life is preferable to +all other considerations; therefore, wonder not that I am +willing to redeem it at so great a price. But though it is +against my inclination that I obey your commands, yet it +seems matter of comfort to me that I am to give my daughter +to so noble a youth, whose descent from the illustrious +race of Priamus and Anchises is clear, both from that greatness +of mind which appears in him, and the certain accounts +we have had of it. For who less than he could have released +from their chains the banished Trojans, when reduced +under slavery to so many great princes? Who else could +have encouraged them to make head against the Greeks? or +with so small a body of men vanquished so numerous and +powerful an army, and taken their king prisoner in the +engagement? And, therefore, since this noble youth has +gained so much glory by the opposition which he has made +to me, I give him my daughter Ignoge, and also gold, silver, +ships, corn, wine, and oil, and whatever you shall find necessary +for your voyage. If you shall alter your resolution, +and think fit to continue among the Greeks, I will grant you +the third part of my kingdom for your habitation; if not, +I will faithfully perform my promise, and for your greater +security will stay as a hostage among you till I have made +it good."</p> + +<p>Accordingly he held a council, and directed messengers to +all the shores of Greece, to get ships together; which done, +he delivered them to the Trojans, to the number of three +hundred and twenty-four, laden with all kinds of provision, +and married his daughter to Brutus. He made also a present +of gold and silver to each man according to his quality. +When everything was performed the king was set at liberty; +and the Trojans, now released from his power, set sail with +a fair wind. But Ignoge, standing upon the stern of the +ship, swooned away several times in Brutus's arms, and with +many sighs and tears lamented the leaving her parents and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span> +country, nor ever turned her eyes from the shore while it +was in sight. Brutus, meanwhile, endeavoured to assuage +her grief by kind words and embraces intermixed with +kisses, and ceased not from these blandishments till she +grew weary of crying and fell asleep. During these and +other accidents, the winds continued fair for two days and a +night together, when at length they arrived at a certain +island called Leogecia, which had been formerly wasted by +the incursions of pirates, and was then uninhabited. Brutus, +not knowing this, sent three hundred armed men ashore +to see who inhabited it; but they finding nobody, killed +several kinds of wild beasts which they met with in the +groves and woods, and came to a desolate city, in which they +found a temple of Diana, and in it a statue of that goddess +which gave answers to those that came to consult her. At +last, loading themselves with the prey which they had taken +in hunting, they return to their ships, and give their companions +an account of this country and city. Then they +advised their leader to go to the city, and after offering +sacrifices, to inquire of the deity of the place, what country +was allotted them for their place of settlement. To this +proposal all assented; so that Brutus, attended with Gerion, +the augur, and twelve of the oldest men, set forward to the +temple, with all things necessary for the sacrifice. Being +arrived at the place, and presenting themselves before the +shrine with garlands about their temples, as the ancient +rites required, they made three fires to the three deities, +Jupiter, Mercury, and Diana, and offered sacrifices to each +of them. Brutus himself, holding before the altar of the +goddess a consecrated vessel filled with wine, and the blood +of a white hart, with his face looking up to the image, broke +silence in these words:—</p> + +<p style="margin-left:6em;"> +"Diva potens nemorum, terror sylvestribus apris;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cui licet amfractus ire per æthereos,</span><br /> +Infernasque domos; terrestria jura resolve,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Et dic quas terras nos habitare velis?</span><br /> +Dic certam sedem qua te venerabor in ævum,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Qua tibi virgineis templa dicabo choris?"</span><br /> +<br /> +Goddess of woods, tremendous in the chase<br /> +To mountain boars, and all the savage race!<br /> +Wide o'er the ethereal walks extends thy sway,<br /> +And o'er the infernal mansions void of day!<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span>Look upon us on earth! unfold our fate,<br /> +And say what region is our destined seat?<br /> +Where shall we next thy lasting temples raise?<br /> +And choirs of virgins celebrate thy praise?<br /> +</p> + +<p>These words he repeated nine times, after which he took +four turns round the altar, poured the wine into the fire, and +then laid himself down upon the hart's skin, which he had +spread before the altar, where he fell asleep. About the +third hour of the night, the usual time for deep sleep, the +goddess seemed to present herself before him, and foretell +his future success as follows:—</p> + +<p style="margin-left:6em;"> +"Brute! sub occasum solis trans Gallica regna<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Insula in oceano est undique clausa mari:</span><br /> +Insula in oceano est habitata gigantibus olim,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nunc deserta quidem, gentibus apta tuis.</span><br /> +Hanc pete, namque tibi sedes erit illa perennis:<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sic fiet natis altera Troja tuis.</span><br /> +Sic de prole tua reges nascentur: et ipsis<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Totius terræ subditus orbis erit."</span><br /> +<br /> +Brutus! there lies beyond the Gallic bounds<br /> +An island which the western sea surrounds,<br /> +By giants once possessed; now few remain<br /> +To bar thy entrance, or obstruct thy reign.<br /> +To reach that happy shore thy sails employ;<br /> +There fate decrees to raise a second Troy,<br /> +And found an empire in thy royal line,<br /> +Which time shall ne'er destroy, nor bounds confine.<br /> +</p> + +<p>Awakened by the vision, he was for some time in doubt +with himself, whether what he had seen was a dream or a +real appearance of the goddess herself, foretelling to what +land he should go. At last he called to his companions, and +related to them in order the vision he had in his sleep, at +which they very much rejoiced, and were urgent to return +to their ships, and while the wind favoured them, to hasten +their voyage towards the west, in pursuit of what the goddess +had promised. Without delay, therefore, they returned +to their company, and set sail again, and after a course of +thirty days came to Africa, being ignorant as yet whither to +steer. From thence they came to the Philenian altars, and +to a place called Salinæ, and sailed between Ruscicada and +the mountains of Azara,<a name="FNanchor_152_152" id="FNanchor_152_152"></a><a href="#Footnote_152_152" class="fnanchor">[152]</a> where they underwent great dan<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span>ger +from pirates, whom, notwithstanding, they vanquished, +and enriched themselves with their spoils.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_152_152" id="Footnote_152_152"></a><a href="#FNanchor_152_152"><span class="label">[152]</span></a> It is probably impossible to discover whether these names describe existing +places, or are purely the invention of the author.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XII.</span>—<i>Brutus enters Aquitaine with Corineus.</i></h3> + + +<p>From thence, passing the river Malua, they arrived at +Mauritania, where at last, for want of provisions, they +were obliged to go ashore; and, dividing themselves into +several bands, they laid waste the whole country. When +they had well stored their ships, they steered to the Pillars +of Hercules, where they saw some of those sea monsters, +called Syrens, which surrounded their ships, and very nearly +overturned them. However, they made a shift to escape, +and came to the Tyrrhenian Sea, upon the shores of which +they found four several nations descended from the banished +Trojans, that had accompanied Antenor<a name="FNanchor_153_153" id="FNanchor_153_153"></a><a href="#Footnote_153_153" class="fnanchor">[153]</a> in his flight. The +name of their commander was Corineus, a modest man in +matters of council, and of great courage and boldness, who, +in an encounter with any person, even of gigantic stature, +would immediately overthrow him, as if he were a child. +When they understood from whom he was descended, they +joined company with him and those under his government, +who from the name of their leader were afterwards called +the Cornish people, and indeed were more serviceable to +Brutus than the rest in all his engagements. From thence +they came to Aquitaine, and entering the mouth of the +Loire, cast anchor. There they stayed seven days and +viewed the country. Goffarius Pictus, who was king of +Aquitaine at that time, having an account brought him of +the arrival of a foreign people with a great fleet upon his +coasts, sent ambassadors to them to demand whether they +brought with them peace or war. The ambassadors, on +their way towards the fleet, met Corineus, who was come +out with two hundred men, to hunt in the woods. They +demanded of him, who gave him leave to enter the king's +forests, and kill his game; (which by an ancient law nobody +was allowed to do without leave from the prince.) Corineus +answered, that as for that matter there was no occasion for +asking leave; upon which one of them, named Imbertus, +rushing forward, with a full drawn bow levelled a shot at<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span> +him. Corineus avoids the arrow and immediately runs up +to him, and with his bow in his hand breaks his head. The +rest narrowly escaped, and carried the news of this disaster +to Goffarius. The Pictavian general was struck with sorrow +for it, and immediately raised a vast army, to revenge the +death of his ambassador. Brutus, on the other hand, upon +hearing the rumour of his coming, sends away the women +and children to the ships, which he took care to be well +guarded, and commands them to stay there, while he, with +the rest that were able to bear arms, should go to meet the +army. At last an assault being made, a bloody fight ensued: +in which after a great part of the day had been spent, Corineus +was ashamed to see the Aquitanians so bravely stand +their ground, and the Trojans maintaining the fight without +victory. He therefore takes fresh courage, and drawing off +his men to the right wing, breaks in upon the very thickest +of the enemies, where he made such slaughter on every side, +that at last he broke the line and put them all to flight. In +this encounter he lost his sword, but by good fortune, met +with a battle-axe, with which he clave down to the waist +every one that stood in his way. Brutus and every body +else, both friends and enemies, were amazed at his courage +and strength, for he brandished about his battle-axe among +the flying troops, and terrified them not a little with these +insulting words, "Whither fly ye, cowards? whither fly ye, +base wretches? stand your ground, that ye may encounter +Corineus. What! for shame! do so many thousands of you +fly one man? However, take this comfort for your flight, +that you are pursued by one, before whom the Tyrrhenian +giants could not stand their ground, but fell down slain in +heaps together."</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_153_153" id="Footnote_153_153"></a><a href="#FNanchor_153_153"><span class="label">[153]</span></a> See Virgil's Æneid i, 241.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XIII.</span>—<i>Goffarius routed by Brutus.</i></h3> + + +<p>At these words one of them, named Subardus, who was a +consul, returns with three hundred men to assault him; but +Corineus with his shield wards off the blow, and lifting up +his battle-axe gave him such a stroke upon the top of his +helmet, that at once he clave him down to the waist; and +then rushing upon the rest he made terrible slaughter by +wheeling about his battle-axe among them, and, running to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span> +and fro, seemed more anxious to inflict blows on the enemy +than careful to avoid those which they aimed at him. Some +had their hands and arms, some their very shoulders, some +again their heads, and others their legs cut off by him. All +fought with him only, and he alone seemed to fight with all. +Brutus seeing him thus beset, out of regard to him, runs +with a band of men to his assistance: at which the battle is +again renewed with vigour and with loud shouts, and great +numbers slain on both sides. But now the Trojans presently +gain the victory, and put Goffarius with his Pictavians to +flight. The king after a narrow escape went to several +parts of Gaul, to procure succours among such princes as +were related or known to him. At that time Gaul was subject +to twelve princes, who with equal authority possessed the +whole country. These receive him courteously, and promise +with one consent to expel the foreigners from Aquitaine.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XIV.</span>—<i>Brutus, after his victory with Goffarius, ravages Aquitaine +with fire and sword.</i></h3> + + +<p>Brutus, in joy for the victory, enriches his men with the +spoils of the slain, and then, dividing them into several +bodies, marches into the country with a design to lay it +waste, and load his fleet with the spoil. With this view +he sets the cities on fire, seizes the riches that were in them, +destroys the fields, and makes dreadful slaughter among the +citizens and common people, being unwilling to leave so +much as one alive of that wretched nation. While he was +making this destruction over all Aquitaine, he came to a +place where the city of Tours now stands, which he afterwards +built, as Homer testifies. As soon as he had looked +out a place convenient for the purpose, he pitched his camp +there, for a place of safe retreat, when occasion should require. +For he was afraid on account of Goffarius's approach +with the kings and princes of Gaul, and a very great army, +which was now come near the place, ready to give him +battle. Having therefore finished his camp, he expected to +engage with Goffarius in two days' time, placing the utmost +confidence in the conduct and courage of the young men +under his command.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XV.</span>—<i>Goffarius's fight with Brutus.</i></h3> + + +<p>Goffarius, being informed that the Trojans were in those +parts, marched day and night, till he came within a close +view of Brutus's camp; and then with a stern look and +disdainful smile, broke out into these expressions, "Oh +wretched fate! Have these base exiles made a camp also +in my kingdom? Arm, arm, soldiers, and march through +their thickest ranks: we shall soon take these pitiful fellows +like sheep, and disperse them throughout our kingdom for +slaves." At these words they prepared their arms, and advanced +in twelve bodies towards the enemy. Brutus, on the +other hand, with his forces drawn up in order, went forth +boldly to meet them, and gave his men directions for their +conduct, where they should assault and where they should +be upon the defensive. At the beginning of the attack, the +Trojans had the advantage, and made a rapid slaughter of +the enemy, of whom there fell near two thousand, which so +terrified the rest, that they were on the point of running +away. But, as the victory generally falls to that side which +has very much the superiority in numbers, so the Gauls, +being three to one in number, though overpowered at first, +yet at last joining in a great body together, broke in upon +the Trojans, and forced them to retire to their camp with +much slaughter. The victory thus gained, they besieged +them in their camp, with a design not to suffer them to stir +out until they should either surrender themselves prisoners, +or be cruelly starved to death with a long famine.</p> + +<p>In the meantime, Corineus the night following entered +into consultation with Brutus, and proposed to go out that +night by by-ways, and conceal himself in an adjacent wood +till break of day; and while Brutus should sally forth upon +the enemy in the morning twilight, he with his company +would surprise them from behind and put them to slaughter. +Brutus was pleased with this stratagem of Corineus, who +according to his engagement got out cunningly with three +thousand men, and put himself under the covert of the +woods. As soon as it was day Brutus marshalled his men +and opened the camp to go out to fight. The Gauls meet +him and begin the engagement: many thousands fall on +both sides, neither party giving quarter. There was present<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span> +a Trojan, named Turonus, the nephew of Brutus, inferior to +none but Corineus in courage and strength of body. He +alone with his sword killed six hundred men, but at last was +unfortunately slain himself by the number of Gauls that +rushed upon him. From him the city of Tours derived its +name, because he was buried there. While both armies +were thus warmly engaged, Corineus came upon them unawares, +and fell fiercely upon the rear of the enemy, which +put new courage into his friends on the other side, and made +them exert themselves with increased vigour. The Gauls +were astonished at the very shout of Corineus's men, and +thinking their number to be much greater than it really was, +they hastily quitted the field; but the Trojans pursued them, +and killed them in the pursuit, nor did they desist till they +had gained a complete victory. Brutus, though in joy for +this great success, was yet afflicted to observe the number of +his forces daily lessened, while that of the enemy increased +more and more. He was in suspense for some time, whether +he had better continue the war or not, but at last he determined +to return to his ships while the greater part of his +followers was yet safe, and hitherto victorious, and to go in +quest of the island which the goddess had told him of. So +without further delay, with the consent of his company, he +repaired to the fleet, and loading it with the riches and +spoils he had taken, set sail with a fair wind towards the +promised island, and arrived on the coast of Totness.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XVI.</span>—<i>Albion divided between Brutus and Corineus.</i></h3> + + +<p>The island was then called Albion,<a name="FNanchor_154_154" id="FNanchor_154_154"></a><a href="#Footnote_154_154" class="fnanchor">[154]</a> and was inhabited by +none but a few giants. Notwithstanding this, the pleasant +situation of the places, the plenty of rivers abounding with +fish, and the engaging prospect of its woods, made Brutus +and his company very desirous to fix their habitation in it. +They therefore passed through all the provinces, forced the +giants to fly into the caves of the mountains, and divided the +country among them according to the directions of their<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span> +commander. After this they began to till the ground and +build houses, so that in a little time the country looked like +a place that had been long inhabited. At last Brutus called +the island after his own name Britain, and his companions +Britons; for by these means he desired to perpetuate the +memory of his name. From whence afterwards the language +of the nation, which at first bore the name of Trojan, +or rough Greek, was called British. But Corineus, in +imitation of his leader, called that part of the island which +fell to his share, Corinea, and his people Corineans, after his +name; and though he had his choice of the provinces before +all the rest, yet he preferred this country, which is now +called in Latin Cornubia, either from its being in the shape +of a horn (in Latin Cornu), or from the corruption of the +said name.<a name="FNanchor_155_155" id="FNanchor_155_155"></a><a href="#Footnote_155_155" class="fnanchor">[155]</a> For it was a diversion to him to encounter the +said giants, which were in greater numbers there than in all +the other provinces that fell to the share of his companions. +Among the rest was one detestable monster, named Goëmagot, +in stature twelve cubits, and of such prodigious strength +that at one shake he pulled up an oak as if it had been a +hazel wand. On a certain day, when Brutus was holding a +solemn festival to the gods, in the port where they at first +landed, this giant with twenty more of his companions came +in upon the Britons, among whom he made a dreadful +slaughter. But the Britons at last assembling together in a +body, put them to the rout, and killed them every one but +Goëmagot. Brutus had given orders to have him preserved +alive, out of a desire to see a combat between him and Corineus, +who took a great pleasure in such encounters. Corineus, +overjoyed at this, prepared himself, and throwing +aside his arms, challenged him to wrestle with him. At the +beginning of the encounter, Corineus and the giant, standing, +front to front, held each other strongly in their arms, +and panted aloud for breath; but Goëmagot presently grasping +Corineus with all his might, broke three of his ribs, two +on his right side and one on his left. At which Corineus, +highly enraged, roused up his whole strength, and snatching +him upon his shoulders, ran with him, as fast as the weight +would allow him, to the next shore, and there getting upon<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span> +the top of a high rock, hurled down the savage monster into +the sea; where falling on the sides of craggy rocks, he was +torn to pieces, and coloured the waves with his blood. The +place where he fell, taking its name from the giant's fall, +is called Lam Goëmagot, that is, Goëmagot's Leap, to this +day.<a name="FNanchor_156_156" id="FNanchor_156_156"></a><a href="#Footnote_156_156" class="fnanchor">[156]</a></p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_154_154" id="Footnote_154_154"></a><a href="#FNanchor_154_154"><span class="label">[154]</span></a> The earliest real notice of Albion occurs in a work attributed to Aristotle +[De Mundo, sec. 3], who wrote, before Christ 340, "Beyond the +Pillars of Hercules is the ocean which flows round the earth. In it are +two very large islands, called Britannic; these are Albion and Ierne," &c.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_155_155" id="Footnote_155_155"></a><a href="#FNanchor_155_155"><span class="label">[155]</span></a> The etymology of the word Cornwall, as if Cornu-Galliæ or Walliæ, +is equally imaginary.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_156_156" id="Footnote_156_156"></a><a href="#FNanchor_156_156"><span class="label">[156]</span></a> It is now called the Haw, and is near Plymouth.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XVII.</span>—<i>The building of new Troy by Brutus, upon the river +Thames.</i></h3> + + +<p>Brutus, having thus at last set eyes upon his kingdom, +formed a design of building a city, and with this view, travelled +through the land to find out a convenient situation, +and coming to the river Thames, he walked along the shore, +and at last pitched upon a place very fit for his purpose. +Here, therefore, he built a city, which he called New Troy; +under which name it continued a long time after, till at last, +by the corruption of the original word, it come to be called +Trinovantum. But afterwards when Lud, the brother of +Cassibellaun, who made war against Julius Cæsar, obtained +the government of the kingdom, he surrounded it with +stately walls, and towers of admirable workmanship, and +ordered it to be called after his name, Kaer-Lud, that is, the +City of Lud.<a name="FNanchor_157_157" id="FNanchor_157_157"></a><a href="#Footnote_157_157" class="fnanchor">[157]</a> But this very thing became afterwards the +occasion of a great quarrel between him and his brother +Nennius, who took offence at his abolishing the name of +Troy in this country. Of this quarrel Gildas the historian +has given a full account; for which reason I pass it over, for +fear of debasing by my account of it, what so great a writer +has so eloquently related.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_157_157" id="Footnote_157_157"></a><a href="#FNanchor_157_157"><span class="label">[157]</span></a> This is the city now called London, and it is evident that the writer +wishes it to be supposed that the modern name is derived from the ancient, +as if it were Lud-ton or Lud-don. The first notice of London found in +authentic history occurs in Tacitus, Annal. lib. xiv. c. 33, the second notice +in Ptolemy, <span class="smcap">a.d.</span> 120, lib. i. 15.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XVIII.</span>—<i>New Troy being built, and laws made for the government +of it, it is given to the citizens that were to inhabit it.</i></h3> + + +<p>After Brutus had finished the building of the city, he made +choice of the citizens that were to inhabit it, and prescribed +them laws for their peaceable government. At this time<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span> +Eli the priest governed in Judea, and the ark of the covenant +was taken by the Philistines. At the same time, +also, the sons of Hector, after the expulsion of the posterity +of Antenor, reigned in Troy; as in Italy did Sylvius Æneas, +the son of Æneas, the uncle of Brutus, and the third king +of the Latins.<a name="FNanchor_158_158" id="FNanchor_158_158"></a><a href="#Footnote_158_158" class="fnanchor">[158]</a></p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_158_158" id="Footnote_158_158"></a><a href="#FNanchor_158_158"><span class="label">[158]</span></a> From this statement it would follow that the arrival of Brutus in +Britain is to be placed about the year 1100 before Christ.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3>BOOK II.</h3> + +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. I.</span>—<i>After the death of Brutus, his three sons succeed him in the +kingdom.</i></h3> + + +<p>During these transactions, Brutus had by his wife Ignoge +three famous sons, whose names were Locrin, Albanact, and +Kamber. These, after their father's death, which happened +in the twenty-fourth year after his arrival, buried him in the +city which he had built, and then having divided the kingdom +of Britain among them, retired each to his government. +Locrin, the eldest, possessed the middle part of the island, +called afterwards from his name, Loegria. Kamber had that +part which lies beyond the river Severn, now called Wales, +but which was for a long time named Kambria; and hence +that people still call themselves in their British tongue Kambri. +Albanact, the younger brother, possessed the country +he called Albania, now Scotland. After they had a long +time reigned in peace together, Humber, king of the Huns, +arrived in Albania, and having killed Albanact in battle, +forced his people to fly to Locrin for protection.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. II.</span>—<i>Locrin, having routed Humber, falls in love with Estrildis.</i></h3> + + +<p>Locrin, at hearing this news, joined his brother Kamber, +and went with the whole strength of the kingdom to meet +the king of the Huns, near the river now called Humber, +where he gave him battle, and put him to the rout. Humber +made towards the river in his flight, and was drowned in it, +on account of which it has since borne his name. Locrin,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span> +after the victory, bestowed the plunder of the enemy upon +his own men, reserving for himself the gold and silver +which he found in the ships, together with three virgins of +admirable beauty, whereof one was the daughter of a king +in Germany, whom with the other two Humber had forcibly +brought away with him, after he had ruined their country. +Her name was Estrildis, and her beauty such as was hardly +to be matched. No ivory or new-fallen snow, no lily could +exceed the whiteness of her skin. Locrin, smitten with +love, would have gladly married her, at which Corineus was +extremely incensed, on account of the engagement which +Locrin had entered into with him to marry his daughter.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. III.</span>—<i>Corineus resents the affront put upon his daughter.</i></h3> + + +<p>He went, therefore, to the king, and wielding a battle-axe +in his right hand, vented his rage against him in these +words: "Do you thus reward me, Locrin, for the many +wounds which I have suffered under your father's command +in his wars with strange nations, that you must slight my +daughter, and debase yourself to marry a barbarian? +While there is strength in this right hand, that has been destructive +to so many giants upon the Tyrrhenian coasts, I +will never put up with this affront." And repeating this +again and again with a loud voice, he shook his battle-axe +as if he was going to strike him, till the friends of both +interposed, and after they had appeased Corineus, obliged +Locrin to perform his agreement.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. IV.</span>—<i>Locrin at last marries Guendolœna, the daughter of +Corineus.</i></h3> + + +<p>Locrin therefore married Corineus's daughter, named +Guendolœna, yet still retained his love for Estrildis, for +whom he made apartments under ground, in which he +entertained her, and caused her to be honourably attended. +For he was resolved at least to carry on a private amour +with her, since he could not live with her openly for fear of +Corineus. In this manner he concealed her, and made +frequent visits to her for seven years together, without the +privity of any but his most intimate domestics; and all +under a pretence of performing some secret sacrifices to his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span> +gods, by which he imposed on the credulity of every body. +In the meantime Estrildis became with child, and was +delivered of a most beautiful daughter, whom she named +Sabre. Guendolœna was also with child, and brought forth +a son, who was named Maddan, and put under the care of +his grandfather Corineus to be educated.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. V.</span>—<i>Locrin is killed; Estrildis and Sabre are thrown into a +river.</i></h3> + + +<p>But in process of time, when Corineus was dead, Locrin +divorced Guendolœna, and advanced Estrildis to be queen. +Guendolœna, provoked beyond measure at this, retired into +Cornwall, where she assembled together all the forces of that +kingdom, and began to raise disturbances against Locrin. +At last both armies joined battle near the river Sture, where +Locrin was killed by the shot of an arrow. After his death, +Guendolœna took upon her the government of the whole +kingdom, retaining her father's furious spirit. For she +commanded Estrildis and her daughter Sabre to be thrown +into the river now called the Severn, and published an edict +through all Britain, that the river should bear the damsel's +name, hoping by this to perpetuate her memory, and by that +the infamy of her husband. So that to this day the river is +called in the British tongue Sabren, which by the corruption +of the name is in another language Sabrina.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. VI.</span>—<i>Guendolœna delivers up the kingdom to Maddan, her son, +after whom succeeds Mempricius.</i></h3> + + +<p>Guendolœna reigned fifteen years after the death of +Locrin, who had reigned ten, and then advanced her son +Maddan (whom she saw now at maturity) to the throne, +contenting herself with the country of Cornwall for the +remainder of her life. At this time Samuel the prophet +governed in Judæa, Sylvius Æneas was yet living, and +Homer was esteemed a famous orator and poet.<a name="FNanchor_159_159" id="FNanchor_159_159"></a><a href="#Footnote_159_159" class="fnanchor">[159]</a> Maddan, +now in possession of the crown, had by his wife two sons, +Mempricius and Malim, and ruled the kingdom in peace and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span> +with care forty years. As soon as he was dead, the two +brothers quarrelled for the kingdom, each being ambitious +of the sovereignty of the whole island. Mempricius, +impatient to attain his ends, enters into treaty with Malim, +under colour of making a composition with him, and, having +formed a conspiracy, murdered him in the assembly where +their ambassadors were met. By these means he obtained +the dominion of the whole island, over which he exercised +such tyranny, that he left scarcely a nobleman alive in it, +and either by violence or treachery oppressed every one that +he apprehended might be likely to succeed him, pursuing his +hatred to his whole race. He also deserted his own wife, by +whom he had a noble youth named Ebraucus, and addicted +himself to sodomy, preferring unnatural lust to the pleasures +of the conjugal state. At last, in the twentieth year of his +reign, while he was hunting, he retired from his company +into a valley, where he was surrounded by a great multitude +of ravenous wolves, and devoured by them in a horrible +manner. Then did Saul reign in Judæa, and Eurystheus in +Lacedæmonia.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_159_159" id="Footnote_159_159"></a><a href="#FNanchor_159_159"><span class="label">[159]</span></a> It is only necessary to compare such passages as these with the +Grecian or Roman Histories, and we cannot avoid perceiving the legendary +character of Geoffrey of Monmouth's History.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. VII.</span>—<i>Ebraucus, the successor of Mempricius, conquers the +Gauls, and builds the towns Kaerebrauc, &c.</i></h3> + + +<p>Mempricius being dead, Ebraucus, his son, a man of great +stature and wonderful strength, took upon him the government +of Britain, which he held forty years. He was the +first after Brutus who invaded Gaul with a fleet, and +distressed its provinces by killing their men and laying +waste their cities; and having by these means enriched +himself with an infinite quantity of gold and silver, he +returned victorious. After this he built a city on the other +side of the Humber, which, from his own name, he called +Kaerebrauc, that is, the city of Ebraucus,<a name="FNanchor_160_160" id="FNanchor_160_160"></a><a href="#Footnote_160_160" class="fnanchor">[160]</a> about the time +that David reigned in Judæa, and Sylvius Latinus in Italy; +and that Gad, Nathan, and Asaph prophesied in Israel. He +also built the city of Alclud<a name="FNanchor_161_161" id="FNanchor_161_161"></a><a href="#Footnote_161_161" class="fnanchor">[161]</a> towards Albani, and the town<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span> +of mount Agned,<a name="FNanchor_162_162" id="FNanchor_162_162"></a><a href="#Footnote_162_162" class="fnanchor">[162]</a> called at this time the Castle of Maidens, +or the Mountain of Sorrow.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_160_160" id="Footnote_160_160"></a><a href="#FNanchor_160_160"><span class="label">[160]</span></a> York seems to be a corruption of Ebrauc. It is first mentioned by +Ptolemy (ii. 3.) <span class="smcap">a.d.</span> 120.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_161_161" id="Footnote_161_161"></a><a href="#FNanchor_161_161"><span class="label">[161]</span></a> Alclud or Alcluith is unknown to the classic writers: it is first +mentioned by Gildas, and is thought to be the modern Dumbarton.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_162_162" id="Footnote_162_162"></a><a href="#FNanchor_162_162"><span class="label">[162]</span></a> Edinburgh.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. VIII.</span>—<i>Ebraucus's twenty sons go to Germany, and his thirty +daughters to Sylvius Alba, in Italy.</i></h3> + + +<p>This prince had twenty sons and thirty daughters by twenty +wives, and with great valour governed the kingdom of +Britain sixty years. The names of his sons were, Brutus +surnamed Greenshield, Margadud, Sisillius, Regin, Morivid, +Bladud, Lagon, Bodloan, Kincar, Spaden, Gaul, Darden, +Eldad, Ivor, Gangu, Hector, Kerin, Rud, Assarach, Buel. +The names of his daughters were, Gloigni, Ignogni, Oudas, +Guenliam, Gaudid, Angarad, Guendoloe, Tangustel, Gorgon, +Medlan, Methahel, Ourar, Malure, Kambreda, Ragan, Gael, +Ecub, Nest, Cheum, Stadud, Gladud, Ebren, Blagan, +Aballac, Angaes, Galaes, (the most celebrated beauty at +that time in Britain or Gaul,) Edra, Anaor, Stadial, Egron. +All these daughters their father sent into Italy to Sylvius +Alba, who reigned after Sylvius Latinus, where they were +married among the Trojan nobility, the Latin and Sabine +women refusing to associate with them. But the sons, +under the conduct of their brother Assaracus, departed +in a fleet to Germany, and having, with the assistance +of Sylvius Alba, subdued the people there, obtained that +kingdom.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. IX.</span>—<i>After Ebraucus reigns Brutus his son, after him Leil, and +after Leil, Hudibras.</i></h3> + + +<p>But Brutus, surnamed Greenshield, stayed with his father, +whom he succeeded in the government, and reigned twelve +years. After him reigned Leil, his son, a peaceful and just +prince, who, enjoying a prosperous reign, built in the north +of Britain a city, called by his name, Kaerleil;<a name="FNanchor_163_163" id="FNanchor_163_163"></a><a href="#Footnote_163_163" class="fnanchor">[163]</a> at the same +time that Solomon began to build the temple of Jerusalem, +and the queen of Sheba came to hear his wisdom; at which +time also Sylvius Epitus succeeded his father Alba, in Italy. +Leil reigned twenty-five years, but towards the latter end of +his life grew more remiss in his government, so that his +neglect of affairs speedily occasioned a civil dissension in the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span> +kingdom. After him reigned his son, Hudibras, thirty-nine +years, and composed the civil dissension among his people. +He built Kaerlem or Canterbury, Kaerguen or Winchester, +and the town of Mount Paladur, now Shaftesbury. At this +place an eagle spoke, while the wall of the town was being +built; and indeed I should have transmitted the speech to +posterity, had I thought it true, as the rest of the history. At +this time reigned Capys, the son of Epitus; and Haggai, +Amos, Joel, and Azariah, were prophets in Israel.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_163_163" id="Footnote_163_163"></a><a href="#FNanchor_163_163"><span class="label">[163]</span></a> Now Carlisle.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. X.</span>—<i>Bladud succeeds Hudibras in the kingdom, and practises +magical operations.</i></h3> + + +<p>Next succeeded Bladud, his son, and reigned twenty years. +He built Kaerbadus, now Bath, and made hot baths in it +for the benefit of the public, which he dedicated to the goddess +Minerva; in whose temple he kept fires that never went +out nor consumed to ashes, but as soon as they began to decay +were turned into balls of stone. About this time the +prophet Elias prayed that it might not rain upon earth; and +it did not rain for three years and six months. This prince +was a very ingenious man, and taught necromancy in his +kingdom, nor did he leave off pursuing his magical operations, +till he attempted to fly to the upper region of the air with +wings which he had prepared, and fell down upon the temple +of Apollo, in the city of Trinovantum, where he was dashed +to pieces.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XI.</span>—<i>Leir the son of Bladud, having no son, divides his kingdom +among his daughters.</i></h3> + + +<p>After this unhappy fate of Bladud, Leir,<a name="FNanchor_164_164" id="FNanchor_164_164"></a><a href="#Footnote_164_164" class="fnanchor">[164]</a> his son was +advanced to the throne, and nobly governed his country sixty +years. He built upon the river Sore a city, called in the +British tongue, Kaerleir, in the Saxon, Leircestre.<a name="FNanchor_165_165" id="FNanchor_165_165"></a><a href="#Footnote_165_165" class="fnanchor">[165]</a> He +was without male issue, but had three daughters, whose +names were Gonorilla, Regau, and Cordeilla, of whom he +was dotingly fond, but especially of his youngest, Cordeilla. +When he began to grow old, he had thoughts of dividing his +kingdom among them, and of bestowing them on such +husbands as were fit to be advanced to the government with +them. But to make trial who was worthy to have the best<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span> +part of his kingdom, he went to each of them to ask which +of them loved him most. The question being proposed, +Gonorilla, the eldest, made answer, "That she called heaven +to witness, she loved him more than her own soul." The +father replied, "Since you have preferred my declining age +before your own life, I will marry you, my dearest daughter, +to whomsoever you shall make choice of, and give with you +the third part of my kingdom." Then Regau, the second +daughter, willing, after the example of her sister, to prevail +upon her father's good nature, answered with an oath, "That +she could not otherwise express her thoughts, but that she +loved him above all creatures." The credulous father upon +this made her the same promise that he did to her eldest +sister, that is, the choice of a husband, with the third part of +his kingdom. But Cordeilla, the youngest, understanding +how easily he was satisfied with the flattering expressions of +her sisters, was desirous to make trial of his affection after a +different manner. "My father," said she, "is there any +daughter that can love her father more than duty requires? +In my opinion, whoever pretends to it, must disguise her +real sentiments under the veil of flattery. I have always +loved you as a father, nor do I yet depart from my purposed +duty; and if you insist to have something more extorted +from me, hear now the greatness of my affection, which I +always bear you, and take this for a short answer to all your +questions; look how much you have, so much is your value, +and so much do I love you." The father, supposing that she +spoke this out of the abundance of her heart, was highly +provoked, and immediately replied, "Since you have so far +despised my old age as not to think me worthy the love that +your sisters express for me, you shall have from me the like +regard, and shall be excluded from any share with your +sisters in my kingdom. Notwithstanding, I do not say but +that since you are my daughter, I will marry you to some +foreigner, if fortune offers you any such husband; but will +never, I do assure you, make it my business to procure so +honourable a match for you as for your sisters; because, +though I have hitherto loved you more than them, you have +in requital thought me less worthy of your affection than +they." And, without further delay, after consultation with +his nobility, he bestowed his two other daughters upon the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span> +dukes of Cornwall and Albania, with half the island at +present, but after his death, the inheritance of the whole +monarchy of Britain.</p> + +<p>It happened after this, that Aganippus, king of the +Franks, having heard of the fame of Cordeilla's beauty, +forthwith sent his ambassadors to the king to demand her in +marriage. The father, retaining yet his anger towards her, +made answer, "That he was very willing to bestow his +daughter, but without either money or territories; because +he had already given away his kingdom with all his treasure +to his eldest daughters, Gonorilla and Regau." When this +was told Aganippus, he, being very much in love with the +lady, sent again to king Leir, to tell him, "That he had money +and territories enough, as he possessed the third part +of Gaul, and desired no more than his daughter only, that +he might have heirs by her." At last the match was +concluded; Cordeilla was sent to Gaul, and married to Aganippus.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_164_164" id="Footnote_164_164"></a><a href="#FNanchor_164_164"><span class="label">[164]</span></a> King Lear, the hero of Shakespeare's drama.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_165_165" id="Footnote_165_165"></a><a href="#FNanchor_165_165"><span class="label">[165]</span></a> Leicester.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XII.</span>—<i>Leir, finding the ingratitude of his two eldest daughters, +betakes himself to his youngest, Cordeilla, in Gaul.</i></h3> + + +<p>A long time after this, when Leir came to be infirm through +old age, the two dukes, on whom he had bestowed Britain +with his two daughters, fostered an insurrection against him, +and deprived him of his kingdom, and of all regal authority, +which he had hitherto exercised with great power and glory. +At length, by mutual agreement, Maglaunus, duke of Albania, +one of his sons-in-law, was to allow him a maintenance +at his own house, together with sixty soldiers, who were to +be kept for state. After two years' stay with his son-in-law, +his daughter Gonorilla grudged the number of his men, who +began to upbraid the ministers of the court with their scanty +allowance; and, having spoken to her husband about it, she +gave orders that the numbers of her father's followers should +be reduced to thirty, and the rest discharged. The father, +resenting this treatment, left Maglaunus, and went to Henuinus, +duke of Cornwall, to whom he had married his daughter +Regau. Here he met with an honourable reception, but +before the year was at an end, a quarrel happened between +the two families, which raised Regau's indignation; so that +she commanded her father to discharge all his attendants but<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span> +five, and to be contented with their service. This second +affliction was insupportable to him, and made him return +again to his former daughter, with hopes that the misery of +his condition might move in her some sentiments of filial +piety, and that he, with his family, might find a subsistence +with her. But she, not forgetting her resentment, swore by +the gods he should not stay with her, unless he would dismiss +his retinue, and be contented with the attendance of one +man; and with bitter reproaches she told him how ill his +desire of vain-glorious pomp suited his age and poverty. +When he found that she was by no means to be prevailed +upon, he was at last forced to comply, and, dismissing the +rest, to take up with one man only. But by this time he +began to reflect more sensibly with himself upon the grandeur +from which he had fallen, and the miserable state to +which he was now reduced, and to enter upon thoughts of going +beyond sea to his youngest daughter. Yet he doubted whether +he should be able to move her commiseration, because +(as was related above) he had treated her so unworthily. +However, disdaining to bear any longer such base usage, he +took ship for Gaul. In his passage he observed he had only +the third place given him among the princes that were with +him in the ship, at which, with deep sighs and tears, he burst +forth into the following complaint:—</p> + +<p>"O irreversible decrees of the Fates, that never swerve +from your stated course! why did you ever advance me to +an unstable felicity, since the punishment of lost happiness +is greater than the sense of present misery? The remembrance +of the time when vast numbers of men obsequiously +attended me in the taking the cities and wasting the enemy's +countries, more deeply pierces my heart than the view of my +present calamity, which has exposed me to the derision of +those who were formerly prostrate at my feet. Oh! the +enmity of fortune! Shall I ever again see the day when +I may be able to reward those according to their deserts who +have forsaken me in my distress? How true was thy answer, +Cordeilla, when I asked thee concerning thy love to +me, 'As much as you have, so much is your value, and so +much do I love you.' While I had anything to give they +valued me, being friends, not to me, but to my gifts: they +loved me then, but they loved my gifts much more: when<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span> +my gifts ceased, my friends vanished. But with what face +shall I presume to see you, my dearest daughter, since in my +anger I married you upon worse terms than your sisters, +who, after all the mighty favours they have received from +me, suffer me to be in banishment and poverty?"</p> + +<p>As he was lamenting his condition in these and the like +expressions, he arrived at Karitia,<a name="FNanchor_166_166" id="FNanchor_166_166"></a><a href="#Footnote_166_166" class="fnanchor">[166]</a> where his daughter was, +and waited before the city while he sent a messenger to inform +her of the misery he was fallen into, and to desire her +relief for a father who suffered both hunger and nakedness. +Cordeilla was startled at the news, and wept bitterly, and +with tears asked how many men her father had with him. +The messenger answered, he had none but one man, who had +been his armour-bearer, and was staying with him without +the town. Then she took what money she thought might be +sufficient, and gave it to the messenger, with orders to carry +her father to another city, and there give out that he was +sick, and to provide for him bathing, clothes, and all other +nourishment. She likewise gave orders that he should take +into his service forty men, well clothed and accoutred, and +that when all things were thus prepared he should notify his +arrival to king Aganippus and his daughter. The messenger +quickly returning, carried Leir to another city, and there +kept him concealed, till he had done every thing that Cordeilla +had commanded.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_166_166" id="Footnote_166_166"></a><a href="#FNanchor_166_166"><span class="label">[166]</span></a> Calais.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XIII.</span>—<i>He is very honourably received by Cordeilla and the king +of Gaul.</i></h3> + + +<p>As soon as he was provided with his royal apparel, ornaments, +and retinue, he sent word to Aganippus and his +daughter, that he was driven out of his kingdom of Britain +by his sons-in-law, and was come to them to procure their +assistance for recovering his dominions. Upon which they, +attended with their chief ministers of state and the nobility +of the kingdom, went out to meet him, and received him +honourably, and gave into his management the whole power +of Gaul, till such time as he should be restored to his former +dignity.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XIV.</span>—<i>Leir, being restored to the kingdom by the help of his son-in-law +and Cordeilla, dies.</i></h3> + + +<p>In the meantime Aganippus sent officers over all Gaul to +raise an army, to restore his father-in-law to his kingdom of +Britain. Which done, Leir returned to Britain with his son +and daughter and the forces which they had raised, where +he fought with his sons-in-law and routed them. Having +thus reduced the whole kingdom to his power, he died the +third year after. Aganippus also died; and Cordeilla, +obtaining the government of the kingdom, buried her father +in a certain vault, which she ordered to be made for him +under the river Sore, in Leicester, and which had been +built originally under the ground to the honour of the god +Janus. And here all the workmen of the city, upon the +anniversary solemnity of that festival, used to begin their +yearly labours.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XV.</span>—<i>Cordeilla, being imprisoned, kills herself. Margan, aspiring +to the whole kingdom, is killed by Cunedagius.</i></h3> + + +<p>After a peaceful possession of the government for five years, +Cordeilla began to meet with disturbances from the two sons +of her sisters, being both young men of great spirit, whereof +one, named Margan, was born to Maglaunus, and the other, +named Cunedagius, to Henuinus. These, after the death of +their fathers, succeeding them in their dukedoms, were incensed +to see Britain subject to a woman, and raised forces +in order to raise a rebellion against the queen; nor would +they desist from hostilities, till, after a general waste of her +countries, and several battles fought, they at last took her +and put her in prison, where for grief at the loss of her +kingdom she killed herself. After this they divided the +island between them; of which the part that reaches from +the north side of the Humber to Caithness, fell to Margan; +the other part from the same river westward was Cunedagius's +share. At the end of two years, some restless spirits +that took pleasure in the troubles of the nation, had access to +Margan, and inspired him with vain conceits, by representing +to him how mean and disgraceful it was for him not to govern +the whole island, which was his due by right of birth. +Stirred up with these and the like suggestions, he marched<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span> +with an army through Cunedagius's country, and began to +burn all before him. The war thus breaking out, he was +met by Cunedagius with all his forces, who attacked Margan, +killing no small number of his men, and, putting him to +flight, pursued him from one province to another, till at last +he killed him in a town of Kambria, which since his death +has been by the country people called Margan to this day. +After the victory, Cunedagius gained the monarchy of the +whole island, which he governed gloriously for three and +thirty years. At this time flourished the prophets Isaiah +and Hosea, and Rome was built upon the eleventh before +the Kalends of May by the two brothers, Romulus and +Remus.<a name="FNanchor_167_167" id="FNanchor_167_167"></a><a href="#Footnote_167_167" class="fnanchor">[167]</a></p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_167_167" id="Footnote_167_167"></a><a href="#FNanchor_167_167"><span class="label">[167]</span></a> About the year before Christ, 753.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XVI.</span>—<i>The successors of Cunedagius in the kingdom. Ferrex is +killed by his brother Porrex, in a dispute for the government.</i></h3> + + +<p>At last Cunedagius dying, was succeeded by his son Rivallo, +a fortunate youth, who diligently applied himself to the +affairs of the government. In his time it rained blood three +days together, and there fell vast swarms of flies, followed +by a great mortality among the people. After him succeeded +Gurgustius his son; after him Sisillius; after him Jago, the +nephew of Gurgustius; after him Kinmarcus the son of +Sisillius; after him Gorbogudo, who had two sons, Ferrex +and Porrex.</p> + +<p>When their father grew old they began to quarrel about +the succession; but Porrex, who was the most ambitious of +the two, forms a design of killing his brother by treachery, +which the other discovering, escaped, and passed over into +Gaul. There he procured aid from Suard king of the +Franks, with which he returned and made war upon his +brother; coming to an engagement, Ferrex was killed and +all his forces cut to pieces. When their mother, whose name +was Widen, came to be informed of her son's death, she fell +into a great rage, and conceived a mortal hatred against the +survivor. For she had a greater affection for the deceased +than for him, so that nothing less would appease her indignation +for his death, than her revenging it upon her surviving +son. She took therefore her opportunity when he was +asleep, fell upon him, and with the assistance of her wo<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span>men +tore him to pieces. From that time a long civil +war oppressed the people, and the island became divided +under the power of five kings, who mutually harassed one +another.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XVII.</span>—<i>Dunwallo Molmutius gains the sceptre of Britain, from +whom came the Molmutine laws.</i></h3> + + +<p>At length arose a youth of great spirit, named Dunwallo +Molmutius, who was the son of Cloten king of Cornwall, +and excelled all the kings of Britain in valour and gracefulness +of person. When his father was dead, he was no +sooner possessed of the government of that country, than he +made war against Ymner king of Loegria, and killed him in +battle. Hereupon Rudaucus king of Kambria, and Staterius +king of Albania, had a meeting, wherein they formed an +alliance together, and marched thence with their armies into +Dunwallo's country to destroy all before them. Dunwallo +met them with thirty thousand men, and gave them battle; +and when a great part of the day was spent in the fight, and +the victory yet dubious, he drew off six hundred of his +bravest men, and commanded them to put on the armour of +the enemies that were slain, as he himself also did, throwing +aside his own. Thus accoutred he marched up with speed +to the enemy's ranks, as if he was of their party, and approaching +the very place where Rudaucus and Staterius +were, commanded his men to fall upon them. In this +assault the two kings were killed and many others with +them. But Dunwallo Molmutius, fearing lest in this disguise +his own men might fall upon him, returned with his companions +to put off the enemy's armour, and take his own +again; and then encouraged them to renew the assault, +which they did with great vigour, and in a short time got +the victory, by dispersing and putting to flight the enemy. +From hence he marched into the enemy's countries, destroyed +their towns and cities, and reduced the people under his +obedience. When he had made an entire reduction of the +whole island, he prepared for himself a crown of gold, and +restored the kingdom to its ancient state. This prince +established what the Britons call the Molmutine laws, which +are famous among the English to this day. In these, among +other things, of which St. Gildas wrote a long time after, he<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span> +enacted, that the temples of the gods, as also cities, should +have the privilege of giving sanctuary and protection to any +fugitive or criminal, that should flee to them from his enemy. +He likewise enacted, that the ways leading to those temples +and cities, as also husbandman's ploughs, should be allowed +the same privilege. So that in his day, the murders and +cruelties committed by robbers were prevented, and every +body passed safe without any violence offered him. At last, +after a reign of forty years spent in these and other acts of +government, he died, and was buried in the city of Trinovantum, +near the temple of Concord, which he himself built, +when he first established his laws.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3>BOOK III.</h3> + +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. I.</span>—<i>Brennius quarrels with Belinus his brother, and in order to +make war against him, marries the daughter of the king of the Norwegians.</i></h3> + + +<p>After this a violent quarrel happened between his two sons +Belinus and Brennius, who were both ambitious of succeeding +to the kingdom. The dispute was, which of them should +have the honour of wearing the crown. After a great many +sharp conflicts that passed between them, the friends of both +interposed, and brought them to agree on the division of the +kingdom on these terms: that Belinus should enjoy the +crown of the island, with the dominions of Loegria, Kambria, +and Cornwall, because, according to the Trojan constitution, +the right of inheritance would come to him as the +elder: and Brennius, as being the younger, should be subject +to his brother, and have for his share Northumberland, +which extended from the river Humber to Caithness. The +covenant therefore being confirmed upon these conditions, +they ruled the country for five years in peace and justice. +But such a state of prosperity could not long stand against +the endeavours of faction. For some lying incendiaries +gained access to Brennius and addressed him in this manner:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span>—</p> + +<p>"What sluggish spirit has possessed you, that you can +bear subjection to Belinus, to whom by parentage and blood +you are equal; besides your experience in military affairs, +which you have gained in several engagements, when you so +often repulsed Cheulphus, general of the Morini, in his +invasions of our country, and drove him out of your +kingdom? Be no longer bound by a treaty which is a +reproach to you, but marry the daughter of Elsingius, king +of the Norwegians, that with his assistance you may recover +your lost dignity." The young man, inflamed with these and +the like specious suggestions, hearkened to them, and went +to Norway, where he married the king's daughter, as his +flatterers had advised him.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. II.</span>—<i>Brennius's sea-fight with Guichthlac, king of the Dacians. +Guichthlac and Brennius's wife are driven ashore and taken by Belinus.</i></h3> + + +<p>In the meantime his brother, informed of this, was violently +incensed, that without his leave he had presumed to act thus +against him. Whereupon he marched into Northumberland, +and possessed himself of that country and the cities in it, +which he garrisoned with his own men. Brennius, upon +notice given him of what his brother had done, prepared a +fleet to return to Britain with a great army of Norwegians. +But while he was under sail with a fair wind, he was overtaken +by Guichthlac, king of the Dacians,<a name="FNanchor_168_168" id="FNanchor_168_168"></a><a href="#Footnote_168_168" class="fnanchor">[168]</a> who had pursued +him. This prince had been deeply in love with the young +lady that Brennius had married, and out of mere grief and +vexation for the loss of her, had prepared a fleet to pursue +Brennius with all expedition. In the sea-fight that happened +on this occasion, he had the fortune to take the very ship in +which the lady was, and brought her in among his companions. +But during the engagement, contrary winds arose +on a sudden, which brought on a storm, and dispersed the +ships upon different shores: so that the king of the Dacians, +being driven up and down, after a course of five days, +arrived with the lady at Northumberland, under dreadful +apprehensions, as not knowing upon what country this +unforeseen casualty had thrown him. When this came +to be known to the country people, they took them and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span> +carried them to Belinus, who was upon the sea-coast, +expecting the arrival of his brother. There were with +Guichthlac's ship three others, one of which had belonged +to Brennius's fleet. As soon as they had declared to the +king who they were, he was overjoyed at this happy +accident, while he was endeavouring to revenge himself +on his brother.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_168_168" id="Footnote_168_168"></a><a href="#FNanchor_168_168"><span class="label">[168]</span></a> The Danes.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. III.</span>—<i>Belinus in a battle routs Brennius, who thereupon flees to +Gaul.</i></h3> + + +<p>A few days after appeared Brennius, with his fleet again +got together, and arrived in Albania; and having received +information of the capture of his wife and others, and that +his brother had seized the kingdom of Northumberland in +his absence, he sent his ambassadors to him, to demand the +restitution of his wife and kingdom; and if he refused them, +to declare that he would destroy the whole island from sea to +sea, and kill his brother whenever he could come to an +engagement with him. On the other hand, Belinus absolutely +refused to comply with his demands, and assembling together +the whole power of the island, went into Albania to give him +battle. Brennius, upon advice that he had suffered a repulse, +and that his brother was upon his march against him, +advanced to meet him in a wood called Calaterium, in order +to attack him. When they were arrived on the field of +battle, each of them divided his men into several bodies, and +approaching one another, began the fight. A great part +of the day was spent in it, because on both sides the bravest +men were engaged; and much blood was shed by reason +of the fury with which they encountered each other. So +great was the slaughter, that the wounded fell in heaps, like +standing corn cut down by reapers. At last the Britons +prevailing, the Norwegians fled with their shattered troops +to their ships, but were pursued by Belinus, and killed +without mercy. Fifteen thousand men fell in the battle, nor +were there a thousand of the rest that escaped unhurt. +Brennius with much difficulty securing one ship, went as +fortune drove him to the coasts of Gaul; but the rest that +attended him, were forced to sculk up and down wherever +their misfortunes led them.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. IV.</span>—<i>The king of Dacia, with Brennius's wife, is released out of +prison.</i></h3> + + +<p>Belinus, after this victory, called a council of his nobility, +to advise with them what he should do with the king of the +Dacians, who had sent a message to him out of prison, that +he would submit himself and the kingdom of Dacia to him, +and also pay a yearly tribute, if he might have leave to +depart with his mistress. He offered likewise to confirm this +covenant with an oath, and the giving of hostages. When +this proposal was laid before the nobility, they unanimously +gave their assent that Belinus should grant Guichthlac his +petition upon the terms offered. Accordingly he did grant +it, and Guichthlac was released from prison, and returned +with his mistress into Dacia.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. V.</span>—<i>Belinus revives and confirms the Molmutine laws, especially +about the highways.</i></h3> + + +<p>Belinus now finding no body in the kingdom of Britain +able to make head against him, and being possessed of the +sovereignty of the whole island from sea to sea, confirmed +the laws his father had made, and gave command for a +settled execution of justice through his kingdom. But above +all things he ordered that cities, and the roads leading to +them, should enjoy the same privilege of peace that Dunwallo +had established. But there arose a controversy about the +roads, because the limits determining them were unknown. +The king, therefore, willing to clear the law of all +ambiguities, summoned all the workmen of the island +together, and commanded them to pave a causeway of +stone and mortar, which should run the whole length +of the island, from the sea of Cornwall, to the shores of +Caithness, and lead directly to the cities that lay along that +extent. He commanded another to be made over the breadth +of the kingdom, leading from Menevia, that was situated upon +the Demetian Sea, to Hamo's Port, and to pass through the +interjacent cities. Other two he also made obliquely through +the island, for a passage to the rest of the cities.<a name="FNanchor_169_169" id="FNanchor_169_169"></a><a href="#Footnote_169_169" class="fnanchor">[169]</a> He then +confirmed to them all honours and privileges, and prescribed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span> +a law for the punishment of any injury committed upon them. +But if any one is curious to know all that he decreed concerning +them, let him read the Molmutine laws, which Gildas +the historian translated from British into Latin, and king +Alfred into English.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_169_169" id="Footnote_169_169"></a><a href="#FNanchor_169_169"><span class="label">[169]</span></a> This seems to be a false account of the Roman roads in Britain.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. VI.</span>—<i>Brennius, being made duke of the Allobroges, returns to +Britain to fight with his brother.</i></h3> + + +<p>While Belinus was thus reigning in peace and tranquillity, +his brother Brennius, who (as we said before) was driven +upon the coasts of Gaul, suffered great torments of mind. +For it was a great affliction to him to be banished from his +country, and to have no power of returning to retrieve his +loss. Being ignorant what course to take, he went among +the princes of Gaul, accompanied only with twelve men; and +when he had related his misfortune to every one of them, but +could procure assistance from none, he went at last to Seginus, +duke of the Allobroges, from whom he had an honourable +reception. During his stay here, he contracted such an +intimacy with the duke, that he became the greatest favourite +in the court. For in all affairs, both of peace and war, he +showed a great capacity, so that this prince loved him with +a paternal affection. He was besides of a graceful aspect, +tall and slender in stature, and expert in hunting and fowling, +as became his princely birth. So great was the friendship +between them, that the duke resolved to give him his only +daughter in marriage; and in case he himself should have +no male issue, he appointed him and his daughter to succeed +him in his dukedom of the Allobroges after his death. But +if he should yet have a son, then he promised his assistance +to advance him to the kingdom of Britain. Neither was +this the desire of the duke only, but of all the nobility of +his court, with whom he had very much ingratiated himself. +So then without farther delay the marriage was solemnized, +and the princes of the country paid their homage to him, as +the successor to the throne. Scarcely was the year at an +end before the duke died; and then Brennius took his opportunity +of engaging those princes of the country firmly in his +interest, whom before he had obliged with his friendship. +And this he did by bestowing generously upon them the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span> +duke's treasure, which had been hoarded up from the times +of his ancestors. But that which the Allobroges most +esteemed him for, was his sumptuous entertainments, and +keeping an open house for all.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. VII.</span>—<i>Belinus and Brennius being made friends by the mediation +of their mother, propose to subdue Gaul.</i></h3> + + +<p>When he had thus gained universal affection, he began to +consult with himself how he might take revenge upon his +brother Belinus. And when he had signified his intentions +concerning it to his subjects, they unanimously concurred +with him, and expressed their readiness to attend him to +whatever kingdom he pleased to conduct them. He therefore +soon raised a vast army, and having entered into a treaty +with the Gauls for a free passage through their country into +Britain, fitted out a fleet upon the coast of Neustria, in which +he set sail, and with a fair wind arrived at the island. Upon +hearing the rumour of his coming, his brother Belinus, +accompanied with the whole strength of the kingdom, +marched out to engage him. But when the two armies were +drawn out in order of battle, and just ready to begin the +attack, Conwenna, their mother, who was yet living, ran in +great haste through the ranks, impatient to see her son, whom +she had not seen for a long time. As soon, therefore, as she +had with trembling steps reached the place where he stood, +she threw her arms about his neck, and in transports kissed +him; then uncovering her bosom, she addressed herself to +him, in words interrupted with sighs, to this effect:—</p> + +<p>"My son, remember these breasts which gave you suck, +and the womb wherein the Creator of all things formed you, +and from whence he brought you forth into the world, while +I endured the greatest anguish. By the pains then which I +suffered for you, I entreat you to hear my request: pardon +your brother, and moderate your anger. You ought not to +revenge yourself upon him who has done you no injury. As +for what you complain of,—that you were banished your +country by him,—if you duly consider the result, in strictness +can it be called injustice? He did not banish you to +make your condition worse, but forced you to quit a meaner +that you might attain a higher dignity. At first you enjoyed +only a part of a kingdom, and that in subjection to your<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span> +brother. As soon as you lost that, you became his equal, by +gaining the kingdom of the Allobroges. What has he then done, +but raised you from a vassal to be a king? Consider farther, +that the difference between you began not through him, but +through yourself, who, with the assistance of the king of +Norway, raised an insurrection against him."</p> + +<p>Moved by these representations of his mother, he obeyed +her with a composed mind, and putting off his helmet of his +own accord, went straight with her to his brother. Belinus, +seeing him approach with a peaceable countenance, threw +down his arms, and ran to embrace him; so that now, without +more ado, they again became friends; and disarming their +forces marched with them peaceably together to Trinovantum. +And here, after consultation what enterprise to undertake, +they prepared to conduct their confederate army into the +provinces of Gaul, and reduce that entire country to their +subjection.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. VIII.</span>—<i>Belinus and Brennius, after the conquest of Gaul, march +with their army to Rome.</i></h3> + + +<p>They accordingly passed over into Gaul the year after, and +began to lay waste that country. The news of which spreading +through those several nations, all the petty kings of the +Franks entered into a confederacy, and went out to fight +against them. But the victory falling to Belinus and Brennius, +the Franks fled with their broken forces; and the +Britons and Allobroges, elevated with their success, ceased +not to pursue them till they had taken their kings, and reduced +them to their power. Then fortifying the cities which +they had taken, in less than a year they brought the whole +kingdom into subjection. At last, after a reduction of all the +provinces, they marched with their whole army towards +Rome, and destroyed the cities and villages as they passed +through Italy.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. IX.</span>—<i>The Romans make a covenant with Brennius, but afterwards +break it, for which reason Rome is besieged and taken by Brennius.</i></h3> + + +<p>In those days the two consuls of Rome were Gabius and +Porsena,<a name="FNanchor_170_170" id="FNanchor_170_170"></a><a href="#Footnote_170_170" class="fnanchor">[170]</a> to whose care the government of the country was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span> +committed. When they saw that no nation was able to +withstand the power of Belinus and Brennius, they came, +with the consent of the senate to them, to desire peace and +amity. They likewise offered large presents of gold and +silver, and to pay a yearly tribute, on condition that they +might be suffered to enjoy their own in peace. The two +kings therefore, taking hostages of them, yielded to their +petition, and drew back their forces into Germany. While +they were employing their arms in harassing that people, +the Romans repented of their agreement, and again taking +courage, went to assist the Germans. This step highly enraged +the kings against them, who concerted measures how +to carry on a war with both nations. For the greatness of +the Italian army was a terror to them. The result of their +council was, that Belinus with the Britons stayed in Germany, +to engage with the enemy there; while Brennius and +his army marched to Rome, to revenge on the Romans their +breach of treaty. As soon as the Italians perceived their +design, they quitted the Germans, and hastened to get before +Brennius, in his march to Rome. Belinus had intelligence +of it, and speedily marched with his army the same night, +and possessing himself of a valley through which the enemy +was to pass, lay hid there in expectation of their coming. +The next day the Italians came in full march to the place; +but when they saw the valley glittering with the enemy's +armour, they were struck with confusion, thinking Brennius +and the Galli Senones were there. At this favourable opportunity, +Belinus on a sudden rushed forth, and fell furiously +upon them: the Romans on the other hand, thus taken by +surprise, fled the field, since they neither were armed, nor +marched in any order. But Belinus gave them no quarter, +and was only prevented by night coming on, from making a +total destruction of them. With this victory he went straight +to Brennius, who had now besieged Rome three days. Then +joining their armies, they assaulted the city on every side, +and endeavoured to level the walls: and to strike a greater +terror into the besieged, erected gibbets before the gates of +the city, and threatened to hang up the hostages whom they +had given, unless they would surrender. But the Romans,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span> +nothing moved by the sufferings of their sons and relations, +continued inflexible, and resolute to defend themselves. +They therefore sometimes broke the force of the enemy's engines, +by other engines of their own, sometimes repulsed +them from the walls with showers of darts. This so incensed +the two brothers, that they commanded four and twenty of +their noblest hostages to be hanged in the sight of their +parents. The Romans, however, were only more hardened +at the spectacle, and having received a message from Gabius +and Porsena, their consuls, that they would come the next +day to their assistance, they resolved to march out of the city, +and give the enemy battle. Accordingly, just as they were +ranging their troops in order, the consuls appeared with their +re-assembled forces, marching up to the attack, and advancing +in a close body, fell on the Britons and Allobroges by +surprise, and being joined by the citizens that sallied forth, +killed no small number. The brothers, in great grief to see +such destruction made of their fellow soldiers, began to rally +their men, and breaking in upon the enemy several times, +forced them to retire. In the end, after the loss of many +thousands of brave men on both sides, the brothers gained +the day, and took the city, not however till Gabius was killed +and Porsena taken prisoner. This done, they divided among +their men all the hidden treasure of the city.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_170_170" id="Footnote_170_170"></a><a href="#FNanchor_170_170"><span class="label">[170]</span></a> The absurdity of describing Porsena king of Etruria, as one of the +Roman consuls, must be apparent to every reader. No less evident is it that the +whole of this fictitious account is founded upon the known fact +that Rome was taken by the Gauls commanded by one Brennus.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. X.</span>—<i>Brennius oppresses Italy in a most tyrannical manner. Belinus +returns to Britain.</i></h3> + + +<p>After this complete victory, Brennius stayed in Italy, +where he exercised unheard-of tyranny over the people. +But the rest of his actions and his death, seeing that they +are given in the Roman histories, I shall here pass over, to +avoid prolixity and meddling with what others have treated +of, which is foreign to my design. But Belinus returned to +Britain, which he governed during the remainder of his life +in peace; he repaired the cities that were falling to ruin, and +built many new ones. Among the rest he built one upon +the river Uske, near the sea of the Severn, which was for a +long time called Caer-osc, and was the metropolis of Dimetia;<a name="FNanchor_171_171" id="FNanchor_171_171"></a><a href="#Footnote_171_171" class="fnanchor">[171]</a> +but after the invasion of the Romans it lost its<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span> +first name, and was called the City of Legions, from the +Roman legions which used to take up their winter quarters +in it. He also made a gate of wonderful structure in Trinovantum, +upon the bank of the Thames, which the citizens +call after his name Billingsgate to this day. Over it he built +a prodigiously large tower, and under it a haven or quay for +ships. He was a strict observer of justice, and re-established +his father's laws everywhere throughout the kingdom. In +his days there was so great an abundance of riches among +the people, that no age before or after is said to have shown +the like. At last, when he had finished his days, his body +was burned, and the ashes put up in a golden urn, which +they placed at Trinovantum, with wonderful art, on the top +of the tower above-mentioned.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_171_171" id="Footnote_171_171"></a><a href="#FNanchor_171_171"><span class="label">[171]</span></a> Newport, the principal town of South Wales.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XI.</span>—<i>Gurgiunt Brabtruc, succeeding his father Belinus, reduces +Dacia, which was trying to shake off his yoke.</i></h3> + + +<p>He was succeeded by Gurgiunt Brabtruc, his son, a sober +prudent prince, who followed the example of his father in all +his actions, and was a lover of peace and justice. When +some neighbouring provinces rebelled against him, inheriting +with them the bravery of his father, he repressed their insolence +in several fierce battles, and reduced them to a perfect +subjection. Among many other things it happened, that the +king of the Dacians, who paid tribute in his father's time, +refused not only tribute, but all manner of homage to him. +This he seriously resented, and passed over in a fleet to +Dacia, where he harassed the people with a most cruel war, +slew their king, and reduced the country to its former +dependence.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XII.</span>—<i>Ireland is given to be inhabited by the Barclenses, who had +been banished out of Spain.</i></h3> + + +<p>At that time, as he was returning home from his conquest +through the Orkney islands, he found thirty ships full of men +and women; and upon his inquiring of them the occasion of +their coming thither, their leader, named Partholoim, approached +him in a respectful and submissive manner, and +desired pardon and peace, telling him that he had been driven +out of Spain, and was sailing round those seas in quest of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span> +a habitation. He also desired some small part of Britain to +dwell in, that they might put an end to their tedious wanderings; +for it was now a year and a half since he had +been driven from his country, all of which time he and his +company had been out at sea. When Gurgiunt Brabtruc +understood that they came from Spain, and were called Barclenses, +he granted their petition, and sent men with them to +Ireland, which was then wholly uninhabited, and assigned it +to them. There they grew up and increased in number, and +have possessed that island to this very day. Gurgiunt +Brabtruc after this ended his days in peace, and was buried +in the City of Legions, which, after his father's death, he +ornamented with buildings and fortified with walls.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XIII.</span>—<i>Guithelin, reigning after Gurgiunt Brabtruc, the Martian +law is instituted by Martia, a noble woman.</i></h3> + + +<p>After him Guithelin wore the crown, which he enjoyed all +his life, treating his subjects with mildness and affection. +He had for his wife a noble lady named Martia, accomplished +in all kinds of learning. Among many other admirable productions +of her wit, she was the author of what the Britons +call the Martian law. This also among other things king +Alfred translated, and called it in the Saxon tongue, <i>Pa +Marchitle Lage</i>. Upon the death of Guithelin, the government +of the kingdom remained in the hands of this queen +and her son Sisilius, who was then but seven years old, +and therefore unfit to take the government upon himself +alone.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XIV.</span>—<i>Guithelin's successors in the kingdom.</i></h3> + + +<p>For this reason the mother had the sole management of +affairs committed to her, out of a regard to her great sense +and judgment. But on her death, Sisilius took the crown +and government. After him reigned Kimarus his son, to +whom succeeded Danius his brother. After his death the +crown came to Morvidus, whom he had by his concubine +Tangustela. He would have been a prince of extraordinary +worth, had he not been addicted to immoderate cruelty, so +far that in his anger he spared nobody, if any weapon were<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span> +at hand. He was of a graceful aspect, extremely liberal, +and of such vast strength as not to have his match in the +whole kingdom.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XV.</span>—<i>Morvidus, a most cruel tyrant, after the conquest of the king +of the Morini, is devoured by a monster.</i></h3> + + +<p>In his time a certain king of the Morini<a name="FNanchor_172_172" id="FNanchor_172_172"></a><a href="#Footnote_172_172" class="fnanchor">[172]</a> arrived with a +great force in Northumberland, and began to destroy the +country. But Morvidus, with all the strength of the kingdom, +marched out against him, and fought him. In this +battle he alone did more than the greatest part of his army, +and after the victory, suffered none of the enemy to escape +alive. For he commanded them to be brought to him one +after another, that he might satisfy his cruelty in seeing +them killed; and when he grew tired of this, he gave orders +that they should be flayed alive and burned. During these +and other monstrous acts of cruelty, an accident happened +which put a period to his wickedness. There came from the +coasts of the Irish sea, a most cruel monster, that was continually +devouring the people upon the sea-coasts. As soon +as he heard of it, he ventured to go and encounter it alone; +when he had in vain spent all his darts upon it, the monster +rushed upon him, and with open jaws swallowed him up like +a small fish.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_172_172" id="Footnote_172_172"></a><a href="#FNanchor_172_172"><span class="label">[172]</span></a> The people who lived near Boulogne.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XVI.</span>—<i>Gorbonian, a most just king of the Britons.</i></h3> + + +<p>He had five sons, whereof the eldest, Gorbonian, ascended +the throne. There was not in his time a greater lover of +justice and equity, or a more careful ruler of the people. +The performance of due worship to the gods, and doing justice +to the common people, were his continual employments. +Through all the cities of Britain, he repaired the temples of +the gods, and built many new ones. In all his days, the +island abounded with riches, more than all the neighbouring +countries. For he gave great encouragement to husbandmen +in their tillage, by protecting them against any injury or oppression +of their lords; and the soldiers he amply rewarded +with money, so that no one had occasion to do wrong to an<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span>other. +Amidst these and many other acts of his innate +goodness, he paid the debt of nature, and was buried at +Trinovantum.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XVII.</span>—<i>Arthgallo is deposed by the Britons, and is succeeded by +Elidure, who restores him again his kingdom.</i></h3> + + +<p>After him Arthgallo, his brother, was dignified with the +crown, and in all his actions he was the very reverse of his +brother. He everywhere endeavoured to depress the nobility, +and advance the baser sort of the people. He plundered the +rich, and by those means amassed vast treasures. But the +nobility, disdaining to bear his tyranny any longer, made an +insurrection against him, and deposed him; and then advanced +Elidure, his brother, who was afterwards surnamed the pious, +on account of his commiseration to Arthgallo in distress. For +after five years' possession of the kingdom, as he happened to +be hunting in the wood Calaterium, he met his brother that +had been deposed. For he had travelled over several kingdoms, +to desire assistance for the recovery of his lost +dominions, but had procured none. And being now no +longer able to bear the poverty to which he was reduced, +he returned back to Britain, attended only by ten men, with +a design to repair to those who had been formerly his friends. +It was at this time, as he was passing through the wood, his +brother Elidure, who little expected it, got sight of him, and +forgetting all injuries, ran to him, and affectionately embraced +him. Now as he had long lamented his brother's affliction, +he carried him with him to the city Alclud, where he hid +him in his bed-chamber. After this, he feigned himself +sick, and sent messengers over the whole kingdom, to +signify to all his prime nobility that they should come to +visit him. Accordingly, when they were all met together at +the city where he lay, he gave orders that they should come +into his chamber one by one, softly, and without noise: his +pretence for which was, that their talk would be a disturbance +to his head, should they all crowd in together. Thus, +in obedience to his commands, and without the least suspicion +of any design, they entered his house one after another. But +Elidure had given charge to his servants, who were set ready +for the purpose, to take each of them as they entered, and cut +off their heads, unless they would again submit themselves to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span> +Arthgallo his brother. Thus did he with every one of them +apart, and compelled them, through fear, to be reconciled to +Arthgallo. At last the agreement being ratified, Elidure +conducted Arthgallo to York, where he took the crown from +his own head, and put it on that of his brother. From this +act of extraordinary affection to his brother, he obtained the +surname of Pious. Arthgallo after this reigned ten years, +and made amends for his former mal-administration, by +pursuing measures of an entirely opposite tendency, in +depressing the baser sort, and advancing men of good +birth; in suffering every one to enjoy his own, and exercising +strict justice towards all men. At last sickness +seizing him, he died and was buried in the city Kaerleir.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XVIII.</span>—<i>Elidure is imprisoned by Peredure, after whose death he +is a third time advanced to the throne.</i></h3> + + +<p>Then Elidure was again advanced to the throne, and restored +to his former dignity. But while in his government he +followed the example of his eldest brother Gorbonian, in +performing all acts of grace; his two remaining brothers, +Vigenius and Peredure, raised an army, and made war +against him, in which they proved victorious; so that they +took him prisoner, and shut him up in the tower<a name="FNanchor_173_173" id="FNanchor_173_173"></a><a href="#Footnote_173_173" class="fnanchor">[173]</a> at +Trinovantum, where they placed a guard over him. They +then divided the kingdom betwixt them; that part which is +from the river Humber westward falling to Vigenius's share, +and the remainder with all Albania to Peredure's. After +seven years Vigenius died, and so the whole kingdom came +to Peredure, who from that time governed the people with +generosity and mildness, so that he even excelled his other +brothers who had preceded him, nor was any mention now +made of Elidure. But irresistible fate at last removed him +suddenly, and so made way for Elidure's release from prison, +and advancement to the throne the third time; who finished +the course of his life in just and virtuous actions, and after +death left an example of piety to his successors.</p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span></p> +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_173_173" id="Footnote_173_173"></a><a href="#FNanchor_173_173"><span class="label">[173]</span></a> The tower of London was built or at least repaired and enlarged by +William Rufus. The story of its having been originally constructed by +Julius Cæsar is an absurd fiction irreconcilable with the Commentaries of +that general. See William of Malmesbury, p. 341.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XIX.</span>—<i>The names of Elidure's thirty-three successors.</i></h3> + + +<p>Elidure being dead, Gorbonian's son enjoyed the crown, +and imitated his uncle's wise and prudent government. +For he abhorred tyranny, and practised justice and mildness +towards the people, nor did he ever swerve from the rule of +equity. After him reigned Margan, the son of Arthgallo, +who, being instructed by the examples of his immediate +predecessors, held the government in peace. To him +succeeded Enniaunus, his brother, who took a contrary +course, and in the sixth year of his reign was deposed, +for having preferred a tyrannical to a just and legal administration. +In his room was placed his kinsman Idwallo, the +son of Vigenius, who, being admonished by Enniaunus's ill +success, became a strict observer of justice and equity. To +him succeeded Runno, the son of Peredure, whose successor +was Geruntius, the son of Elidure. After him reigned +Catellus, his son; after Catellus, Coillus; after Coillus, +Porrex; after Porrex, Cherin. This prince had three +sons, Fulgenius, Eldadus, and Andragius, who all reigned +one after another. Then succeeded Urianus, the son of +Andragius; after whom reigned in order, Eliud, Cledaucus, +Cletonus, Gurgintius, Merianus, Bleduno, Cap, Oenus, +Sisilius, Blegabred. This last prince, in singing and +playing upon musical instruments, excelled all the musicians +that had been before him, so that he seemed worthy of the +title of the God of Jesters. After him reigned Arthmail, +his brother; after Arthmail, Eldol; to whom succeeded in +order, Redion, Rederchius, Samuilpenissel, Pir, Capoir, and +Cligueillus the son of Capoir, a man prudent and mild in all +his actions, and who above all things made it his business to +exercise true justice among his people.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XX.</span>—<i>Heli's three sons; the first of whom, viz. Lud, gives name +to the city of London.</i></h3> + + +<p>Next to him succeeded his son Heli, who reigned forty +years. He had three sons, Lud, Cassibellaun,<a name="FNanchor_174_174" id="FNanchor_174_174"></a><a href="#Footnote_174_174" class="fnanchor">[174]</a> and +Nennius; of whom Lud, being the eldest, succeeded to +the kingdom after his father's death. He became famous<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span> +for the building of cities, and for rebuilding the walls of +Trinovantum, which he also surrounded with innumerable +towers. He likewise commanded the citizens to build +houses, and all other kinds of structures in it, so that no city +in all foreign countries to a great distance round could +show more beautiful palaces. He was withal a warlike +man, and very magnificent in his feasts and public entertainments. +And though he had many other cities, yet he +loved this above them all, and resided in it the greater +part of the year; for which reason it was afterwards +called Kaerlud, and by the corruption of the word, Caerlondon; +and again by change of languages, in process +of time, London; as also by foreigners who arrived here, +and reduced this country under their subjection, it was +called Londres. At last, when he was dead, his body +was buried by the gate which to this time is called in +the British tongue after his name, Parthlud,<a name="FNanchor_175_175" id="FNanchor_175_175"></a><a href="#Footnote_175_175" class="fnanchor">[175]</a> and in the +Saxon, Ludesgata. He had two sons, Androgeus and +Tenuantius, who were incapable of governing on account +of their age: and therefore their uncle Cassibellaun was +preferred to the kingdom in their room. As soon as he +was crowned, he began to display his generosity and magnificence +to such a degree, that his fame reached to distant kingdoms; +which was the reason that the monarchy of the whole +kingdom came to be invested in him, and not in his +nephews. Notwithstanding Cassibellaun, from an impulse +of piety, would not suffer them to be without their share +in the kingdom, but assigned a large part of it to them. +For he bestowed the city of Trinovantum, with the dukedom +of Kent, on Androgeus; and the dukedom of Cornwall +on Tenuantius. But he himself, as possessing the crown, +had the sovereignty over them, and all the other princes +of the island.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span></p><div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_174_174" id="Footnote_174_174"></a><a href="#FNanchor_174_174"><span class="label">[174]</span></a> The British name of this prince is probably Caswallon.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_175_175" id="Footnote_175_175"></a><a href="#FNanchor_175_175"><span class="label">[175]</span></a> In Latin <i>Porta Lud</i>.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3>BOOK IV.</h3> + +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. I.</span>—<i>Julius Cæsar invades Britain.</i></h3> + + +<p>About this time it happened, (as is found in the Roman +histories,) that Julius Cæsar, having subdued Gaul, came +to the shore of the Ruteni. And when from thence he +had got a prospect of the island of Britain, he inquired +of those about him what country it was, and what people +inhabited it. Then fixing his eyes upon the ocean, as +soon as he was informed of the name of the kingdom +and the people, he said:<a name="FNanchor_176_176" id="FNanchor_176_176"></a><a href="#Footnote_176_176" class="fnanchor">[176]</a> "In truth we Romans and the +Britons have the same origin, since both are descended +from the Trojan race. Our first father, after the destruction +of Troy, was Æneas; theirs, Brutus, whose +father was Sylvius, the son of Ascanius, the son of +Æneas. But I am deceived, if they are not very much +degenerated from us, and know nothing of the art of war, +since they live separated by the ocean from the whole world. +They may be easily forced to become our tributaries, and +subjects to the Roman state. But before the Romans offer +to invade or assault them, we must send them word that +they pay tribute as other nations do, and submit themselves +to the senate; for fear we should violate the ancient nobility +of our father Priamus, by shedding the blood of our kinsmen." +All which he accordingly took care to signify in +writing to Cassibellaun; who in great indignation returned +him an answer in the following letter.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_176_176" id="Footnote_176_176"></a><a href="#FNanchor_176_176"><span class="label">[176]</span></a> It is ridiculous to suppose that Cæsar said any thing of the kind, for +he knew well the slender historical evidence on which the Trojan story +depended.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. II.</span>—<i>Cassibellaunus's letter to Julius Cæsar.</i></h3> + + +<p>"Cassibellaun, king of the Britons, to Caius Julius Cæsar. +We cannot but wonder, Cæsar, at the avarice of the Roman +people, since their insatiable thirst for money cannot let us +alone, though the dangers of the ocean have placed us in a +manner out of the world; but they must have the presumption +to covet our substance, which we have hitherto enjoyed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span> +in quiet. Neither is this indeed sufficient: we must also +choose subjection and slavery to them, before the enjoyment +of our native liberty. Your demand, therefore, Cæsar, is +scandalous, since the same vein of nobility flows from Æneas +in both Britons and Romans, and one and the same chain of +consanguinity unites us: which ought to be a band of firm +union and friendship. It was that, which you should have +demanded of us, and not slavery: we have learned to admit +of the one, but never to bear the other. And so much have +we been accustomed to liberty, that we are perfectly ignorant +what it is to submit to slavery. And if even the gods themselves +should attempt to deprive us of our liberty, we would, +to the utmost of our power, resist them in defence of it. +Know then, Cæsar, that we are ready to fight for that and +our kingdom, if, as you threaten, you shall attempt to invade +Britain."</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. III.</span>—<i>Cæsar is routed by Cassibellaun.</i></h3> + + +<p>On receiving this answer, Cæsar made ready his fleet, and +waited for a fair wind to execute his threats against Cassibellaun. +As soon as the wind stood fair, he hoisted his sails, +and arrived with his army at the mouth of the river Thames. +The ships were now just come close to land, when Cassibellaun +with all his forces appeared on his march against them, +and coming to the town of Dorobellum, he consulted with his +nobility how to drive out the enemy. There was present +with him Belinus, general of his army, by whose counsel the +whole kingdom was governed. There were also his two +nephews, Androgeus, duke of Trinovantum, and Tenuantius, +duke of Cornwall, together with three inferior kings, Cridious, +king of Albania, Guerthaeth of Venedotia, and Britael of +Dimetia, who, as they had encouraged the rest to fight the +enemy, gave their advice to march directly to Cæsar's camp, +and drive them out of the country before they could take any +city or town. For if he should possess himself of any fortified +places, they said it would be more difficult to force him +out, because he would then know whither to make a retreat +with his men. To this proposal they all agreed, and advanced +towards the shore where Julius Cæsar had pitched +his camp. And now both armies drew out in order of battle, +and began the fight, wherein both bows and swords were<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span> +employed. Immediately the wounded fell in heaps on each +side, and the ground was drenched with the blood of the +slain, as much as if it had been washed with the sudden +return of the tide. While the armies were thus engaged, it +happened that Nennius and Androgeus, with the citizens of +Canterbury and Trinovantum, whom they commanded, had +the fortune to meet with the troop in which Cæsar himself +was present. And upon an assault made, the general's +cohort was very nearly routed by the Britons falling upon +them in a close body. During this action, fortune gave +Nennius an opportunity of encountering Cæsar. Nennius +therefore boldly made up to him, and was in great joy that +he could but give so much as one blow to so great a man. +On the other hand, Cæsar being aware of his design, stretched +out his shield to receive him, and with all his might struck +him upon the helmet with his drawn sword, which he lifted +up again with an intention to finish his first blow, and make +it mortal; but Nennius carefully prevented him with his +shield, upon which Cæsar's sword glancing with great force +from the helmet, became so firmly fastened therein, that when +by the intervention of the troops they could no longer continue +the encounter, the general was not able to draw it out +again. Nennius, thus becoming master of Cæsar's sword, +threw away his own, and pulling the other out, made haste +to employ it against the enemy. Whomsoever he struck +with it, he either cut off his head, or left him wounded without +hopes of recovery. While he was thus exerting himself, +he was met by Labienus, a tribune, whom he killed in the +very beginning of the encounter. At last, after the greatest +part of the day was spent, the Britons poured in so fast, and +made such vigorous efforts, that by the blessing of God they +obtained the victory, and Cæsar, with his broken forces, +retired to his camp and fleet. The very same night, as soon +as he had got his men together again, he went on board his +fleet, rejoicing that he had the sea for his camp. And upon +his companions dissuading him from continuing the war any +longer, he acquiesced in their advice, and returned back to +Gaul.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. IV.</span>—<i>Nennius, the brother of Cassibellaun, being wounded in +battle by Cæsar, dies.</i></h3> + + +<p>Cassibellaun, in joy for this triumph, returned solemn +thanks to God; and calling the companions of his victory +together, amply rewarded every one of them, according as +they had distinguished themselves. On the other hand, he +was very much oppressed with grief for his brother Nennius, +who lay mortally wounded, and at the very point of death. +For Cæsar had wounded him in the encounter, and the blow +which he had given him proved incurable; so that fifteen +days after the battle he died, and was buried at Trinovantum, +by the North Gate. His funeral obsequies were performed +with regal pomp, and Cæsar's sword put into the +tomb with him, which he had kept possession of, when struck +into his shield in the combat. The name of the sword +was <i>Crocea Mors</i> (Yellow Death), as being mortal to every +body that was wounded with it.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. V.</span>—<i>Cæsar's inglorious return to Gaul.</i></h3> + + +<p>After this flight of Cæsar, and his arrival on the Gallic +coast, the Gauls attempted to rebel and throw off his yoke. +For they thought he was so much weakened, that his forces +could be no longer a terror to them. Besides, a general +report was spread among them, that Cassibellaun was now +out at sea with a vast fleet to pursue him in his flight; on +which account the Gauls, growing still more bold, began to +think of driving him from their coasts. Cæsar, aware of +their designs, was not willing to engage in a doubtful war +with a fierce people, but rather chose to go to all their first +nobility with open treasures, and reconcile them with presents. +To the common people he promised liberty, to the dispossessed +the restitution of their estates, and to the slaves their +freedom. Thus he that had insulted them before with the +fierceness of a lion, and plundered them of all, now, with +the mildness of a lamb, fawns on them with submissive +abject speeches, and is glad to restore all again. To these +acts of meanness he was forced to condescend till he had +pacified them, and was able to regain his lost power. In the +meantime not a day passed without his reflecting upon his +flight, and the victory of the Britons.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. VI.</span>—<i>Cassibellaun forms a stratagem for sinking Cæsar's ships.</i></h3> + + +<p>After two years were expired, he prepared to cross the sea +again, and revenge himself on Cassibellaun, who having intelligence +of his design, everywhere fortified his cities, repaired +the ruined walls, and placed armed men at all the +ports. In the river Thames, on which Cæsar intended to +sail up to Trinovantum, he caused iron and leaden stakes, +each as thick as a man's thigh, to be fixed under the surface +of the water, that Cæsar's ships might founder. He then +assembled all the forces of the island, and took up his quarters +with them near the sea-coasts, in expectation of the +enemy's coming.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. VII.</span>—<i>Cæsar a second time vanquished by the Britons.</i></h3> + + +<p>After he had furnished himself with all necessaries, the +Roman general embarked with a vast army, eager to revenge +himself on a people that had defeated him; in which he undoubtedly +would have succeeded, if he could but have brought +his fleet safe to land; but this he was not able to do. For +in sailing up the Thames to Trinovantum, the ships struck +against the stakes, which so endangered them all on a sudden, +that many thousands of the men were drowned, while the +ships being pierced sank into the river. Cæsar, upon this, +employed all his force to shift his sails, and hastened to get +back again to land. And so those that remained, after a +narrow escape, went on shore with him. Cassibellaun, who +was present upon the bank, with joy observed the disaster of +the drowned, but grieved at the escape of the rest; and upon +his giving a signal to his men, made an attack upon the +Romans, who, notwithstanding the danger they had suffered +in the river, when landed, bravely withstood the Britons; +and having no other fence to trust to but their own courage, +they made no small slaughter; but yet suffered a greater loss +themselves, than that which they were able to give the enemy. +For their number was considerably diminished by their loss +in the river; whereas the Britons being hourly increased +with new recruits, were three times their number, and by +that advantage defeated them. Cæsar, seeing he could no +longer maintain his ground, fled with a small body of men to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span> +his ships, and made the sea his safe retreat; and as the wind +stood fair, he hoisted his sails, and steered to the shore of +the Morini. From thence he repaired to a certain tower, +which he had built at a place called Odnea, before this second +expedition into Britain. For he durst not trust the fickleness +of the Gauls, who he feared would fall upon him a +second time, as we have said already they did before, after +the first flight he was forced to make before the Britons. +And on that account he had built this tower for a refuge to +himself, that he might be able to maintain his ground against +a rebellious people, if they should make insurrection against +him.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. VIII.</span>—<i>Evelinus kills Hirelglas. Androgeus desires Cæsar's assistance +against Cassibellaun.</i></h3> + + +<p>Cassibellaun, elevated with joy for this second victory, +published a decree, to summon all the nobility of Britain with +their wives to Trinovantum, in order to perform solemn +sacrifices to their tutelary gods who had given them the +victory over so great a commander. Accordingly, they all +appeared, and prepared a variety of sacrifices, for which +there was a great slaughter of cattle. At this solemnity +they offered forty thousand cows, and a hundred thousand +sheep, and also fowls of several kinds without number, besides +thirty thousand wild beasts of several kinds. As soon +as they had performed these solemn honours to their gods, +they feasted themselves on the remainder, as was usual at +such sacrifices, and spent the rest of the day and night in +various plays and sports. Amidst these diversions, it happened +that two noble youths, whereof one was nephew to the +king, the other to duke Androgeus, wrestled together, and +afterwards had a dispute about the victory. The name of +the king's nephew was Hirelglas, the other's Evelinus. As +they were reproaching each other, Evelinus snatched up his +sword and cut off the head of his rival. This sudden disaster +put the whole court into a consternation, upon which the +king ordered Evelinus to be brought before him, that he +might be ready to undergo such punishment as the nobility +should determine, and that the death of Hirelglas might be +revenged upon him, if he were unjustly killed. Androgeus, +suspecting the king's intentions, made answer that he had<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span> +a court of his own, and that whatever should be alleged +against his own men, ought to be determined there. If, +therefore, he was resolved to demand justice of Evelinus, he +might have it at Trinovantum, according to ancient custom. +Cassibellaun, finding he could not attain his ends, threatened +Androgeus to destroy his country with fire and sword, if he +would not comply with his demands. But Androgeus, now +incensed, scorned all compliance with him. On the other +hand, Cassibellaun, in a great rage, hastened to make good +his threats, and ravage the country. This forced Androgeus +to make use of daily solicitations to the king, by means of +such as were related to him, or intimate with him, to divert +his rage. But when he found these methods ineffectual, he +began in earnest to consider how to oppose him. At last, +when all other hopes failed, he resolved to request assistance +from Cæsar, and wrote a letter to him to this effect:—</p> + +<p>"Androgeus, duke of Trinovantum, to Caius Julius Cæsar, +instead of wishing death as formerly, now wishes health. I +repent that ever I acted against you, when you made war +against the king. Had I never been guilty of such exploits, +you would have vanquished Cassibellaun, who is so swollen +with pride since his victory, that he is endeavouring to drive +me out of his coasts, who procured him that triumph. Is +this a fit reward for my services? I have settled him in an +inheritance; and he endeavours to disinherit me. I have a +second time restored him to the kingdom: and he endeavours +to destroy me. All this have I done for him in fighting +against you. I call the gods to witness I have not deserved +his anger, unless I can be said to deserve it for refusing to +deliver up my nephew, whom he would have condemned to +die unjustly. Of which, that you may be better able to +judge, hear this account of the matter. It happened that for +joy of the victory we performed solemn honours to our +tutelary gods, in which after we had finished our sacrifices, +our youth began to divert themselves with sports. Among +the rest our two nephews, encouraged by the example of the +others, entered the lists; and when mine had got the better, +the other without any cause was incensed, and just going to +strike him: but he avoided the blow, and taking him by the +hand that held the sword, strove to wrest it from him. In +this struggle the king's nephew happened to fall upon the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span> +sword's point, and died upon the spot. When the king was +informed of it, he commanded me to deliver up the youth, +that he might be punished for murder. I refused do it; +whereupon he invaded my provinces with all his forces, and +has given me very great disturbance; flying, therefore, to +your clemency, I desire your assistance, that by you I may +be restored to my dignity, and by me you may gain possession +of Britain. Let no doubts or suspicion of treachery in +this matter detain you. Be influenced by the common motive +of mankind; let past enmities beget a desire of friendship; +and after defeat make you more eager for victory."</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. IX.</span>—<i>Cassibellaun, being put to flight, and besieged by Cæsar, +desires peace.</i></h3> + + +<p>Cæsar, having read the letter, was advised by his friends +not to go into Britain upon a bare verbal invitation of the +duke, unless he would send such hostages as might be for +his security. Without delay, therefore, Androgeus sent his +son Scæva with thirty young noblemen nearly related to +him. Upon delivery of the hostages, Cæsar, relieved from +his suspicion, re-assembled his forces, and with a fair wind +arrived at the port of Rutupi. In the meantime Cassibellaun +had begun to besiege Trinovantum and ravage the country +towns; but finding that Cæsar was arrived, he raised the +siege and hastened to meet him. As soon as he entered a +valley near Dorobernia,<a name="FNanchor_177_177" id="FNanchor_177_177"></a><a href="#Footnote_177_177" class="fnanchor">[177]</a> he saw the Roman army preparing +their camp: for Androgeus had conducted them to this place, +for the convenience of making a sudden assault upon the city. +The Romans, seeing the Britons advancing towards them, +quickly flew to their arms, and ranged themselves in several +bodies. The Britons also put on their arms, and placed +themselves in their ranks. But Androgeus with five +thousand men lay hid in a wood hard by, to be ready to +assist Cæsar, and spring forth on a sudden upon Cassibellaun +and his party. Both armies now approached to begin the +fight, some with bows and arrows, some with swords, so that +much blood was shed on both sides, and the wounded fell +down like leaves in autumn. While they were thus engaged, +Androgeus sallied forth from the wood, and fell upon the +rear of Cassibellaun's army, upon which the hopes of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span> +battle entirely depended. And now, what with the breach +which the Romans had made through them just before, what +with the furious irruption of their own countrymen, they +were no longer able to stand their ground, but were obliged +with their broken forces to quit the field. Near the place +stood a rocky mountain, on the top of which was a thick +hazel wood. Hither Cassibellaun fled with his men after he +found himself worsted; and having climbed up to the top of +the mountain, bravely defended himself and killed the +pursuing enemy. For the Roman forces with those of +Androgeus pursued him to disperse his flying troops, and +climbing up the mountain after them made many assaults, +but all to little purpose; for the rockiness of the mountain +and great height of its top was a defence to the Britons, and +the advantage of higher ground gave them an opportunity +of killing great numbers of the enemy. Cæsar hereupon +besieged the mountain that whole night, which had now +overtaken them, and shut up all the avenues to it; intending +to reduce the king by famine, since he could not do it by +force of arms. Such was the wonderful valour of the +British nation in those times, that they were able to put +the conqueror of the world twice to flight; and being ready +to die for the defence of their country and liberty, they, even +though defeated, withstood him whom the whole world could +not withstand. Hence Lucan in their praise says of Cæsar,</p> + +<p style="margin-left:6em;"> +"Territa quæsitis ostendit terga Britannis."<br /> +</p> + +<p style="margin-left:6em;"> +With pride he sought the Britons, but when found,<br /> +Dreaded their force, and fled the hostile ground.<br /> +</p> + +<p>Two days were now passed, when Cassibellaun having +consumed all his provision, feared famine would oblige him +to surrender himself prisoner to Cæsar. For this reason he +sent a message to Androgeus to make his peace with Julius, +lest the honour of the nation might suffer by his being taken +prisoner. He likewise represented to him, that he did not +deserve to be pursued to death for the annoyance which he +had given him. As soon as the messengers had told this to +Androgeus, he made answer:—"That prince deserves not +to be loved, who in war is mild as a lamb, but in peace cruel +as a lion. Ye gods of heaven and earth! Does my lord<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span> +then condescend to entreat me now, whom before he took +upon him to command? Does he desire to be reconciled and +make his submission to Cæsar, of whom Cæsar himself had +before desired peace? He ought therefore to have considered, +that he who was able to drive so great a commander +out of the kingdom, was able also to bring him back again. +I ought not to have been so unjustly treated, who had then +done him so much service, as well as now so much injury. +He must be mad who either injures or reproaches his fellow +soldiers by whom he defeats the enemy. The victory is not +the commander's, but theirs who lose their blood in fighting +for him. However, I will procure him peace if I can, for +the injury which he has done me is sufficiently revenged +upon him, since he sues for mercy to me."</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_177_177" id="Footnote_177_177"></a><a href="#FNanchor_177_177"><span class="label">[177]</span></a> Canterbury</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. X.</span>—<i>Androgeus's speech to Cæsar.</i></h3> + + +<p>Androgeus after this went to Cæsar, and after a respectful +salutation addressed him in this manner:—"You have +sufficiently revenged yourself upon Cassibellaun; and now +let clemency take place of vengeance. What more is there +to be done than that he make his submission and pay tribute +to the Roman state?" To this Cæsar returned him no +answer: upon which Androgeus said again; "My whole +engagement with you, Cæsar, was only to reduce Britain +under your power, by the submission of Cassibellaun. +Behold! Cassibellaun is now vanquished, and Britain by my +assistance become subject to you. What further service do +I owe you? God forbid that I should suffer my sovereign, +who sues to me for peace, and makes me satisfaction for the +injury which he has done me, to be in prison or in chains. +It is no easy matter to put Cassibellaun to death while I +have life; and if you do not comply with my demand, I +shall not be ashamed to give him my assistance." Cæsar, +alarmed at these menaces of Androgeus, was forced to +comply, and entered into peace with Cassibellaun, on +condition that he should pay a yearly tribute of three +thousand pounds of silver. So then Julius and Cassibellaun +from this time became friends, and made presents to each +other. After this, Cæsar wintered in Britain, and the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span> +following spring returned into Gaul.<a name="FNanchor_178_178" id="FNanchor_178_178"></a><a href="#Footnote_178_178" class="fnanchor">[178]</a> At length he +assembled all his forces, and marched towards Rome +against Pompey.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_178_178" id="Footnote_178_178"></a><a href="#FNanchor_178_178"><span class="label">[178]</span></a> "Cæsar's expedition against the Britons was of singular boldness; for +he was the first who proceeded with a fleet to the Western Ocean, and +sailed over the Atlantic Sea, conducting an army to war; and being +desirous of possessing an island, for its size hardly believed in, and giving +occasion for much controversy to various writers, as if a name and a tale +had been invented of a place which never had been nor was yet in +existence, he advanced the dominion of the Romans beyond the limits +of the known world; and having twice sailed over to the island from the +opposite coast of Gaul, and having rather worsted his enemies in many +battles, than advantaged his own soldiers, for there was nothing worth +taking from men who had a bare subsistence and were poor, he terminated +the war not in the way he wished; but taking hostages from the king, and +appointing tributes, he departed from the island."—<span class="smcap">Plutarch.</span> This is the +language of a writer favourable to the reputation of Cæsar, and may teach +us how worthless are the old British or rather Welsh legends in comparison +with the classic historians. +</p><p> +But the classic historians deal sometimes in fables. Witness the +following quotation from Polyænus: +</p><p> +"Cæsar attempting to pass a large river in Britain, Cassolaulus, king of +the Britons, obstructed him with many horsemen and chariots. Cæsar had +in his train a very large elephant, an animal hitherto unseen by the Britons. +Having armed him with scales of iron, and put a large tower upon him, and +placed therein archers and slingers, he ordered them to enter the stream. +The Britons were amazed at beholding a beast till then unseen, and of an +extraordinary nature. As to the horses, what need to write of them! since +even among the Greeks, horses fly on seeing elephants even without harness, +but thus towered and armed, and casting darts and slinging, they could not +endure even to look upon the sight. The Britons therefore fled with their +horses and chariots. Thus the Romans passed the river without molestation, +having terrified the enemy by a single animal."</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XI.</span>—<i>Tenuantius is made king of Britain after Cassibellaun.</i></h3> + + +<p>After seven years had expired, Cassibellaun died and was +buried at York. He was succeeded by Tenuantius, duke of +Cornwall, and brother of Androgeus: for Androgeus was +gone to Rome with Cæsar. Tenuantius therefore, now +wearing the crown, governed the kingdom with diligence. +He was a warlike man, and a strict observer of justice. +After him Kymbelinus his son was advanced to the throne, +being a great soldier, and brought up by Augustus Cæsar. +He had contracted so great a friendship with the Romans, +that he freely paid them tribute when he might have very<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span> +well refused it. In his days was born our Lord Jesus Christ, +by whose precious blood mankind was redeemed from the +devil, under whom they had been before enslaved.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XII.</span>—<i>Upon Guiderius's refusing to pay tribute to the Romans, +Claudius Cæsar invades Britain.</i></h3> + + +<p>Kymbelinus, when he had governed Britain ten years, begat +two sons, the elder named Guiderius, the other Arviragus. +After his death the government fell to Guiderius. This +prince refused to pay tribute to the Romans; for which reason +Claudius, who was now emperor, marched against him. He +was attended in this expedition by the commander of his +army, who was called in the British tongue, Leuis Hamo, by +whose advice the following war was to be carried on. This +man, therefore, arriving at the city of Portcester, [Portchester,] +began to block up the gates with a wall, and denied the +citizens all liberty of passing out. For his design was either +to reduce them to subjection by famine, or kill them without +mercy.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XIII.</span>—<i>Leuis Hamo, a Roman, by wicked treachery kills Guiderius.</i></h3> + + +<p>Guiderius, upon the news of Claudius's coming, assembled +all the soldiery of the kingdom, and went to meet the Roman +army. In the battle that ensued, he began the assault with +great eagerness, and did more execution with his own sword +than the greater part of his army. Claudius was now on +the point of retreating to his ships, and the Romans very +nearly routed, when the crafty Hamo, throwing aside his own +armour, put on that of the Britons, and as a Briton fought +against his own men. Then he exhorted the Britons to a +vigorous assault, promising them a speedy victory. For he +had learned their language and manners, having been educated +among the British hostages at Rome. By these means +he approached by little and little to the king, and seizing a +favourable opportunity, stabbed him while under no apprehension +of danger, and then escaped through the enemy's +ranks to return to his men with the news of his detestable +exploit. But Arviragus, his brother, seeing him killed, +forthwith put off his own and put on his brother's habiliments, +and, as if he had been Guiderius himself, encouraged the +Britons to stand their ground. Accordingly, as they knew<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span> +nothing of the king's disaster, they made a vigorous resistance, +fought courageously, and killed no small number of the +enemy. At last the Romans gave ground, and dividing +themselves into two bodies, basely quitted the field. Cæsar +with one part, to secure himself, retired to his ships; but +Hamo fled to the woods, because he had not time to get +to the ships. Arviragus, therefore, thinking that Claudius +fled along with him, pursued him with all speed, and did not +leave off harassing him from place to place, till he overtook +him upon a part of the sea-coast, which, from the name of +Hamo, is now called Southampton. There was at the same +place a convenient haven for ships, and some merchant-ships +at anchor. And just as Hamo was attempting to get on +board them, Arviragus came upon him unawares, and forthwith +killed him. And ever since that time the haven has +been called Hamo's port.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XIV.</span>—<i>Arviragus, king of Britain, makes his submission to Claudius, +who with his assistance conquers the Orkney islands.</i></h3> + + +<p>In the meantime, Claudius, with his remaining forces, +assaulted the city above-mentioned, which was then called +Kaerperis, now Portcestre, and presently levelled the walls, +and having reduced the citizens to subjection, went after +Arviragus, who had entered Winchester. Afterwards he +besieged that city, and employed a variety of engines against +it. Arviragus, seeing himself in these straits, called his +troops together, and opened the gates, to march out and give +him battle. But just as he was ready to begin the attack, +Claudius, who feared the boldness of the king and the +bravery of the Britons, sent a message to him with a proposal +of peace; choosing rather to reduce them by wisdom and +policy, than run the hazard of a battle. To this purpose he +offered a reconciliation with him, and promised to give him +his daughter, if he would only acknowledge the kingdom of +Britain subject to the Roman state. The nobility hereupon +persuaded him to lay aside thoughts of war, and be content +with Claudius's promise; representing to him at the same time, +that it was no disgrace to be subject to the Romans, who enjoyed +the empire of the whole world. By these and many +other arguments he was prevailed upon to hearken to their +advice, and make his submission to Cæsar. After which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span> +Claudius sent to Rome for his daughter, and then, with the +assistance of Arviragus, reduced the Orkney and the provincial +islands to his power.<a name="FNanchor_179_179" id="FNanchor_179_179"></a><a href="#Footnote_179_179" class="fnanchor">[179]</a></p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_179_179" id="Footnote_179_179"></a><a href="#FNanchor_179_179"><span class="label">[179]</span></a> Claudius never was in Orkney; he spent only sixteen days altogether +in Britain. Of certain sacred isles in the neighbourhood of Britain, Plutarch +gives the following account, showing how little the Greeks knew of +Britain eighty years after the reign of Claudius: +</p><p> +"A short time before Callistratus celebrated the Pythian games, two holy +men from the opposite parts of the habitable earth came to us at Delphos, +Demetrius the grammarian from Britain, returning home to Tarsus, and +Cleombrotus the Lacedæmonian.... But Demetrius said, that there are +many desert islands scattered around Britain, some of which have the name +of being the islands of genii and heroes: that he had been sent by the +emperor, for the sake of describing and viewing them, to that which lay +nearest to the desert isles, and which had but few inhabitants; all of whom +were esteemed by the Britons sacred and inviolable. Very soon after his +arrival there was great turbulence in the air, and many portentous storms; +the winds became tempestuous, and fiery whirlwinds rushed forth. When +these ceased, the islanders said that the departure of some one of the +superior genii had taken place. For as a light when burning, say they, has +nothing disagreeable, but when extinguished is offensive to many; so likewise +lofty spirits afford an illumination benignant and mild, but their extinction +and destruction frequently, as at the present moment, excite winds +and storms, and often infect the atmosphere with pestilential evils. Moreover, +that there was one island there, wherein Saturn was confined by +Briareus in sleep: for that sleep had been devised for his bonds; and that +around him were many genii as his companions and attendants. +</p><p> +"Asclepiades asserts, that after their thirtieth year the Ethiopians, being +scorched by the sun, quickly grow old, in consequence of their bodies being +overheated; whereas in Britain they advance to an hundred and twenty +years, in consequence of the coldness of the place and their retaining +within themselves the vital heat: for the bodies of the Ethiopians are more +slender from their being relaxed by the sun, whereas the inhabitants of the +north are thick set in their persons, and on this account longer lived."</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XV.</span>—<i>Claudius gives his daughter Genuissa for a wife to Arviragus, +and returns to Rome.</i></h3> + + +<p>As soon as the winter was over, those that were sent for +Claudius's daughter returned with her, and presented her to +her father. The damsel's name was Genuissa, and so great +was her beauty, that it raised the admiration of all that saw +her. After her marriage with the king, she gained so great +an ascendant over his affections, that he in a manner valued +nothing but her alone: insomuch that he was desirous to +have the place honoured where the nuptials were solemnized, +and moved Claudius to build a city upon it, for a monument<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span> +to posterity of so great and happy a marriage. Claudius +consented to it, and commanded a city to be built, which after +his name is called Kaerglou, that is Gloucester, to this day, +and is situated on the confines of Dimetia and Loegria, upon +the banks of the Severn. But some say that it derived its +name from Duke Gloius, a son that was born to Claudius +there, and to whom, after the death of Arviragus, fell the +dukedom of Dimetia. The city being finished, and the island +now enjoying peace, Claudius returned to Rome, leaving to +Arviragus the government of the British islands. At the +same time the apostle Peter founded the Church of Antioch; +and afterwards coming to Rome, was bishop there, and sent +Mark, the evangelist, into Egypt to preach the gospel which +he had written.</p> + + + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XVI.</span>—<i>Arviragus revolting from the Romans, Vespasian is sent +into Britain.</i></h3> + + +<p>After the departure of Claudius, Arviragus began to show +his wisdom and courage, to rebuild cities and towns, and to +exercise so great authority over his own people, that he became +a terror to the kings of remote countries. But this so +elevated him with pride that he despised the Roman power, +disdained any longer subjection to the senate, and assumed +to himself the sole authority in every thing. Upon this news +Vespasian was sent by Claudius to procure a reconciliation +with Arviragus, or to reduce him to the subjection of the +Romans. When, therefore, Vespasian arrived at the haven +of Rutupi,<a name="FNanchor_180_180" id="FNanchor_180_180"></a><a href="#Footnote_180_180" class="fnanchor">[180]</a> Arviragus met him, and prevented his entering +the port. For he brought so great an army along with him, +that the Romans, for fear of his falling upon them, durst not +come ashore. Vespasian upon this withdrew from that port, +and shifting his sails arrived at the shore of Totness. As +soon as he was landed, he marched directly to besiege Kaerpenhuelgoit, +now Exeter; and after lying before it seven +days, was overtaken by Arviragus and his army, who gave +him battle. That day great destruction was made in both +armies, but neither got the victory. The next morning, by +the mediation of queen Genuissa, the two leaders were made +friends, and sent their men over to Ireland. As soon as +winter was over, Vespasian returned to Rome, but Arvi<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span>ragus +continued still in Britain. Afterwards, when he grew +old, he began to show much respect to the senate, and to +govern his kingdom in peace and tranquillity. He confirmed +the old laws of his ancestors, and enacted some new ones, +and made very ample presents to all persons of merit. So +that his fame spread over all Europe, and he was both loved +and feared by the Romans, and became the subject of their +discourse more than any king in his time. Hence Juvenal +relates how a certain blind man, speaking of a turbot that +was taken, said:—</p> + +<p style="margin-left:6em;"> +"Regem aliquem capies, aut de temone Britanno<br /> +Decidet Arviragus."<a name="FNanchor_181_181" id="FNanchor_181_181"></a><a href="#Footnote_181_181" class="fnanchor">[181]</a><br /> +<br /> +Arviragus shall from his chariot fall,<br /> +Or thee his lord some captive king shall call.<br /> +</p> + +<p>In war none was more fierce than he, in peace none more +mild, none more pleasing, or in his presents more magnificent. +When he had finished his course of life, he was buried at +Gloucester, in a certain temple which he had built and +dedicated to the honour of Claudius.<a name="FNanchor_182_182" id="FNanchor_182_182"></a><a href="#Footnote_182_182" class="fnanchor">[182]</a></p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_180_180" id="Footnote_180_180"></a><a href="#FNanchor_180_180"><span class="label">[180]</span></a> Richborough.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_181_181" id="Footnote_181_181"></a><a href="#FNanchor_181_181"><span class="label">[181]</span></a> Juven. Sat. iv. 26.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_182_182" id="Footnote_182_182"></a><a href="#FNanchor_182_182"><span class="label">[182]</span></a> Although this narrative of the reign of Arviragus is purely imaginative, +yet it is not impossible that Gloucester may have been a station +founded by Claudius, and hence called Claudii Castrum, or Caer Glan.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XVII.</span>—<i>Rodric, leader of the Picts, is vanquished by Marius.</i></h3> + + +<p>His son Marius, a man of admirable prudence and wisdom, +succeeded him in the kingdom. In his reign a certain king +of the Picts, named Rodric, came from Scythia with a great +fleet, and arrived in the north part of Britain, which is called +Albania, and began to ravage that country. Marius therefore +raising an army went in quest of him, and killed him in +battle, and gained the victory; for a monument of which he +set up a stone in the province, which from his name was +afterwards called Westmoreland, where there is an inscription +retaining his memory to this day. He gave the conquered +people that came with Rodric liberty to inhabit that part +of Albania which is called Caithness, that had been a long +time desert and uncultivated. And as they had no wives,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span> +they desired to have the daughters and kinswomen of the +Britons. But the Britons refused, disdaining to unite with +such a people. Having suffered a repulse here, they sailed +over into Ireland, and married the women of that country, +and by their offspring increased their number. But let thus +much suffice concerning them, since I do not propose to write +the history of this people, or of the Scots, who derived their +original from them and the Irish. Marius, after he had +settled the island in perfect peace, began to love the Roman +people, paying the tribute that was demanded of him; and +in imitation of his father's example practised justice, law, +peace, and every thing that was honourable in his kingdom.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XVIII.</span>—<i>Marius dying, is succeeded by Coillus.</i></h3> + + +<p>As soon as he had ended his days, his son Coillus took upon +him the government of the kingdom. He had been brought +up from his infancy at Rome, and having been taught the +Roman manners, had contracted a most strict amity with +them. He likewise paid them tribute, and declined making +them any opposition, because he saw the whole world subject +to them, and that no town or country was out of the limits +of their power. By paying therefore what was required +of him, he enjoyed his kingdom in peace: and no king ever +showed greater respect to his nobility, not only permitting +them to enjoy their own with quiet, but also binding them to +him by his continual bounty and munificence.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XIX.</span>—<i>Lucius is the first British king that embraces the Christian +faith, together with his people.</i></h3> + + +<p>Coillus had but one son, named Lucius, who, obtaining the +crown after his father's decease, imitated all his acts of goodness, +and seemed to his people to be no other than Coillus +himself revived. As he had made so good a beginning, he +was willing to make a better end: for which purpose he sent +letters to pope Eleutherius, desiring to be instructed by him +in the Christian religion. For the miracles which Christ's +disciples performed in several nations wrought a conviction +in his mind; so that being inflamed with an ardent love of +the true faith, he obtained the accomplishment of his pious +request. For that holy pope, upon receipt of this devout<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span> +petition, sent to him two most religious doctors, Faganus +and Duvanus, who, after they had preached concerning the +incarnation of the Word of God, administered baptism to +him, and made him a proselyte to the Christian faith. +Immediately upon this, people from all countries, assembling +together, followed the king's example, and being washed in +the same holy laver, were made partakers of the kingdom of +heaven. The holy doctors, after they had almost extinguished +paganism over the whole island, dedicated the temples, that +had been founded in honour of many gods, to the one only +God and his saints, and filled them with congregations +of Christians. There were then in Britain eight and twenty +flamens, as also three archflamens, to whose jurisdiction the +other judges and enthusiasts were subject. These also, +according to the apostolic command, they delivered from +idolatry, and where they were flamens made them bishops, +where archflamens, archbishops. The seats of the archflamens +were at the three noblest cities, viz. London,<a name="FNanchor_183_183" id="FNanchor_183_183"></a><a href="#Footnote_183_183" class="fnanchor">[183]</a> York, +and the City of Legions, which its old walls and buildings +show to have been situated upon the river Uske in Glamorganshire. +To these three, now purified from superstition, +were made subject twenty-eight bishops, with their dioceses. +To the metropolitan of York were subject Deira and Albania, +which the great river Humber divides from Loegria. To the +metropolitan of London were subject Loegria and Cornwall. +These two provinces the Severn divides from Kambria or +Wales, which was subject to the City of Legions.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_183_183" id="Footnote_183_183"></a><a href="#FNanchor_183_183"><span class="label">[183]</span></a> This fabulous story of the flamens and archflamens, and of the substitution +of bishops and archbishops in their places, led, in later years, to +serious disputes between the bishops of Canterbury, York, and London.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XX.</span>—<i>Faganus and Duvanus give an account at Rome, of what +they had done in Britain.</i></h3> + + +<p>At last, when they had made an entire reformation here, the +two prelates returned to Rome, and desired the pope to +confirm what they had done. As soon as they had obtained +a confirmation, they returned again to Britain, accompanied +with many others, by whose doctrine the British nation was +in a short time strengthened in the faith. Their names and +acts are recorded in a book which Gildas wrote concerning<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span> +the victory of Aurelius Ambrosius; and what is delivered +in so bright a treatise, needs not to be repeated here in a +meaner style.<a name="FNanchor_184_184" id="FNanchor_184_184"></a><a href="#Footnote_184_184" class="fnanchor">[184]</a></p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_184_184" id="Footnote_184_184"></a><a href="#FNanchor_184_184"><span class="label">[184]</span></a> This treatise has not been preserved, and most probably never was +written. The only information which has come down to us about king +Lucius, at all likely to be of an authentic character, is a brief notice of him +in Bede's Ecclesiastical History, p. 10.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3>BOOK V.</h3> + +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. I.</span>—<i>Lucius dies without issue, and is a benefactor to the churches.</i></h3> + + +<p>In the meantime, the glorious king Lucius highly rejoiced +at the great progress which the true faith and worship had +made in his kingdom, and permitted the possessions and +territories which formerly belonged to the temples of the +gods, to be converted to a better use, and appropriated to +Christian churches. And because a greater honour was due +to them than to the others, he made large additions of lands +and manor-houses, and all kinds of privileges to them. +Amidst these and other acts of his great piety, he departed +this life in the city of Gloucester, and was honourably buried +in the cathedral church, in the hundred and fifty-sixth year +after our Lord's incarnation. He had no issue to succeed +him, so that after his decease there arose a dissension +among the Britons, and the Roman power was much +weakened.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. II.</span>—<i>Severus, a senator, subdues part of Britain: his war with +Fulgenius.</i></h3> + + +<p>When this news was brought to Rome, the senate despatched +Severus, a senator, with two legions, to reduce the country +to subjection. As soon as he was arrived, he came to a +battle with the Britons, part of whom he obliged to submit +to him, and the other part which he could not subdue he +endeavoured to distress in several cruel engagements, and +forced them to fly beyond Deira into Albania. Notwithstanding +which they opposed him with all their might under the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span> +conduct of Fulgenius, and often made great slaughter both +of their own countrymen and of the Romans. For Fulgenius, +brought to his assistance all the people of the islands that he +could find, and so frequently gained the victory. The emperor, +not being able to resist the irruptions which he made, +commanded a wall to be built between Deira and Albania, to +hinder his excursions upon them; they accordingly made +one at the common charge from sea to sea, which for a long +time hindered the approach of the enemy. But Fulgenius, +when he was unable to make any longer resistance, made a +voyage into Scythia, to desire the assistance of the Picts +towards his restoration. And when he had got together all +the forces of that country, he returned with a great fleet into +Britain, and besieged York. Upon this news being spread +through the country, the greatest part of the Britons deserted +Severus, and went over to Fulgenius. However this did not +make Severus desist from his enterprise: but calling together +the Romans, and the rest of the Britons that adhered to him, +he marched to the siege, and fought with Fulgenius; but the +engagement proving very sharp, he was killed with many of +his followers: Fulgenius also was mortally wounded. Afterwards +Severus was buried at York, which city was taken by +his legions.<a name="FNanchor_185_185" id="FNanchor_185_185"></a><a href="#Footnote_185_185" class="fnanchor">[185]</a> He left two sons, Bassianus and Geta, whereof<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span> +Geta had a Roman for his mother, but Bassianus<a name="FNanchor_186_186" id="FNanchor_186_186"></a><a href="#Footnote_186_186" class="fnanchor">[186]</a> a Briton. +Therefore upon the death of their father the Romans made +Geta king, favouring him on account of his being a Roman +by both his parents: but the Britons rejected him, and +advanced Bassianus, as being their countryman by his +mother's side. This proved the occasion of a battle between +the two brothers, in which Geta was killed; and so Bassianus +obtained the sovereignty.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span></p><div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_185_185" id="Footnote_185_185"></a><a href="#FNanchor_185_185"><span class="label">[185]</span></a> The following is an extract from the true account of the expedition of +Severus into Britain taken from Herodian: +</p><p> +"[Severus] received letters from the præfect of Britain relating that the +barbarians there were in a state of insurrection, overrunning the country, +driving off booty, and laying every thing waste; so that for the defence of +the island there was need either of greater force, or of the presence of the +emperor himself. Severus heard this with pleasure, by nature a lover of +glory, and anxious, after his victories in the east and north and his consequent +titles, to obtain a trophy from the Britons: moreover, willing to +withdraw his sons from Rome, that they might grow up in the discipline and +sobriety of a military life, far removed from the blandishments and luxury +prevalent in Rome, he orders an expedition against Britain, although now old +and labouring under an arthritic affection; but as to his mind, he was vigorous +beyond any youth. For the most part he performed the march carried +in a litter, nor did he ever continue long in one place. Having completed +the journey with his sons, and crossed over the sea more quickly than could +be described or expected, he advanced against the Britons, and having +drawn together his soldiers from all sides, and concentrated a vast force, he +prepared for the war. +</p><p> +"The Britons, much struck with the sudden arrival of the emperor, and +learning that such a mighty force was collected against them, sent ambassadors, sued for peace, and were willing to excuse their past transgressions. +But Severus, purposely seeking delay that he might not again return to +Rome without his object, and, moreover, desirous to obtain from Britain +a victory and a title, sent away their ambassadors without effecting +their purpose, and prepared all things for the contest. He more especially +endeavoured to render the marshy places stable by means of +causeways, that his soldiers, treading with safety, might easily pass them, +and, having firm footing, fight to advantage. For many parts of the British +country, being constantly flooded by the tides of the ocean, become marshy. +In these the natives are accustomed to swim and traverse about being immersed +as high as their waists: for going naked as to the greater part of +their bodies, they contemn the mud. Indeed they know not the use of +clothing, but encircle their loins and necks with iron; deeming this an +ornament and an evidence of opulence, in like manner as other barbarians +esteem gold. But they puncture their bodies with pictured forms of every +sort of animals; on which account they wear no clothing, lest they should +hide the figures on their body. They are a most warlike and sanguinary +race, carrying only a small shield and a spear, and a sword girded to their +naked bodies. Of a breast-plate or an helmet they know not the use, +esteeming them an impediment to their progress through the marshes; +from the vapours and exhalations of which the atmosphere in that country +always appears dense. +</p><p> +"Against such things, therefore, Severus prepared whatever could be +serviceable to the Roman army, but hurtful and detrimental to the designs +of the barbarians. And when every thing appeared to him sufficiently +arranged for the war, leaving his younger son, named Geta, in that part of +the island which was subjugated to the Romans, for the purpose of administering +justice and directing other civil matters of the government, giving him +as assessors the more aged of his friends; and taking Antoninus with himself, +he led the way against the barbarians. His army having passed beyond +the rivers and fortresses which defended the Roman territory, there +were frequent attacks and skirmishes and retreats on the side of the barbarians. +To these, indeed, flight was an easy matter, and they lay hidden +in the thickets and marshes through their local knowledge; all which things +being adverse to the Romans, served to protract the war."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_186_186" id="Footnote_186_186"></a><a href="#FNanchor_186_186"><span class="label">[186]</span></a> Otherwise called Caracalla.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. III.</span>—<i>Carausius advanced to be king of Britain.</i></h3> + + +<p>At that time there was in Britain one Carausius, a young +man of mean birth, who, having given proof of his bravery +in many engagements, went to Rome, and solicited the +senate for leave to defend with a fleet the maritime coasts of +Britain, from the incursions of barbarians; which if they +would grant him, he promised to do more for the honour and +service of the commonwealth, than by delivering up to them +the kingdom of Britain. The senate, deluded by his specious +promises, granted him his request, and so, with his commission +sealed, he returned to Britain. Then by wicked practices +getting a fleet together, he enlisted into his service a +body of the bravest youths, and putting out to sea, sailed +round the whole kingdom, causing very great disturbance +among the people. In the meantime he invaded the adjacent +islands, where he destroyed all before him, countries, cities, +and towns, and plundered the inhabitants of all they had. +By this conduct he encouraged all manner of dissolute fellows +to flock to him in hope of plunder, and in a very short time +was attended by an army which no neighbouring prince was +able to oppose. This made him begin to swell with pride, +and to propose to the Britons, that they should make him +their king; for which consideration he promised to kill and +banish the Romans, and free the whole island from the invasions +of barbarous nations. Accordingly obtaining his request, +he fell upon Bassianus and killed him, and then took +upon him the government of the kingdom. For Bassianus +was betrayed by the Picts, whom Fulgenius his mother's +brother had brought with him into Britain, and who being +corrupted by the promises and presents of Carausius, instead +of assisting Bassianus, deserted him in the very battle, and +fell upon his men; so that the rest were put into a consternation, +and not knowing their friends from their foes, quickly +gave ground, and left the victory to Carausius. Then he, to +reward the Picts for this success, gave them a habitation +in Albania, where they continued afterwards mixed with +the Britons.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. IV.</span>—<i>Allectus kills Carausius, but is afterwards himself slain in +flight by Asclepiodotus.</i></h3> + + +<p>When the news of these proceedings of Carausius arrived +at Rome, the senate commissioned<a name="FNanchor_187_187" id="FNanchor_187_187"></a><a href="#Footnote_187_187" class="fnanchor">[187]</a> Allectus, with three<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span> +legions, to kill the tyrant, and restore the kingdom of Britain +to the Roman power. No sooner was he arrived, than he +fought with Carausius, killed him, and took upon himself the +government. After which he miserably oppressed the +Britons, for having deserted the commonwealth, and adhered +to Carausius. But the Britons, not enduring this, advanced +Asclepiodotus, duke of Cornwall, to be their king, and then +unanimously marched against Allectus, and challenged him +to battle. He was then at London, celebrating a feast to his +tutelary gods; but being informed of the coming of Asclepiodotus, +he quitted the sacrifice, and went out with all his +forces to meet him, and engaged with him in a sharp fight. +But Asclepiodotus had the advantage, and dispersed and put +to flight Allectus's troops, and in the pursuit killed many +thousands, as also king Allectus himself. After this victory, +Livius Gallus, the colleague of Allectus, assembled the rest +of the Romans, shut the gates of the city, and placed his men +in the towers and other fortifications, thinking by these +means either to make a stand against Asclepiodotus, or at +least to avoid imminent death. But Asclepiodotus seeing +this laid siege to the city, and sent word to all the dukes of +Britain, that he had killed Allectus with a great number of +his men, and was besieging Gallus and the rest of the Romans +in London; and therefore earnestly entreated them to hasten +to his assistance, representing to them withal, how easy it +was to extirpate the whole race of the Romans out of Britain, +provided they would all join their forces against the besieged. +At this summons came the Dimetians, Venedotians, Deirans, +Albanians, and all others of the British race. And as soon +as they appeared before the duke, he commanded vast numbers +of engines to be made, to beat down the walls of the +city. Accordingly every one readily executed his orders +with great bravery, and made a violent assault upon the city, +the walls of which were in a very short time battered down, +and a passage made into it. After these preparations, they +began a bloody assault upon the Romans, who, seeing their +fellow soldiers falling before them without intermission, persuaded +Gallus to offer a surrender on the terms of having +quarter granted them, and leave to depart: for they were<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span> +now all killed except one legion, which still held out. Gallus +consented to the proposal, and accordingly surrendered himself +and his men to Asclepiodotus, who was disposed to give +them quarter; but he was prevented by a body of Venedotians, +who rushed upon them, and the same day cut off all +their heads upon a brook within the city, which from the +name of the commander was afterwards called in the British +tongue Nautgallim, and in the Saxon Gallembourne.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_187_187" id="Footnote_187_187"></a><a href="#FNanchor_187_187"><span class="label">[187]</span></a> Roman history must have been very little known in England, when +such a statement as this could be put forth as true. Eutropius [ix. 22] says "Carausius, after seven years, was murdered by his companion Allectus, +who after him held the government three years longer."</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. V.</span>—<i>Asclepiodotus obtains the crown. Diocletian's massacre of the +Christians in Britain.</i></h3> + + +<p>The Romans being thus defeated, Asclepiodotus,<a name="FNanchor_188_188" id="FNanchor_188_188"></a><a href="#Footnote_188_188" class="fnanchor">[188]</a> with the +consent of the people, placed the crown upon his own head, +and governed the country in justice and peace ten years, and +curbed the insolence and outrages committed by plunderers +and robbers. In his days began the persecution of the emperor +Diocletian; and Christianity, which from the time of +king Lucius had continued fixed and undisturbed, was almost +abolished over the whole island. This was principally owing +to Maximianus Herculius, general of that tyrant's army, by +whose command all the churches were pulled down, and all +the copies of the Holy Scriptures that could be found, +were burned in the public markets. The priests also, with +the believers under their care, were put to death, and with +emulation pressed in crowds together for a speedy passage to +the joys of heaven, as their proper dwelling place. God +therefore magnified his goodness to us, forasmuch as he did, +in that time of persecution, of his mere grace, light up the +bright lamps of the holy martyrs, to prevent the spreading of +gross darkness over the people of Britain; whose sepulchres +and places of suffering might have been a means of inflaming +our minds with the greatest fervency of divine love, had not +the deplorable impiety of barbarians deprived us of them. +Among others of both sexes who continued firm in the army +of Christ, and suffered, were Alban of Verulam, and Julius +and Aaron, both of the City of Legions. Of these, Alban, +out of the fervour of his charity, when his confessor, Amphi<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span>balus, +was pursued by the persecutors, and just ready to be +apprehended, first hid him in his house, and then offered +himself to die for him; imitating in this Christ himself, who +laid down his life for his sheep. The other two, after being +torn limb from limb, in a manner unheard of, received the +crown of martyrdom, and were elevated up to the gates of +the heavenly Jerusalem.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_188_188" id="Footnote_188_188"></a><a href="#FNanchor_188_188"><span class="label">[188]</span></a> Asclepiodotus is hardly mentioned in the authentic history of this +period. He was præfectus prætorio under Constantius Chlorus, who was +the general that really recovered Britain from Allectus.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. VI.</span>—<i>An insurrection against Asclepiodotus, by Coel, whose +daughter Helena Constantius marries.</i></h3> + + +<p>In the meantime Coel,<a name="FNanchor_189_189" id="FNanchor_189_189"></a><a href="#Footnote_189_189" class="fnanchor">[189]</a> duke of Kaercolvin or Colchester, +made an insurrection against king Asclepiodotus, and in a +pitched battle killed him, and took possession of his crown. +The senate, hearing this, rejoiced at the king's death, who +had given such disturbance to the Roman power: and reflecting +on the damage which they had sustained by the loss of +this kingdom, they sent Constantius the senator, a man of +prudence and courage, who had reduced Spain under their +subjection, and who was above all the rest industrious to +promote the good of the commonwealth. Coel, having information +of his coming, was afraid to engage him in battle, +on account of a report, that no king was able to stand before +him. Therefore, as soon as Constantius was arrived at the +island, Coel sent ambassadors to him with offers of peace and +submission, on condition that he should enjoy the kingdom +of Britain, and pay no more than the usual tribute to the +Roman state. Constantius consented to this proposal, and so, +upon their giving hostages, peace was confirmed between +them. The month after Coel was seized with a very great +sickness, of which he died within eight days. After his +decease, Constantius himself was crowned, and married the +daughter of Coel, whose name was Helena. She surpassed +all the ladies of the country in beauty, as she did all others +of the time in her skill in music and the liberal arts. Her +father had no other issue to succeed him on the throne; for +which reason he was very careful about her education, that +she might be better qualified to govern the kingdom. Constantius, +therefore, having made her partner of his bed, had<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span> +a son by her called Constantine.<a name="FNanchor_190_190" id="FNanchor_190_190"></a><a href="#Footnote_190_190" class="fnanchor">[190]</a> After eleven years were +expired, he died at York, and bestowed the kingdom upon +his son, who, within a few years after he was raised to this +dignity, began to give proofs of heroic virtue, undaunted +courage, and strict observance of justice towards his people. +He put a stop to the depredations of robbers, suppressed the +insolence of tyrants, and endeavoured everywhere to restore +peace.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_189_189" id="Footnote_189_189"></a><a href="#FNanchor_189_189"><span class="label">[189]</span></a> This king seems to be the same as the hero of the old popular ditty, +"Old king Coel was a merry old soul," &c.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_190_190" id="Footnote_190_190"></a><a href="#FNanchor_190_190"><span class="label">[190]</span></a> Constantine was born long before Constantius Chlorus went to Britain. +See the Roman Historians.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. VII.</span>—<i>The Romans desire Constantine's assistance against the +cruelty of Maxentius.</i></h3> + + +<p>At that time there was a tyrant at Rome, named Maxentius,<a name="FNanchor_191_191" id="FNanchor_191_191"></a><a href="#Footnote_191_191" class="fnanchor">[191]</a> +who made it his endeavour to confiscate the estates of all the +best of the nobility, and oppressed the commonwealth with +his grievous tyranny. Whilst he, therefore, was proceeding +in his cruelty, those that were banished fled to Constantine +in Britain, and were honourably entertained by him. At +last, when a great many such had resorted to him, they +endeavoured to raise in him an abhorrence of the tyrant, +and frequently expostulated with him after this manner:—"How +long, Constantine, will you suffer our distress and +banishment? Why do you delay to restore us to our native +country? You are the only person of our nation that can +restore to us what we have lost, by driving out Maxentius. +For what prince is to be compared with the king of Britain, +either for brave and gallant soldiers, or for large treasures? +We entreat you to restore us to our estates, wives, and +children, by conducting us with an army to Rome."</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_191_191" id="Footnote_191_191"></a><a href="#FNanchor_191_191"><span class="label">[191]</span></a> Maxentius was son of Maximian who abdicated. The skeleton of this +part of the history is taken from the authentic writers: but the details are +entirely fictitious.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. VIII.</span>—<i>Constantine, having reduced Rome, obtains the empire of +the world. Octavius, duke of the Wisseans, is put to flight by Trahern.</i></h3> + + +<p>Constantine, moved with these and the like speeches, made +an expedition to Rome, and reduced it under his power, and +afterwards obtained the empire of the whole world. In this +expedition he carried along with him three uncles of Helena, +viz. Leolin, Trahern, and Marius, and advanced them to the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span> +degree of senators. In the meantime Octavius, duke of the +Wisseans, rebelled against the Roman proconsuls, to whom +the government of the island had been committed, and having +killed them, took possession of the throne. Constantine, upon +information of this, sent Trahern, the uncle of Helena, with +three legions to reduce the island. Trahern came to shore +near the city, which in the British tongue is called Kaerperis, +and having assailed it, took it in two days. This news +spreading over the whole country, king Octavius assembled +all the forces of the land, and went to meet him not far from +Winchester, in a field called in the British tongue Maisuriam, +where he engaged with him in battle, and routed him. +Trahern, upon this loss, betook himself with his broken +forces to his ships, and in them made a voyage to Albania, +in the provinces of which he made great destruction. When +Octavius received intelligence of this, he followed him with +his forces, and encountered him in Westmoreland, but fled, +having lost the victory. On the other hand, Trahern, when +he found the day was his own, pursued Octavius, nor ever +suffered him to be at rest till he had dispossessed him both +of his cities and crown. Octavius, in great grief for the loss +of his kingdom, went with his fleet to Norway, to obtain +assistance from king Gombert. In the meantime he had +given orders to his most intimate adherents to watch +carefully all opportunities of killing Trahern, which +accordingly was not long after done by the magistrate +of a certain privileged town, who had a more than +ordinary love for him. For as Trahern was one day +upon a journey from London, he lay hid with a hundred +men in the vale of a wood, through which he was to pass, +and there fell upon him unawares, and killed him in the +midst of his men. This news being brought to Octavius, he +returned back to Britain, where he dispersed the Romans, +and recovered the throne. In a short time after this, he +arrived to such greatness and wealth that he feared nobody, +and possessed the kingdom until the reign of Gratian and +Valentinian.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. IX.</span>—<i>Maximian is desired for a king of Britain.</i></h3> + + +<p>At last, in his old age, being willing to settle the government, +he asked his council which of his family they desired<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span> +to have for their king after his decease. For he had no son, +and only one daughter, to whom he could leave the crown. +Some, therefore, advised him to bestow his daughter with +the kingdom upon some noble Roman, to the end that they +might enjoy a firmer peace. Others were of opinion that +Conan Meriadoc, his nephew, ought to be preferred to the +throne, and the daughter married to some prince of another +kingdom with a dowry in money. While these things were +in agitation among them, there came Caradoc, duke of +Cornwall, and gave his advice to invite over Maximian<a name="FNanchor_192_192" id="FNanchor_192_192"></a><a href="#Footnote_192_192" class="fnanchor">[192]</a> the +senator, and to bestow the lady with the kingdom upon him, +which would be a means of securing to them a lasting peace. +For his father Leolin, the uncle of Constantine, whom we +mentioned before, was a Briton, but by his mother and place +of birth he was a Roman, and by both parents he was +descended of royal blood. And there was a sure prospect +of a firm and secure peace under him, on account of the right +which he had to Britain by his descent from the emperors, +and also from the British blood. But the duke of Cornwall, +by delivering this advice, brought upon himself the displeasure +of Conan, the king's nephew, who was very +ambitious of succeeding to the kingdom, and put the +whole court into confusion about it. However, Caradoc, +being unwilling to recede from his proposal, sent his son +Mauricius to Rome to acquaint Maximian with what had +passed. Mauricius was a person of large and well-proportioned +stature, as well as great courage and boldness, and +could not bear to have his judgment contradicted without a +recourse to arms and duelling. On presenting himself before +Maximian, he met with a reception suitable to his quality, +and had the greatest honours paid him of any that were +about him. There happened to be at that time a great +contest between Maximian and the two emperors, Gratian +and Valentinian, on account of his being refused the third +part of the empire, which he demanded. When, therefore, +Mauricius saw Maximian ill-treated by the emperors, he took +occasion from thence to address him in this manner: "Why +need you, Maximian, stand in fear of Gratian, when you have +so fair an opportunity of wresting the empire from him? +Come with me into Britain, and you shall take possession<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span> +of that crown. For king Octavius, being now grown old +and infirm, desires nothing more than to find some such +proper person, to bestow his kingdom and daughter upon. +He has no male issue, and therefore has asked the advice +of his nobility, to whom he should marry his daughter with +the kingdom; and they to his satisfaction have past a decree, +that the kingdom and lady be given to you, and have sent +me to acquaint you with it. So that if you go with me, and +accomplish this affair, you may with the treasure and forces +of Britain be able to return back to Rome, drive out the +emperors, and gain the empire to yourself. For in this +manner did your kinsman Constantius, and several others +of our kings who raised themselves to the empire."</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_192_192" id="Footnote_192_192"></a><a href="#FNanchor_192_192"><span class="label">[192]</span></a> Maximus is the correct name of this usurper.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. X.</span>—<i>Maximian, coming into Britain, artfully declines fighting +with Conan.</i></h3> + + +<p>Maximian was pleased with the offer, and took his journey +to Britain; but in his way subdued the cities of the Franks, +by which he amassed a great treasure of gold and silver, and +raised men for his service in all parts. Afterwards he set +sail with a fair wind, and arrived at Hamo's Port; the news +of which struck the king with fear and astonishment, who +took this to be a hostile invasion. Whereupon he called to +him his nephew Conan, and commanded him to raise all the +forces of the kingdom, and go to meet the enemy. Conan, +having made the necessary preparations, marched accordingly +to Hamo's Port, where Maximian had pitched his tents; +who, upon seeing the approach of so numerous an army, +was under the greatest perplexities what course to take. +For as he was attended with a smaller body of men, and had +no hopes of being entertained peaceably, he dreaded both the +number and courage of the enemy. Under these difficulties +he called a council of the oldest men, together with Mauricius, +to ask their advice what was to be done at this critical juncture. +"It is not for us," said Mauricius, "to hazard a battle +with such a numerous and powerful army: neither was the +reduction of Britain by arms the end of our coming. Our +business must be to desire peace and a hospitable treatment, +till we can learn the king's mind. Let us say that we are sent +by the emperors upon an embassy to Octavius, and let us +with artful speeches pacify the people." When all had shown<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span> +themselves pleased with this advice, he took with him twelve +aged men with grey hairs, eminent beyond the rest for their +quality and wisdom, and bearing olive-branches in their right +hands, and went to meet Conan. The Britons, seeing they +were men of a venerable age, and that they bore olive-branches +as a token of peace, rose up before them in a +respectful manner, and opened a way for their free access +to their commander. Then presenting themselves before +Conan Meriadoc, they saluted him in the name of the +emperors and the senate, and told him, that Maximian +was sent to Octavius upon an embassy from Gratian and +Valentinian. Conan made answer: "Why is he then +attended with so great a multitude? This does not look +like the appearance of ambassadors, but the invasion of +enemies." To which Mauricius replied: "It did not become +so great a man to appear abroad in a mean figure, or without +soldiers for his guard; especially considering, that by reason +of the Roman power, and the actions of his ancestors, he is +become obnoxious to many kings. If he had but a small +retinue, he might have been killed by the enemies of the +commonwealth. He is come in peace, and it is peace which +he desires. For, from the time of our arrival, our behaviour +has been such as to give no offence to any body. We have +bought necessaries at our own expenses, as peaceable people +do, and have taken nothing from any by violence." While +Conan was in suspense, whether to give them peace, or +begin the battle, Caradoc, duke of Cornwall, with others +of the nobility, came to him, and dissuaded him from proceeding +in the war after this representation; whereupon, +though much against his will, he laid down his arms, and +granted them peace. Then he conducted Maximian to +London, where he gave the king an account of the whole +proceeding.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XI.</span>—<i>The kingdom of Britain is bestowed on Maximian.</i></h3> + + +<p>Caradoc, after this, taking along with him his son Mauricius, +commanded everybody to withdraw from the king's +presence, and then addressed him in these words: "Behold, +that which your more faithful and loyal subjects have long +wished for, is now by the good providence of God brought +about. You commanded your nobility to give their advice,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span> +how to dispose of your daughter and kingdom, as being willing +to hold the government no longer on account of your +great age. Some, therefore, were for having the kingdom +delivered up to Conan your nephew, and a suitable match +procured for your daughter elsewhere; as fearing the ruin +of our people, if any prince that is a stranger to our language +should be set over us. Others were for granting the +kingdom to your daughter and some nobleman of our own +country, who should succeed you after your death. But the +greater number recommended some person descended of the +family of the emperors, on whom you should bestow your +daughter and crown. For they promised themselves a firm +and lasting peace, as the consequence of such a marriage, +since they would be under the protection of the Roman +state. See then! God has vouchsafed to bring to you a +young man, who is both a Roman, and also of the royal +family of Britain; and to whom, if you follow my advice, +you will not delay to marry your daughter. And indeed, +should you refuse him, what right could you plead to the +crown of Britain against him? For he is the cousin of Constantine, +and the nephew of king Coel, whose daughter +Helena possessed the crown by an undeniable hereditary +right." When Caradoc had represented these things to him, +Octavius acquiesced, and with the general consent of his +people bestowed the kingdom and his daughter upon him. +Conan Meriadoc, finding how things went, was beyond expression +incensed, and, retiring into Albania, used all his +interest to raise an army, that he might give disturbance to +Maximian. And when he had got a great body of men +together, he passed the Humber, and wasted the provinces +on each side of it. At the news whereof, Maximian +hastened to assemble his forces against him, and then gave +him battle, and returned with victory. But this proved no +decisive blow to Conan, who with his re-assembled troops +still continued to ravage the provinces, and provoked Maximian +to return again and renew the war, in which he had +various success, being sometimes victorious, sometimes defeated. +At last, after great damages done on both sides, +they were brought by the mediation of friends to a reconciliation.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XII.</span>—<i>Maximian overthrows the Armoricans: his speech to +Conan.</i></h3> + + +<p>Five years after this, Maximian, proud of the vast treasures +that daily flowed in upon him, fitted out a great fleet, and +assembled together all the forces in Britain. For this kingdom +was now not sufficient for him; he was ambitious of +adding Gaul also to it. With this view he set sail, and +arrived first at the kingdom of Armorica, now called Bretagne, +and began hostilities upon the Gallic people that +inhabited it. But the Gauls, under the command of Imbaltus, +met him, and engaged him in battle, in which the +greater part being in danger, they were forced to fly, and +leave Imbaltus with fifteen thousand men killed, all of them +Armoricans. This severe overthrow was matter of the +greatest joy to Maximian, who knew the reduction of that +country would be very easy, after the loss of so many men. +Upon this occasion he called Conan aside from the army, +and smiling said:—"See, we have already conquered one of +the best kingdoms in Gaul: we may now have hopes of +gaining all the rest. Let us make haste to take the cities +and towns, before the rumour of their danger spread to the +remoter parts of Gaul, and raise all the people up in arms. +For if we can but get possession of this kingdom, I make no +doubt of reducing all Gaul under our power. Be not therefore +concerned that you have yielded up the island of +Britain to me, notwithstanding the hopes you once had of +succeeding to it; because whatever you have lost in it, I +will restore to you in this country. For my design is to +advance you to the throne of this kingdom; and this shall +be another Britain, which we will people with our own +countrymen, and drive out the old inhabitants. The land is +fruitful in corn, the rivers abound with fish, the woods +afford a beautiful prospect, and the forests are everywhere +pleasant; nor is there in my opinion anywhere a more delightful +country." Upon this, Conan, with a submissive +bow, gave him his thanks, and promised to continue loyal to +him as long as he lived.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XIII.</span>—<i>Redonum taken by Maximian.</i></h3> + + +<p>After this they marched with their forces to Redonum,<a name="FNanchor_193_193" id="FNanchor_193_193"></a><a href="#Footnote_193_193" class="fnanchor">[193]</a> +and took it the same day. For the citizens, hearing of the +bravery of the Britons, and what slaughter they had made, +fled away with haste, leaving their wives and children +behind them. And the rest of the cities and towns soon +followed their example; so that there was an easy entrance +into them for the Britons, who wherever they entered killed +all they found left of the male sex, and spared only the +women. At last, when they had wholly extirpated the +inhabitants of all those provinces, they garrisoned the cities +and towns with British soldiers, and made fortifications in +several places. The fame of Maximian's exploits spreading +over the rest of the provinces of Gaul, all their dukes and +princes were in a dreadful consternation, and had no other +hopes left but in their prayers to their gods. Maximian, +finding that he had struck terror into them, began to think +of still bolder attempts, and by profusely distributing presents, +augmented his army. For all persons that he knew +to be eager for plunder, he enlisted into his service, and +by plentifully bestowing his money and other valuable things +among them, kept them firm to his interest.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_193_193" id="Footnote_193_193"></a><a href="#FNanchor_193_193"><span class="label">[193]</span></a> Rennes.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XIV.</span>—<i>Maximian, after the conquest of Gaul and Germany, makes +Triers the seat of his empire.</i></h3> + + +<p>By these means he raised such a numerous army, as he +thought would be sufficient for the conquest of all Gaul. +Notwithstanding which he suspended his arms for a time, +till he had settled the kingdom which he had taken, and +peopled it with Britons. To this end he published a decree, +for the assembling together of a hundred thousand of the +common people of Britain, who were to come over to settle +in the country; besides thirty thousand soldiers, to defend +them from hostile attack. As soon as the people were +arrived according to his orders, he distributed them through +all the countries of Armorica, and made another Britain of +it, and then bestowed it on Conan Meriadoc. But he himself, +with the rest of his fellow soldiers, marched into the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span> +further part of Gaul, which, after many bloody battles, he +subdued, as he did also all Germany, being everywhere +victorious. But the seat of his empire he made at Triers, +and fell so furiously upon the two emperors, Gratian and +Valentinian, that he killed the one, and forced the other to +flee from Rome.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XV.</span>—<i>A fight between the Aquitanians and Conan.</i></h3> + + +<p>In the meantime, the Gauls and Aquitanians gave disturbance +to Conan and the Armorican Britons, and harassed +them with their frequent incursions; but he as often defeated +them, and bravely defended the country committed to him. +After he had entirely vanquished them, he had a mind to +bestow wives on his fellow soldiers, by whom they might +have issue to keep perpetual possession of the country; and +to avoid all mixture with the Gauls, he sent over to the +island of Britain for wives for them. In order to accomplish +this, messengers were sent to recommend the management +of this affair to Dianotus, king of Cornwall, who had +succeeded his brother Caradoc in that kingdom. He was a +very noble and powerful prince, and to him Maximian had +committed the government, while he was employed in affairs +abroad. He had also a daughter of wonderful beauty, +named Ursula, with whom Conan was most passionately +in love.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XVI.</span>—<i>Guanius and Melga murder eleven thousand virgins. Maximian +is killed at Rome.</i></h3> + + +<p>Dianotus, upon this message sent him by Conan, was very +ready to execute his orders, and summoned together the +daughters of the nobility from all provinces, to the number +of eleven thousand; but of the meaner sort, sixty thousand; +and commanded them all to appear together in the city of +London. He likewise ordered ships to be brought from all +shores, for their transportation to their future husbands. +And though in so great a multitude many were pleased with +this order, yet it was displeasing to the greater part, who +had a greater affection for their relations and native country. +Nor, perhaps, were there wanting some who, preferring +virginity to the married state, would have rather lost their<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span> +lives in any country, than enjoyed the greatest plenty in +wedlock. In short, most of them had views and wishes different +from one another, had they been left to their own +liberty. But now the ships being ready, they went on +board, and sailing down the Thames, made towards the sea. +At last, as they were steering towards the Armorican coast, +contrary winds arose and dispersed the whole fleet. In this +storm the greater part of the ships foundered; but the +women that escaped the danger of the sea, were driven upon +strange islands, and by a barbarous people either murdered +or made slaves. For they happened to fall into the hands of +the cruel army of Guanius and Melga, who, by the command +of Gratian,<a name="FNanchor_194_194" id="FNanchor_194_194"></a><a href="#Footnote_194_194" class="fnanchor">[194]</a> were making terrible destruction in Germany, +and the nations on the sea-coast. Guanius was king +of the Huns, and Melga of the Picts, whom Gratian had +engaged in his party, and had sent him into Germany to +harass those of Maximian's party along the sea-coasts. +While they were thus exercising their barbarous rage, they +happened to light upon these virgins, who had been driven +on those parts, and were so inflamed with their beauty, that +they courted them to their brutish embraces; which, when +the women would not submit to, the Ambrons fell upon +them, and without remorse murdered the greatest part of +them. This done, the two wicked leaders of the Picts and +Huns, Guanius and Melga, being the partizans of Gratian +and Valentinian, when they had learned that the island of +Britain was drained of all its soldiers, made a speedy voyage +towards it; and, taking into their assistance the people of +the adjacent islands, arrived in Albania. Then joining in a +body, they invaded the kingdom, which was left without +either government or defence, and made miserable destruction +among the common people. For Maximian, as we have +already related, had carried away with him all the warlike +youth that could be found, and had left behind him only the +husbandmen, who had neither sense nor arms, for the defence +of their country. Guanius and Melga, finding that they +were not able to make the least opposition, began to domineer +most insolently, and to lay waste their cities and countries, +as if they had only been pens of sheep. The news of this<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span> +grievous calamity, coming to Maximian, he sent away Gratian +Municeps,<a name="FNanchor_195_195" id="FNanchor_195_195"></a><a href="#Footnote_195_195" class="fnanchor">[195]</a> with two legions, to their assistance; who, +as soon as they arrived, fought with the enemy, and after a +most bloody victory over them, forced them to fly over into +Ireland. In the meantime, Maximian was killed at Rome +by Gratian's friends;<a name="FNanchor_196_196" id="FNanchor_196_196"></a><a href="#Footnote_196_196" class="fnanchor">[196]</a> and the Britons whom he had carried +with him were also slain or dispersed. Those of them that +could escape, went to their countrymen in Armorica, which +was now called the other Britain.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_194_194" id="Footnote_194_194"></a><a href="#FNanchor_194_194"><span class="label">[194]</span></a> That is, Gratian the emperor, and brother of Valentinian, not Gratian +Municeps.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_195_195" id="Footnote_195_195"></a><a href="#FNanchor_195_195"><span class="label">[195]</span></a> This Gratian was called Municeps, because he was a citizen of Britain.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_196_196" id="Footnote_196_196"></a><a href="#FNanchor_196_196"><span class="label">[196]</span></a> Maximus was besieged in Aquileia, and slain by Theodosius, emperor +of the East, <span class="smcap">a.d.</span> 388.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3>BOOK VI.</h3> + +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. I.</span>—<i>Gratian, being advanced to the throne, is killed by the common +people. The Britons desire the Romans to defend them against Guanius +and Melga.</i></h3> + + +<p>But Gratian Municeps,<a name="FNanchor_197_197" id="FNanchor_197_197"></a><a href="#Footnote_197_197" class="fnanchor">[197]</a> hearing of the death of Maximian, +seized the crown, and made himself king. After this he +exercised such tyranny that the common people fell upon +him in a tumultuous manner, and murdered him. When +this news reached other countries, their former enemies returned +back from Ireland, and bringing with them the Scots, +Norwegians, and Dacians, made dreadful devastations with +fire and sword over the whole kingdom, from sea to sea. +Upon this most grievous calamity and oppression, ambassadors +are despatched with letters to Rome, to beseech, with +tears and vows of perpetual subjection, that a body of men +might be sent to revenge their injuries, and drive out the +enemy from them. The ambassadors in a short time prevailed +so far, that, unmindful of past injuries, the Romans +granted them one legion, which was transported in a fleet to +their country, and there speedily encountered the enemy.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span> +At last, after the slaughter of a vast multitude of them, they +drove them entirely out of the country, and rescued the +miserable people from their outrageous cruelty. Then they +gave orders for a wall to be built between Albania and +Deira, from one sea to the other, for a terror to the enemy, +and safeguard to the country. At that time Albania was +wholly laid waste, by the frequent invasions of barbarous +nations; and whatever enemies made an attempt upon the +country, met with a convenient landing-place there. So +that the inhabitants were diligent in working upon the +wall,<a name="FNanchor_198_198" id="FNanchor_198_198"></a><a href="#Footnote_198_198" class="fnanchor">[198]</a> which they finished partly at the public, partly upon +private charge.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_197_197" id="Footnote_197_197"></a><a href="#FNanchor_197_197"><span class="label">[197]</span></a> There was also one Marcus at this time, whom the soldiers in Britain +advanced to the sovereignty; but he was soon got rid of.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_198_198" id="Footnote_198_198"></a><a href="#FNanchor_198_198"><span class="label">[198]</span></a> It was unnecessary for the Britons to build a wall, because there was +one built for them by Severus 200 years before.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. II.</span>—<i>Guethelin's speech to the Britons when the Romans left them.</i></h3> + + +<p>The Romans, after this, declared to the Britons, that they +should not be able for the future to undergo the fatigue of +such laborious expeditions; and that it was beneath the dignity +of the Roman state to harass so great and brave an +army, both by land and sea, against base and vagabond robbers; +but that they ought to apply themselves to the use of +arms, and to fight bravely in defending to the utmost of their +power, their country, riches, wives, children, and, what is +dearer than all these, their liberty and lives. As soon as +they had given them this exhortation, they commanded all +the men of the island that were fit for war, to appear +together at London, because the Romans were about to +return home. When, therefore, they were all assembled, +Guethelin, the metropolitan of London, had orders to make +a speech to them, which he did in these words:—</p> + +<p>"Though I am appointed by the princes here present to +speak to you, I find myself rather ready to burst into tears, +than to make an eloquent oration. It is a most sensible +affliction to me to observe the weak and destitute state into +which you are fallen since Maximian drew away with him +all the forces and youth of this kingdom. You that were +left were people wholly inexperienced in war, and occupied +with other employments, as tilling the ground, and several +kinds of mechanical trades. So that when your enemies<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span> +from foreign countries came upon you, as sheep wandering +without a shepherd, they forced you to quit your folds, till +the Roman power restored you to them again. Must your +hopes, therefore, always depend upon foreign assistance? +And will you never use yourselves to handle arms against a +band of robbers, that are by no means stronger than yourselves, +if you are not dispirited by sloth and cowardice? +The Romans are now tired with the continual voyages +wherewith they are harassed to defend you against your +enemies: they rather choose to remit to you the tribute +you pay them, than undergo any longer this fatigue by land +and sea. Because you were only the common people at the +time when we had soldiers of our own, do you therefore +think that manhood has quite forsaken you? Are not men +in the course of human generation often the reverse of one +another? Is not a ploughman often the father of a soldier, +and a soldier of a ploughman? Does not the same diversity +happen in a mechanic and a soldier? Since then, in this +manner, one produces another, I cannot think it possible for +manhood to be lost among them. As then you are men, behave +yourselves like men: call upon the name of Christ, +that he may inspire you with courage to defend your +liberties."</p> + +<p>No sooner had he concluded his speech, than the people +raised such a shout, that one would have thought them on a +sudden inspired with courage from heaven.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. III.</span>—<i>The Britons are again cruelly harassed by Guanius and +Melga.</i></h3> + + +<p>After this the Romans encouraged the timorous people as +much as they could, and left them patterns of their arms. +They likewise commanded towers, having a prospect towards +the sea, to be placed at proper distances along all the south +coast, where their ships were, and from whence they feared +the invasions of the barbarians. But, according to the proverb, +"It is easier to make a hawk of a kite, than a scholar +of a ploughman;" all learning to him is but as a pearl thrown +before swine. Thus, no sooner had the Romans taken their +farewell of them, than the two leaders, Guanius and Melga, +issued forth from their ships, in which they had fled over +into Ireland, and with their bands of Scots, Picts, Norwe<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span>gians, +Dacians, and others, whom they had brought along +with them, seized upon all Albania as far as the very wall. +Understanding, likewise, that the Romans were gone, never +to return any more, they now, in a more insolent manner +than before, began their devastations in the island. Hereupon +the country fellows upon the battlements of the walls +sat night and day with quaking hearts, not daring to stir +from their seats, and readier for flight than making the least +resistance. In the meantime the enemies ceased not with +their hooks to pull them down headlong, and dash the +wretched herd to pieces upon the ground; who gained at +least this advantage by their speedy death, that they avoided +the sight of that most deplorable calamity, which forthwith +threatened their relations and dearest children. Such was +the terrible vengeance of God for that most wicked madness +of Maximian, in draining the kingdom of all its forces, who, +had they been present, would have repulsed any nation that +invaded them; an evident proof of which they gave, by the +vast conquests they made abroad, even in remote countries; +and also by maintaining their own country in peace, while +they continued here. But thus it happens when a country +is left to the defence of country clowns. In short, quitting +their high wall and their cities, the country people were forced +again to fly, and to suffer a more fatal dispersion, a more +furious pursuit of the enemy, a more cruel and more general +slaughter than before; and like lambs before wolves, so was +that miserable people torn to pieces by the merciless barbarians. +Again, therefore, the wretched remainder send letters +to Agitius, a man of great power among the Romans, to this +effect. "To Agitius,<a name="FNanchor_199_199" id="FNanchor_199_199"></a><a href="#Footnote_199_199" class="fnanchor">[199]</a> thrice consul, the groans of the +Britons." And after some few other complaints they add: +"The sea drives us to the barbarians, and the barbarians +drive us back to the sea: thus are we tossed to and fro between +two kinds of death, being either drowned or put to +the sword." Notwithstanding this most moving address, +they procured no relief, and the ambassadors returning back +in great heaviness, declared to their countrymen the repulse +which they had suffered.</p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span></p> +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_199_199" id="Footnote_199_199"></a><a href="#FNanchor_199_199"><span class="label">[199]</span></a> Ætius is the name of this general in the classic writers.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. IV.</span>—<i>Guethelin desires succours of Aldroen.</i></h3> + + +<p>Hereupon, after a consultation together, Guethelin, archbishop +of London, passed over into Lesser Britain, called then +Armorica, or Letavia, to desire assistance of their brethren. +At that time Aldroen reigned there, being the fourth king +from Conan, to whom, as has been already related, Maximian +had given that kingdom. This prince, seeing a prelate of so +great dignity arrive, received him with honour, and inquired +after the occasion of his coming. To whom Guethelin:—</p> + +<p>"Your majesty can be no stranger to the misery which we, +your Britons, have suffered (which may even demand your +tears), since the time that Maximian drained our island of +its soldiers, to people the kingdom which you enjoy, and +which God grant you may long enjoy in peace. For against +us the poor remains of the British race, all the people of the +adjacent islands, have risen up, and made an utter devastation +in our country, which then abounded with all kinds of +riches; so that the people now are wholly destitute of all +manner of sustenance, but what they can get in hunting. +Nor had we any power or knowledge of military affairs left +among us to encounter the enemy. For the Romans are +tired of us, and have absolutely refused their assistance. So +that now, deprived of all other hope, we come to implore +your clemency, that you would furnish us with forces, and +protect a kingdom, which is of right your own, from the incursions +of barbarians. For who but yourself, ought, without +your consent, to wear the crown of Constantine and +Maximian, since the right your ancestors had to it is now +devolved upon you? Prepare then your fleet, and go with +me. Behold! I deliver the kingdom of Britain into your +hands."</p> + +<p>To this Aldroen made answer: "There was a time formerly +when I would not have refused to accept of the island +of Britain, if it had been offered me; for I do not think there +was anywhere a more fruitful country while it enjoyed peace +and tranquillity. But now, since the calamities that have +befallen it, it is become of less value, and odious both to me +and all other princes. But above all things the power of the +Romans was so destructive to it, that nobody could enjoy +any settled state or authority in it, without loss of liberty,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span> +and bearing the yoke of slavery under them. And who +would not prefer the possession of a lesser country with +liberty, to all the riches of that island in servitude? The +kingdom that is now under my subjection I enjoy with +honour, and without paying homage to any superior; so that +I prefer it to all other countries, since I can govern it without +being controlled. Nevertheless, out of respect to the +right that my ancestors for many generations have had to +your island, I deliver to you my brother Constantine with +two thousand men, that with the good providence of God, +he may free your country from the inroads of barbarians, +and obtain the crown for himself. For I have a brother +called by that name, who is an expert soldier, and in all other +respects an accomplished man. If you please to accept of +him, I will not refuse to send him with you, together with +the said number of men; for indeed a larger number I do +not mention to you, because I am daily threatened with disturbance +from the Gauls." He had scarcely done speaking +before the archbishop returned him thanks, and when Constantine +was called in, broke out into these expressions of +joy: "Christ conquers; Christ commands; Christ reigns: +behold the king of desolate Britain! Be Christ only present, +and behold our defence, our hope and joy." In short, the +ships being got ready, the men who were chosen out from +all parts of the kingdom, were delivered to Guethelin.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. V.</span>—<i>Constantine, being made king of Britain, leaves three sons.</i></h3> + + +<p>When they had made all necessary preparations, they embarked, +and arrived at the port of Totness; and then without +delay assembled together the youth that was left in the +island, and encountered the enemy; over whom, by the +merit of the holy prelate, they obtained the victory. After +this the Britons, before dispersed, flocked together from all +parts, and in a council held at Silchester, promoted Constantine +to the throne, and there performed the ceremony of his +coronation. They also married him to a lady, descended +from a noble Roman family, whom archbishop Guethelin had +educated, and by whom the king had afterwards three sons, +Constans, Aurelius Ambrosius, and Uther Pendragon. Constans, +who was the eldest, he delivered to the church of Amphibalus +in Winchester, that he might there take upon him<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span> +the monastic order. But the other two, viz. Aurelius and +Uther, he committed to the care of Guethelin for their education. +At last, after ten years were expired, there came a +certain Pict, who had entered in his service, and under pretence +of holding some private discourse with him, in a +nursery of young trees where nobody was present, stabbed +him with a dagger.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. VI.</span>—<i>Constans is by Vortigern crowned king of Britain.</i></h3> + + +<p>Upon the death of Constantine, a dissension arose among the +nobility, about a successor to the throne. Some were for +setting up Aurelius Ambrosius; others Uther Pendragon; +others again some other persons of the royal family. At last, +when they could come to no conclusion, Vortigern, consul +of the Gewisseans, who was himself very ambitious of the +crown, went to Constans the monk,<a name="FNanchor_200_200" id="FNanchor_200_200"></a><a href="#Footnote_200_200" class="fnanchor">[200]</a> and thus addressed +himself to him: "You see your father is dead, and your +brothers on account of their age are incapable of the government; +neither do I see any of your family besides yourself, +whom the people ought to promote to the kingdom. If you +will therefore follow my advice, I will, on condition of your +increasing my private estate, dispose the people to favour +your advancement, and free you from that habit, notwithstanding +that it is against the rule of your order." Constans, +overjoyed at the proposal, promised, with an oath, that upon +these terms he would grant him whatever he would desire. +Then Vortigern took him, and investing him in his regal +habiliments, conducted him to London, and made him king, +though not with the free consent of the people. Archbishop +Guethelin was then dead, nor was there any other +that durst perform the ceremony of his unction, on account +of his having quitted the monastic order. However, this +proved no hindrance to his coronation, for Vortigern himself +performed the ceremony instead of a bishop.</p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span></p> +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_200_200" id="Footnote_200_200"></a><a href="#FNanchor_200_200"><span class="label">[200]</span></a> It is true that Constans, the son of Constantine, entered into the +sacerdotal profession, but both he and his father Constantine were slain in +Gaul, which they had made the seat of their empire, to the entire neglect +of Britain.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. VII.</span>—<i>Vortigern treacherously contrives to get king Constans +assassinated.</i></h3> + + +<p>Constans, being thus advanced, committed the whole +government of the kingdom to Vortigern, and surrendered +himself up so entirely to his counsels, that he did nothing +without his order. His own incapacity for government +obliged him to do this, for he had learned any thing else +rather than state affairs within his cloister. Vortigern +became sensible of this, and therefore began to deliberate +with himself what course to take to obtain the crown, of +which he had been before extremely ambitious. He saw +that now was his proper time to gain his end easily, when +the kingdom was wholly intrusted to his management; and +Constans, who bore the title of king, was no more than the +shadow of one; for he was of a soft temper, a bad judge in +matters of right, and not in the least feared, either by his +own people, or by the neighbouring states. And as for his +two brothers, Uther Pendragon and Aurelius Ambrosius, +they were only children in their cradles, and therefore +incapable of the government. There was likewise this +farther misfortune, that all the older persons of the nobility +were dead, so that Vortigern seemed to be the only man +surviving, that had craft, policy, and experience in matters +of state; and all the rest in a manner children, or raw +youths, who only inherited the honours of their parents and +relations that had been killed in the former wars. Vortigern, +finding a concurrence of so many favourable circumstances, +contrived how he might easily and cunningly depose Constans +the monk, and immediately establish himself in his place. +But in order to do this, he waited until he had first well +established his power and interest in several countries. He +therefore petitioned to have the king's treasures, and his +fortified cities, in his own custody; pretending there was a +rumour, that the neighbouring islanders designed an invasion +of the kingdom. This being granted him, he placed his own +creatures in those cities, to secure them for himself. Then +having formed a scheme how to execute his treasonable +designs, he went to the king, and represented to him the +necessity of augmenting the number of his domestics, that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span> +he might more safely oppose the invasion of the enemy. +"Have not I left all things to your disposal?" said Constans. +"Do what you will as to that, so that they be but faithful to +me." Vortigern replied, "I am informed that the Picts are +going to bring the Dacians and Norwegians in upon us, with +a design to give us very great annoyance. I would therefore +advise you, and in my opinion it is the best course you can +take, that you maintain some Picts in your court, who may +do you good service among those of that nation. For if it +is true that they are preparing to begin a rebellion, you may +employ them as spies upon their countrymen in their plots +and stratagems, so as easily to escape them." This was the +dark treason of a secret enemy; for he did not recommend +this out of regard to the safety of Constans, but because he +knew the Picts to be a giddy people, and ready for all +manner of wickedness; so that, in a fit of drunkenness or +passion, they might easily be incensed against the king, and +make no scruple to assassinate him. And such an accident, +when it should happen, would make an open way for his +accession to the throne, which he so often had in view. +Hereupon he despatched messengers into Scotland, with an +invitation to a hundred Pictish soldiers, whom accordingly +he received into the king's household; and when admitted, +he showed them more respect than all the rest of the domestics, +by making them several presents, and allowing them a +luxurious table, insomuch that they looked upon him as the +king. So great was the regard they had for him, that they +made songs of him about the streets, the subject of which +was, that Vortigern deserved the government, deserved the +sceptre of Britain; but that Constans was unworthy of it. +This encouraged Vortigern to show them still more favour, +in order the more firmly to engage them in his interest; and +when by these practices he had made them entirely his +creatures, he took an opportunity, when they were drunk, to +tell them, that he was going to retire out of Britain, to see if +he could get a better estate; for the small revenue he had +then, he said, would not so much as enable him to maintain a +retinue of fifty men. Then putting on a look of sadness, he +withdrew to his own apartment, and left them drinking in +the hall. The Picts at this sight were in inexpressible sorrow, +as thinking what he had said was true, and murmuring said<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span> +one to another, "Why do we suffer this monk to live? Why +do not we kill him, that Vortigern may enjoy his crown? +Who is so fit to succeed as he? A man so generous to us is +worthy to rule, and deserves all the honour and dignity that +we can bestow upon him."</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. VIII.</span>—<i>Aurelius Ambrosius and Uther Pendragon flee from +Vortigern, and go to Lesser Britain.</i></h3> + + +<p>After this, breaking into Constans' bed-chamber, they fell +upon him and killed him, and carried his head to Vortigern. +At the sight of it, he put on a mournful countenance, and +burst forth into tears, though at the same time he was +almost transported with joy. However, he summoned +together the citizens of London, (for there the fact was +committed,) and commanded all the assassins to be bound, +and their heads to be cut off for this abominable parricide. +In the meantime there were some who had a suspicion, that +this piece of villany was wholly the contrivance of Vortigern, +and that the Picts were only his instruments to execute it. +Others again as positively asserted his innocence. At last +the matter being left in doubt, those who had the care of the +two brothers, Aurelius Ambrosius, and Uther Pendragon, +fled over with them into Lesser Britain, for fear of being +killed by Vortigern. There they were kindly received by +king Budes, who took care to give them an education suitable +to their royal birth.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. IX.</span>—<i>Vortigern makes himself king of Britain.</i></h3> + + +<p>Now Vortigern, seeing nobody to rival him in the kingdom, +placed the crown on his own head, and thus gained the pre-eminence +over all the rest of the princes. At last his treason +being discovered, the people of the adjacent islands, whom +the Picts had brought into Albania, made insurrection +against him. For the Picts were enraged on account of the +death of their fellow soldiers, who had been slain for the +murder of Constans, and endeavoured to revenge that injury +upon him. Vortigern therefore was daily in great distress, +and lost a considerable part of his army in a war with them. +He had likewise no less trouble from another quarter, for +fear of Aurelius Ambrosius, and his brother Uther Pendra<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span>gon, +who, as we said before, had fled, on his account, into +Lesser Britain. For he heard it rumoured, day after day, +that they had now arrived at man's estate, and had built a +vast fleet, with a design to return back to the kingdom, which +was their undoubted right.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. X.</span>—<i>Vortigern takes the Saxons that were new-comers, to his +assistance.</i></h3> + + +<p>In the meantime there arrived in Kent three brigandines, or +long galleys, full of armed men, under the command of two +brothers, Horsa and Hengist.<a name="FNanchor_201_201" id="FNanchor_201_201"></a><a href="#Footnote_201_201" class="fnanchor">[201]</a> Vortigern was then at +Dorobernia, now Canterbury, which city he used often to +visit; and being informed of the arrival of some tall +strangers in large ships, he ordered that they should be +received peaceably, and conducted into his presence. As +soon as they were brought before him, he cast his eyes upon +the two brothers, who excelled all the rest both in nobility +and gracefulness of person; and having taken a view of the +whole company, asked them of what country they were, and +what was the occasion of their coming into his kingdom. +To whom Hengist (whose years and wisdom entitled him to +a precedence), in the name of the rest, made the following +answer:—</p> + +<p>"Most noble king, Saxony, which is one of the countries +of Germany, was the place of our birth; and the occasion +of our coming was to offer our service to you or some other +prince. For we were driven out of our native country, for +no other reason, but that the laws of the kingdom required +it. It is customary among us, that when we come to be +overstocked with people, our princes from all the provinces +meet together, and command all the youths of the kingdom +to assemble before them; then casting lots, they make choice +of the strongest and ablest of them, to go into foreign nations, +to procure themselves a subsistence, and free their native +country from a superfluous multitude of people. Our +country, therefore, being of late overstocked, our princes +met, and after having cast lots, made choice of the youth +which you see in your presence, and have obliged us to obey<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span> +the custom which has been established of old. And us two +brothers, Hengist and Horsa, they made generals over them, +out of respect to our ancestors, who enjoyed the same honour. +In obedience, therefore, to the laws so long established, we +put out to sea, and under the good guidance of Mercury +have arrived in your kingdom."</p> + +<p>The king, at the name of Mercury, looking earnestly upon +them, asked them what religion they professed. "We worship," +replied Hengist, "our country's gods, Saturn and Jupiter, +and the other deities that govern the world, but especially +Mercury, whom in our language we call Woden, and to +whom our ancestors consecrated the fourth day of the week, +still called after his name Wodensday. Next to him we +worship the powerful goddess, Frea, to whom they also dedicated +the sixth day, which after her name we call Friday." +Vortigern replied, "For your credulity, or rather incredulity, +I am much grieved, but I rejoice at your arrival, which, +whether by God's providence or some other agency, happens +very seasonably for me in my present difficulties. For I am +oppressed by my enemies on every side, and if you will +engage with me in my wars, I will entertain you honourably +in my kingdom, and bestow upon you lands and other possessions." +The barbarians readily accepted his offer, and +the agreement between them being ratified, they resided at +his court. Soon after this, the Picts, issuing forth from +Albania, with a very great army, began to lay waste the +northern parts of the island. When Vortigern had information +of it, he assembled his forces, and went to meet them +beyond the Humber. Upon their engaging, the battle +proved very fierce on both sides, though there was but little +occasion for the Britons to exert themselves, for the Saxons +fought so bravely, that the enemy, formerly so victorious, +were speedily put to flight.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_201_201" id="Footnote_201_201"></a><a href="#FNanchor_201_201"><span class="label">[201]</span></a> It is the generally received opinion that Hengist and Horsa landed in +Britain <span class="smcap">a.d.</span> 449.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XI.</span>—<i>Hengist brings over great numbers of Saxons into Britain, +his crafty petition to Vortigern.</i></h3> + + +<p>Vortigern, therefore, as he owed the victory to them, increased +his bounty to them, and gave their general, Hengist, +large possessions of land in Lindesia,<a name="FNanchor_202_202" id="FNanchor_202_202"></a><a href="#Footnote_202_202" class="fnanchor">[202]</a> for the subsistence of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span> +himself and his fellow soldiers. Hereupon Hengist, who +was a man of experience and subtilty, finding how much +interest he had with the king, addressed him in this manner:—"Sir, +your enemies give you disturbance from all quarters, +and few of your subjects love you. They all threaten you, +and say, they are going to bring over Aurelius Ambrosius +from Armorica, to depose you, and make him king. If you +please, let us send to our country to invite over some more +soldiers, that with our forces increased we may be better +able to oppose them. But there is one thing which I would +desire of your clemency, if I did not fear a refusal." Vortigern +made answer, "Send your messengers to Germany, and +invite over whom you please, and you shall have no refusal +from me in whatever you shall desire." Hengist, with a low +bow, returned him thanks, and said, "The possessions which +you have given me in land and houses are very large, but +you have not yet done me that honour which becomes my +station and birth, because, among other things, I should +have had some town or city granted me, that I might be +entitled to greater esteem among the nobility of your kingdom. +I ought to have been made a consul or prince, since +my ancestors enjoyed both those dignities." "It is not in +my power," replied Vortigern, "to do you so much honour, +because you are strangers and pagans; neither am I yet so +far acquainted with your manners and customs, as to set you +upon a level with my natural born subjects. And, indeed, +if I did esteem you as my subjects, I should not be forward +to do so, because the nobility of my kingdom would strongly +dissuade me from it." "Give your servant," said Hengist, +"only so much ground in the place you have assigned me, +as I can encompass with a leathern thong, for to build a fortress +upon, as a place of retreat if occasion should require. +For I will always be faithful to you, as I have been hitherto, +and pursue no other design in the request which I have +made." With these words the king was prevailed upon to +grant him his petition; and ordered him to despatch messengers +into Germany, to invite more men over speedily to his +assistance. Hengist immediately executed his orders, and +taking a bull's hide, made one thong out of the whole, with +which he encompassed a rocky place that he had carefully +made choice of, and within that circuit began to build a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span> +castle, which, when finished, took its name from the thong +wherewith it had been measured; for it was afterwards +called, in the British tongue, Kaercorrei; in Saxon, Thancastre, +that is, Thong Castle.<a name="FNanchor_203_203" id="FNanchor_203_203"></a><a href="#Footnote_203_203" class="fnanchor">[203]</a></p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_202_202" id="Footnote_202_202"></a><a href="#FNanchor_202_202"><span class="label">[202]</span></a> Or Lindsey. See Bede's Eccles. Hist. p. 99, note.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_203_203" id="Footnote_203_203"></a><a href="#FNanchor_203_203"><span class="label">[203]</span></a> Now called Caistor, twenty-three miles N.N.E. from Lincoln.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XII.</span>—<i>Vortigern marries Rowen,</i><a name="FNanchor_204_204" id="FNanchor_204_204"></a><a href="#Footnote_204_204" class="fnanchor">[204]</a><i> the daughter of Hengist.</i></h3> + + +<p>In the meantime, the messengers returned from Germany, +with eighteen ships full of the best soldiers they could get. +They also brought along with them Rowen, the daughter of +Hengist, one of the most accomplished beauties of that age. +After their arrival, Hengist invited the king to his house, to +view his new buildings, and the new soldiers that were +come over. The king readily accepted of his invitation, but +privately, and having highly commended the magnificence of +the structure, enlisted the men into his service. Here he +was entertained at a royal banquet; and when that was +over, the young lady came out of her chamber bearing a +golden cup full of wine, with which she approached the +king, and making a low courtesy, said to him, "Lauerd<a name="FNanchor_205_205" id="FNanchor_205_205"></a><a href="#Footnote_205_205" class="fnanchor">[205]</a> king +wacht heil!" The king, at the sight of the lady's face, was +on a sudden both surprised and inflamed with her beauty; +and calling to his interpreter, asked him what she said, and +what answer he should make her. "She called you, 'Lord +king,'" said the interpreter, "and offered to drink your health. +Your answer to her must be, 'Drinc heil!'" Vortigern +accordingly answered, "Drinc heil!" and bade her drink; +after which he took the cup from her hand, kissed her, and +drank himself. From that time to this, it has been the +custom in Britain, that he who drinks to any one says, +"Wacht heil!" and he that pledges him, answers "Drinc +heil!" Vortigern being now drunk with the variety of +liquors, the devil took this opportunity to enter into his +heart, and to make him in love with the damsel, so that he +became suitor to her father for her. It was, I say, by the +devil's entering into his heart, that he, who was a Christian, +should fall in love with a pagan. By this example, Hengist,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span> +being a prudent man, discovered the king's levity, and consulted +with his brother Horsa and the other ancient men +present, what to do in relation to the king's request. They +unanimously advised him to give him his daughter, and in consideration +of her to demand the province of Kent. Accordingly +the daughter was without delay delivered to Vortigern, +and the province of Kent to Hengist, without the knowledge +of Gorangan, who had the government of it. The king the +same night married the pagan lady, and became extremely +delighted with her; by which he quickly brought upon himself +the hatred of the nobility, and of his own sons. For he +had already three sons, whose names were Vortimer, Catigern, +and Pascentius.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_204_204" id="Footnote_204_204"></a><a href="#FNanchor_204_204"><span class="label">[204]</span></a> More commonly and elegantly called Rowena; Ronwen and Ronwenna +occur in some of the MSS.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_205_205" id="Footnote_205_205"></a><a href="#FNanchor_205_205"><span class="label">[205]</span></a> That is, Lord.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XIII.</span>—<i>The bishops, Germanus and Lupus, restore the Christian +faith that had been corrupted in Britain. Octa and Ebissa are four times routed by Vortimer.</i></h3> + + +<p>At that time came St. Germanus, bishop of Auxerre, and +Lupus, bishop of Troyes, to preach the gospel to the Britons. +For the Christian faith had been corrupted among them, +partly by the pagans whom the king had brought into +society with them, partly by the Pelagian heresy, with +the poison whereof they had been a long time infected. But +by the preaching of these holy men, the true faith and worship +was again restored, the many miracles they wrought +giving success to their labours. Gildas has in his elegant +treatise given an account of the many miracles God wrought +by them. The king being now, as we have said, possessed +of the lady, Hengist said to him: "As I am your father, I +claim the right of being your counsellor: do not therefore +slight my advice, since it is to my countrymen you must owe +the conquest of all your enemies. Let us invite over my +son Octa and his brother Ebissa, who are brave soldiers, and +give them the countries that are in the northern parts of +Britain, by the wall, between Deira and Albania. For they +will hinder the inroads of the barbarians, and so you shall +enjoy peace on the other side of the Humber." Vortigern +complied with his request, and ordered them to invite over +whomsoever they knew able to assist him. Immediately +upon the receipt of this message, came Octa, Ebissa, and +Cherdich, with three hundred ships filled with soldiers, who<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span> +were all kindly received by Vortigern, and had ample +presents made them. For by their assistance he vanquished +his enemies, and in every engagement proved victorious. +Hengist in the meantime continued to invite over more and +more ships, and to augment his numbers daily. Which +when the Britons observed, they were afraid of being betrayed +by them, and moved the king to banish them out of +his coasts. For it was contrary to the rule of the gospel +that Christians should hold fellowship, or have any intercourse, +with pagans. Besides which, the number of those +that were come over was now so great, that they were a +terror to his subjects; and nobody could now know who was +a pagan, or who a Christian, since pagans married the +daughters and kinswomen of Christians. These things they +represented to the king, and endeavoured to dissuade him +from entertaining them, lest they might, by some treacherous +conspiracy, prove an overmatch for the native inhabitants. +But Vortigern, who loved them above all other nations on +account of his wife, was deaf to their advice. For this reason +the Britons quickly desert him, and unanimously set up Vortimer +his son for their king; who at their instigation began to +drive out the barbarians, and to make dreadful incursions upon +them. Four battles he fought with them, and was victorious +in all: the first upon the river Dereuent;<a name="FNanchor_206_206" id="FNanchor_206_206"></a><a href="#Footnote_206_206" class="fnanchor">[206]</a> the second upon +the ford of Epsford, where Horsa and Catigern, another +son of Vortigern, met and, after a sharp encounter, killed +each other;<a name="FNanchor_207_207" id="FNanchor_207_207"></a><a href="#Footnote_207_207" class="fnanchor">[207]</a> the third upon the sea-shore, where the enemies +fled shamefully to their ships, and betook themselves for +refuge to the Isle of Thanet. But Vortimer besieged them +there, and daily distressed them with his fleet. And when +they were no longer able to bear the assaults of the Britons, +they sent king Vortigern, who was present with them in all +those wars, to his son Vortimer, to desire leave to depart, +and return back safe to Germany. And while a conference +upon this subject was being held, they in the meantime +went on board their long galleys, and, leaving their +wives and children behind them, returned back to Germany.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span></p><div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_206_206" id="Footnote_206_206"></a><a href="#FNanchor_206_206"><span class="label">[206]</span></a> The Dereuent seems to be the Darent, a stream which gives its name +to Dartford.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_207_207" id="Footnote_207_207"></a><a href="#FNanchor_207_207"><span class="label">[207]</span></a> The very remarkable monument, called Kit Cotty's house, is traditionally +supposed to mark the grave of Catigern.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XIV.</span>—<i>Vortimer's kindness to his soldiers at his death.</i></h3> + + +<p>Vortimer, after this great success, began to restore his subjects +to their possessions which had been taken from them, +and to show them all marks of his affection and esteem, and at +the instance of St. Germanus to rebuild their churches. But +his goodness quickly stirred up the enmity of the devil +against him, who entering into the heart of his stepmother +Rowen, excited her to contrive his death. For this purpose +she consulted with the poisoners, and procured one who was +intimate with him, whom she corrupted with large and +numerous presents, to give him a poisonous draught; so that +this brave soldier, as soon as he had taken it, was seized with +a sudden illness, that deprived him of all hopes of life. Hereupon +he forthwith ordered all his men to come to him, and +having shown them how near he was to his end, distributed +among them all the treasure his predecessors had heaped up, +and endeavoured to comfort them in their sorrow and lamentation +for him, telling them, he was only going the way of +all flesh. But he exhorted those brave and warlike young +men, who had attended him in all his victories, to persist +courageously in the defence of their country against all hostile +invasion; and with wonderful greatness of mind, commanded +a brazen pyramid to be placed in the port where the Saxons +used to land, and his body when dead to be buried on the +top of it, that the sight of his tomb might frighten back the +barbarians to Germany. For he said none of them would +dare approach the country, that should but get a sight of his +tomb. Such was the admirable bravery of this great man, +who, as he had been a terror to them while living, endeavoured +to be no less so when dead. Notwithstanding +which, he was no sooner dead, than the Britons had no +regard to his orders, but buried him at London.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XV.</span>—<i>Hengist, having wickedly murdered the princes of Britain, +keeps Vortigern prisoner.</i></h3> + + +<p>Vortigern, after the death of his son, was again restored to +the kingdom, and at the request of his wife sent messengers +into Germany to Hengist, with an invitation to return into +Britain, but privately, and with a small retinue, to prevent a +quarrel between the barbarians and his subjects. But Hen<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span>gist, +hearing that Vortimer was dead, raised an army of no +less than three hundred thousand men, and fitting out a fleet +returned with them to Britain. When Vortigern and the +nobility heard of the arrival of so vast a multitude, they were +immoderately incensed, and, after consultation together, resolved +to fight them, and drive them from their coasts. +Hengist, being informed of their design by messengers sent +from his daughter, immediately entered into deliberation +what course to pursue against them. After several stratagems +had been considered, he judged it most feasible, to impose +upon the nation by making show of peace. With this +view he sent ambassadors to the king, to declare to him, that +he had not brought so great a number of men for the purpose +either of staying with him, or offering any violence to +the country. But the reason why he brought them, was +because he thought Vortimer was yet living, and that he +should have occasion for them against him, in case of an +assault. But now since he no longer doubted of his being +dead, he submitted himself and his people to the disposal of +Vortigern; so that he might retain as many of them as he +should think fit, and whomsoever he rejected Hengist would +allow to return back without delay to Germany. And if +these terms pleased Vortigern, he desired him to appoint a +time and place for their meeting, and adjusting matters +according to his pleasure. When these things were represented +to the king, he was mightily pleased, as being very +unwilling to part with Hengist; and at last ordered his subjects +and the Saxons to meet upon the kalends of May, which +were now very near, at the monastery of Ambrius,<a name="FNanchor_208_208" id="FNanchor_208_208"></a><a href="#Footnote_208_208" class="fnanchor">[208]</a> for the +settling of the matters above-mentioned. The appointment +being agreed to on both sides, Hengist, with a new design of +villany in his head, ordered his soldiers to carry every one +of them a long dagger under their garments; and while the +conference should be held with the Britons, who would have +no suspicion of them, he would give them this word of command, +"Nemet oure Saxas;" at which moment they were all +to be ready to seize boldly every one his next man, and with +his drawn dagger stab him. Accordingly they all met at the +time and place appointed, and began to treat of peace; and +when a fit opportunity offered for executing his villany,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span> +Hengist cried out, "Nemet oure Saxas," and the same instant +seized Vortigern, and held him by his cloak. The +Saxons, upon the signal given, drew their daggers, and falling +upon the princes, who little suspected any such design, +assassinated them to the number of four hundred and sixty +barons and consuls; to whose bodies St. Eldad afterwards +gave Christian burial, not far from Kaercaradoc, now Salisbury, +in a burying-place near the monastery of Ambrius, the +abbat, who was the founder of it. For they all came without +arms, having no thoughts of anything but treating of peace; +which gave the others a fairer opportunity of exercising their +villainous design against them. But the pagans did not +escape unpunished while they acted this wickedness; a great +number of them being killed during this massacre of their +enemies. For the Britons, taking up clubs and stones from +the ground, resolutely defended themselves, and did good +execution upon the traitors.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_208_208" id="Footnote_208_208"></a><a href="#FNanchor_208_208"><span class="label">[208]</span></a> Ambresbury.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XVI.</span>—<i>Eldol's valiant exploit. Hengist forces Vortigern to yield +up the strongest fortifications in Britain, in consideration of his release.</i></h3> + + +<p>There was present one Eldol, consul<a name="FNanchor_209_209" id="FNanchor_209_209"></a><a href="#Footnote_209_209" class="fnanchor">[209]</a> of Gloucester, who, +at the sight of this treachery, took up a stake which he happened +to find, and with that made his defence. Every blow +he gave carried death along with it; and by breaking +either the head, arms, shoulders, or legs of a great many, he +struck no small terror into the traitors, nor did he move from +the spot before he had killed with that weapon seventy men. +But being no longer able to stand his ground against such +numbers, he made his escape from them, and retired to his +own city. Many fell on both sides, but the Saxons got the +victory; because the Britons, having no suspicion of treachery, +came unarmed, and therefore made a weaker defence. After +the commission of this detestable villany, the Saxons would +not kill Vortigern; but having threatened him with death +and bound him, demanded his cities and fortified places in +consideration of their granting him his life. He, to secure +himself, denied them nothing; and when they had made him +confirm his grants with an oath, they released him from his +chains, and then marched first to London, which they took, +as they did afterwards York, Lincoln, and Winchester;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span> +wasting the countries through which they passed, and destroying +the people, as wolves do sheep when left by their +shepherds. When Vortigern saw the desolation which they +made, he retired into the parts of Cambria, not knowing +what to do against so barbarous a people.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_209_209" id="Footnote_209_209"></a><a href="#FNanchor_209_209"><span class="label">[209]</span></a> This term must be considered as equivalent to <i>comes</i>, count, or earl.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XVII.</span>—<i>Vortigern, after consultation with magicians, orders a +youth to be brought that never had a father.</i></h3> + + +<p>At last he had recourse to magicians for their advice, and +commanded them to tell him what course to take. They +advised him to build a very strong tower for his own safety, +since he had lost all his other fortified places. Accordingly +he made a progress about the country, to find out a convenient +situation, and came at last to Mount Erir, where he +assembled workmen from several countries, and ordered them +to build the tower. The builders, therefore, began to lay +the foundation; but whatever they did one day the earth +swallowed up the next, so as to leave no appearance of their +work. Vortigern being informed of this again consulted +with his magicians concerning the cause of it, who told him +that he must find out a youth that never had a father, and +kill him, and then sprinkle the stones and cement with his +blood; for by those means, they said, he would have a firm +foundation. Hereupon messengers were despatched away +over all the provinces, to inquire out such a man. In their +travels they came to a city, called afterwards Kaermerdin, +where they saw some young men, playing before the gate, +and went up to them; but being weary with their journey, +they sat down in the ring, to see if they could meet with +what they were in quest of. Towards evening, there happened +on a sudden a quarrel between two of the young men, +whose names were Merlin and Dabutius. In the dispute, +Dabutius said to Merlin: "You fool, do you presume to +quarrel with me? Is there any equality in our birth? I am +descended of royal race, both by my father and mother's side. +As for you, nobody knows what you are, for you never had a +father." At that word the messengers looked earnestly upon +Merlin, and asked the by-standers who he was. They told +him, it was not known who was his father; but that his +mother was daughter to the king of Dimetia, and that she +lived in St. Peter's church among the nuns of that city.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XVIII.</span>—<i>Vortigern inquires of Merlin's mother concerning her +conception of him.</i></h3> + + +<p>Upon this the messengers hastened to the governor of the +city, and ordered him, in the king's name, to send Merlin and +his mother to the king. As soon as the governor understood +the occasion of their message, he readily obeyed the order, +and sent them to Vortigern to complete his design. When +they were introduced into the king's presence, he received +the mother in a very respectful manner, on account of her +noble birth; and began to inquire of her by what man she +had conceived. "My sovereign lord," said she, "by the life +of your soul and mine, I know nobody that begot him of me. +Only this I know, that as I was once with my companions in +our chambers, there appeared to me a person in the shape of +a most beautiful young man, who often embraced me eagerly +in his arms, and kissed me; and when he had stayed a little +time, he suddenly vanished out of my sight. But many +times after this he would talk with me when I sat alone, +without making any visible appearance. When he had a +long time haunted me in this manner, he at last lay with me +several times in the shape of a man, and left me with child. +And I do affirm to you, my sovereign lord, that excepting +that young man, I know no body that begot him of +me." The king full of admiration at this account, ordered +Maugantius to be called, that he might satisfy him as to the +possibility of what the woman had related. Maugantius, +being introduced, and having the whole matter repeated to +him, said to Vortigern: "In the books of our philosophers, +and in a great many histories, I have found that several men +have had the like original. For, as Apuleius informs us in +his book concerning the Demon of Socrates, between the +moon and the earth inhabit those spirits, which we will call +incubuses. These are of the nature partly of men, and +partly of angels, and whenever they please assume human +shapes, and lie with women. Perhaps one of them appeared +to this woman, and begot that young man of her."</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XIX.</span>—<i>Merlin 's speech to the king's magicians, and advice about +the building of the tower.</i></h3> + + +<p>Merlin in the meantime was attentive to all that had +passed, and then approached the king, and said to him, "For<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span> +what reason am I and my mother introduced into your presence?"—"My +magicians," answered Vortigern, "advised +me to seek out a man that had no father, with whose blood +my building is to be sprinkled, in order to make it stand."—"Order +your magicians," said Merlin, "to come before me, +and I will convict them of a lie." The king was surprised +at his words, and presently ordered the magicians to come, +and sit down before Merlin, who spoke to them after this +manner: "Because you are ignorant what it is that hinders +the foundation of the tower, you have recommended the +shedding of my blood for cement to it, as if that would presently +make it stand. But tell me now, what is there under +the foundation? For something there is that will not suffer +it to stand." The magicians at this began to be afraid, and +made him no answer. Then said Merlin, who was also called +Ambrose, "I entreat your majesty would command your +workmen to dig into the ground, and you will find a pond +which causes the foundation to sink." This accordingly was +done, and then presently they found a pond deep under +ground, which had made it give way. Merlin after this went +again to the magicians, and said, "Tell me ye false sycophants, +what is there under the pond." But they were +silent. Then said he again to the king, "Command the pond +to be drained, and at the bottom you will see two hollow +stones, and in them two dragons asleep." The king made +no scruple of believing him, since he had found true what +he said of the pond, and therefore ordered it to be drained: +which done, he found as Merlin had said; and now was +possessed with the greatest admiration of him. Nor were +the rest that were present less amazed at his wisdom, thinking +it to be no less than divine inspiration.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3>BOOK VII.</h3> + +<h4>CONCERNING THE PROPHECIES OF MERLIN.</h4> + +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. I.</span>—<i>Geoffrey of Monmouth's preface to Merlin's prophecy.</i></h3> + + +<p>I had not got thus far in my history, when the subject of +public discourse happening to be concerning Merlin, I was +obliged to publish his prophecies at the request of my<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span> +acquaintance, but especially of Alexander, bishop of Lincoln, +a prelate of the greatest piety and wisdom. There was not +any person, either among the clergy or laity, that was attended +with such a train of knights and noblemen, whom +his settled piety and great munificence engaged in his +service. Out of a desire, therefore, to gratify him, I translated +these prophecies, and sent them to him with the +following letter.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. II.</span>—<i>Geoffrey's letter to Alexander, bishop of Lincoln.</i></h3> + + +<p>"The regard which I owe to your great worth, most noble +prelate, has obliged me to undertake the translation of Merlin's +prophecies out of British into Latin, before I had made +an end of the history which I had begun concerning the acts +of the British kings. For my design was to have finished +that first, and afterwards to have taken this work in hand; +lest by being engaged on both at once, I should be less +capable of attending with any exactness to either. Notwithstanding, +since the deference which is paid to your penetrating +judgment will screen me from censure, I have employed +my rude pen, and in a coarse style present you with a translation +out of a language with which you are unacquainted. +At the same time, I cannot but wonder at your recommending +this matter to one of my low genius, when you might +have caused so many men of greater learning, and a richer +vein of intellect, to undertake it; who, with their sublime +strains, would much more agreeably have entertained you. +Besides, without any disparagement to all the philosophers +in Britain, I must take the liberty to say, that you yourself, +if the business of your high station would give you leisure, +are capable of furnishing us with loftier productions of this +kind than any man living. However, since it was your +pleasure that Geoffrey of Monmouth should be employed in +this prophecy, he hopes you will favourably accept of his +performance, and vouchsafe to give a finer turn to whatever +you shall find unpolished, or otherwise faulty in it."</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. III.</span>—<i>The prophecy of Merlin.</i></h3> + + +<p>As Vortigern, king of the Britons, was sitting upon the +bank of the drained pond, the two dragons, one of which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span> +was white, the other red, came forth, and, approaching one +another, began a terrible fight, and cast forth fire with their +breath. But the white dragon had the advantage, and made +the other fly to the end of the lake. And he, for grief at +his flight, renewed the assault upon his pursuer, and forced +him to retire. After this battle of the dragons, the king +commanded Ambrose Merlin to tell him what it portended. +Upon which he, bursting into tears, delivered what his prophetical +spirit suggested to him, as follows:—<a name="FNanchor_210_210" id="FNanchor_210_210"></a><a href="#Footnote_210_210" class="fnanchor">[210]</a></p> + +<p>"Woe to the red dragon, for his banishment hasteneth on. +His lurking holes shall be seized by the white dragon, which +signifies the Saxons whom you invited over; but the red +denotes the British nation, which shall be oppressed by +the white. Therefore shall its mountains be levelled as the +valleys, and the rivers of the valleys shall run with blood. +The exercise of religion shall be destroyed, and churches +be laid open to ruin. At last the oppressed shall prevail, +and oppose the cruelty of foreigners. For a boar of Cornwall +shall give his assistance, and trample their necks under +his feet. The islands of the ocean shall be subject to his +power, and he shall possess the forests of Gaul. The house +of Romulus shall dread his courage, and his end shall be +doubtful. He shall be celebrated in the mouths of the +people; and his exploits shall be food to those that relate them. +Six of his posterity shall sway the sceptre, but after them +shall arise a German worm. He shall be advanced by a sea-wolf, +whom the woods of Africa shall accompany. Religion +shall be again abolished, and there shall be a translation of +the metropolitan sees. The dignity of London shall adorn +Dorobernia, and the seventh pastor of York shall be resorted +to in the kingdom of Armorica. Menevia shall put on the +pall of the City of Legions, and a preacher of Ireland shall +be dumb on account of an infant growing in the womb. It +shall rain a shower of blood, and a raging famine shall afflict +mankind. When these things happen, the red one shall be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span> +grieved; but when his fatigue is over, shall grow strong. +Then shall misfortunes hasten upon the white one, +and the buildings of his gardens shall be pulled down. +Seven that sway the sceptre shall be killed, one of whom +shall become a saint. The wombs of mothers shall be ripped +up, and infants be abortive. There shall be a most grievous +punishment of men, that the natives may be restored. He +that shall do these things shall put on the brazen man, and +upon a brazen horse shall for a long time guard the gates of +London. After this, shall the red dragon return to his +proper manners, and turn his rage upon himself. Therefore +shall the revenge of the Thunderer show itself, for every +field shall disappoint the husbandmen. Mortality shall +snatch away the people, and make a desolation over all +countries. The remainder shall quit their native soil, and +make foreign plantations. A blessed king shall prepare a +fleet, and shall be reckoned the twelfth in the court among the +saints. There shall be a miserable desolation of the kingdom, +and the floors of the harvests shall return to the fruitful +forests. The white dragon shall rise again, and invite +over a daughter of Germany. Our gardens shall be again +replenished with foreign seed, and the red one shall pine +away at the end of the pond. After that, shall the German +worm be crowned, and the brazen prince buried. He has +his bounds assigned him, which he shall not be able to pass. +For a hundred and fifty years he shall continue in trouble +and subjection, but shall bear sway three hundred. Then +shall the north wind rise against him, and shall snatch away +the flowers which the west wind produced. There shall be +gilding in the temples, nor shall the edge of the sword cease. +The German dragon shall hardly get to his holes, because the +revenge of his treason shall overtake him. At last he shall +flourish for a little time, but the decimation of Neustria shall +hurt him. For a people in wood and in iron coats shall +come, and revenge upon him his wickedness. They shall +restore the ancient inhabitants to their dwellings, and there +shall be an open destruction of foreigners. The seed of the +white dragon shall be swept out of our gardens, and the +remainder of his generation shall be decimated. They shall +bear the yoke of slavery, and wound their mother with +spades and ploughs. After this shall succeed two dragons,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span> +whereof one shall be killed with the sting of envy, but the +other shall return under the shadow of a name. Then shall +succeed a lion of justice, at whose roar the Gallican towers +and the island dragons shall tremble. In those days gold +shall be squeezed from the lily and the nettle, and silver shall +flow from the hoofs of bellowing cattle. The frizzled shall +put on various fleeces, and the outward habit denote the inward +parts. The feet of barkers shall be cut off; wild +beasts shall enjoy peace; mankind shall be grieved at their +punishment; the form of commerce shall be divided; the +half shall be round. The ravenousness of kites shall be destroyed, +and the teeth of wolves blunted. The lion's whelps +shall be transformed into sea-fishes; and an eagle shall build +her nest upon Mount Aravius. Venedotia shall grow red +with the blood of mothers, and the house of Corineus kill +six brethren. The island shall be wet with night tears; so +that all shall be provoked to all things. Woe to thee, Neustria, +because the lion's brain shall be poured upon thee: and +he shall be banished with shattered limbs from his native +soil. Posterity shall endeavour to fly above the highest +places; but the favour of new comers shall be exalted. +Piety shall hurt the possessor of things got by impiety, till +he shall have put on his Father: therefore, being armed with +the teeth of a boar, he shall ascend above the tops of mountains, +and the shadow of him that wears a helmet. Albania +shall be enraged, and, assembling her neighbours, shall be +employed in shedding blood. There shall be put into her +jaws a bridle that shall be made on the coast of Armorica. +The eagle of the broken covenant shall gild it over, and rejoice +in her third nest. The roaring whelps shall watch, +and, leaving the woods, shall hunt within the walls of cities. +They shall make no small slaughter of those that oppose +them, and shall cut off the tongues of bulls. They shall +load the necks of roaring lions with chains, and restore the +times of their ancestors. Then from the first to the fourth, +from the fourth to the third, from the third to the second, +the thumb shall roll in oil. The sixth shall overturn the +walls of Ireland, and change the woods into a plain. He +shall reduce several parts to one, and be crowned with the +head of a lion. His beginning shall lay open to wandering +affection, but his end shall carry him up to the blessed, who<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span> +are above. For he shall restore the seats of saints in their +countries, and settle pastors in convenient places. Two +cities he shall invest with two palls, and shall bestow virgin-presents +upon virgins. He shall merit by this the favour of +the Thunderer, and shall be placed among the saints. From +him shall proceed a lynx penetrating all things, who shall be +bent upon the ruin of his own nation; for, through him, +Neustria shall lose both islands, and be deprived of its +ancient dignity. Then shall the natives return back to the +island; for there shall arise a dissension among foreigners. +Also a hoary old man, sitting upon a snow-white horse, +shall turn the course of the river Periron, and shall measure +out a mill upon it with a white rod. Cadwallader shall call +upon Conan, and take Albania into alliance. Then shall +there be a slaughter of foreigners; then shall the rivers run +with blood. Then shall break forth the fountains of Armorica, +and they shall be crowned with the diadem of Brutus. +Cambria shall be filled with joy; and the oaks of Cornwall +shall flourish. The island shall be called by the name of +Brutus: and the name given it by foreigners shall be +abolished. From Conan shall proceed a warlike boar, that +shall exercise the sharpness of his tusks within the Gallic +woods. For he shall cut down all the larger oaks, and shall +be a defence to the smaller. The Arabians and Africans +shall dread him; for he shall pursue his furious course to +the farther part of Spain. There shall succeed the goat of +the Venereal castle, having golden horns and a silver beard, +who shall breathe such a cloud out of his nostrils, as shall +darken the whole surface of the island. There shall be +peace in his time; and corn shall abound by reason of the +fruitfulness of the soil. Women shall become serpents in +their gait, and all their motions shall be full of pride. The +camp of Venus shall be restored; nor shall the arrows of +Cupid cease to wound. The fountain of a river shall be +turned into blood; and two kings shall fight a duel at Stafford +for a lioness. Luxury shall overspread the whole +ground; and fornication not cease to debauch mankind. All +these things shall three ages see; till the buried kings shall +be exposed to public view in the city of London. Famine shall +again return; mortality shall return; and the inhabitants +shall grieve for the destruction of their cities. Then shall<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</a></span> +come the board of commerce, who shall recall the scattered +flocks to the pasture they had lost. His breast shall be food +to the hungry, and his tongue drink to the thirsty. Out of +his mouth shall flow rivers, that shall water the parched jaws +of men. After this shall be produced a tree upon the +Tower of London, which, having no more than three +branches, shall overshadow the surface of the whole island +with the breadth of its leaves. Its adversary, the north +wind, shall come upon it, and with its noxious blast shall +snatch away the third branch; but the two remaining ones +shall possess its place, till they shall destroy one another +by the multitude of their leaves; and then shall it obtain +the place of those two, and shall give sustenance to +birds of foreign nations. It shall be esteemed hurtful to +native fowls; for they shall not be able to fly freely for fear +of its shadow. There shall succeed the ass of wickedness, +swift against the goldsmiths, but slow against the ravenousness +of wolves. In those days the oaks of the forests shall +burn, and acorns grow upon the branches of teil trees. +The Severn sea shall discharge itself through seven mouths, +and the river Uske burn seven months. Fishes shall die +with the heat thereof; and of them shall be engendered +serpents. The baths of Badon shall grow cold, and their +salubrious waters engender death. London shall mourn for +the death of twenty thousand; and the river Thames shall +be turned into blood. The monks in their cowls shall be +forced to marry, and their cry shall be heard upon the +mountains of the Alps."</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_210_210" id="Footnote_210_210"></a><a href="#FNanchor_210_210"><span class="label">[210]</span></a> The prophecy which follows has been commented on by various +writers, who have taken the trouble to point out the events in English history +which answer to the various predictions which it contains. Such +labour seems to be altogether superfluous in the present day: the prophecy +may be allowed to remain as an illustration of the absurd credulity of +former times.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. IV.</span>—<i>The continuation of the prophecy.</i></h3> + + +<p>"Three springs shall break forth in the city of Winchester, +whose rivulets shall divide the island into three parts. +Whoever shall drink of the first, shall enjoy long life, and +shall never be afflicted with sickness. He that shall drink +of the second, shall die of hunger, and paleness and horror +shall sit in his countenance. He that shall drink of the +third, shall be surprised with sudden death, neither shall his +body be capable of burial. Those that are willing to escape +so great a surfeit, will endeavour to hide it with several +coverings, but whatever bulk shall be laid upon it, shall<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span> +receive the form of another body. For earth shall be turned +into stones; stones into water; wood into ashes; ashes into +water, if cast over it. Also a damsel shall be sent from the +city of the forest of Canute to administer a cure, who, after +she shall have practised all her arts, shall dry up the noxious +fountains only with her breath. Afterwards, as soon as she +shall have refreshed herself with the wholesome liquor, she +shall bear in her right hand the wood of Caledon, and in her +left the forts of the walls of London. Wherever she shall +go, she shall make sulphureous steps, which will smoke with +a double flame. That smoke shall rouse up the city of +Ruteni, and shall make food for the inhabitants of the deep. +She shall overflow with rueful tears, and shall fill the island +with her dreadful cry. She shall be killed by a hart with +ten branches, four of which shall bear golden diadems; but +the other six shall be turned into buffalo's horns, whose +hideous sound shall astonish the three islands of Britain. +The Daneian wood shall be stirred up, and breaking forth +into a human voice, shall cry: Come, O Cambria, and join +Cornwall to thy side, and say to Winchester, the earth shall +swallow thee up. Translate the seat of thy pastor to the +place where ships come to harbour, and the rest of the +members will follow the head. For the day hasteneth, in +which thy citizens shall perish on account of the guilt of +perjury. The whiteness of wool has been hurtful to thee, +and the variety of its tinctures. Woe to the perjured nation, +for whose sake the renowned city shall come to ruin. The +ships shall rejoice at so great an augmentation, and one shall +be made out of two. It shall be rebuilt by Eric, loaden with +apples, to the smell whereof the birds of several woods shall +flock together. He shall add to it a vast palace, and wall it +round with six hundred towers. Therefore shall London +envy it, and triply increase her walls. The river Thames +shall encompass it round, and the fame of the work shall pass +beyond the Alps. Eric shall hide his apples within it, and +shall make subterraneous passages. At that time shall the +stones speak, and the sea towards the Gallic coast be contracted +into a narrow space. On each bank shall one man +hear another, and the soil of the island shall be enlarged. +The secrets of the deep shall be revealed, and Gaul shall +tremble for fear. After these things shall come forth a hern<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span> +from the forest of Calaterium, which shall fly round the +island for two years together. With her nocturnal cry she +shall call together the winged kind, and assemble to her all +sorts of fowls. They shall invade the tillage of husbandmen, +and devour all the grain of the harvests. Then shall follow +a famine upon the people, and a grievous mortality upon the +famine. But when this calamity shall be over, a detestable +bird shall go to the valley of Galabes, and shall raise it to +be a high mountain. Upon the top thereof it shall also plant +an oak, and build its nest in its branches. Three eggs shall +be produced in the nest, from whence shall come forth a fox, +a wolf, and a bear. The fox shall devour her mother, and +bear the head of an ass. In this monstrous form shall she +frighten her brothers, and make them fly into Neustria. But +they shall stir up the tusky boar, and returning in a fleet +shall encounter with the fox; who at the beginning of the +fight shall feign herself dead, and move the boar to compassion. +Then shall the boar approach her carcass, and +standing over her, shall breathe upon her face and eyes. +But she, not forgetting her cunning, shall bite his left foot, +and pluck it off from his body. Then shall she leap upon +him, and snatch away his right ear and tail, and hide herself +in the caverns of the mountains. Therefore shall the deluded +boar require the wolf and bear to restore him his members; +who, as soon as they shall enter into the cause, shall promise +two feet of the fox, together with the ear and tail, and of +these they shall make up the members of a hog. With this +he shall be satisfied, and expect the promised restitution. +In the meantime shall the fox descend from the mountains, +and change herself into a wolf, and under pretence of holding +a conference with the boar, she shall go to him, and craftily +devour him. After that she shall transform herself into a +boar, and feigning a loss of some members, shall wait for her +brothers; but as soon as they are come, she shall suddenly +kill them with her tusks, and shall be crowned with the head +of a lion. In her days shall a serpent be brought forth, +which shall be a destroyer of mankind. With its length it +shall encompass London, and devour all that pass by it. The +mountain ox shall take the head of a wolf, and whiten his +teeth in the Severn. He shall gather to him the flocks of Albania +and Cambria, which shall drink the river Thames dry.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span> +The ass shall call the goat with the long beard, and shall +borrow his shape. Therefore shall the mountain ox be +incensed, and having called the wolf, shall become a horned +bull against them. In the exercise of his cruelty he shall +devour their flesh and bones, but shall be burned upon the +top of Urian. The ashes of his funeral-pile shall be turned +into swans, that shall swim on dry ground as on a river. +They shall devour fishes in fishes, and swallow up men in +men. But when old age shall come upon them, they shall +become sea-wolves, and practise their frauds in the deep. +They shall drown ships, and collect no small quantity of +silver. The Thames shall again flow, and assembling +together the rivers, shall pass beyond the bounds of its +channel. It shall cover the adjacent cities, and overturn +the mountains that oppose its course. Being full of deceit +and wickedness, it shall make use of the fountain Galabes. +Hence shall arise factions provoking the Venedotians to war. +The oaks of the forest shall meet together, and encounter the +rocks of the Gewisseans. A raven shall attend with the +kites, and devour the carcasses of the slain. An owl shall +build her nest upon the walls of Gloucester, and in her nest +shall be brought forth an ass. The serpent of Malvernia +shall bring him up, and put him upon many fraudulent practices. +Having taken the crown, he shall ascend on high, and +frighten the people of the country with his hideous braying. +In his days shall the Pachaian mountains tremble, and the +provinces be deprived of their woods. For there shall come +a worm with a fiery breath, and with the vapour it sends +forth shall burn up the trees. Out of it shall proceed seven +lions deformed with the heads of goats. With the stench +of their nostrils they shall corrupt women, and make wives +turn common prostitutes. The father shall not know his +own son, because they shall grow wanton like brute beasts. +Then shall come the giant of wickedness, and terrify all with +the sharpness of his eyes. Against him shall arise the +dragon of Worcester, and shall endeavour to banish him. +But in the engagement the dragon shall be worsted, and +oppressed by the wickedness of the conqueror. For he shall +mount upon the dragon, and putting off his garment shall sit +upon him naked. The dragon shall bear him up on high, +and beat his naked rider with his tail erected. Upon this<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</a></span> +the giant rousing up his whole strength, shall break his jaws +with his sword. At last the dragon shall fold itself up +under its tail, and die of poison. After him shall succeed +the boar of Totness, and oppress the people with grievous +tyranny. Gloucester shall send forth a lion, and shall +disturb him in his cruelty, in several battles. He shall +trample him under his feet, and terrify him with open jaws. +At last the lion shall quarrel with the kingdom, and get upon +the backs of the nobility. A bull shall come into the quarrel, +and strike the lion with his right foot. He shall drive him +through all the inns in the kingdom, but shall break his +horns against the walls of Oxford. The fox of Kaerdubalem +shall take revenge on the lion, and destroy him entirely with +her teeth. She shall be encompassed by the adder of Lincoln, +who with a horrible hiss shall give notice of his presence to +a multitude of dragons. Then shall the dragons encounter, +and tear one another to pieces. The winged shall oppress +that which wants wings, and fasten its claws into the +poisonous cheeks. Others shall come into the quarrel, and +kill one another. A fifth shall succeed those that are slain, +and by various stratagems shall destroy the rest. He shall +get upon the back of one with his sword, and sever his head +from his body. Then throwing off his garment, he shall get +upon another, and put his right and left hand upon his tail. +Thus being naked shall he overcome him, whom when +clothed he was not able to deal with. The rest he shall +gall in their flight, and drive them round the kingdom. +Upon this shall come a roaring lion dreadful for his +monstrous cruelty. Fifteen parts shall he reduce to one, +and shall alone possess the people. The giant of the snow-white +colour shall shine, and cause the white people to +flourish. Pleasures shall effeminate the princes, and they +shall suddenly be changed into beasts. Among them shall +arise a lion swelled with human gore. Under him shall a +reaper be placed in the standing corn, who, while he is +reaping, shall be oppressed by him. A charioteer of York +shall appease them, and having banished his lord, shall +mount upon the chariot which he shall drive. With his +sword unsheathed shall he threaten the East, and fill the +tracks of his wheels with blood. Afterwards he shall +become a sea-fish, who, being roused up with the hissing<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</a></span> +of a serpent, shall engender with him. From hence shall +be produced three thundering bulls, who having eaten up +their pastures shall be turned into trees. The first +shall carry a whip of vipers, and turn his back upon +the next. He shall endeavour to snatch away the whip, +but shall be taken by the last. They shall turn away their +faces from one another, till they have thrown away the +poisoned cup. To him shall succeed a husbandman of +Albania, at whose back shall be a serpent. He shall be +employed in ploughing the ground, that the country may +become white with corn. The serpent shall endeavour to +diffuse his poison, in order to blast the harvest. A grievous +mortality shall sweep away the people, and the walls of cities +shall be made desolate. There shall be given for a remedy +the city of Claudius, which shall interpose the nurse of the +scourger. For she shall bear a dose of medicine, and in a +short time the island shall be restored. Then shall two +successively sway the sceptre, whom a horned dragon shall +serve. One shall come in armour, and shall ride upon a +flying serpent. He shall sit upon his back with his naked +body, and cast his right hand upon his tail. With his cry +shall the seas be moved and he shall strike terror into the +second. The second therefore shall enter into confederacy +with the lion; but a quarrel happening, they shall encounter +one another. They shall distress one another, but the +courage of the beast shall gain the advantage. Then shall +come one with a drum, and appease the rage of the lion. +Therefore shall the people of the kingdom be at peace, and +provoke the lion to a dose of physic. In his established seat +he shall adjust the weights, but shall stretch out his hands +into Albania. For which reason the northern provinces +shall be grieved, and open the gates of the temples. The +sign-bearing wolf shall lead his troops, and surround +Cornwall with his tail. He shall be opposed by a soldier in +a chariot, who shall transform that people into a boar. The +boar shall therefore ravage the provinces, but shall hide his +head in the depth of Severn. A man shall embrace a lion +in wine, and the dazzling brightness of gold shall blind the +eyes of beholders. Silver shall whiten in the circumference, +and torment several wine presses. Men shall be drunk with +wine, and, regardless of heaven, shall be intent upon the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</a></span> +earth. From them shall the stars turn away their faces, and +confound their usual course. Corn will wither at their +malign aspects; and there shall fall no dew from heaven. +The roots and branches will change their places, and the +novelty of the thing shall pass for a miracle. The brightness +of the sun shall fade at the amber of Mercury, and horror +shall seize the beholders. Stilbon of Arcadia shall change +his shield; the helmet of Mars shall call Venus. The +helmet of Mars shall make a shadow; and the rage of +Mercury pass his bounds. Iron Orion shall unsheath his +sword: the marine Phœbus shall torment the clouds; +Jupiter shall go out of his lawful paths; and Venus +forsake her stated lines. The malignity of the star Saturn +shall fall down in rain, and slay mankind with a crooked +sickle. The twelve houses of the star shall lament the +irregular excursions of their guests; and Gemini omit their +usual embraces, and call the urn to the fountains. The +scales of Libra shall hang obliquely, till Aries puts his +crooked horns under them. The tail of Scorpio shall +produce lightning, and Cancer quarrel with the Sun. +Virgo shall mount upon the back of Sagittarius, and +darken her virgin flowers. The chariot of the Moon +shall disorder the zodiac, and the Pleiades break forth +into weeping. No offices of Janus shall hereafter return, +but his gate being shut shall lie hid in the chinks of +Ariadne. The seas shall rise up in the twinkling of an +eye, and the dust of the ancients shall be restored. The +winds shall fight together with a dreadful blast, and their +sound shall reach the stars."</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3>BOOK VIII.</h3> + +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. I.</span>—<i>Vortigern asks Merlin concerning his own death.</i></h3> + + +<p>Merlin, by delivering these and many other prophecies, +caused in all that were present an admiration at the ambiguity +of his expressions. But Vortigern above all the rest both +admired and applauded the wisdom, and prophetical spirit of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</a></span> +the young man: for that age had produced none that ever +talked in such a manner before him. Being therefore curious +to learn his own fate, he desired the young man to tell him +what he knew concerning that particular. Merlin answered:—"Fly +the fire of the sons of Constantine, if you are able to +do it: already are they fitting out their ships: already are they +leaving the Armorican shore: already are they spreading out +their sails to the wind. They will steer towards Britain: they +will invade the Saxon nation: they will subdue that wicked +people; but they will first burn you being shut up in a tower. +To your own ruin did you prove a traitor to their father, and +invite the Saxons into the island. You invited them for your +safeguard; but they came for a punishment to you. Two +deaths instantly threaten you; nor is it easy to determine, +which you can best avoid. For on the one hand the Saxons +shall lay waste your country, and endeavour to kill you: on the +other shall arrive the two brothers, Aurelius Ambrosius and +Uther Pendragon, whose business will be to revenge their +father's murder upon you. Seek out some refuge if you can: +to-morrow they will be on the shore of Totness. The +faces of the Saxons shall look red with blood, Hengist shall +be killed, and Aurelius Ambrosius shall be crowned. He +shall bring peace to the nation; he shall restore the churches; +but shall die of poison. His brother Uther Pendragon shall +succeed him, whose days also shall be cut short by poison. +There shall be present at the commission of this treason your +own issue, whom the boar of Cornwall shall devour." Accordingly +the next day early, arrived Aurelius Ambrosius and +his brother, with ten thousand men.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. II.</span>—<i>Aurelius Ambrosius, being anointed king of Britain, burns +Vortigern besieged in a tower.</i></h3> + + +<p>As soon as the news of his coming was divulged, the Britons, +who had been dispersed by their great calamities, met together +from all parts, and gaining this new accession of strength +from their countrymen, displayed unusual vigour. Having +assembled together the clergy, they anointed Aurelius king, +and paid him the customary homage. And when the people +were urgent to fall upon the Saxons, he dissuaded them from +it, because his desire was to pursue Vortigern first. For the +treason committed against his father so very much affected<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</a></span> +him, that he thought nothing done till that was first avenged. +In pursuance therefore of this design, he marched with his +army into Cambria, to the town of Genoreu, whither Vortigern +had fled for refuge. That town was in the country of +Hergin, upon the river Gania, in the mountain called +Cloarius. As soon as Ambrosius was arrived there, bearing +in his mind the murder of his father and brother, he spake +thus to Eldol, duke of Gloucester.</p> + +<p>"See, most noble duke, whether the walls of this city are +able to protect Vortigern against my sheathing this sword in +his bowels. He deserves to die, and you cannot, I suppose, +be ignorant of his desert. Oh most villainous of men, whose +crimes deserve inexpressible tortures! First he betrayed my +father Constantine, who had delivered him and his country +from the inroads of the Picts; afterwards my brother Constans +whom he made king on purpose to destroy him. Again, +when by his craft he had usurped the crown, he introduced +pagans among the natives, in order to abuse those who continued +stedfast in their loyalty to me: but by the good providence +of God, he unwarily fell into the snare, which he +had laid for my faithful subjects. For the Saxons, when +they found him out in his wickedness, drove him from the +kingdom; for which nobody ought to be concerned. But +this I think matter of just grief, that this odious people, +whom that detestable traitor invited over, has expelled the +nobility, laid waste a fruitful country, destroyed the holy +churches, and almost extinguished Christianity over the +whole kingdom. Now, therefore, my countrymen, show +yourselves men; first revenge yourselves upon him that was +the occasion of all these disasters; then let us turn our +arms against our enemies, and free our country from their +brutish tyranny."</p> + +<p>Immediately, therefore, they set their engines to work, +and laboured to beat down the walls. But at last, when all +other attempts failed, they had recourse to fire, which meeting +with proper fuel ceased not to rage, till it had burned +down the tower and Vortigern in it.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. III.</span>—<i>The praise of Aurelius's valour. The levity of the Scots +exposed. Forces raised against Hengist.</i></h3> + + +<p>Hengist, with his Saxons, was struck with terror at this +news, for he dreaded the valour of Aurelius. Such was the +bravery and courage this prince was master of, that while +he was in Gaul, there was none that durst encounter with +him. For in all encounters he either dismounted his adversary, +or broke his spear. Besides, he was magnificent in his +presents, constant at his devotions, temperate in all respects, +and above all things hated a lie. A brave soldier on foot, a +better on horseback, and expert in the discipline of an army. +Reports of these his noble accomplishments, while he yet +continued in Armorican Britain, were daily brought over into +the island. Therefore, the Saxons, for fear of him, retired +beyond the Humber, and in those parts fortified the cities +and towns; for that country always was a place of refuge to +them; their safety lying in the neighbourhood of Scotland, +which used to watch all opportunities of distressing the +nation; for that country being in itself a frightful place +to live in, and wholly uninhabited, had been a safe retreat +for strangers. By its situation it lay open to the Picts, Scots, +Dacians, Norwegians, and others, that came to plunder the +island. Being, therefore, secure of a safe reception in this +country, they fled towards it, that, if there should be occasion, +they might retreat into it as into their own camp. This +was good news to Aurelius, and made him conceive greater +hopes of victory. So assembling his people quickly together, +he augmented his army, and made an expeditious march +towards the north. In his passage through the countries, +he was grieved to see the desolation made in them, but +especially that the churches were levelled with the ground; +and he promised to rebuild them, if he gained the victory.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. IV.</span>—<i>Hengist marches with his army against Aurelius, into the +field of Maisbeli.</i></h3> + + +<p>But Hengist, upon his approach, took courage again, and +chose out the bravest of his men, whom he exhorted to make +a gallant defence, and not be daunted at Aurelius, who, he +told them, had but few Armorican Britons with him, since +their number did not exceed ten thousand. And as for the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[Pg 210]</a></span> +native Britons, he made no account of them, since they had +been so often defeated by him. He therefore promised them +the victory, and that they should come off safely, considering +the superiority of their number, which amounted to two +hundred thousand men in arms. After he had in this manner +animated his men, he advanced with them towards Aurelius, +into a field called Maisbeli, through which Aurelius was to +pass. For his intention was to make a sudden assault by a +surprise, and fall upon the Britons before they were prepared. +But Aurelius perceived the design, and yet did not, on that +account, delay going to the field, but rather pursued his +march with more expedition. When he was come within +sight of the enemy, he put his troops in order, commanding +three thousand Armoricans to attend the cavalry, and drew +out the rest together with the islanders into line of battle. +The Dimetians he placed upon the hills, and the Venedotians +in the adjacent woods. His reason for which was, +that they might be there ready to fall upon the Saxons, in +case they should flee in that direction.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. V.</span>—<i>A battle between Aurelius and Hengist.</i></h3> + + +<p>In the meantime, Eldol, duke of Gloucester, went to the +king, and said, "This one day should suffice for all the days +of my life, if by good providence I could but get an opportunity +to engage with Hengist; for one of us should die +before we parted. I still retain deeply fixed in my memory +the day appointed for our peaceably treating together, but +which he villainously made use of to assassinate all that were +present at the treaty, except myself only, who stood upon my +defence with a stake which I accidentally found, until I made +my escape. That very day proved fatal, through his treachery, +to no less than four hundred and sixty barons and consuls, +who all went unarmed. From that conspiracy God was +pleased to deliver me, by throwing a stake in my way, wherewith +I defended myself and escaped." Thus spoke Eldol. +Then Aurelius exhorted his companions to place all their +hope in the Son of God, and to make a brave assault with +one consent upon the enemy, in defence of their country. +Nor was Hengist less busy on the other hand in forming his +troops, and giving them directions how to behave themselves +in the battle; and he walked himself through their several<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</a></span> +ranks, the more to spirit them up. At last, both armies, +being drawn out in order of battle, began the attack, which +they maintained with great bravery, and no small loss of +blood, both to the Britons and Saxons. Aurelius animated +the Christians, Hengist the pagans; and all the time of the +engagement, Eldol's chief endeavour was to encounter Hengist, +but he had no opportunity for it. For Hengist, when +he found that his own men were routed, and that the Christians, +by the especial favour of God, had the advantage, fled +to the town called Kaerconan, now Cunungeburg. Aurelius +pursued him, and either killed or made slaves of all he found +in the way. When Hengist saw that he was pursued by +Aurelius, he would not enter the town, but assembled his +troops, and prepared them to stand another engagement. +For he knew the town would not hold out against Aurelius, +and that his whole security now lay in his sword. At last +Aurelius overtook him, and after marshalling his forces, began +another most furious fight. And here the Saxons +steadily maintained their ground, notwithstanding the numbers +that fell. On both sides there was a great slaughter, +the groans of the dying causing a greater rage in those that +survived. In short, the Saxons would have gained the day, +had not a detachment of horse from the Armorican Britons +come in upon them. For Aurelius had appointed them the +same station which they had in the former battle; so that, +upon their advancing, the Saxons gave ground, and when +once a little dispersed, were not able to rally again. The +Britons, encouraged by this advantage, exerted themselves, +and laboured with all their might to distress the +enemy. All the time Aurelius was fully employed, not only +in giving commands, but encouraging his men by his own +example; for with his own hand he killed all that stood in +his way, and pursued those that fled. Nor was Eldol less +active in all parts of the field, running to and fro to assault +his adversaries; but still his main endeavour was to find +opportunity of encountering Hengist.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. VI.</span>—<i>Hengist, in a duel with Eldol, is taken by him. The Saxons +are slain by the Britons without mercy.</i></h3> + + +<p>As there were therefore several movements made by the +parties engaged on each side, an opportunity occurred for their<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[Pg 212]</a></span> +meeting, and briskly engaging each other. In this encounter +of the two greatest champions in the field, the fire sparkled +with the clashing of their arms, and every stroke in a manner +produced both thunder and lightning. For a long time was the +victory in suspense, as it seemed sometimes to favour the one, +sometimes the other. While they were thus hotly engaged, +Gorlois, duke of Cornwall, came up to them with the party he +commanded, and did great execution upon the enemies' troops. +At the sight of him, Eldol, assured of victory, seized on the +helmet of Hengist, and by main force dragged him in among +the Britons, and then in transports of joy cried out with a +loud voice, "God has fulfilled my desire! My brave soldiers, +down, down, with your enemies the Ambrons.<a name="FNanchor_211_211" id="FNanchor_211_211"></a><a href="#Footnote_211_211" class="fnanchor">[211]</a> The victory +is now in your hands: Hengist is defeated, and the day is +your own." In the meantime the Britons failed not to perform +every one his part against the pagans, upon whom they +made many vigorous assaults; and though they were obliged +sometimes to give ground, yet their courage did not fail them +in making a good resistance; so that they gave the enemy +no respite till they had vanquished them. The Saxons +therefore fled whithersoever their consternation hurried them, +some to the cities, some to the woods upon the hills, and +others to their ships. But Octa, the son of Hengist, made +his retreat with a great body of men to York: and Eosa, +his kinsman, to the city of Alclud, where he had a very large +army for his guard.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_211_211" id="Footnote_211_211"></a><a href="#FNanchor_211_211"><span class="label">[211]</span></a> The meaning of this word is doubtful; it is applied to the Saxons, +probably is descriptive of their fierce and savage character.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. VII.</span>—<i>Hengist is beheaded by Eldol.</i></h3> + + +<p>Aurelius, after this victory, took the city of Conan above-mentioned, +and stayed there three days. During this time +he gave orders for the burial of the slain, for curing the +wounded, and for the ease and refreshment of his forces that +were fatigued. Then he called a council of his principal +officers, to deliberate what was to be done with Hengist. +There was present at the assembly Eldad, bishop of Gloucester, +and brother of Eldol, a prelate of very great wisdom +and piety. As soon as he beheld Hengist standing in the +king's presence, he demanded silence, and said, "Though all +should be unanimous for setting him at liberty, yet would I<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[Pg 213]</a></span> +cut him to pieces. The prophet Samuel is my warrant, who, +when he had Agag, king of Amalek, in his power, hewed +him in pieces, saying, As thy sword hath made women childless, +so shall thy mother be childless among women. Do +therefore the same to Hengist, who is a second Agag." +Accordingly Eldol took his sword, and drew him out of the +city, and then cut off his head. But Aurelius, who showed +moderation in all his conduct, commanded him to be buried, +and a heap of earth to be raised over his body, according to +the custom of the pagans.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. VIII.</span>—<i>Octa, being besieged in York, surrenders himself to the +mercy of Aurelius.</i></h3> + + +<p>From hence Aurelius conducted his army to York, to besiege +Octa, Hengist's son. When the city was invested, Octa was +doubtful whether he should give him any opposition, and +stand a siege against such a powerful army. After consultation +upon it, he went out with his principal nobility that were +present, carrying a chain in his hand, and sand upon his +head, and presented himself to the king with this address: +"My gods are vanquished, and I doubt not that the sovereign +power is in your God, who has compelled so many noble persons +to come before you in this suppliant manner. Be pleased +therefore to accept of us, and of this chain. If you do not +think us fit objects of your clemency, we here present ourselves +ready to be fettered, and to undergo whatever punishment +you shall adjudge us to." Aurelius was moved with +pity at the spectacle, and demanded the advice of his council +what should be done with them. After various proposals +upon this subject, Eldad the bishop rose up, and delivered +his opinion in these words: "The Gibeonites came voluntarily +to the children of Israel to desire mercy, and they +obtained it. And shall we Christians be worse than the +Jews, in refusing them mercy? It is mercy which they beg, +and let them have it. The island of Britain is large, and in +many places uninhabited. Let us make a covenant with +them, and suffer them at least to inhabit the desert places, +that they may be our vassals for ever." The king acquiesced +in Eldad's advice, and suffered them to partake of his clemency. +After this Eosa and the rest that fled, being encouraged by +Octa's success, came also, and were admitted to the same<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</a></span> +favour. The king therefore granted them the country bordering +upon Scotland, and made a firm covenant with them.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. IX.</span>—<i>Aurelius, having entirely routed the enemies, restores all +things in Britain, especially ecclesiastical affairs, to their ancient state.</i></h3> + + +<p>The enemies being now entirely reduced,<a name="FNanchor_212_212" id="FNanchor_212_212"></a><a href="#Footnote_212_212" class="fnanchor">[212]</a> the king summoned +the consuls and princes of the kingdom together at +York, where he gave orders for the restoration of the +churches, which the Saxons had destroyed. He himself +undertook the rebuilding of the metropolitan church of that +city, as also the other cathedral churches in that province. +After fifteen days, when he had settled workmen in several +places, he went to London, which city had not escaped the +fury of the enemy. He beheld with great sorrow the destruction +made in it, and recalled the remainder of the citizens +from all parts, and began the restoration of it. Here +he settled the affairs of the whole kingdom, revived the +laws, restored the right heirs to the possessions of their ancestors; +and those estates, whereof the heirs had been lost in +the late grievous calamity, he distributed among his fellow +soldiers. In these important concerns, of restoring the nation +to its ancient state, repairing the churches, re-establishing +peace and law, and settling the administration of justice, +was his time wholly employed. From hence he went to +Winchester, to repair the ruins of it, as he did of other +cities; and when the work was finished there, he went, at +the instance of bishop Eldad, to the monastery near Kaercaradoc, +now Salisbury, where the consuls and princes, +whom the wicked Hengist had treacherously murdered, lay +buried. At this place was a convent that maintained three +hundred friars, situated on the mountain of Ambrius, who, +as is reported, had been the founder of it. The sight of +the place where the dead lay, made the king, who was of a +compassionate temper, shed tears, and at last enter upon +thoughts, what kind of monument to erect upon it. For he +thought something ought to be done to perpetuate the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[Pg 215]</a></span> +memory of that piece of ground, which was honoured with +the bodies of so many noble patriots, that died for their +country.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_212_212" id="Footnote_212_212"></a><a href="#FNanchor_212_212"><span class="label">[212]</span></a> The conquest of England was achieved slowly by the Saxons, yet it +was sure and permanent: the assertion in the text is untrue. There +was no expulsion or subjugation of the invaders when they were once +landed.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. X.</span>—<i>Aurelius is advised by Merlin to remove the Giant's Dance +from the mountain Killaraus.</i></h3> + + +<p>For this purpose he summoned together several carpenters +and masons, and commanded them to employ the utmost of +their art, in contriving some new structure, for a lasting +monument to those great men. But they, in diffidence of +their own skill, refusing to undertake it, Tremounus, archbishop +of the City of Legions, went to the king, and said, +"If any one living is able to execute your commands, Merlin, +the prophet of Vortigern, is the man. In my opinion +there is not in all your kingdom a person of a brighter +genius, either in predicting future events, or in mechanical +contrivances. Order him to come to you, and exercise his +skill in the work which you design." Whereupon Aurelius, +after he had asked a great many questions concerning him, +despatched several messengers into the country to find him +out, and bring him to him. After passing through several +provinces, they found him in the country of the Gewisseans, +at the fountain of Galabes, which he frequently resorted to. +As soon as they had delivered their message to him, they +conducted him to the king, who received him with joy, and, +being curious to hear some of his wonderful speeches, commanded +him to prophesy. Merlin made answer: "Mysteries +of this kind are not to be revealed but when there is the +greatest necessity for it. If I should pretend to utter them +for ostentation or diversion, the spirit that instructs me +would be silent, and would leave me when I should have +occasion for it." When he had made the same refusal to all +the rest present, the king would not urge him any longer +about his predictions, but spoke to him concerning the monument +which he designed. "If you are desirous," said Merlin, +"to honour the burying-place of these men with an everlasting +monument, send for the Giant's Dance, which is in +Killaraus, a mountain in Ireland. For there is a structure +of stones there, which none of this age could raise, without +a profound knowledge of the mechanical arts. They are<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</a></span> +stones of a vast magnitude and wonderful quality; and if +they can be placed here, as they are there, round this spot of +ground, they will stand for ever."</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XI.</span>—<i>Uther Pendragon is appointed with Merlin to bring over the +Giant's Dance.</i></h3> + + +<p>At these words of Merlin, Aurelius burst into laughter, and +said, "How is it possible to remove such vast stones from so +distant a country, as if Britain was not furnished with stones +fit for the work?" Merlin replied, "I entreat your majesty +to forbear vain laughter; for what I say is without vanity. +They are mystical stones, and of a medicinal virtue. The +giants of old brought them from the farthest coast of Africa, +and placed them in Ireland, while they inhabited that country. +Their design in this was to make baths in them, when +they should be taken with any illness. For their method +was to wash the stones, and put their sick into the water, +which infallibly cured them. With the like success they +cured wounds also, adding only the application of some +herbs. There is not a stone there which has not some healing +virtue." When the Britons heard this, they resolved to +send for the stones, and to make war upon the people of +Ireland if they should offer to detain them. And to accomplish +this business, they made choice of Uther Pendragon, +who was to be attended with fifteen thousand men. They +chose also Merlin himself, by whose direction the whole +affair was to be managed. A fleet being therefore got +ready, they set sail, and with a fair wind arrived in Ireland.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XII.</span>—<i>Gillomanius being routed by Uther, the Britons bring over +the Giant's dance into Britain.</i></h3> + + +<p>At that time Gillomanius, a youth of wonderful valour, +reigned in Ireland; who, upon the news of the arrival of +the Britons in his kingdom, levied a vast army, and marched +out against them. And when he had learned the occasion +of their coming, he smiled, and said to those about him, +"No wonder a cowardly race of people were able to make +so great a devastation in the island of Britain, when the +Britons are such brutes and fools. Was ever the like folly<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</a></span> +heard of? What are the stones of Ireland better than those +of Britain, that our kingdom must be put to this disturbance +for them? To arms, soldiers, and defend your country; +while I have life they shall not take from us the least stone +of the Giant's Dance." Uther, seeing them prepared for a +battle, attacked them; nor was it long ere the Britons had +the advantage, who, having dispersed and killed the Irish, +forced Gillomanius to flee. After the victory they went to +the mountain Killaraus, and arrived at the structure of stones, +the sight of which filled them both with joy and admiration. +And while they were all standing round them, Merlin came +up to them and said, "Now try your forces, young men, and +see whether strength or art can do the most towards taking +down these stones." At this word they all set to their +engines with one accord, and attempted the removing of the +Giant's Dance. Some prepared cables, others small ropes, +others ladders for the work, but all to no purpose. Merlin +laughed at their vain efforts, and then began his own contrivances. +When he had placed in order the engines that were +necessary, he took down the stones with an incredible facility, +and gave directions for carrying them to the ships, and +placing them therein. This done, they with joy set sail +again, to return to Britain; where they arrived with a fair +gale, and repaired to the burying-place with the stones. +When Aurelius had notice of it, he sent messengers to all +parts of Britain, to summon the clergy and people together +to the mount of Ambrius, in order to celebrate with joy and +honour the erection of the monument. Upon this summons +appeared the bishops, abbats, and people of all other orders and +qualities; and upon the day and place appointed for their +general meeting, Aurelius placed the crown upon his head, +and with royal pomp celebrated the feast of Pentecost, the +solemnity whereof he continued the three following days. +In the meantime, all places of honour that were vacant, he +bestowed upon his domestics as rewards for their good services. +At that time the two metropolitan sees of York and +Legions were vacant; and with the general consent of the +people, whom he was willing to please in this choice, he +granted York to Sanxo, a man of great quality, and much +celebrated for his piety; and the City of Legions to Dubricius, +whom divine providence had pointed out as a most use<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[Pg 218]</a></span>ful +pastor in that place. As soon as he had settled these +and other affairs in the kingdom, he ordered Merlin to +set up the stones brought over from Ireland, about the +sepulchre; which he accordingly did, and placed them in +the same manner as they had been in the mountain Killaraus, +and thereby gave a manifest proof of the prevalence of art +above strength.<a name="FNanchor_213_213" id="FNanchor_213_213"></a><a href="#Footnote_213_213" class="fnanchor">[213]</a></p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_213_213" id="Footnote_213_213"></a><a href="#FNanchor_213_213"><span class="label">[213]</span></a> This is the venerable monument of antiquity, now called Stonehenge, +of the origin of which we know no more than we know of the solid framework +of the globe itself. It was certainly erected by a people who lived +long before the beginning of authentic history.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XIII.</span>—<i>Pascentius brings in the Saxons against the Britons.</i></h3> + + +<p>At the same time Pascentius, the son of Vortigern, who +had fled over into Germany, was levying all the forces of +that kingdom against Aurelius Ambrosius, with a design to +revenge his father's death; and promised his men an immense +treasure of gold and silver, if with their assistance he +could succeed in reducing Britain under his power. When +he had at last corrupted all the youth of the country with +his large promises, he prepared a vast fleet, and arrived in +the northern parts of the island, upon which he began to +make great devastations. The king, on the other hand, +hearing this news, assembled his army, and marching against +them challenged the enraged enemy to a battle; the challenge +was accepted, and by the blessing of God the enemy +was defeated and put to flight.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XIV.</span>—<i>Pascentius, assisted by the king of Ireland, again invades +Britain. Aurelius dies by the treachery of Eopa, a Saxon.</i></h3> + + +<p>Pascentius, after this flight, durst not return to Germany, +but shifting his sails, went over to Gillomanius, in Ireland, +by whom he was well received. And when he had given +him an account of his misfortune, Gillomanius, in pity to him, +promised him his assistance, and at the same time vented his +complaint of the injuries done him by Uther, the brother of +Aurelius, when he came for the Giant's Dance. At last, +entering into confederacy together, they made ready their +fleet, in which they embarked, and arrived at the city of +Menevia. This news caused Uther Pendragon to levy his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[Pg 219]</a></span> +forces, and march into Cambria to fight them. For his +brother Aurelius then lay sick at Winchester, and was not +able to go himself. When Pascentius, Gillomanius, and the +Saxons heard of it, they highly rejoiced, flattering themselves, +that his sickness would facilitate to them the conquest +of Britain. While this occurrence was the subject of the +people's discourse, one of the Saxons, named Eopa, came to +Pascentius, and said, "What reward will you give the man +that shall kill Aurelius Ambrosius for you?" To whom +Pascentius answered, "O that I could find a man of such +resolution! I would give him a thousand pounds of silver, +and my friendship for life; and if by good fortune I can but +gain the crown, I promise upon oath to make him a centurion." +To this Eopa replied, "I have learned the British +language, and know the manners of the people, and have skill +in physic. If, therefore, you will perform this promise, I +will pretend to be a Christian and a Briton, and when, as a +physician, I shall be admitted into the king's presence, I will +make him a potion that shall despatch him. And to gain the +readier access to him, I will put on the appearance of a devout +and learned monk." Upon this offer, Pascentius entered +into covenant with him, and confirmed what he had promised +with an oath. Eopa, therefore, shaved his beard and head, and +in the habit of a monk hastened to Winchester, loaded with +vessels full of medical preparations. As soon as he arrived +there, he offered his service to those that attended about the +king, and was graciously received by them; for to them +nobody was now more acceptable than a physician. Being +introduced into the king's presence, he promised to restore +him to his health, if he would but take his potions. Upon +which he had his orders forthwith to prepare one of them, +into which when he had secretly conveyed a poisonous mixture, +he gave it the king. As soon as Aurelius had drunk +it up, the wicked Ambron ordered him presently to cover +himself close up, and fall asleep, that the detestable potion +might the better operate. The king readily obeyed his prescriptions, +and in hopes of his speedy recovery fell asleep. +But the poison quickly diffused itself through all the pores +and veins of his body, so that the sleep ended in death. In +the meantime the wicked traitor, having cunningly withdrawn +himself first from one and then from another, was no<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[Pg 220]</a></span> +longer to be found in the court. During these transactions +at Winchester, there appeared a star of wonderful magnitude +and brightness, darting forth a ray, at the end of which was +a globe of fire in form of a dragon, out of whose mouth +issued forth two rays; one of which seemed to stretch out +itself beyond the extent of Gaul, the other towards the Irish +Sea, and ended in seven lesser rays.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XV.</span>—<i>A comet presignifies the reign of Uther.</i></h3> + + +<p>At the appearance of this star, a general fear and amazement +seized the people; and even Uther, the king's brother, +who was then upon his march with his army into Cambria, +being not a little terrified at it, was very curious to know of +the learned men, what it portended. Among others, he +ordered Merlin to be called, who also attended in this expedition +to give his advice in the management of the war; and +who, being now presented before him, was commanded to +discover to him the signification of the star. At this he +burst out into tears, and with a loud voice cried out, "O +irreparable loss! O distressed people of Britain! Alas! +the illustrious prince is departed! The renowned king of +the Britons, Aurelius Ambrosius, is dead! whose death will +prove fatal to us all, unless God be our helper. Make haste, +therefore, most noble Uther, make haste to engage the enemy: +the victory will be yours, and you shall be king of all Britain. +For the star, and the fiery dragon under it, signifies yourself, +and the ray extending towards the Gallic coast, portends that +you shall have a most potent son, to whose power all those +kingdoms shall be subject over which the ray reaches. But +the other ray signifies a daughter, whose sons and grandsons +shall successively enjoy the kingdom of Britain."</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XVI.</span>—<i>Pascentius and Gillomanius are killed in battle.</i></h3> + + +<p>Uther, though he doubted of the truth of what Merlin had +declared, pursued his march against the enemy, for he was +now come within half a day's march of Menevia. When Gillomanius, +Pascentius, and the Saxons were informed of his +approach, they went out to give him battle. As soon as +they were come within sight of each other, both armies began +to form themselves into several bodies, and then advanced to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[Pg 221]</a></span> +a close attack, in which both sides suffered a loss of men, as +usually happens in such engagements. At last, towards the +close of the day, the advantage was on Uther's side, and the +death of Gillomanius and Pascentius made a way for complete +victory. So that the barbarians, being put to flight, +hastened to their ships, but were slain by their pursuers. +Thus, by the favour of Christ, the general had triumphant +success, and then with all possible expedition, after so great +a fatigue, returned back to Winchester: for he had now +been informed, by messengers that arrived, of the king's sad +fate, and of his burial by the bishops of the country, near +the convent of Ambrius, within the Giant's Dance, which +in his lifetime he had commanded to be made. For upon +hearing the news of his death, the bishops, abbats, and all +the clergy of that province, had met together at Winchester, +to solemnize his funeral. And because in his lifetime he +had given orders for his being buried in the sepulchre which +he had prepared, they therefore carried his corpse thither, +and performed his exsequies with royal magnificence.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XVII.</span>—<i>Uther Pendragon is made king of Britain.</i></h3> + + +<p>But Uther his brother, having assembled the clergy of the +kingdom, took the crown, and by universal consent was +advanced to the kingdom. And remembering the explanation +which Merlin had made of the star above-mentioned, +he commanded two dragons to be made of gold, in likeness +of the dragon which he had seen at the ray of the star. As +soon as they were finished, which was done with wonderful +nicety of workmanship, he made a present of one to the +cathedral church of Winchester, but reserved the other for +himself, to be carried along with him to his wars. From +this time, therefore, he was called Uther Pendragon, which +in the British tongue signifies the dragon's head; the occasion +of this appellation being Merlin's predicting, from the +appearance of a dragon, that he should be king.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XVIII.</span>—<i>Octa and Eosa are taken in battle.</i></h3> + + +<p>In the meantime Octa the son of Hengist, and his kinsman +Eosa, seeing they were no longer bound by the treaty which +they had made with Aurelius Ambrosius, began to raise dis<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[Pg 222]</a></span>turbances +against the king, and infest his countries. For +they were now joining with the Saxons whom Pascentius +had brought over, and sending messengers into Germany for +the rest. Being therefore attended with a vast army, he invaded +the northern provinces, and in an outrageous manner +destroyed all the cities and fortified places, from Albania to +York. At last, as he was beginning the siege of that city, +Uther Pendragon came upon him with the whole power of +the kingdom, and gave him battle. The Saxons behaved +with great gallantry, and, having sustained the assaults of +the Britons, forced them to fly; and upon this advantage +pursued them with slaughter to the mountain Damen, which +was as long as they could do it with daylight. The mountain +was high, and had a hazel-wood upon the top of it, and +about the middle broken and cavernous rocks, which were a +harbour to wild beasts. The Britons made up to it, and +stayed there all night among the rocks and hazel-bushes. +But as it began to draw towards day, Uther commanded the +consuls and princes to be called together, that he might consult +with them in what manner to assault the enemy. Whereupon +they forthwith appeared before the king, who commanded +them to give their advice; and Gorlois, duke of +Cornwall, had orders to deliver his opinion first, out of regard +to his years and great experience. "There is no occasion," +said he, "for ceremonies or speeches, while we see that it is +still night: but there is for boldness and courage, if you +desire any longer enjoyment of your life and liberty. The +pagans are very numerous, and eager to fight, and we much +inferior to them in number; so that if we stay till daybreak, +we cannot, in my opinion, attack them to advantage. Come +on, therefore, while we have the favour of the night, let us +go down in a close body, and surprise them in their camp +with a sudden assault. There can be no doubt of success, +if with one consent we fall upon them boldly, while they +think themselves secure, and have no expectation of our +coming in such a manner." The king and all that were present, +were pleased with his advice, and pursued it. For as +soon as they were armed and placed in their ranks, they +made towards the enemies' camp, designing a general assault. +But upon approaching to it, they were discovered by the +watch, who with sound of trumpet awaked their companions.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[Pg 223]</a></span> +The enemies being hereupon put into confusion and astonishment, +part of them hastened towards the sea, and part ran +up and down whithersoever their fear or precipitation drove +them. The Britons, finding their coming discovered, hastened +their march, and keeping still close together in their ranks, +assailed the camp; into which when they had found an entrance, +they ran with their drawn swords upon the enemy; +who in this sudden surprise made but a faint defence against +their vigorous and regular attack; and pursuing this blow +with great eagerness they destroyed some thousands of the +pagans, took Octa and Eosa prisoners, and entirely dispersed +the Saxons.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XIX.</span>—<i>Uther, falling in love with Igerna, enjoys her by the assistance +of Merlin's magical operations.</i></h3> + + +<p>After this victory Uther repaired to the city of Alclud, +where he settled the affairs of that province, and restored +peace everywhere. He also made a progress round all the +countries of the Scots, and tamed the fierceness of that rebellious +people, by such a strict administration of justice, as +none of his predecessors had exercised before: so that in +his time offenders were everywhere under great terror, since +they were sure of being punished without mercy. At last, +when he had established peace in the northern provinces, he +went to London, and commanded Octa and Eosa to be kept +in prison there. The Easter following he ordered all the +nobility of the kingdom to meet at that city, in order to +celebrate that great festival; in honour of which he designed +to wear his crown. The summons was everywhere obeyed, +and there was a great concourse from all cities to celebrate +the day. So the king observed the festival with great +solemnity, as he had designed, and very joyfully entertained +his nobility, of whom there was a very great muster, with +their wives and daughters, suitably to the magnificence of +the banquet prepared for them. And having been received +with joy by the king, they also expressed the same in +their deportment before him. Among the rest was present +Gorlois, duke of Cornwall, with his wife Igerna, the +greatest beauty in all Britain. No sooner had the king cast +his eyes upon her among the rest of the ladies, than he fell +passionately in love with her, and little regarding the rest,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[Pg 224]</a></span> +made her the subject of all his thoughts. She was the only +lady that he continually served with fresh dishes, and to +whom he sent golden cups by his confidants; on her he +bestowed all his smiles, and to her addressed all his discourse. +The husband, discovering this, fell into a great +rage, and retired from the court without taking leave: nor +was there any body that could stop him, while he was under +fear of losing the chief object of his delight. Uther, therefore, +in great wrath commanded him to return back to court, +to make him satisfaction for this affront. But Gorlois +refused to obey; upon which the king was highly incensed, +and swore he would destroy his country, if he did not +speedily compound for his offence. Accordingly, without +delay, while their anger was hot against each other, the king +got together a great army, and marched into Cornwall, the +cities and towns whereof he set on fire. But Gorlois durst +not engage with him, on account of the inferiority of his +numbers; and thought it a wiser course to fortify his towns, +till he could get succour from Ireland. And as he was under +more concern for his wife than himself, he put her into the +town of Tintagel,<a name="FNanchor_214_214" id="FNanchor_214_214"></a><a href="#Footnote_214_214" class="fnanchor">[214]</a> upon the sea-shore, which he looked +upon as a place of great safety. But he himself entered the +castle of Dimilioc, to prevent their being both at once involved +in the same danger, if any should happen. The king, +informed of this, went to the town where Gorlois was, which +he besieged, and shut up all the avenues to it. A whole +week was now past, when, retaining in mind his love to +Igerna, he said to one of his confidants, named Ulfin de +Ricaradoch: "My passion for Igerna is such, that I can +neither have ease of mind, nor health of body, till I obtain +her: and if you cannot assist me with your advice how to +accomplish my desire, the inward torments I endure will kill +me."—"Who can advise you in this matter," said Ulfin, +"when no force will enable us to have access to her in the +town of Tintagel? For it is situated upon the sea, and on +every side surrounded by it; and there is but one entrance +into it, and that through a straight rock, which three men +shall be able to defend against the whole power of the kingdom. +Notwithstanding, if the prophet Merlin would in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[Pg 225]</a></span> +earnest set about this attempt, I am of opinion, you might +with his advice obtain your wishes." The king readily believed +what he was so well inclined to, and ordered Merlin, +who was also come to the siege, to be called. Merlin, therefore, +being introduced into the king's presence, was commanded +to give his advice, how the king might accomplish +his desire with respect to Igerna. And he, finding the great +anguish of the king, was moved by such excessive love, and +said, "To accomplish your desire, you must make use of +such arts as have not been heard of in your time. I know +how, by the force of my medicines, to give you the exact +likeness of Gorlois, so that in all respects you shall seem to +be no other than himself. If you will therefore obey my +prescriptions, I will metamorphose you into the true semblance +of Gorlois and Ulfin into Jordan of Tintagel, his +familiar friend; and I myself, being transformed into another +shape, will make the third in the adventure; and in this +disguise you may go safely to the town where Igerna is, and +have admittance to her." The king complied with the proposal, +and acted with great caution in this affair; and when +he had committed the care of the siege to his intimate +friends, underwent the medical applications of Merlin, by +whom he was transformed into the likeness of Gorlois; as +was Ulfin also into Jordan, and Merlin himself into Bricel; +so that nobody could see any remains now of their former +likeness. They then set forward on their way to Tintagel, +at which they arrived in the evening twilight, and forthwith +signified to the porter, that the consul was come; upon which +the gates were opened, and the men let in. For what room +could there be for suspicion, when Gorlois himself seemed to +be there present? The king therefore stayed that night with +Igerna, and had the full enjoyment of her, for she was deceived +with the false disguise which he had put on, and the +artful and amorous discourses wherewith he entertained her. +He told her he had left his own place besieged, purely to +provide for the safety of her dear self, and the town she was +in; so that believing all that he said, she refused him nothing +which he desired. The same night therefore she conceived +of the most renowned Arthur, whose heroic and wonderful +actions have justly rendered his name famous to posterity.</p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[Pg 226]</a></span></p> +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_214_214" id="Footnote_214_214"></a><a href="#FNanchor_214_214"><span class="label">[214]</span></a> The ruins of this castle denote that it must have been a place of great +strength.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XX.</span>—<i>Gorlois being killed, Uther marries Igerna.</i></h3> + + +<p>In the meantime, as soon as the king's absence was discovered +at the siege, his army unadvisedly made an assault upon the +walls, and provoked the besieged count to a battle; who +himself also, acting as inconsiderately as they, sallied forth +with his men, thinking with such a small handful to oppose +a powerful army; but happened to be killed in the very first +brunt of the fight, and had all his men routed. The town +also was taken; but all the riches of it were not shared +equally among the besiegers, but every one greedily took +what he could get, according as fortune or his own strength +favoured him. After this bold attempt, came messengers to +Igerna, with the news both of the duke's death, and of the +event of the siege. But when they saw the king in the +likeness of the consul, sitting close by her, they were struck +with shame and astonishment at his safe arrival there, whom +they had left dead at the siege; for they were wholly +ignorant of the miracles which Merlin had wrought with his +medicines. The king therefore smiled at the news, and embracing +the countess, said to her: "Your own eyes may +convince you that I am not dead, but alive. But notwithstanding, +the destruction of the town, and the slaughter of +my men, is what very much grieves me; so that there is +reason to fear the king's coming upon us, and taking us in +this place. To prevent which, I will go out to meet him, +and make my peace with him, for fear of a worse disaster." +Accordingly, as soon as he was out of the town, he went to +his army, and having put off the disguise of Gorlois, was +now Uther Pendragon again. When he had a full relation +made to him how matters had succeeded, he was sorry for +the death of Gorlois, but rejoiced that Igerna was now at +liberty to marry again. Then he returned to the town of +Tintagel, which he took, and in it, what he impatiently +wished for, Igerna herself. After this they continued to +live together with much affection for each other, and had a +son and daughter, whose names were Arthur and Anne.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XXI.</span>—<i>Octa and Eosa renew the war. Lot, a consul, marries the +king's daughter.</i></h3> + + +<p>In process of time the king was taken ill of a lingering +distemper; and meanwhile the keepers of the prison,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[Pg 227]</a></span> +wherein Octa and Eosa (as we related before) led a weary +life, had fled over with them into Germany, and occasioned +great fear over the kingdom. For there was a report of their +great levies in Germany, and the vast fleet which they had +prepared for their return to destroy the island: which the +event verified. For they returned in a great fleet, and with +a prodigious number of men, and invaded the parts of +Albania, where they destroyed both cities and inhabitants +with fire and sword. Wherefore, in order to repulse the +enemies, the command of the British army was committed to +Lot of Londonesia, who was a consul, and a most valiant +knight, and grown up to maturity both of years and wisdom. +Out of respect to his eminent merits, the king had given him +his daughter Anne, and entrusted him with the care of the +kingdom, during his illness. In his expedition against the +enemies he had various success, being often repulsed by +them, and forced to retreat to the cities; but he oftener +routed and dispersed them, and compelled them to flee +sometimes into the woods, sometimes to their ships. So +that in a war attended with so many turns of fortune, it +was hard to know which side had the better. The greatest +injury to the Britons was their own pride, in disdaining +to obey the consul's commands; for which reason all +their efforts against the enemy were less vigorous and +successful.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XXII.</span>—<i>Uther, being ill, is carried in a horse-litter against the +enemy.</i></h3> + + +<p>The island being by this conduct now almost laid waste, the +king, having information of the matter, fell into a greater +rage than his weakness could bear, and commanded all his +nobility to come before him, that he might reprove them +severely for their pride and cowardice. And as soon as they +were all entered into his presence, he sharply rebuked them +in menacing language, and swore he himself would lead them +against the enemy. For this purpose he ordered a horse-litter +to be made, in which he designed to be carried, for his +infirmity would not suffer him to use any other sort of +vehicle; and he charged them to be all ready to march +against the enemy on the first opportunity. So, without<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[Pg 228]</a></span> +delay, the horse-litter and all his attendants were got ready, +and the day arrived which had been appointed for their +march.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XXIII.</span>—<i>Octa and Eosa, with a great number of their men, are +killed.</i></h3> + + +<p>The king, therefore, being put into his vehicle, they marched +directly to Verulam, where the Saxons were grievously +oppressing the people. When Octa and Eosa had intelligence +that the Britons were come, and that the king was brought +in a horse-litter, they disdained to fight with him, saying, it +would be a shame for such brave men to fight with one that +was half dead. For which reason they retired into the city, +and, as it were in contempt of any danger from the enemy, +left their gates wide open. But Uther, upon information +of this, instantly commanded his men to lay siege to the city, +and assault the walls on all sides; which orders they strictly +executed; and were just entering the breaches which they +had made in the walls, and ready to begin a general assault, +when the Saxons, seeing the advantages which the Britons +had gained, and being forced to abate somewhat of their +haughty pride, condescended so far as to put themselves into +a posture of defence. They therefore mounted the walls, +from whence they poured down showers of arrows, and +repulsed the Britons. On both sides the contest continued +till night released them from the fatigue of their arms, which +was what many of the Britons desired, though the greater +part of them were for having the matter quickly decided +with the enemy. The Saxons, on the other hand, finding +how prejudicial their own pride had been to them, and that +the advantage was on the side of the Britons, resolved to +make a sally at break of day, and try their fortune with the +enemy in the open field; which accordingly was done. For +no sooner was it daylight, than they marched out with this +design, all in their proper ranks. The Britons, seeing them, +divided their men into several bodies, and advancing towards +them, began the attack first, their part being to assault, while +the others were only upon the defensive. However, much +blood was shed on both sides, and the greatest part of the +day spent in the fight, when at last, Octa and Eosa being +killed, the Saxons turned their backs, and left the Britons a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[Pg 229]</a></span> +complete victory. The king at this was in such an ecstasy +of joy, that whereas before he could hardly raise up himself +without the help of others, he now without any difficulty sat +upright in his horse-litter of himself, as if he was on a sudden +restored to health; and said with a laughing and merry +countenance, "These Ambrons called me the half-dead king, +because my sickness obliged me to lie on a horse-litter; and +indeed so I was. Yet victory to me half dead, is better than +to be safe and sound and vanquished. For to die with +honour, is preferable to living with disgrace."</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XXIV.</span>—<i>Uther, upon drinking spring water that was treacherously +poisoned by the Saxons, dies.</i></h3> + + +<p>The Saxons, notwithstanding this defeat, persisted still in +their malice, and entering the northern provinces, without +respite infested the people there. Uther's purpose was to +have pursued them; but his princes dissuaded him from it +because his illness had increased since the victory. This +gave new courage to the enemy, who left nothing unattempted +to make conquest of the kingdom. And now they have +recourse to their former treacherous practices, and contrive +how to compass the king's death by secret villainy. And +because they could have no access to him otherwise, they +resolved to take him off by poison; in which they succeeded. +For while he was lying ill at Verulam, they sent away some +spies in a poor habit, to learn the state of the court; and +when they had thoroughly informed themselves of the +posture of affairs, they found out an expedient by which +they might best accomplish their villainy. For there was +near the court a spring of very clear water, which the king +used to drink of, when his distemper had made all other +liquors nauseous to him. This the detestable conspirators +made use of to destroy him, by so poisoning the whole mass +of water which sprang up, that the next time the king drank +of it, he was seized with sudden death, as were also a hundred +other persons after him, till the villainy was discovered, and a +heap of earth thrown over the well. As soon as the king's +death was divulged, the bishops and clergy of the kingdom +assembled, and carried his body to the convent of Ambrius, +where they buried it with regal solemnity, close by Aurelius +Ambrosius, within the Giant's Dance.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[Pg 230]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3>BOOK IX.</h3> + +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. I.</span>—<i>Arthur succeeds Uther his father in the kingdom of Britain, +and besieges Colgrin.</i></h3> + + +<p>Uther Pendragon being dead, the nobility from several +provinces assembled together at Silchester, and proposed to +Dubricius, archbishop of Legions, that he should consecrate +Arthur, Uther's son, to be their king. For they were now +in great straits, because, upon hearing of the king's death, +the Saxons had invited over their countrymen from Germany, +and, under the command of Colgrin, were attempting to exterminate +the whole British race. They had also entirely +subdued all that part of the island which extends from the +Humber to the sea of Caithness. Dubricius, therefore, +grieving for the calamities of his country, in conjunction +with the other bishops, set the crown upon Arthur's head. +Arthur was then fifteen years old, but a youth of such +unparalleled courage and generosity, joined with that sweetness +of temper and innate goodness, as gained him universal +love. When his coronation was over, he, according to usual +custom, showed his bounty and munificence to the people. +And such a number of soldiers flocked to him upon it, that +his treasury was not able to answer that vast expense. But +such a spirit of generosity, joined with valour, can never long +want means to support itself. Arthur, therefore, the better +to keep up his munificence, resolved to make use of his +courage, and to fall upon the Saxons, that he might enrich +his followers with their wealth. To this he was also moved +by the justice of the cause, since the entire monarchy of +Britain belonged to him by hereditary right. Hereupon +assembling the youth under his command, he marched to +York, of which, when Colgrin had intelligence, he met him +with a very great army, composed of Saxons, Scots, and +Picts, by the river Duglas; where a battle happened, with +the loss of the greater part of both armies. Notwithstanding, +the victory fell to Arthur, who pursued Colgrin to York, and +there besieged him. Baldulph, upon the news of his brother's +flight, went towards the siege with a body of six thousand +men, to his relief; for at the time of the battle he was upon<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[Pg 231]</a></span> +the sea-coast, waiting the arrival of duke Cheldric with +succours from Germany. And being now no more than ten +miles distant from the city, his purpose was to make a speedy +march in the night-time, and fall upon the enemy by way of +surprise. But Arthur, having intelligence of his design, sent +a detachment of six hundred horse, and three thousand foot, +under the command of Cador, duke of Cornwall, to meet him +the same night. Cador, therefore, falling into the same road +along which the enemy was passing, made a sudden assault +upon them, and entirely defeated the Saxons, and put them +to flight. Baldulph was excessively grieved at this disappointment +in the relief which he intended for his brother, +and began to think of some other stratagem to gain access to +him; in which if he could but succeed, he thought they +might concert measures together for their safety. And since +he had no other way for it, he shaved his head and beard, +and put on the habit of a jester with a harp, and in this +disguise walked up and down in the camp, playing upon his +instrument as if he had been a harper. He thus passed +unsuspected, and by a little and little went up to the walls +of the city, where he was at last discovered by the besieged, +who thereupon drew him up with cords, and conducted him +to his brother. At this unexpected, though much desired +meeting, they spent some time in joyfully embracing each +other, and then began to consider various stratagems for +their delivery. At last, just as they were considering their +case desperate, the ambassadors returned from Germany, and +brought with them to Albania a fleet of six hundred sail, +laden with brave soldiers, under the command of Cheldric. +Upon this news, Arthur was dissuaded by his council from +continuing the siege any longer, for fear of hazarding a battle +with so powerful and numerous an army.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. II.</span>—<i>Hoel sends fifteen thousand men to Arthur's assistance.</i></h3> + + +<p>Arthur complied with their advice, and made his retreat to +London, where he called an assembly of all the clergy and +nobility of the kingdom, to ask their advice, what course to +take against the formidable power of the pagans. After +some deliberation, it was agreed that ambassadors should be +despatched into Armorica, to king Hoel, to represent to him<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[Pg 232]</a></span> +the calamitous state of Britain. Hoel was the son of Arthur's +sister by Dubricius, king of the Armorican Britons; so that, +upon advice of the disturbances his uncle was threatened +with, he ordered his fleet to be got ready, and, having +assembled fifteen thousand men, he arrived with the first +fair wind at Hamo's Port,<a name="FNanchor_215_215" id="FNanchor_215_215"></a><a href="#Footnote_215_215" class="fnanchor">[215]</a> and was received with all suitable +honour by Arthur, and most affectionately embraced +by him.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_215_215" id="Footnote_215_215"></a><a href="#FNanchor_215_215"><span class="label">[215]</span></a> Southampton.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. III.</span>—<i>Arthur makes the Saxons his tributaries.</i></h3> + + +<p>After a few days they went to relieve the city Kaerlindcoit, +that was besieged by the pagans; which being situated upon +a mountain, between two rivers in the province of Lindisia, +is called by another name Lindocolinum.<a name="FNanchor_216_216" id="FNanchor_216_216"></a><a href="#Footnote_216_216" class="fnanchor">[216]</a> As soon as they +arrived there with all their forces, they fought with the +Saxons, and made a grievous slaughter of them, to the number +of six thousand; part of whom were drowned in the +rivers, part fell by the hands of the Britons. The rest in a +great consternation quitted the siege and fled, but were +closely pursued by Arthur, till they came to the wood of +Celidon, where they endeavoured to form themselves into a +body again, and make a stand. And here they again joined +battle with the Britons, and made a brave defence, whilst +the trees that were in the place secured them against the +enemies' arrows. Arthur, seeing this, commanded the trees +that were in that part of the wood to be cut down, and the +trunks to be placed quite round them, so as to hinder their +getting out; resolving to keep them pent up here till he +could reduce them by famine. He then commanded his +troops to besiege the wood, and continued three days in that +place. The Saxons, having now no provisions to sustain +them, and being just ready to starve with hunger, begged +for leave to go out; in consideration whereof they offered to +leave all their gold and silver behind them, and return back +to Germany with nothing but their empty ships. They promised +also that they would pay him tribute from Germany, +and leave hostages with him. Arthur, after consultation, +about it, granted their petition; allowing them only leave to +depart, and retaining all their treasures, as also hostages for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[Pg 233]</a></span> +payment of the tribute. But as they were under sail on +their return home, they repented of their bargain, and +tacked about again towards Britain, and went on shore at +Totness. No sooner were they landed, than they made an +utter devastation of the country as far as the Severn sea, +and put all the peasants to the sword. From thence they +pursued their furious march to the town of Bath, and laid +siege to it. When the king had intelligence of it, he was +beyond measure surprised at their proceedings, and immediately +gave orders for the execution of the hostages. And +desisting from an attempt which he had entered upon to reduce +the Scots and Picts, he marched with the utmost expedition +to raise the siege; but laboured under very great +difficulties, because he had left his nephew Hoel sick at +Alclud. At length, having entered the province of Somerset, +and beheld how the siege was carried on, he addressed himself +to his followers in these words: "Since these impious +and detestable Saxons have disdained to keep faith with me, +I, to keep faith with God, will endeavour to revenge the +blood of my countrymen this day upon them. To arms, +soldiers, to arms, and courageously fall upon the perfidious +wretches, over whom we shall, with Christ assisting us, undoubtedly +obtain the victory."</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_216_216" id="Footnote_216_216"></a><a href="#FNanchor_216_216"><span class="label">[216]</span></a> Lincoln.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. IV.</span>—<i>Dubricius's speech against the treacherous Saxons. Arthur +with his own hand kills four hundred and seventy Saxons in one battle. Colgrin and Baldulph are killed in the same.</i></h3> + + +<p>When he had done speaking, St. Dubricius, archbishop of +Legions, going to the top of a hill, cried out with a loud +voice, "You that have the honour to profess the Christian +faith, keep fixed in your minds the love which you owe to +your country and fellow subjects, whose sufferings by the +treachery of the pagans will be an everlasting reproach to +you, if you do not courageously defend them. It is your +country which you fight for, and for which you should, when +required, voluntarily suffer death; for that itself is victory +and the cure of the soul. For he that shall die for his brethren, +offers himself a living sacrifice to God, and has Christ +for his example, who condescended to lay down his life for +his brethren. If therefore any of you shall be killed in +this war, that death itself, which is suffered in so glorious a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[Pg 234]</a></span> +cause, shall be to him for penance and absolution of all his +sins." At these words, all of them, encouraged with the +benediction of the holy prelate, instantly armed themselves, +and prepared to obey his orders. Also Arthur himself, having +put on a coat of mail suitable to the grandeur of so +powerful a king, placed a golden helmet upon his head, on +which was engraven the figure of a dragon; and on his +shoulders his shield called Priwen; upon which the picture +of the blessed Mary, mother of God, was painted, in order +to put him frequently in mind of her. Then girding on his +Caliburn, which was an excellent sword made in the isle of +Avallon, he graced his right hand with his lance, named +Ron, which was hard, broad, and fit for slaughter. After +this, having placed his men in order, he boldly attacked the +Saxons, who were drawn out in the shape of a wedge, as +their manner was. And they, notwithstanding that the +Britons fought with great eagerness, made a noble defence +all that day; but at length, towards sunsetting, climbed up +the next mountain, which served them for a camp: for they +desired no larger extent of ground, since they confided very +much in their numbers. The next morning Arthur, with +his army, went up the mountain, but lost many of his men +in the ascent, by the advantage which the Saxons had in +their station on the top, from whence they could pour down +upon him with much greater speed, than he was able to advance +against them. Notwithstanding, after a very hard +struggle, the Britons gained the summit of the hill, and +quickly came to a close engagement with the enemy, who +again gave them a warm reception, and made a vigorous defence. +In this manner was a great part of that day also +spent; whereupon Arthur, provoked to see the little advantage +he had yet gained, and that victory still continued in +suspense, drew out his Caliburn, and, calling upon the name +of the blessed Virgin, rushed forward with great fury into +the thickest of the enemy's ranks; of whom (such was the +merit of his prayers) not one escaped alive that felt the fury +of his sword; neither did he give over the fury of his +assault until he had, with his Caliburn alone, killed four +hundred and seventy men. The Britons, seeing this, followed +their leader in great multitudes, and made slaughter +on all sides; so that Colgrin, and Baldulph his brother, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[Pg 235]</a></span> +many thousands more, fell before them. But Cheldric, in +this imminent danger of his men, betook himself to flight.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. V.</span>—<i>The Saxons, after their leader Cheldric was killed, are all +compelled by Cador to surrender.</i></h3> + + +<p>The victory being thus gained, the king commanded Cador, +duke of Cornwall, to pursue them, while he himself should +hasten his march into Albania: from whence he had advice +that the Scots and Picts were besieging Alclud, in which, as +we said before, Hoel lay sick. Therefore he hastened to his +assistance, for fear he might fall into the hands of the barbarians. +In the meantime the duke of Cornwall, who had +the command of ten thousand men, would not as yet pursue +the Saxons in their flight, but speedily made himself master +of their ships, to hinder their getting on board, and manned +them with his best soldiers, who were to beat back the +pagans in case they should flee thither: after this he hastily +pursued the enemy, according to Arthur's command, and +allowed no quarter to those he could overtake. So that they +whose behaviour before was so cruel and insolent, now with +timorous hearts fled for shelter, sometimes to the coverts of +the woods, sometimes to mountains and caves, to prolong a +wretched life. At last, when none of these places could +afford them a safe retreat, they entered the Isle of Thanet with +their broken forces; but neither did they there get free from +the duke of Cornwall's pursuit, for he still continued slaughtering +them, and gave them no respite till he had killed +Cheldric, and taken hostages for the surrender of the +rest.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. VI.</span>—<i>Arthur grants a pardon to the Scots and Picts, besieged at +the Lake Lumond.</i></h3> + + +<p>Having therefore settled peace here, he directed his march +to Alclud, which Arthur had relieved from the oppression of +barbarians, and from thence conducted his army to Mureif, +where the Scots and Picts were besieged; after three several +battles with the king and his nephew, they had fled as far as +this province, and entering upon the lake Lumond, sought +for refuge in the islands that are upon it. This lake contains +sixty islands, and receives sixty rivers into it which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[Pg 236]</a></span> +empty themselves into the sea by no more than one mouth. +There is also an equal number of rocks in these islands, as +also of eagles' nests in those rocks, which flocked together +there every year, and, by the loud and general noise which +they now made, foreboded some remarkable event that should +happen to the kingdom. To these islands, therefore, had +the enemy fled, thinking the lake would serve them instead +of a fortification; but it proved of little advantage to them. +For Arthur, having got together a fleet, sailed round the +rivers, and besieged the enemy fifteen days together, by which +they were so straitened with hunger, that they died by thousands. +While he was harassing them in this manner Guillamurius, +king of Ireland, came up in a fleet with a very +great army of barbarians, in order to relieve the besieged. +This obliged Arthur to raise the siege, and turn his arms +against the Irish, whom he slew without mercy, and compelled +the rest to return back to their country. After this +victory, he proceeded in his first attempt, which was to +extirpate the whole race of the Scots and Picts, and treated +them with an unparalleled severity. And as he allowed +quarter to none, the bishops of that miserable country, with +all the inferior clergy, met together, and bearing the reliques +of the saints and other consecrated things of the church +before them, barefooted, came to implore the king's mercy +for their people. As soon as they were admitted into his +presence, they fell down upon their knees, and humbly besought +him to have pity on their distressed country, since +the sufferings which he had already made it undergo were +sufficient; nor was there any necessity to cut off the small +remainder to a man; and that he would allow them the +enjoyment of a small part of the country, since they were +willing to bear the yoke which he should impose upon them. +The king was moved at the manner of their delivering this +petition, and could not forbear expressing his clemency to +them with tears; and at the request of those holy men, +granted them pardon.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. VII.</span>—<i>Arthur relates the wonderful nature of some ponds.</i></h3> + + +<p>This affair being concluded, Hoel had the curiosity to view +the situation of the lake, and wondered to find the number +of the rivers, islands, rocks, and eagles' nests, so exactly<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[Pg 237]</a></span> +correspond: and while he was reflecting upon it as something +that appeared miraculous, Arthur came to him, and +told him of another pond in the same province, which was +yet more wonderful. For not far from thence was one whose +length and breadth were each twenty feet, and depth five +feet. But whether its square figure was natural or artificial, +the wonder of it was, there were four different sorts of +fishes in the four several corners of it, none of which were +ever found in any other part of the pond but their own. He +told him likewise of another pond in Wales, near the Severn, +called by the country people Linligwan, into which when the +sea flows, it receives it in the manner of a gulf, but so as to +swallow up the tide, and never be filled, or have its banks +covered by it. But at the ebbing of the sea, it throws out +the waters which it had swallowed, as high as a mountain, +and at last dashes and covers the banks with them. In the +meantime, if all the people of that country should stand near +with their faces towards it, and happened to have their clothes +sprinkled with the dashing of the waves, they would hardly, +if at all, escape being swallowed up by the pond. But with +their backs towards it, they need not fear being dashed, +though they stood upon the very banks.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. VIII.</span>—<i>Arthur restores York to its ancient beauty, especially as to +its churches.</i></h3> + + +<p>The king, after his general pardon granted to the Scots, went +to York to celebrate the feast of Christ's nativity, which was +now at hand. On entering the city, he beheld with grief +the desolation of the churches; for upon the expulsion of +the holy Archbishop Sanxo, and of all the clergy there, +the temples which were half burned down, had no longer +divine service performed in them: so much had the impious +rage of the pagans prevailed. After this, in an assembly of +the clergy and people, he appointed Pyramus his chaplain +metropolitan of that see. The churches that lay level with +the ground, he rebuilt, and (which was their chief ornament) +saw them filled with assemblies of devout persons of both +sexes. Also the nobility that were driven out by the disturbances +of the Saxons, he restored to their country.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[Pg 238]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. IX.</span>—<i>Arthur honours Augusel with the sceptre of the Scots; Urian +with that of Mureif; and Lot with the consulship of Londonesia.</i></h3> + + +<p>There were there three brothers of royal blood, viz. Lot, +Urian, and Augusel, who, before the Saxons had prevailed, +held the government of those parts. Being willing therefore +to bestow on these, as he did on others, the rights of their +ancestors, he restored to Augusel the sovereignty over the +Scots; his brother Urian he honoured with the sceptre of +Mureif; and Lot, who in time of Aurelius Ambrosius had +married his sister, by whom he had two sons, Walgan and +Modred, he re-established in the consulship of Londonesia, +and the other provinces belonging to him. At length, when +the whole country was reduced by him to its ancient state, +he took to wife Guanhumara, descended from a noble family +of Romans, who was educated under duke Cador, and in +beauty surpassed all the women of the island.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. X.</span>—<i>Arthur adds to his government Ireland, Iceland, Gothland, +and the Orkneys.</i></h3> + + +<p>The next summer he fitted out a fleet, and made an expedition +into Ireland, which he was desirous to reduce. Upon +landing there, he was met by king Guillamurius before mentioned, +with a vast number of men, who came with a design +to fight him; but at the very beginning of the battle, those +naked and unarmed people were miserably routed, and fled +to such places as lay open to them for shelter. Guillamurius +also in a short time was taken prisoner, and forced to submit; +as were also all the other princes of the country after the +king's example, being under great consternation at what had +happened. After an entire conquest of Ireland, he made a +voyage with his fleet to Iceland, which he also subdued. +And now a rumour spreading over the rest of the islands, +that no country was able to withstand him, Doldavius, king +of Gothland, and Gunfasius, king of the Orkneys, came +voluntarily, and made their submission, on a promise of paying +tribute. Then, as soon as winter was over, he returned +back to Britain, where having established the kingdom, he +resided in it for twelve years together in peace.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[Pg 239]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XI.</span>—<i>Arthur subdues Norway, Dacia, Aquitaine, and Gaul.</i></h3> + + +<p>After this, having invited over to him all persons whatsoever +that were famous for valour in foreign nations, he began +to augment the number of his domestics, and introduced such +politeness into his court, as people of the remotest countries +thought worthy of their imitation. So that there was not a +nobleman who thought himself of any consideration, unless +his clothes and arms were made in the same fashion as those +of Arthur's knights. At length the fame of his munificence +and valour spreading over the whole world, he became a terror +to the kings of other countries, who grievously feared +the loss of their dominions, if he should make any attempt +upon them. Being much perplexed with these anxious cares, +they repaired their cities and towers, and built towns in convenient +places, the better to fortify themselves against any +enterprise of Arthur, when occasion should require. Arthur, +being informed of what they were doing, was delighted to +find how much they stood in awe of him, and formed a +design for the conquest of all Europe. Then having prepared +his fleet, he first attempted Norway, that he might +procure the crown of it for Lot, his sister's husband. This +Lot was the nephew of Sichelin, king of the Norwegians, +who being then dead, had appointed him his successor in the +kingdom. But the Norwegians, disdaining to receive him, +had advanced one Riculf to the sovereignty, and having fortified +their cities, thought they were able to oppose Arthur. +Walgan, the son of Lot, was then a youth twelve years old, +and was recommended by his uncle to the service of pope +Supplicius, from whom he received arms. But to return to +the history: as soon as Arthur arrived on the coast of Norway, +king Riculf, attended with the whole power of that +kingdom, met him, and gave him battle, in which, after a +great loss of blood on both sides, the Britons at length had +the advantage, and making a vigorous charge, killed Riculf +and many others with him. Having thus defeated them, +they set the cities on fire, dispersed the country people, and +pursued the victory till they had reduced all Norway, as also +Dacia, under the dominion of Arthur. After the conquest +of these countries, and establishment of Lot upon the throne +of Norway, Arthur made a voyage to Gaul, and dividing his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[Pg 240]</a></span> +army into several bodies, began to lay waste that country on +all sides. The province of Gaul was then committed to +Flollo, a Roman tribune, who held the government of it under +the emperor Leo. Upon intelligence of Arthur's coming, +he raised all the forces that were under his command, and +made war against him, but without success. For Arthur was +attended with the youth of all the islands that he had subdued; +for which reason he was reported to have such an +army as was thought invincible. And even the greater part +of the Gallic army, encouraged by his bounty, came over to +his service. Therefore Flollo, seeing the disadvantages he lay +under, left his camp, and fled with a small number to Paris. +There having recruited his army, he fortified the city, and +resolved to stand another engagement with Arthur. But +while he was thinking of strengthening himself with auxiliary +forces in the neighbouring countries, Arthur came upon +him unawares, and besieged him in the city. When a month +had passed, Flollo, with grief observing his people perish +with hunger, sent a message to Arthur, that they two alone +should decide the conquest for the kingdom in a duel: for +being a person of great stature, boldness and courage, he +gave this challenge in confidence of success. Arthur was +extremely pleased at Flollo's proposal, and sent him word +back again, that he would give him the meeting which he +desired. A treaty, therefore, being on both sides agreed to, +they met together in the island without the city, where the +people waited to see the event. They were both gracefully +armed, and mounted on admirably swift horses; and it was +hard to tell which gave greater hopes of victory. When they +had presented themselves against each other with their lances +aloft, they put spurs to their horses, and began a fierce encounter. +But Arthur, who handled his lance more warily, +struck it into the upper part of Flollo's breast, and avoiding +his enemy's weapon, laid him prostrate upon the ground, and +was just going to despatch him with his drawn sword, when +Flollo, starting up on a sudden, met him with his lance +couched, wherewith he mortally stabbed the breast of Arthur's +horse, and caused both him and his rider to fall. The +Britons, when they saw their king lying on the ground, +fearing he was killed, could hardly be restrained from breach +of covenant, and falling with one consent upon the Gauls<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[Pg 241]</a></span> +But just as they were upon rushing into the lists, Arthur +hastily got up, and guarding himself with his shield, advanced +with speed against Flollo. And now they renewed the +assault with great rage, eagerly bent upon one another's +destruction. At length Flollo, watching his advantage, gave +Arthur a blow upon the forehead, which might have proved +mortal, had he not blunted the edge of his weapon against +the helmet. When Arthur saw his coat of mail and shield +red with blood, he was inflamed with still greater rage, and +lifting up his Caliburn with his utmost strength struck it +through the helmet into Flollo's head, and made a terrible +gash. With this wound Flollo fell down, tearing the ground +with his spurs, and expired. As soon as this news was +spread through the army, the citizens ran together, and opening +the gates, surrendered the city to Arthur. After the +victory, he divided his army into two parts; one of which he +committed to the conduct of Hoel, whom he ordered to march +against Guitard, commander of the Pictavians; while he +with the other part should endeavour to reduce the other +provinces. Hoel upon this entered Aquitaine, possessed +himself of the cities of that country, and after distressing +Guitard in several battles, forced him to surrender. He +also destroyed Gascony with fire and sword, and subdued +the princes of it. At the end of nine years, in which time +all the parts of Gaul were entirely reduced, Arthur returned +back to Paris, where he kept his court, and calling an assembly +of the clergy and people, established peace and the just +administration of the laws in that kingdom. Then he bestowed +Neustria, now called Normandy, upon Bedver, his +butler; the province of Andegavia upon Caius, his sewer; +and several other provinces upon his great men that attended +him. Thus having settled the peace of the cities and +countries there, he returned back in the beginning of spring +to Britain.<a name="FNanchor_217_217" id="FNanchor_217_217"></a><a href="#Footnote_217_217" class="fnanchor">[217]</a></p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[Pg 242]</a></span></p> +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_217_217" id="Footnote_217_217"></a><a href="#FNanchor_217_217"><span class="label">[217]</span></a> It is wonderful that the contents of this book should ever have passed +for authentic history; our ancestors of the eleventh, twelfth, and thirteenth +centuries must have been singularly ignorant of every thing concerning the +latter ages of the Roman empire, and the formation of the modern kingdoms +of France and Germany, &c., if they could believe that king Arthur +ever held his court in Paris.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XII.</span>—<i>Arthur summons a great many kings, princes, archbishops, +&c. to a solemn assembly at the City of Legions.</i></h3> + + +<p>Upon the approach of the feast of Pentecost, Arthur, the +better to demonstrate his joy after such triumphant success, +and for the more solemn observation of that festival, and +reconciling the minds of the princes that were now subject +to him, resolved, during that season, to hold a magnificent +court, to place the crown upon his head, and to invite all the +kings and dukes under his subjection, to the solemnity. And +when he had communicated his design to his familiar friends, +he pitched upon the City of Legions as a proper place for his +purpose. For besides its great wealth above the other cities, +its situation, which was in Glamorganshire upon the river +Uske, near the Severn sea, was most pleasant, and fit for so +great a solemnity. For on one side it was washed by that +noble river, so that the kings and princes from the countries +beyond the seas might have the convenience of sailing up to +it. On the other side, the beauty of the meadows and groves, +and magnificence of the royal palaces with lofty gilded roofs +that adorned it, made it even rival the grandeur of Rome. +It was also famous for two churches; whereof one was built +in honour of the martyr Julius, and adorned with a choir +of virgins, who had devoted themselves wholly to the service +of God; but the other, which was founded in memory of St. +Aaron, his companion, and maintained a convent of canons, +was the third metropolitan church of Britain. Besides, there +was a college of two hundred philosophers, who, being +learned in astronomy and the other arts, were diligent in +observing the courses of the stars, and gave Arthur true +predictions of the events that would happen at that time. +In this place, therefore, which afforded such delights, were +preparations made for the ensuing festival. Ambassadors +were then sent into several kingdoms, to invite to court the +princes both of Gaul and all the adjacent islands. Accordingly +there came Augusel, king of Albania, now +Scotland; Urian, king of Mureif; Cadwallo Lewirh, king +of the Venedotians, now called the North Wales men; +Sater, king of the Demetians, or South Wales men; Cador, +king of Cornwall; also the archbishops of the three metropolitan +sees, London, York, and Dubricius of the City of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[Pg 243]</a></span> +Legions. This prelate, who was primate of Britain, and +legate of the apostolical see, was so eminent for his piety, +that he could cure any sick person by his prayers. There +came also the consuls of the principal cities, viz. Morvid, +consul of Gloucester; Mauron, of Worcester; Anaraut, of +Salisbury; Arthgal, of Cargueit or Warguit; Jugein, +of Legecester; Cursalen, of Kaicester; Kinmare, duke +of Dorobernia; Galluc, of Salisbury; Urgennius, of Bath; +Jonathal, of Dorchester; Boso, of Ridoc, that is, Oxford. +Besides the consuls, came the following worthies of no less +dignity: Danaut, Map papo; Cheneus, Map coil; Peredur, +Mab eridur; Guiful, Map Nogoit; Regin, Map claut; +Eddelein, Map cledauc; Kincar, Mab bagan; Kimmare; +Gorboroniam, Map goit; Clofaut, Rupmaneton; Kimbelim, +Map trunat; Cathleus, Map catel; Kinlich, Map neton; and +many others too tedious to enumerate. From the adjacent +islands came Guillamurius, king of Ireland; Malvasius, king +of Iceland; Doldavius, king of Gothland; Gunfasius, king +of the Orkneys; Lot, king of Norway; Aschillius, king of +the Dacians. From the parts beyond the seas, came Holdin, +king of Ruteni; Leodegarius, consul of Bolonia; Bedver, +the butler, duke of Normandy; Borellus, of Cenomania; +Caius, the sewer, duke of Andegavia; Guitard, of Pictavia; +also the twelve peers of Gaul, whom Guerinus Carnotensis +brought along with him: Hoel, duke of the Armorican +Britons, and his nobility, who came with such a train of +mules, horses, and rich furniture, as it is difficult to describe. +Besides these, there remained no prince of any consideration +on this side of Spain, who came not upon this invitation. +And no wonder, when Arthur's munificence, which was +celebrated over the whole world, made him beloved by all +people.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XIII.</span>—<i>A description of the royal pomp at the coronation of +Arthur.</i></h3> + + +<p>When all were assembled together in the city, upon the day +of the solemnity, the archbishops were conducted to the +palace, in order to place the crown upon the king's head. +Therefore Dubricius, inasmuch as the court was kept in his +diocese, made himself ready to celebrate the office, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[Pg 244]</a></span> +undertook the ordering of whatever related to it. As soon +as the king was invested with his royal habiliments, he was +conducted in great pomp to the metropolitan church, supported +on each side by two archbishops, and having four +kings, viz. of Albania, Cornwall, Demetia, and Venedotia, +whose right it was, bearing four golden swords before him. +He was also attended with a concert of all sorts of music, +which made most excellent harmony. On another part was +the queen, dressed out in her richest ornaments, conducted +by the archbishops and bishops to the Temple of Virgins; +the four queens also of the kings last mentioned, bearing +before her four white doves according to ancient custom; +and after her there followed a retinue of women, making all +imaginable demonstrations of joy. When the whole procession +was ended, so transporting was the harmony of the musical +instruments and voices, whereof there was a vast variety in +both churches, that the knights who attended were in doubt +which to prefer, and therefore crowded from the one to the +other by turns, and were far from being tired with the +solemnity, though the whole day had been spent in it. At +last, when divine service was over at both churches, the king +and queen put off their crowns, and putting on their lighter +ornaments, went to the banquet; he to one palace with the +men, and she to another with the women. For the Britons +still observed the ancient custom of Troy, by which the men +and women used to celebrate their festivals apart. When +they had all taken their seats according to precedence, Caius +the sewer, in rich robes of ermine, with a thousand young +noblemen, all in like manner clothed with ermine, served up +the dishes. From another part, Bedver the butler was +followed with the same number of attendants, in various +habits, who waited with all kinds of cups and drinking +vessels. In the queen's palace were innumerable waiters, +dressed with variety of ornaments, all performing their +respective offices; which if I should describe particularly, +I should draw out the history to a tedious length. For at +that time Britain had arrived at such a pitch of grandeur, +that in abundance of riches, luxury of ornaments, and politeness +of inhabitants, it far surpassed all other kingdoms. The +knights in it that were famous for feats of chivalry, wore +their clothes and arms all of the same colour and fashion:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[Pg 245]</a></span> +and the women also no less celebrated for their wit, wore all +the same kind of apparel; and esteemed none worthy of their +love, but such as had given a proof of their valour in three +several battles. Thus was the valour of the men an +encouragement for the women's chastity, and the love of the +women a spur to the soldier's bravery.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XIV.</span>—<i>After a variety of sports at the coronation, Arthur amply +rewards his servants.</i></h3> + + +<p>As soon as the banquets were over, they went into the fields +without the city, to divert themselves with various sports. +The military men composed a kind of diversion in imitation +of a fight on horseback; and the ladies, placed on the top +of the walls as spectators, in a sportive manner darted their +amorous glances at the courtiers, the more to encourage +them. Others spent the remainder of the day in other +diversions, such as shooting with bows and arrows, tossing +the pike, casting of heavy stones and rocks, playing at dice +and the like, and all these inoffensively and without quarrelling. +Whoever gained the victory in any of these sports, +was rewarded with a rich prize by Arthur. In this manner +were the first three days spent; and on the fourth, all who, +upon account of their titles, bore any kind of office at this +solemnity, were called together to receive honours and +preferments in reward of their services, and to fill up +the vacancies in the governments of cities and castles, +archbishoprics, bishoprics, abbeys, and other posts of +honour.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XV.</span>—<i>A letter from Lucius Tiberius, general of the Romans, to +Arthur being read, they consult about an answer to it.</i></h3> + + +<p>But St. Dubricius, from a pious desire of leading a hermit's +life, made a voluntary resignation of his archiepiscopal +dignity; and in his room was consecrated David, the king's +uncle, whose life was a perfect example of that goodness +which by his doctrine he taught. In place of St. Samson, +archbishop of Dole, was appointed, with the consent of Hoel, +king of the Armorican Britons, Chelianus, [Kilian] a priest +of Llandaff, a person highly recommended for his good life +and character. The bishopric of Silchester was conferred<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[Pg 246]</a></span> +upon Mauganius, that of Winchester upon Diwanius, and +that of Alclud upon Eledanius. While he was disposing +of these preferments upon them, it happened that twelve +men of an advanced age, and venerable aspect, and bearing +olive branches in their right hands, for a token that they +were come upon an embassy, appeared before the king, +moving towards him with a slow pace, and speaking with +a soft voice; and after their compliments paid, presented +him with a letter from Lucius Tiberius, in these words:—</p> + +<p>"Lucius, procurator of the commonwealth, to Arthur, +king of Britain, according to his desert. The insolence +of your tyranny is what fills me with the highest admiration, +and the injuries you have done to Rome still increase my +wonder. But it is provoking to reflect, that you are grown +so much above yourself, as wilfully to avoid seeing this: nor +do you consider what it is to have offended by unjust deeds +a senate, to whom you cannot be ignorant the whole world +owes vassalage. For the tribute of Britain, which the senate +had enjoined you to pay, and which used to be paid to the +Roman emperors successively from the time of Julius Cæsar, +you have had the presumption to withhold, in contempt of +their imperial authority. You have seized upon the province +of the Allobroges, and all the islands of the ocean, whose +kings, while the Roman power prevailed in those parts, paid +tribute to our ancestors. And because the senate have +decreed to demand justice of you for such repeated injuries, +I command you to appear at Rome before the middle of +August the next year, there to make satisfaction to your +masters, and undergo such sentence as they shall in justice +pass upon you. Which if you refuse to do, I shall come to +you, and endeavour to recover with my sword, what you in +your madness have robbed us of."</p> + +<p>As soon as the letter was read in the presence of the kings +and consuls, Arthur withdrew with them into the Giant's +Tower, which was at the entrance of the palace, to think +what answer was fit to be returned to such an insolent message. +As they were going up the stairs, Cador, duke of +Cornwall, who was a man of a merry disposition, said to the +king in a jocose manner: "I have been till now under fear, +lest the easy life which the Britons lead, by enjoying a long +peace, might make them cowards, and extinguish the fame of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[Pg 247]</a></span> +their gallantry, by which they have raised their name above +all other nations. For where the exercise of arms is wanting, +and the pleasures of women, dice, and other diversions +take place, no doubt, what remains of virtue, honour, courage, +and thirst of praise, will be tainted with the rust of idleness. +For now almost five years have passed, since we have been +abandoned to these delights, and have had no exercise of war. +Therefore, to deliver us from sloth, God has stirred up this +spirit of the Romans, to restore our military virtues to their +ancient state." In this manner did he entertain them with +discourse, till they were come to their seats, on which +when they were all placed, Arthur spoke to them after this +manner.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XVI.</span>—<i>Arthur, holding a council with the kings, desires every one +of them to deliver their opinions.</i></h3> + + +<p>"My companions both in good and bad fortune, whose abilities +both in counsel and war I have hitherto experienced; +the present exigence of affairs, after the message which we +have received, requires your careful deliberation and prudent +resolutions; for whatever is wisely concerted, is easily executed. +Therefore we shall be the better able to bear the +annoyance which Lucius threatens to give us, if we unanimously +apply ourselves to consider how to overcome it. In +my opinion we have no great reason to fear him, when we +reflect upon the unjust pretence on which he demands +tribute of us. He says he has a right to it, because it was +paid to Julius Cæsar, and his successors, who invaded +Britain with an army at the invitation of the ancient Britons, +when they were quarrelling among themselves, and by force +reduced the country under their power, when weakened by +civil dissension. And because they gained it in this manner, +they had the injustice to take tribute of it. For that can +never be possessed justly, which is gained by force and +violence. So that he has no reasonable grounds to pretend +we are of right his tributaries. But since he has the presumption +to make an unjust demand of us, we have certainly +as good reason to demand of him tribute from Rome; let +the longer sword therefore determine the right between us. +For if Rome has decreed that tribute ought to be paid to it<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[Pg 248]</a></span> +from Britain, on account of its having been formerly under +the yoke of Julius Cæsar, and other Roman emperors; I for +the same reason now decree, that Rome ought to pay tribute +to me, because my predecessors formerly held the government +of it. For Belinus, that glorious king of the Britons, +with the assistance of his brother Brennus, duke of the +Allobroges, after they had hanged up twenty noble Romans +in the middle of the market-place, took their city, and kept +possession of it a long time. Likewise Constantine, the son +of Helena, and Maximian [Maximus], who were both my +kinsmen, and both wore the crown of Britain, gained the imperial +throne of Rome. Do not you, therefore, think that we +ought to demand tribute of the Romans? As for Gaul and +the adjacent islands of the ocean, we have no occasion to +return them any answer, since they did not defend them, +when we attempted to free them from their power." As +soon as he had done speaking to this effect, Hoel, king of +the Armorican Britons, who had the precedence of the rest, +made answer in these words.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XVII.</span>—<i>The opinion of Hoel, king of Armorica, concerning a +war with the Romans.</i></h3> + + +<p>"After the most profound deliberation that any of us shall +be able to make, I think better advice cannot be given, than +what your majesty in your great wisdom and policy now offers. +Your speech, which is no less wise than eloquent, has superseded +all consultation on our part; and nothing remains for us +to do, but to admire and gratefully acknowledge your majesty's +firmness of mind, and depth of policy, to which we owe such +excellent advice. For if upon this motive you are pleased to +make an expedition to Rome, I doubt not but it will be crowned +with glorious success; since it will be undertaken for the defence +of our liberties, and to demand justly of our enemies, +what they have unjustly demanded of us. For that person who +would rob another, deserves to lose his own by him against +whom the attempt is made. And, therefore, since the Romans +threatened us with this injury, it will undoubtedly turn to +their own loss, if we can have but an opportunity of engaging +with them. This is what the Britons universally desire; +this is what we have promised us in the Sibylline prophecies, +which expressly declare, that the Roman empire shall be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[Pg 249]</a></span> +obtained by three persons, natives of Britain. The oracle +is fulfilled in two of them, since it is manifest (as your +majesty observed) that those two celebrated princes, Belinus +and Constantine, governed the Roman empire: and now you +are the third to whom this supreme dignity is promised. +Make haste, therefore, to receive what God makes no delay +to give you; to subdue those who are ready to receive your +yoke; and to advance us all, who for your advancement will +spare neither limbs nor life. And that you may accomplish this, +I myself will attend you in person with ten thousand men."</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XVIII.</span>—<i>The opinion of Augusel.</i></h3> + + +<p>When Hoel concluded his speech, Augusel, king of Albania, +declared his good affection to the cause after this manner. +"I am not able to express the joy that has transported me, +since my lord has declared to us his designs. For we seem +to have done nothing by all our past wars with so many and +potent princes, if the Romans and Germans be suffered to +enjoy peace, and we do not severely revenge on them the +grievous oppressions which they formerly brought upon this +country. But now, since we are at liberty to encounter +them, I am overwhelmed with joy and eagerness of desire, +to see a battle with them, when the blood of those cruel +oppressors will be no less acceptable to me than a spring of +water is to one who is parched with thirst. If I shall but +live to see that day, how sweet will be the wounds which +I shall then either receive or give? Nay, how sweet will +be even death itself, when suffered in revenging the injuries +done to our ancestors, in defending our liberties, and in promoting +the glory of our king! Let us then begin with +these poltroons, and spoil them of all their trophies, by +making an entire conquest of them. And I for my share +will add to the army two thousand horse, besides foot."</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XIX.</span>—<i>They unanimously agree upon a war with the Romans.</i></h3> + + +<p>To the same effect spoke all the rest, and promised each of +them their full quota of forces; so that besides those promised +by the duke of Armorica, the number of men from +the island of Britain alone was sixty thousand, all completely +armed. But the kings of the other islands, as they<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[Pg 250]</a></span> +had not been accustomed to any cavalry, promised their +quota of infantry; and, from the six provincial islands, viz. +Ireland, Iceland, Gothland, the Orkneys, Norway, and +Dacia, were reckoned a hundred and twenty thousand. From +the duchies of Gaul, that is, of the Ruteni, the Portunians, +the Estrusians, the Cenomanni, the Andegavians, and Pictavians, +were eighty thousand. From the twelve consulships +of those who came along with Guerinus Carnotensis, twelve +hundred. All together made up a hundred and eighty-three +thousand two hundred, besides foot which did not easily fall +under number.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XX.</span>—<i>Arthur prepares for a war, and refuses to pay tribute to +the Romans.</i></h3> + + +<p>King Arthur, seeing all unanimously ready for his service, +ordered them to return back to their countries with speed, +and get ready the forces which they had promised, and to +hasten to the general rendezvous upon the kalends of +August, at the mouth of the river Barba, that from thence +they might advance with them to the borders of the Allobroges, +to meet the Romans. Then he sent word to the +emperors by their ambassadors; that as to paying them +tribute, he would in no wise obey their commands; and that +the journey he was about to make to Rome, was not to stand +the award of their sentence, but to demand of them what +they had judicially decreed to demand of him. With this +answer the ambassadors departed; and at the same time +also departed all the kings and noblemen, to perform with +all expedition the orders that had been given them.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3>BOOK X.</h3> + +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. I.</span>—<i>Lucius Tiberius calls together the eastern kings against the +Britons.</i></h3> + + +<p>Lucius Tiberius, on receiving this answer, by order of the +senate published a decree, for the eastern kings to come with +their forces, and assist in the conquest of Britain. In obe<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[Pg 251]</a></span>dience +to which there came in a very short time, Epistrophius, +king of the Grecians; Mustensar, king of the Africans; +Alifantinam, king of Spain; Hirtacius, king of the +Parthians; Boccus, of the Medes; Sertorius, of Libya; +Teucer, king of Phrygia; Serses, king of the Itureans; +Pandrasus, king of Egypt; Micipsa, king of Babylon; +Polytetes, duke of Bithynia; Teucer, duke of Phrygia; +Evander, of Syria; Æthion, of Bœotia; Hippolytus, of +Crete, with the generals and nobility under them. Of the +senatorian order also came, Lucius Catellus, Marius Lepidus, +Caius Metellus Cotta, Quintus Milvius Catulus, Quintus Carutius, +and as many others as made up the number of forty +thousand one hundred and sixty.<a name="FNanchor_218_218" id="FNanchor_218_218"></a><a href="#Footnote_218_218" class="fnanchor">[218]</a></p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_218_218" id="Footnote_218_218"></a><a href="#FNanchor_218_218"><span class="label">[218]</span></a> It is almost unnecessary to inform the reader that not one of these +kings ever existed; and yet this caution may be of use, so prone are men +to indulge the bias of the imagination at the expense of historic truth.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap.</span> II.—<i>Arthur commits to his nephew Modred the government of +Britain. His dream at Hamo's Port.</i></h3> + + +<p>After the necessary dispositions were made, upon the kalends +of August, they began their march towards Britain, +which when Arthur had intelligence of, he committed the +government of the kingdom to his nephew Modred, and +queen Guanhumara, and marched with his army to Hamo's +Port, where the wind stood fair for him. But while he, surrounded +with all his numerous fleet, was sailing joyfully with +a brisk gale, it happened that about midnight he fell into a +very sound sleep, and in a dream saw a bear flying in the +air, at the noise of which all the shores trembled; also a +terrible dragon flying from the west, which enlightened the +country with the brightness of its eyes. When these two +met, they began a dreadful fight; but the dragon with its fiery +breath burned the bear which often assaulted him, and threw +him down scorched to the ground. Arthur upon this awaking, +related his dream to those that stood about him, who +took upon them to interpret it, and told him that the dragon +signified himself, but the bear, some giant that should encounter +with him; and that the fight portended the duel +that would be between them, and the dragon's victory the +same that would happen to himself. But Arthur conjec<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[Pg 252]</a></span>tured +it portended something else, and that the vision was +applicable to himself and the emperor. As soon as the +morning after this night's sail appeared, they found themselves +arrived at the mouth of the river Barba. And there +they pitched their tents, to wait the arrival of the kings of +the islands and the generals of the other provinces.</p> + + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. III.</span>—<i>Arthur kills a Spanish giant who had stolen away Helena, +the niece of Hoel.</i></h3> + + +<p>In the meantime Arthur had news brought him, that a giant +of monstrous size was come from the shores of Spain, and +had forcibly taken away Helena, the niece of duke Hoel, +from her guard, and fled with her to the top of that which +is now called Michael's Mount;<a name="FNanchor_219_219" id="FNanchor_219_219"></a><a href="#Footnote_219_219" class="fnanchor">[219]</a> and that the soldiers of the +country who pursued him were able to do nothing against +him. For whether they attacked him by sea or land, he +either overturned their ships with vast rocks, or killed them +with several sorts of darts, besides many of them that he +took and devoured half alive. The next night, therefore, at +the second hour, Arthur, taking along with him Caius the +sewer, and Bedver the butler, went out privately from the +camp, and hastened towards the mountain. For being a man +of undaunted courage, he did not care to lead his army +against such monsters; both because he could in this manner +animate his men by his own example, and also because he +was alone sufficient to deal with them. As soon as they +came near the mountain, they saw a fire burning upon the top +of it, and another on a lesser mountain, that was not far +from it. And being in doubt upon which of them the giant +dwelt, they sent away Bedver to know the certainty of the +matter. So he, finding a boat, sailed over in it first to the +lesser mountain, to which he could in no other way have +access, because it was situated in the sea. When he had +begun to climb up to the top of it, he was at first frightened +with a dismal howling cry of a woman from above, and +imagined the monster to be there: but quickly rousing up +his courage, he drew his sword, and having reached the top,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[Pg 253]</a></span> +found nothing but the fire which he had before seen at a distance. +He discovered also a grave newly made, and an old +woman weeping and howling by it, who at the sight of him +instantly cried out in words interrupted with sighs, "O, unhappy +man, what misfortune brings you to this place? O the +inexpressible tortures of death that you must suffer! I pity +you, I pity you, because the detestable monster will this night +destroy the flower of your youth. For that most wicked and +odious giant, who brought the duke's niece, whom I have just +now buried here, and me, her nurse, along with her into this +mountain, will come and immediately murder you in a most +cruel manner. O deplorable fate! This most illustrious +princess, sinking under the fear her tender heart conceived, +while the foul monster would have embraced her, fainted +away and expired. And when he could not satiate his +brutish lust upon her, who was the very soul, joy, and happiness +of my life, being enraged at the disappointment of his +bestial desire, he forcibly committed a rape upon me, who +(let God and my old age witness) abhorred his embraces. +Fly, dear sir, fly, for fear he may come, as he usually does, +to lie with me, and finding you here most barbarously butcher +you." Bedver, moved at what she said, as much as it is +possible for human nature to be, endeavoured with kind +words to assuage her grief, and to comfort her with the +promise of speedy help: and then returned back to Arthur, +and gave him an account of what he had met with. Arthur +very much lamented the damsel's sad fate, and ordered his +companions to leave him to deal with him alone; unless there +was an absolute necessity, and then they were to come in +boldly to his assistance. From hence they went directly to +the next mountain, leaving their horses with their armour-bearers, +and ascended to the top, Arthur leading the way. +The deformed savage was then by the fire, with his face +besmeared with the clotted blood of swine, part of which he +already devoured, and was roasting the remainder upon spits +by the fire. But at the sight of them, whose appearance +was a surprise to him, he hastened to his club, which two +strong men could hardly lift from the ground. Upon this +the king drew his sword, and guarding himself with his +shield, ran with all his speed to prevent his getting it. But +the other, who was not ignorant of his design, had by this<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[Pg 254]</a></span> +time snatched it up, and gave the king such a terrible blow +upon his shield, that he made the shores ring with the noise, +and perfectly stunned the king's ears with it. Arthur, fired +with rage at this, lifted up his sword, and gave him a wound +in the forehead, which was not indeed mortal, but yet such +as made the blood gush out over his face and eyes, and so +blinded him; for he had partly warded off the stroke from +his forehead with his club, and prevented its being fatal. +However, his loss of sight, by reason of the blood flowing +over his eyes, made him exert himself with greater fury, and +like an enraged boar against a hunting-spear, so did he rush +in against Arthur's sword, and grasping him about the waist, +forced him down upon his knees. But Arthur, nothing +daunted, slipped out of his hands, and so exerted himself +with his sword, that he gave the giant no respite till he had +struck it up to the very back through his skull. At this +the hideous monster raised a dreadful roar, and like an oak +torn up from the roots by the winds, so did he make the +ground resound with his fall. Arthur, bursting out into a +fit of laughter at the sight, commanded Bedver to cut off his +head, and give it to one of the armour-bearers, who was to +carry it to the camp, and there expose it to public view, +but with orders for the spectators of this combat to keep +silence. He told them he had found none of so great strength, +since he killed the giant Ritho, who had challenged him to +fight, upon the mountain Aravius. This giant had made +himself furs of the beards of kings he had killed, and had +sent word to Arthur carefully to cut off his beard and send +it to him; and then, out of respect to his pre-eminence over +other kings, his beard should have the honour of the principal +place. But if he refused to do it, he challenged him to a +duel, with this offer, that the conqueror should have the furs, +and also the beard of the vanquished for a trophy of his +victory. In his conflict, therefore, Arthur proved victorious, +and took the beard and spoils of the giant: and, as he said +before, had met with none that could be compared to him +for strength, till his last engagement. After this victory, +they returned at the second watch of the night to the camp +with the head; to see which there was a great concourse of +people, all extolling this wonderful exploit of Arthur, by +which he had freed the country from a most destructive and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[Pg 255]</a></span> +voracious monster. But Hoel, in great grief for the loss of +his niece, commanded a mausoleum to be built over her body +in the mountain where she was buried, which, taking the +damsel's name, is called Helena's Tomb to this day.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_219_219" id="Footnote_219_219"></a><a href="#FNanchor_219_219"><span class="label">[219]</span></a> This most romantic and interesting rock is crowned by a singularly +quaint structure, half monastic and half castellated. It must have been a +place of great strength before the invention of powder, and contains some +curious rooms, a dungeon and other remains of feudality.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. IV.</span> <i>Arthur's ambassadors to Lucius Tiberius deliver Pelreius +Cotta, whom they took prisoner to Arthur.</i></h3> + + +<p>As soon as all the forces were arrived which Arthur expected, +he marched from thence to Augustodunum, where he supposed +the general was. But when he came to the river +Alba, he had intelligence brought him of his having encamped +not far off, and that he was come with so vast an army, that +he would not be able to withstand it. However, this did not +deter him from pursuing his enterprise; but he pitched his +camp upon the bank of the river, to facilitate the bringing +up of his forces, and to secure his retreat, if there should be +occasion; and sent Boso the consul of Oxford, and Guerinus +Carnotensis, with his nephew Walgan, to Lucius Tiberius, +requiring him either to retire from the coasts of Gaul, or +come the next day, that they might try their right to that +country with their swords. The retinue of young courtiers +that attended Walgan, highly rejoicing at this opportunity, +were urgent with him to find some occasion for a quarrel in +the commander's camp, that so they might engage the Romans. +Accordingly they went to Lucius, and commanded him to +retire out of Gaul, or hazard a battle the next day. But +while he was answering them, that he was not come to retire, +but to govern the country, there was present Caius Quintilianus, +his nephew, who said, "That the Britons were better +at boasting and threatening, than they were at fighting." +Walgan immediately took fire at this, and ran upon him with +his drawn sword, wherewith he cut off his head, and then +retreated speedily with his companions to their horses. The +Romans, both horse and foot, pursued to revenge the loss of +their countryman upon the ambassadors, who fled with great +precipitation. But Guerinus Carnotensis, just as one of +them was come up to him, rallied on a sudden, and with his +lance struck at once through his armour and the very middle +of his body, and laid him prostrate on the ground. The +sight of this noble exploit raised the emulation of Boso of +Oxford, who, wheeling about his horse, struck his lance into<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[Pg 256]</a></span> +the throat of the first man he met with, and dismounted him +mortally wounded. In the meantime, Marcellus Mutius, +with great eagerness to revenge Quintilian's death, was just +upon the back of Walgan, and laid hold of him; which the +other quickly obliged him to quit, by cleaving both his +helmet and head to the breast with his sword. He also bade +him, when he arrived at the infernal regions, tell the man he +had killed in the camp, "That in this manner the Britons +showed their boasting and threatening." Then having re-assembled +his men, he encouraged them to despatch every +one his pursuer in the same manner as he had done; which +accordingly they did not fail to accomplish. Notwithstanding, +the Romans continued their pursuit with lances and +swords, wherewith they annoyed the others, though without +slaughter or taking any prisoners. But as they came near a +certain wood, a party of six thousand Britons, who seeing +the flight of the consuls, had hid themselves, to be in readiness +for their assistance, sallied forth, and putting spurs to +their horses, rent the air with their loud shouts, and being +well fenced with their shields, assaulted the Romans suddenly, +and forced them to fly. And now it was the Britons' +turn to pursue, which they did with better success, for they +dismounted, killed, or took several of the enemy. Petreius, +the senator, upon this news, hastened to the assistance of his +countrymen with ten thousand men, and compelled the Britons +to retreat to the wood from whence they had sallied forth; +though not without loss of his own men. For the Britons, +being well acquainted with the ground, in their flight killed +a great number of their pursuers. The Britons thus giving +ground, Hider, with another reinforcement of five thousand +men, advanced with speed to sustain them; so that they +again faced those, upon whom they had turned their backs, +and renewed the assault with great vigour. The Romans +also stood their ground, and continued the fight with various +success. The great fault of the Britons was, that though +they had been very eager to begin the fight, yet when begun +they were less careful of the hazard they ran. Whereas the +Romans were under better discipline, and had the advantage +of a prudent commander, Petreius Cotta, to tell them where +to advance, and where to give ground, and by these means +did great injury to the enemy. When Boso observed this,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">[Pg 257]</a></span> +he drew off from the rest a large party of those whom he +knew to be the stoutest men, and spoke to them after this +manner: "Since we have begun this fight without Arthur's +knowledge, we must take care that we be not defeated in +the enterprise. For, if we should, we shall both very much +endanger our men, and incur the king's high displeasure. +Rouse up your courage, and follow me through the Roman +squadrons, that with the favour of good fortune we may +either kill or take Petreius prisoner." With this they put +spurs to their horses, and piercing through the enemies' +thickest ranks, reached the place where Petreius was giving +his commands. Boso hastily ran in upon him, and grasping +him about the neck, fell with him to the ground, as he had +intended. The Romans hereupon ran to his delivery, as did +the Britons to Boso's assistance; which occasioned on both +sides great slaughter, noise, and confusion, while one party +strove to rescue their leader, and the other to keep him +prisoner. So that this proved the sharpest part of the whole +fight, and wherein their spears, swords, and arrows had the +fullest employment. At length, the Britons, joining in a +close body, and sustaining patiently the assaults of the +Romans, retired to the main body of their army with Petreius: +which they had no sooner done, than they again +attacked them, being now deprived of their leader, very much +weakened, dispirited, and just beginning to flee. They, +therefore, eagerly pursued, beat down, and killed several of +them, and as soon as they had plundered them, pursued the +rest: but they took the greatest number of them prisoners, +being desirous to present them to the king. When they had +at last sufficiently harassed them, they returned with their +plunder and prisoners to the camp; where they gave an +account of what had happened, and presented Petreius Cotta +with the other prisoners before Arthur, with great joy for +the victory. Arthur congratulated them upon it, and promised +them advancement to greater honours, for behaving +themselves so gallantly when he was absent from them. +Then he gave his command to some of his men, to conduct +the prisoners the next day to Paris, and deliver them to be +kept in custody there till further orders. The party that +were to undertake this charge, he ordered to be conducted +by Cador, Bedver, and the two consuls, Borellus and Rich<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[Pg 258]</a></span>erius, +with their servants, till they should be out of all fear +of disturbance from the Romans.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. V.</span>—<i>The Romans attack the Britons with a very great force, but +are put to flight by them.</i></h3> + + +<p>But the Romans, happening to get intelligence of their design, +at the command of their general chose out fifteen thousand +men, who that night were to get before the others in +their march, and rescue their fellow soldiers out of their +hands. They were to be commanded by Vulteius Catellus +and Quintus Carutius, senators, as also Evander, king of +Syria, and Sertorius, king of Libya. Accordingly they +began their march that very night, and possessed themselves +of a place convenient for lying in ambuscade, through +which they supposed the others would pass. In the +morning the Britons set forward along the same road with +their prisoners, and were now approaching the place in perfect +ignorance of the cunning stratagem of the enemy. No +sooner had they entered it, than the Romans, to their great +surprise, sprang forth and fell furiously upon them. Notwithstanding, +the Britons, at length recovering from their +consternation, assembled together, and prepared for a bold +opposition, by appointing a party to guard the prisoners, and +drawing out the rest in order of battle against the enemy. +Richerius and Bedver had the command of the party that +were set over the prisoners; but Cador, duke of Cornwall, +and Borellus headed the others. But all the Romans had +made their sally without being placed in any order, and +cared not to form themselves, that they might lose no time +in the slaughter of the Britons, whom they saw busied in +marshalling their troops, and preparing only for their +defence. By this conduct the Britons were extremely weakened, +and would have shamefully lost their prisoners, had +not good fortune rendered them assistance. For Guitard, +commander of the Pictavians, happened to get information +of the designed stratagem, and was come up with three thousand +men, by the help of which they at last got the advantage, +and paid back the slaughter upon their insolent assailants. +Nevertheless, the loss which they sustained at the +beginning of this action was very considerable. For they<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[Pg 259]</a></span> +lost Borellus, the famous consul of the Cenomanni, in an +encounter with Evander, king of Syria, who stuck his lance +into his throat; besides four noblemen, viz. Hirelgas Deperirus, +Mauricius Cadorcanensis, Aliduc of Tintagel, and +Hider his son, than whom braver men were hardly to be +found. But yet neither did this loss dispirit the Britons, but +rather made them more resolute to keep the prisoners, and kill +the enemy. The Romans, now finding themselves unable to +maintain the fight any longer, suddenly quitted the field, and +made towards their camp; but were pursued with slaughter +by the Britons, who also took many of them, and allowed +them no respite till they had killed Vulteius Catellus and +Evander, king of Syria, and wholly dispersed the rest. +After which they sent away their former prisoners to Paris, +whither they were to conduct them, and returned back with +those newly taken to the king; to whom they gave great +hopes of a complete conquest of their enemies, since very +few of the great number that came against them had met +with any success.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. VI.</span>—<i>Lucius Tiberius goes to Lengriæ. Arthur, designing to vanquish +him, by a stratagem possesses himself of the valley of Suesia.</i></h3> + + +<p>These repeated disasters wrought no small disturbance in +the mind of Lucius Tiberius, and made him hesitate whether +to bring it to a general battle with Arthur, or to retire into +Augustodunum, and stay till the emperor Leo with his forces +could come to his assistance. At length, giving way to his fears, +he entered Lengriæ with his army, intending to reach the other +city the night following. Arthur, finding this, and being +desirous to get before him in his march, left the city on the +left hand, and the same night entered a certain valley called +Suesia, through which Lucius was to pass. There he +divided his men into several bodies, commanding one legion, +over which Morvid, consul of Gloucester, was appointed +general, to wait close by, that he might retreat to them if +there should be occasion, and from thence rally his broken +forces for a second battle. The rest he divided into seven +parts, in each of which he placed five thousand five hundred +and fifty-five men, all completely armed. He also appointed +different stations to his horse and foot, and gave command<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[Pg 260]</a></span> +that just as the foot should advance to the attack, the horse, +keeping close together in their ranks, should at the same +moment march up obliquely, and endeavour to put the +enemy into disorder. The companies of foot were, after the +British manner, drawn out into a square, with a right and +left wing, under the command of Augusel, king of Albania, +and Cador, duke of Cornwall; the one presiding over the +right wing, the other over the left. Over another party +were placed the two famous consuls, Guerinus of Chartres +and Boso of Richiden, called in the Saxon tongue Oxineford; +over a third were Aschillius, king of the Dacians, and Lot, +king of the Norwegians; the fourth being commanded by +Hoel, duke of the Armoricans, and Walgan, the king's +nephew. After these were four other parties placed in the +rear; the first commanded by Caius the sewer, and Bedver +the butler; the second by Holdin, duke of the Ruteni, and +Guitard of the Pictavians; the third by Vigenis of Legecester, +Jonathal of Dorchester, and Cursalem of Caicester; +the fourth by Urbgennius of Bath. Behind all these, +Arthur, for himself and the legion that was to attend near +him, made choice of a place, where he set up a golden +dragon for a standard, whither the wounded or fatigued +might in case of necessity retreat, as into their camp. The +legion that was with him consisted of six thousand six hundred +and sixty-six men.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. VII.</span>—<i>Arthur's exhortation to his soldiers.</i></h3> + + +<p>After he had thus placed them all in their stations, he +made the following speech to his soldiers:—"My brave +countrymen, who have made Britain the mistress of thirty +kingdoms, I congratulate you upon your late noble exploit, +which to me is a proof that your valour is so far from being +impaired, that it is rather increased. Though you have +been five years without exercise, wherein the softening +pleasures of an easy life had a greater share of your time +than the use of arms; yet all this has not made you degenerate +from your natural bravery, which you have shown in +forcing the Romans to flee. The pride of their leaders has +animated them to attempt the invasion of your liberties. +They have tried you in battle, with numbers superior to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">[Pg 261]</a></span> +yours, and have not been able to stand before you; but have +basely withdrawn themselves into that city, from which they +are now ready to march out, and to pass through this valley +in their way to Augustodunum; so that you may have an +opportunity of falling upon them unawares like a flock of +sheep. Certainly they expected to find in you the cowardice +of the Eastern nations, when they thought to make your +country tributary, and you their slaves. What, have they +never heard of your wars, with the Dacians, Norwegians, +and princes of the Gauls, whom you reduced under my +power, and freed from their shameful yoke? We, then, that +have had success in a greater war, need not doubt of it in a +less, if we do but endeavour with the same spirit to vanquish +these poltroons. You shall want no rewards of honour, +if as faithful soldiers you do but strictly obey my commands. +For as soon as we have routed them, we will +march straight to Rome, and take it; and then all the +gold, silver, palaces, towers, towns, cities, and other riches +of the vanquished shall be yours." He had hardly done +speaking before they all with one voice declared, that they +were ready to suffer death, rather than quit the field while +he had life.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. VIII.</span>—<i>Lucius Tiberius, discovering Arthur's design, in a speech +animates his followers to fight.</i></h3> + + +<p>But Lucius Tiberius, discovering the designs that were +formed against him, would not flee, as he had at first intended, +but taking new courage, resolved to march to the +same valley against them; and calling together his principal +commanders, spoke to them in these words:—"Venerable +fathers, to whose empire both the Eastern and Western +kingdoms owe obedience, remember the virtues of your +ancestors, who were not afraid to shed their blood, when the +vanquishing of the enemies of the commonwealth required +it; but to leave an example of their courage and military +virtues to their posterity, behaved themselves in all battles +with that contempt of death, as if God had given them some +security against it. By this conduct they often triumphed, +and by triumphing escaped death. Such was the reward of +their virtue from Divine Providence, which overrules all +events. The increase of the commonwealth, and of their<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">[Pg 262]</a></span> +own valour was owing to this; and all those virtues that +usually adorn the great, as integrity, honour, and munificence, +flourishing a long time in them, raised them and their +posterity to the empire of the whole world. Let their noble +examples animate you: rouse up the spirit of the ancient Romans, +and be not afraid to march out against our enemies that +are lying in ambush before us in the valley, but boldly with +your swords demand of them your just rights. Do not think +that I retired into this city for fear of engaging with them; +but I thought that, as their pursuit of us was rash and foolish, +so we might hence on a sudden intercept them in it, and by +dividing their main body make a great slaughter of them. +But now, since they have altered the measures which we +supposed they had taken, let us also alter ours. Let us go +in quest of them and bravely fall upon them; or if they +shall happen to have the advantage in the beginning of the +battle, let us only stand our ground during the fury of their +first assault, and the victory will undoubtedly be ours; for +in many battles this manner of conduct has been attended +with victory." As soon as he had made an end of speaking +these and other things, they all declared their assent, promised +with an oath to stand by him, and hastened to arm +themselves. Which when they had done, they marched +out of Lengriæ to the valley where Arthur had drawn out +his forces in order of battle. Then they also began to marshal +their army, which they divided into twelve companies, +and according to the Roman manner of battle, drew out each +company into the form of a wedge, consisting of six thousand +six hundred and sixty-six men. Each company also +had its respective leaders, who were to give direction when +to advance, or when to be upon the defensive. One of them +was headed by Lucius Catellus the senator, and Alifantinam, +king of Spain; another by Hirtacius, king of the Parthians, +and Marius Lepidus, a senator; a third by Boccus, king of +the Medes, and Caius Metellus, a senator; a fourth by Sertorius, +king of Libya, and Quintus Milvius, a senator. +These four companies were placed in the front of the +army. In the rear of these were four others, whereof +one was commanded by Serses, king of the Itureans; +another by Pandrasus, king of Egypt; a third by Polytetes, +duke of Bithynia; a fourth by Teucer, duke of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[Pg 263]</a></span> +Phrygia. And again behind all these four others, whereof +the commanders were Quintus Carucius, a senator, Lælius +Ostiensis, Sulpitius Subuculus, and Mauricius Sylvanus. +As for the general himself, he was sometimes in one place, +sometimes another, to encourage and direct as there should +be occasion. For a standard he ordered a golden eagle +to be firmly set up in the centre, for his men to repair to +whenever they should happen to be separated from their +company.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. IX.</span>—<i>A battle between Arthur and Lucius Tiberius.</i></h3> + + +<p>And now the Britons and Romans stood presenting their +arms at one another; when forthwith at the sound of the +trumpets, the company that was headed by the king of Spain +and Lucius Catellus, boldly rushed forward against that +which the king of Scotland and duke of Cornwall led, but +were not able to make the least breach in their firm ranks. +So that while these stood their ground, up came Guerinus +and Boso with a body of horse upon their full speed, broke +through the party that began the assault, and met with +another which the king of the Parthians was leading up +against Aschillius, king of Dacia. After this first onset, +there followed a general engagement of both armies with +great violence, and several breaches were made on each side. +The shouts, the slaughter, the quantity of blood spilled, and +the agonies of the dying, made a dreadful scene of horror. +At first, the Britons sustained a great loss, by having Bedver +the butler killed, and Caius the sewer mortally wounded. +For, as Bedver met Boccus, king of the Medes, he fell dead +by a stab of his lance amidst the enemies' troops. And +Caius, in endeavouring to revenge his death, was surrounded +by the Median troops, and there received a mortal wound, +yet as a brave soldier he opened himself a way with the wing +which he led, killed and dispersed the Medes, and would +have made a safe retreat with all his men, had he not met +the king of Libya with the forces under him, who put his +whole company into disorder; yet not so great, but that he +was still able to get off with a few, and flee with Bedver's +corps to the golden dragon. The Neustrians grievously +lamented at the sight of their leader's mangled body; and so<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[Pg 264]</a></span> +did the Andegavians, when they beheld their consul wounded. +But there was now no room for complaints, for the furious +and bloody shocks of both armies made it necessary to +provide for their own defence. Therefore Hirelgas, the +nephew of Bedver, being extremely enraged at his death, +called up to him three hundred men, and like a wild boar +amongst a pack of dogs, broke through the enemies' ranks +with his horse, making towards the place where he had seen +the standard of the king of the Medes; little regarding what +might befall him, if he could but revenge the loss of his +uncle. At length he reached the place, killed the king, +brought off his body to his companions, and laid it by that +of his uncle, where he mangled it in the same manner. Then +calling with a loud voice to his countrymen, he animated +their troops, and vehemently pressed them to exert themselves +to the utmost, now that their spirits were raised, and +the enemy disheartened; and especially as they had the +advantage of them in being placed in better order, and so +might the more grievously annoy them. Encouraged with +this exhortation, they began a general assault upon the +enemy, which was attended with a terrible slaughter on both +sides. For on the part of the Romans, besides many others, +fell Alifantinam, king of Spain, Micipsa of Babylon, as also +Quintus Milvius and Marius Lepidus, senators. On the part +of the Britons, Holdin, king of the Ruteni, Leodegarius of +Bolonia, and three consuls of Britain, Cursalem of Caicester, +Galluc of Salisbury, and Urbgennius of Bath. So that the +troops which they commanded, being extremely weakened, +retreated till they came to the army of the Armorican +Britons, commanded by Hoel and Walgan. But these, +being inflamed at the retreat of their friends, encouraged +them to stand their ground, and caused them with the help +of their own forces to put their pursuers to flight. While +they continued this pursuit, they beat down and killed +several of them, and gave them no respite, till they came +to the general's troop; who, seeing the distress of his companions, +hastened to their assistance.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. X.</span>—<i>Hoel and Walgan signalize their valour in the fight.</i></h3> + + +<p>And now in this latter encounter the Britons were worsted, +with the loss of Kimarcoc, consul of Trigeria, and two thou<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">[Pg 265]</a></span>sand +with him; besides three famous noblemen, Richomarcus, +Bloccovius, and Jagivius of Bodloan, who, had they but +enjoyed the dignity of princes, would have been celebrated +for their valour through all succeeding ages. For, during +this assault which they made in conjunction with Hoel and +Walgan, there was not an enemy within their reach that +could escape the fury of their sword or lance. But upon +their falling in among Lucius's party, they were surrounded +by them, and suffered the same fate with the consul and the +other men. The loss of these men made those matchless +heroes, Hoel and Walgan, much more eager to assault the +general's ranks, and to try on all sides where to make the +greatest impression. But Walgan, whose valour was never +to be foiled, endeavoured to gain access to Lucius himself, +that he might encounter him, and with this view beat down +and killed all that stood in his way. And Hoel, not inferior +to him, did no less service in another part, by spiriting up +his men, and giving and receiving blows among the enemy +with the same undaunted courage. It was hard to determine, +which of them was the stoutest soldier.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XI.</span>—<i>Lucius Tiberius being killed, the Britons obtain the victory.</i></h3> + + +<p>But Walgan, by forcing his way through the enemy's troops, +as we said before, found at last (what he had wished for) +access to the general, and immediately encountered him. +Lucius, being then in the flower of his youth, and a person +of great courage and vigour, desired nothing more than to +engage with such a one as might put his strength to its full +trial. Putting himself, therefore, into a posture of defence, he +received Walgan with joy, and was not a little proud to try +his courage with one of whom he had heard such great things. +The fight continued between them a long time, with great +force of blows, and no less dexterity in warding them off, +each being resolved upon the other's destruction. During +this sharp conflict between them, the Romans, on a sudden, +recovering their courage, made an assault upon the Armoricans, +and having relieved their general, repulsed Hoel and +Walgan, with their troops, till they found themselves +unawares met by Arthur and the forces under him. For +he, hearing of the slaughter that was a little before made<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">[Pg 266]</a></span> +of his men, had speedily advanced with his legion, and +drawing out his Caliburn, spoke to them, with a loud voice, +after this manner: "What are you doing, soldiers? Will +you suffer these effeminate wretches to escape? Let not one +of them get off alive. Remember the force of your arms, +that have reduced thirty kingdoms under my subjection. +Remember your ancestors, whom the Romans, when at the +height of their power, made tributary. Remember your +liberties, which these pitiful fellows, that are much your +inferiors, attempt to deprive you of. Let none of them +escape alive. What are you doing?" With these expostulations, +he rushed upon the enemy, made terrible havoc +among them, and not a man did he meet but at one blow +he laid either him or his horse dead upon the ground. They, +therefore, in astonishment fled from him, as a flock of sheep +from a fierce lion, whom raging hunger provokes to devour +whatever happens to come near him. Their arms were no +manner of protection to them against the force with which +this valiant prince wielded his Caliburn. Two kings, +Sertorius of Libya, and Polytetes of Bithynia, unfortunately +felt its fury, and had their heads cut off by it. The Britons, +when they saw the king performing such wonders, took +courage again. With one consent they assaulted the +Romans, kept close together in their ranks, and while +they assailed the foot in one part, endeavoured to beat +down and pierce through the horse in another. Notwithstanding, +the Romans made a brave defence, and at the +instigation of Lucius laboured to pay back their slaughter +upon the Britons. The eagerness and force that were now +shown on both sides were as great as if it was the beginning +of the battle. Arthur continued to do great execution with +his own hand, and encouraged the Britons to maintain the +fight; as Lucius Tiberius did the Romans, and made them +perform many memorable exploits. He himself, in the +meantime, was very active in going from place to place, +and suffered none to escape with life that happened to come +within the reach of his sword or lance. The slaughter that +was now made on both sides was very dreadful, and the +turns of fortune various, sometimes the Britons prevailing, +sometimes the Romans. At last, while this sharp dispute +continued Morvid, consul of Gloucester with his legion,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">[Pg 267]</a></span> +which, as we said before, was placed between the hills, came +up with speed upon the rear of the enemy, and to their great +surprise assaulted, broke through, and dispersed them with +great slaughter. This last and decisive blow proved fatal to +many thousands of Romans, and even to the general Lucius +himself, who was killed among the crowds with a lance by +an unknown hand. But the Britons, by long maintaining +the fight, at last with great difficulty gained the victory.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XII.</span>—<i>Part of the Romans flee; the rest, of their own accord, +surrender themselves for slaves.</i></h3> + + +<p>The Romans, being now, therefore, dispersed, betook themselves +through fear, some to the by-ways and woods, some to +the cities and towns, and all other places, where they could +be most safe; but were either killed or taken and plundered +by the Britons who pursued: so that great part of them +voluntarily and shamefully held forth their hands, to receive +their chains, in order to prolong for a while a wretched life. +In all which the justice of Divine Providence was very +visible; considering how unjustly the ancestors of the Britons +were formerly invaded and harassed by those of the Romans; +and that these stood only in defence of that liberty, which +the others would have deprived them of; and refused the +tribute, which the others had no right to demand.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XIII.</span>—<i>The bodies of the slain are decently buried, each in their +respective countries.</i></h3> + + +<p>Arthur, after he had completed his victory, gave orders for +separating the bodies of his nobility from those of the enemy, +and preparing a pompous funeral for them; and that, when +ready, they should be carried to the abbeys of their respective +countries, there to be honourably buried. But Bedver the +butler was, with great lamentation of the Neustrians, carried +to his own city Bajocæ, which Bedver the first, his great +grandfather, had built. There he was, with great solemnity, +laid close by the wall, in a burying-place on the south side of +the city. But Cheudo was carried, grievously wounded to +Camus, a town which he had himself built, where in a short +time he died of his wounds, and was buried, as became a +duke of Andegavia, in a convent of hermits, which was in +a wood not far from the town. Also Holdin, duke of Ruteni,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">[Pg 268]</a></span> +was carried to Flanders, and buried in his own city Terivana. +The other consuls and noblemen were conveyed to the neighbouring +abbeys, according to Arthur's orders. Out of his +great clemency, also, he ordered the country people to take +care of the burial of the enemy, and to carry the body of +Lucius to the senate, and tell them, that was the only tribute +which Britain ought to pay them. After this he stayed in +those parts till the next winter was over, and employed his +time in reducing the cities of the Allobroges. But at the +beginning of the following summer, as he was on his march +towards Rome, and was beginning to pass the Alps, he had +news brought him that his nephew Modred, to whose care +he had entrusted Britain, had by tyrannical and treasonable +practices set the crown upon his own head; and that queen +Guanhumara, in violation of her first marriage, had wickedly +married him.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3>BOOK XI.</h3> + +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. I.</span>—<i>Modred makes a great slaughter of Arthur's men, but is +beaten, and flees to Winchester.</i></h3> + + +<p>Of the matter now to be treated of, most noble consul, +Geoffrey of Monmouth shall be silent; but will, nevertheless, +though in a mean style, briefly relate what he found in the +British book above-mentioned, and heard from that most +learned historian, Walter, archdeacon of Oxford, concerning +the wars which this renowned king, upon his return to Britain +after this victory, waged against his nephew. As soon, +therefore, as the report, of this flagrant wickedness reached +him, he immediately desisted from his enterprise against Leo, +king of the Romans; and having sent away Hoel, duke of +the Armoricans, with the army of Gaul, to restore peace in +those parts, returned back with speed to Britain, attended +only by the kings of the islands, and their armies. But the +wicked traitor, Modred, had sent Cheldric, the Saxon leader, +into Germany, there to raise all the forces he could find, and +return with all speed: and in consideration of this service, +had promised him all that part of the island, which reaches<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">[Pg 269]</a></span> +from the Humber to Scotland, and whatever Hengist and +Horsa had possessed of Kent in the time of Vortigern. So +that he, in obedience to his commands, had arrived with +eight hundred ships filled with pagan soldiers, and had +entered into covenant to obey the traitor as his sovereign; +who had also drawn to his assistance the Scots, Picts, Irish, +and all others whom he knew to be enemies to his uncle. +His whole army, taking pagans and Christians together, +amounted to eighty thousand men; with the help of whom +he met Arthur just after his landing at the port of Rutupi, +and joining battle with him, made a very great slaughter of +his men. For the same day fell Augusel, king of Albania, +and Walgan, the king's nephew, with innumerable others. +Augusel was succeeded in his kingdom by Eventus, his +brother Urian's son, who afterwards performed many famous +exploits in those wars. After they had at last, with much +difficulty, got ashore, they paid back the slaughter, and put +Modred and his army to flight. For, by long practice in +war, they had learned an excellent way of ordering their +forces; which was so managed, that while their foot were +employed either in an assault or upon the defensive, the +horse would come in at full speed obliquely, break through +the enemy's ranks, and so force them to flee. Nevertheless, +this perjured usurper got his forces together again, and the +night following entered Winchester. As soon as queen +Guanhumara heard this, she immediately, despairing of success, +fled from York to the City of Legions, where she resolved +to lead a chaste life among the nuns in the church of Julius +the Martyr, and entered herself one of their order.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. II.</span>—<i>Modred, after being twice besieged and routed, is killed. +Arthur, being wounded, gives up the kingdom to Constantine.</i></h3> + + +<p>But Arthur, whose anger was now much more inflamed, +upon the loss of so many hundreds of his fellow soldiers, +after he had buried his slain, went on the third day to the +city, and there besieged the traitor, who, notwithstanding, +was unwilling to desist from his enterprise, but used all +methods to encourage his adherents, and marching out with +his troops prepared to fight his uncle. In the battle that +followed hereupon, great numbers lost their lives on both +sides; but at last Modred's army suffered most, so that he<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">[Pg 270]</a></span> +was forced to quit the field shamefully. From hence he made +a precipitate flight, and, without taking any care for the +burial of his slain, marched in haste towards Cornwall. +Arthur, being inwardly grieved that he should so often +escape, forthwith pursued him into that country as far as the +river Cambula, where the other was expecting his coming. +And Modred, as he was the boldest of men, and always the +quickest at making an attack, immediately placed his troops +in order, resolving either to conquer or to die, rather than +continue his flight any longer. He had yet remaining with +him sixty thousand men, out of whom he composed three +bodies, which contained each of them six thousand six hundred +and sixty-six men: but all the rest he joined in one +body; and having assigned to each of the other parties their +leaders, he took the command of this upon himself. After +he had made this disposition of his forces, he endeavoured to +animate them, and promised them the estates of their enemies +if they came off with victory. Arthur, on the other side, +also marshalled his army, which he divided into nine square +companies, with a right and left wing; and having appointed +to each of them their commanders, exhorted them to make a +total rout of those robbers and perjured villains, who, being +brought over into the island from foreign countries at the +instance of the arch-traitor, were attempting to rob them of +all their honours. He likewise told them that a mixed army +composed of barbarous people of so many different countries, +and who were all raw soldiers and inexperienced in war, +would never be able to stand against such brave veteran +troops as they were, provided they did their duty. After +this encouragement given by each general to his fellow +soldiers, the battle on a sudden began with great fury; +wherein it would be both grievous and tedious to relate the +slaughter, the cruel havoc, and the excess of fury that was +to be seen on both sides. In this manner they spent a good +part of the day, till Arthur at last made a push with his company, +consisting of six thousand six hundred and sixty-six +men, against that in which he knew Modred was; and having +opened a way with their swords, they pierced quite through +it, and made a grievous slaughter. For in this assault fell +the wicked traitor himself, and many thousands with him. +But notwithstanding the loss of him, the rest did not flee,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">[Pg 271]</a></span> +but running together from all parts of the field maintained +their ground with undaunted courage. The fight now +grew more furious than ever, and proved fatal to almost all +the commanders and their forces. For on Modred's side fell +Cheldric, Elasius, Egbrict, and Bunignus, Saxons; Gillapatric, +Gillamor, Gistafel, and Gillarius, Irish; also the +Scots and Picts, with almost all their leaders: on Arthur's +side, Olbrict, king of Norway; Aschillius, king of Dacia; +Cador Limenic Cassibellaun, with many thousands of others, as +well Britons as foreigners, that he had brought with him. +And even the renowned king Arthur himself was mortally +wounded; and being carried thence to the isle of Avallon to +be cured of his wounds, he gave up the crown of Britain to +his kinsman Constantine, the son of Cador, duke of Cornwall, +in the five hundred and forty-second year of our Lord's +incarnation.<a name="FNanchor_220_220" id="FNanchor_220_220"></a><a href="#Footnote_220_220" class="fnanchor">[220]</a></p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_220_220" id="Footnote_220_220"></a><a href="#FNanchor_220_220"><span class="label">[220]</span></a> The mention of Constantine brings Geoffrey's work into connection +with that of Gildas: the reader may perhaps from this point detect some +slight degree of verisimilitude in this otherwise fictitious narrative.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. III.</span>—<i>Constantine meets with disturbances from the Saxons and +Modred's sons.</i></h3> + + +<p>Upon Constantine's advancement to the throne, the Saxons, +with the two sons of Modred, made insurrection against him, +though without success; for after many battles they fled, +one to London, the other to Winchester, and possessed themselves +of those places. Then died Saint Daniel, the pious +prelate of the church of Bangor; and Theon, bishop of +Gloucester, was elected archbishop of London. At the +same time also died David, the pious archbishop of Legions, +at the city of Menevia, in his own abbey; which he loved +above all the other monasteries of his diocese, because Saint +Patrick, who had prophetically foretold his birth, was the +founder of it. For during his residence there among his +friars, he was taken with a sudden illness, of which he +died, and, at the command of Malgo, king of the Venedotians, +was buried in that church. He was succeeded in +the metropolitan see by Cynoc, bishop of the church of +Llan-Patern, who was thus promoted to a higher dignity.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">[Pg 272]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. IV.</span>—<i>Constantine, having murdered the two sons of Modred, is himself +killed by Conan.</i></h3> + + +<p>But Constantine pursued the Saxons, and reduced them +under his yoke. He also took the two sons of Modred; +and one of them, who had fled for sanctuary to the church +of St. Amphibalus, in Winchester, he murdered before the +altar. The other had hidden himself in a convent of friars +at London, but at last was found out by him, brought before +the altar, and there put to death. Three years after this, he +himself, by the vengeance of God pursuing him, was killed by +Conan, and buried close by Uther Pendragon within the +structure of stones, which was set up with wonderful art not far +from Salisbury, and called in the English tongue, Stonehenge.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. V.</span>—<i>Aurelius Conan reigns after Constantine.</i></h3> + + +<p>After him succeeded Aurelius Conan, his nephew, a youth +of wonderful valour; who, as he gained the monarchy of +the whole island, would have been worthy the crown of +it, had he not delighted in civil war. He raised disturbances +against his uncle, who ought to have reigned after +Constantine, and cast him into prison; and then killing his +two sons, obtained the kingdom, but died in the second year +of his reign.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. VI.</span>—<i>Wortiporius, being declared king, conquers the Saxons.</i></h3> + + +<p>After Conan succeeded Wortiporius, against whom the +Saxons made insurrection, and brought over their countrymen +from Germany in a very great fleet. But he gave them +battle and came off with victory, so that he obtained the +monarchy of the whole kingdom, and governed the people +carefully and peacefully four years.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. VII.</span>—<i>Malgo, king of Britain, and a most graceful person, addicts +himself to sodomy.</i></h3> + + +<p>After him succeeded Malgo, one of the handsomest of +men in Britain, a great scourge of tyrants, and a man of +great strength, extraordinary munificence, and matchless +valour, but addicted very much to the detestable vice of +sodomy, by which he made himself abominable to God. He<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">[Pg 273]</a></span> +also possessed the whole island, to which, after a cruel war, +he added the six provincial islands, viz. Ireland, Iceland, +Gothland, the Orkneys, Norway, and Dacia.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. VIII.</span>—<i>Britain, in the flame of a civil war under king Careticus, is +miserably wasted by the Saxons and Africans.</i></h3> + + +<p>After Malgo succeeded Careticus, a lover of civil war, and +hateful to God and to the Britons. The Saxons, discovering +his fickle disposition, went to Ireland for Gormund, king of +the Africans, who had arrived there with a very great +fleet, and had subdued that country. From thence, at +their traitorous instigation, he sailed over into Britain, +which the perfidious Saxons in one part, in another the +Britons by their continual wars among themselves were +wholly laying waste. Entering therefore into alliance +with the Saxons, he made war upon king Careticus, and +after several battles fought, drove him from city to city, till +at length he forced him to Cirencester, and there besieged +him. Here Isembard, the nephew of Lewis, king of the +Franks, came and made a league of amity with him, and out +of respect to him renounced the Christian faith, on condition +that he would assist him to gain the kingdom of Gaul from +his uncle, by whom, he said, he was forcibly and unjustly +expelled out of it. At last, after taking and burning the +city, he had another fight with Careticus, and made him flee +beyond the Severn into Wales. He then made an utter +devastation of the country, set fire to the adjacent cities, +and continued these outrages until he had almost burned +up the whole surface of the island from the one sea to +the other; so that the tillage was everywhere destroyed, +and a general destruction made of the husbandmen and +clergy, with fire and sword. This terrible calamity caused +the rest to flee whithersoever they had any hopes of +safety.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. IX.</span>—<i>The author upbraids the Britons.</i></h3> + + +<p>"Why foolish nation! oppressed with the weight of your +abominable wickedness, why did you, in your insatiable +thirst after civil wars, so weaken yourself by domestic confusions, +that whereas formerly you brought distant kingdoms +under your yoke, now, like a good vineyard degenerated and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">[Pg 274]</a></span> +turned to bitterness, you cannot defend your country, your +wives, and children, against your enemies? Go on, go on +in your civil dissensions, little understanding the saying in +the Gospel, 'Every kingdom divided against itself shall be +brought to desolation, and a house divided against itself shall +fall.' Since then your kingdom was divided against itself; +since the rage of civil discord, and the fumes of envy, have +darkened your minds, since your pride would not suffer you +to pay obedience to one king; you see, therefore, your country +made desolate by impious pagans, and your houses falling +one upon another; which shall be the cause of lasting sorrow +to your posterity. For the barbarous lionesses shall see +their whelps enjoying the towns, cities, and other possessions +of your children; from which they shall be miserably expelled, +and hardly if ever recover their former flourishing +state."</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. X.</span>—<i>Loegria is again inhabited by the Saxons. The Britons, with +their bishops, retire into Cornwall and Wales.</i></h3> + + +<p>But to return to the history; when the inhuman tyrant, +with many thousands of his Africans, had made a devastation +almost over the whole island, he yielded up the greater part +of it, called Loegria, to the Saxons, whose villainy had been +the occasion of his arrival. Therefore the remainder of the +Britons retired into the western parts of the kingdom, that +is, Cornwall and Wales; from whence they continually +made frequent and fierce irruptions upon the enemy. The +three archbishops, viz. the archbishop of Legions, Theon of +London, and Thadiocus of York, when they beheld all the +churches in their jurisdiction lying level with the ground, +fled with all the clergy that remained after so great a destruction, +to the coverts of the woods in Wales, carrying +with them the relics of the saints, for fear the sacred bones +of so many holy men of old might be destroyed by the barbarians, +if they should leave them in that imminent danger, +and themselves instantly suffer martyrdom. Many more +went over in a great fleet into Armorican Britain; so that +the whole church of the two provinces, Loegria and Northumberland, +had its convents destroyed. But these things I +shall relate elsewhere, when I translate the book concerning +their banishment.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">[Pg 275]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XI.</span>—<i>The Britons lose their kingdom.</i></h3> + + +<p>For a long time after this the Britons were dispossessed +of the crown of the kingdom, and the monarchy of the +island, and made no endeavours to recover their ancient +dignity; but even that part of the country which yet +remained to them, being subject not to one king, but three +tyrants, was often wasted by civil wars. But neither did +the Saxons yet obtain the crown, but were also subject to +three kings, who harassed sometimes one another, sometimes +the Britons.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XII.</span>—<i>Augustine, being sent by pope Gregory into Britain, +preaches the gospel to the Angles.</i></h3> + + +<p>In the meantime Augustine was sent by pope Saint Gregory +into Britain, to preach the word of God to the Angles, who, +being blinded with pagan superstition, had entirely extinguished +Christianity in that part of the island which they +possessed. But among the Britons, the Christian faith still +flourished, and never failed among them from the time of +pope Eleutherius, when it was first planted here. But when +Augustine came, he found in their province seven bishoprics +and an archbishopric, all filled with most devout prelates, and +a great number of abbeys; by which the flock of Christ was +still kept in good order. Among the rest, there was in the +city of Bangor a most noble church, in which it is reported +there was so great a number of monks, that when the +monastery was divided into seven parts, having each their +priors over them, not one of them had less than three +hundred monks, who all lived by the labour of their own +hands. The name of their abbat was Dinooth, a man +admirably skilled in the liberal arts; who, when Augustine +required the subjection of the British bishops, and would +have persuaded them to undertake the work of the gospel +with him among the Angles, answered him with several +arguments, that they owed no subjection to him, neither +would they preach to their enemies; since they had their +own archbishop, and because the Saxon nation persisted in +depriving them of their country. For this reason they +esteemed them their mortal enemies, reckoned their faith<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">[Pg 276]</a></span> +and religion as nothing, and would no more communicate +with the Angles than with dogs.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XIII.</span>—<i>Ethelfrid kills a great number of the British monks, but is +at last routed by the Britons.</i></h3> + + +<p>Therefore Ethelbert, king of Kent, when he saw that the +Britons disdained subjection to Augustine, and despised his +preaching, was highly provoked, and stirred up Ethelfrid, +king of the Northumbrians, and the other petty kings of the +Saxons, to raise a great army, and march to the city of +Bangor, to destroy the abbat Dinooth, and the rest of the +clergy who held them in contempt. At his instigation, +therefore, they assembled a prodigious army, and in their +march to the province of the Britons, came to Legecester, +where Brocmail, consul of the city, was awaiting their +coming. To the same city were come innumerable monks +and hermits from several provinces of the Britons, but +especially from the city of Bangor, to pray for the safety +of their people. Whereupon Ethelfrid, king of the Northumbrians, +collecting all his forces, joined battle with +Brocmail, who, having a less army to withstand him, at +last quitted the city and fled, though not without having +made a great slaughter of the enemy. But Ethelfrid, when +he had taken the city, and understood upon what occasion +the monks were come thither, commanded his men to turn +their arms first against them; and so two hundred of them +were honoured with the crown of martyrdom, and admitted +into the kingdom of heaven that same day. From thence +this Saxon tyrant proceeded on his march to Bangor; but +upon the news of his outrageous madness, the leaders of the +Britons, viz. Blederic, duke of Cornwall, Margadud, king +of the Demetians, and Cadwan, of the Venedotians, came +from all parts to meet him, and joining battle with him, +wounded him, and forced him to flee; and killed of his +army to the number of ten thousand and sixty-six men. On +the Britons' side fell Blederic, duke of Cornwall, who was +their commander in those wars.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277">[Pg 277]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3>BOOK XII.</h3> + +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. I.</span>—<i>Cadwan acquires by treaty all Britain on this side of the Humber, +and Ethelfrid the rest.</i></h3> + + +<p>After this all the princes of the Britons met together at +the city of Legecester, and consented to make Cadwan their +king, that under his command they might pursue Ethelfrid +beyond the Humber. Accordingly, as soon as he was +crowned, they flocked together from all parts, and passed the +Humber; of which when Ethelfrid received intelligence, he +entered into a confederacy with all the Saxon kings, and +went to meet Cadwan. At last, as they were forming their +troops for a battle, their friends came, and made peace +between them on these terms: that Cadwan should enjoy +that part of Britain which lies on this side of the Humber, and +Ethelfrid that which is beyond it. As soon as they had +confirmed this agreement with an oath made to their +hostages, there commenced such a friendship between them, +that they had all things common. In the meantime it +happened, that Ethelfrid banished his own wife and married +another, and bore so great a hatred to her that was banished, +that he would not suffer her to live in the kingdom of +Northumberland. Whereupon she, being with child, went +to king Cadwan, that by his mediation she might be restored +to her husband. But when Ethelfrid could by no means be +brought to consent to it, she continued to live with Cadwan, +till she was delivered of the son which she had conceived. +A short time after her delivery, Cadwan also had a son born +to him by the queen, his wife. Then were the two boys +brought up together in a manner suitable to their royal +birth, one of which was called Cadwalla, the other Edwin. +When they were nearly arrived at men's estate, their parents +sent them to Salomon, king of the Armorican Britons, that +in his court they might learn the discipline of war, and other +princely qualifications. This prince, therefore, received them +graciously, and admitted them to an intimacy with him; so +that there was none of their age in the whole court, that had +a free access, or more familiarly discoursed with the king +than they. At last he himself was an eye-witness of their<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">[Pg 278]</a></span> +exploits against the enemy, in which they very much signalized +their valour.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. II.</span>—<i>Cadwalla breaks the covenant he had made with Edwin.</i></h3> + + +<p>In process of time, when their parents were dead, they +returned to Britain, where they took upon them the +government of the kingdom, and began to form the same +friendship as their fathers. Two years after this, Edwin +asked leave of Cadwalla to wear a crown, and to celebrate +the same solemnities, as had been used of old in Northumberland. +And when they had begun a treaty upon this +subject by the river Duglas, that the matter might be +adjusted according to the advice of their wise counsellors, +it happened that Cadwalla was lying on the other side of the +river in the lap of a certain nephew of his, whose name was +Brian. While ambassadors were negotiating between them, +Brian wept, and shed tears so plentifully, that the king's face +and beard were wet with them. The king, imagining that +it rained, lifted up his face, and seeing the young man in +tears, asked him the occasion of such sudden grief. "Good +reason," said he, "have I to weep continually, as well as the +whole British nation, which has groaned under the oppression +of barbarians ever since the time of Malgo, and has not yet +got a prince, to restore it to its ancient flourishing state. And +even the little honour that it had left, is lessened by your +indulgence; since the Saxons, who are only strangers, and +always traitors to our country, must now be permitted to +wear the same crown as you do. For when once they shall +attain to regal dignity, it will be a great addition to their +glory in the country from whence they came; and they will +the sooner invite over their countrymen, for the utter extirpation +of our race. For they have been always accustomed +to treachery, and never to keep faith with any; which I +think should be a reason for our keeping them under, and +not for exalting them. When king Vortigern first retained +them in his service, they made a show of living peaceably, +and fighting for our country, till they had an opportunity of +practising their wickedness; and then they returned evil for +good, betrayed him, and made a cruel massacre of the people +of the kingdom. Afterwards they betrayed Aurelius Am<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">[Pg 279]</a></span>brosius, +to whom, even after the most tremendous oaths +of fidelity, at a banquet with him they gave a draught +of poison. They also betrayed Arthur, when, setting aside +the covenant by which they were bound, they joined with +his nephew Modred, and fought against him. Lastly, they +broke faith with king Careticus, and brought upon him +Gormund, king of the Africans, by whose disturbances our +people were robbed of their country, and the king disgracefully +driven out."</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. III.</span>—<i>A quarrel between Cadwalla and Edwin.</i></h3> + + +<p>At the mention of these things, Cadwalla repented of entering +into this treaty, and sent word to Edwin that he could +by no means induce his counsellors to consent to his petition. +For they alleged that it was contrary to law and the ancient +establishment, that an island, which has always had no more +than one crown, should be now under subjection to two +crowned heads. This message incensed Edwin, and made +him break off the conference, and retire into Northumberland, +saying, he would be crowned without Cadwalla's +leave. When Cadwalla was told this, he declared to him +by his ambassadors that he would cut off his crowned head, +if he presumed to wear a crown within the kingdom of +Britain.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. IV.</span>—<i>Cadwalla is vanquished by Edwin, and driven out of the +kingdom.</i></h3> + + +<p>This proved the occasion of a war between them, in which, +after several engagements between their men, they at last +met together themselves beyond the Humber, and had a +battle, wherein Cadwalla lost many thousands of his followers, +and was put to flight.<a name="FNanchor_221_221" id="FNanchor_221_221"></a><a href="#Footnote_221_221" class="fnanchor">[221]</a> From hence he marched +with precipitation through Albania, and went over to Ireland. +But Edwin, after this victory, led his army through the provinces +of the Britons, and burning the cities before him, grievously +afflicted the citizens and country people. During this +exercise of his cruelty, Cadwalla never ceased endeavouring +to return back to his country in a fleet, but without success; +because to whatever port he steered, Edwin met him with +his forces, and hindered his landing. For there was come to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">[Pg 280]</a></span> +him from Spain a very skilful soothsayer, named Pellitus, +who, by the flight of birds and the courses of the stars, +foretold all the disasters that would happen. By these +means Edwin, getting knowledge of Cadwalla's return, prepared +to meet him, and shattered his ships so that he drowned +his men, and beat him off from all his ports. Cadwalla, not +knowing what course to take, was almost in despair of ever +returning. At last it came into his head to go to Salomon, +king of the Armorican Britons, and desire his assistance and +advice, to enable him to return to his kingdom. And so, as +he was steering towards Armorica, a strong tempest rose on +a sudden, which dispersed the ships of his companions, and +in a short time left no two of them together. The pilot of +the king's ship was seized immediately with so great a fear, +that quitting the stern, he left the vessel to the disposal of +fortune; so that all that night it was tossed up and down in +great danger by the raging waves. The next morning they +arrived at a certain island called Garnareia, where with +great difficulty they got ashore. Cadwalla was forthwith +seized with such grief for the loss of his companions, that +for three days and nights together he refused to eat, but lay +sick upon his bed. The fourth day he was taken with a very +great longing for some venison, and causing Brian to be +called, made him acquainted with it. Whereupon Brian +took his bow and quiver, and went through the island, that +if he could light on any wild beast, he might make booty of +it. And when he had walked over the whole island without +finding what he was in quest of, he was extremely concerned +that he could not gratify his master's desire; and was afraid +his sickness would prove mortal if his longing were not +satisfied. He, therefore, fell upon a new device, and cut a +piece of flesh out of his own thigh, which he roasted upon a +spit, and carried to the king for venison. The king, thinking +it to be real venison, began to eat of it to his great refreshment, +admiring the sweetness of it, which he fancied +exceeded any flesh he ever had tasted before. At last, when +he had fully satisfied his appetite, he became more cheerful, +and in three days was perfectly well again. Then the wind +standing fair, he got ready his ship, and hoisting sails +they pursued their voyage, and arrived at the city Kidaleta. +From thence they went to king Salomon, by<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">[Pg 281]</a></span> +whom they were received kindly and with all suitable respect; +and as soon as he had learned the occasion of their +coming, he made them a promise of assistance, and spoke to +them as follows.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_221_221" id="Footnote_221_221"></a><a href="#FNanchor_221_221"><span class="label">[221]</span></a> See Malmesbury's Hist. of the Kings, p. 46.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. V.</span>—<i>The speech of Salomon, king of Armorica, to Cadwalla.</i></h3> + + +<p>"It is a grief to us, noble youths, that the country of your +ancestors is oppressed by a barbarous nation, and that you +are ignominiously driven out of it. But since other men are +able to defend their kingdoms, it is a wonder your people +should lose so fruitful an island, and not be able to withstand +the nation of the Angles, whom our countrymen hold +in contempt. While the people of this country lived together +with yours in Britain, they bore sway over all the provincial +kingdoms, and never could be subdued by any nation +but the Romans. Neither did the Romans do this by their +own power, as I have been lately informed, but by a dissension +among the nobility of the island. And even the +Romans, though they held it under their subjection for a +time, yet upon the loss and slaughter of their rulers, were +driven out with disgrace. But after the Britons came into +this province under the conduct of Maximian and Conan, +those that remained never had the happiness afterwards of +holding an uninterrupted possession of the crown. For +though many of their princes maintained the ancient dignity +of their ancestors, yet their weak heirs that succeeded, +though more in number, entirely lost it, upon the invasion +of their enemies. Therefore I am grieved for the weakness +of your people, since we are of the same race with you, and +the name of Britons is common to you, and to the nation that +bravely defends their country, which you see at war with all +its neighbours."</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. VI.</span>—<i>Cadwalla's answer to Salomon.</i></h3> + + +<p>When he had concluded his speech, Cadwalla, who was a +little put to the blush, answered him after this manner: +"Royal sir, whose descent is from a race of kings, I give +you many thanks for your promise of assisting me to recover +my kingdom. But what you say is a wonder, that my people +have not maintained the dignity of their ancestors, since the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">[Pg 282]</a></span> +time that the Britons came to these provinces, I am far from +thinking to be such. For the noblest men of the whole +kingdom followed those leaders, and there remained only the +baser sort to enjoy their honours; who being raised to a +high quality, on a sudden were puffed up above their station; +and growing wanton with riches gave themselves up to +commit such fornication as is not so much as named among the +Gentiles; and (as Gildas the historian testifies) were not only +guilty of this vice, but of all the enormities that are incident +to human nature. And what chiefly prevailed, to the entire +overthrow of all goodness, was the hatred of truth with its +assertors, the love of a lie with the inventors of it, the embracing +of evil for good, the veneration of wickedness for +grace, the receiving of Satan for an angel of light. Kings +were anointed, not for the sake of God, but such as were +more cruel than the rest; and were soon after murdered by +their anointers, without examination, having chosen others +yet more cruel in their room. But if any of them showed +any mildness, or seemed a favourer of truth, against him, as +the subverter of Britain, were all their malice and their +weapons bent. In short, things pleasing to God or displeasing, +with them had the same weight, even if the worse were +not the weightier. Therefore were all affairs managed contrary +to public safety, as if the true physician of all had left +them destitute of cure. And thus was every thing done +without discretion, and that not only by secular men, but by +the Lord's flock and its pastors. Therefore it is not to be +wondered, that such a degenerate race, so odious to God for +their vices, lost a country which they had so heinously corrupted. +For God was willing to execute his vengeance upon +them, by suffering a foreign people to come upon them, and +drive them out of their possessions. Notwithstanding it +would be a worthy act, if God would permit it, to restore +our subjects to their ancient dignity, to prevent the reproach +that may be thrown upon our race, that we were weak +rulers, who did not exert ourselves in our own defence. +And I do the more freely ask your assistance, as you are of +the same blood with us. For the great Malgo, who was the +fourth king of Britain after Arthur, had two sons, named +Enniaunus and Runo. Enniaunus begot Belin; Belin, Jago; +Jago, Cadwan, who was my father. Runo, who, after his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">[Pg 283]</a></span> +brother's death, was driven out by the Saxons, came to this +province and bestowed his daughter on duke Hoel, the son +of that great Hoel who shared with Arthur in his conquests. +Of her was born Alan; of Alan, Hoel your father, who +while he lived was a terror to all Gaul."</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. VII.</span>—<i>Brian kills Edwin's magician.</i></h3> + + +<p>In the meantime, while he was spending the winter with +Salomon, they entered into a resolution, that Brian should +pass over into Britain, and take some method to kill Edwin's +magician, lest he might by his usual art inform him of Cadwalla's +coming. And when with this design he had arrived +at Hamo's Port, he took upon him the habit of a poor man, +and made himself a staff of iron sharp at the end, with +which he might kill the magician if he should happen to +meet with him. From thence he went to York, where Edwin +then resided; and having entered that city joined himself +to the poor people that waited for alms before the king's +gate. But as he was going to and fro, it happened that his +sister came out of the hall, with a basin in her hand, to +fetch water for the queen. She had been taken by Edwin +at the city of Worcester, when after Cadwalla's flight he +was acting his hostilities upon the provinces of the Britons. +As she was therefore passing by Brian, he immediately knew +her, and, breaking forth into tears, called to her with a low +voice; at which the damsel turning her face, was in doubt at +first who it could be, but upon a nearer approach discovered +it to be her brother, and was near falling into a swoon, for +fear that he might by some unlucky accident be known and +taken by the enemy. She therefore refrained from saluting +him, or entering into familiar discourse with him, but told +him, as if she was talking upon some other subject, the +state of the court, and showed him the magician, that he +was inquiring for, who was at that very time walking among +the poor people, while the alms were being distributed +among them. Brian, as soon as he had taken knowledge of +the man, ordered his sister to steal out privately from her +apartment the night following, and come to him near an old +church without the city, where he would conceal himself in +expectation of her. Then dismissing her, he thrust himself +in among the crowd of poor people, in that part where Pel<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">[Pg 284]</a></span>litus +was placing them. And the same moment he got +access to him, he lifted up his staff, and at once gave him a +stab under the breast which killed him. This done, he threw +away his staff, and passed among the rest undistinguished +and unsuspected by any of the by-standers, and by good providence +got to the place of concealment which he had appointed. +His sister, when night came on, endeavoured all +she could to get out, but was not able; because Edwin, being +terrified at the killing of Pellitus, had set a strict watch +about the court, who, making a narrow search, refused to let +her go out. When Brian found this, he retired from that +place, and went to Exeter, where he called together the +Britons, and told them what he had done. Afterwards having +despatched away messengers to Cadwalla, he fortified +that city, and sent word to all the British nobility, that they +should bravely defend their cities and towns, and joyfully +expect Cadwalla's coming to their relief in a short time with +auxiliary forces from Salomon. Upon the spreading of this +news over the whole island, Penda, king of the Mercians, +with a very great army of Saxons, came to Exeter, and besieged +Brian.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. VIII.</span>—<i>Cadwalla takes Penda, and routs his army.</i></h3> + + +<p>In the meantime Cadwalla arrived with ten thousand men, +whom king Salomon had delivered to him; and with them +he marched straight to the siege against king Penda. But, +as he was going, he divided his forces into four parts, and +then made no delay to advance and join battle with the +enemy, wherein Penda was forthwith taken, and his army +routed. For, finding no other way for his own safety, he +surrendered himself to Cadwalla, and gave hostages, with a +promise that he would assist him against the Saxons. Cadwalla, +after this success against him, summoned together his +nobility, that had been a long time in a decaying state, and +marched to Northumberland against Edwin, and made continual +devastations in that country. When Edwin was informed +of it, he assembled all the petty kings of the Angles, +and meeting the Britons in a field called Heathfield,<a name="FNanchor_222_222" id="FNanchor_222_222"></a><a href="#Footnote_222_222" class="fnanchor">[222]</a> presently +gave them battle, but was killed, and almost all the people<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">[Pg 285]</a></span> +with him, together with Osfrid, his son, and Godbold, king +of the Orkneys, who had come to their assistance.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_222_222" id="Footnote_222_222"></a><a href="#FNanchor_222_222"><span class="label">[222]</span></a> See Bede's Eccles. Hist. p. 106.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. IX.</span>—<i>Cadwalla kills Osric and Aidan in fight.</i></h3> + + +<p>Having thus obtained the victory, Cadwalla marched through +the provinces of the Angles, and committed such outrages +upon the Saxons, that he neither spared age nor sex; for his +resolution being to extirpate the whole race out of Britain, +all that he found he put to extreme tortures. After this he +had a battle with Osric, Edwin's successor, and killed him +together with his two nephews, who ought to have reigned +after him. He also killed Aidan, king of the Scots, who +came to their assistance.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. X.</span>—<i>Oswald routs Penda in fight, but is killed by Cadwalla coming +in upon him.</i></h3> + + +<p>Their deaths made room for Oswald to succeed to the kingdom +of Northumberland; but Cadwalla drove him, with the +rest that had given him disturbance, to the very wall which +the emperor Severus had formerly built between Britain and +Scotland. Afterwards he sent Penda, king of the Mercians, +and the greatest part of his army, to the same place, to give +him battle. But Oswald, as he was besieged one night by +Penda, in the place called Heavenfield, that is, the Heavenly +Field,<a name="FNanchor_223_223" id="FNanchor_223_223"></a><a href="#Footnote_223_223" class="fnanchor">[223]</a> set up there our Lord's cross, and commanded his +men to speak with a very loud voice these words: "Let us +all kneel down, and pray the Almighty, living and true +God, to defend us from the proud army of the king of Britain, +and his wicked leader Penda. For he knows how justly we +wage this war for the safety of our people." They all therefore +did as he commanded them, and advanced at break of +day against the enemy, and by their faith gained the victory. +Cadwalla, upon hearing this news, being inflamed with rage, +assembled his army, and went in pursuit of the holy king +Oswald; and in a battle which he had with him at a place +called Burne, Penda broke in upon him and killed him.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_223_223" id="Footnote_223_223"></a><a href="#FNanchor_223_223"><span class="label">[223]</span></a> See Bede's Eccles. Hist. p. 110.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XI.</span>—<i>Oswy submits to Cadwalla. Penda desires leave of Cadwalla +to make war against him.</i></h3> + + +<p>Oswald, with many thousands of his men, being killed, his +brother Oswy succeeded him in the kingdom of Northumber<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">[Pg 286]</a></span>land,<a name="FNanchor_224_224" id="FNanchor_224_224"></a><a href="#Footnote_224_224" class="fnanchor">[224]</a> +and by making large presents of gold and silver to +Cadwalla, who was now possessed of the government of all +Britain, made his peace and submission to him. Upon this +Alfrid, his brother, and Ethelwald,<a name="FNanchor_225_225" id="FNanchor_225_225"></a><a href="#Footnote_225_225" class="fnanchor">[225]</a> his brother's son, began +an insurrection; but, not being able to hold out against him, +they fled to Penda, king of the Mercians, desiring him to +assemble his army and pass the Humber with them, that he +might deprive Oswy of his kingdom. But Penda, fearing to +break the peace, which Cadwalla had settled through the +kingdom of Britain, deferred beginning any disturbance without +his leave, till he could some way work him up, either to +make war himself upon Oswy, or allow him the liberty of +doing it. At a certain Pentecost therefore, when Cadwalla +was celebrating that festival at London, and for the greater +solemnity wore the crown of Britain, all the kings of the +Angles, excepting only Oswy, being present, as also all the +dukes of the Britons; Penda went to the king, and inquired +of him the reason, why Oswy alone was wanting, when all +the princes of the Saxons were present. Cadwalla answered, +that his sickness was the cause of it; to which the other +replied, that he had sent over to Germany for more Saxons, +to revenge the death of his brother Oswald upon them both. +He told him further, that he had broken the peace of the +kingdom, as being the sole author of the war and dissension +among them; since Ethelfrid, king of Northumberland, and +Ethelwald, his brother's son, had been by him harassed with +a war, and driven out of their own country. He also desired +leave, either to kill him, or banish him the kingdom.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_224_224" id="Footnote_224_224"></a><a href="#FNanchor_224_224"><span class="label">[224]</span></a> Or Bernicia, see Bede, p. 131.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_225_225" id="Footnote_225_225"></a><a href="#FNanchor_225_225"><span class="label">[225]</span></a> Who reigned over the Deiri.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XII.</span>—<i>Cadwalla is advised to suffer Penda to make an insurrection +against Oswy.</i></h3> + + +<p>This matter caused the king to enter upon much deliberation, +and hold a private consultation with his intimate friends, +what course to take. Among the rest that offered their proposals, +Margadud, king of the Dimetians, spoke as follows:—"Royal +sir, since you have proposed to expel the race of +the Angles from the coasts of Britain, why do you alter your +resolution, and suffer them to continue in peace among us? +At least you should permit them to fall out among them<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">[Pg 287]</a></span>selves, +and let our country owe its deliverance to their own +civil broils. No faith is to be kept with one that is treacherous, +and is continually laying snares for him to whom he +owes fidelity. Such have the Saxons always been to our +nation, from the very first time of their coming among us. +What faith ought we to keep with them? Let Penda immediately +have leave to go against Oswy, that by this civil dissension +and destruction of one another, our island may get +rid of them."</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XIII.</span>—<i>Penda is killed by Oswy. Cadwalla dies.</i></h3> + + +<p>By these and other words to the same effect, Cadwalla was +prevailed upon to grant the permission desired. And Penda, +having assembled a vast army, went to the Humber, and +laying waste that country, began a fierce war upon the king. +Oswy was at last reduced to such extremity, that he was +forced to promise him innumerable royal ornaments, and +other presents more than one would believe, if he would +desist from ruining his country, and return home without +committing any more hostilities. But when the other could +by no entreaties be prevailed upon to do it, the king, in hopes +of divine assistance, though he had a less army, however, +gave him battle near the River Winwid, and having killed +Penda and thirty other commanders, gained the victory. +Penda's son Wulfred, by a grant from Cadwalla, succeeded +to the kingdom, and joining with Eafa and Eadbert, two +leaders of the Mercians, rebelled against Oswy; but at last, +by Cadwalla's command, made peace with him. At length, +after forty-eight years were expired, that most noble and +potent king of the Britons, Cadwalla, being grown infirm with +age and sickness, departed this life upon the fifteenth before +the kalends of December. The Britons embalmed his body, +and placed it with wonderful art in a brazen statue, which +was cast according to the measure of his stature. This +statue they set up with complete armour, on an admirable and +beautiful brazen horse, over the western gate of London, for +a monument of the above-mentioned victory, and for a terror +to the Saxons. They also built under it a church in honour +of St. Martin, in which divine ceremonies are celebrated for +him and the others who departed in the faith.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">[Pg 288]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XIV.</span>—<i>Cadwallader succeeds Cadwalla.</i></h3> + + +<p>He was succeeded in the kingdom by Cadwallader,<a name="FNanchor_226_226" id="FNanchor_226_226"></a><a href="#Footnote_226_226" class="fnanchor">[226]</a> his son, +whom Bede calls the youth Elidwalda. At first he maintained +the government with peace and honour; but after +twelve years' enjoyment of the crown, he fell into a fit of +sickness, and a civil war broke out among the Britons. His +mother was Penda's sister, by the same father but a different +mother, descended from the noble race of the Gewisseans. +For Cadwalla, after his reconciliation with her brother, made +her the partner of his bed, and had Cadwallader by her.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_226_226" id="Footnote_226_226"></a><a href="#FNanchor_226_226"><span class="label">[226]</span></a> Probably the same as Cædwalla, king of Wessex, noticed by Bede +and the Saxon Chronicle, although the British and Saxon authorities differ +in their genealogical statements.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XV.</span>—<i>The Britons are compelled, by pestilence and famine, to leave +Britain. Cadwallader's lamentation.</i></h3> + + +<p>During his sickness, the Britons, (as we said before,) quarrelling +among themselves, made a wicked destruction of a +rich country; and this again was attended with another misfortune. +For this besotted people was punished with a +grievous and memorable famine; so that every province was +destitute of all sustenance, except what could be taken in +hunting. After the famine followed a terrible pestilence, +which in a short time destroyed such multitudes of people, +that the living were not sufficient to bury the dead. Those +of them that remained, flying their country in whole troops +together, went to the countries beyond the sea, and while +they were under sail, they with a mournful howling voice +sang, "Thou hast given us, O God, like sheep appointed for +meat, and hast scattered us among the heathen." Also Cadwallader +himself, in his voyage, with his miserable fleet to +Armorica, made this addition to the lamentation, "Woe to +us sinners, for our grievous impieties, wherewith we have +not ceased to provoke God, while we had space for repentance. +Therefore the revenge of his power lies heavy upon +us, and drives us out of our native soil, which neither the +Romans of old, nor the Scots or Picts afterwards, nor yet +the treacherous Saxons with all their craft, were able to do. +But in vain have we recovered our country so often from +them; since it was not the will of God that we should per<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">[Pg 289]</a></span>petually +hold the government of it. He who is the true Judge, +when he saw we were by no means to be reclaimed from our +wickedness, and that no human power could expel our race, +was willing to chastise our folly himself; and has turned his +anger against us, by which we are driven out in crowds +from our native country. Return, therefore, ye Romans; +return, Scots and Picts; return, Ambrons and Saxons: behold, +Britain lies open to you, being by the wrath of God +made desolate, which you were never able to do. It is not +your valour that expels us; but the power of the supreme +King, whom we have never ceased to provoke."</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XVI.</span>—<i>Cadwallader with his people goes to Alan. The Saxons +seize all Britain.</i></h3> + + +<p>With these dolorous complaints he arrived at the Armorican +coast, and went with his whole company to king Alan, the +nephew of Salomon by whom he was honourably received. So +that Britain, being now destitute of its ancient inhabitants, excepting +a few in Wales that escaped the general mortality, +became a frightful place even to the Britons themselves for +eleven years after. Neither was it at the same time more +favourable to the Saxons, who died in it without intermission. +Notwithstanding the remainder of them, after this raging +plague was ceased, according to their old custom sent word +over to their countrymen, that the island of Britain was now +freed of its native inhabitants, and lay open to them, if they +would come over and inhabit it. As soon as they had received +this information, that odious people, gathering together +an innumerable multitude of men and women, arrived in +Northumberland, and inhabited the provinces that lay desolate +from Albania to Cornwall. For there was now nobody +to hinder them, excepting the poor remains of the Britons, +who continued together in the thickets of the woods in Wales. +From that time the power of the Britons ceased in the island, +and the Angles began their reign.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XVII.</span>—<i>Cadwallader is by the voice of an angel deterred from +returning to Britain.</i></h3> + + +<p>After some time, when the people had recovered strength, +Cadwallader, being mindful of his kingdom, which was now +free from the contagion of the pestilence, desired assistance<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290">[Pg 290]</a></span> +of Alan towards the recovery of his dominions. The king +granted his request; but as he was getting ready a fleet, he +was commanded by the loud voice of an angel to desist from +his enterprise. For God was not willing that the Britons +should reign any longer in the island, before the time came of +which Merlin prophetically foretold Arthur. It also commanded +him to go to Rome to pope Sergius, where, after +doing penance, he should be enrolled among the saints. It +told him withal, that the Britons, by the merit of their faith, +should again recover the island, when the time decreed for +it was come. But this would not be accomplished before +they should be possessed of his reliques, and transport them +from Rome into Britain. At the same time also the reliques +of the other saints should be found, which had been hidden +on account of the invasion of pagans; and then at last would +they recover their lost kingdom. When the holy prince had +received the heavenly message, he went straight to king Alan, +and gave him an account of what had been told him.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XVIII.</span>—<i>Cadwallader goes to Rome and dies.</i></h3> + + +<p>Then Alan had recourse to several books, as the prophecies +of the eagle that prophesied at Shaftesbury, and the verses +of Sibyl and Merlin; and made diligent search in them, to +see whether the revelation made to Cadwallader agreed with +those written oracles. And when he could find nothing +contradictory to it, he admonished Cadwallader to submit to +the divine dispensation, and laying aside the thoughts of +Britain, perform what the angelical voice had commanded +him. But he urged him to send his son Ivor and his nephew +Ini over into the island, to govern the remainder of the +Britons; lest a nation, descended of so ancient a race, should +lose their liberty by the incursions of barbarians. Then +Cadwallader, renouncing worldly cares for the sake of God +and his everlasting kingdom, went to Rome, and was confirmed +by pope Sergius: and being seized with a sudden illness, +was, upon the twelfth before the kalends of May, in the +six hundred and eighty-ninth year of our Lord's incarnation +freed from the corruption of the flesh, and admitted into the +glories of the heavenly kingdom.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_291" id="Page_291">[Pg 291]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XIX.</span>—<i>The two Britons, Ivor and Ini, in vain attack the nation +of the Angles. Athelstan the first king of the Angles.</i></h3> + + +<p>As soon as Ivor and Ini had got together their ships, they +with all the forces they could raise, arrived in the island, and +for forty-nine years together fiercely attacked the nation of +the Angles, but to little purpose. For the above-mentioned +mortality and famine, together with the inveterate spirit of +faction that was among them, had made this proud people so +much degenerate, that they were not able to gain any advantage +of the enemy. And being now also overrun with barbarism, +they were no longer called Britons, but Gualenses, +Welshmen; a word derived either from Gualo their leader, +or Guales their queen, or from their barbarism. But the +Saxons managed affairs with more prudence, maintained +peace and concord among themselves, tilled their grounds, +rebuilt their cities and towns, and so throwing off the dominion +of the Britons, bore sway over all Loegria, under their +leader Athelstan, who first wore a crown amongst them. +But the Welshmen, being very much degenerated from the +nobility of the Britons, never after recovered the monarchy +of the island; on the contrary, by quarrels among themselves, +and wars with the Saxons, their country was a perpetual +scene of misery and slaughter.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><span class="smcap">Chap. XX.</span>—<i>Geoffrey of Monmouth's conclusion.</i></h3> + + +<p>But as for the kings that have succeeded among them in +Wales, since that time, I leave the history of them to Caradoc +of Lancarvan, my contemporary; as I do also the kings +of the Saxons to William of Malmesbury, and Henry of +Huntingdon. But I advise them to be silent concerning the +kings of the Britons,<a name="FNanchor_227_227" id="FNanchor_227_227"></a><a href="#Footnote_227_227" class="fnanchor">[227]</a> since they have not that book written +in the British tongue, which Walter, archdeacon of Oxford, +brought out of Brittany, and which being a true history, +published in honour of those princes, I have thus taken care +to translate.</p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">[Pg 292-293]</a></span></p> +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_227_227" id="Footnote_227_227"></a><a href="#FNanchor_227_227"><span class="label">[227]</span></a> This advice might be thought judicious, if we could be persuaded of +the authenticity of Geoffrey's cherished discovery, but there are lamentable +defects, of a grave character, attending upon this British volume. +</p><p> +1. It was first made known six hundred years after the events which it +relates. +</p><p> +2. No MS. copy is now in existence, nor any record of its ever having +been multiplied by transcription. +</p><p> +3. It relates stories utterly at variance with acknowledged history. +</p><p> +4. It abounds in miraculous stories, which, like leaven, ferment and corrupt +the whole mass. +</p><p> +5. It labours under great suspicion from the mendacious character of +the people, whose credit it was written to support. +</p><p> +With these remarks we leave the work to the consideration of the reader, +who may compare it, if he likes, with the Chronicles of Gildas and Nennius, +which form the next portions of this volume.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h5>THE</h5> + +<h2>WORKS OF GILDAS,</h2> + +<h5>SURNAMED</h5> + +<h3>"SAPIENS," OR THE WISE.</h3> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295">[Pg 294-295]</a></span></p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h5>THE</h5> + +<h2>WORKS OF GILDAS,</h2> + +<h5>SURNAMED</h5> + +<h3>"SAPIENS," OR THE WISE.</h3> + +<h3>I. THE PREFACE.</h3> + + +<p>§ 1. Whatever in this my epistle I may write in my +humble but well-meaning manner, rather by way of lamentation +than for display, let no one suppose that it springs +from contempt of others, or that I foolishly esteem myself +as better than they;—for, alas! the subject of my complaint +is the general destruction of every thing that is good, and +the general growth of evil throughout the land;—but that I +would condole with my country in her distress and rejoice to +see her revive therefrom: for it is my present purpose to +relate the deeds of an indolent and slothful race, rather than +the exploits of those who have been valiant in the field.<a name="FNanchor_228_228" id="FNanchor_228_228"></a><a href="#Footnote_228_228" class="fnanchor">[228]</a> I +have kept silence, I confess, with much mental anguish, +compunction of feeling and contrition of heart, whilst I +revolved all these things within myself; and, as God the +searcher of the reins is witness, for the space of even ten +years or more, [<a name="FNanchor_229_229" id="FNanchor_229_229"></a><a href="#Footnote_229_229" class="fnanchor">[229]</a> my inexperience, as at present also, and +my unworthiness preventing me from taking upon myself +the character of a censor. But I read how the illustrious<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_296" id="Page_296">[Pg 296]</a></span> +lawgiver, for one word's doubting, was not allowed to enter +the desired land; that the sons of the high-priest, for placing +strange fire upon God's altar, were cut off by a speedy death; +that God's people, for breaking the law of God, save two +only, were slain by wild beasts, by fire and sword in the +deserts of Arabia, though God had so loved them that he +had made a way for them through the Red Sea, had fed +them with bread from heaven, and water from the rock, and +by the lifting up of a hand merely had made their armies +invincible; and then, when they had crossed the Jordan +and entered the unknown land, and the walls of the city +had fallen down flat at the sound only of a trumpet, the +taking of a cloak and a little gold from the accursed things +caused the deaths of many: and again the breach of their +treaty with the Gibeonites, though that treaty had been +obtained by fraud, brought destruction upon many; and I +took warning from the sins of the people which called down +upon them the reprehensions of the prophets and also of +Jeremiah, with his fourfold Lamentations written in alphabetic +order. I saw moreover in my own time, as that prophet +also had complained, that the city had sat down lone and +widowed, which before was full of people; that the queen +of nations and the princess of provinces (<i>i.e.</i> the church), +had been made tributary; that the gold was obscured, and +the most excellent colour (which is the brightness of God's +word) changed; that the sons of Sion (<i>i.e.</i> of holy mother +church), once famous and clothed in the finest gold, grovelled +in dung; and what added intolerably to the weight of grief +of that illustrious man, and to mine, though but an abject +whilst he had thus mourned them in their happy and +prosperous condition, "Her Nazarites were fairer than +snow, more ruddy than old ivory, more beautiful than the +sapphire." These and many other passages in the ancient +Scriptures I regarded as a kind of mirror of human life, and +I turned also to the New, wherein I read more clearly what +perhaps to me before was dark, for the darkness fled, and +truth shed her steady light—I read therein that the Lord +had said, "I came not but to the lost sheep of the house +of Israel;" and on the other hand, "But the children of this +kingdom shall be cast out into outer darkness; there shall +be weeping and gnashing of teeth:" and again, "It is not<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_297" id="Page_297">[Pg 297]</a></span> +good to take the children's meat and to give it to dogs:" +also, "Woe to you, scribes and pharisees, hypocrites!" I +heard how "many shall come from the east and the west, +and shall sit down with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob in the +kingdom of heaven:" and on the contrary, "I will then say +to them, 'Depart from me, ye workers of iniquity!'" I +read, "Blessed are the barren, and the teats which have not +given suck;" and on the contrary, "Those, who were ready, +entered with him to the wedding; afterwards came the other +virgins also, saying 'Lord, Lord, open to us:' to whom it +was answered, 'I do not know you.'" I heard, forsooth, +"Whoever shall believe and be baptized, shall be saved, +but whoever shall not believe shall be damned." I read +in the words of the apostle that the branch of the wild +olive was grafted upon the good olive, but should nevertheless +be cut off from the communion of the root of its +fatness, if it did not hold itself in fear, but entertained +lofty thoughts. I knew the mercy of the Lord, but I also +feared his judgment: I praised his grace, but I feared the +rendering to every man according to his works: perceiving +the sheep of the same fold to be different, I deservedly commended +Peter for his entire confession of Christ, but called +Judas most wretched, for his love of covetousness: I thought +Stephen most glorious on account of the palm of martyrdom, +but Nicholas wretched for his mark of unclean heresy: I +read assuredly, "They had all things common:" but likewise +also, as it is written, "Why have ye conspired to tempt the +Spirit of God?" I saw, on the other hand, how much +security had grown upon the men of our time, as if there +were nothing to cause them fear. These things, therefore, +and many more which for brevity's sake we have determined +to omit, I revolved again and again in my amazed mind with +compunction in my heart, and I thought to myself, "If God's +peculiar people, chosen from all the people of the world, the +royal seed, and holy nation, to whom he had said, 'My first-begotten +Israel,' its priests, prophets, and kings, throughout +so many ages, his servant and apostle, and the members of +his primitive church, were not spared when they deviated +from the right path, what will he do to the darkness of this +our age, in which, besides all the huge and heinous sins, +which it has in common with all the wicked of the world<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_298" id="Page_298">[Pg 298]</a></span> +committed, is found an innate, indelible, and irremediable +load of folly and inconstancy?" "What, wretched man (I +say to myself) is it given to you, as if you were an illustrious +and learned teacher, to oppose the force of so violent a +torrent, and keep the charge committed to you against such +a series of inveterate crimes which has spread far and wide, +without interruption, for so many years? Hold thy peace: +to do otherwise, is to tell the foot to see, and the hand to +speak. Britain has rulers, and she has watchmen: why dost +thou incline thyself thus uselessly to prate?" She has such, +I say, not too many, perhaps, but surely not too few: but, +because they are bent down and pressed beneath so heavy a +burden, they have not time allowed them to take breath. +My senses, therefore, as if feeling a portion of my debt and +obligation, preoccupied themselves with such objections, and +with others yet more strong. They struggled, as I said, no +short time, in a fearful strait, whilst I read, "There is a time +for speaking, and a time for keeping silence." At length, +the creditor's side prevailed and bore off the victory: if +(said he) thou art not bold enough to be marked with the +comely mark of golden liberty among the prophetic creatures, +who enjoy the rank as reasoning beings next to the angels, +refuse not the inspiration of the understanding ass, to that +day dumb, which would not carry forward the tiara'd magician +who was going to curse God's people, but in the narrow +pass of the vineyard crushed his loosened foot, and thereby +felt the lash; and though he was, with his ungrateful and +furious hand, against right justice, beating her innocent +sides, she pointed out to him the heavenly messenger holding +the naked sword, and standing in his way, though he had not +seen him.]</p> + +<p>Wherefore in zeal for the house of God and for his holy +law, constrained either by the reasonings of my own thoughts, +or by the pious entreaties of my brethren, I now discharge +the debt so long exacted of me; humble, indeed, in style, +but faithful, as I think, and friendly to all Christ's youthful +soldiers, but severe and insupportable to foolish apostates; +the former of whom, if I am not deceived, will receive the +same with tears flowing from God's love; but the others with +sorrow, such as is extorted from the indignation and pusillanimity +of a convicted conscience.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299">[Pg 299]</a></span></p> + +<p>§ 2. I will, therefore, if God be willing, endeavour to say +a few words about the situation of Britain, her disobedience +and subjection, her rebellion, second subjection and dreadful +slavery—of her religion, persecution, holy martyrs, heresies +of different kinds—of her tyrants, her two hostile and +ravaging nations—of her first devastation, her defence, her +second devastation and second taking vengeance—of her +third devastation, of her famine, and the letters to Agitius<a name="FNanchor_230_230" id="FNanchor_230_230"></a><a href="#Footnote_230_230" class="fnanchor">[230]</a>—of +her victory and her crimes—of the sudden rumour of +enemies—of her famous pestilence—of her counsels—of her +last enemy, far more cruel than the first—of the subversion +of her cities, and of the remnant that escaped; and finally, +of the peace which, by the will of God, has been granted her +in these our times.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_228_228" id="Footnote_228_228"></a><a href="#FNanchor_228_228"><span class="label">[228]</span></a> Notwithstanding this remark of Gildas, the Britons must have shown +great bravery and resolution in their battles against the Saxons, or they +would not have resisted their encroachments so long. When Gildas was +writing, a hundred years had elapsed, and the Britons still possessed a large +portion of their native country.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_229_229" id="Footnote_229_229"></a><a href="#FNanchor_229_229"><span class="label">[229]</span></a> All that follows, enclosed within brackets, up to page 298, is omitted +in some copies.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_230_230" id="Footnote_230_230"></a><a href="#FNanchor_230_230"><span class="label">[230]</span></a> Or Ætius, see page <a href="#Page_307">307</a>.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3>II. THE HISTORY.</h3> + + +<p>§ 3. The island of Britain, situated on almost the utmost +border of the earth, towards the south and west, and poised +in the divine balance, as it is said, which supports the whole +world, stretches out from the south-west towards the north +pole, and is eight hundred miles long and two hundred +broad,<a name="FNanchor_231_231" id="FNanchor_231_231"></a><a href="#Footnote_231_231" class="fnanchor">[231]</a> except where the headlands of sundry promontories +stretch farther into the sea. It is surrounded by the ocean, +which forms winding bays, and is strongly defended by +this ample, and, if I may so call it, impassable barrier, save +on the south side, where the narrow sea affords a passage to +Belgic Gaul. It is enriched by the mouths of two noble +rivers, the Thames and the Severn, as it were two arms, by +which foreign luxuries were of old imported, and by other +streams of less importance. It is famous for eight and +twenty cities, and is embellished by certain castles, with +walls, towers, well barred gates, and houses with threatening +battlements built on high, and provided with all requisite<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_300" id="Page_300">[Pg 300]</a></span> +instruments of defence. Its plains are spacious, its hills are +pleasantly situated, adapted for superior tillage, and its +mountains are admirably calculated for the alternate pasturage +of cattle, where flowers of various colours, trodden by +the feet of man, give it the appearance of a lovely picture. +It is decked, like a man's chosen bride, with divers jewels, +with lucid fountains and abundant brooks wandering over +the snow white sands; with transparent rivers, flowing in +gentle murmurs, and offering a sweet pledge of slumber<a name="FNanchor_232_232" id="FNanchor_232_232"></a><a href="#Footnote_232_232" class="fnanchor">[232]</a> to +those who recline upon their banks, whilst it is irrigated +by abundant lakes, which pour forth cool torrents of refreshing +water.</p> + +<p>§ 4. This island, stiff-necked and stubborn-minded, from +the time of its being first inhabited, ungratefully rebels, +sometimes against God, sometimes against her own citizens, +and frequently, also, against foreign kings and their subjects. +For what can there either be, or be committed, more disgraceful +or more unrighteous in human affairs, than to refuse +to show fear to God or affection to one's own countrymen, and +(without detriment to one's faith) to refuse due honour to +those of higher dignity, to cast off all regard to reason, +human and divine, and, in contempt of heaven and earth, to +be guided by one's own sensual inventions? I shall, therefore, +omit those ancient errors common to all the nations of +the earth, in which, before Christ came in the flesh, all mankind +were bound; nor shall I enumerate those diabolical +idols of my country, which almost surpassed in number +those of Egypt, and of which we still see some mouldering +away within or without the deserted temples, with stiff and +deformed features as was customary. Nor will I call out upon +the mountains, fountains, or hills, or upon the rivers, which +now are subservient to the use of men, but once were an +abomination and destruction to them, and to which the blind +people paid divine honour. I shall also pass over the bygone +times of our cruel tyrants, whose notoriety was spread +over to far distant countries; so that Porphyry, that dog who +in the east was always so fierce against the church, in his mad +and vain style added this also, that "Britain is a land fertile<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_301" id="Page_301">[Pg 301]</a></span> +in tyrants."<a name="FNanchor_233_233" id="FNanchor_233_233"></a><a href="#Footnote_233_233" class="fnanchor">[233]</a> I will only endeavour to relate the evils +which Britain suffered in the times of the Roman emperors, +and also those which she caused to distant states; but so far +as lies in my power, I shall not follow the writings and +records of my own country, which (if there ever were any +of them) have been consumed in the fires of the enemy, or +have accompanied my exiled countrymen into distant lands, +but be guided by the relations of foreign writers, which, +being broken and interrupted in many places, are therefore +by no means clear.</p> + +<p>§ 5. For when the rulers of Rome had obtained the +empire of the world, subdued all the neighbouring nations +and islands towards the east, and strengthened their renown +by the first peace which they made with the Parthians, who +border on India, there was a general cessation from war +throughout the whole world; the fierce flame which they +kindled could not be extinguished or checked by the Western +Ocean, but passing beyond the sea, imposed submission upon +our island without resistance, and entirely reduced to obedience +its unwarlike but faithless people, not so much by fire +and sword and warlike engines, like other nations, but threats +alone, and menaces of judgments frowning on their countenance, +whilst terror penetrated to their hearts.</p> + +<p>§ 6. When afterwards they returned to Rome, for want +of pay, as is said, and had no suspicion of an approaching +rebellion, that deceitful lioness (Boadicea) put to death the +rulers who had been left among them, to unfold more fully +and to confirm the enterprises of the Romans. When +the report of these things reached the senate, and they +with a speedy army made haste to take vengeance on the +crafty foxes,<a name="FNanchor_234_234" id="FNanchor_234_234"></a><a href="#Footnote_234_234" class="fnanchor">[234]</a> as they called them, there was no bold navy +on the sea to fight bravely for the country; by land there +was no marshalled army, no right wing of battle, nor other +preparation for resistance; but their backs were their shields +against their vanquishers, and they presented their necks to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302">[Pg 302]</a></span> +their swords, whilst chill terror ran through every limb, +and they stretched out their hands to be bound, like women; +so that it has become a proverb far and wide, that the +Britons are neither brave in war nor faithful in time of +peace.</p> + +<p>§ 7. The Romans, therefore, having slain many of the +rebels, and reserved others for slaves, that the land might +not be entirely reduced to desolation, left the island, destitute +as it was of wine and oil, and returned to Italy, leaving behind +them taskmasters, to scourge the shoulders of the natives, to +reduce their necks to the yoke, and their soil to the vassalage +of a Roman province; to chastise the crafty race, not with +warlike weapons, but with rods, and if necessary to gird +upon their sides the naked sword, so that it was no longer +thought to be Britain, but a Roman island; and all their +money, whether of copper, gold, or silver, was stamped with +Cæsar's image.</p> + +<p>§ 8. Meanwhile these islands, stiff with cold and frost, +and in a distant region of the world, remote from the visible +sun, received the beams of light, that is, the holy precepts +of Christ, the true Sun, showing to the whole world his +splendour, not only from the temporal firmament, but from +the height of heaven, which surpasses every thing temporal, +at the latter part, as we know, of the reign of Tiberius +Cæsar, by whom his religion was propagated without impediment, +and death threatened to those who interfered with +its professors.</p> + +<p>§ 9. These rays of light were received with lukewarm +minds by the inhabitants, but they nevertheless took root +among some of them in a greater or less degree, until the +nine years' persecution of the tyrant Diocletian, when the +churches throughout the whole world were overthrown, all +the copies of the Holy Scriptures which could be found +burned in the streets, and the chosen pastors of God's flock +butchered, together with their innocent sheep, in order that +not a vestige, if possible, might remain in some provinces of +Christ's religion. What disgraceful flights then took place—what +slaughter and death inflicted by way of punishment +in divers shapes,—what dreadful apostacies from religion; +and on the contrary, what glorious crowns of martyrdom +then were won,—what raving fury was displayed by the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_303" id="Page_303">[Pg 303]</a></span> +persecutors, and patience on the part of the suffering saints, +ecclesiastical history informs us; for the whole church were +crowding in a body, to leave behind them the dark things +of this world, and to make the best of their way to the +happy mansions of heaven, as if to their proper home.</p> + +<p>§ 10. God, therefore, who wishes all men to be saved, and +who calls sinners no less than those who think themselves +righteous, magnified his mercy towards us, and, as we know, +during the above-named persecution, that Britain might not +totally be enveloped in the dark shades of night, he, of his +own free gift, kindled up among us bright luminaries of holy +martyrs, whose places of burial and of martyrdom, had they +not for our manifold crimes been interfered with and destroyed +by the barbarians, would have still kindled in the +minds of the beholders no small fire of divine charity. Such +were St. Alban of Verulam, Aaron and Julius, citizens of +Carlisle,<a name="FNanchor_235_235" id="FNanchor_235_235"></a><a href="#Footnote_235_235" class="fnanchor">[235]</a> and the rest, of both sexes, who in different places +stood their ground in the Christian contest.</p> + +<p>§ 11. The first of these martyrs, St. Alban, for charity's +sake saved another confessor who was pursued by his persecutors, +and was on the point of being seized, by hiding him +in his house, and then by changing clothes with him, imitating +in this the example of Christ, who laid down his life +for his sheep, and exposing himself in the other's clothes to +be pursued in his stead. So pleasing to God was this conduct, +that between his confession and martyrdom, he was +honoured with the performance of wonderful miracles in +presence of the impious blasphemers who were carrying the +Roman standards, and like the Israelites of old, who trod +dry-foot an unfrequented path whilst the ark of the covenant +stood some time on the sands in the midst of Jordan; +so also the martyr, with a thousand others, opened a path +across the noble river Thames, whose waters stood abrupt +like precipices on either side; and seeing this, the first of +his executors was stricken with awe, and from a wolf became +a lamb; so that he thirsted for martyrdom, and boldly underwent +that for which he thirsted. The other holy martyrs +were tormented with divers sufferings, and their limbs were +racked in such unheard of ways, that they, without delay, +erected the trophies of their glorious martyrdom even in the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_304" id="Page_304">[Pg 304]</a></span> +gates of the city of Jerusalem. For those who survived, +hid themselves in woods and deserts, and secret caves, +waiting until God, who is the righteous judge of all, should +reward their persecutors with judgment, and themselves with +protection of their lives.</p> + +<p>§ 12. In less than ten years, therefore, of the above-named +persecution, and when these bloody decrees began to +fail in consequence of the death of their authors, all Christ's +young disciples, after so long and wintry a night, begin to +behold the genial light of heaven. They rebuild the +churches, which had been levelled to the ground; they +found, erect, and finish churches to the holy martyrs, and +everywhere show their ensigns as token of their victory; +festivals are celebrated and sacraments received with clean +hearts and lips, and all the church's sons rejoice as it were +in the fostering bosom of a mother. For this holy union +remained between Christ their head and the members of his +church, until the Arian treason, fatal as a serpent, and vomiting +its poison from beyond the sea, caused deadly dissension between +brothers inhabiting the same house, and thus, as if a road +were made across the sea, like wild beasts of all descriptions, +and darting the poison of every heresy from their jaws, they +inflicted dreadful wounds upon their country, which is ever +desirous to hear something new, and remains constant long +to nothing.</p> + +<p>§ 13. At length also, new races of tyrants sprang up, in +terrific numbers, and the island, still bearing its Roman +name, but casting off her institutes and laws, sent forth +among the Gauls that bitter scion of her own planting +Maximus, with a great number of followers, and the ensigns +of royalty, which he bore without decency and without lawful +right, but in a tyrannical manner, and amid the disturbances +of the seditious soldiery. He, by cunning arts rather +than by valour, attaching to his rule, by perjury and falsehood, +all the neighbouring towns and provinces, against the +Roman state, extended one of his wings to Spain, the other +to Italy, fixed the seat of his unholy government at Treves, +and so furiously pushed his rebellion against his lawful +emperors that he drove one of them out of Rome, and caused +the other to terminate his most holy life. Trusting to these +successful attempts, he not long after lost his accursed head<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_305" id="Page_305">[Pg 305]</a></span> +before the walls of Aquileia, whereas he had before cut off +the crowned heads of almost all the world.</p> + +<p>§ 14. After this, Britain is left deprived of all her soldiery +and armed bands, of her cruel governors, and of the flower +of her youth, who went with Maximus, but never again returned; +and utterly ignorant as she was of the art of war, +groaned in amazement for many years under the cruelty of +two foreign nations—the Scots from the north-west, and the +Picts from the north.</p> + +<p>§ 15. The Britons, impatient at the assaults of the Scots +and Picts, their hostilities and dreadful oppressions, send ambassadors +to Rome with letters, entreating in piteous terms +the assistance of an armed band to protect them, and offering +loyal and ready submission to the authority of Rome, if they +only would expel their invading foes. A legion is immediately +sent, forgetting their past rebellion, and provided +sufficiently with arms. When they had crossed over the sea +and landed, they came at once to close conflict with their +cruel enemies, and slew great numbers of them. All of +them were driven beyond the borders, and the humiliated +natives rescued from the bloody slavery which awaited them. +By the advice of their protectors, they now built a wall +across the island from one sea to the other, which being +manned with a proper force, might be a terror to the foes +whom it was intended to repel, and a protection to their +friends whom it covered. But this wall, being made of turf +instead of stone, was of no use to that foolish people, who +had no head to guide them.</p> + +<p>§ 16. The Roman legion had no sooner returned home in +joy and triumph, than their former foes, like hungry and +ravening wolves, rushing with greedy jaws upon the fold +which is left without a shepherd, and wafted both by the +strength of oarsmen and the blowing wind, break through +the boundaries, and spread slaughter on every side, and like +mowers cutting down the ripe corn, they cut up, tread under +foot, and overrun the whole country.</p> + +<p>§ 17. And now again they send suppliant ambassadors, +with their garments rent and their heads covered with ashes, +imploring assistance from the Romans, and like timorous +chickens, crowding under the protecting wings of their +parents, that their wretched country might not altogether be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_306" id="Page_306">[Pg 306]</a></span> +destroyed, and that the Roman name, which now was but +an empty sound to fill the ear, might not become a reproach +even to distant nations. Upon this, the Romans, moved +with compassion, as far as human nature can be, at the +relations of such horrors, send forward, like eagles in their +flight, their unexpected bands of cavalry by land and mariners +by sea, and planting their terrible swords upon the +shoulders of their enemies, they mow them down like leaves +which fall at the destined period; and as a mountain-torrent +swelled with numerous streams, and bursting its banks with +roaring noise, with foaming crest and yeasty wave rising to +the stars, by whose eddying currents our eyes are as it were +dazzled, does with one of its billows overwhelm every obstacle +in its way, so did our illustrious defenders vigorously drive +our enemies' band beyond the sea, if any could so escape them; +for it was beyond those same seas that they transported, year +after year, the plunder which they had gained, no one daring +to resist them.</p> + +<p>§ 18. The Romans, therefore, left the country, giving +notice that they could no longer be harassed by such +laborious expeditions, nor suffer the Roman standards, with +so large and brave an army, to be worn out by sea and land +by fighting against these unwarlike, plundering vagabonds; +but that the islanders, inuring themselves to warlike weapons, +and bravely fighting, should valiantly protect their country, +their property, wives and children, and, what is dearer than +these, their liberty and lives; that they should not suffer +their hands to be tied behind their backs by a nation which, +unless they were enervated by idleness and sloth, was not +more powerful than themselves, but that they should arm +those hands with buckler, sword, and spear, ready for the +field of battle; and, because they thought this also of +advantage to the people they were about to leave, they, +with the help of the miserable natives, built a wall different +from the former, by public and private contributions, and +of the same structure as walls generally, extending in a +straight line from sea to sea, between some cities, which, +from fear of their enemies, had there by chance been built. +They then give energetic counsel to the timorous natives, +and leave them patterns by which to manufacture arms. +Moreover, on the south coast where their vessels lay, as<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_307" id="Page_307">[Pg 307]</a></span> +there was some apprehension lest the barbarians might +land, they erected towers at stated intervals, commanding +a prospect of the sea; and then left the island never to +return.</p> + +<p>§ 19. No sooner were they gone, than the Picts and Scots, +like worms which in the heat of mid-day come forth from +their holes, hastily land again from their canoes, in which +they had been carried beyond the Cichican<a name="FNanchor_236_236" id="FNanchor_236_236"></a><a href="#Footnote_236_236" class="fnanchor">[236]</a> valley, differing +one from another in manners, but inspired with the same +avidity for blood, and all more eager to shroud their villainous +faces in bushy hair than to cover with decent clothing those +parts of their body which required it. Moreover, having +heard of the departure of our friends, and their resolution +never to return, they seized with greater boldness than before +on all the country towards the extreme north as far as the +wall. To oppose them there was placed on the heights a +garrison equally slow to fight and ill adapted to run away, a +useless and panic-struck company, who slumbered away +days and nights on their unprofitable watch. Meanwhile +the hooked weapons of their enemies were not idle, and our +wretched countrymen were dragged from the wall and dashed +against the ground. Such premature death, however, painful +as it was, saved them from seeing the miserable sufferings of +their brothers and children. But why should I say more? +They left their cities, abandoned the protection of the wall, +and dispersed themselves in flight more desperately than +before. The enemy, on the other hand, pursued them with +more unrelenting cruelty than before, and butchered our +countrymen like sheep, so that their habitations were like +those of savage beasts; for they turned their arms upon +each other, and for the sake of a little sustenance, imbrued +their hands in the blood of their fellow countrymen. Thus +foreign calamities were augmented by domestic feuds; so +that the whole country was entirely destitute of provisions, +save such as could be procured in the chase.</p> + +<p>§ 20. Again, therefore, the wretched remnant, sending to +Ætius, a powerful Roman citizen, address him as follows:—"To +Ætius,<a name="FNanchor_237_237" id="FNanchor_237_237"></a><a href="#Footnote_237_237" class="fnanchor">[237]</a> now consul for the third time: the groans of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_308" id="Page_308">[Pg 308]</a></span> +the Britons." And again a little further, thus:—"The +barbarians drive us to the sea: the sea throws us back +on the barbarians: thus two modes of death await us, we +are either slain or drowned." The Romans, however, could +not assist them, and in the meantime the discomfited people, +wandering in the woods, began to feel the effects of a severe +famine, which compelled many of them without delay to +yield themselves up to their cruel persecutors, to obtain +subsistence: others of them, however, lying hid in mountains, +caves, and woods, continually sallied out from thence +to renew the war. And then it was, for the first time, that +they overthrew their enemies, who had for so many years +been living in their country; for their trust was not in man, +but in God; according to the maxim of Philo, "We must +have divine assistance, when that of man fails." The boldness +of the enemy was for a while checked, but not the +wickedness of our countrymen: the enemy left our people, +but the people did not leave their sins.</p> + +<p>§ 21. For it has always been a custom with our nation, as +it is at present, to be impotent in repelling foreign foes, but +bold and invincible in raising civil war, and bearing the +burdens of their offences: they are impotent, I say, in +following the standard of peace and truth, but bold in +wickedness and falsehood. The audacious invaders therefore +return to their winter quarters, determined before long +again to return and plunder. And then, too, the Picts for +the first time seated themselves at the extremity of the island, +where they afterwards continued, occasionally plundering and +wasting the country. During these truces, the wounds of +the distressed people are healed, but another sore, still more +venomous, broke out. No sooner were the ravages of the +enemy checked, than the island was deluged with a most +extraordinary plenty of all things, greater than was before +known, and with it grew up every kind of luxury and +licentiousness. It grew with so firm a root, that one might +truly say of it, "Such fornication is heard of among you, as +never was known the like among the Gentiles." But besides +this vice, there arose also every other, to which human nature +is liable, and in particular that hatred of truth, together with +her supporters, which still at present destroys every thing +good in the island; the love of falsehood, together with its<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_309" id="Page_309">[Pg 309]</a></span> +inventors, the reception of crime in the place of virtue, the +respect shown to wickedness rather than goodness, the love +of darkness instead of the sun, the admission of Satan as an +angel of light. Kings were anointed, not according to God's +ordinance, but such as showed themselves more cruel than +the rest; and soon after, they were put to death by those +who had elected them, without any inquiry into their merits, +but because others still more cruel were chosen to succeed +them. If any one of these was of a milder nature than the +rest, or in any way more regardful of the truth, he was +looked upon as the ruiner of the country, every body cast a +dart at him, and they valued things alike whether pleasing +or displeasing to God, unless it so happened that what displeased +him was pleasing to themselves. So that the words +of the prophet, addressed to the people of old, might well be +applied to our own countrymen: "Children without a law, +have ye left God and provoked to anger the holy one of +Israel?<a name="FNanchor_238_238" id="FNanchor_238_238"></a><a href="#Footnote_238_238" class="fnanchor">[238]</a> Why will ye still inquire, adding iniquity? +Every head is languid and every heart is sad; from the +sole of the foot to the crown, there is no health in him." +And thus they did all things contrary to their salvation, as +if no remedy could be applied to the world by the true +Physician of all men. And not only the laity did so, but +our Lord's own flock and its shepherds, who ought to have +been an example to the people, slumbered away their time in +drunkenness, as if they had been dipped in wine; whilst the +swellings of pride, the jar of strife, the griping talons of envy, +and the confused estimate of right and wrong, got such entire +possession of them, that there seemed to be poured out (and +the same still continueth) contempt upon princes, and to +be made by their vanities to wander astray and not in the +way.</p> + +<p>§ 22. Meanwhile, God being willing to purify his family +who were infected by so deep a stain of woe, and at the +hearing only of their calamities to amend them; a vague +rumour suddenly as if on wings reaches the ears of all, that +their inveterate foes were rapidly approaching to destroy the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_310" id="Page_310">[Pg 310]</a></span> +whole country, and to take possession of it, as of old, from +one end to the other. But yet they derived no advantage +from this intelligence; for, like frantic beasts, taking the bit +of reason between their teeth, they abandoned the safe and +narrow road, and rushed forward upon the broad downward +path of vice, which leads to death. Whilst, therefore, as +Solomon says, the stubborn servant is not cured by words, +the fool is scourged and feels it not: a pestilential disease +mortally affected the foolish people, which, without the +sword, cut off so large a number of persons, that the living +were not able to bury them. But even this was no warning +to them, that in them also might be fulfilled the words of +Isaiah the prophet, "And God hath called his people to +lamentation, to baldness, and to the girdle of sackcloth; +behold they begin to kill calves, and to slay rams, to eat, to +drink, and to say, 'We will eat and drink, for to-morrow we +shall die.'" For the time was approaching, when all their +iniquities, as formerly those of the Amorrhæans, should be +fulfilled. For a council was called to settle what was best +and most expedient to be done, in order to repel such +frequent and fatal irruptions and plunderings of the above +named nations.</p> + +<p>§ 23. Then all the councillors, together with that proud tyrant +Gurthrigern [Vortigern], the British king, were so blinded, +that, as a protection to their country, they sealed its doom by +inviting in among them (like wolves into the sheepfold), the +fierce and impious Saxons, a race hateful both to God and +men, to repel the invasions of the northern nations. Nothing +was ever so pernicious to our country, nothing was +ever so unlucky. What palpable darkness must have enveloped +their minds—darkness desperate and cruel! Those +very people whom, when absent, they dreaded more than +death itself, were invited to reside, as one may say, under +the selfsame roof. Foolish are the princes, as it is said, of +Thafneos, giving counsel to unwise Pharaoh. A multitude +of whelps came forth from the lair of this barbaric lioness, +in three cyuls, as they call them, that is, in three ships of +war, with their sails wafted by the wind and with omens and +prophecies favourable, for it was foretold by a certain soothsayer +among them, that they should occupy the country to +which they were sailing three hundred years, and half of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_311" id="Page_311">[Pg 311]</a></span> +that time, a hundred and fifty years, should plunder and +despoil the same. They first landed on the eastern side of +the island, by the invitation of the unlucky king, and there +fixed their sharp talons, apparently to fight in favour of the +island, but alas! more truly against it. Their mother-land, +finding her first brood thus successful, sends forth a larger +company of her wolfish offspring, which sailing over, join +themselves to their bastard-born comrades. From that time +the germ of iniquity and the root of contention planted +their poison amongst us, as we deserved, and shot forth into +leaves and branches. The barbarians being thus introduced +as soldiers into the island, to encounter, as they falsely said, +any dangers in defence of their hospitable entertainers, obtain +an allowance of provisions, which, for some time being +plentifully bestowed, stopped their doggish mouths. Yet +they complain that their monthly supplies are not furnished +in sufficient abundance, and they industriously aggravate +each occasion of quarrel, saying that unless more liberality +is shown them, they will break the treaty and plunder the +whole island. In a short time, they follow up their threats +with deeds.</p> + +<p>§ 24. For the fire of vengeance, justly kindled by former +crimes, spread from sea to sea, fed by the hands of our foes +in the east, and did not cease, until, destroying the neighbouring +towns and lands, it reached the other side of the +island, and dipped its red and savage tongue in the western +ocean. In these assaults, therefore, not unlike that of the +Assyrian upon Judea, was fulfilled in our case what the prophet +describes in words of lamentation: "They have burned +with fire the sanctuary; they have polluted on earth the +tabernacle of thy name." And again, "O God, the gentiles +have come into thine inheritance; thy holy temple have they +defiled," &c. So that all the columns were levelled with +the ground by the frequent strokes of the battering-ram, all +the husbandmen routed, together with their bishops, priests, +and people, whilst the sword gleamed, and the flames +crackled around them on every side. Lamentable to behold, +in the midst of the streets lay the tops of lofty towers, +tumbled to the ground, stones of high walls, holy altars, +fragments of human bodies, covered with livid clots of coagulated +blood, looking as if they had been squeezed together in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_312" id="Page_312">[Pg 312]</a></span> +a press;<a name="FNanchor_239_239" id="FNanchor_239_239"></a><a href="#Footnote_239_239" class="fnanchor">[239]</a> and with no chance of being buried, save in the +ruins of the houses, or in the ravening bellies of wild beasts +and birds; with reverence be it spoken for their blessed +souls, if, indeed, there were many found who were carried, +at that time, into the high heaven by the holy angels. So +entirely had the vintage, once so fine, degenerated and become +bitter, that, in the words of the prophet, there was +hardly a grape or ear of corn to be seen where the husbandman +had turned his back.</p> + +<p>§ 25. Some, therefore, of the miserable remnant, being +taken in the mountains, were murdered in great numbers; +others, constrained by famine, came and yielded themselves +to be slaves for ever to their foes, running the risk of being +instantly slain, which truly was the greatest favour that +could be offered them: some others passed beyond the seas +with loud lamentations instead of the voice of exhortation. +"Thou hast given us as sheep to be slaughtered, and among +the Gentiles hast thou dispersed us." Others, committing +the safeguard of their lives, which were in continual jeopardy, +to the mountains, precipices, thickly wooded forests, and +to the rocks of the seas (albeit with trembling hearts), +remained still in their country. But in the meanwhile, an +opportunity happening, when these most cruel robbers were +returned home, the poor remnants of our nation (to whom +flocked from divers places round about our miserable countrymen +as fast as bees to their hives, for fear of an ensuing +storm), being strengthened by God, calling upon him with +all their hearts, as the poet says,—</p> + +<p style="margin-left:6em;"> +"With their unnumbered vows they burden heaven,"<br /> +</p> + +<p>that they might not be brought to utter destruction, took +arms under the conduct of Ambrosius Aurelianus, a modest +man, who of all the Roman nation was then alone in the +confusion of this troubled period by chance left alive. His +parents, who for their merit were adorned with the purple, +had been slain in these same broils, and now his progeny in +these our days, although shamefully degenerated from the +worthiness of their ancestors, provoke to battle their cruel<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_313" id="Page_313">[Pg 313]</a></span> +conquerors, and by the goodness of our Lord obtain the +victory.</p> + +<p>§ 26. After this, sometimes our countrymen, sometimes +the enemy, won the field, to the end that our Lord might in +this land try after his accustomed manner these his Israelites, +whether they loved him or not, until the year of the siege of +Bath-hill, when took place also the last almost, though not +the least slaughter of our cruel foes, which was (as I am +sure) forty-four years and one month after the landing of the +Saxons, and also the time of my own nativity. And yet +neither to this day are the cities of our country inhabited as +before, but being forsaken and overthrown, still lie desolate; +our foreign wars having ceased, but our civil troubles still +remaining. For as well the remembrance of such a terrible +desolation of the island, as also of the unexpected recovery +of the same, remained in the minds of those who were eye-witnesses +of the wonderful events of both, and in regard +thereof, kings, public magistrates, and private persons, with +priests and clergymen, did all and every one of them live +orderly according to their several vocations. But when +these had departed out of this world, and a new race succeeded, +who were ignorant of this troublesome time, and had +only experience of the present prosperity, all the laws of +truth and justice were so shaken and subverted, that not so +much as a vestige or remembrance of these virtues remained +among the above-named orders of men, except among a very +few who, compared with the great multitude which were +daily rushing headlong down to hell, are accounted so small +a number, that our reverend mother, the church, scarcely +beholds them, her only true children, reposing in her bosom; +whose worthy lives, being a pattern to all men, and beloved +of God, inasmuch as by their holy prayers, as by certain +pillars and most profitable supporters, our infirmity is sustained +up, that it may not utterly be broken down, I would +have no one suppose I intended to reprove, if forced by the +increasing multitude of offences, I have freely, aye, with anguish, +not so much declared as bewailed the wickedness of +those who are become servants, not only to their bellies, but +also to the devil rather than to Christ, who is our blessed +God, world without end.</p> + +<p>For why shall their countrymen conceal what foreign na<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_314" id="Page_314">[Pg 314]</a></span>tions +round about now not only know, but also continually +are casting in their teeth?</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_231_231" id="Footnote_231_231"></a><a href="#FNanchor_231_231"><span class="label">[231]</span></a> The description of Britain is given in very nearly the same terms, by +Orosius, Bede, and others, but the numbers, denoting the length and +breadth and other dimensions, are different in almost every MS. copy.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_232_232" id="Footnote_232_232"></a><a href="#FNanchor_232_232"><span class="label">[232]</span></a> "Soporem" in some MSS., "saporem" in others; it is difficult from +the turgidity and superabundance of the style to determine which is the +best meaning.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_233_233" id="Footnote_233_233"></a><a href="#FNanchor_233_233"><span class="label">[233]</span></a> Gildas here confuses the modern idea of a tyrant with that of an +usurper. The latter is the sense in which Britain was said to be fertile in +tyrants, viz. in usurpers of the imperial dignity.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_234_234" id="Footnote_234_234"></a><a href="#FNanchor_234_234"><span class="label">[234]</span></a> The Britons who fought under Boadicea were anything but "crafty +foxes." "Bold lions" is a much more appropriate appellation; they +would also have been victorious if they had had half the military advantages +of the Romans.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_235_235" id="Footnote_235_235"></a><a href="#FNanchor_235_235"><span class="label">[235]</span></a> Or Caerleon. See Bede's Eccles. Hist. p. 15, note</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_236_236" id="Footnote_236_236"></a><a href="#FNanchor_236_236"><span class="label">[236]</span></a> The meaning of this expression is not known. O'Connor thinks it is +the Irish Sea.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_237_237" id="Footnote_237_237"></a><a href="#FNanchor_237_237"><span class="label">[237]</span></a> Or <i>Ayitius</i>, according to another reading.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_238_238" id="Footnote_238_238"></a><a href="#FNanchor_238_238"><span class="label">[238]</span></a> Isa. i. 4, 5. In most of these quotations there is great verbal variation +from the authorised version: the author probably quoted from memory, if +not from the Latin version.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_239_239" id="Footnote_239_239"></a><a href="#FNanchor_239_239"><span class="label">[239]</span></a> These are the words of the old translation; the original is obscure, +and perhaps corrupt.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3>III. THE EPISTLE.</h3> + + +<p>§ 27. Britain has kings, but they are tyrants; she has +judges, but unrighteous ones; generally engaged in plunder +and rapine, but always preying on the innocent; whenever +they exert themselves to avenge or protect, it is sure to be +in favour of robbers and criminals; they have an abundance +of wives, yet are they addicted to fornication and adultery; +they are ever ready to take oaths, and as often perjure +themselves; they make a vow and almost immediately act +falsely; they make war, but their wars are against their +countrymen, and are unjust ones; they rigorously prosecute +thieves throughout their country, but those who sit at table +with them are robbers, and they not only cherish but reward +them; they give alms plentifully, but in contrast to this is a +whole pile of crimes which they have committed; they sit +on the seat of justice, but rarely seek for the rule of right +judgment; they despise the innocent and the humble, but +seize every occasion of exalting to the utmost the bloody-minded; +the proud, murderers, the combined and adulterers, +enemies of God, who ought to be utterly destroyed and their +names forgotten.</p> + +<p>They have many prisoners in their gaols, loaded with +chains, but this is done in treachery rather than in just +punishment for crimes; and when they have stood before +the altar, swearing by the name of God, they go away and +think no more of the holy altar than if it were a mere heap +of dirty stones.</p> + +<p>§ 28. Of this horrid abomination, Constantine,<a name="FNanchor_240_240" id="FNanchor_240_240"></a><a href="#Footnote_240_240" class="fnanchor">[240]</a> the +tyrannical whelp of the unclean lioness of Damnonia,<a name="FNanchor_241_241" id="FNanchor_241_241"></a><a href="#Footnote_241_241" class="fnanchor">[241]</a> is +not ignorant.</p> + +<p>This same year, after taking a dreadful oath (whereby he<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_315" id="Page_315">[Pg 315]</a></span> +bound himself first before God, by a solemn protestation, and +then called all the saints, and Mother of God, to witness, +that he would not contrive any deceit against his countrymen), +he nevertheless, in the habit of a holy abbat amid the +sacred altars, did with sword and javelin, as if with teeth, +wound and tear, even in the bosoms of their temporal +mother, and of the church their spiritual mother, two royal +youths, with their two attendants, whose arms, although not +cased in armour, were yet boldly used, and, stretched out +towards God and his altar, will hang up at the gates of thy +city, O Christ, the venerable ensigns of their faith and +patience; and when he had done it, the cloaks, red with +coagulated blood, did touch the place of the heavenly +sacrifice. And not one worthy act could he boast of previous +to this cruel deed; for many years before he had +stained himself with the abomination of many adulteries, +having put away his wife contrary to the command of +Christ, the teacher of the world, who hath said: "What +God hath joined together, let not man separate," and again: +"Husbands, love your wives." For he had planted in the +ground of his heart (an unfruitful soil for any good seed) a +bitter scion of incredulity and folly, taken from the vine of +Sodom, which being watered with his vulgar and domestic +impieties, like poisonous showers, and afterwards audaciously +springing up to the offence of God, brought forth into the +world the sin of horrible murder and sacrilege; and not yet +discharged from the entangling nets of his former offences, +he added new wickedness to the former.</p> + +<p>§ 29. Go to now, I reprove thee as present, whom I +know as yet to be in this life extant. Why standest thou +astonished, O thou butcher of thine own soul? Why dost +thou wilfully kindle against thyself the eternal fires of hell? +Why dost thou, in place of enemies, desperately stab thyself +with thine own sword, with thine own javelin? Cannot +those same poisonous cups of offences yet satisfy thy +stomach? Look back (I beseech thee) and come to Christ +(for thou labourest, and art pressed down to the earth with +this huge burden), and he himself, as he said, will give +thee rest. Come to him who wisheth not the death of a +sinner, but that he should be rather converted and live. +Unloose (according to the prophet) the bands of thy neck<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_316" id="Page_316">[Pg 316]</a></span> +O thou son of Sion. Return (I pray thee), although from +the far remote regions of sins, unto the most holy Father, +who, for his son that will despise the filthy food of swine, +and fear a death of cruel famine, and so come back to him +again, hath with great joy been accustomed to kill his fatted +calf, and bring forth for the wanderer, the first robe and +royal ring, and then taking as it were a taste of the heavenly +hope, thou shalt perceive how sweet our Lord is. For if +thou dost contemn these, be thou assured, thou shalt almost +instantly be tossed and tormented in the inevitable and dark +floods of endless fire.</p> + +<p>§ 30. What dost thou also, thou lion's whelp (as the +prophet saith), Aurelius Conanus?<a name="FNanchor_242_242" id="FNanchor_242_242"></a><a href="#Footnote_242_242" class="fnanchor">[242]</a> Art not thou as the +former (if not far more foul) to thy utter destruction, +swallowed up in the filthiness of horrible murders, fornications, +and adulteries, as by an overwhelming flood of the +sea? Hast not thou by hating, as a deadly serpent, the +peace of thy country, and thirsting unjustly after civil wars +and frequent spoil, shut the gates of heavenly peace and +repose against thine own soul? Being now left alone as a +withering tree in the midst of a field, remember (I beseech +thee) the vain and idle fancies of thy parents and brethren, +together with the untimely death that befell them in the +prime of their youth; and shalt thou, for thy religious +deserts, be reserved out of all thy family to live a hundred +years, or to attain to the age of a Methusalem? No, surely, +but unless (as the psalmist saith) thou shalt be speedily +converted unto our Lord, that King will shortly brandish his +sword against thee, who hath said by his prophet, "I will +kill, and I will cause to live; I will strike, and I will heal; +and there is no one who can deliver out of my hand." Be +thou therefore shaken out of thy filthy dust, and with all +thy heart converted to Him who hath created thee, that +"when his wrath shall shortly burn out, thou mayst be +blessed by fixing thy hopes on him." But if otherwise, +eternal pains will be heaped up for thee, where thou shalt be +ever tormented and never consumed in the cruel jaws of hell.</p> + +<p>§ 31. Thou also, who like to the spotted leopard, art +diverse in manners and in mischief, whose head now is +growing grey, who art seated on a throne full of deceits, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_317" id="Page_317">[Pg 317]</a></span> +from the bottom even to the top art stained with murder and +adulteries, thou naughty son of a good king, like Manasses +sprung from Ezechiah, Vortipore, thou foolish tyrant of the +Demetians,<a name="FNanchor_243_243" id="FNanchor_243_243"></a><a href="#Footnote_243_243" class="fnanchor">[243]</a> why art thou so stiff? What! do not such +violent gulfs of sin (which thou dost swallow up like +pleasant wine, nay rather which swallow thee up), as yet +satisfy thee, especially since the end of thy life is daily now +approaching? Why dost thou heavily clog thy miserable +soul with the sin of lust, which is fouler than any other, by +putting away thy wife, and after her honourable death, by +the base practices of thy shameless daughter? Waste not (I +beseech thee) the residue of thy life in offending God, +because as yet an acceptable time and day of salvation +shines on the faces of the penitent, wherein thou mayest +take care that thy flight may not be in the winter, or on the +sabbath day. "Turn away (according to the psalmist) from +evil, and do good, seek peace and ensue it," because the eyes +of our Lord will be cast upon thee, when thou doest righteousness, +and his ears will be then open unto thy prayers, +and he will not destroy thy memory out of the land of the +living; thou shalt cry, and he will hear thee, and out of thy +tribulations deliver thee; for Christ doth never despise a +heart that is contrite and humbled with fear of him. +Otherwise, the worm of thy torture shall not die, and the +fire of thy burning shall never be extinguished.</p> + +<p>§ 32. And thou too, Cuneglasse,<a name="FNanchor_244_244" id="FNanchor_244_244"></a><a href="#Footnote_244_244" class="fnanchor">[244]</a> why art thou fallen into +the filth of thy former naughtiness, yea, since the very first +spring of thy tender youth, thou bear, thou rider and ruler +of many, and guider of the chariot which is the receptacle +of the bear, thou contemner of God, and vilifier of his +order, thou tawny butcher, as in the Latin tongue thy name +signifies. Why dost thou raise so great a war as well +against men as also against God himself, against men, yea, +thy own countrymen, with thy deadly weapons, and against +God with thine infinite offences? Why, besides thine other +innumerable backslidings, having thrown out of doors thy +wife, dost thou, in the lust, or rather stupidity of thy mind, +against the apostle's express prohibition, denouncing that no<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_318" id="Page_318">[Pg 318]</a></span> +adulterers can be partakers of the kingdom of heaven, +esteem her detestable sister, who had vowed unto God the +everlasting continency, as the very flower (in the language +of the poet) of the celestial nymphs? Why dost thou +provoke with thy frequent injuries the lamentations and +sighs of saints, by thy means corporally afflicted, which will +in time to come, like a fierce lioness, break thy bones in +pieces? Desist, I beseech thee (as the prophet saith) from +wrath, and leave off thy deadly fury, which thou breathest +out against heaven and earth, against God and his flock, and +which in time will be thy own torment; rather with altered +mind obtain the prayers of those who possess a power of +binding over this world, when in this world they bind the +guilty, and of loosing when they loose the penitent. Be not +(as the apostle saith) proudly wise, nor hope thou in the +uncertainty of riches, but in God who giveth thee many +things abundantly, and by the amendment of thy manners +purchase unto thyself a good foundation for hereafter, and +seek to enter into that real and true state of existence which +will be not transitory but everlasting. Otherwise, thou +shalt know and see, yea, in this very world, how bad and +bitter a thing it is for thee to leave the Lord thy God, and +not have his fear before thine eyes, and in the next, how +thou shalt be burned in the foul encompassing flames of +endless fire, nor yet by any manner of means shalt ever die. +For the souls of the sinful are as eternal in perpetual fire, as +the souls of the just in perpetual joy and gladness.</p> + +<p>§ 33. And likewise, O thou dragon of the island, who +hast deprived many tyrants, as well of their kingdoms as of +their lives, and though the last-mentioned in my writing, +the first in mischief, exceeding many in power, and also in +malice, more liberal than others in giving, more licentious in +sinning, strong in arms, but stronger in working thine own +soul's destruction, Maglocune,<a name="FNanchor_245_245" id="FNanchor_245_245"></a><a href="#Footnote_245_245" class="fnanchor">[245]</a> why art thou (as if soaked +in the wine of the Sodomitical grape) foolishly rolling in +that black pool of thine offences? Why dost thou wilfully +heap like a mountain, upon thy kingly shoulders, such a load +of sins? Why dost thou show thyself unto the King of kings +(who hath made thee as well in kingdom as in stature of body +higher than almost all the other chiefs of Britain) not better<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_319" id="Page_319">[Pg 319]</a></span> +likewise in virtues than the rest; but on the contrary for thy +sins much worse? Listen then awhile and hear patiently the +following enumeration of thy deeds, wherein I will not +touch any domestic and light offences (if yet any of them are +light) but only those open ones which are spread far and +wide in the knowledge of all men. Didst not thou, in the +very beginning of thy youth, terribly oppress with sword, +spear, and fire, the king thine uncle, together with his courageous +bands of soldiers, whose countenances in battle were +not unlike those of young lions? Not regarding the words +of the prophet, who says, "The blood-thirsty and deceitful +men shall not live out half their days;" and even if the +sequel of thy sins were not such as ensued, yet what retribution +couldst thou expect for this offence only at the hands of the +just Judge, who hath said by his prophet: "Woe be to thee +who spoilest, and shalt not thou thyself be spoiled? and thou +who killest, shalt not thyself be killed? and when thou shalt +make an end of thy spoiling, then shalt thou thyself fall."</p> + +<p>§ 34. But when the imagination of thy violent rule had +succeeded according to thy wishes, and thou wast urged by a +desire to return into the right way, night and day the consciousness +of thy crimes afflicted thee, whilst thou didst +ruminate on the Lord's ritual and the ordinances of the +monks, and then publish to the world and vow thyself before +God a monk with no intention to be unfaithful, as thou didst +say, having burst through those toils in which such great +beasts as thyself were used to become entangled, whether it +were love of rule, of gold, or silver, or, what is stronger +still, the fancies of thy own heart. And didst thou not, as a +dove which cleaves the yielding air with its pinions, and by +its rapid turns escapes the furious hawk, safely return to the +cells where the saints repose, as a most certain place of +refuge? Oh how great a joy should it have been to our +mother church, if the enemy of all mankind had not lamentably +pulled thee, as it were, out of her bosom! Oh what an +abundant flame of heavenly hope would have been kindled in +the hearts of desperate sinners, hadst thou remained in thy +blessed estate! Oh what great rewards in the kingdom of +Christ would have been laid up for thy soul against the day +of judgment, if that crafty wolf had not caught thee, who of +a wolf wast now become a lamb (not much against thine own<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_320" id="Page_320">[Pg 320]</a></span> +will) out of the fold of our Lord, and made thee of a lamb, a +wolf like unto himself, again? Oh how great a joy would +the preservation of thy salvation have been to God the +Father of all saints, had not the devil, the father of all castaways, +as an eagle of monstrous wings and claws, carried +thee captive away against all right and reason, to the unhappy +band of his children? And to be short, thy conversion +to righteousness gave as great joy to heaven and earth, +as now thy detestable return, like a dog to his vomit, +breedeth grief and lamentation: which being done, "the +members which should have been busily employed, as the +armour of justice for the Lord, are now become the armour +of iniquity for sin and the devil;" for now thou dost not +listen to the praises of God sweetly sounded forth by the +pleasant voices of Christ's soldiers, nor the instruments of +ecclesiastical melody, but thy own praises (which are nothing) +rung out after the fashion of the giddy rout of Bacchus by +the mouths of thy villainous followers, accompanied with lies +and malice, to the utter destruction of the neighbours; so +that the vessel prepared for the service of God, is now +turned to a vessel of dirt, and what was once reputed worthy +of heavenly honour, is now cast as it deserves into the +bottomless pit of hell.</p> + +<p>§ 35. Yet neither is thy sensual mind (which is overcome +by the excess of thy follies) at all checked in its course with +committing so many sins, but hot and prone (like a young +colt that coveteth every pleasant pasture) runneth headlong +forward, with irrecoverable fury, through the intended fields +of crime, continually increasing the number of its transgressions. +For the former marriage of thy first wife +(although after thy violated vow of religion she was not +lawfully thine, but only by right of the time she was with +thee), was now despised by thee, and another woman, the +wife of a man then living, and he no stranger, but thy own +brother's son, enjoyed thy affections. Upon which occasion +that stiff neck of thine (already laden with sins) is now +burdened with two monstrous murders, the one of thy aforesaid +nephew, the other, of her who once was thy wedded wife: +and thou art now from low to lower, and from bad to worse, +bowed, bent, and sunk down into the lowest depth of sacrilege. +Afterwards, also didst thou publicly marry the widow<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_321" id="Page_321">[Pg 321]</a></span> +by whose deceit and suggestion such a heavy weight of +offences was undergone, and take her, lawfully, as the flattering +tongues of thy parasites with false words pronounced it, +but as we say, most wickedly, to be thine own in wedlock. +And therefore what holy man is there, who, moved with the +narration of such a history, would not presently break out +into weeping and lamentations? What priest (whose heart +lieth open unto God) would not instantly, upon hearing this, +exclaim with anguish in the language of the prophet: "Who +shall give water to my head, and to my eyes a fountain of +tears, and I will day and night bewail those of my people, +who are slaughtered." For full little (alas!) hast thou with +thine ears listened to that reprehension of the prophet speaking +in this wise: "Woe be unto you, O wicked men, who +have left the law of the most holy God, and if ye shall be +born, your portion shall be to malediction, and if ye die, to +malediction shall be your portion, all things that are from +the earth, to the earth shall be converted again, so shall the +wicked from malediction pass to perdition:" if they return +not unto our Lord, listening to this admonition: "Son, thou +hast offended; add no further offence thereunto, but rather +pray for the forgiveness of the former." And again, "Be +not slow to be converted unto our Lord, neither put off the +same from day to day, for his wrath doth come suddenly." +Because, as the Scripture saith, "When the king heareth the +unjust word, all under his dominion become wicked." And, +the just king (according to the prophet) raiseth up his region. +But warnings truly are not wanting to thee, since thou hast +had for thy instructor the most eloquent master of almost all +Britain. Take heed, thereof, lest that which Solomon noteth, +befall thee, which is, "Even as he who stirreth up a sleeping +man out of his heavy sleep, so is that person who declareth +wisdom unto a fool, for in the end of his speech will +he say, What hast thou first spoken? Wash thine heart (as +it is written) from malice, O Jerusalem, that thou mayest +be saved." Despise not (I beseech thee) the unspeakable +mercy of God, calling by his prophet the wicked in this way +from their offences: "I will on a sudden speak to the +nation, and to the kingdom, that I may root out, and disperse, +and destroy, and overthrow." As for the sinner he +doth in this wise exhort him vehemently to repent. "And<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_322" id="Page_322">[Pg 322]</a></span> +if the same people shall repent from their offence, I will also +repent of the evil which I have said that I would do unto +them." And again, "Who will give them such an heart, +that they may hear me, and keep my commandments, and +that it may be well with them all the days of their lives." +And also in the Canticle of Deuteronomy, "A people without +counsel and prudence, I wish they would be wise, and +understand, and foresee the last of all, how one pursueth a +thousand and two put to flight ten thousand." And again, +our Lord in the gospel, "Come unto me, all ye who do labour +and are burdened, and I will make you rest. Take my +yoke upon you, and learn of me, because I am meek and +humble of heart, and ye shall find repose for your souls." +For if thou turn a deaf ear to these admonitions, contemn +the prophets, and despise Christ, and make no account of us, +humble though we be, so long as with sincere piety and +purity of mind we bear in mind that saying of the prophet, +that we may not be found, "Dumb dogs, not able to bark;" +(however I for my part may not be of that singular fortitude, +in the spirit and virtue of our Lord, as to declare, "To the +house of Jacob their sins, and the house of Israel their +offences;") and so long as we shall remember that of Solomon, +"He who says that the wicked are just, shall be accursed +among the people, and odious to nations, for they who +reprove them shall have better hopes." And again, "Respect, +not with reverence thy neighbour in his ruin, nor forbear to +speak in time of salvation." And as long also as we forget +not this, "Root out those who are led to death, and forbear +not to redeem them who are murdered;" because, as the +same prophet says, "Riches shall not profit in the day of +wrath, but justice delivereth from death." And, "If the just +indeed be hardly saved, where shall the wicked and sinner +appear?" If, as I said, thou scorn us, who obey these texts, +the dark flood of hell shall without doubt eternally drown +thee in that deadly whirlpool, and those terrible streams of +fire that shall ever torment and never consume thee, and +then shall the confession of thy pains and sorrow for thy sins +be altogether too late and unprofitable to one, who now in this +accepted time and day of salvation deferreth his conversion +to a more righteous way of life.</p> + +<p>§ 37. And here, indeed, if not before, was this lamentable<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_323" id="Page_323">[Pg 323]</a></span> +history of the miseries of our time to have been brought to +a conclusion, that I might no further discourse of the deeds +of men; but that I may not be thought timid or weary, +whereby I might the less carefully avoid that saying of +Isaiah, "Woe be to them who call good evil, and evil good, +placing darkness for light, and light for darkness, bitter for +sweet, and sweet for bitter, who seeing see not, and hearing +hear not, whose hearts are overshadowed with a thick and +black cloud of vices;" I will briefly set down the threatenings +which are denounced against these five aforesaid lascivious +horses, the frantic followers of Pharaoh, through whom +his army is wilfully urged forward to their utter destruction +in the Red Sea, and also against such others, by the sacred +oracles, with whose holy testimonies the frame of this our +little work is, as it were, roofed in, that it may not be subject +to the showers of the envious, which otherwise would be +poured thereon. Let, therefore, God's holy prophets, who +are to mortal men the mouth of God, and the organ of the +Holy Ghost, forbidding evils, and favouring goodness, answer +for us as well now as formerly, against the stubborn +and proud princes of this our age, that they may not say we +menace them with such threats, and such great terrors of our +own invention only, and with rash and over-zealous meddling. +For to no wise man is it doubtful how far more grievous the +sins of this our time are than those of the primitive age, +when the apostle said, "Any one transgressing the law, being +convicted by two or three witnesses, shall die, how much +worse punishment think ye then that he deserveth, who shall +trample under his foot the Son of God?"</p> + +<p>§ 38. And first of all appears before us, Samuel, by +God's commandment, the establisher of a lawful kingdom, +dedicated to God before his birth, undoubtedly known by +marvellous signs, to be a true prophet unto all the people, +from Dan even to Beersheba, out of whose mouth the Holy +Ghost thundereth to all the potentates of the world, denouncing +Saul the first king of the Hebrews, only because +he did not accomplish some matters commanded him of our +Lord, in these words which follow: "Thou hast done +foolishly, neither yet hast thou kept the commandments of +our Lord thy God, that he hath given thee in charge; which +if thou hadst not committed, even now had our Lord pre<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_324" id="Page_324">[Pg 324]</a></span>pared +thy reign over Israel for ever, but thy kingdom shall +no farther arise." And what did he commit, whether it +were adultery or murder, like to the offences of the present +time? No, truly, but broke in part one of God's commandments, +for, as one of our writers says, "The question is not +of the quality of the sin, but of the violating of the precept." +Also when he endeavoured to answer (as he thought) +the objections of Samuel, and after the fashion of men wisely +to make excuses for his offence in this manner: "Yea, I +have obeyed the voice of our Lord, and walked in the way +through which he hath sent me;" with this rebuke was he +corrected by him: "What! will our Lord have burnt offerings +or oblations, and not rather that the voice of our Lord +should be obeyed? Obedience is better than oblations, and +to hearken unto him, better than to offer the fat of rams. +For as it is the sin of soothsaying to resist, so is it the +offence of idolatry not to obey; in regard, therefore, that +thou hast cast away the word of our Lord, he hath also cast +thee away that thou be not king." And a little after, "Our +Lord hath this day rent the kingdom of Israel from thee, +and delivered it up to thy neighbour, a man better than thyself. +The Triumpher of Israel truly will not spare, and will not +be bowed with repentance, neither yet is he a man that he +should repent;" that is to say, upon the stony hearts of the +wicked: wherein it is to be noted how he saith, that to be +disobedient unto God is the sin of idolatry. Let not, therefore, +our wicked transgressors (while they do not openly +sacrifice to the gods of the Gentiles) flatter themselves that +they are not idolaters, whilst they tread like swine the most +precious pearls of Christ under their feet.</p> + +<p>§ 39. But although this one example as an invincible +affirmation might abundantly suffice to correct the wicked; +yet, that by the mouths of many witnesses all the offences +of Britain may be proved, let us pass to the rest. What +happened to David for numbering his people, when the prophet +Gad spake unto him in this sort? Thus saith our +Lord: "The choice of three things is offered thee, choose +which thou wilt, that I may execute it upon thee. Shall +there befall thee a famine for seven years, or shalt thou flee +three months before thine enemies, and they pursue thee, or +shall there be three days' pestilence in thy land?" For be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_325" id="Page_325">[Pg 325]</a></span>ing +brought into great straits by this condition, and willing +rather to fall into the hands of God who is merciful, than +into those of men, he was humbled with the slaughter of +seventy thousand of his subjects, and unless with the affection +of an apostolic charity, he had desired to die himself +for his countrymen, that the plague might not further consume +them, saying, "I am he that has offended, I the +shepherd have dealt unjustly: but these sheep, what have +they sinned? Let thy hand, I beseech thee, be turned +against me, and against the house of my father;" he would +have atoned for the unadvised pride of his heart with his +own death. For what does the scripture afterwards declare +of his son? "And Solomon wrought that which was not +pleasing before our Lord, and he did not fill up the measure +of his good deeds by following the Lord like his father +David. And our Lord said unto him, Because thou hast +thus behaved thyself, and not observed my covenant and +precepts, which I have commanded thee, breaking it asunder; +I will divide thy kingdom, and give the same unto thy +servant."</p> + +<p>§ 40. Hear now likewise what fell upon the two sacrilegious +kings of Israel (even such as ours are), Jeroboam and +Baasha, unto whom the sentence and doom of our Lord is +by the prophet in this way directed: "For what cause have +I exalted thee a prince over Israel, in regard that they have +provoked me by their vanities. Behold I will stir up after +Baasha and after his house, and I will give over his house as +the house of Jeroboam the son of Nebat. Whoso of his +blood shall die in the city, the dogs shall eat him, and the +dead carcass of him that dieth in the field shall the fowls of +the air eat." What doth he also threaten unto that wicked +king of Israel, a worthy companion of the former, by whose +collusion and his wife's deceit, innocent Naboth was for his +father's vineyard put to death, when the holy mouth of Elias, +yea, the selfsame mouth that was instructed with the fiery +speech of our Lord, thus spake unto him: "Hast thou killed +and also taken possession, and after this wilt thou yet add +more? Thus saith our Lord, in this very place, wherein +the dogs have licked the blood of Naboth, they shall lick up +thy blood also." Which fell out afterwards in that very +sort, as we have certain proof. But lest perchance (as befell<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_326" id="Page_326">[Pg 326]</a></span> +Ahab also) the lying spirit, which pronounceth vain things +in the mouths of your prophets may seduce you, hearken +to the words of the prophet Micaiah: "Behold God hath +suffered the spirit of lying to possess the mouths of all thy +prophets that do here remain, and our Lord hath pronounced +evil against thee." For even now it is certain that there are +some teachers inspired with a contrary spirit, preaching and +affirming rather what is pleasing, however depraved, than +what is true: whose words are softer than oil, and the same +are darts, who say, peace, peace, and there shall be no peace +to them, who persevere in their sins, as says the prophet in +another place also, "It is not for the wicked to rejoice, saith +our Lord."</p> + +<p>§ 41. Azarias, also, the son of Obed, spoke unto Asa, +who returned from the slaughter of the army of ten hundred +thousand Ethiopians, saying, "Our Lord is with you +while you remain with him, and if you will seek him out, +he will be found by you, and if you will leave him, he +will leave you also." For if Jehosaphat for only assisting a +wicked king, was thus reproved by the prophet Jehu, the +son of Ananias, saying, "If thou givest aid to a sinner, or +lovest them whom our Lord doth hate, the wrath of God +doth therefore hang over thee," what shall become of them +who are fettered in the snares of their own offences? whose +sin we must of necessity hate, if not their souls, if we wish +to fight in the army of the Lord, according to the words of +the Psalmist, "Hate ye evil, who love our Lord." What +was said to Jehoram, the son of the above-named Jehosaphat, +that most horrible murderer (who being himself a +bastard, slew his noble brethren, that he might possess the +throne in their place), by the prophet Elias, who was the +chariot and charioteer of Israel? "Thus speaketh the +Lord God of thy father David. Because thou hast not +walked in the way of thy father Jehosaphat, and in the +ways of Asa the king of Judah, but hast walked in the +ways of the kings of Israel, and in adultery according to the +behaviour of the house of Ahab, and hast moreover killed +thy brethren, the sons of Jehosaphat, men far better than +thyself, behold, our Lord shall strike thee and thy children +with a mighty plague." And a little afterwards, "And thou +shalt be very sick of a disease of thy belly, until thy entrails<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_327" id="Page_327">[Pg 327]</a></span> +shall, together with the malady itself, from day to day, come +forth out of thee." And listen also what the prophet Zachariah, +the son of Jehoiades, menaced to Joash, the king of +Israel, when he abandoned our Lord even as ye now do, and +the prophet spoke in this manner to the people: "Thus saith +our Lord, Why do ye transgress the commandments of our +Lord and do not prosper? Because ye have left our Lord, +he will also leave you."</p> + +<p>§ 42. What shall I mention of Isaiah, the first and chief +of the prophets, who beginneth his prophecy, or rather +vision, in this way: "Hear, O ye heavens, and O thou earth +conceive in thine ears, because our Lord hath spoken, I have +nourished children, and exalted them, but they themselves +have despised me. The ox hath known his owner, and the +ass his master's crib, but Israel hath not known me, and my +people hath not understood." And a little further with +threatenings answerable to so great a folly, he saith, "The +daughter of Sion shall be utterly left as a tabernacle in the +vineyard, and as a hovel in the cucumber garden, and a city +that is sacked." And especially, convening and accusing the +princes, he saith, "Hear the word of our Lord, O ye princes +of Sodom, perceive ye the law of our Lord, O ye people of +Gomorrah." Wherein it is to be noted, that unjust kings +are termed the princes of Sodom, for our Lord, forbidding +sacrifices and gifts to be offered to him by such persons, and +seeing that we greedily receive those offerings which in all +nations are displeasing unto God, and to our own destruction +suffer them not to be bestowed on the poor and needy, speak +thus to them who, laden with riches, are likewise given to +offend on this head: "Offer no more your sacrifice in vain, +your incense is abomination unto me." And again he +denounceth them thus: "And when ye shall stretch out +your hands, I will turn away mine eyes from you, and when +ye shall multiply your prayers, I will not hear." And he +declareth wherefore he does this, saying, "Your hands are +full of blood." And likewise showing how he may be +appeased, he says, "Be ye washed, be ye clean, take away +the evil of your thoughts from mine eyes: cease to do evil, +learn to do well: seek for judgment, succour the oppressed, +do justice to the pupil or orphan." And then assuming as it +were the part of a reconciling mediator, he adds, "Though<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_328" id="Page_328">[Pg 328]</a></span> +your sins shall be as scarlet, they shall be made white as +snow: though they shall be as red as the little worm,<a name="FNanchor_246_246" id="FNanchor_246_246"></a><a href="#Footnote_246_246" class="fnanchor">[246]</a> they +shall be as white as wool. If ye shall be willing to hear me, +ye shall feed on the good things of the land; but if ye will +not, but provoke me unto wrath, the sword shall devour you."</p> + +<p>§ 43. Receive ye the true and public avoucher, witnessing, +without any falsehood or flattery, the reward of your good +and evil, not like the soothing humble lips of your parasites, +which whisper poisons into your ears. And also directing +his sentence against ravenous judges, he saith thus: "Thy +princes are unfaithful, companions of thieves, all love gifts, +hunt after rewards: they do no justice to the orphan, the +widow's cause entereth not unto them. For thus saith our +Lord God of hosts, the strong one of Israel, Alas, I will +take consolation upon my foes, and be revenged upon mine +enemies; and the heinous sinners shall be broken to powder, +and offenders together with them, and all who have left our +Lord, shall be consumed." And afterwards, "The eyes of +the lofty man shall be brought low, and the height of men +hath bowed down." And again, "Woe be to the wicked, +evil befall him, for he shall be rewarded according to his +handy-work." And a little after, "Woe be unto you who +arise early to follow drunkenness, and to drink even to the +very evening, that ye may fume with wine. The harp, and +the lyre, and the tabor, and the pipe, and wine are in your +banquets, and the work of our Lord ye respect not, neither +yet consider ye the works of his hands. Therefore is my +people led captive away, because they have not had knowledge, +and their nobles have perished with famine, and their +multitude hath withered away with thirst. Therefore hath +hell enlarged and dilated his spirit, and without measure +opened his mouth, and his strong ones, and his people, and +his lofty and glorious ones, shall descend down unto him." +And afterwards, "Woe be unto you who are mighty for the +drinking of wine, and strong men for the procuring of +drunkenness, who justify the wicked for rewards, and +deprive the just man of his justice. For this cause even as +the tongue of the fire devoureth the stubble, and as the heat +of the flame burneth up, so shall their root be as the ashes, +and their branch shall rise up as the dust. For they have<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_329" id="Page_329">[Pg 329]</a></span> +cast away the law of our Lord of hosts, and despised the +speech of the holy one of Israel. In all these the fury of +our Lord is not turned away, but as yet his hand is stretched +out."</p> + +<p>§ 44. And further on, speaking of the day of judgment +and the unspeakable fears of sinners, he says, "Howl ye, +because the day of our Lord is near at hand (if so near at +that time, what shall it now be thought to be?) for destruction +shall proceed from God. For this shall all hands be +dissolved, and every man's heart shall wither away, and be +bruised; tortures and dolours shall hold them, as a woman in +labour so shall they be grieved, every man shall at his +neighbour stand astonished, burned faces shall be their +countenances. Behold, the day of our Lord shall come, +fierce and full of indignation, and of wrath, and fury, to +turn the earth into a desert, and break her sinners in small +pieces from off her; because the stars of heaven and the +brightness of them, shall not unfold their light, the sun in +his rising shall be covered over with darkness, and the moon +shall not shine in her season; and I will visit upon the evils +of the world, and against the wicked, their own iniquity, and +I will make the pride of the unfaithful to cease, and the +arrogancy of the strong, I will bring low." And again, +"Behold our Lord will disperse the earth, and he will strip +her naked, and afflict her face, and scatter her inhabitants; +and as the people, so shall be the priest; and as the slave, so +shall be his lord; as the handmaid, so shall be her lady; as +the purchaser, so shall be the seller; as the usurer, so shall +be he that borroweth; as he who demandeth, so shall he be +that oweth. With dispersing shall the earth be scattered, +and with sacking shall she be spoiled. For our Lord hath +spoken this word. The earth hath bewailed, and hath flitted +away; the world hath run to nothing, she is weakened by +her inhabitants, because they have transgressed laws, +changed right, brought to ruin the eternal truce. For this +shall malediction devour the earth."</p> + +<p>§ 45. And afterwards, "They shall lament all of them +who now in heart rejoice, the delight of the timbrels hath +ceased, the sound of the gladsome shall be silent, the +sweetness of the harp shall be hushed, they shall not with +singing drink their wine, bitter shall be the potion to the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_330" id="Page_330">[Pg 330]</a></span> +drinkers thereof. The city of vanity is wasted, every house +is shut up, no man entering in; an outcry shall be in the +streets over the wine, all gladness is forsaken, the joy of the +land is transferred, solitariness is left in the town, and +calamity shall oppress the gates, because these things shall +be in the midst of the land, and in the midst of the people." +And a little further, "Swerving from the truth, they have +wandered out of the right way, with the straggling of +transgressors have they gone astray. Fear and intrapping +falls, and a snare upon thee who art the inhabitant of the +earth. And it shall come to pass: whoso shall flee from the +voice of the fear, shall tumble down into the intrapping pit; +and whoso shall deliver himself out of the downfall, shall be +caught in the entangling snare: because the flood-gates from +aloft shall be opened, and the foundations of the earth shall +be shaken. With bruising shall the earth be broken, with +commotion shall she be moved, with tossing shall she be +shaken like a drunken man, and she shall be taken away as +if she were a pavilion of one night's pitching, and her +iniquities shall hang heavy upon her, and she shall fall +down, and shall not attempt to rise again. And it shall be, +that our Lord in the same day shall look on the warfare of +heaven on high, and on the kings of the earth, who are +upon the earth, and they shall be gathered together in the +bundle of one burden into the lake, and shall there be shut +up in prison, and after many days shall they be visited. +And the moon shall blush, and the sun be confounded, +when our Lord of hosts shall reign in Mount Sion and in +Jerusalem, and be glorified in the sight of his seniors."</p> + +<p>§ 46. And after a while, giving a reason why he threateneth +in that sort, he says thus: "Behold the hand of our +Lord is not shortened that he cannot save, neither is his ear +made heavy that he may not hear. But your iniquities have +divided between you and your God, and your offences have +hid his face from you, that he might not hear. For your +hands are defiled with blood, and your fingers with iniquity: +your lips have spoken lying, and your tongue uttereth +iniquity. There is none who calleth on justice, neither is +there he who judgeth truly, but they trust in nothing, and +speak vanities, and have conceived grief, and brought forth +iniquity." And a little after, "Their works are unprofitable,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_331" id="Page_331">[Pg 331]</a></span> +and the work of iniquity is in their hands; their feet run +into evil, and make haste that they may shed the innocent +blood; their thoughts are unprofitable thoughts, spoil and +confusion are in their ways, and the way of peace they have +not known, and in their steps there is no judgment, their +paths are made crooked unto them, every one who treadeth +in them is ignorant of peace; in this respect in judgment +removed far off from you, and justice taketh no hold on you." +And after a few words, "And judgment hath been turned +back, and justice hath stood afar off, because truth hath +fallen down in the streets, and equity could not enter in; and +truth is turned into oblivion, and whoso hath departed from +evil, hath lain open to spoil. And our Lord hath seen, +and it was not pleasing in his eyes, because there is not +judgment."</p> + +<p>§ 47. And thus far may it suffice among many, to have +recited a few sentences out of the prophet Isaiah.</p> + +<p>But now with diligent ears hearken unto him, who was +foreknown before he was formed in the belly, sanctified +before he came out of the womb, and appointed a prophet in +all nations: I mean Jeremiah, and hear what he hath pronounced +of foolish people and cruel kings, beginning his prophecy +in his mild and gentle manner.</p> + +<p>"And the word of God was spoken unto me, saying, Go +and cry in the ears of Jerusalem, and thou shalt pronounce, +Hear the word of our Lord, thou house of Jacob, and all ye +kindred of the house of Israel: Thus saith our Lord; What +iniquity have your fathers found in me, who have been far +removed from me, and walked after vanity, and are become +vain, and have not said, Where is he who made us go up out +of the land of Egypt?" And after a few words, "From the +beginning of thine age thou hast broken my yoke, violated +my bands, and said, I will not serve, I have planted thee my +chosen vine, all true seed. How art thou therefore converted +into naughtiness? O strange vine! If thou shalt wash thee +with nitre, and multiply unto thee the herb borith, thou art +spotted in my sight with thine iniquity, saith our Lord." +And afterwards, "Why will ye contend with me in judgment? +Ye have all forsaken me, saith our Lord, in vain +have I corrected your children, they have not received discipline. +Hear ye the word of our Lord. Am I made a soli<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_332" id="Page_332">[Pg 332]</a></span>tariness +unto Israel, or a late bearing land! why therefore +hath my people said, we have departed, we will come no +more unto thee? Doth the virgin forget her ornament, or +the spouse her gorget? my people truly hath forgotten me +for innumerable days. Because my people are foolish, they +have not known me, they are unwise and mad children. +They are wise to do evil, but to do well they have been +ignorant."</p> + +<p>§ 48. Then the prophet speaketh in his own person saying, +"O Lord thine eyes do respect faith, thou hast stricken them, +and they have not sorrowed, thou hast broken them and they +have refused to receive discipline, they have made their +faces harder than the rock, and will not return." And also +our Lord: "Declare ye this same to the house of Jacob, +and make it to be heard in Judah, saying, Hear, ye foolish +people who have no heart, who having eyes see not, and ears +hear not. Will ye not therefore dread me, saith our Lord, +and will ye not conceive grief from my countenance, who +have placed the sand as the bound of the sea, an eternal +commandment which she shall not break, and her waves +shall be moved, and they cannot, and her surge shall swell, +and yet not pass the same? But to this people is framed an +incredulous and an exasperating heart, they have retired +and gone their ways, and not in their heart said, Let us fear +our Lord God." And again, "Because there are found +among my people wicked ones, framing wiles to entangle as +if they were fowlers, setting snares and gins to catch men: +as a net that is full of birds, so are their houses filled with +deceits. Therefore are they magnified and enriched, they +are become gross and fat, and have neglected my speeches +most vilely, the orphans' cause they have not decided, and +the justice of the poor they have not adjudged. What! +shall I not visit these men, saith our Lord? or shall not my +soul be revenged upon such a nation?"</p> + +<p>§ 49. But God forbid that ever should happen unto you, +that which followeth, "Thou shalt speak all these words +unto them, and they shall not hear thee; and thou shalt call +them, and they shall not answer thee; and thou shalt say unto +them, This is the nation that hath not heard the voice of +their Lord God, nor yet received discipline, faith hath +perished, and been taken away from out of their mouth."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_333" id="Page_333">[Pg 333]</a></span> +And after some few speeches, "Whoso falleth doth he not +arise again, and whoso is turned away, shall he not return +again? why therefore is this people in Jerusalem, with a +contentious aversion alienated? they have apprehended +lying, and they will not come back again. I have been +attentive, and hearkened diligently, no man speaketh what +is good. There is none who repenteth of his sin, saying, +What have I done? All are turned unto their own course, +like a horse passing with violence to battle. The kite in +the sky hath known her time, the turtle, and swallow, and +stork have kept the season of their coming, but my people +hath not known the judgment of God." And the prophet, +being smitten with fear at so wonderful a blindness, and unspeakable +drunkenness of the sacrilegious, and lamenting +them who did not lament themselves (even according to the +present behaviour of these our unfortunate tyrants), beseecheth +of our Lord, that an augmentation of tears might +be granted him, speaking in this manner, "I am contrite +upon the contrition of the daughter of my people, astonishment +hath possessed me: is there no balm in Gilead, or is +there no physician there? Why therefore is not the wound +of the daughter of my people healed? Who shall give water +unto my head, and to mine eyes a fountain of tears, and I +will day and night bewail the slaughtered of my people? +who will grant me in the wilderness the inn of passengers? +and I will utterly leave my people, and depart from them; +because they are all of them adulterers, a root of offenders, +and they have bent their tongue as the bow of lying, and +not of truth, they are comforted in the earth, because they +have passed from evil to evil, and not known me, saith our +Lord." And again: "And our Lord hath said, Because +they have forsaken my law, which I have given them, and +not heard my voice, nor walked thereafter, and have wandered +away after the wickedness of their own heart, in that +respect our Lord of hosts, the God of Israel, saith these +words, Behold I will feed this people with wormwood, and +give them to drink the water of gall." And a little after +(speaking in the person of God), "See therefore thou do not +pray for this people, nor assume thou for them praise and +prayer, because I will not hear in the time of their outcry +unto me, and of their affliction."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_334" id="Page_334">[Pg 334]</a></span></p> + +<p>§ 50. What then shall now our miserable governors do, +these few who found out the narrow way and left the large, +were by God forbidden to pour out their prayers for such as +persevered in their evils, and so highly provoked his wrath, +against whom on the contrary side when they returned with +all their hearts unto God (his divine Majesty being unwilling +that the soul of man should perish, but calling back the castaway +that he should not utterly be destroyed) the same prophets +could not procure the heavenly revenge, because Jonas, +when he desired the like most earnestly against the Ninevites, +could not obtain it. But in the meanwhile omitting +our own words, let us rather hear what the prophetic trumpet +soundeth in our ears speaking thus: "If thou shalt say in +thy heart, Why have these evils befallen? For the multitude +of thine iniquities. If the Ethiopian can change his skin, or +the leopard his sundry spots, ye may also do well when ye +have learned evil," ever supposing that ye will not. And +afterwards: "These words doth our Lord say to this people, +who have loved to move their feet, and have not rested, and +not pleased our Lord, Now shall he remember their iniquities, +and visit their offences; and our Lord said unto me, +Pray thou not for this people to work their good, when they +fast, I will not hear their prayers; and if they offer burnt +sacrifices and oblations, I will not receive them." And again, +"And our Lord said unto me, If Moses and Samuel shall +stand before me, my soul is not bent to this people, cast them +out away from my face, and let them depart." And after a +few words: "Who shall have pity on thee Jerusalem, or +who shall be sorrowful for thee, or who shall pray for thy +peace? Thou hast left me (saith our Lord) and gone away +backward, and I will stretch forth my hand over thee, and +kill thee." And somewhat after: "Thus saith our Lord, +Behold I imagine a thought against you, let every man return +from his evil course, and make straight your ways and +endeavours, who said, we despair, we will go after our own +thoughts, and every one of us will do the naughtiness of his +evil heart. Thus therefore saith our Lord, Ask the Gentiles, +who hath heard such horrible matters, which the virgin +Israel hath too often committed? Shall there fail from the +rock of the field, the snow of Libanus? or can the waters +be drawn dry that gush out cold and flowing? because my<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_335" id="Page_335">[Pg 335]</a></span> +people hath forgotten me." And somewhat also after this +propounding unto them an election, he speaking saith, +"Thus saith our Lord, Do ye judgment and justice, and +deliver him who by power is oppressed out of the hand of +the malicious accuser; and for the stranger, and orphan, and +widow, do not provoke their sorrow, neither yet work ye unjustly +the grief of others, nor shed ye forth the innocent +blood. For if indeed ye shall accomplish this word, there +shall enter in through the gates of this house, kings of the +lineage of David, sitting upon his throne. But if ye will +not hearken unto these words, by myself I have sworn (saith +our Lord) that this house shall be turned into a desert." +And again (for he spoke of a wicked king), "As I live (saith +our Lord) if so be that Jechonias shall be a ring on my +right hand, I will pluck him away, and give him over into +the hands of them who seek his life."</p> + +<p>§ 51. Moreover, holy Abraham crieth out, saying, "Woe +be unto them who build a city in blood, and prepare a town +in iniquities, saying, Are not these things from our almighty +Lord? and many people have failed in fire, and many nations +have been diminished." And thus complaining, he begins +his prophecy: "How long, O Lord, shall I call, and thou wilt +not hear? Shall I cry out unto thee, to what end hast thou +given me labours and griefs, to behold misery and impiety?" +And on the other side, "And judgment was sat upon, and +the judge hath taken in regard hereof, the law is rent in +pieces, and judgment is not brought fully to his conclusion, +because the wicked through power treadeth the just under +foot. In this respect hath passed forth perverse judgment."</p> + +<p>§ 52. And mark ye also what blessed Hosea the prophet +says of princes: "For that they have transgressed my covenant, +and ordained against my law, and exclaimed, we have +known thee, because thou art against Israel. They have +persecuted good, as if it were evil. They have reigned for +themselves and not by me; they have held a principality, +neither yet have they acknowledged me."</p> + +<p>§ 53. And hear ye likewise the holy prophet Amos, in +this sort threatening: "In three heinous offences of the sons +of Judah, and in four I will not convert them, for that they +have cast away the law of our Lord, and not kept his com<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_336" id="Page_336">[Pg 336]</a></span>mandments, +but their vanities have seduced them. And I +will send fire upon Judah, and it shall eat the foundations of +Jerusalem. Thus saith our Lord; In three grievous sins of +Israel, and in four I will not convert them, for that they have +sold the just for money, and the poor man for shoes, which +they tread upon the dust of the earth, and with buffets they +did beat the heads of the poor, and have eschewed the way +of the humble." And after a few words, "Seek our Lord +and ye shall live, that the house of Joseph may not shine as +fire, and the flame devour it, and he shall not be, that can +extinguish it. The house of Israel hath hated him who rebuketh +in the gates, and abhorred the upright word." Which +Amos, being forbidden to prophesy in Israel, without any +fawning flattery, saith in answer, "I was not a prophet, nor +yet the son of a prophet, but a goatherd; I was plucking +sycamores and our Lord took me from my herd, and our +Lord said unto me, Go thy way and prophesy against my +people of Israel: and now hear thou the word of our Lord +(for he directed his speech unto the king), thou sayest, do +not prophesy against Israel, and thou shalt not assemble +troops against the house of Jacob. For which cause our +Lord saith thus, thy wife in the city shall play the harlot, +and thy sons and daughters shall die by the sword, and thy +ground be measured by the cord, and thou in a polluted land +shalt end thy life, but for Israel, she shall be led from his +own country a captive." And afterwards, "Hear therefore +these words, ye who do outrageously afflict the poor, and +practise your mighty power against the needy of the earth, +who say, when shall the month pass over that we may purchase, +and the sabbaths that we may open the treasuries." +And within a few words after, "Our Lord doth swear against +the pride of Jacob, if he shall in contempt forget your actions, +and if in these the earth shall not be disturbed, and +every inhabitant thereof fall to lamentation, and the final +end as a flood ascend, and I will turn your festival days into +wailing, and cast haircloth on the loins of every one, and on +the head of every man baldness, and make him as the mourning +of one over beloved, and those who are with him as the +day of his sorrow." And again, "In the sword shall die all +the sinners of my people, who say, evils shall not approach, +nor yet shall light upon us."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_337" id="Page_337">[Pg 337]</a></span></p> + +<p>§ 54. And listen ye, likewise, what holy Michah the +prophet hath spoken, saying, "Hearken, ye tribes. And +what shall adorn the city? Shall not fire? and the house +of the wicked hoarding up unjust treasures, and with +injury unrighteousness? If the wrongful dealer shall be +justified in the balance, and deceitful weights in the scales, +by which they have heaped up their riches in ungodliness."</p> + +<p>§ 55. And hear also what threats the famous prophet +Zephaniah thundereth out: saith he, "The great day of our +Lord is near; it is at hand, and very swiftly approacheth. +The voice of the day of our Lord is appointed to be bitter +and mighty, that day, a day of wrath, a day of tribulation +and necessity, a day of clouds and mist, a day of the trumpet +and outcry, a day of misery and extermination, a day of +darkness and dimness upon the strong cities and high corners. +And I will bring men to tribulation, and they shall go as if +they were blind, because they have offended our Lord, and I +will pour out their blood as dust, and their flesh as the dung +of oxen, and their silver and gold shall not be able to deliver +them in the day of the wrath of our Lord. And in the fire +of his zeal shall the whole earth be consumed, when the +Lord shall accomplish his absolute end, and bring solitariness +upon all the inhabitants of the earth. Come together and +be joined in one, thou nation without discipline, before ye be +made as the fading flower, before the wrath of our Lord falleth +upon ye."</p> + +<p>§ 56. And give ear also unto that which the prophet +Haggai speaketh: "Thus saith our Lord, I will once move +the heaven, and earth, and sea, and dry land, and I will +drive away the thrones of kings, and root out the power of +the kings of the Gentiles, and I will chase away the chariots +of those who mount upon them."</p> + +<p>§ 57. Now also behold what Zacharias the son of Addo, +that chosen prophet, said, beginning his prophecy in this +manner: "Return to me, and I will return unto you, saith +our Lord, and be not like your fathers, to whom the former +prophets have imputed, saying, Thus saith our almighty +Lord, Turn away from your ways, and they have not marked +whereby they might obediently hear me." And afterwards, +"And the angel asked me, what dost thou see? And I<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_338" id="Page_338">[Pg 338]</a></span> +said, I see a flying scythe, which containeth in length +twenty cubits. The malediction which hath proceeded upon +the face of the whole earth; because every one of her +thieves shall be punished even to the death, and I will throw +him away, saith our almighty Lord, and he shall enter into +the house of fury, and into the house of swearing falsehood +in my name."</p> + +<p>§ 58. Holy Malachy the prophet also saith, "Behold, +the day of our Lord shall come, inflamed as a furnace, +and all proud men, and all workers of iniquity shall be +as stubble, and the approaching day of the Lord of hosts +shall set them on fire, which shall not leave a root nor a bud +of them."</p> + +<p>§ 59. And hearken ye also what holy Job debateth of the +beginning and end of the ungodly, saying, "For what purpose +do the wicked live, and have grown old dishonestly, and +their issue hath been according to their own desire, and +their sons before their faces, and their houses are fruitful, +and no fear nor yet the scourge of our Lord is upon them. +Their cow hath not been abortive, their great with young +hath brought forth her young ones and not missed, but remaineth +as an eternal breed; and their children rejoice, and +taking the psaltery and harp, have finished their days in felicity +and fallen peaceably asleep down into hell." Doth God, +therefore, not behold the works of the wicked? Not so, +truly, "But the candle of the ungodly shall be extinguished, +and destruction shall fall upon them, and pains as of one in +childbirth, shall withhold them from wrath; and they shall +be as chaff before the wind, and as the dust which the whirlwind +hath carried away. Let all goodness fail his children; +let his eyes behold his own slaughter, nor yet by our Lord +let him be redeemed." And a little after, he saith of the +same men, "Who have ravenously taken the flock with the +shepherd, and driven away the beast of the orphans, and engaged +the ox of the widow, and deceiving, have declined +from the way of necessity. They have reaped other men's +fields before the time; the poor have laboured in the vineyards +of the mighty without hire and meat, they have made +many to sleep naked without garments; of the covering of +their life they have bereaved them." And somewhat afterwards, +when he had thoroughly understood their works, he<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_339" id="Page_339">[Pg 339]</a></span> +delivered them over to darkness. "Let, therefore, his portion +be accursed from the earth; let his plantings bring forth +witherings; let him for this be rewarded according to his +dealings; let every wicked man like the unsound wood be +broken in pieces. For arising in his wrath hath he overthrown +the impotent. Wherefore truly shall he have no +trust of his life; when he shall begin to grow diseased, let +him not hope for health, but fall into languishing. For his +pride hath been the hurt of many, and he is become decayed +and rotten, as the mallows in the scorching heat, or as the +ear of corn when it falleth off from its stubble." And afterwards, +"If his children shall be many, they shall be turned +to the slaughter, and if he gather together silver as if it were +earth, and likewise purify his gold as if it were dirt, all +these same shall the just obtain."</p> + +<p>§ 60. Hear ye moreover what blessed Esdras, that cyclopædia +of the divine law, threateneth in his discourse. "Thus +saith our Lord God: My right hand shall not be sparing +upon sinners, neither shall the sword cease over them who +spill the innocent blood on the earth. Fire shall proceed +from out of my wrath, and devour the foundations of the +earth, and sinners as if they were inflamed straw. Woe be +unto them who offend, and observe not my commandments, +saith our Lord, I will not forbear them. Depart from me ye +apostatizing children, and do not pollute my sanctuary. God +doth know who offend against him, and he will therefore +deliver them over to death and to slaughter. For now have +many evils passed over the round compass of the earth. A +sword of fire is sent out against you, and who is he that +shall restrain it? shall any man repulse a lion that hungereth +in the wood? or shall any one quench out the fire when the +straw is burning? our Lord God will send out evils, and who +is he that shall repress them? and fire will pass forth from +out of his wrath, and who shall extinguish it? it shall +brandishing shine, and who will not fear it? it shall thunder, +and who will not shake with dread? God will threaten all, +and who will not be terrified? before his face the earth +doth tremble, and the foundations of the sea shake from the +depths."</p> + +<p>§ 61. And mark ye also what Ezechiel the renowned +prophet, and admirable beholder of the four evangelical<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_340" id="Page_340">[Pg 340]</a></span> +creatures, speaketh of wicked offenders, unto whom pitifully +lamenting beforehand the scourge that hung over Israel, our +Lord doth say, "Too far hath the iniquity of the house of +Israel and Judah prevailed, because the earth is filled with +iniquity and uncleanness. Behold I am, mine eyes shall not +spare, nor will I take pity." And afterwards, "Because the +earth is replenished with people, and the city fraughted with +iniquity, I will also turn away the force of their power, and +their holy things shall be polluted, prayer shall approach and +sue for peace, and it shall not be obtained." And somewhat +after, "The word of our Lord, quoth he, was spoken unto me, +saying, Thou son of man, the land that shall so far sin against +me as to commit an offence, I will stretch forth my hand upon +her, and break in pieces her foundation of bread, and send +upon her famine, and take away mankind and cattle from her; +and if these three men, Noah, Daniel, and Job, be in the +midst of her, they shall not deliver her, but they in their +justice shall be saved, saith our Lord. If so be that also I +shall bring in evil beasts upon the land and punish her, she +likewise shall be turned to destruction, and there shall not be +one who shall have free passage from the face of the beasts, +and although these three men are in the midst of her, as I +live, saith our Lord, their sons and daughters shall not be +preserved, but they alone shall be saved, and as for the land +it shall fall to confusion." And again, "The son shall not +receive the unrighteousness of the father, neither the father +the son's unrighteousness. The justice of the just shall be +upon himself. And the unjust man, if he turneth him away +from all the iniquities which he hath done, and keepeth all +my commandments, and doth justice and abundance of mercy, +he shall live in life and shall not die. All his sins, whatsoever +he hath committed, shall have no further being; he shall live +the life in his own justice which he hath performed. Do I +with my will voluntarily wish the death of the unrighteous, +saith our Lord, rather than that he should return from his +evil way and live? But when the just shall turn himself +away from his justice, and do iniquity, according to all the +iniquities which the unrighteous hath committed, all the just +actions (which he hath done) shall remain no further in +memory. In his offence wherein he hath fallen, and in his +sins in which he hath transgressed, he shall die." And,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_341" id="Page_341">[Pg 341]</a></span> +within some words afterwards: "And all nations shall +understand, that the house of Israel are led captive away +for their offences, because they have forsaken me. And I +have turned my face from them, and yielded them over into +the hands of their enemies, and all have perished by the +sword; according unto their unclean sins, and after their +iniquities have I dealt with them, and turned my face away +from them."</p> + +<p>§ 62. This which I have spoken may suffice concerning +the threats of the holy prophets: only I have thought it +necessary to intermingle in this little work of mine, not only +these menaces, but also a few words borrowed out of the +wisdom of Solomon, to declare unto kings matters of exhortation +or instruction, that they may not say I am willing to +load the shoulders of men with heavy and insupportable +burdens of words, but not so much as once with mine own +finger (that is, with speech of consolation) to move the same. +Let us therefore hear what the prophet hath spoken to rule +us. "Love justice," saith he, "ye that judge the earth." This +testimony alone (if it were with a full and perfect heart +observed) would abundantly suffice to reform the governors +of our country. For if they had loved justice, they would +also love God, who is in a sort the fountain and original of +all justice. "Serve our Lord in goodness, and seek him in +simplicity of heart." Alas! who shall live (as a certain one +before us hath said) when such things are done by our +countrymen, if perchance they may be any where accomplished? +"Because he is found of those who do not tempt +him, he appeareth truly to them who have faith in him." +For these men without respect do tempt God, whose commandments +with stubborn despite they contemn, neither yet +do they keep to him their faith, unto whose oracles be they +pleasing, or somewhat severe, they turn their backs and not +their faces. "For perverse thoughts do separate from God," +and this in the tyrants of our time very plainly appeareth. +But why doth our meanness intermeddle in this so manifest +a determination? Let therefore him who alone is true (as +we have said) speak for us, I mean the Holy Ghost, of whom +it is now pronounced, "The Holy Ghost verily will avoid +the counterfeiting of discipline." And again, "Because the +Spirit of God hath filled the globe of the earth." And after<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_342" id="Page_342">[Pg 342]</a></span>wards +(showing with an evident judgment the end of the +evil and righteous) he saith, "How is the hope of the wicked +as the down that is blown away with the wind, and as the +smoke that with the blast is dispersed, and as the slender +froth that with a storm is scattered, and as the memory of a +guest who is a passenger of one day. But the just shall live +for ever, and with God remaineth their reward, and their +cogitation is with the Highest. Therefore shall they receive +the kingdom of glory, and the crown of beauty from the +hand of our Lord. Because with his right hand he will +protect them, and with his holy arm defend them." For +very far unlike in quality are the just and ungodly, as our +Lord verily hath spoken, saying, "Them who honour me +I will honour, and whoso despise me shall be of no +estimation."</p> + +<p>§ 63. But let us pass over to the rest: "Hearken, (saith +he) all ye kings, and understand ye; learn, ye judges of the +bounds of the earth, listen with your ears who keep multitudes +in awe, and please yourselves in the troops of nations. +Because power is given unto you from God, and puissance +from the highest, who will examine your actions, and sift +your thoughts. For that when ye were ministers of his +kingdom, ye have not judged uprightly, nor kept the law of +justice, nor yet walked according to his will. It shall +dreadfully and suddenly appear unto you, that a most severe +judgment shall be given on them who govern. For to the +meaner is mercy granted, but the mighty shall mightily +sustain torments. For he shall have no respect of persons, +who is the ruler of all, nor yet shall he reverence the +greatness of any one, because he himself hath made both +small and great, and care alike he hath of all; but for the +stronger is at hand a stronger affliction. Unto you therefore, +O kings, are these my speeches, that you may learn wisdom, +and not fall away from her. For whoso observeth what +things are just shall be justified, and whoso learneth what +things are holy, shall be sanctified."</p> + +<p>§ 64. Hitherto have we discoursed no less by the oracles +of the prophets, than by her own speeches with the kings of +our country, being willing they should know what the +prophet hath spoken, saying, "As from the face of a serpent, +so fly thou from sins: if thou shalt approach unto them they<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_343" id="Page_343">[Pg 343]</a></span> +will catch thee, their teeth are the teeth of a lion, such as +kill the souls of men." And again, "How mighty is the +mercy of our Lord, and his forgiveness to such as turn unto +him." And if we have not in us such apostolical zeal, that +we may say, "I did verily desire to be anathematized by +Christ for my brethren," notwithstanding that we may from +the bottom of our hearts speak that prophetic saying, +"Alas! that the soul perisheth." And again, "Let us +search out our ways, and seek and return unto our Lord: let +us lift our hearts together with our hands to God in heaven." +And also that of the apostle, "We covet that every one of +you should be in the bowels of Christ."</p> + +<p>§ 65. And how willingly, as one tossed on the waves of +the sea, and now arrived in a desired haven, would I in this +place make an end (shame forbidding me further to proceed), +did I not behold such great masses of evil deeds done +against God by bishops or other priests, or clerks, yea some +of our own order, whom as witnesses myself must of +necessity first of all stone (according unto the law) with the +hard blows of words, lest I should be otherwise reproved +for partiality towards persons, and then afterwards the +people (if as yet they keep their decrees) must pursue with +their whole powers the same execution upon them, not to +their corporal death, but to the death of their vices and their +eternal life with God. Yet, as I before said, I crave pardon +of them, whose lives I not only praise, but also prefer before +all earthly treasure, and of the which, if it may be, yet +before my death I desire and thirst to be a partaker: and so +having both my sides defended with the double shields of +saints, and by those means invincibly strengthened to sustain +all that arise against me, arming moreover my head in place +of a helmet with the help of our Lord, and being most +assuredly protected with the sundry aids of the prophets, I +will boldly proceed notwithstanding the stones of worldly +rioters fly never so fast about me.</p> + +<p>§ 66. Britain hath priests, but they are unwise; very +many that minister, but many of them impudent; clerks she +hath, but certain of them are deceitful raveners; pastors (as +they are called) but rather wolves prepared for the slaughter +of souls (for they provide not for the good of the common +people, but covet rather the gluttony of their own bellies),<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_344" id="Page_344">[Pg 344]</a></span> +possessing the houses of the church, but obtaining them for +filthy lucre's sake; instructing the laity, but showing withal +most depraved examples, vices, and evil manners; seldom +sacrificing, and seldom with clean hearts, standing at the +altars; not correcting the commonality for their offences, +while they commit the same sins themselves; despising the +commandments of Christ, and being careful with their +whole hearts to fulfil their own lustful desires, some of them +usurping with unclean feet the seat of the apostle Peter; +but for the demerit of their covetousness falling down into +the pestilent chair of the traitor Judas; detracting often, +and seldom speaking truly; hating verity as an open enemy, +and favouring falsehoods, as their most beloved brethren; +looking on the just, the poor, and the impotent, with stern +countenances, as if they were detested serpents, and reverencing +the sinful rich men without any respect of shame, +as if they were heavenly angels, preaching with their +outward lips that alms are to be disbursed upon the needy, +but of themselves not bestowing one halfpenny; concealing +the horrible sins of the people, and amplifying injuries +offered unto themselves, as if they were done against our +Saviour Christ; expelling out of their houses their religious +mother, perhaps, or sisters, and familiarly and indecently +entertaining strange women, as if it were for some more +secret office, or rather, to speak truly, though fondly (and +yet not fondly to me, but to such as commit these matters), +debasing themselves unto such bad creatures; and after all +these seeking rather ambitiously for ecclesiastical dignities, +than for the kingdom of heaven; and defending after a +tyrannical fashion their achieved preferments, nor even +labouring with lawful manners, to adorn the same; negligent +and dull to listen to the precepts of the holy saints (if ever +they did so much as once hear that which full often they +ought to hear), but diligent and attentive to the plays and +foolish fables of secular men, as if they were the very ways +to life, which indeed are but the passages to death; being +hoarse, after the fashion of bulls, with the abundance of +fatness, and miserably prompt to all unlawful actions; +bearing their countenances arrogantly aloft, and having +nevertheless their inward senses, with tormenting and +gnawing consciences; depressed down to the bottom or<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_345" id="Page_345">[Pg 345]</a></span> +rather to the bottomless pit; glad at the gaining of one +penny, and at the loss of the like value sad; slothful and +dumb in the apostolical decrees (be it for ignorance or rather +the burden of their offences), and stopping also the mouths +of the learned, but singularly experienced in the deceitful +shifts of worldly affairs; and many of this sort and wicked +conversation, violently intruding themselves into the preferments +of the church; yea, rather buying the same at a +high rate, than being any way drawn thereunto, and moreover +as unworthy wretches, wallowing, after the fashion of +swine, in their old and unhappy puddle of intolerable +wickedness, after they have attained unto the seat of the +priesthood or episcopal dignity (who neither have been +installed, or resident on the same), for usurping only the +name of priesthood, they have not received the orders or +apostolical pre-eminence; but how can they who are not as +yet fully instructed in faith, nor have done penance for their +sins, be any way supposed meet and convenient to ascend +unto any ecclesiastical degree (that I may not speak of the +highest) which none but holy and perfect men, and followers +of the apostles, and, to use the words of the teacher of the +Gentiles, persons free from reprehension, can lawfully and +without the foul offence of sacrilege undertake.</p> + +<p>§ 67. For what is so wicked and so sinful as after the example +of Simon Magus (even if with other faults he had not +been defiled before), for any man with earthly price to purchase +the office of a bishop or priest, which with holiness +and righteous life alone ought lawfully to be obtained; but +herein they do more wilfully and desperately err, in that +they buy their deceitful and unprofitable ecclesiastical degrees, +not of the apostles or their successors, but of tyrannical +princes, and their father the devil; yea, rather they raise +this as a certain roof and covering of all offences, over the +frame of their former serious life, that being protected under +the shadow thereof, no man should lightly hereafter lay to +their charge their old or new wickedness; and hereupon they +build their desires of covetousness and gluttony, for that +being now the rulers of many they may more freely make +havoc at their pleasure. For if truly any such offer of +purchasing ecclesiastical promotions were made by these impudent +sinners (I will not say with St. Peter), but to any<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_346" id="Page_346">[Pg 346]</a></span> +holy priest, or godly king, they would no doubt receive the +same answer which their father Simon Magus had from the +mouth of the apostle Peter, saying: "Thy money be with +thee unto thy perdition." But, alas! perhaps they who +order and advance these ambitious aspirers, yea, they who +rather throw them under foot, and for a blessing give them +a cursing, whilst of sinners they make them not penitents +(which were more consonant to reason), but sacrilegious and +desperate offenders, and in a sort install Judas, that traitor +to his Master, in the chair of Peter, and Nicholas, the author +of that foul heresy, in the seat of St. Stephen the martyr, it +may be at first obtained their own priesthood by the same +means, and therefore do not greatly dislike in their children, +but rather respect the course, that they their fathers did +before follow. And also, if finding resistance, in obtaining +their dioceses at home, and some who severely renounce this +chaffering of church-livings, they cannot there attain to such +a precious pearl, then it doth not so much loath as delight +them (after they have carefully sent their messengers beforehand) +to cross the seas, and travel over most large countries, +that so, in the end, yea even with the sale of their whole substance, +they may win and compass such a pomp, and such an +incomparable glory, or to speak more truly, such a dirty and +base deceit and illusion. And afterwards with great show and +magnificent ostentation, or rather madness, returning back to +their own native soil, they grow from stoutness to stateliness, +and from being used to level their looks to the tops of the +mountains, they now lift up their drowsy eyes into the air, +even to the highest clouds, and as Novatus, that foul hog, +and persecutor of our Lord's precious jewel, did once at +Rome, so do these intrude themselves again into their own +country, as creatures of a new mould, or rather as instruments +of the devil, being even ready in this state and fashion +to stretch out violently their hands (not so worthy of the +holy altars as of the avenging flames of hell) upon Christ's +most holy sacrifices.</p> + +<p>§ 68. What do you therefore, O unhappy people! expect +from such belly beasts? (as the apostle calleth them). Shall +your manners be amended by these, who not only do not +apply their minds to any goodness, but according to the upbraiding +of the prophet, labour also to deal wickedly? Shall<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_347" id="Page_347">[Pg 347]</a></span> +ye be illuminated with such eyes as are only with greediness +cast on those things that lead headlong to vices (that is to +say), to the gates of hell? Nay truly, if according to the +saying of our Saviour, ye flee not these most ravenous wolves +like those of Arabia, or avoid them as Lot, who ran most +speedily from the fiery shower of Sodom up to the mountains, +then, being blind and led by the blind, ye will both together +tumble down into the infernal ditch.</p> + +<p>§ 69. But some man perchance will objecting say, that all +bishops or all priests (according to our former exception), +are not so wickedly given, because they are not defiled with +the infamy of schism, pride, or unclean life, which neither +we ourselves will deny, but albeit we know them to be chaste, +and virtuous, yet will we briefly answer.</p> + +<p>What did it profit the high-priest Hely, that he alone did +not violate the commandments of our Lord, in taking flesh +with forks out of the pots, before the fat was offered unto +God, while he was punished with the same revenge of death +wherewith his sons were? What one, I beseech you, of them, +whose manners we have before sufficiently declared, hath +been martyred like Abel, from malicious jealousy of his more +acceptable sacrifice, which with the heavenly fire ascended +up into the skies, since they fear the reproach even of an +ordinary word? Which of them "hath hated the counsel of +the malicious, and not sat with the ungodly," so that of him +as a prophet, the same might be verified which was said of +Enoch, "Enoch walked with God and was not to be found" +in the vanity (forsooth) of the whole world, as then leaving +our Lord, and beginning to halt after idolatry? Which of +them, like Noah in the time of the deluge, hath not admitted +into the ark of salvation (which is the present church) any +adversary unto God, that it may be most apparent that none +but innocents or singular penitents, ought to remain in the +house of our Lord? Who is he that offering sacrifice like +Melchisedeck, hath only blessed the conquerors, and them +who with the number of three hundred (which was in the +sacrament of the Trinity) delivering the just man, have overthrown +the deadly armies of the five kings, together with +their vanquishing troops, and not coveted the goods of others? +Which of them hath like Abraham, at the commandment of +God freely offered his own son on the altar to be slain, that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_348" id="Page_348">[Pg 348]</a></span> +he might accomplish a precept of Christ, agreeable to this +saying, Thy right eye, if it cause thee to offend, ought to be +pulled out; and another of the prophet, That he is accursed +who withholdeth his sword from shedding blood? Who is he +that like Joseph, hath rooted out of his heart the remembrance +of an offered injury? Who is he that like Moses, +speaking with our Lord in the mountain, and not there terrified +with the sounding trumpets, hath in a figurative sense +presented unto the incredulous people the two tables, and his +horned face which they could not endure to see, but trembled +to behold? Which of them, praying for the offences of +the people, has from the very bottom of his heart cried out, +like unto him, saying: "O Lord this people hath committed +a grievous sin, which if thou wilt forgive them, forgive it; +otherwise blot me guilty out of thy book?"</p> + +<p>§ 70. Which of them, inflamed with the admirable zeal of +God, hath courageously risen to punish fornication, curing +without delay by the present medicine of penance, the affection +of filthy lust, lest the fire of the wrath of God should +otherwise consume the people, as Phineas the priest did, +that by these means justice for ever might be reputed unto +him? Which of them hath in moral understanding imitated +Joshua, the son of Nun, either for the utter rooting forth, +even to the slaughter of the last and least of all, the seven +nations out of the land of promise, or for the establishing of +spiritual Israel in their places? Which of them hath showed +unto the people of God their final bounds beyond Jordan +that it might be known what was suited to every tribe, in +such sort as the aforenamed Phineas and Jesus have wisely +divided the land? Who is he that to overthrow the innumerable +thousands of Gentiles, adversaries to the chosen people +of God, hath, as another Jephtha, for a votive and propitiatory +sacrifice, slain his own daughter (by which is to be understood +his own proper will), imitating also therein the +apostle, saying, "Not seeking what is profitable to me, but to +many, that they may be saved;" which daughter of his +met the conquerors with drums and dances, by which are +to be understood the lustful desires of the flesh? Which of +them, that he might disorder, put to flight, and overthrow +the camps of the proud Gentiles, by the number of three +hundred, (being, as we before said, the mystery of the blessed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_349" id="Page_349">[Pg 349]</a></span> +Trinity,) and with his men holding in their hands those noble +sounding trumpets, (which are prophetical and apostolical +senses, according as our Lord said to the prophet, "Exalt +thy voice as a trumpet;" and the psalmist of the apostles, +"Their sound hath passed throughout the whole earth,") and +bearing all those famous flagons shining in the night with +that most glittering fiery light, (which are to be interpreted +the bodies of saints joined to good works, and burning with +the flame of the Holy Ghost, yea having, as the apostle +writes, "This treasure in earthen vessels,") hath after hewing +down the idolatrous grave (by which is morally meant dark +and foul desire) marched on like Gideon, with an assured faith +in the evident sign of the fleece, which to the Jews was void +of the heavenly moisture, but to the Gentiles made wet with +the dew of the Holy Ghost?</p> + +<p>§ 71. Who is he among them that (earnestly wishing to +die to this world, and live to Christ) hath, as another Sampson, +utterly cut off such innumerable luxurious banqueters +of the Gentile, while they praised their gods, (by which is +meant, while the senses of men extolled these earthly riches, +according to the apostle speaking thus: "And covetousness, +which is idolatry"), shaking with the power of both his arms +the two pillars (by which are to be understood the wicked +pleasures of the soul and body), by which the house of all +worldly wickedness is in a sort compacted and underpropped? +Which of them, like Samuel, with prayers and the burnt +sacrifice of a sucking lamb, hath driven away the fear of the +Philistines, raised unexpected thunderclaps, and showering +clouds, established without flattery a king, deposed him +when he displeased God, and anointed another his better in +his place and kingdom; and when he shall give to the people +his last farewell, shall appear like Samuel in this sort, saying, +"Behold, I am ready, speak ye before our Lord and his +anointed, whether I ever took away the ox or ass of any +man, if I have falsely accused any one, if I have oppressed +anybody, if I have received a bribe from the hands of any?" +Unto whom it was answered by the people, "Thou hast not +wrongfully charged us, nor oppressed us, nor taken anything +from the hands of any." Which of them, like the famous +prophet Elias, who consumed with heavenly fire the hundred +proud men, and preserved the fifty that humbled themselves;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_350" id="Page_350">[Pg 350]</a></span> +and afterwards denounced without flattery or dissimulation, +the impending death of the unjust king (that sought not the +counsel of God by his prophets, but of the idol Accaron), +hath utterly overthrown all the prophets of Baal (by which +are meant the worldly senses ever bent, as we have already +said, to envy and avarice), with the lightning sword (which +is the word of God)? And as the same Elias, moved with +the zeal of God, after taking away the showers of rain from +the land of the wicked, who were now shut up with famine +in a strong prison, as it were of penury, for three years and +six months, being himself ready to die for thirst in the +desert, hath, complaining, said, "They have murdered, O +Lord, thy prophets, and undermined thine altars, and I alone +am left, and they seek my life?"</p> + +<p>§ 72. Which of them, like Elisha, hath punished his +dearly beloved disciple, if not with an everlasting leprosy, +yet at least by abandoning him, if burdened too much with +the weight of worldly covetousness for those very gifts +which his master before (although very earnestly entreated +thereto) had despised to receive? And which of these +among us hath like him revealed unto his servant, (who +despaired of life, and on a sudden trembled at the warlike +army of the enemies that besieged the city wherein he was), +through the fervency of his prayers poured out unto God, +those spiritual visions, so that he might behold a mountain +replenished with a heavenly assisting army, of warlike chariots +and horsemen, shining with fiery countenances, and that +he might also believe that he was stronger to save, than the +foe to hurt? And which of them, like the above-named +Elisha, with the touch of his body, being dead to the world, +but living unto God, shall raise up another, whose fate had +been different from his, namely, death to God, but life to his +vices, so that instantly revived, he may yield humble thanks +to Christ for his unexpected recovery from the hellish torments +of his mortal crimes? Which of them hath his lips +purified and made clean with the fiery coals earned by the +tongues of the cherubim, from off the altar, (that his sins +may be wiped away with the humility of confession), as it is +written of Esaias, by whose effectual prayers, together with +the aid of the godly king Ezechias, a hundred fourscore and +five thousand of the Assyrian army, through the stroke of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_351" id="Page_351">[Pg 351]</a></span> +one angel, without the least print of any appearing wound, +were overthrown and slain? Which of them, like blessed +Jeremiah, for accomplishing the commandments of God,—for +denouncing the threats thundered out from heaven, and for +preaching the truth even to such as would not hear the same, +hath suffered loathsome stinking prisons as momentary +deaths? And to be brief, what one of them (as the teacher +of the Gentiles said) hath endured like the holy prophets to +wander in mountains, in dens, and caves of the earth, to be +stoned, to be sawn in sunder, and assailed with all kinds of +death, for the name of our Lord?</p> + +<p>§ 73. But why do we dwell in examples of the Old Testament +as if there were none in the New? Let, therefore, +those, who suppose they can, without any labour at all, under +the naked pretence of the name of priesthood, enter this +strait and narrow passage of Christian religion, hearken unto +me while I recite and gather into one a few of the chiefest +flowers out of the large and pleasant meadow of the saintly +soldiers of the New Testament. Which of you (who rather +sleep than lawfully sit in the chair of the priesthood), being +cast out of the council of the wicked, hath, after the stripes +of sundry rods, like the holy apostles, from the bottom of his +heart, given thanks to the blessed Trinity that he was found +worthy to suffer disgrace for Christ's true deity? What +one, for the undoubted testimony of God, having his brains +dashed out with the fuller's club, hath, like James the first, +a bishop of the New Testament, suffered corporal death? +Which of you, like James the brother of John, has by the +unjust prince been beheaded? Who, like the first deacon +and martyr of the gospel, (having but this only accusation, +that he saw God, whom the wicked could not behold), has +by ungodly hands been stoned to death? What one of you, +like the worthy keeper of the keys of the heavenly kingdom, +has been nailed to the cross with his feet upward, in reverence +for Christ, whom, no less in his death than in his life, +he endeavoured to honour, and hath so breathed his last? +Which of you, for the confession of the true word of Christ, +hath, like the vessel of election, and chosen teacher of the +Gentiles, after suffering imprisonment and shipwreck, after +the terrible scourges of whips, the continual dangers of seas, +of thieves, of Gentiles, of Jews, and of false apostles, after<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_352" id="Page_352">[Pg 352]</a></span> +the labours of famine, fasting, and watching, after incessant +care over all the churches, after his trouble for such as +scandalized, after his infirmity for the weak, after his wonderful +travels over almost the whole world in preaching the +gospel of Christ, lost his head at last by the stroke of the +descending sword?</p> + +<p>§ 74. Which of you, like the holy martyr Ignatius, bishop +of the city of Antioch, hath after his miraculous actions in +Christ, for testimony of him been torn by the jaws of lions, +as he was once at Rome? whose words, as he was led to his +passion, when you shall hear (if ever your countenances +were overcome with blushing), you will not only, in comparison +of him, esteem yourselves no priests, but not so much +even as the meanest Christians; for in the epistle which he +sent to the church of Rome, he writeth thus: "From Syria +even unto Rome, I fight with beasts, by land and sea, being +bound and chained unto ten leopards, I mean the soldiers +appointed for my custody, who for our benefit bestowed upon +them become more cruel; but I am the better instructed by +their wickedness, neither yet am I in this justified; oh! +when shall those beasts come the workers of my salvation, +which are for me prepared? when shall they be let loose at +me? when shall it be lawful for my carcass to enjoy them? +whom I do most earnestly wish to be eagerly enraged against +me, and truly I will incite them to devour me; moreover, I +will humbly pray, lest perchance they should dread to touch +my body (as in some others they have before done), yea also, +if they hesitate, I will offer violence, I will force myself +upon them. Pardon me, I beseech you, I know what is +commodious for me, even now I begin to be the disciple of +Christ; let all envy, whether of human affection or spiritual +wickedness cease, that I may endeavour to obtain Christ +Jesus; let fires, let crosses, let cruelty of beasts, let breaking +of bones, and rending of limbs, with all the pains of the +whole body, and all the torments devised by the art of the +devil, be together poured out on me alone, so that I may +merit to attain unto Christ Jesus." Why do you behold +these things with the sleepy eyes of your souls? why do you +hearken unto them with the deaf ears of your senses? +Shake off, I beseech you, the dark and black mist of +slothfulness from your hearts, that so you may see the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_353" id="Page_353">[Pg 353]</a></span> +glorious light of truth and humility. A Christian, and he +not mean, but a perfect one, and a priest not base, but one of +the highest, a martyr of no ordinary sort, but one of the +chiefest, saith: "Now I begin to be the disciple of Christ." +And you, like the same Lucifer, who was thrown down out +of heaven, are puffed up with words, and not with power, +and after a sort do chew under the tooth, and make pretence +in your actions, as the author of this your wickedness hath +thus expressed: "I will mount up into the heavens, and be +like unto the Highest." And again: "I have digged and +drunk water, and dried up with the steps of my feet all the +rivers of the banks." You would more rightly have +imitated him and hearkened unto his words, who is without +doubt the most true example of all goodness and humility, +saying by his prophet, "I am verily a worm and not a man, +the reproach of men, and the outcast of the people." Oh +unspeakable matter! that he called himself "the reproach of +men," when he washed away the reproaches of the whole +world. And again in the gospel; "I am not able to do any +thing of myself," when at the same time he was co-eternal +with the Father, coequal with the Holy Ghost, and consubstantial +with both, and created, not by the help of +another, but by his own almighty power, the heaven and +earth, with all their inestimable ornaments; and ye nevertheless +have arrogantly lifted up your voices, notwithstanding +the prophet saith, "Why do earth and ashes swell with +pride?"</p> + +<p>§ 75. But let us return unto our subject. Which of you, +I say, like Polycarp, the famous bishop of the church of +Smyrna, that witness of Christ, hath courteously entertained +as guests at his table, those who violently drew him out to +be burned? and when for the charity which he did bear +unto Christ, he was brought to the stake, said, "He who +gave me grace to endure the torment of the fire, will +likewise grant me without fastening of nails to bear the +flames with patience." And now passing over in this my +discourse the mighty armies of saints, I will yet touch on +one only, for example's sake, Basil the bishop of Cæsaria, +who when he was thus by the unrighteous prince threatened +that, unless he would on the next day be as the rest, defiled +in the dirty dunghill of the Arian heresy, he should be put<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_354" id="Page_354">[Pg 354]</a></span> +to death, answered, as it is reported, "I will be to-morrow +the same as to-day, and for thee, I do not wish thee to +change thy determination." And again, "Would that I +had some worthy reward to bestow on him that would +discharge Basil from the bands of this breathing bellows." +Which one of you doth endeavour to daunt the menaces of +tyrants, by inviolably keeping the rule of the apostolical +speech, which in all times and ages hath been observed by +all holy priests, to suppress the suggestion of men when they +sought to draw them into wickedness, saying in this manner; +"It behoveth us to obey God rather than men."</p> + +<p>§ 76. Wherefore after our accustomed manner, taking +refuge in the mercy of our Lord, and in the sentences of his +holy prophets, that they on our behalf may now level the +darts of their oracles at imperfect pastors (as before at +tyrants), so that thereby they may receive compunction and +be amended, let us see what manner of threats our Lord doth +by his prophets utter against slothful and dishonest priests, +and such as do not, both by examples and words, rightly +instruct the people. For even Eli, the priest in Shilo, +because he did not severely proceed, with a zeal worthy of +God, in punishing his sons, when they contemned our Lord, +but, as a man overswayed with a fatherly affection, too +mildly and remissly admonished them, was sentenced with +this judgment by the prophet speaking unto him: "Thus +saith our Lord; I have manifestly showed myself unto the +house of thy father, when they were the servants of Pharaoh +in Egypt, and have chosen the house of thy father out of all +the tribes of Israel, for a priesthood unto me." And a little +after, "Why hast thou looked upon mine incense, and upon +my sacrifice, with a dishonest eye? and hast honoured thy +children more than me, that thou mightest bless them from +the beginning in all sacrifices in my presence? And now so +saith our Lord: Because whoever honoureth me I will honour +him again; and whoso maketh no account of me shall be +brought to nothing. Behold the days shall come, and I will +destroy thy name, and the seed of thy father's house. And +let this be to thee the sign, which shall fall upon thy two sons, +Hophni and Phineas, in one day shall they both die by the +sword of men." If thus therefore they shall suffer, who +correct them that are under their charge, with words only<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_355" id="Page_355">[Pg 355]</a></span> +and not with condign punishment, what shall become of those +who by offending exhort you, and draw others unto wickedness?</p> + +<p>§ 77. It is apparent also what befell unto the true prophet, +who was sent from Judah to prophesy in Bethel, and +forbidden to taste any meat in that place, after the sign +which he foretold was fulfilled, and after he had restored to +the wicked king his withered hand again, being deceived by +another prophet, as he was termed, and so make to take but +a little bread and water, his host speaking in this sort unto +him: "Thus saith our Lord God: Because thou hast been +disobedient to the mouth of our Lord, and hast not observed +the precept which the Lord thy God hath commanded, and +hast returned, and eaten bread, and drunk water in this +place, in which I have charged thee that thou shouldest +neither eat bread nor drink water, thy body shall not be +buried in the sepulchre of thy forefathers. And so (saith +the scripture) it came to pass, that after he had eaten bread +and drunk water, he made ready his ass, and departed, and a +lion found him in the way and slew him."</p> + +<p>§ 78. Hear ye also the holy prophet Isaias, how he +speaketh of priests on this wise. "Woe be to the ungodly, +may evil befall him; for the reward of his hands shall light +upon him. Her own exactors have spoiled my people, and +women have borne sway over her. O my people, they who +term thee blessed, themselves deceive thee, and destroy the +way of thy footsteps. Our Lord standeth to judge, and +standeth to judge the people. Our Lord will come unto +judgment with the elders of the people and her princes. Ye +have consumed my vine, the spoil of the poor is in your +house. Why do ye break in pieces my people, and grind the +faces of the poor? saith our Lord of hosts." And also; +"Woe be unto them who compose ungodly laws, and in their +writing have written injustice, that they may oppress the +poor in judgment, and work violence to the cause of the +lowly of my people, that widows may be their prey, and they +make spoil of the orphans; what will ye do in the day of +visitation and calamity approaching from afar off?" And +afterwards: "But these also in regard of wine have been +ignorant, and in respect of drunkenness have wandered +astray; the priests have not understood, because of drunkenness, +and have been swallowed up in wine, they have erred<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_356" id="Page_356">[Pg 356]</a></span> +in drunkenness, they have not known him who seeth, they +have been ignorant of judgment. For all tables are filled +with the vomit of their uncleanness, in so much as there is +not any free place to be found."</p> + +<p>§ 79. "Hear therefore the word of our Lord, O ye +deceivers, who bear authority over my people that is in +Jerusalem. For ye have said, We have entered into a truce +with death, and with hell we have made a covenant. The +overflowing scourge when it shall pass forth shall not fall +upon us, because we have placed falsehood for our hope, and +by lying we have been defended." And somewhat after: +"And hail shall overthrow the hope of lying, together with +the defence. Waters shall overflow, and your truce with +death shall be destroyed, and your covenant with hell shall +not continue, when the overflowing scourge shall pass forth; +ye shall also be trodden under foot, whensoever it shall pass +along through you, it shall sweep you away withal." And +again: "And our Lord hath said: Because this people +approacheth with their mouth, and with their lips glorify +me, but their heart is far from me; behold, therefore, I will +cause this people to wonder by a great and stupendous +miracle. For wisdom shall decay and fall away from her +wise men, and the understanding of her sages shall be concealed. +Woe be unto you that are profound in heart, to +conceal counsel from our Lord, whose works are in darkness, +and they say, who seeth us? And who hath known us? for +this thought of yours is perverse." And afterwards: "Thus +saith our Lord, Heaven is my seat, and the earth my footstool. +What is this house that ye will erect unto me, and +what place shall be found for my resting-place? all these +things hath my hand made, and these universally have been +all created, saith our Lord. On whom truly shall I cast +mine eye, but on the humble poor man, and the contrite +in spirit, and him that dreadeth my speeches? he that +sacrificeth an ox, is as he that killeth a man; he that +slaughtereth a beast for sacrifice, is like him who beateth +out the brains of a dog; he that offereth an oblation, is as +he that offereth the blood of a hog; he that is mindful of +frankincense, is as he that honoureth an idol: of all these +things have they made choice in their ways, and in their +abominations hath their soul been delighted."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_357" id="Page_357">[Pg 357]</a></span></p> + +<p>§ 80. Hear also what Jeremy, that virgin prophet, speaketh +unto the unwise pastors in this sort: "Thus saith our Lord, +What iniquity have your fathers found in me, because they +have removed themselves far off from me, and walked after +vanity, and are become vain?" And again: "And entering +in, ye have defiled my land, and made mine inheritance +abomination. The priests have not said, Where is our Lord? +and the rulers of the law have not known me, and the pastors +have dealt treacherously against me. Wherefore I will as +yet contend in judgment with you, saith our Lord, and +debate the matter with your children." And a little afterwards: +"Astonishment and wonders have been wrought in +the land. Prophets did preach lying, and priests did applaud +with their hands, and my people have loved such matters. +What therefore shall be done in her last and final ends? To +whom shall I speak and make protestation that he may hear +me? Behold their ears are uncircumcised, and they cannot +hear. Behold the word of our Lord is uttered unto them +for their reproach, and they receive it not: because I will +stretch out my hand upon the inhabitants of the earth, saith +our Lord. For why, from the lesser even unto the greater, +all study avarice, and from the prophet even unto the priest, +all work deceit, and they cured the contrition of the daughter +of my people, with ignominy, saying, Peace, peace, and peace +there shall not be. Confounded they are, who have wrought +abomination: but they are not with confusion confounded, +and have not understood how to be ashamed. Wherefore +they shall fall among those who are falling, in the time of +their visitation shall they rush headlong down together, saith +our Lord." And again: "All these princes of the declining +sort, walking fraudulently, being brass and iron, are universally +corrupted, the blowing bellows have failed in the +fire, the finer of metals in vain hath melted, their malicious +acts are not consumed, call them refuse and reprobate +silver, because our Lord hath thrown them away." And +after a few words: "I am, I am, I have seen, saith our Lord. +Go your ways to my place in Shilo, where my name hath +inhabited from the beginning, and behold what I have done +thereunto for the malice of my people Israel. And now +because ye have wrought all these works, saith our Lord, +and I have spoken unto you, arising in the morning, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_358" id="Page_358">[Pg 358]</a></span> +talking, and yet ye have not heard me, and I have called +you, and yet ye have not answered, I will so deal towards +this house, wherein my name is now called upon, and wherein +ye have confidence, and to this place which I have given unto +you, and to your fathers, as I have done to Shilo, and I will +cast you away from my countenance."</p> + +<p>§ 81. And again: "My children have departed from me, +and have no abiding, and there is none who any more pitcheth +my tent, and advanceth my pavilion: for the pastors have +dealt fondly and not sought out our Lord. Wherefore they +have not understood, and their flock hath been dispersed." +And a little after: "What is the matter that my beloved +hath in my houses committed many offences? shall the holy +flesh take away thy maliciousness from thee, wherein thou +hast glorified? our Lord shall call thy name a plentiful, fair, +fruitful, goodly olive; at the sound of the speech a mighty +fire hath been inflamed in her, and her orchards have been +quite consumed therewith." And again: "Come ye to me, +and be ye gathered together, all ye beasts of the earth, make +haste to devour. Many pastors have thrown down my vine, +they have trampled my part under foot, they have given over +my portion which was well worthy to be desired, into a +desert of solitariness." And again he speaketh: "Thus +saith our Lord unto this people, which have loved to move +their feet, and not rested, nor yet pleased our Lord; now +shall he remember their iniquities and visit their offences. +Prophets say unto them, Ye shall not see the sword, and +there shall be no famine among you, but our Lord shall give +true peace unto you in this place. And our Lord hath said +unto me, The prophets do falsely foretell in my name; I have +not sent them, nor laid my commandment on them; they +prophesy unto you a lying vision, and divination together +with deceitfulness, and the seducement of their own hearts. +And therefore thus saith our Lord: In sword and famine +shall those prophets be consumed; and the people to whom +they have prophesied shall by means of the famine and sword +be cast out into the streets of Jerusalem, and there shall be +none to bury them."</p> + +<p>§ 82. And moreover: "Woe be to the pastors who destroy +and rend in pieces the flock of my pasture, saith our +Lord. Thus, therefore, saith our Lord God of Israel, unto<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_359" id="Page_359">[Pg 359]</a></span> +the pastors who guide my people, Ye have dispersed my +flock, and cast them forth, and not visited them. Behold I +will visit upon you the malice of your endeavours, saith our +Lord. For the prophet and the priest are both defiled, and +in my house have I found their evil, saith our Lord, and +therefore shall their way be as a slippery place in the dark, +for they shall be thrust forward, and fall down together +therein, for I will bring evils upon them, the year of their +visitation, saith our Lord. And in the prophets of Samaria +I have seen foolishness, and they did prophesy in Baal, and +deceived my people Israel, and in the prophets of Jerusalem, +have I seen the like resemblance, adultery, and the way of +lying, and they have comforted the hands of the vilest offenders, +that every man may not be converted from his malice: +they have been all made to me as Sodom, and the inhabitants +thereof as those of Gomorrah. Thus, therefore, saith +our Lord to the prophets: Behold, I will give them wormwood +for their food, and gall for their drink. For there hath passed +from the prophet of Jerusalem pollution over the whole earth. +Thus saith our Lord of hosts, Listen not to the words of prophets, +who prophesy unto you, and deceive you, for they +speak the vision of their own heart, and not from the mouth +of our Lord. For they say unto those who blaspheme me, +Our Lord hath spoken, peace shall be unto you; and to all +that walk in the wickedness of their own hearts, they have +said, evil shall not fall upon them. For who was present in +the counsel of our Lord, and hath seen and heard his speech, +who hath considered of his word, and hearkened thereunto? +Behold, the whirlwind of the indignation of our Lord +passeth out, and a tempest breaking forth, shall fall upon the +heads of the wicked; the fury of our Lord shall not return, +until the time that he worketh, and until he fulfilleth the +cogitation of his heart. In the last days of all shall ye understand +his counsel."</p> + +<p>§ 83. And little also do ye conceive and put in execution +that which the holy prophet Joel hath likewise spoken +in admonishment of slothful priests, and lamentation of +the people's suffering for their iniquities, saying: "Awake, +ye who are drunk, from your wine, and weep and bewail ye +all, who have drunk wine even to drunkenness, because joy +and delight are taken away from your mouths. Mourn, ye<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_360" id="Page_360">[Pg 360]</a></span> +priests, who serve the altar, because the fields have been +made miserable. Let the earth mourn, because corn hath +become miserable, and wine been dried up, oil diminished, +and husbandmen withered away. Lament ye possessions, in +regard of wheat and barley, because the vintage hath perished +out of the field, the vine withered up, the figs diminished; +the pomegranates, and palm, and apple, and all trees +of the field are withered away, in respect that the children +of men have confounded their joy." All which things are +spiritually to be understood by you, that your souls may not +wither away with so pestilent a famine, for want of the word +of God. And again, "Weep out ye priests, who serve our +Lord, saying, Spare, O Lord, thy people, and give not over +thine inheritance unto reproach, and let not nations hold +dominion over them, that Gentiles may not say, Where is +their God?" And yet ye yield not your ears unto these +sayings, but admit of all matters by which the indignation +of God's fury is more vehemently inflamed.</p> + +<p>§ 84. With diligence also attend ye what holy Hosea the +prophet hath spoken unto priests of your behaviour. "Hear +these words, O ye priests, and let the house of Israel, together +with the king's house, mark them; fasten ye them in +your ears, for unto you pertaineth judgment, because ye are +made an entangling snare to the espying watch, and as a net +stretched over the toils which the followers of hunting have +framed."</p> + +<p>§ 85. To you also may this kind of alienation from our +Lord be meant by the prophet Amos, saying, "I have hated +and rejected your festival days, and I will not receive the +savour in your solemn assemblies, because albeit ye offer +your burnt sacrifices and hosts, I will not accept them, and +I will not cast mine eye on the vows of your declaration. +Take away from me the sound of your songs, and the psalm +of your organs I will not hear." For the famine of the +evangelical meat consuming, in your abundance of victuals, +the very bowels of your souls, rageth violently within you, +according as the aforesaid prophet hath foretold, saying, +"Behold, the days shall come, saith our Lord, and I will +send out a famine upon the earth; not the famine of bread, +nor the thirst of water, but a famine in hearing the word +of God, and the waters shall be moved from sea to sea,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_361" id="Page_361">[Pg 361]</a></span> +and they shall run over from the north even unto the east, +seeking the word of our Lord, and shall not find it."</p> + +<p>§ 86. Let holy Micah also pierce your ears, who like a +heavenly trumpet soundeth loudly forth against the deceitful +princes of the people, saying, "Hearken now ye princes +of the house of Jacob, Is it not for you to know judgment, +who hate goodness, and seek after mischief, who pluck their +skins from off men, and their flesh from their bones? Even +as they have eaten the flesh of my people, and flayed their +skins from them, broken their bones to pieces, and hewed +them small as meat to the pot, they shall cry to God, and he +will not hear them, and in that season turn his face away +from them, even as they before have wickedly behaved themselves +in their inventions. Thus speaketh our Lord of the +prophets who seduce my people, who bite with their teeth, +and preach against them peace, and if a man giveth nothing +to stop their mouths, they raise and sanctify a war upon +him. Night shall therefore be unto you in place of a +vision, and darkness unto you in lieu of divination, and +the sun shall set upon your prophets, and the day shall +wax dark upon them, and seeing dreams they shall be +confounded, and the diviners shall be derided, and they +shall speak ill against all men, because there shall not be any +one that will hear them, but that I myself shall do mine uttermost +and strongest endeavour in the spirit of our Lord, in +judgment and in power, that I may declare unto the house +of Jacob their impieties, and to Israel their offences. Hearken, +therefore, unto these words, ye captains of the house of +Jacob, and ye remnants of the house of Israel, who abhor +judgment, and overthrow all righteousness, who build up +Sion in blood, and Jerusalem in iniquities: her rulers did +judge for rewards, and her priests answered for hire, and +her prophets did for money divine, and rested on our Lord, +saying, And is not the Lord among us? Evils shall not fall +upon us. For your cause, therefore, shall Sion be ploughed +up as a field, and Jerusalem as the watch-house of a garden, +and the mountain of the house as the place of a woody wilderness." +And after some words ensuing: "Woe is me for +that I am become as he that gathereth stubble in the harvest, +and a cluster of grapes in the vintage, when the principal +branch is not left to be eaten. Woe is me that a soul hath<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_362" id="Page_362">[Pg 362]</a></span> +perished through earthly actions, the reverence of sinners +ariseth even with reverence from the earth, and he appeareth +not that shall use correction among men. All contend +in judgment for blood, and every one with tribulation +afflicteth his neighbour, for mischief he prepareth his +hands."</p> + +<p>§ 87. Listen ye likewise how the famous prophet Zephaniah +debated also in times past, concerning your revellers +(for he spake of Jerusalem, which is spiritually to be understood +the church or the soul), saying, "O the city that was +beautiful and set at liberty, the confiding dove hath not +hearkened to the voice, nor yet entertained discipline, she +hath not trusted in our Lord, and to her God she hath not +approached." And he showeth the reason why, "Her princes +have been like unto roaring lions, her judges as wolves of +Arabia did not leave towards the morning, her prophets +carrying the spirit of a contemptuous despising man; her +priests did profane what was holy, and dealt wickedly in the +law, but our Lord is upright in the midst of his people, and +in the morning he will not do injustice, in the morning will +he give his judgment."</p> + +<p>§ 88. But hear ye also blessed Zachariah the prophet, in the +word of God, admonishing you: "For thus saith our +Almighty Lord, Judge ye righteous judgment, and work ye +every one towards his brother mercy and pity, and hurt ye +not through your power the widow, or orphan, or stranger, +or poor man, and let not any man remember in his heart the +malice of his brother; and they have been stubborn not to +observe these, and have yielded their backs to foolishness, and +made heavy their ears that they might not hearken, and framed +their hearts not to be persuaded that they might not listen to +my law and words, which our Almighty Lord hath sent in his +Spirit, through the hands of his former prophets, and mighty +wrath hath been raised by our Almighty Lord." And again; +"Because they who have spoken, have spoken molestations, +and diviners have uttered false visions and deceitful dreams, +and given vain consolations; in respect hereof they are made +as dry as sheep, and are afflicted because no health was to be +found; my wrath is heaped upon the shepherds, and upon +the lambs will I visit." And within a few words after: +"The voice of lamenting pastors, because their greatness is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_363" id="Page_363">[Pg 363]</a></span> +become miserable. The voice of roaring lions, because the +fall of Jordan is become miserable: thus saith our Almighty +Lord: They who possessed have murdered, and yet hath it +not repented them, and they who sold them, have said, Our +Lord is blessed and we have been enriched, and their pastors +have suffered nothing concerning them. For which I will +now bear no sparing hand over the inhabitants of the earth, +saith our Lord."</p> + +<p>§ 89. Hear ye moreover what the holy prophet Malachi +denounceth unto you, saying: "Ye priests who despise my +name, and have said: Wherein do we despise thy name? in +offering on mine altar polluted bread: and ye have said, +Wherein have we polluted it? In that ye have said: The +table of our Lord is as nothing, and have despised such things +as have been placed thereon; because if ye bring what is +blind for an offering, is it not evil? If ye set and apply what is +lame or languishing, is it not evil? Offer therefore the same +unto thy governor, if he will receive it, if he will accept of +thy person, saith our Almighty Lord. And now do ye +humbly pray before the countenance of your God, and +earnestly beseech him (for in your hands have these things +been committed) if happily he will accept of your persons." +And again: "And out of your ravenous theft ye have +brought in the lame and languishing, and brought it in as an +offering. Shall I receive the same at your hands, saith our +Lord? Accursed is the deceitful man who hath in his flock +one of the male kind, and yet making his vow offereth the +feeble unto our Lord, because I am a mighty king, saith our +Lord of hosts, and my name is terrible among the Gentiles. +And now unto you appertaineth this commandment, O ye +priests, if ye will not hear, and resolve in your hearts to yield +glory unto my name, saith our Lord of hosts, I will send +upon you poverty, and accurse your blessings, because ye +have not settled these things on your hearts. Behold I will +stretch out my arm over ye, and disperse upon your countenances +the dung of your solemnities." But that ye may +in the meantime, with more zeal prepare your organs and +instruments of mischief, to be converted into goodness, +hearken ye (if there remain ever so little disposition to listen +in your hearts) what he speaketh of a holy priest, saying +"My covenant of life and peace was with him (for histori<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_364" id="Page_364">[Pg 364]</a></span>cally +he did speak of Levi and Moses): I gave fear unto him, +and he was timorous of me, he dreaded before the countenance +of my name; the law of truth was in his mouth, and iniquity +was not found in his lips; he walked with me in peace +and equity, and turned many away from unrighteousness. +For the lips of the priest shall keep knowledge, and +from out of his mouth they shall require the law, because he +is the Angel of our Lord of hosts." And now again he +changeth his style, and ceaseth not to rebuke and reprove +the unrighteous, saying: "Ye have departed from the way, +and scandalized many in the law, and made void my covenant +with Levi, saith our Lord of hosts. In regard whereof +I have also given you over as contemptible and abject among +my people, according as ye have not observed my ways, and +accepted countenance of men in the law. What, is there +not one Father of us all? What, hath not one God created +us? Why therefore doth every one despise his brother?" +And again, "Behold our Lord of hosts will come, and who +can conceive the day of his coming, and who shall endure to +stand to behold him? For he shall pass forth as a burning +fire, and as the fuller's herb, and shall sit melting and trying +silver, and ye shall purge the sons of Levi, and cleanse them +as gold and as silver." And somewhat afterwards: "Your +words have grown strong against me, saith our Lord, and ye +have spoken thus: He is vain who serveth God, and what +profit because we have kept his commandments, and walked +sorrowfully before our Lord of hosts. We shall therefore +now call the arrogant blessed, for because they are erected and +builded up, while they work iniquity, they have tempted +God, and are made safe."</p> + +<p>§ 90. But hear ye also what Ezechiel the prophet hath +spoken, saying, "Woe upon woe shall come, and messenger +upon messenger shall be, and the vision shall be sought for +of the prophet, and the law shall perish from the priests, and +counsel from the elders." And again: "Thus saith our +Lord: In respect that your speeches are lying, and your +divinations vain. For this cause, behold, I will come unto +you, saith our Lord; I will stretch out my hand on your +prophets, who see lies, and them who speak vain things; in +the discipline of my people they shall not be, and in the +Scripture of the house of Israel, they shall not be written,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_365" id="Page_365">[Pg 365]</a></span> +and into the land of Israel they shall not enter, and ye shall +know that I am the Lord, because they have seduced my +people, saying, The peace of our Lord, and there is not the +peace of our Lord. Here have they built the wall; and they +anointed it, and it shall fall." And within some words afterwards: +"Woe be unto these who fashion pillows, apt for +every elbow of the hand, and make veils upon every head +of all ages to the subversion of souls, and the souls of my +people are subverted, and they possess their souls, and contaminated +me unto my people for a handful of barley, and a +piece of bread to the slaughter of the souls, whom it behoved +not to die, and to the delivery of the souls, that were +not fit to live, while ye talk unto my people that listeneth +after vain speeches." And afterwards: "Say, thou son of +man, thou art earth which is not watered with rain, neither +yet hath rain fallen upon thee in the day of wrath, in which +thy princes were in the midst of thee as roaring lions, ravening +on their prey, devouring souls in their potent might, and +receiving rewards, and thy widows were multiplied in the +midst of thee, and her priests have despised my law, and +defiled my holy things. Between holy and polluted, they did +not distinguish, and divided not equally between the unclean +and clean, and from my sabbaths they veiled their eyes, and +in the midst of them they defiled."</p> + +<p>§ 91. And again: "And I sought among them a man of +upright conversation, and one who should altogether stand +before my face, to prevent the times that might fall upon the +earth, that I should not in the end utterly destroy it, and I +found him not. And I poured out upon it, the whole design +of my mind, in the fire of my wrath for the consuming of +them: I repaid their ways on their heads, saith our Lord." +And somewhat after: "And the word of our Lord was +spoken unto me, saying: O son of man, speak to the children +of my people, and they shalt say unto them: The land +whereupon I shall bring my sword, and the people of the +land shall take some one man among them, and ordain him +to be a watchman over them, and he shall espy the sword +coming upon the land, and sound with his trumpet, and +signify unto the people, whoso truly shall then hear the +sound of the trumpet, and yet hearing shall not beware: +and the sword shall come and catch him, his blood shall light<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_366" id="Page_366">[Pg 366]</a></span> +upon his own head, because when he heard the sound of the +trumpet, he was not watchful, his blood shall be upon him, +and this man, for that he hath preserved his own soul, hath +delivered himself. But the watchman if he shall see the +sword coming, and not give notice with his trumpet, and the +people shall not be aware, and the sword coming shall take +away a soul from among them, both the soul itself is caught +a captive for her iniquities, and I will also require her blood +at the hand of the watchman. And thou, O son of man, I +have appointed thee a watchman over the house of Israel, +and if thou shalt hear the word from out of my mouth, +when I shall say to a sinner, Thou shalt die the death, and +yet wilt not speak whereby the wicked may return from his +way: both the unjust himself shall die in his iniquity, and +truly I will require his blood also at thy hands. But if +thou shalt forewarn the wicked of his way, that he may +avoid the same, and he nevertheless will not withdraw +himself from his course, this man shall die in his impiety, +and thou hast preserved thine own soul."</p> + +<p>§ 92. And so let these few among a multitude of +prophetical testimonies suffice, by which the pride or sloth +of our stubborn priests may be repelled, to the end they +may not suppose that we act rather of our own invention, +but by the authority of the laws, and saints, denounce such +threats against them. And now let us also behold what the +trumpet of the gospel, sounding to the whole world, speaketh +likewise to disordered priests; for as we have often said, +this our discourse tendeth not to treat of them, who obtain +lawfully the apostolical seat, and such as rightly and +skilfully understand how to dispose of their spiritual food +(in time convenient) unto their fellow servants, if yet at this +time there remain any great number of these in this our +country; but we only talk of ignorant and unexpert shepherds, +who leave their flock, and feed on vain matters, and have +not the words of a learned pastor. And therefore it is an +evident token that he is not a lawful pastor, yea not an +ordinary Christian, who rejecteth and denieth these sayings, +which are not so much ours (who of ourselves are very little +worth), as the decrees of the Old and New Testament, even +as one of ours right well doth say, "We do exceedingly +desire that the enemies of the church should also, without<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_367" id="Page_367">[Pg 367]</a></span> +any manner of truce be our adversaries: and that the +friends and defenders thereof should not only be accounted +our confederates, but also our fathers and governors." For +let every one, with true examination, call his own conscience +unto account, and so shall he easily find, whether according +to true reason he possesseth his priestly chair or no. Let us +see, I say, what the Saviour and Creator of the world hath +spoken. "Ye are," saith he, "the salt of the earth; if that +the salt vanisheth away, wherein shall it be salted? it +prevaileth to no purpose any farther, but that it be cast out +of doors, and trampled under the feet of men."</p> + +<p>§ 93. This only testimony might abundantly suffice to +confute all such as are impudent; but that it may be yet, by +the words of Christ, more evidently proved with what +intolerable bonds of crimes these false priests entangle and +oppress themselves, some other sayings are also to be +adjoined; for it followeth: "Ye are the light of the world. +A city placed on a mountain cannot be hid: neither do they +light a candle, and put it under a bushel, but upon a +candlestick, that it may shine unto all who are in the house." +What priest therefore of this fashion and time, who is so +possessed with the blindness of ignorance, doth, as the light +of a most bright candle, shine with the lamp of learning and +good works, in any house, to all that sit in the darksome +night? What one is so accounted a safe public and conspicuous +refuge, to all the children universally of the church, +that he may be to his countrymen a defensible and strong +city, situated on the top of a high mountain? Moreover, +which one of them can accomplish one day together, that +which followeth: "Let your light so shine before men, that +they may see your good works, and glorify your Father who +is in heaven:" since rather a certain most obscure cloud of +theirs, and the black night of offences, hang over the island, +in such a manner, that they all turn almost away from the +righteous course, and make them to wander astray through +unpassable and cumbersome paths of wickedness, and so +their heavenly Father is not only by their works not magnified, +but also by the same intolerably blasphemed. These +testimonies of holy scripture, which are either already cited, +or hereafter to be intermixed in this epistle, I would gladly<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_368" id="Page_368">[Pg 368]</a></span> +wish to interpret in some historical or moral sense, as far as +my meanness would allow.</p> + +<p>§ 94. But for fear lest this our little work should be +immeasurably tedious unto those who despise, loathe, and +disdain, not so much our speeches as God's sayings, I have +already alleged, and mean hereafter to affirm these sentences +plainly without any circumstance. And to proceed, within +a few words after: "For whoever shall break one of the +least of these commandments, and so instruct men, shall be +called the least in the kingdom of heaven." And again: +"Judge ye not that ye may not be judged; for in what +judgment ye shall judge, ye shall be judged." And which +one, I pray you, of your company will regard this same that +followeth: "But why dost thou see," saith he, "the mote in +thy brother's eye, and considerest not the beam in thine own +eye? or how dost thou say to thy brother, suffer me to cast +the mote out of thine eye, and behold the beam remaineth +still in thine own eye?" Or this which follows: "Do not +give what is holy to dogs, neither yet shall ye cast your +pearls before swine, lest perchance they tread them under +their feet, and turn again and rend you," which hath often +befallen you. And, admonishing the people, that they should +not by deceitful doctors, such as ye, be seduced, he saith: +"Keep yourselves carefully from false prophets, who come +unto you in sheep's clothing, but inwardly are ravenous +wolves: by their fruit shall ye know them. Do men gather +grapes of thorns, or figs of thistles? So every good tree +beareth good fruit, and the evil, evil fruit." And somewhat +afterward: "Not every one who saith unto me, Lord, Lord, +shall enter into the kingdom of heaven; but whoso doeth the +will of my Father that is in heaven, he shall enter into the +kingdom of heaven."</p> + +<p>§ 95. And what shall then become of you, who, as the +prophet hath said, believe God only with your lips, and do +not adhere to him with your hearts? And how do ye fulfil +that which followeth: "Behold I send you forth as sheep in +the midst of wolves?" Whereas you act quite contrariwise, +and proceed as wolves against a flock of sheep: or the other +following sentence: "Be ye wise as serpents and simple as +doves?" since ye are only wise to bite others with your +deadly mouths, and not, with the interposition of your whole<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_369" id="Page_369">[Pg 369]</a></span> +body, to defend your head, which is Christ, whom with all +the endeavours of your evil actions you tread under foot; +neither yet have ye the simplicity of doves, but the +resemblance rather of the black crow, which taking her +flight out of the ark, that is, the church of God, and finding +the carrion of earthly pleasures, did never with a pure +return back thither again. But let us look on the rest. +"Fear not," saith he, "them who kill the body, but are not +able to slay the soul; but fear him who can overthrow both +soul and body in hell." Revolve in your minds which of +these ye have performed? And what one of you is not +wounded in the very secrets of his heart, by this testimony +following, which our Saviour uttereth unto his apostles, of +evil prelates, saying, "Do ye suffer them, the blind leaders +of the blind, but if the blind be a guide to the blind, both +shall fall into the ditch?" But the people doubtless whom +ye have governed, or rather beguiled, have just occasion to +listen hereunto.</p> + +<p>§ 96. Mark ye also the words of our Lord speaking unto +his apostles, and to the people, which words likewise (as I +hear) ye yourselves are not ashamed to pronounce often in +public: "Upon the chair of Moses have the scribes and +pharisees sat, observe ye therefore and accomplish all that +they shall speak unto you, but do not according to their +works. For they only speak, but of themselves do nothing." +It is truly to priests a dangerous and superfluous doctrine, +which is overclouded with sinful actions. "Woe be unto +you, hypocrites, who shut up the kingdom of heaven before +men, and neither yourselves enter in, nor yet suffer those +that would to enter in." For ye shall with horrible pains be +tormented, not only in respect of your great offences, which +ye heap up for punishment in the world to come, but also in +regard of those who daily perish through your bad example, +whose blood in the day of judgment shall be required at +your hands.</p> + +<p>Yield ye also diligent attention unto the misery, which the +parable setteth before your eyes, that is spoken of the servant, +who saith in his heart, "My Lord delayeth his coming," +and upon this occasion, perchance, "hath begun to +strike his fellow servants, eating and drinking with drunkards. +The Lord of the same servant, therefore, saith he, will come on<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_370" id="Page_370">[Pg 370]</a></span> +a day when he doth not expect him, and in an hour whereof +he is ignorant, and will divide him, away from his holy +priests, and will place his portion with the hypocrites (that +is, with them who under the pretence of priesthood do conceal +much iniquity), affirming that there shall be weeping +and gnashing of teeth;" such as they have not experienced +in this present life, either for the daily ruin of the children +of our holy mother church, or for the desire of the kingdom +of heaven.</p> + +<p>§ 97. But let us see what Paul, the true scholar of Christ, +and master of the Gentiles, who is a mirror of every ecclesiastical +doctor, "Even as I am the disciple of Christ," speaketh +about a work of such importance in his first epistle on +this wise: "Because when they have known God, they have +not magnified him as God, or given thanks unto him; but +vanished in their own cogitations, and their foolish heart is +blinded; affirming themselves to be wise, they are made fools." +Although this seemeth to be spoken unto the Gentiles, look into +it notwithstanding, because it may conveniently be applied to +the priests and people of this age. And after a few words, +"Who have changed," saith he, "the truth of God into lying, +and have reverenced and served the creature rather than the +Creator, who is blessed for ever; therefore hath God given +them over unto passions of ignominy." And again, "And +even as they have not approved themselves to have God in +their knowledge, so God hath yielded them up to a reprobate +sense, that they may do such things as are not convenient, +being replenished with all iniquity, malice, uncleanness of +life, fornication, covetousness, naughtiness, full of envy, +murder (i.e. of the souls of the people), contention, deceit, +wickedness, backbiters, detractors, hateful to God, spiteful, +proud, puffed up, devisers of mischief, disobedient to their +parents, senseless, disordered, without mercy, without affection, +who, when they had known the justice of God, understood +not that they who commit such things, are worthy of +death."</p> + +<p>§ 98. And now what one of the aforesaid sort hath indeed +been void of all these? And if he were, yet perhaps he +may be caught in the sense of the ensuing sentence, wherein +he saith: "Not only those who do these things, but those +also who consent unto them," for none of them truly are free<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_371" id="Page_371">[Pg 371]</a></span> +from this wickedness. And afterwards, "But thou, according +to thy hardness and impenitent heart, dost lay up for +thyself wrath, against the day of wrath, and revelation of +the just judgment of God, who will yield unto every one +according unto his works." And again, "For there is no +acceptation of persons with God. For whosoever have +offended without the law, shall also without the law perish; +whosoever have offended in the law, shall by the law be +judged. For the hearers of the law shall not with God be +accounted just, but the doers of the law shall be justified." +How severe a sentence shall they therefore sustain, who not +only leave undone what they ought to accomplish, and forbear +not what they are forbidden, but also flee away from +the very hearing of the word of God, as from a serpent, +though lightly sounding in their ears.</p> + +<p>§ 99. But let us pass over to that which followeth to this +effect: "What shall we therefore say, shall we continue +still in sin that grace may abound? God forbid, for we who +are dead to sin, how shall we again live in the same?" And +somewhat afterwards, "Who shall separate us," saith he, +"from the love of Christ, tribulation, or distress, or persecution, +or famine, or nakedness, or danger, or the sword?" +What one, I pray you, of all you, shall with such an +affection be possessed in the inward secret of his heart, since +ye do not only labour for achieving of piety, but also endure +many things for the working of impiety, and offending of +Christ? Or who hath respected this that followeth? "The +night hath passed, and the day approached. Let us therefore +cast off the works of darkness, and put on the armour +of light, even as in the day: let us honestly walk, not in +banqueting, and drunkenness, not in couches, and wantonness, +not in contention, and emulation; but put ye on our +Lord Jesus Christ, and make no care to bestow your flesh in +concupiscences."</p> + +<p>§ 100. And again, in the first Epistle to the Corinthians, +he saith: "As a wise workmaster have I laid the foundation, +another buildeth thereupon, but let every man consider how +he buildeth thereon. For no other man can lay any other +foundation besides that which is laid, even Christ Jesus. +But if any man buildeth upon this, gold, and silver, precious +stones, hay, wood, stubble, every one's work shall be mani<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_372" id="Page_372">[Pg 372]</a></span>fest; +for the day of our Lord shall declare the same, because +it shall be revealed in fire, and the fire shall prove what +every man's work is. If any man's work shall remain, all +by the fire shall be adjudged. Whoso shall build thereupon, +shall receive reward. If any man's work shall burn, he +shall suffer detriment. Know ye not that ye are the temple +of God, and that the Spirit of God dwelleth in you? But +if any man violate the temple of God, God will destroy +him." And again, "If any man seemeth to be wise among +you in this world, let him be made a fool that he may become +wise. For the wisdom of this world is foolishness with +God." And within a few words afterwards, "Your glorying +is not good. Know ye not that a little leaven corrupteth the +whole mass? Purge ye, therefore, the old leaven that ye +may be a new sprinkling." How shall the old leaven, which +is sin, be purged away, that from day to day with your uttermost +endeavours is increased? And yet again, "I have +written unto you in mine epistle, that ye be not intermingled +with fornicators, not truly the fornicators of +this world, or the avaricious, ravenous, or idolatrous, +otherwise ye ought to depart out of this world. But +now have I written unto you, that ye be not intermingled, if +any one is named a brother, and be a fornicator, or avaricious, +or an idolator, or a slanderer, or a drunkard, or ravenous, +with such an one ye should not so much as eat." But a +felon condemneth not his fellow thief for stealing, or other +open robbery, whom he rather liketh, defendeth, and loveth, +as a companion of his offence.</p> + +<p>§ 101. Also in his second epistle unto the Corinthians; +"Having therefore," saith he, "this administration, according +as we have obtained mercy, let us not fail, but let us cast +away the secrets of shame, not walking in subtility, nor yet +corrupting the word of God," (that is, by evil example and +flattery.) And in that which followeth, he thus discourseth +of wicked teachers, saying: "For such false apostles are +deceitful workmen, transfiguring themselves into the apostles +of Christ. And no wonder: for Satan himself transfigureth +himself into an angel of light. It is not much therefore if +his ministers are transfigured as ministers of justice, whose +end will be according unto their works."</p> + +<p>§ 102. Hear likewise what he speaketh unto the Ephe<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_373" id="Page_373">[Pg 373]</a></span>sians; +and consider if ye find not your consciences attainted +as culpable of this that followeth? where he denounceth +thus: "I say and testify this in our Lord, that ye do not as +now walk like the Gentiles in the vanity of their own sense, +having their understanding obscured with darkness, alienated +from the way of God, through ignorance, which remaineth +in them in regard of the blindness of their heart, who +despairing, have yielded themselves over to uncleanness of +life, for the working of all filthiness and avarice." And +which of ye hath willingly fulfilled that which next ensueth? +"Therefore be ye not made unwise, but understanding what +is the will of God, and be ye not drunk with wine, wherein +there is riotousness, but be ye fulfilled with the Holy +Ghost."</p> + +<p>§ 103. Or that which he saith to the Thessalonians. +"For neither have we been with you at any time in the +speech of flattery, as yourselves do know; neither upon +occasion of avarice, neither seeking to be glorified by men, +neither by you, nor any others, when we might be honoured, +as other apostles of Christ. But we have been made as +little ones in the midst of you; or even as the nurse +cherisheth her small tender children, so desiring you, we +would very gladly deliver unto you, not only the gospel, but +also our very lives." If in all things ye retained this +affection of the apostle, then might ye be likewise assured, +that ye lawfully possessed his chair. Or how have ye +observed this that followeth? "Ye know," saith he, "what +precepts I have delivered unto you. This is the will of our +Lord, your sanctification, that ye abstain from fornication; +and that every one of you know how to possess his own +vessel, in honour and sanctification, not in the passion of +desire, like the Gentiles who are ignorant of God; and that +none of you do encroach upon or circumvent his brother in +his business, because our Lord is the revenger of all these. +For God hath not called us unto uncleanness, but unto +sanctification. Therefore whoso despiseth these, doth not +despise man, but God." What one also among you hath +advisedly and warily kept this that ensueth: "Mortify +therefore your members which are upon the earth, fornication, +uncleanness of life, lust, and evil concupiscence, for which +the wrath of God hath come upon the children of diffidence?"<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_374" id="Page_374">[Pg 374]</a></span> +Ye perceive therefore upon what offences the wrath of God +doth chiefly arise.</p> + +<p>§ 104. In which respect hear likewise what the same +holy apostle, with a prophetical spirit, foretelleth of you, and +such as yourselves, writing plainly in this sort to Timothy: +"For know you this, that in the last days there shall be +dangerous times at hand. For men shall be self-lovers, +covetous, puffed up, proud, blasphemous, disobedient to their +parents, ungrateful, wicked, without affection, incontinent, +unmeek, without benignity, betrayers, froward, lofty, rather +lovers of sensual pleasures, than of God, having a show of +piety, but renouncing the virtue thereof." Avoid thou these +men, even as the prophet saith: "I have hated the congregation +of the malicious, and with the wicked I will not +sit." And a little after, he uttereth that (which in our age +we behold to increase), saying: "Ever learning, and never +attaining unto the knowledge of truth; for even as Jannes +and Mambres resisted Moses, so do these also withstand the +truth: men corrupted in mind, reprobate against faith, but +they shall prosper no further; for their folly shall be manifest +unto all, as theirs likewise was."</p> + +<p>§ 105. And evidently doth he also declare how priests in +their office ought to behave themselves, writing thus to +Titus: "Show thyself an example of good works, in +learning, in integrity, in gravity, having thy word sound +without offence, that he who standeth on the adverse part +may be afraid, having no evil to speak of us." And moreover +he saith unto Timothy, "Labour thou as a good soldier of +Christ Jesus; no man fighting in God's quarrel entangleth +himself in worldly business, that he may please him unto +whom he hath approved himself; for whoso striveth in the +lists for the mastery, receiveth not the crown, unless he hath +lawfully contended." This is his exhortation to the good. +Other matter also which the same epistles contain, is a +threatening advertisement to the wicked (such as yourselves, +in the judgment of all understanding persons, appear to be). +"If any one," saith he, "teacheth otherwise, and doth not +peaceably assent to the sound sayings of our Lord Jesus +Christ, and that doctrine which is according to piety, he is +proud, having no knowledge, but languishing about questions, +and contentions of words, out of which do spring envies,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_375" id="Page_375">[Pg 375]</a></span> +debates, blasphemies, evil suspicions, conflicts of men +corrupted in mind, who are deprived of truth, esteeming +commodity to be piety."</p> + +<p>§ 106. But why in using these testimonies, here and +there dispersed, are we any longer, as it were, tossed up and +down in the silly boat of our simple understanding, on the +waves of sundry interpretations? We have now therefore +at length thought it necessary to have recourse to those +lessons,<a name="FNanchor_247_247" id="FNanchor_247_247"></a><a href="#Footnote_247_247" class="fnanchor">[247]</a> which are gathered out of Holy Scriptures, to the +end that they should not only be rehearsed, but also be +assenting and assisting unto the benediction, wherewith the +hands of priests, and others of inferior sacred orders, are +first consecrated, and that thereby they may continually be +warned never, by degenerating from their priestly dignity, +to digress from the commandments, which are faithfully contained +in the same; so as it may be plain and apparent unto +all, that everlasting torments are reserved for them, and that +they are not priests, or the servants of God, who do not +with their utmost power follow and fulfil the instructions +and precepts. Wherefore let us hear what the prince of the +apostles, Saint Peter, hath signified about this so weighty a +matter, saying: "Blessed be God, and the Father of our +Lord Jesus Christ, who through his mercy hath regenerated +us into the hope of eternal life, by the resurrection of our +Lord Jesus Christ from the dead, into an inheritance which +can never corrupt, never wither, neither be defiled, preserved +in heaven for you, who are kept in the virtue of God;" why +then do ye fondly violate such an inheritance, which is not +as an earthly one, transitory, but immortal and eternal? +And somewhat afterwards: "For which cause be ye girded +in the loins of your mind, sober, perfectly hoping in that +grace which is offered to you in the revelation of Jesus +Christ:" examine ye now the depths of your hearts, +whether ye be sober and do perfectly preserve the grace of +priesthood, which shall be duly discussed and decided in the +revelation of our Lord. And again he saith: "As children +of the benediction, not configuring yourselves to those +former desires of your ignorance; but according unto him +who hath called you holy, be ye also holy in all conversation.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_376" id="Page_376">[Pg 376]</a></span> +For which cause it is written, Be ye holy, because I am +holy." Which one of you, I pray, hath with his whole +mind so pursued sanctity, that he hath earnestly hastened, as +much as in him lay, to fulfil the same? But let us behold +what in the second lesson of the same apostle is contained: +"My dearest," saith he, "sanctify your souls for the +obedience of faith, through the Spirit, in charity, in brotherhood, +loving one another out of a true heart perpetually, as +born again not of corruptible seed, but of incorruptible, +through the word of God, living and remaining for +ever."</p> + +<p>§ 107. These are truly the commandments of the apostle; +and read in the day of your ordination, to the end ye should +inviolably observe the same, but they are not fulfilled by you +in discretion and judgment, nay not so much as duly considered +or understood. And afterwards: "Laying therefore +aside all malice, and all deceits, and dissemblings, envy, and +detractions, as infants newly born, reasonable and without +guile covet ye milk, that ye may thereby grow to salvation, +because our Lord is sweet." Consider ye also in your minds, +if these sayings which have sounded in your deaf ears have +not often likewise been trodden by you under foot: and +again: "Ye truly are the chosen lineage, the royal priesthood, +the holy nation, the people for adoption, that ye may +declare his virtues who hath called you out of darkness into +his marvellous light." But truly by you are not only the +virtues of God not declared and made more glorious, but also +through your wicked examples are they (by such as have not +perfect belief) despised. Ye have perchance at the same time +likewise heard, what is read in the lesson of the Acts, on +this wise: "Peter arising in the midst of the disciples said: +Men and brethren, it is expedient that the Scripture be +fulfilled, which the Holy Ghost hath by the mouth of David +foretold of Judas." And a little after: "This man therefore +purchased a field, of the reward of iniquity." This have ye +heard with a careless or rather blockish heart, as though the +reading thereof nothing at all appertained unto yourselves. +What one of you (I pray you) doth not seek the field of the +reward of iniquity? For Judas robbed and pillaged the +purse, and ye spoil and waste the sacred gifts and treasures +of the church, together with the souls of her children. He<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_377" id="Page_377">[Pg 377]</a></span> +went to the Jews to make a market of God, ye pass to the +tyrants, and their father the devil, that ye may despise +Christ. <i>He</i> set to sale the Saviour of the world for thirty +pence, and <i>you</i> do so even for one poor halfpenny.</p> + +<p>§ 108. What need many words? The example of Matthias +is apparently laid before you for your confusion, who +was chosen into his place, not by his own proper will, but +by the election of the holy apostles, or rather the judgment +of Christ, whereat ye being blinded, do not perceive how far +ye run astray from his merits, while ye fall wilfully and +headlong into the manners and affection of Judas the traitor. +It is therefore manifest that he who wittingly from his heart +termeth you priests, is not himself a true and worthy Christian. +And now I will assuredly speak what I think: this +reprehension might have been framed after a milder fashion, +but what availeth it to touch only with the hand, or dress +with gentle ointment, that wound which with imposthumation +or stinking corruption is now grown so horrible, that it +requireth the searing iron, or the ordinary help of the fire, +if happily by any means it may be cured, the diseased in the +meanwhile not seeking a medicine, and the physician much +erring from a rightful remedy? O ye enemies of God, and +not priests! O ye traders of wickedness, and not bishops! +O ye betrayers, and not successors of the holy apostles! O +ye adversaries, and not servants of Christ! Ye have certainly +heard at the least, the sound of the words, which are in the +second lesson taken out of the apostle Saint Paul, although +ye have no way observed the admonitions and virtue of them, +but even as statues (that neither see nor hear) stood that day +at the altar, while both then, and continually since he hath +thundered in your ears, saying: "Brethren, it is a faithful +speech, and worthy of all acceptance." He called it faithful +and worthy, but ye have despised it as unfaithful and unworthy. +"If any man desireth a bishopric, he desireth a +good work." Ye do mightily covet a bishopric in respect of +avarice, but not for spiritual convenience and for the good +work which is suitable to the place, ye want it. "It behoveth +therefore such a one to be free from all cause of reprehension." +At this saying we have more need to shed tears than utter +words; for it is as much as if the apostle had said, he ought +to be of all others most free from occasion of rebuke. "The<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_378" id="Page_378">[Pg 378]</a></span> +husband of one wife," which is likewise so condemned among +us, as if that word had never proceeded from him; "Sober, +wise;" yea, which of ye hath once desired to have these +virtues engrafted in him, "using hospitality." For this, if +perchance it hath been found among you, yet being nevertheless +rather done to purchase the favour of the people, than +to accomplish the commandment, it is of no avail, our Lord +and Saviour saying thus: "Verily, I say unto you, they have +received their reward." Moreover, "A man adorned, not +given to wine; no fighter, but modest; not contentious, not +covetous:" O lamentable change! O horrible contempt of +the heavenly commandments! And do ye not continually +use the force of your words and actions, for the overthrowing +or rather overwhelming of these, for whose defence and confirmation, +if need had required, ye ought to have suffered +pains, yea, and to have lost your very lives.</p> + +<p>§ 109. But let us see what followeth: "Well governing," +saith he, "his house, having his children subjected with all +chastity." Imperfect therefore is the chastity of the parents, +if the children be not also endued with the same. But how +shall it be, where neither the father, nor the son, depraved +by the example of his evil parent, is found to be chaste? +"But if any one knoweth not how to rule over his own +house, how shall he employ his care over the church of +God?" These are the words, that with apparent effects, +should be made good and approved. "Deacons in like +manner, that they should be chaste, not doubled tongued, +not overgiven to much wine, not followers of filthy gain, +having the mystery of faith in a preconscience, and let these +also be first approved, and so let them administer, having no +offence." And now trembling truly to make any longer stay +on these matters, I can for a conclusion affirm one thing +certainly, which is, that all these are changed into contrary +actions, in so much that clerks (which not without grief of +heart, I here confess,) are shameless and deceitful in their +speeches, given to drinking, covetous of filthy lucre, having +faith (or to say more truly) unfaithfulness in an impure conscience, +ministering not upon probation of their good works, +but upon foreknowledge of their evil actions, and being thus +defiled with innumerable offences, they are notwithstanding +admitted unto the holy office; ye have likewise heard on the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_379" id="Page_379">[Pg 379]</a></span> +same day (wherein ye should with far more right and reason +have been drawn to prison or punishment, than preferred +unto priesthood) when our Lord demanded whom his disciples +supposed him to be, how Peter answered, "Thou art Christ, +the Son of the living God;" and our Lord in respect of such +his confession, said unto him: "Blessed art thou, Simon +Bar-jonas, because flesh and blood hath not revealed it unto +thee, but my Father who is in heaven." Peter therefore, +instructed by God the Father, did rightly confess Christ; +but ye being taught by the devil your father, do, with your +lewd actions, wickedly deny our Saviour. It is said to the +true priest, "Thou art Peter, and upon this rock will I build +my church:" but ye resembled "the foolish man, who hath +builded his house upon the sand." And verily it is to be +noted, that God joineth not in the workmanship with the +unwise, when they build their house upon the deceitful +uncertainty of the sands, according unto that saying: "They +have made kings unto themselves, and not by me." Similarly +that (which followeth) soundeth in like sort, speaking thus: +"And the gates of hell (whereby infernal sins are to be +understood) shall not prevail." But of your frail and deadly +frame, mark what is pronounced: "The floods came, and the +winds blew, and dashed upon that house and it fell, and great +was the ruin thereof." To Peter and his successors, our +Lord doth say, "And I will give unto thee the keys of the +kingdom of heaven." But unto you, "I know you not, +depart from me all ye workers of iniquity," that being +separated with the goats of the left hand, ye may together +with them go into eternal fire. It is also promised unto +every good priest, "Whatsoever thou shalt loose upon earth, +shall be likewise loosed in heaven: and whatsoever thou shalt +bind upon earth, shall be in like sort bound in heaven." But +how shall ye loose any thing, that it may be loosed also in +heaven, since yourselves for your sins are severed from +heaven, and hampered in the bands of your own heinous +offences, as Solomon saith, "With the cords of his sins, +every one is tied?" And with what reason shall ye bind +any thing on this earth, that above this world may be likewise +bound, unless it be your only selves, who, entangled in +your iniquities, are so detained on this earth, that ye cannot +ascend into heaven, but without your conversion unto our<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_380" id="Page_380">[Pg 380]</a></span> +Lord in this life, will fall down into the miserable prison of +hell?</p> + +<p>§ 110. Neither yet let any priest flatter himself upon the +knowledge of the particular cleanness of his own body, since +their souls (over whom he hath government) shall in the day +of judgment be required at his hands as the murderer of +them, if any through his ignorance, sloth, or fawning adulation, +have perished, because the stroke of death is not less +terrible, that is given by a good man, than that which is inflicted +by an evil person; otherwise would the apostle never +have said that which he left unto his successors, as a fatherly +legacy, "I am clear and clean from the blood of all: for I +have not forborne to declare unto you all the counsel of +God." Being therefore mightily drunken with the use and +custom of sins, and extremely overwhelmed with the waves +(as it were) of increasing offences, seek ye now forthwith the +uttermost endeavours of your minds (after this your shipwreck), +that one plank of repentance which is left, whereby +ye may escape and swim to the land of the living, that from +you may be turned away the wrath of our Lord, who saith, +"I will not the death of a sinner: but that he may be converted +and live." And may the same Almighty God, of all +consolation and mercy, preserve his few good pastors from +all evil, and (the common enemy being overcome) make them +free inhabitants of the heavenly city of Jerusalem, which is +the congregation of all saints; grant this, O Father, Son, +and Holy Ghost, to whom be honour and glory, world without +end. Amen.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_381" id="Page_381">[Pg 381]</a></span></p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_240_240" id="Footnote_240_240"></a><a href="#FNanchor_240_240"><span class="label">[240]</span></a> Probably Cystennyn of the Bards. Constantine is a name often +occurring in the British royal families. The Constantine of Gildas is +supposed to have been king of Cornwall, who abdicated his throne, and +afterwards preached the gospel to the Picts and Scots. Some account of +him will be found in the Aberdeen Breviary, in the Acta Sanctorum, March, +vol. ii. p. 64, and in Whitaker's Cathedral of Cornwall, i. 325.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_241_241" id="Footnote_241_241"></a><a href="#FNanchor_241_241"><span class="label">[241]</span></a> The present counties of Devon and Cornwall.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_242_242" id="Footnote_242_242"></a><a href="#FNanchor_242_242"><span class="label">[242]</span></a> King of Powisland, which for some time formed a distinct kingdom.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_243_243" id="Footnote_243_243"></a><a href="#FNanchor_243_243"><span class="label">[243]</span></a> Inhabitants of the counties of Cardigan, Pembroke, and Carmarthen.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_244_244" id="Footnote_244_244"></a><a href="#FNanchor_244_244"><span class="label">[244]</span></a> His dominions were north of Cambria, between the Severn and the +Western Sea.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_245_245" id="Footnote_245_245"></a><a href="#FNanchor_245_245"><span class="label">[245]</span></a> Probably Maelgwn Gwynedd, king of North Wales.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_246_246" id="Footnote_246_246"></a><a href="#FNanchor_246_246"><span class="label">[246]</span></a> Vermilion, the English version, seems derived from <i>vermes</i>, a worm.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_247_247" id="Footnote_247_247"></a><a href="#FNanchor_247_247"><span class="label">[247]</span></a> Gildas, in this and the following section, evidently alludes to the +Ordination Ritual of the Ancient British Church.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3>NENNIUS'S</h3> + +<h2>HISTORY OF THE BRITONS.</h2> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_383" id="Page_383">[Pg 382-383]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>NENNIUS'S</h2> + +<h2>HISTORY OF THE BRITONS.</h2> + +<h3>I.—THE PROLOGUE.</h3> + + +<p>§ 1. Nennius, the lowly minister and servant of the servants +of God, by the grace of God, disciple of St. Elbotus,<a name="FNanchor_248_248" id="FNanchor_248_248"></a><a href="#Footnote_248_248" class="fnanchor">[248]</a> +to all the followers of truth sendeth health.</p> + +<p>Be it known to your charity, that being dull in intellect +and rude of speech, I have presumed to deliver these things +in the Latin tongue, not trusting to my own learning, which +is little or none at all, but partly from traditions of our ancestors, +partly from writings and monuments of the ancient +inhabitants of Britain, partly from the annals of the Romans, +and the chronicles of the sacred fathers, Isidore, Hieronymus, +Prosper, Eusebius, and from the histories of the Scots and +Saxons, although our enemies, not following my own inclinations, +but, to the best of my ability, obeying the commands +of my seniors; I have lispingly put together this history +from various sources, and have endeavoured, from shame, to +deliver down to posterity the few remaining ears of corn +about past transactions, that they might not be trodden under +foot, seeing that an ample crop has been snatched away +already by the hostile reapers of foreign nations. For many +things have been in my way, and I, to this day, have hardly +been able to understand, even superficially, as was necessary, +the sayings of other men; much less was I able in my +own strength, but like a barbarian, have I murdered and +defiled the language of others. But I bore about with +me an inward wound, and I was indignant, that the name +of my own people, formerly famous and distinguished, +should sink into oblivion, and like smoke be dissipated. +But since, however, I had rather myself be the historian +of the Britons than nobody, although so many are to be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_384" id="Page_384">[Pg 384]</a></span> +found who might much more satisfactorily discharge the +labour thus imposed on me; I humbly entreat my readers, +whose ears I may offend by the inelegance of my words, that +they will fulfil the wish of my seniors, and grant me the +easy task of listening with candour to my history. For +zealous efforts very often fail: but bold enthusiasm, were it +in its power, would not suffer me to fail. May, therefore, +candour be shown where the inelegance of my words is insufficient, +and may the truth of this history, which my rustic +tongue has ventured, as a kind of plough, to trace out in +furrows, lose none of its influence from that cause, in the +ears of my hearers. For it is better to drink a wholesome +draught of truth from a humble vessel, than poison mixed +with honey from a golden goblet.</p> + +<p>§ 2. And do not be loath, diligent reader, to winnow my +chaff, and lay up the wheat in the storehouse of your memory: +for truth regards not who is the speaker, nor in what manner +it is spoken, but that the thing be true; and she does not +despise the jewel which she has rescued from the mud, but +she adds it to her former treasures.</p> + +<p>For I yield to those who are greater and more eloquent +than myself, who, kindled with generous ardour, have endeavoured +by Roman eloquence to smooth the jarring elements +of their tongue, if they have left unshaken any pillar +of history which I wished to see remain. This history +therefore has been compiled from a wish to benefit my inferiors, +not from envy of those who are superior to me, in the +858th year of our Lord's incarnation, and in the 24th year +of Mervin, king of the Britons, and I hope that the prayers +of my betters will be offered up for me in recompence of my +labour. But this is sufficient by way of preface. I shall +obediently accomplish the rest to the utmost of my power.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_248_248" id="Footnote_248_248"></a><a href="#FNanchor_248_248"><span class="label">[248]</span></a> Or Elvod, bishop of Bangor, <span class="smcap">a.d.</span> 755, who first adopted in the Cambrian +church the new cycle for regulating Easter.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3>II.—THE APOLOGY OF NENNIUS.</h3> + + +<p>Here begins the apology of Nennius, the historiographer +of the Britons, of the race of the Britons.</p> + +<p>§ 3. I, Nennius, disciple of St. Elbotus, have endeavoured to +write some extracts which the dulness of the British nation +had cast away, because teachers had no knowledge, nor gave +any information in their books about this island of Britain.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_385" id="Page_385">[Pg 385]</a></span> +But I have got together all that I could find as well from the +annals of the Romans as from the chronicles of the sacred +fathers, Hieronymus, Eusebius, Isidorus, Prosper, and from +the annals of the Scots and Saxons, and from our ancient +traditions. Many teachers and scribes have attempted to +write this, but somehow or other have abandoned it from its +difficulty, either on account of frequent deaths, or the often +recurring calamities of war. I pray that every reader who +shall read this book, may pardon me, for having attempted, +like a chattering jay, or like some weak witness, to write +these things, after they had failed. I yield to him who knows +more of these things than I do.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3>III.—THE HISTORY.</h3> + + +<p>§ 4, 5. From Adam to the flood, are two thousand and +forty-two years. From the flood to Abraham, nine hundred +and forty-two. From Abraham to Moses, six hundred.<a name="FNanchor_249_249" id="FNanchor_249_249"></a><a href="#Footnote_249_249" class="fnanchor">[249]</a> +From Moses to Solomon, and the first building of the temple, +four hundred and forty-eight. From Solomon to the +rebuilding of the temple, which was under Darius, king of +the Persians, six hundred and twelve years are computed. +From Darius to the ministry of our Lord Jesus Christ, and +to the fifteenth year of the emperor Tiberius, are five hundred +and forty-eight years. So that from Adam to the +ministry of Christ and the fifteenth year of the emperor +Tiberius, are five thousand two hundred and twenty-eight +years. From the passion of Christ are completed nine hundred +and forty-six; from his incarnation, nine hundred and +seventy-six: being the fifth year of Edmund, king of the +Angles.</p> + +<p>§ 6. The first age of the world is from Adam to Noah; +the second from Noah to Abraham; the third from Abraham +to David; the fourth from David to Daniel; the fifth to John +the Baptist; the sixth from John to the judgment, when our +Lord Jesus Christ will come to judge the living and the +dead, and the world by fire.</p> + +<p>The first Julius. The second Claudius. The third Se<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_386" id="Page_386">[Pg 386]</a></span>verus. +The fourth Carinus. The fifth Constantius. The +sixth Maximus. The seventh Maximianus. The eighth +another Severus Æquantius. The ninth Constantius.<a name="FNanchor_250_250" id="FNanchor_250_250"></a><a href="#Footnote_250_250" class="fnanchor">[250]</a></p> + +<p>Here beginneth the history of the Britons, edited by +Mark the anchorite, a holy bishop of that people.</p> + +<p>§ 7. The island of Britain derives its name from Brutus, a +Roman consul. Taken from the south-west point it inclines +a little towards the west, and to its northern extremity measures +eight hundred miles, and is in breadth two hundred. +It contains thirty-three cities,<a name="FNanchor_251_251" id="FNanchor_251_251"></a><a href="#Footnote_251_251" class="fnanchor">[251]</a> viz.</p> + +<p> +1. Cair ebrauc (<i>York</i>).<br /> +2. Cair ceint (<i>Canterbury</i>).<br /> +3. Cair gurcoc (<i>Anglesey?</i>)<br /> +4. Cair guorthegern.<a name="FNanchor_252_252" id="FNanchor_252_252"></a><a href="#Footnote_252_252" class="fnanchor">[252]</a><br /> +5. Cair custeint (<i>Carnarvon</i>).<br /> +6. Cair guoranegon (<i>Worcester</i>).<br /> +7. Cair segeint (<i>Silchester</i>).<br /> +8. Cair guin truis (<i>Norwich</i>, or <i>Winwick</i>).<br /> +9. Cair merdin (<i>Caermarthen</i>).<br /> +10. Cair peris (<i>Porchester</i>).<br /> +11. Cair lion (<i>Caerleon-upon-Usk</i>).<br /> +12. Cair mencipit (<i>Verulam</i>).<br /> +13. Cair caratauc (<i>Catterick</i>).<br /> +14. Cair ceri (<i>Cirencester</i>).<br /> +15. Cair gloui (<i>Gloucester</i>).<br /> +18. Cair luilid (<i>Carlisle</i>).<br /> +17. Cair grant (<i>Grantchester</i>, now <i>Cambridge</i>).<br /> +18. Cair daun (<i>Doncaster</i>), or Cair dauri (<i>Dorchester</i>).<br /> +19. Cair britoc (<i>Bristol</i>).<br /> +20. Cair meguaid (<i>Meivod</i>).<br /> +21. Cair mauiguid (<i>Manchester</i>).<br /> +22. Cair ligion (<i>Chester</i>).<br /> +23. Cair guent (<i>Winchester</i>, or <i>Caerwent</i>, in <i>Monmouthshire</i>).<br /> +24. Cair collon (<i>Colchester</i>, or <i>St. Colon, Cornwall</i>).<br /> +25. Cair londein (<i>London</i>).<br /> +26. Cair guorcon (<i>Worren</i>, or <i>Woran</i>, in <i>Pembrokeshire</i>).<br /> +27. Cair lerion (<i>Leicester</i>).<br /> +28. Cair draithou (<i>Drayton</i>).<br /> +29. Cair pensavelcoit (<i>Pevensey</i>, in <i>Sussex</i>).<br /> +30. Cair teim (<i>Teyn-Grace</i>, in <i>Devonshire</i>).<br /> +31. Cair Urnahc (<i>Wroxeter</i>, in <i>Shropshire</i>).<br /> +32. Cair colemion (<i>Oarnalet</i>, in <i>Somersetshire</i>).<br /> +33. Cair loit coit (<i>Lincoln</i>).<br /> +</p> + +<p>These are the names of the ancient cities of the island of +Britain. It has also a vast many promontories, and castles +innumerable, built of brick and stone. Its inhabitants consist +of four different people; the Scots, the Picts, the Saxons, +and the ancient Britons.</p> + +<p>§ 8. Three considerable islands belong to it; one, on the +south, opposite the Armorican shore, called Wight;<a name="FNanchor_253_253" id="FNanchor_253_253"></a><a href="#Footnote_253_253" class="fnanchor">[253]</a> another +between Ireland and Britain, called Eubonia or Man; +and another directly north, beyond the Picts, named Orkney;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_387" id="Page_387">[Pg 387]</a></span> +and hence it was anciently a proverbial expression, in reference +to its kings and rulers, "He reigned over Britain and +its three islands."</p> + +<p>§ 9. It is fertilized by several rivers, which traverse it in +all directions, to the east and west, to the south and north; +but there are two pre-eminently distinguished among the +rest, the Thames and the Severn, which formerly, like the +two arms of Britain, bore the ships employed in the conveyance +of the riches acquired by commerce. The Britons were +once very populous, and exercised extensive dominion from +sea to sea.</p> + +<p>§ 10.<a name="FNanchor_254_254" id="FNanchor_254_254"></a><a href="#Footnote_254_254" class="fnanchor">[254]</a> Respecting the period when this island became inhabited +subsequently to the flood, I have seen two distinct +relations. According to the annals of the Roman history, +the Britons deduce their origin both from the Greeks and +Romans. On the side of the mother, from Lavinia, the +daughter of Latinus, king of Italy, and of the race of Silvanus, +the son of Inachus, the son of Dardanus; who was the +son of Saturn, king of the Greeks, and who, having possessed +himself of a part of Asia, built the city of Troy. +Dardanus was the father of Troius, who was the father of +Priam and Anchises; Anchises was the father of Æneas, +who was the father of Ascanius and Silvius; and this Silvius +was the son of Æneas and Lavinia, the daughter of the +king of Italy. From the sons of Æneas and Lavinia descended +Romulus and Remus, who were the sons of the holy +queen Rhea, and the founders of Rome. Brutus was consul +when he conquered Spain, and reduced that country to a +Roman province. He afterwards subdued the island of +Britain, whose inhabitants were the descendants of the +Romans, from Silvius Posthumus. He was called <i>Posthumus</i> +because he was born after the death of Æneas his father; +and his mother Lavinia concealed herself during her pregnancy; +he was called <i>Silvius</i>, because he was born in a wood. +Hence the Roman kings were called Silvan, and the Britons +who sprang from him; but they were called Britons from +Brutus, and rose from the family of Brutus.</p> + +<p>Æneas, after the Trojan war, arrived with his son in Italy; +and having vanquished Turnus, married Lavinia, the daugh<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_388" id="Page_388">[Pg 388]</a></span>ter +of king Latinus, who was the son of Faunas, the son of +Picus, the son of Saturn. After the death of Latinus, Æneas +obtained the kingdom of the Romans, and Lavinia brought +forth a son, who was named Silvius. Ascanius founded +Alba, and afterwards married. And Lavinia bore to Æneas +a son, named Silvius; but Ascanius<a name="FNanchor_255_255" id="FNanchor_255_255"></a><a href="#Footnote_255_255" class="fnanchor">[255]</a> married a wife, who +conceived and became pregnant. And Æneas, having been +informed that his daughter-in-law was pregnant, ordered his +son to send his magician to examine his wife, whether the child +conceived were male or female. The magician came and examined +the wife and pronounced it to be a son, who should +become the most valiant among the Italians, and the most +beloved of all men.<a name="FNanchor_256_256" id="FNanchor_256_256"></a><a href="#Footnote_256_256" class="fnanchor">[256]</a> In consequence of this prediction, the +magician was put to death by Ascanius; but it happened +that the mother of the child dying at its birth, he was named +Brutus; and after a certain interval, agreeably to what the +magician had foretold, whilst he was playing with some +others he shot his father with an arrow, not intentionally but +by accident.<a name="FNanchor_257_257" id="FNanchor_257_257"></a><a href="#Footnote_257_257" class="fnanchor">[257]</a> He was, for this cause, expelled from Italy, +and came to the islands of the Tyrrhene sea, when he was +exiled on account of the death of Turnus, slain by Æneas. +He then went among the Gauls, and built the city of the +Turones, called Turnis.<a name="FNanchor_258_258" id="FNanchor_258_258"></a><a href="#Footnote_258_258" class="fnanchor">[258]</a> At length he came to this island, +named from him Britannia, dwelt there, and filled it with his +own descendants, and it has been inhabited from that time to +the present period.</p> + +<p>§ 11. Æneas reigned over the Latins three years; Ascanius +thirty-three years; after whom Silvius reigned twelve +years, and Posthumus thirty-nine<a name="FNanchor_259_259" id="FNanchor_259_259"></a><a href="#Footnote_259_259" class="fnanchor">[259]</a> years: the latter, from +whom the kings of Alba are called Silvan, was brother to +Brutus, who governed Britain at the time Eli the high-priest +judged Israel, and when the ark of the covenant was taken +by a foreign people. But Posthumus his brother reigned +among the Latins.</p> + +<p>§ 12. After an interval of not less than eight hundred +years, came the Picts, and occupied the Orkney Islands: +whence they laid waste many regions, and seized those on<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_389" id="Page_389">[Pg 389]</a></span> +the left hand side of Britain, where they still remain, keeping +possession of a third part of Britain to this day.<a name="FNanchor_260_260" id="FNanchor_260_260"></a><a href="#Footnote_260_260" class="fnanchor">[260]</a></p> + +<p>§ 13. Long after this, the Scots arrived in Ireland from +Spain. The first that came was Partholomus,<a name="FNanchor_261_261" id="FNanchor_261_261"></a><a href="#Footnote_261_261" class="fnanchor">[261]</a> with a +thousand men and women; these increased to four thousand; +but a mortality coming suddenly upon them, they all +perished in one week. The second was Nimech, the son of +...,<a name="FNanchor_262_262" id="FNanchor_262_262"></a><a href="#Footnote_262_262" class="fnanchor">[262]</a> who, according to report, after having been at +sea a year and a half, and having his ships shattered, arrived +at a port in Ireland, and continuing there several years, +returned at length with his followers to Spain. After +these came three sons of a Spanish soldier with thirty ships, +each of which contained thirty wives; and having remained +there during the space of a year, there appeared to them, in +the middle of the sea, a tower of glass, the summit of +which seemed covered with men, to whom they often spoke, +but received no answer. At length they determined to +besiege the tower; and after a year's preparation, advanced +towards it, with the whole number of their ships, and all +the women, one ship only excepted, which had been +wrecked, and in which were thirty men, and as many +women; but when all had disembarked on the shore which +surrounded the tower, the sea opened and swallowed them +up. Ireland, however, was peopled, to the present period, +from the family remaining in the vessel which was wrecked. +Afterwards, others came from Spain, and possessed themselves +of various parts of Britain.</p> + +<p>§ 14. Last of all came one Hoctor,<a name="FNanchor_263_263" id="FNanchor_263_263"></a><a href="#Footnote_263_263" class="fnanchor">[263]</a> who continued there, +and whose descendants remain there to this day. Istoreth, +the son of Istorinus, with his followers, held Dalrieta; Buile +had the island Eubonia, and other adjacent places. The +sons of Liethali<a name="FNanchor_264_264" id="FNanchor_264_264"></a><a href="#Footnote_264_264" class="fnanchor">[264]</a> obtained the country of the Dimetæ, where +is a city called Menavia,<a name="FNanchor_265_265" id="FNanchor_265_265"></a><a href="#Footnote_265_265" class="fnanchor">[265]</a> and the province Guiher and +Cetgueli,<a name="FNanchor_266_266" id="FNanchor_266_266"></a><a href="#Footnote_266_266" class="fnanchor">[266]</a> which they held till they were expelled from +every part of Britain, by Cunedda and his sons.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_390" id="Page_390">[Pg 390]</a></span></p><p>§ 15. According to the most learned among the Scots, if +any one desires to learn what I am now going to state, +Ireland was a desert, and uninhabited, when the children of +Israel crossed the Red Sea, in which, as we read in the +Book of the Law, the Egyptians who followed them were +drowned. At that period, there lived among this people, +with a numerous family, a Scythian of noble birth, who had +been banished from his country, and did not go to pursue +the people of God. The Egyptians who were left, seeing +the destruction of the great men of their nation, and fearing +lest he should possess himself of their territory, took counsel +together, and expelled him. Thus reduced, he wandered +forty-two years in Africa, and arrived, with his family, at +the altars of the Philistines, by the Lake of Osiers. Then +passing between Rusicada and the hilly country of Syria, +they travelled by the river Malva through Mauritania as far +as the Pillars of Hercules; and crossing the Tyrrhene Sea, +landed in Spain, where they continued many years, having +greatly increased and multiplied. Thence, a thousand and two +years after the Egyptians were lost in the Red Sea, they passed +into Ireland, and the district of Dalrieta.<a name="FNanchor_267_267" id="FNanchor_267_267"></a><a href="#Footnote_267_267" class="fnanchor">[267]</a> At that period, Brutus, +who first exercised the consular office, reigned over the +Romans; and the state, which before was governed by regal +power, was afterwards ruled, during four hundred and forty-seven +years, by consuls, tribunes of the people, and dictators.</p> + +<p>The Britons came to Britain in the third age of the world; +and in the fourth, the Scots took possession of Ireland.</p> + +<p>The Britons who, suspecting no hostilities, were unprovided +with the means of defence, were unanimously and +incessantly attacked, both by the Scots from the west, and +by the Picts from the north. A long interval after this, the +Romans obtained the empire of the world.</p> + +<p>§ 16. From the first arrival of the Saxons into Britain, +to the fourth year of king Mermenus are computed four +hundred and twenty-eight years; from the nativity of our +Lord to the coming of St. Patrick among the Scots, four +hundred and five years; from the death of St. Patrick to +that of St. Bridget, forty years; and from the birth of +Columcille<a name="FNanchor_268_268" id="FNanchor_268_268"></a><a href="#Footnote_268_268" class="fnanchor">[268]</a> to the death of St. Bridget four years.<a name="FNanchor_269_269" id="FNanchor_269_269"></a><a href="#Footnote_269_269" class="fnanchor">[269]</a></p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_391" id="Page_391">[Pg 391]</a></span></p><p>§ 17. I have learned another account of this Brutus from +the ancient books of our ancestors.<a name="FNanchor_270_270" id="FNanchor_270_270"></a><a href="#Footnote_270_270" class="fnanchor">[270]</a> After the deluge, the +three sons of Noah severally occupied three different parts +of the earth: Shem extended his borders into Asia, Ham +into Africa, and Japheth into Europe.</p> + +<p>The first man that dwelt in Europe was Alanus, with his +three sons, Hisicion, Armenon, and Neugio. Hisicion had +four sons, Francus, Romanus, Alamanus, and Brutus. +Armenon had five sons, Gothus, Valagothus, Cibidus, +Burgundus, and Longobardus. Neugio had three sons, +Vandalus, Saxo, and Boganus. From Hisicion arose four +nations—the Franks, the Latins, the Germans, and Britons: +from Armenon, the Gothi, Valagothi, Cibidi, Burgundi, and +Longobardi: from Neugio, the Bogari, Vandali, Saxones, +and Tarinegi. The whole of Europe was subdivided into +these tribes.</p> + +<p>Alanus is said to have been the son of Fethuir;<a name="FNanchor_271_271" id="FNanchor_271_271"></a><a href="#Footnote_271_271" class="fnanchor">[271]</a> Fethuir +the son of Ogomuin, who was the son of Thoi; Thoi was +the son of Boibus, Boibus of Semion, Semion of Mair, +Mair of Ecthactus, Ecthactus of Aurthack, Aurthack of +Ethec, Ethec of Ooth, Ooth of Aber, Aber of Ra, Ra of +Esraa, Esraa of Hisrau, Hisrau of Bath, Bath of Jobath, +Jobath of Joham, Joham of Japheth, Japheth of Noah, +Noah of Lamech, Lamech of Mathusalem, Mathusalem of +Enoch, Enoch of Jared, Jared of Malalehel, Malalehel of +Cainan, Cainan of Enos, Enos of Seth, Seth of Adam, and +Adam was formed by the living God. We have obtained +this information respecting the original inhabitants of Britain +from ancient tradition.</p> + +<p>§ 18. The Britons were thus called from Brutus: Brutus +was the son of Hisicion, Hisicion was the son of Alanus, +Alanus was the son of Rhea Silvia, Rhea Silvia was the +daughter of Numa Pompilius, Numa was the son of +Ascanius, Ascanius of Eneas, Eneas of Anchises, Anchises +of Troius, Troius of Dardanus, Dardanus of Flisa, Flisa of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_392" id="Page_392">[Pg 392]</a></span> +Juuin, Juuin of Japheth; but Japheth had seven sons; +from the first, named Gomer, descended the Galli; from the +second, Magog, the Scythi and Gothi; from the third, +Madian, the Medi; from the fourth, Juuan, the Greeks; +from the fifth, Tubal, arose the Hebrei, Hispani, and Itali; +from the sixth, Mosoch, sprung the Cappadoces; and +from the seventh, named Tiras, descended the Thraces: +these are the sons of Japheth, the son of Noah, the son of +Lamech.</p> + +<p>§ 19.<a name="FNanchor_272_272" id="FNanchor_272_272"></a><a href="#Footnote_272_272" class="fnanchor">[272]</a> The Romans having obtained the dominion of the +world, sent legates or deputies to the Britons to demand of +them hostages and tribute, which they received from all +other countries and islands; but they, fierce, disdainful, and +haughty, treated the legation with contempt.</p> + +<p>Then Julius Cæsar, the first who had acquired absolute +power at Rome, highly incensed against the Britons, sailed +with sixty vessels to the mouth of the Thames, where they +suffered shipwreck whilst he fought against Dolobellus,<a name="FNanchor_273_273" id="FNanchor_273_273"></a><a href="#Footnote_273_273" class="fnanchor">[273]</a> (the +proconsul of the British king, who was called Belinus,<a name="FNanchor_274_274" id="FNanchor_274_274"></a><a href="#Footnote_274_274" class="fnanchor">[274]</a> and +who was the son of Minocannus who governed all the +islands of the Tyrrhene Sea), and thus Julius Cæsar +returned home without victory, having had his soldiers slain, +and his ships shattered.</p> + +<p>§ 20. But after three years he again appeared with a +large army, and three hundred ships, at the mouth of the +Thames, where he renewed hostilities. In this attempt +many of his soldiers and horses were killed; for the same +consul had placed iron pikes in the shallow part of the +river, and this having been effected with so much skill and +secrecy as to escape the notice of the Roman soldiers, did +them considerable injury; thus Cæsar was once more +compelled to return without peace or victory. The Romans +were, therefore, a third time sent against the Britons; and +under the command of Julius, defeated them near a place +called Trinovantum [London], forty-seven years before the +birth of Christ, and five thousand two hundred and twelve +years from the creation.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_393" id="Page_393">[Pg 393]</a></span></p><p>Julius was the first exercising supreme power over the +Romans who invaded Britain: in honour of him the Romans +decreed the fifth month to be called after his name. He was +assassinated in the Curia, in the ides of March, and Octavius +Augustus succeeded to the empire of the world. He +was the only emperor who received tribute from the Britons, +according to the following verse of Virgil:</p> + +<p class="center"> +"Purpurea intexti tollunt aulæa Britanni."<br /> +</p> + +<p>§ 21. The second after him, who came into Britain, was +the emperor Claudius, who reigned forty-seven years after +the birth of Christ. He carried with him war and devastation; +and, though not without loss of men, he at length conquered +Britain. He next sailed to the Orkneys, which he +likewise conquered, and afterwards rendered tributary. No +tribute was in his time received from the Britons; but it +was paid to British emperors. He reigned thirteen years +and eight months. His monument is to be seen at Moguntia +(among the Lombards), where he died in his way to Rome.</p> + +<p>§ 22. After the birth of Christ, one hundred and sixty-seven +years, king Lucius, with all the chiefs of the British +people, received baptism, in consequence of a legation sent +by the Roman emperors and pope Evaristus.<a name="FNanchor_275_275" id="FNanchor_275_275"></a><a href="#Footnote_275_275" class="fnanchor">[275]</a></p> + +<p>§ 23. Severus was the third emperor who passed the sea to +Britain, where, to protect the provinces recovered from +barbaric incursions, he ordered a wall and a rampart to be +made between the Britons, the Scots, and the Picts, extending +across the island from sea to sea, in length one hundred +and thirty-three<a name="FNanchor_276_276" id="FNanchor_276_276"></a><a href="#Footnote_276_276" class="fnanchor">[276]</a> miles: and it is called in the British +language, Gwal.<a name="FNanchor_277_277" id="FNanchor_277_277"></a><a href="#Footnote_277_277" class="fnanchor">[277]</a> Moreover, he ordered it to be made be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_394" id="Page_394">[Pg 394]</a></span>tween +the Britons, and the Picts and Scots; for the Scots +from the west, and the Picts from the north, unanimously +made war against the Britons; but were at peace among +themselves. Not long after Severus dies in Britain.</p> + +<p>§ 24. The fourth was the emperor and tyrant, Carausius, +who, incensed at the murder of Severus, passed into Britain, +and attended by the leaders of the Roman people, severely +avenged upon the chiefs and rulers of the Britons, the cause +of Severus.<a name="FNanchor_278_278" id="FNanchor_278_278"></a><a href="#Footnote_278_278" class="fnanchor">[278]</a></p> + +<p>§ 25. The fifth was Constantius the father of Constantine +the Great. He died in Britain; his sepulchre, as it appears +by the inscription on his tomb, is still seen near the city +named Cair segont (near Carnarvon). Upon the pavement of +the above-mentioned city he sowed three seeds of gold, silver, +and brass, that no poor person might ever be found in it. It +is also called Minmanton.<a name="FNanchor_279_279" id="FNanchor_279_279"></a><a href="#Footnote_279_279" class="fnanchor">[279]</a></p> + +<p>§ 26. Maximianus<a name="FNanchor_280_280" id="FNanchor_280_280"></a><a href="#Footnote_280_280" class="fnanchor">[280]</a> was the sixth emperor that ruled in +Britain. It was in his time that consuls<a name="FNanchor_281_281" id="FNanchor_281_281"></a><a href="#Footnote_281_281" class="fnanchor">[281]</a> began, and that +the appellation of Cæsar was discontinued: at this period +also, St. Martin became celebrated for his virtues and miracles, +and held a conversation with him.</p> + +<p>§ 27. The seventh emperor was Maximus. He withdrew +from Britain with all his military force, slew Gratian, the +king of the Romans, and obtained the sovereignty of all +Europe. Unwilling to send back his warlike companions to +their wives, children, and possessions in Britain, he conferred +upon them numerous districts from the lake on the summit +of Mons Jovis, to the city called Cant Guic, and to the +western Tumulus, that is, to Cruc Occident.<a name="FNanchor_282_282" id="FNanchor_282_282"></a><a href="#Footnote_282_282" class="fnanchor">[282]</a> These are +the Armoric Britons, and they remain there to the present<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_395" id="Page_395">[Pg 395]</a></span> +day. In consequence of their absence, Britain being overcome +by foreign nations, the lawful heirs were cast out, till +God interposed with his assistance. We are informed by +the tradition of our ancestors that <i>seven</i> emperors went into +Britain, though the Romans affirm there were <i>nine</i>.</p> + +<p>The eighth was another Severus, who lived occasionally +in Britain, and sometimes at Rome, where he died.</p> + +<p>The ninth was Constantius who reigned sixteen years in +Britain, and, according to report, was treacherously murdered +in the seventeenth year of his reign.</p> + +<p>§ 28. Thus, agreeably to the account given by the Britons, +the Romans governed them four hundred and nine years.</p> + +<p>After this, the Britons despised the authority of the Romans, +equally refusing to pay them tribute, or to receive their kings; +nor durst the Romans any longer attempt the government +of a country, the natives of which massacred their deputies.</p> + +<p>§ 29. We must now return to the tyrant Maximus. Gratian, +with his brother Valentinian, reigned seven years. +Ambrose, bishop of Milan, was then eminent for his skill in +the dogmata of the Catholics. Valentinianus and Theodosius +reigned eight years. At that time a synod was held at +Constantinople, attended by three hundred and fifty of the +fathers, and in which all heresies were condemned. Jerome, +the presbyter of Bethlehem, was then universally celebrated. +Whilst Gratian exercised supreme dominion over the world, +Maximus, in a sedition of the soldiers, was saluted emperor +in Britain, and soon after crossed the sea to Gaul. At Paris, +by the treachery of Mellobaudes, his master of the horse, +Gratian was defeated, and fleeing to Lyons, was taken and +put to death; Maximus afterwards associated his son Victor +in the government.</p> + +<p>Martin, distinguished for his great virtues, was at this +period bishop of Tours. After a considerable space of time, +Maximus was divested of royal power by the consuls Valentinianus +and Theodosius, and sentenced to be beheaded at +the third milestone from Aquileia: in the same year also his +son Victor was killed in Gaul by Arbogastes, five thousand +six hundred and ninety years from the creation of the world.</p> + +<p>§ 30. Thrice were the Roman deputies put to death by +the Britons, and yet these, when harassed by the incursions +of the barbarous nations, viz. of the Scots and Picts, earnestly<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_396" id="Page_396">[Pg 396]</a></span> +solicited the aid of the Romans. To give effect to their entreaties, +ambassadors were sent, who made their entrance +with impressions of deep sorrow, having their heads covered +with dust, and carrying rich presents to expiate the murder +of the deputies. They were favourably received by the consuls, +and swore submission to the Roman yoke, with whatever +severity it might be imposed.</p> + +<p>The Romans, therefore, came with a powerful army to the +assistance of the Britons; and having appointed over them +a ruler, and settled the government, returned to Rome: and +this took place alternately during the space of three hundred +and forty-eight years. The Britons, however, from the +oppression of the empire, again massacred the Roman deputies, +and again petitioned for succour. Once more the +Romans undertook the government of the Britons, and assisted +them in repelling their neighbours; and, after having exhausted +the country of its gold, silver, brass, honey, and +costly vestments, and having besides received rich gifts, they +returned in great triumph to Rome.</p> + +<p>§ 31. After the above-said war between the Britons and +Romans, the assassination of their rulers, and the victory of +Maximus, who slew Gratian, and the termination of the +Roman power in Britain, they were in alarm forty years.</p> + +<p>Vortigern then reigned in Britain. In his time, the +natives had cause of dread, not only from the inroads of the +Scots and Picts, but also from the Romans, and their apprehensions +of Ambrosius.<a name="FNanchor_283_283" id="FNanchor_283_283"></a><a href="#Footnote_283_283" class="fnanchor">[283]</a></p> + +<p>In the meantime, three vessels, exiled from Germany, +arrived in Britain. They were commanded by Horsa and +Hengist, brothers, and sons of Wihtgils. Wihtgils was the +son of Witta; Witta of Wecta; Wecta of Woden; Woden +of Frithowald; Frithowald of Frithuwulf; Frithuwulf of +Finn; Finn of Godwulf; Godwulf of Geat, who, as they +say, was the son of a god, not<a name="FNanchor_284_284" id="FNanchor_284_284"></a><a href="#Footnote_284_284" class="fnanchor">[284]</a> of the omnipotent God and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_397" id="Page_397">[Pg 397]</a></span> +our Lord Jesus Christ (who before the beginning of the +world, was with the Father and the Holy Spirit, co-eternal +and of the same substance, and who, in compassion to human +nature, disdained not to assume the form of a servant), but +the offspring of one of their idols, and whom, blinded by +some demon, they worshipped according to the custom of the +heathen. Vortigern received them as friends, and delivered +up to them the island which is in their language called +Thanet, and, by the Britons, Ruym.<a name="FNanchor_285_285" id="FNanchor_285_285"></a><a href="#Footnote_285_285" class="fnanchor">[285]</a> Gratianus Æquantius +at that time reigned in Rome. The Saxons were received +by Vortigern, four hundred and forty-seven years after the +passion of Christ, and,<a name="FNanchor_286_286" id="FNanchor_286_286"></a><a href="#Footnote_286_286" class="fnanchor">[286]</a> according to the tradition of our +ancestors, from the period of their first arrival in Britain, +to the first year of the reign of king Edmund, five hundred +and forty-two years; and to that in which we now write, +which is the fifth of his reign, five hundred and forty-seven +years.</p> + +<p>§ 32. At that time St. Germanus, distinguished for his +numerous virtues, came to preach in Britain: by his ministry +many were saved; but many likewise died unconverted. Of +the various miracles which God enabled him to perform, I +shall here mention only a few: I shall first advert to that +concerning an iniquitous and tyrannical king, named Benlli.<a name="FNanchor_287_287" id="FNanchor_287_287"></a><a href="#Footnote_287_287" class="fnanchor">[287]</a> +The holy man, informed of his wicked conduct, hastened to +visit him, for the purpose of remonstrating with him. When +the man of God, with his attendants, arrived at the gate of +the city, they were respectfully received by the keeper of it, +who came out and saluted them. Him they commissioned to +communicate their intention to the king, who returned a +harsh answer, declaring, with an oath, that although they +remained there a year, they should not enter the city. While +waiting for an answer, the evening came on, and they knew +not where to go. At length, came one of the king's servants, +who bowing himself before the man of God, announced the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_398" id="Page_398">[Pg 398]</a></span> +words of the tyrant, inviting them, at the same time, to his +own house, to which they went, and were kindly received. +It happened, however, that he had no cattle, except one cow +and a calf, the latter of which, urged by generous hospitality +to his guests, he killed, dressed, and set before them. But +holy St. Germanus ordered his companions not to break a +bone of the calf; and, the next morning, it was found alive +uninjured, and standing by its mother.</p> + +<p>§ 33. Early the same day, they again went to the gate of +the city, to solicit audience of the wicked king; and, whilst +engaged in fervent prayer they were waiting for admission, a +man, covered with sweat, came out, and prostrated himself +before them. Then St. Germanus, addressing him, said, +"Dost thou believe in the Holy Trinity?" To which the +man having replied, "I do believe," he baptized, and kissed +him, saying, "Go in peace; within this hour thou shalt die: +the angels of God are waiting for thee in the air; with them +thou shalt ascend to that God in whom thou hast believed." +He, overjoyed, entered the city, and being met by the prefect, +was seized, bound, and conducted before the tyrant, who +having passed sentence upon him, he was immediately put to +death; for it was a law of this wicked king, that whoever +was not at his labour before sun-rising should be beheaded in +the citadel. In the meantime, St. Germanus, with his attendants, +waited the whole day before the gate, without obtaining +admission to the tyrant.</p> + +<p>§ 34. The man above-mentioned, however, remained with +them. "Take care," said St. Germanus to him, "that none +of your friends remain this night within these walls." Upon +this he hastily entered the city, brought out his nine sons, +and with them retired to the house where he had exercised +such generous hospitality. Here St. Germanus ordered them +to continue, fasting; and when the gates were shut, "Watch," +said he, "and whatever shall happen in the citadel, turn not +thither your eyes; but pray without ceasing, and invoke the +protection of the true God." And, behold, early in the +night, fire fell from heaven, and burned the city, together with +all those who were with the tyrant, so that not one escaped; +and that citadel has never been rebuilt even to this day.</p> + +<p>§ 35. The following day, the hospitable man who had +been converted by the preaching of St. Germanus, was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_399" id="Page_399">[Pg 399]</a></span> +baptized, with his sons, and all the inhabitants of that part +of the country; and St. Germanus blessed him, saying, "a +king shall not be wanting of thy seed for ever." The name +of this person is Catel Drunluc:<a name="FNanchor_288_288" id="FNanchor_288_288"></a><a href="#Footnote_288_288" class="fnanchor">[288]</a> "from henceforward thou +shalt be a king all the days of thy life." Thus was fulfilled +the prophecy of the Psalmist: "He raiseth up the poor out +of the dust, and lifteth up the needy out of the dunghill." +And agreeably to the prediction of St. Germanus, from a +servant he became a king: all his sons were kings, and from +their offspring the whole country of Powys has been governed +to this day.</p> + +<p>§ 36. After the Saxons had continued some time in the +island of Thanet, Vortigern promised to supply them with +clothing and provision, on condition they would engage to +fight against the enemies of his country. But the barbarians +having greatly increased in number, the Britons became +incapable of fulfilling their engagement; and when the +Saxons, according to the promise they had received, claimed +a supply of provisions and clothing, the Britons replied, +"Your number is increased; your assistance is now unnecessary; +you may, therefore, return home, for we can +no longer support you;" and hereupon they began to devise +means of breaking the peace between them.</p> + +<p>§ 37. But Hengist, in whom united craft and penetration, +perceiving he had to act with an ignorant king, and a fluctuating +people, incapable of opposing much resistance, replied +to Vortigern, "We are, indeed, few in number; but, if you +will give us leave, we will send to our country for an +additional number of forces, with whom we will fight for you +and your subjects." Vortigern assenting to this proposal, +messengers were despatched to Scythia, where selecting a +number of warlike troops, they returned with sixteen vessels, +bringing with them the beautiful daughter of Hengist. And +now the Saxon chief prepared an entertainment, to which he +invited the king, his officers, and Ceretic, his interpreter, +having previously enjoined his daughter to serve them so +profusely with wine and ale, that they might soon become +intoxicated. This plan succeeded; and Vortigern, at the +instigation of the devil, and enamoured with the beauty<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_400" id="Page_400">[Pg 400]</a></span> +of the damsel, demanded her, through the medium of his +interpreter, of the father, promising to give for her whatever +he should ask. Then Hengist, who had already consulted +with the elders who attended him of the Oghgul<a name="FNanchor_289_289" id="FNanchor_289_289"></a><a href="#Footnote_289_289" class="fnanchor">[289]</a> race, +demanded for his daughter the province, called in English, +Centland, in British, Ceint, (Kent.) This cession was made +without the knowledge of the king, Guoyrancgonus,<a name="FNanchor_290_290" id="FNanchor_290_290"></a><a href="#Footnote_290_290" class="fnanchor">[290]</a> who +then reigned in Kent, and who experienced no inconsiderable +share of grief, from seeing his kingdom thus clandestinely, +fraudulently, and imprudently resigned to foreigners. Thus +the maid was delivered up to the king, who slept with her, +and loved her exceedingly.</p> + +<p>§ 38. Hengist, after this, said to Vortigern, "I will be to +you both a father and an adviser; despise not my counsels, +and you shall have no reason to fear being conquered by any +man or any nation whatever; for the people of my country +are strong, warlike, and robust: if you approve, I will send +for my son and his brother, both valiant men, who at my +invitation will fight against the Scots, and you can give them +the countries in the north, near the wall called <i>Gual</i>."<a name="FNanchor_291_291" id="FNanchor_291_291"></a><a href="#Footnote_291_291" class="fnanchor">[291]</a> The +incautious sovereign having assented to this, Octa and Ebusa +arrived with forty ships. In these they sailed round the +country of the Picts, laid waste the Orkneys, and took +possession of many regions, even to the Pictish confines.<a name="FNanchor_292_292" id="FNanchor_292_292"></a><a href="#Footnote_292_292" class="fnanchor">[292]</a></p> + +<p>But Hengist continued, by degrees, sending for ships from +his own country, so that some islands whence they came were +left without inhabitants; and whilst his people were increasing +in power and number, they came to the above-named +province of Kent.</p> + +<p>§ 39. In the meantime, Vortigern, as if desirous of adding +to the evils he had already occasioned, married his own +daughter, by whom he had a son. When this was made<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_401" id="Page_401">[Pg 401]</a></span> +known to St. Germanus, he came, with all the British clergy, +to reprove him: and whilst a numerous assembly of the ecclesiastics +and laity were in consultation, the weak king ordered +his daughter to appear before them, and in the presence of +all to present her son to St. Germanus, and declare that he +was the father of the child. The immodest<a name="FNanchor_293_293" id="FNanchor_293_293"></a><a href="#Footnote_293_293" class="fnanchor">[293]</a> woman obeyed; +and St. Germanus, taking the child, said, "I will be a father +to you, my son; nor will I dismiss you till a razor, scissors, +and comb, are given to me, and it is allowed you to +give them to your carnal father." The child obeyed St. +Germanus, and, going to his father Vortigern, said to him, +"Thou art my father; shave and cut the hair of my head." +The king blushed, and was silent; and, without replying to +the child, arose in great anger, and fled from the presence of +St. Germanus, execrated and condemned by the whole synod.</p> + +<p>§ 40. But soon after, calling together his twelve wise +men, to consult what was to be done, they said to him, "Retire +to the remote boundaries of your kingdom; there build +and fortify a city<a name="FNanchor_294_294" id="FNanchor_294_294"></a><a href="#Footnote_294_294" class="fnanchor">[294]</a> to defend yourself, for the people you have +received are treacherous; they are seeking to subdue you by +stratagem, and, even during your life, to seize upon all the +countries subject to your power, how much more will they +attempt, after your death!" The king, pleased with this +advice, departed with his wise men, and travelled through +many parts of his territories, in search of a place convenient +for the purpose of building a citadel. Having, to no purpose, +travelled far and wide, they came at length to a province +called Guenet;<a name="FNanchor_295_295" id="FNanchor_295_295"></a><a href="#Footnote_295_295" class="fnanchor">[295]</a> and having surveyed the mountains of +Heremus,<a name="FNanchor_296_296" id="FNanchor_296_296"></a><a href="#Footnote_296_296" class="fnanchor">[296]</a> they discovered, on the summit of one of them, a +situation, adapted to the construction of a citadel. Upon +this, the wise men said to the king, "Build here a city; for, +in this place, it will ever be secure against the barbarians." +Then the king sent for artificers, carpenters, stone-masons, +and collected all the materials requisite to building; but the +whole of these disappeared in one night, so that nothing re<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_402" id="Page_402">[Pg 402]</a></span>mained +of what had been provided for the constructing of +the citadel. Materials were, therefore, from all parts, procured +a second and third time, and again vanished as before, +leaving and rendering every effort ineffectual. Vortigern +inquired of his wise men the cause of this opposition to his +undertaking, and of so much useless expense of labour? +They replied, "You must find a child born without a father, +put him to death, and sprinkle with his blood the ground +on which the citadel is to be built, or you will never accomplish +your purpose."</p> + +<p>§ 41. In consequence of this reply, the king sent messengers +throughout Britain, in search of a child born without a +father. After having inquired in all the provinces, they +came to the field of Ælecti,<a name="FNanchor_297_297" id="FNanchor_297_297"></a><a href="#Footnote_297_297" class="fnanchor">[297]</a> in the district of Glevesing,<a name="FNanchor_298_298" id="FNanchor_298_298"></a><a href="#Footnote_298_298" class="fnanchor">[298]</a> +where a party of boys were playing at ball. And two of +them quarrelling, one said to the other, "O boy without a +father, no good will ever happen to you." Upon this, the +messengers diligently inquired of the mother and the other +boys, whether he had had a father? Which his mother denied, +saying, "In what manner he was conceived I know +not, for I have never had intercourse with any man;" and +then she solemnly affirmed that he had no mortal father. The +boy was, therefore, led away, and conducted before Vortigern +the king.</p> + +<p>§ 42. A meeting took place the next day for the purpose +of putting him to death. Then the boy said to the king, +"Why have your servants brought me hither?" "That you +may be put to death," replied the king, "and that the ground +on which my citadel is to stand, may be sprinkled with your +blood, without which I shall be unable to build it." "Who," +said the boy, "instructed you to do this?" "My wise +men," answered the king. "Order them hither," returned +the boy; this being complied with, he thus questioned them: +"By what means was it revealed to you that this citadel +could not be built, unless the spot were previously sprinkled +with my blood? Speak without disguise, and declare who +discovered me to you;" then turning to the king, "I will +soon," said he, "unfold to you every thing; but I desire to +question your wise men, and wish them to disclose to you<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_403" id="Page_403">[Pg 403]</a></span> +what is hidden under this pavement:" they acknowledging +their ignorance, "there is," said he, "a pool; come and dig:" +they did so, and found the pool. "Now," continued he, +"tell me what is in it;" but they were ashamed, and made +no reply. "I," said the boy, "can discover it to you: there +are two vases in the pool;" they examined, and found it so: +continuing his questions, "What is in the vases?" they were +silent: "there is a tent in them," said the boy; "separate +them, and you shall find it so;" this being done by the king's +command, there was found in them a folded tent. The boy, +going on with his questions, asked the wise men what was in +it? But they not knowing what to reply, "There are," +said he, "two serpents, one white and the other red; unfold +the tent;" they obeyed, and two sleeping serpents were discovered; +"consider attentively," said the boy, "what they +are doing." The serpents began to struggle with each other; +and the white one, raising himself up, threw down the other +into the middle of the tent, and sometimes drove him to the +edge of it; and this was repeated thrice. At length the red +one, apparently the weaker of the two, recovering his +strength, expelled the white one from the tent; and the +latter being pursued through the pool by the red one, disappeared. +Then the boy, asking the wise men what was +signified by this wonderful omen, and they expressing their +ignorance, he said to the king, "I will now unfold to you +the meaning of this mystery. The pool is the emblem of +this world, and the tent that of your kingdom: the two serpents +are two dragons; the red serpent is your dragon, but +the white serpent is the dragon of the people who occupy +several provinces and districts of Britain, even almost from +sea to sea: at length, however, our people shall rise and +drive away the Saxon race from beyond the sea, whence +they originally came; but do you depart from this place, where +you are not permitted to erect a citadel; I, to whom fate has +allotted this mansion, shall remain here; whilst to you it is +incumbent to seek other provinces, where you may build a +fortress." "What is your name?" asked the king; "I am +called Ambrose (in British Embresguletic)," returned the +boy; and in answer to the king's question, "What is your +origin?" he replied, "A Roman consul was my father."</p> + +<p>Then the king assigned him that city, with all the western<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_404" id="Page_404">[Pg 404]</a></span> +provinces of Britain; and departing with his wise men to +the sinistral district, he arrived in the region named Gueneri, +where he built a city which, according to his name, was called +Cair Guorthegirn.<a name="FNanchor_299_299" id="FNanchor_299_299"></a><a href="#Footnote_299_299" class="fnanchor">[299]</a></p> + +<p>§ 43. At length Vortimer, the son of Vortigern, valiantly +fought against Hengist, Horsa, and his people; drove them +to the isle of Thanet, and thrice enclosed them within it, and +beset them on the western side.</p> + +<p>The Saxons now despatched deputies to Germany to solicit +large reinforcements, and an additional number of ships: +having obtained these, they fought against the kings and +princes of Britain, and sometimes extended their boundaries +by victory, and sometimes were conquered and driven back.</p> + +<p>§ 44. Four times did Vortimer valorously encounter the +enemy;<a name="FNanchor_300_300" id="FNanchor_300_300"></a><a href="#Footnote_300_300" class="fnanchor">[300]</a> the first has been mentioned, the second was upon +the river Darent, the third at the Ford, in their language +called Epsford, though in ours Set thirgabail,<a name="FNanchor_301_301" id="FNanchor_301_301"></a><a href="#Footnote_301_301" class="fnanchor">[301]</a> there Horsa +fell, and Catigern, the son of Vortigern; the fourth battle he +fought, was near the stone<a name="FNanchor_302_302" id="FNanchor_302_302"></a><a href="#Footnote_302_302" class="fnanchor">[302]</a> on the shore of the Gallic sea, +where the Saxons being defeated, fled to their ships.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_405" id="Page_405">[Pg 405]</a></span></p><p>After a short interval Vortimer died; before his decease, +anxious for the future prosperity of his country, he charged +his friends to inter his body at the entrance of the Saxon +port, viz. upon the rock where the Saxons first landed; "for +though," said he, "they may inhabit other parts of Britain, +yet if you follow my commands, they will never remain in +this island." They imprudently disobeyed this last injunction, +and neglected to bury him where he had appointed.<a name="FNanchor_303_303" id="FNanchor_303_303"></a><a href="#Footnote_303_303" class="fnanchor">[303]</a></p> + +<p>§ 45. After this the barbarians became firmly incorporated, +and were assisted by foreign pagans; for Vortigern +was their friend, on account of the daughter<a name="FNanchor_304_304" id="FNanchor_304_304"></a><a href="#Footnote_304_304" class="fnanchor">[304]</a> of Hengist, +whom he so much loved, that no one durst fight against him—in +the meantime they soothed the imprudent king, and +whilst practising every appearance of fondness, were plotting +with his enemies. And let him that reads understand, that +the Saxons were victorious, and ruled Britain, not from +their superior prowess, but on account of the great sins of +the Britons: God so permitting it.</p> + +<p>For what wise man will resist the wholesome counsel of +God? The Almighty is the King of kings, and the Lord of +lords, ruling and judging every one, according to his own +pleasure.</p> + +<p>After the death of Vortimer, Hengist being strengthened +by new accessions, collected his ships, and calling his leaders +together, consulted by what stratagem they might overcome +Vortigern and his army; with insidious intention they sent +messengers to the king, with offers of peace and perpetual +friendship; unsuspicious of treachery, the monarch, after +advising with his elders, accepted the proposals.</p> + +<p>§ 46. Hengist, under pretence of ratifying the treaty, prepared +an entertainment, to which he invited the king, the +nobles, and military officers, in number about three hundred; +speciously concealing his wicked intention, he ordered three +hundred Saxons to conceal each a knife under his feet, and +to mix with the Britons; "and when," said he, "they are +sufficiently inebriated, &c. cry out, 'Nimed eure Saxes,' then +let each draw his knife, and kill his man; but spare the king,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_406" id="Page_406">[Pg 406]</a></span> +on account of his marriage with my daughter, for it is better +that he should be ransomed than killed."<a name="FNanchor_305_305" id="FNanchor_305_305"></a><a href="#Footnote_305_305" class="fnanchor">[305]</a></p> + +<p>The king with his company, appeared at the feast; and +mixing with the Saxons, who, whilst they spoke peace with +their tongues, cherished treachery in their hearts, each man +was placed next his enemy.</p> + +<p>After they had eaten and drunk, and were much intoxicated, +Hengist suddenly vociferated, "Nimed eure Saxes!" +and instantly his adherents drew their knives, and rushing +upon the Britons, each slew him that sat next to him, and +there was slain three hundred of the nobles of Vortigern. +The king being a captive, purchased his redemption, by delivering +up the three provinces of East, South, and Middle +Sex, besides other districts at the option of his betrayers.</p> + +<p>§ 47. St. Germanus admonished Vortigern to turn to the +true God, and abstain from all unlawful intercourse with his +daughter; but the unhappy wretch fled for refuge to the +province Guorthegirnaim,<a name="FNanchor_306_306" id="FNanchor_306_306"></a><a href="#Footnote_306_306" class="fnanchor">[306]</a> so called from his own name, +where he concealed himself with his wives: but St. Germanus +followed him with all the British clergy, and upon a +rock prayed for his sins during forty days and forty nights.</p> + +<p>The blessed man was unanimously chosen commander +against the Saxons. And then, not by the clang of trumpets, +but by praying, singing hallelujah, and by the cries of +the army to God, the enemies were routed, and driven even +to the sea.<a name="FNanchor_307_307" id="FNanchor_307_307"></a><a href="#Footnote_307_307" class="fnanchor">[307]</a></p> + +<p>Again Vortigern ignominiously flew from St. Germanus +to the kingdom of the Dimetæ, where, on the river Towy,<a name="FNanchor_308_308" id="FNanchor_308_308"></a><a href="#Footnote_308_308" class="fnanchor">[308]</a> +he built a castle, which he named Cair Guothergirn. The +saint, as usual, followed him there, and with his clergy fasted +and prayed to the Lord three days, and as many nights. On +the third night, at the third hour, fire fell suddenly from +heaven, and totally burned the castle. Vortigern, the daughter +of Hengist, his other wives, and all the inhabitants, both men +and women, miserably perished: such was the end of this unhappy +king, as we find written in the life of St. Germanus.</p> + +<p>§ 48. Others assure us, that being hated by all the people +of Britain, for having received the Saxons, and being pub<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_407" id="Page_407">[Pg 407]</a></span>licly +charged by St. Germanus and the clergy in the sight of +God, he betook himself to flight; and, that deserted and a +wanderer, he sought a place of refuge, till broken hearted, +he made an ignominious end.</p> + +<p>Some accounts state, that the earth opened and swallowed +him up, on the night his castle was burned; as no remains +were discovered the following morning, either of him, or of +those who were burned with him.</p> + +<p>He had three sons: the eldest was Vortimer, who, as we +have seen, fought four times against the Saxons, and put them +to flight; the second Categirn, who was slain in the same +battle with Horsa; the third was Pascent, who reigned in +the two provinces Builth and Guorthegirnaim,<a name="FNanchor_309_309" id="FNanchor_309_309"></a><a href="#Footnote_309_309" class="fnanchor">[309]</a> after the +death of his father. These were granted him by Ambrosius, +who was the great king among the kings of Britain. The +fourth was Faustus, born of an incestuous marriage with his +daughter, who was brought up and educated by St. Germanus. +He built a large monastery on the banks of the river +Renis, called after his name, and which remains to the present +period.<a name="FNanchor_310_310" id="FNanchor_310_310"></a><a href="#Footnote_310_310" class="fnanchor">[310]</a></p> + +<p>§ 49. This is the genealogy of Vortigern, which goes back +to Fernvail,<a name="FNanchor_311_311" id="FNanchor_311_311"></a><a href="#Footnote_311_311" class="fnanchor">[311]</a> who reigned in the kingdom of Guorthegirnaim,<a name="FNanchor_312_312" id="FNanchor_312_312"></a><a href="#Footnote_312_312" class="fnanchor">[312]</a> +and was the son of Teudor; Teudor was the son of +Pascent; Pascent of Guoidcant; Guoidcant of Moriud; +Moriud of Eltat; Eltat of Eldoc; Eldoc of Paul; Paul of +Meuprit; Meuprit of Braciat; Braciat of Pascent; Pascent +of Guorthegirn; Guorthegirn of Guortheneu; Guortheneu of +Guitaul; Guitaul of Guitolion; Guitolion of Gloui. Bonus, +Paul, Mauron, Guotelin, were four brothers, who built Gloiuda, +a great city upon the banks of the river Severn, and in +British is called Cair Gloui, in Saxon, Gloucester. Enough +has been said of Vortigern.</p> + +<p>§ 50. St. Germanus, after his death, returned into his own +country. +<a name="FNanchor_313_313" id="FNanchor_313_313"></a><a href="#Footnote_313_313" class="fnanchor">[313]</a> +At that time, the Saxons greatly increased in Britain,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_408" id="Page_408">[Pg 408]</a></span> +both in strength and numbers. And Octa, after the death +of his father Hengist, came from the sinistral part of the +island to the kingdom of Kent, and from him have proceeded +all the kings of that province, to the present period.</p> + +<p>Then it was, that the magnanimous Arthur, with all the +kings and military force of Britain, fought against the +Saxons. And though there were many more noble than +himself, yet he was twelve times chosen their commander, +and was as often conqueror. The first battle in which he +was engaged, was at the mouth of the river Gleni.<a name="FNanchor_314_314" id="FNanchor_314_314"></a><a href="#Footnote_314_314" class="fnanchor">[314]</a> The +second, third, fourth, and fifth, were on another river, by the +Britons called Duglas,<a name="FNanchor_315_315" id="FNanchor_315_315"></a><a href="#Footnote_315_315" class="fnanchor">[315]</a> in the region Linuis. The sixth, +on the river Bassas.<a name="FNanchor_316_316" id="FNanchor_316_316"></a><a href="#Footnote_316_316" class="fnanchor">[316]</a> The seventh in the wood Celidon, +which the Britons call Cat Coit Celidon.<a name="FNanchor_317_317" id="FNanchor_317_317"></a><a href="#Footnote_317_317" class="fnanchor">[317]</a> The eighth +was near Gurnion castle,<a name="FNanchor_318_318" id="FNanchor_318_318"></a><a href="#Footnote_318_318" class="fnanchor">[318]</a> where Arthur bore the image of +the Holy Virgin,<a name="FNanchor_319_319" id="FNanchor_319_319"></a><a href="#Footnote_319_319" class="fnanchor">[319]</a> mother of God, upon his shoulders, and +through the power of our Lord Jesus Christ, and the holy +Mary, put the Saxons to flight, and pursued them the whole +day with great slaughter.<a name="FNanchor_320_320" id="FNanchor_320_320"></a><a href="#Footnote_320_320" class="fnanchor">[320]</a> The ninth was at the City of +Legion,<a name="FNanchor_321_321" id="FNanchor_321_321"></a><a href="#Footnote_321_321" class="fnanchor">[321]</a> which is called Cair Lion. The tenth was on the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_409" id="Page_409">[Pg 409]</a></span> +banks of the river Trat Treuroit.<a name="FNanchor_322_322" id="FNanchor_322_322"></a><a href="#Footnote_322_322" class="fnanchor">[322]</a> The eleventh was on the +mountain Breguoin, which we call Cat Bregion.<a name="FNanchor_323_323" id="FNanchor_323_323"></a><a href="#Footnote_323_323" class="fnanchor">[323]</a> The +twelfth was a most severe contest, when Arthur penetrated +to the hill of Badon.<a name="FNanchor_324_324" id="FNanchor_324_324"></a><a href="#Footnote_324_324" class="fnanchor">[324]</a> In this engagement, nine hundred +and forty fell by his hand alone, no one but the Lord affording +him assistance. In all these engagements the Britons +were successful. For no strength can avail against the will +of the Almighty.</p> + +<p>The more the Saxons were vanquished, the more they +sought for new supplies of Saxons from Germany; so that +kings, commanders, and military bands were invited over +from almost every province. And this practice they continued +till the reign of Ida, who was the son of Eoppa, he, +of the Saxon race, was the first king in Bernicia, and in +Cair Ebrauc (York).</p> + +<p>When Gratian Æquantius was consul at Rome, because +then the whole world was governed by the Roman consuls, +the Saxons were received by Vortigern in the year of our +Lord four hundred and forty-seven, and to the year in which +we now write, five hundred and forty-seven. And whosoever +shall read herein may receive instruction, the Lord Jesus +Christ affording assistance, who, co-eternal with the Father and +the Holy Ghost, lives and reigns for ever and ever. Amen.</p> + +<p>In those days Saint Patrick was a captive among the +Scots. His master's name was Milcho, to whom he was a +swineherd for seven years. When he had attained the age +of seventeen he gave him his liberty. By the divine +impulse, he applied himself to reading of the Scriptures, +and afterwards went to Rome; where, replenished with the +Holy Spirit, he continued a great while, studying the sacred +mysteries of those writings. During his continuance there, +Palladius, the first bishop, was sent by pope Celestine to +convert the Scots [the Irish]. But tempests and signs from +God prevented his landing, for no one can arrive in any +country, except it be allowed from above; altering therefore +his course from Ireland, he came to Britain and died in +the land of the Picts.<a name="FNanchor_325_325" id="FNanchor_325_325"></a><a href="#Footnote_325_325" class="fnanchor">[325]</a></p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_410" id="Page_410">[Pg 410]</a></span></p> +<p>§ 51. The death of Palladius being known, the Roman +patricians, Theodosius and Valentinian, then reigning, pope +Celestine sent Patrick to convert the Scots to the faith +of the Holy Trinity; Victor, the angel of God, accompanying, +admonishing, and assisting him, and also the bishop +Germanus.</p> + +<p>Germanus then sent the ancient Segerus with him as a +venerable and praiseworthy bishop, to king Amatheus,<a name="FNanchor_326_326" id="FNanchor_326_326"></a><a href="#Footnote_326_326" class="fnanchor">[326]</a> who +lived near, and who had prescience of what was to happen; +he was consecrated bishop in the reign of that king by the +holy pontiff,<a name="FNanchor_327_327" id="FNanchor_327_327"></a><a href="#Footnote_327_327" class="fnanchor">[327]</a> assuming the name of Patrick, having hitherto +been known by that of Maun; Auxilius, Isserninus, and +other brothers were ordained with him to inferior degrees.</p> + +<p>§ 52. Having distributed benedictions, and perfected all +in the name of the Holy Trinity, he embarked on the sea +which is between the Gauls and the Britons; and after a +quick passage arrived in Britain, where he preached for +some time. Every necessary preparation being made, and +the angel giving him warning, he came to the Irish Sea. +And having filled the ship with foreign gifts and spiritual +treasures, by the permission of God he arrived in Ireland, +where he baptized and preached.</p> + +<p>§ 53. From the beginning of the world, to the fifth year +of king Logiore, when the Irish were baptized, and faith in +the unity of the individual Trinity was published to them, +are five thousand three hundred and thirty years.</p> + +<p>§ 54. Saint Patrick taught the gospel in foreign nations +for the space of forty years. Endued with apostolical +powers, he gave sight to the blind, cleansed the lepers, gave +hearing to the deaf, cast out devils, raised nine from the +dead, redeemed many captives of both sexes at his own +charge, and set them free in the name of the Holy Trinity. +He taught the servants of God, and he wrote three hundred +and sixty-five canonical and other books relating to the +catholic faith. He founded as many churches, and conse<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_411" id="Page_411">[Pg 411]</a></span>crated +the same number of bishops, strengthening them with +the Holy Ghost. He ordained three thousand presbyters; +and converted and baptized twelve thousand persons in the +province of Connaught. And, in one day baptized seven +kings, who were the seven sons of Amalgaid.<a name="FNanchor_328_328" id="FNanchor_328_328"></a><a href="#Footnote_328_328" class="fnanchor">[328]</a> He continued +fasting forty days and nights, on the summit of the +mountain Eli, that is Cruachan-Aichle;<a name="FNanchor_329_329" id="FNanchor_329_329"></a><a href="#Footnote_329_329" class="fnanchor">[329]</a> and preferred three +petitions to God for the Irish, that had embraced the faith. +The Scots say, the first was, that he would receive every +repenting sinner, even at the latest extremity of life; the +second, that they should never be exterminated by barbarians; +and the third, that as Ireland<a name="FNanchor_330_330" id="FNanchor_330_330"></a><a href="#Footnote_330_330" class="fnanchor">[330]</a> will be overflowed with +water, seven years before the coming of our Lord to judge +the quick and the dead, the crimes of the people might be +washed away through his intercession, and their souls +purified at the last day. He gave the people his benediction +from the upper part of the mountain, and going up higher, +that he might pray for them; and that if it pleased God, he +might see the effects of his labours, there appeared to him +an innumerable flock of birds of many colours, signifying +the number of holy persons of both sexes of the Irish +nation, who should come to him as their apostle at the day +of judgment, to be presented before the tribunal of Christ. +After a life spent in the active exertion of good to mankind, +St. Patrick, in a healthy old age, passed from this world to +the Lord, and changing this life for a better, with the saints +and elect of God he rejoices for evermore.</p> + +<p>§ 55. Saint Patrick resembled Moses in four particulars. +The angel spoke to him in the burning bush. He fasted +forty days and forty nights upon the mountain. He attained +the period of one hundred and twenty years. No one knows +his sepulchre, nor where he was buried; sixteen<a name="FNanchor_331_331" id="FNanchor_331_331"></a><a href="#Footnote_331_331" class="fnanchor">[331]</a> years he +was in captivity. In his twenty-fifth year, he was consecrated +bishop by Saint Matheus,<a name="FNanchor_332_332" id="FNanchor_332_332"></a><a href="#Footnote_332_332" class="fnanchor">[332]</a> and he was eighty-five +years the apostle of the Irish. It might be profitable to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_412" id="Page_412">[Pg 412]</a></span> +treat more at large of the life of this saint, but it is now +time to conclude this epitome of his labours.<a name="FNanchor_333_333" id="FNanchor_333_333"></a><a href="#Footnote_333_333" class="fnanchor">[333]</a></p> + +<p>[Here endeth the life of the holy bishop, Saint Patrick.]</p> + +<p>(<i>After this, the MSS. give us § 56, the legend of king Arthur, which in +this edition occurs in § 50.</i>)</p> + + +<h4>GENEALOGY OF THE KINGS OF BERNICIA<a name="FNanchor_334_334" id="FNanchor_334_334"></a><a href="#Footnote_334_334" class="fnanchor">[334]</a></h4> + +<p>§ 57. Woden begat Beldeg, who begat Beornec, who begat +Gethbrond, who begat Aluson, who begat Ingwi, who begat +Edibrith, who begat Esa, who begat Eoppa, who begat Ida. +But Ida had twelve sons, Adda, Belric, Theodric, Ethelric, +Theodhere, Osmer, and one queen, Bearnoch, Ealric. Ethelric +begat Ethelfrid: the same is Ædlfred Flesaur. For he +also had seven sons, Eanfrid, Oswald, Oswin, Oswy, +Oswudu, Oslac, Offa. Oswy begat Alfrid, Elfwin, and +Egfrid. Egfrid is he who made war against his cousin +Brudei, king of the Picts, and he fell therein with all the +strength of his army, and the Picts with their king gained +the victory; and the Saxons never again reduced the Picts +so as to exact tribute from them. Since the time of this +war it is called Gueithlin Garan.</p> + +<p>But Oswy had two wives, Riemmelth, the daughter of +Royth, son of Rum; and Eanfled, the daughter of Edwin, +son of Alla.</p> + + +<h4>THE GENEALOGY OF THE KINGS OF KENT.</h4> + +<p>§ 58. Hengist begat Octa, who begat Ossa, who begat +Eormenric, who begat Ethelbert, who begat Eadbald, who +begat Ercombert, who begat Egbert.</p> + + +<h4>THE ORIGIN OF THE KINGS OF EAST-ANGLIA.</h4> + +<p>§ 59. Woden begat Casser, who begat Titinon, who begat +Trigil, who begat Rodmunt, who begat Rippa, who begat +Guillem Guercha,<a name="FNanchor_335_335" id="FNanchor_335_335"></a><a href="#Footnote_335_335" class="fnanchor">[335]</a> who was the first king of the East Angles.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_413" id="Page_413">[Pg 413]</a></span> +Guercha begat Uffa, who begat Tytillus, who begat Eni, who +begat Edric, who begat Aldwulf, who begat Elric.</p> + + +<h4>THE GENEALOGY OF THE MERCIANS.</h4> + +<p>§ 60. Woden begat Guedolgeat, who begat Gueagon, who +begat Guithleg, who begat Guerdmund, who begat Ossa, who +begat Ongen, who begat Eamer, who begat Pubba.<a name="FNanchor_336_336" id="FNanchor_336_336"></a><a href="#Footnote_336_336" class="fnanchor">[336]</a> This +Pubba had twelve sons, of whom two are better known to me +than the others, that is Penda and Eawa. Eadlit is the son +of Pantha, Penda, son of Pubba, Ealbald, son of Alguing, +son of Eawa, son of Penda, son of Pubba. Egfert, son of +Offa, son of Thingferth, son of Enwulf, son of Ossulf, son +of Eawa, son of Pubba.</p> + + +<h4>THE KINGS OF THE DEIRI.</h4> + +<p>§ 61. Woden begat Beldeg, Brond begat Siggar, who +begat Sibald, who begat Zegulf, who begat Soemil, who +first separated<a name="FNanchor_337_337" id="FNanchor_337_337"></a><a href="#Footnote_337_337" class="fnanchor">[337]</a> Deur from Berneich (<i>Deira from Bernicia</i>.) +Soemil begat Sguerthing, who begat Giulglis, who begat +Ulfrea, who begat Iffi, who begat Ulli, Edwin, Osfrid, and +Eanfrid. There were two sons of Edwin, who fell with +him in battle at Meicen,<a name="FNanchor_338_338" id="FNanchor_338_338"></a><a href="#Footnote_338_338" class="fnanchor">[338]</a> and the kingdom was never +renewed in his family, because not one of his race escaped +from that war; but all were slain with him by the army of +Catguollaunus,<a name="FNanchor_339_339" id="FNanchor_339_339"></a><a href="#Footnote_339_339" class="fnanchor">[339]</a> king of the Guenedota. Oswy begat Egfrid, +the same is Ailguin, who begat Oslach, who begat Alhun, +who begat Adlsing, who begat Echun, who begat Oslaph. +Ida begat Eadric, who begat Ecgulf, who begat Leodwald, +who begat Eata, the same is Glinmaur, who begat Eadbert +and Egbert, who was the first bishop of their nation.</p> + +<p>Ida, the son of Eoppa, possessed countries on the left-hand +side of Britain, <i>i.e.</i> of the Humbrian sea, and reigned twelve +years, and united<a name="FNanchor_340_340" id="FNanchor_340_340"></a><a href="#Footnote_340_340" class="fnanchor">[340]</a> Dynguayth Guarth-Berneich.</p> + +<p>§ 62. Then Dutigirn at that time fought bravely against<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_414" id="Page_414">[Pg 414]</a></span> +the nation of the Angles. At that time, Talhaiarn Cataguen<a name="FNanchor_341_341" id="FNanchor_341_341"></a><a href="#Footnote_341_341" class="fnanchor">[341]</a> +was famed for poetry, and Neirin, and Taliesin and Bluchbard, +and Cian, who is called Guenith Guaut, were all famous +at the same time in British poetry.</p> + +<p>The great king, Mailcun,<a name="FNanchor_342_342" id="FNanchor_342_342"></a><a href="#Footnote_342_342" class="fnanchor">[342]</a> reigned among the Britons, <i>i.e.</i> +in the district of Guenedota, because his great-great-grandfather, +Cunedda, with his twelve sons, had come before from +the left-hand part, <i>i.e.</i> from the country which is called +Manau Gustodin, one hundred and forty-six years before +Mailcun reigned, and expelled the Scots with much slaughter +from those countries, and they never returned again to +inhabit them.</p> + +<p>§ 63. Adda, son of Ida, reigned eight years; Ethelric, +son of Adda, reigned four years. Theodoric, son of Ida, +reigned seven years. Freothwulf reigned six years. In +whose time the kingdom of Kent, by the mission of Gregory, +received baptism. Hussa reigned seven years. Against +him fought four kings, Urien, and Ryderthen, and Guallauc, +and Morcant. Theodoric fought bravely, together with +his sons, against that Urien. But at that time sometimes +the enemy and sometimes our countrymen were defeated, +and he shut them up three days and three nights in the +island of Metcaut; and whilst he was on an expedition he +was murdered, at the instance of Morcant, out of envy, +because he possessed so much superiority over all the kings +in military science. Eadfered Flesaurs reigned twelve years +in Bernicia, and twelve others in Deira, and gave to his wife +Bebba, the town of Dynguoaroy, which from her is called +Bebbanburg.<a name="FNanchor_343_343" id="FNanchor_343_343"></a><a href="#Footnote_343_343" class="fnanchor">[343]</a></p> + +<p>Edwin, son of Alla, reigned seventeen years, seized +on Elmete, and expelled Cerdic, its king. Eanfled, his +daughter, received baptism, on the twelfth day after +Pentecost, with all her followers, both men and women. +The following Easter Edwin himself received baptism, and +twelve thousand of his subjects with him. If any one wishes +to know who baptized them, it was Rum Map Urbgen:<a name="FNanchor_344_344" id="FNanchor_344_344"></a><a href="#Footnote_344_344" class="fnanchor">[344]</a> he<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_415" id="Page_415">[Pg 415]</a></span> +was engaged forty days in baptizing all classes of the Saxons, +and by his preaching many believed on Christ.</p> + +<p>§ 64. Oswald son of Ethelfrid, reigned nine years; the +same is Oswald Llauiguin;<a name="FNanchor_345_345" id="FNanchor_345_345"></a><a href="#Footnote_345_345" class="fnanchor">[345]</a> he slew Catgublaun (Cadwalla),<a name="FNanchor_346_346" id="FNanchor_346_346"></a><a href="#Footnote_346_346" class="fnanchor">[346]</a> +king of Guenedot,<a name="FNanchor_347_347" id="FNanchor_347_347"></a><a href="#Footnote_347_347" class="fnanchor">[347]</a> in the battle of Catscaul,<a name="FNanchor_348_348" id="FNanchor_348_348"></a><a href="#Footnote_348_348" class="fnanchor">[348]</a> with much loss +to his own army. Oswy, son of Ethelfrid, reigned twenty-eight +years and six months. During his reign, there was a +dreadful mortality among his subjects, when Catgualart +(Cadwallader) was king among the Britons, succeeding his +father, and he himself died amongst the rest.<a name="FNanchor_349_349" id="FNanchor_349_349"></a><a href="#Footnote_349_349" class="fnanchor">[349]</a> He slew +Penda in the field of Gai, and now took place the slaughter +of Gai Campi, and the kings of the Britons, who went out +with Penda on the expedition as far as the city of Judeu, +were slain.</p> + +<p>§ 65. Then Oswy restored all the wealth, which was +with him in the city, to Penda; who distributed it among +the kings of the Britons, that is, Atbert Judeu. But +Catgabail alone, king of Guenedot, rising up in the night, +escaped, together with his army, wherefore he was called +Catgabail Catguommed. Egfrid, son of Oswy, reigned nine +years. In his time the holy bishop Cuthbert died in the +island of Medcaut.<a name="FNanchor_350_350" id="FNanchor_350_350"></a><a href="#Footnote_350_350" class="fnanchor">[350]</a> It was he who made war against the +Picts, and was by them slain.</p> + +<p>Penda, son of Pybba, reigned ten years; he first separated +the kingdom of Mercia from that of the North-men, and slew +by treachery Anna, king of the East Anglians, and St.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_416" id="Page_416">[Pg 416]</a></span> +Oswald, king of the North-men. He fought the battle of +Cocboy,<a name="FNanchor_351_351" id="FNanchor_351_351"></a><a href="#Footnote_351_351" class="fnanchor">[351]</a> in which fell Eawa, son of Pybba, his brother, king +of the Mercians, and Oswald, king of the North-men, and +he gained the victory by diabolical agency. He was not +baptized, and never believed in God.</p> + +<p>§ 66. From the beginning of the world to Constantinus +and Rufus, are found to be five thousand six hundred and +fifty-eight years.</p> + +<p>Also from the two consuls, Rufus and Rubelius, to the +consul Stilicho, are three hundred and seventy-three years.</p> + +<p>Also from Stilicho to Valentinian, son of Placida, and the +reign of Vortigern, are twenty-eight years.</p> + +<p>And from the reign of Vortigern to the quarrel between +Guitolinus and Ambrosius, are twelve years, which is Guoloppum, +that is Catgwaloph.<a name="FNanchor_352_352" id="FNanchor_352_352"></a><a href="#Footnote_352_352" class="fnanchor">[352]</a> Vortigern reigned in Britain +when Theodosius and Valentinian were consuls, and in the +fourth year of his reign the Saxons came to Britain, in the +consulship of Felix and Taurus, in the four hundredth year +from the incarnation of our Lord Jesus Christ.</p> + +<p>From the year in which the Saxons came into Britain, +and were received by Vortigern, to the time of Decius and +Valerian, are sixty-nine years.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_417" id="Page_417">[Pg 417]</a></span></p><div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_249_249" id="Footnote_249_249"></a><a href="#FNanchor_249_249"><span class="label">[249]</span></a> And forty, according to Stevenson's new edition. The rest of this +chronology is much contracted in several of the manuscripts, and hardly +two of them contain it exactly the same.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_250_250" id="Footnote_250_250"></a><a href="#FNanchor_250_250"><span class="label">[250]</span></a> This list of the Roman emperors who visited Britain, is omitted in +many of the MSS.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_251_251" id="Footnote_251_251"></a><a href="#FNanchor_251_251"><span class="label">[251]</span></a> V.R. Twenty-eight, twenty-one.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_252_252" id="Footnote_252_252"></a><a href="#FNanchor_252_252"><span class="label">[252]</span></a> Site unknown. See note at sec. 42, p. <a href="#Page_404">404</a>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_253_253" id="Footnote_253_253"></a><a href="#FNanchor_253_253"><span class="label">[253]</span></a> Inis-gueith, or Gueith.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_254_254" id="Footnote_254_254"></a><a href="#FNanchor_254_254"><span class="label">[254]</span></a> The whole of this, as far as the end of the paragraph, is omitted in +several MSS.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_255_255" id="Footnote_255_255"></a><a href="#FNanchor_255_255"><span class="label">[255]</span></a> Other MSS. Silvius.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_256_256" id="Footnote_256_256"></a><a href="#FNanchor_256_256"><span class="label">[256]</span></a> V.R. Who should slay his father and +mother, and be hated by all mankind.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_257_257" id="Footnote_257_257"></a><a href="#FNanchor_257_257"><span class="label">[257]</span></a> V.R. He displayed such superiority among his play-fellows, that they +seemed to consider him as their chief.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_258_258" id="Footnote_258_258"></a><a href="#FNanchor_258_258"><span class="label">[258]</span></a> Tours.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_259_259" id="Footnote_259_259"></a><a href="#FNanchor_259_259"><span class="label">[259]</span></a> V.R. Thirty-seven.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_260_260" id="Footnote_260_260"></a><a href="#FNanchor_260_260"><span class="label">[260]</span></a> See Bede's Eccles. Hist. pp. 5, 6, note.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_261_261" id="Footnote_261_261"></a><a href="#FNanchor_261_261"><span class="label">[261]</span></a> V.R. Partholomæus, or Bartholomæus.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_262_262" id="Footnote_262_262"></a><a href="#FNanchor_262_262"><span class="label">[262]</span></a> A blank is here in the MS. Agnomen is found in some of the others.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_263_263" id="Footnote_263_263"></a><a href="#FNanchor_263_263"><span class="label">[263]</span></a> V.R. Damhoctor, Clamhoctor, and Elamhoctor.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_264_264" id="Footnote_264_264"></a><a href="#FNanchor_264_264"><span class="label">[264]</span></a> V.R. Liethan, Bethan, Vethan.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_265_265" id="Footnote_265_265"></a><a href="#FNanchor_265_265"><span class="label">[265]</span></a> St. David's.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_266_266" id="Footnote_266_266"></a><a href="#FNanchor_266_266"><span class="label">[266]</span></a> Guiher, probably the Welsh district Gower. Cetgueli is Caer Kidwelly, +in Carmarthenshire.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_267_267" id="Footnote_267_267"></a><a href="#FNanchor_267_267"><span class="label">[267]</span></a> North-western part of Antrim in Ulster.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_268_268" id="Footnote_268_268"></a><a href="#FNanchor_268_268"><span class="label">[268]</span></a> V.R. Columba.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_269_269" id="Footnote_269_269"></a><a href="#FNanchor_269_269"><span class="label">[269]</span></a> Some MSS. add, the beginning of the calculation is 23 cycles of 19 years from the incarnation of our Lord to the arrival of St. Patrick in +Ireland, and they make 438 years. And from the arrival of St. Patrick +to the cycle of 19 years in which we live are 22 cycles, which make 421 +years.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_270_270" id="Footnote_270_270"></a><a href="#FNanchor_270_270"><span class="label">[270]</span></a> This proves the tradition of Brutus to be older than Geoffrey or +Tyssilio, unless these notices of Brutus have been interpolated in the original +work of Nennius.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_271_271" id="Footnote_271_271"></a><a href="#FNanchor_271_271"><span class="label">[271]</span></a> This genealogy is different in almost all the MSS.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_272_272" id="Footnote_272_272"></a><a href="#FNanchor_272_272"><span class="label">[272]</span></a> Some MSS. add, I will now return to the point from which I made +this digression.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_273_273" id="Footnote_273_273"></a><a href="#FNanchor_273_273"><span class="label">[273]</span></a> There is here some corruption or defect in the original. See Geoffrey +of Monmouth, p. 139 of this volume.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_274_274" id="Footnote_274_274"></a><a href="#FNanchor_274_274"><span class="label">[274]</span></a> V.R. Cassibelanus.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_275_275" id="Footnote_275_275"></a><a href="#FNanchor_275_275"><span class="label">[275]</span></a> V.R. Eucharistus. A marginal note in the Arundel MS. adds, "He +is wrong, because the first year of Evaristus was <span class="smcap">a.d.</span> 79, whereas the +first year of Eleutherius, whom he ought to have named, was <span class="smcap">a.d.</span> 161." +Usher says, that in one MS. of Nennius he found the name of Eleutherius. +See Bede's Eccles. Hist. p. 10.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_276_276" id="Footnote_276_276"></a><a href="#FNanchor_276_276"><span class="label">[276]</span></a> V.R. Thirty-two.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_277_277" id="Footnote_277_277"></a><a href="#FNanchor_277_277"><span class="label">[277]</span></a> Or, the Wall. One MS. here adds, "The above-mentioned Severus +constructed it of rude workmanship in length 132 miles; i.e. from Penguaul, +which village is called in Scottish Cenail, in English Peneltun, to +the mouth of the river Cluth and Cairpentaloch, where this wall terminates; +but it was of no avail. The emperor Carausius afterwards rebuilt it, and +fortified it with seven castles between the two mouths: he built also a +round house of polished stones on the banks of the river Carun [Carron]: +he likewise erected a triumphal arch, on which he inscribed his own name +in memory of his victory."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_278_278" id="Footnote_278_278"></a><a href="#FNanchor_278_278"><span class="label">[278]</span></a> This passage is corrupt, the meaning is briefly given in the translation.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_279_279" id="Footnote_279_279"></a><a href="#FNanchor_279_279"><span class="label">[279]</span></a> V.R. Mirmantum, Mirmantun, Minmanton, Minimantone. The <i>Segontium</i> +of Antoninus, situated on a small river named Seiont, near Carnarvon.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_280_280" id="Footnote_280_280"></a><a href="#FNanchor_280_280"><span class="label">[280]</span></a> This is an inaccuracy of Nennius; Maximus and Maximianus were +one and the same person; or rather no such person as Maximianus ever +reigned in Britain.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_281_281" id="Footnote_281_281"></a><a href="#FNanchor_281_281"><span class="label">[281]</span></a> Geoffrey of Monmouth gives the title of consul to several British generals +who lived after this time. It is not unlikely that the town, name, and +dignity, still lingered in the province after the Romans were gone, particularly +as the cities of Britain maintained for a time a species of independence.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_282_282" id="Footnote_282_282"></a><a href="#FNanchor_282_282"><span class="label">[282]</span></a> This district, in modern language, extended from the great St. Bernard +in Piedmont to Cantavic in Picardy, and from Picardy to the western +coast of France.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_283_283" id="Footnote_283_283"></a><a href="#FNanchor_283_283"><span class="label">[283]</span></a> These words relate evidently to some cause of dispute between the +Romans, Ambrosius, and Vortigern. Vortigern is said to have been sovereign +of the Dimetæ, and Ambrosius son to the king of the Dumnonii. The +latter was half a Roman by descent, and naturally supported the Roman +interest: the former was entirely a Briton, and as naturally seconded by the +original Britons. See Whitaker's Manchester, b. ii. c. 2.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_284_284" id="Footnote_284_284"></a><a href="#FNanchor_284_284"><span class="label">[284]</span></a> V.R. not the God of gods, the Amen, the Lord of Hosts, but one of +their idols which they worshipped.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_285_285" id="Footnote_285_285"></a><a href="#FNanchor_285_285"><span class="label">[285]</span></a> Sometimes called Ruoichin, Ruith-in, or "river island," separated +from the rest of Kent and the mainland of Britain by the estuary of the +Wantsum, which, though now a small brook, was formerly navigable for +large vessels, and in Bede's time was three stadia broad, and fordable only +at two places. See Bede's Eccles. Hist. p. 37, <i>note</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_286_286" id="Footnote_286_286"></a><a href="#FNanchor_286_286"><span class="label">[286]</span></a> The rest of this sentence is omitted in some of the MSS.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_287_287" id="Footnote_287_287"></a><a href="#FNanchor_287_287"><span class="label">[287]</span></a> King of Powys. V.R. Benli in the district of Ial (in Derbyshire); +in the district of Dalrieta; Belinus; Beluni; and Benty.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_288_288" id="Footnote_288_288"></a><a href="#FNanchor_288_288"><span class="label">[288]</span></a> Or Cadell Deyrnllug, prince of the Vale Royal and the upper part +of Powys.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_289_289" id="Footnote_289_289"></a><a href="#FNanchor_289_289"><span class="label">[289]</span></a> V.R. Who had come with him from the island of Oghgul, Oehgul +(or Tingle), Angul. According to Gunn, a small island in the duchy of +Sleswick in Denmark, now called <i>Angel</i>, of which Flensburg is the metropolis. +Hence the origin of the <i>Angles</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_290_290" id="Footnote_290_290"></a><a href="#FNanchor_290_290"><span class="label">[290]</span></a> V.R. Gnoiram cono, Goiranegono, Guoiracgono. Malmesbury, Gorongi; +Camden, Guorong, supposed to mean governor, or viceroy.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_291_291" id="Footnote_291_291"></a><a href="#FNanchor_291_291"><span class="label">[291]</span></a> Antoninus's wall.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_292_292" id="Footnote_292_292"></a><a href="#FNanchor_292_292"><span class="label">[292]</span></a> Some MSS. add, "beyond the Frenesic, Fresicum (<i>or</i> Fresic) sea," i.e. +which is between us and the Scotch. The sea between Scotland and Ireland. +Camden translates it "beyond the Frith;" Langhorne says, "Solway Frith."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_293_293" id="Footnote_293_293"></a><a href="#FNanchor_293_293"><span class="label">[293]</span></a> V.R. "Immodest" is omitted in some MSS.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_294_294" id="Footnote_294_294"></a><a href="#FNanchor_294_294"><span class="label">[294]</span></a> V.R. You shall find a fortified city in which you may defend yourself.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_295_295" id="Footnote_295_295"></a><a href="#FNanchor_295_295"><span class="label">[295]</span></a> V.R. Guined, Guoienet, Guenez, North Wales.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_296_296" id="Footnote_296_296"></a><a href="#FNanchor_296_296"><span class="label">[296]</span></a> V.R. Heremi, Heriri, or Eryri, signifying eagle rocks, the mountains +of Snowdon, in Carnarvonshire. The spot alluded to is supposed to be +Dinas Emrys, or the fortress of Ambrosius.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_297_297" id="Footnote_297_297"></a><a href="#FNanchor_297_297"><span class="label">[297]</span></a> V.R. Elleti, Electi, Gleti. Supposed to be Bassalig in Monmouthshire.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_298_298" id="Footnote_298_298"></a><a href="#FNanchor_298_298"><span class="label">[298]</span></a> The district between the Usk and Rumney, in Monmouthshire.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_299_299" id="Footnote_299_299"></a><a href="#FNanchor_299_299"><span class="label">[299]</span></a> An ancient scholiast adds, "He then built Guasmoric, near Lugubalia +[Carlisle], a city which in English is called Palmecaster." Some difference +of opinion exists among antiquaries respecting the site of Vortigern's +castle or city. Usher places it at <i>Gwent</i>, Monmouthshire, which name, +he says, was taken from Caer-Went, near Chepstow. This appears to agree +with Geoffrey's account, in page <a href="#Page_208">208</a> of this volume. See Usher's Britan. +Eccles. cap. v. p. 23. According to others, supposed to be the city from +the ruins of which arose the castle of Gurthrenion, in Radnorshire, Camden's +Britannia, p. 479. Whitaker, however, says that Cair Guorthegirn +was the Maridunum of the Romans, and the present Caermarthen. (Hist. +of Manchester, book ii. c. 1.) See also Nennius, sec. 47.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_300_300" id="Footnote_300_300"></a><a href="#FNanchor_300_300"><span class="label">[300]</span></a> Some MSS. here add, "This Vortimer, the son of Vortigern, in a synod +held at Guartherniaun, after the wicked king, on account of the incest committed +with his daughter, fled from the face of Germanus and the British +clergy, would not consent to his father's wickedness; but returning to St. +Germanus, and falling down at his feet, he sued for pardon; and in atonement +for the calumny brought upon Germanus by his father and sister, +gave him the land, in which the forementioned bishop had endured such +abuse, to be his own for ever. Whence, in memory of St. Germanus, it +received the name of Guarenniaun (Guartherniaun, Gurthrenion, Gwarth +Ennian) which signifies, <i>a calumny justly retorted</i>, since, when he thought +to reproach the bishop, he covered himself with reproach."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_301_301" id="Footnote_301_301"></a><a href="#FNanchor_301_301"><span class="label">[301]</span></a> According to Langhorne (p. 13), Epsford was afterwards called, in +the British tongue, <i>Saessenaeg habail</i>, or 'the slaughter of the Saxons.' +See also the note at page <a href="#Page_188">188</a> of this volume.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_302_302" id="Footnote_302_302"></a><a href="#FNanchor_302_302"><span class="label">[302]</span></a> V.R. "The stone +of Titulus," thought to be Stone in Kent, or Larger-stone in Suffolk.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_303_303" id="Footnote_303_303"></a><a href="#FNanchor_303_303"><span class="label">[303]</span></a> Rapin says he was buried at Lincoln; Geoffrey, at London, see p. <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_304_304" id="Footnote_304_304"></a><a href="#FNanchor_304_304"><span class="label">[304]</span></a> V.R. Of his wife, and no one was able manfully to drive them off because +they had occupied Britain not from their own valour, but by God's +permission.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_305_305" id="Footnote_305_305"></a><a href="#FNanchor_305_305"><span class="label">[305]</span></a> The VV. RR. of this section are too numerous to be inserted.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_306_306" id="Footnote_306_306"></a><a href="#FNanchor_306_306"><span class="label">[306]</span></a> A district of Radnorshire, forming the present hundred of Rhaindr.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_307_307" id="Footnote_307_307"></a><a href="#FNanchor_307_307"><span class="label">[307]</span></a> V.R. This paragraph is omitted in the MSS.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_308_308" id="Footnote_308_308"></a><a href="#FNanchor_308_308"><span class="label">[308]</span></a> The Tobias of Ptolemy.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_309_309" id="Footnote_309_309"></a><a href="#FNanchor_309_309"><span class="label">[309]</span></a> In the northern part of the present counties of Radnor and Brecknock.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_310_310" id="Footnote_310_310"></a><a href="#FNanchor_310_310"><span class="label">[310]</span></a> V.R. The MSS. add, 'and he had one daughter, who was the mother +of St. Faustus.'</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_311_311" id="Footnote_311_311"></a><a href="#FNanchor_311_311"><span class="label">[311]</span></a> Fernvail, or Farinmail, appears to have been king of Gwent or Monmouth.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_312_312" id="Footnote_312_312"></a><a href="#FNanchor_312_312"><span class="label">[312]</span></a> V.R. 'Two provinces, Builth and Guorthegirnaim.'</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_313_313" id="Footnote_313_313"></a><a href="#FNanchor_313_313"><span class="label">[313]</span></a> V.R. All this to the word 'Amen,' in other MSS. is placed after the +legend of St. Patrick.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_314_314" id="Footnote_314_314"></a><a href="#FNanchor_314_314"><span class="label">[314]</span></a> Supposed by some to be the Glem, in Lincolnshire; but most probably +the Glen, in the northern part of Northumberland.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_315_315" id="Footnote_315_315"></a><a href="#FNanchor_315_315"><span class="label">[315]</span></a> Or Dubglas. The little river Dunglas, which formed the southern +boundary of Lothian. Whitaker says, the river Duglas, in Lancashire, +near Wigan.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_316_316" id="Footnote_316_316"></a><a href="#FNanchor_316_316"><span class="label">[316]</span></a> Not a river, but an isolated rock in the Frith of Forth, near the town +of North Berwick, called "The Bass." Some think it is the river Lusas, in +Hampshire.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_317_317" id="Footnote_317_317"></a><a href="#FNanchor_317_317"><span class="label">[317]</span></a> The Caledonian forest; or the forest of Englewood, extending from +Penrith to Carlisle.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_318_318" id="Footnote_318_318"></a><a href="#FNanchor_318_318"><span class="label">[318]</span></a> Variously supposed to be in Cornwall, or Binchester in Durham, but most +probably the Roman station of Garionenum, near Yarmouth, in Norfolk.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_319_319" id="Footnote_319_319"></a><a href="#FNanchor_319_319"><span class="label">[319]</span></a> V.R. The image of the cross of Christ, and of the perpetual Virgin +St. Mary.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_320_320" id="Footnote_320_320"></a><a href="#FNanchor_320_320"><span class="label">[320]</span></a> V.R. For Arthur proceeded to Jerusalem, and there made a cross to the +size of the Saviour's cross, and there it was consecrated, and for three successive +days he fasted, watched, and prayed, before the Lord's cross, that +the Lord would give him the victory, by this sign, over the heathen; which +also took place, and he took with him the image of St. Mary, the fragments +of which are still preserved in great veneration at Wedale, in English Wodale, +in Latin <i>Vallis-doloris</i>. Wodale is a village in the province of Lodonesia, +but now of the jurisdiction of the bishop of St. Andrew's, of Scotland, +six miles on the west of that heretofore noble and eminent monastery +of Meilros.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_321_321" id="Footnote_321_321"></a><a href="#FNanchor_321_321"><span class="label">[321]</span></a> Exeter.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_322_322" id="Footnote_322_322"></a><a href="#FNanchor_322_322"><span class="label">[322]</span></a> Or Ribroit, the Brue, in Somersetshire; or the Ribble, in Lancashire.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_323_323" id="Footnote_323_323"></a><a href="#FNanchor_323_323"><span class="label">[323]</span></a> Or Agned Cathregonion, Cadbury, in Somersetshire; or Edinburgh.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_324_324" id="Footnote_324_324"></a><a href="#FNanchor_324_324"><span class="label">[324]</span></a> Bath.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_325_325" id="Footnote_325_325"></a><a href="#FNanchor_325_325"><span class="label">[325]</span></a> At Fordun, in the district of Mearns, in Scotland.—<i>Usher.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_326_326" id="Footnote_326_326"></a><a href="#FNanchor_326_326"><span class="label">[326]</span></a> V.R. Germanus "sent the elder Segerus with him to a wonderful +man, the holy bishop Amathearex." Another MS. "Sent the elder Segerus, +a bishop, with him to Amatheorex."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_327_327" id="Footnote_327_327"></a><a href="#FNanchor_327_327"><span class="label">[327]</span></a> V.R. "Received the episcopal degree from the holy bishop Amatheorex." +Another MS. "Received the episcopal degree from Matheorex and +the holy bishop."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_328_328" id="Footnote_328_328"></a><a href="#FNanchor_328_328"><span class="label">[328]</span></a> King of Connaught.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_329_329" id="Footnote_329_329"></a><a href="#FNanchor_329_329"><span class="label">[329]</span></a> A mountain in the west of Connaught, county of Mayo, now called +Croagh-Patrick.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_330_330" id="Footnote_330_330"></a><a href="#FNanchor_330_330"><span class="label">[330]</span></a> V.R. that no Irishman may be alive on the day of judgment, because +they will be destroyed seven years before in honour of St. Patrick.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_331_331" id="Footnote_331_331"></a><a href="#FNanchor_331_331"><span class="label">[331]</span></a> V.R. Fifteen.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_332_332" id="Footnote_332_332"></a><a href="#FNanchor_332_332"><span class="label">[332]</span></a> V.R. By the holy bishop Amatheus.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_333_333" id="Footnote_333_333"></a><a href="#FNanchor_333_333"><span class="label">[333]</span></a> Here ends the Vatican MS. collated by Mr. Gunn.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_334_334" id="Footnote_334_334"></a><a href="#FNanchor_334_334"><span class="label">[334]</span></a> These titles are not part of the original work, but added in the MSS. +by a later hand.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_335_335" id="Footnote_335_335"></a><a href="#FNanchor_335_335"><span class="label">[335]</span></a> Guercha is a distortion of the name of Uffa or Wuffa, arising in the +first instance from the pronunciation of the British writer; and, in the next +place, from the error of the transcriber.—<i>Palgrave.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_336_336" id="Footnote_336_336"></a><a href="#FNanchor_336_336"><span class="label">[336]</span></a> Or Wibba.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_337_337" id="Footnote_337_337"></a><a href="#FNanchor_337_337"><span class="label">[337]</span></a> V.R. Conquered.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_338_338" id="Footnote_338_338"></a><a href="#FNanchor_338_338"><span class="label">[338]</span></a> Hatfield, in the West Riding of Yorkshire. See Bede's Eccles. Hist. +p. 106.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_339_339" id="Footnote_339_339"></a><a href="#FNanchor_339_339"><span class="label">[339]</span></a> Cadwalla, king of the Western Britons.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_340_340" id="Footnote_340_340"></a><a href="#FNanchor_340_340"><span class="label">[340]</span></a> V.R. United the castle, i.e. Dinguerin and Gurdbernech, which two +countries were in one country, i.e. Deurabernech; Anglice Deira and Bernicia. +Another MS. Built Dinguayth Guarth Berneich.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_341_341" id="Footnote_341_341"></a><a href="#FNanchor_341_341"><span class="label">[341]</span></a> Talhaiarn was a descendant of Coel Godebog, and chaplain to Ambrosius.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_342_342" id="Footnote_342_342"></a><a href="#FNanchor_342_342"><span class="label">[342]</span></a> Better known as Maelgwn.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_343_343" id="Footnote_343_343"></a><a href="#FNanchor_343_343"><span class="label">[343]</span></a> Bambrough. See Bede, iii. 6, and Sax. Chron. <span class="smcap">a.d.</span> 547.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_344_344" id="Footnote_344_344"></a><a href="#FNanchor_344_344"><span class="label">[344]</span></a> See Bede's Eccles. Hist. p. 96. From the share which Paulinus had in the conversion of the Northumbrian king, it has been inferred that he +actually baptized him; but Nennius expressly states, that the holy sacrament +was administered by Rhun, the son of Urien. The Welsh name of +Paulinus is Pawl Hen, or Polin Esgob.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_345_345" id="Footnote_345_345"></a><a href="#FNanchor_345_345"><span class="label">[345]</span></a> Llauiguin, means the "fair," or the "bounteous hand."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_346_346" id="Footnote_346_346"></a><a href="#FNanchor_346_346"><span class="label">[346]</span></a> This name has been variously written; Bede spells it <i>Caedualla</i> (Cadwalla); +Nennius, <i>Catgublaun</i>; the Saxon Chronicle, <i>Ceadwalla</i>; and the +Welsh writers, <i>Cadwallon</i> and <i>Katwallawn</i>: and though the identity of the +person may be clearly proved, it is necessary to observe these particulars to +distinguish him from <i>Cadwaladr</i>, and from another <i>Caedualla</i> or <i>Cædwalla</i>, +a king of the West Saxons; all of whom, as they lived within a short +time of each other, have been frequently confounded together.—<i>Rees's +Welsh Saints.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_347_347" id="Footnote_347_347"></a><a href="#FNanchor_347_347"><span class="label">[347]</span></a> Gwynedd, North Wales.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_348_348" id="Footnote_348_348"></a><a href="#FNanchor_348_348"><span class="label">[348]</span></a> Bede says at Denis's-brook. Eccles Hist. p. 109.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_349_349" id="Footnote_349_349"></a><a href="#FNanchor_349_349"><span class="label">[349]</span></a> The British chronicles assert that Cadwallader died at Rome, whilst +Nennius would lead us to conclude that he perished in the pestilence at +home. See Geoffrey, p. 288.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_350_350" id="Footnote_350_350"></a><a href="#FNanchor_350_350"><span class="label">[350]</span></a> The isle of Farne.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_351_351" id="Footnote_351_351"></a><a href="#FNanchor_351_351"><span class="label">[351]</span></a> Maserfield. See Bede's Eccles. Hist. p. 123.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_352_352" id="Footnote_352_352"></a><a href="#FNanchor_352_352"><span class="label">[352]</span></a> In Carmarthenshire. Perhaps the town now called Kidwelly.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h5>THE</h5> + +<h3>SPURIOUS CHRONICLE</h3> + +<h5>OF</h5> + +<h2>RICHARD OF CIRENCESTER.</h2> + + +<p class="center">[<i>An eighteenth century forgery.</i>]</p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_419" id="Page_419">[Pg 418-419]</a></span></p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p class="center">[<i>SPURIOUS.</i>]</p> + + +<h3>RICHARD OF CIRENCESTER</h3> + +<h5>ON THE</h5> + +<h2>ANCIENT STATE OF BRITAIN.</h2> + +<h3>BOOK I.</h3> + +<h3>CHAPTER I.</h3> + + +<p>1. The shore of Gaul would be the boundary of the +world, did not the island<a name="FNanchor_353_353" id="FNanchor_353_353"></a><a href="#Footnote_353_353" class="fnanchor">[353]</a> of Britain claim from its magnitude +almost the appellation of another world; for if measured +to the Caledonian promontory<a name="FNanchor_354_354" id="FNanchor_354_354"></a><a href="#Footnote_354_354" class="fnanchor">[354]</a> it extends more than +eight hundred miles in length.<a name="FNanchor_355_355" id="FNanchor_355_355"></a><a href="#Footnote_355_355" class="fnanchor">[355]</a></p> + +<p>2. Britain was first called by the ancients Albion,<a name="FNanchor_356_356" id="FNanchor_356_356"></a><a href="#Footnote_356_356" class="fnanchor">[356]</a> from<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_420" id="Page_420">[Pg 420]</a></span> +its <i>white</i> cliffs; and afterwards in the language of the natives, +Britain. Hence all the islands hereafter described +were denominated British.<a name="FNanchor_357_357" id="FNanchor_357_357"></a><a href="#Footnote_357_357" class="fnanchor">[357]</a></p> + +<p>3. Britain is situated between the north and west,<a name="FNanchor_358_358" id="FNanchor_358_358"></a><a href="#Footnote_358_358" class="fnanchor">[358]</a> opposite +to, though at some distance from, Germany, Gaul, and +Spain, the most considerable parts of Europe, and is bounded +by the Atlantic Ocean.</p> + +<p>4. On the south of Britain lies Belgic Gaul, from which +coast passengers usually sail to the Rhutupian port.<a name="FNanchor_359_359" id="FNanchor_359_359"></a><a href="#Footnote_359_359" class="fnanchor">[359]</a> This +place is distant from Gessoriacum,<a name="FNanchor_360_360" id="FNanchor_360_360"></a><a href="#Footnote_360_360" class="fnanchor">[360]</a> a town of the Morini, +the port most frequented by the Britons, fifty miles, or +according to others, four hundred and fifty stadia. From +thence may be seen the country of the Britons whom Virgil +in his Eclogues describes as separated from the whole +world,—</p> + +<p class="center"> +"—penitus toto divisos orbe Britannos."<br /> +</p> + +<p>5. By Agrippa, an ancient geographer, its breadth is estimated +at three hundred miles; but with more truth by Bede +at two hundred, exclusive of the promontories.<a name="FNanchor_361_361" id="FNanchor_361_361"></a><a href="#Footnote_361_361" class="fnanchor">[361]</a> If their +sinuosities be taken into the computation, its circuit will be +three thousand six hundred miles. Marcian, a Greek author, +agrees with me in stating it at MDIƆƆLXXV.<a name="FNanchor_362_362" id="FNanchor_362_362"></a><a href="#Footnote_362_362" class="fnanchor">[362]</a></p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_421" id="Page_421">[Pg 421]</a></span></p><div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_353_353" id="Footnote_353_353"></a><a href="#FNanchor_353_353"><span class="label">[353]</span></a> The early Greeks and Romans doubted whether Britain was an island, +or part of the continent. This uncertainty gave rise to a controversy which +was not settled till the time of the proprætor Julius Agricola.—<i>Tac. Vit. +Agric. c.</i> 38. <i>Dio. Cass. Hist. Rom. lib.</i> 39.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_354_354" id="Footnote_354_354"></a><a href="#FNanchor_354_354"><span class="label">[354]</span></a> Dunnet Head.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_355_355" id="Footnote_355_355"></a><a href="#FNanchor_355_355"><span class="label">[355]</span></a> Richard gives too great an extent to our island, which, according to +the most accurate observations, stretches only from lat. 49° 48', the most +southern point, to Dunnet Head, which is in lat. 58° 40' or scarcely 540 +geographical miles.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_356_356" id="Footnote_356_356"></a><a href="#FNanchor_356_356"><span class="label">[356]</span></a> Various explanations have been given of the names of Albion and +Britain, applied to our island. Some derive Albion from the white rocks +which bound the coast; some from Albion, a son of Neptune, who is represented +as its first discoverer and cultivator; others have likewise derived +the name Britain from the Phœnician or Hebrew <i>Baratanac</i>, signifying the +land of tin. It was also called by the natives, <i>Hyperborea</i>, <i>Atlantica</i>, +<i>Cassiteris</i>, <i>Romana</i>, and <i>Thule</i>. +</p><p> +According to the British Triads, "the three names given to the isle of +Britain, from the beginning, were: before it was inhabited, the name of +<i>Clas Merddyn</i> (or the green spot defended by water); after it was inhabited, +<i>Y Vêl Ynys</i> (the honey island); and, after it was brought under one government by Prydain, son of Aedd, it was called <i>Ynys Prydain</i> (or the +isle of Britain)." +</p><p> +In some old writings it is also termed, <i>Yr Ynys Wen</i>, (or the white +island.)</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_357_357" id="Footnote_357_357"></a><a href="#FNanchor_357_357"><span class="label">[357]</span></a> This part is taken from Pliny, who enumerates the British isles in the +following order:—Orcades, 40; Acmodæ, 7; Hæbudes, 30. Between +Britain and Ireland, Mona, Menapia, Ricnea, Vectis, Silimnus, Andros; +beneath, Siambis and Axuntos: on the opposite side, towards the German +Sea, the Glessariæ, called Electrides by the later Greek writers, from the +amber found there: and last of all, Thule. +</p><p> +He refers to others mentioned by different authors, viz., Mictis, Scandia, +Dumnia, Bergos, and Nerigos.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_358_358" id="Footnote_358_358"></a><a href="#FNanchor_358_358"><span class="label">[358]</span></a> That is, from Rome. Richard, in copying the Roman writers, adopted +their expressions in regard to the relative positions of places.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_359_359" id="Footnote_359_359"></a><a href="#FNanchor_359_359"><span class="label">[359]</span></a> Richborough, Kent.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_360_360" id="Footnote_360_360"></a><a href="#FNanchor_360_360"><span class="label">[360]</span></a> Boulogne.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_361_361" id="Footnote_361_361"></a><a href="#FNanchor_361_361"><span class="label">[361]</span></a> Richard errs in supposing the estimation of Bede more accurate than +that of Agrippa.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_362_362" id="Footnote_362_362"></a><a href="#FNanchor_362_362"><span class="label">[362]</span></a> The numerals are here so incorrect that it is difficult to discover what +number was meant by Richard. Marcian observes that the circuit of our +island is not more than 28,604 stadia, or 3575 miles, nor less than 20,526, +or 2576 miles. Hence Bertram is led to prefer the greater number.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3>CHAP. II.</h3> + + +<p>1. Albion, called by Chrysostom Great Britain, is, according +to Cæsar, of a triangular shape, resembling Sicily. One +of the sides lies opposite to Celtic Gaul. One angle of this +side, which is the Cantian promontory,<a name="FNanchor_363_363" id="FNanchor_363_363"></a><a href="#Footnote_363_363" class="fnanchor">[363]</a> is situated to the +east; the other, the Ocrinian promontory,<a name="FNanchor_364_364" id="FNanchor_364_364"></a><a href="#Footnote_364_364" class="fnanchor">[364]</a> in the country +of the Damnonii, faces the south and the province of Tarraconensis +in Spain. This side is about five hundred miles in +length.</p> + +<p>2. Another side stretches towards Ireland and the west, +the length of which, according to the opinion of the ancients, +is seven hundred miles.</p> + +<p>3. The third side is situated to the north, and is opposite to +no land except a few islands;<a name="FNanchor_365_365" id="FNanchor_365_365"></a><a href="#Footnote_365_365" class="fnanchor">[365]</a> but the angle of this side +chiefly trends towards Germania Magna.<a name="FNanchor_366_366" id="FNanchor_366_366"></a><a href="#Footnote_366_366" class="fnanchor">[366]</a> The length from +the Novantian Chersonesus,<a name="FNanchor_367_367" id="FNanchor_367_367"></a><a href="#Footnote_367_367" class="fnanchor">[367]</a> through the country of the +Taixali, to the Cantian promontory,<a name="FNanchor_368_368" id="FNanchor_368_368"></a><a href="#Footnote_368_368" class="fnanchor">[368]</a> is estimated at eight +hundred miles. Thus all erroneously compute the circuit of +the island to be two thousand miles; for from the Cantian +promontory to Ocrinum,<a name="FNanchor_369_369" id="FNanchor_369_369"></a><a href="#Footnote_369_369" class="fnanchor">[369]</a> the distance is four hundred miles; +from thence to Novantum, a thousand; and from thence to +the Cantian promontory, two thousand two hundred. The +circumference of the whole island is therefore three thousand +six hundred miles.<a name="FNanchor_370_370" id="FNanchor_370_370"></a><a href="#Footnote_370_370" class="fnanchor">[370]</a></p> + +<p>4. Livy and Fabius Rusticus compare the form of Britain +to an oblong shield or battle-axe; and as, according to Tacitus, +it bears that figure on the side of Caledonia, the comparison +was extended to the whole island, though the bold promontories +at its further extremity give it the shape of a +wedge. But Cæsar and Pomponius Mela assert that its form +is triangular.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_422" id="Page_422">[Pg 422]</a></span></p> + +<p>5. If credit may be given to the celebrated geographer +Ptolemy and his contemporary writers, the island resembles +an inverted Z,<a name="FNanchor_371_371" id="FNanchor_371_371"></a><a href="#Footnote_371_371" class="fnanchor">[371]</a> but according to the maps the comparison is +not exact. The triangular shape, however, seems to belong +to England alone.<a name="FNanchor_372_372" id="FNanchor_372_372"></a><a href="#Footnote_372_372" class="fnanchor">[372]</a></p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_363_363" id="Footnote_363_363"></a><a href="#FNanchor_363_363"><span class="label">[363]</span></a> North Foreland.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_364_364" id="Footnote_364_364"></a><a href="#FNanchor_364_364"><span class="label">[364]</span></a> Lizard Point.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_365_365" id="Footnote_365_365"></a><a href="#FNanchor_365_365"><span class="label">[365]</span></a> The Orkney and Shetland isles.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_366_366" id="Footnote_366_366"></a><a href="#FNanchor_366_366"><span class="label">[366]</span></a> Under this name the ancients comprised not only Germany proper +but Denmark, Norway, &c.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_367_367" id="Footnote_367_367"></a><a href="#FNanchor_367_367"><span class="label">[367]</span></a> Rens of Galloway.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_368_368" id="Footnote_368_368"></a><a href="#FNanchor_368_368"><span class="label">[368]</span></a> North Foreland.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_369_369" id="Footnote_369_369"></a><a href="#FNanchor_369_369"><span class="label">[369]</span></a> Lizard Point.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_370_370" id="Footnote_370_370"></a><a href="#FNanchor_370_370"><span class="label">[370]</span></a> Bertram has endeavoured to reconcile the various and discordant calculations +given by different ancient authors of the circuit of our island. +On such vague principles as these estimations are made, it would be almost +impossible, even now, for two persons to produce the same result.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_371_371" id="Footnote_371_371"></a><a href="#FNanchor_371_371"><span class="label">[371]</span></a> Ptolemy's expression is obscure; but he was evidently led to this supposition +by the notion that Caledonia or Scotland trended to the east, as +appears from his latitudes and longitudes. This form, therefore, he not +unaptly compares to the inverted Z. It would be a trespass on the patience +of the reader to attempt to reconcile what is irreconcilable.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_372_372" id="Footnote_372_372"></a><a href="#FNanchor_372_372"><span class="label">[372]</span></a> These words are chiefly taken from Tacitus. The obscurity of the +expression and the absurdity of the comparison, will sufficiently show the +ignorance of those ancients whose works have reached the present time, in +regard to our island.—<i>Tacit. Vit. Agricolæ, sec. 10.</i></p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3>CHAP. III.</h3> + + +<p>1. The original inhabitants of Britain, whether indigenous +or foreign, are, like those of most other countries, unknown. +The Jews alone, and by their means the contiguous nations, +have the happiness of tracing their descent since the creation +of the world from undoubted documents.</p> + +<p>2. From the difference of personal appearance different +conjectures have been drawn. The red hair and large limbs +of the Caledonians proclaim their German origin; the +painted faces and curled locks of the Silures, and their +situation opposite to Spain, corroborate the assertion of +Tacitus, that the ancient Iberians passed over and occupied +this country and Ireland. Those who live nearest the Gauls +resemble them, either from the strength of the original stock, +or from the effects which the same positions of the heavens +produce on the human body.</p> + +<p>3. If I were inclined to indulge a conjecture, I might +here mention that the Veneti<a name="FNanchor_373_373" id="FNanchor_373_373"></a><a href="#Footnote_373_373" class="fnanchor">[373]</a> in their commercial expeditions +first introduced inhabitants and religion into this +country. Writers are not wanting, who assert that +Hercules came hither and established a sovereignty. But it +is needless to dwell on such remote antiquities and idle tales.<a name="FNanchor_374_374" id="FNanchor_374_374"></a><a href="#Footnote_374_374" class="fnanchor">[374]</a></p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_423" id="Page_423">[Pg 423]</a></span></p><p>4. On the whole, however, it is probable that the Gauls +occupied the contiguous regions. According to Tacitus, +their sacred rites and superstitions may be traced; nor is +the language very different; and lastly, the tradition of the +druids, with the names of the states which still retain the +same appellations as the people sprung from the cities of +Gaul, who came hither and began to cultivate the country.<a name="FNanchor_375_375" id="FNanchor_375_375"></a><a href="#Footnote_375_375" class="fnanchor">[375]</a></p> + +<p>5. According to Cæsar, the country was extremely populous, +and contained numerous buildings, not dissimilar to those of +the Gauls. It was rich in cattle.</p> + +<p>6. The inhabitants of the southern part were the most +civilized, and in their customs differed little from the Gauls. +Those of the more distant parts did not raise corn; but lived +on fruits and flesh. They were ignorant of the use of wool +and garments, although in severe weather they covered +themselves with the skins of sheep or deer. They were +accustomed to bathe in the rivers.</p> + +<p>7. All the Britons formerly stained their bodies of a blue +colour, which according to Cæsar gave them a more terrible +appearance in battle. They wore their hair long, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_424" id="Page_424">[Pg 424]</a></span> +shaved all parts of the body except the head and the upper +lip.</p> + +<p>8. Ten or twelve Britons had their wives in common; +and this custom particularly prevailed among brethren, and +between fathers and sons; but the children were considered +as belonging to him who had first taken the virgin to wife. +The mothers suckled their own children, and did not employ +maids and nurses.</p> + +<p>9. According to Cæsar also they used brass money, and +iron rings of a certain weight instead of coin.<a name="FNanchor_376_376" id="FNanchor_376_376"></a><a href="#Footnote_376_376" class="fnanchor">[376]</a></p> + +<p>10. The Britons deemed it unlawful to eat hares,<a name="FNanchor_377_377" id="FNanchor_377_377"></a><a href="#Footnote_377_377" class="fnanchor">[377]</a> fowls, +or geese; but they kept those animals for pleasure.</p> + +<p>11. They had pearls, bits made of ivory, bracelets, vessels +of amber and glass, agates, and, what surpasses all, great +abundance of tin.</p> + +<p>12. They navigated in barks, the keels and ribs of which +were formed of light materials; the other parts were made +of wicker and covered with the hides of oxen.<a name="FNanchor_378_378" id="FNanchor_378_378"></a><a href="#Footnote_378_378" class="fnanchor">[378]</a> During +their voyages, as Solinus asserts, they abstain from food.<a name="FNanchor_379_379" id="FNanchor_379_379"></a><a href="#Footnote_379_379" class="fnanchor">[379]</a></p> + +<p>13. Britain produces people and kings of people, as +Pomponius Mela writes in his third book; but they are all +uncivilized, and in proportion as they are more distant from +the continent, are more ignorant of riches; their wealth +consisting chiefly in cattle and land. They are addicted to +litigation and war, and frequently attack each other, from a +desire of command, and of enlarging their possessions. It +is customary indeed for the Britons to wage war under the +guidance of women, and not to regard the difference of sex +in the distribution of power.</p> + +<p>14. The Britons not only fought on foot and on horseback, +but in chariots drawn by two horses, and armed in the Gallic<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_425" id="Page_425">[Pg 425]</a></span> +manner. Those chariots, to the axle-trees of which scythes +were fixed, were called <i>covini</i>, or wains.</p> + +<p>15. Cæsar relates that they employed cavalry in their +wars, which before the coming of the Romans were almost +perpetual. All were skilled in war; each in proportion to +his family and wealth supported a number of retainers, and +this was the only species of honour with which they were +acquainted.<a name="FNanchor_380_380" id="FNanchor_380_380"></a><a href="#Footnote_380_380" class="fnanchor">[380]</a></p> + +<p>16. The principal strength of the Britons was in their +infantry, who fought with darts, large swords, and short +targets. According to Tacitus, their swords were blunt at +the point.</p> + +<p>17. Cæsar in his fourth book thus describes their mode of +fighting in that species of chariots called <i>essedæ</i>.<a name="FNanchor_381_381" id="FNanchor_381_381"></a><a href="#Footnote_381_381" class="fnanchor">[381]</a> At first<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_426" id="Page_426">[Pg 426]</a></span> +they drove through the army in all directions, hurling their +darts; and by the terror of the horses, and the noise of the +wheels, generally threw the ranks of the enemy into disorder. +When they had penetrated between the troops of cavalry, +they leaped from their chariots and waged unequal war on +foot. Meanwhile the chariots were drawn up at a distance +from the battle, and placed in such a position, that if pressed +by the enemy, the warriors could effect a retreat to their +own army. They thus displayed the rapid evolutions of +cavalry, and the firmness of infantry, and were so expert by +exercise, as to hold up the horses in steep descents, to check +and turn them suddenly at full speed, to run along the pole, +stand on the yoke, and then spring into the chariot.</p> + +<p>18. The mode of fighting on horseback threatened equal +danger to those who gave way, or those who pursued. They +never engaged in close lines, but in scattered bodies, and +with great intervals; they had their appointed stations, and +relieved each other by turns; and fresh combatants succeeded +those who were fatigued. The cavalry also used +darts.</p> + +<p>19. It is not easy to determine the form of government +in Britain previous to the coming of the Romans. It is however +certain that before their times there was no vestige of a +monarchy, but rather of a democracy, unless perhaps it may +seem to have resembled an aristocracy.<a name="FNanchor_382_382" id="FNanchor_382_382"></a><a href="#Footnote_382_382" class="fnanchor">[382]</a> The authority of +the Druids in affairs of the greatest moment was considerable. +Some chiefs are commemorated in their ancient records, +yet these appear to have possessed no permanent +power; but to have been created, like the Roman dictators, +in times of imminent danger. Nor are instances wanting<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_427" id="Page_427">[Pg 427]</a></span> +among them, as among other brave nations, when they chose +even the leader of their adversaries to conduct their armies. +He, therefore, who before was their enemy, afterwards +fought on their side.</p> + +<p>20. The Britons exceeded in stature both the Gauls and +the Romans. Strabo affirms that he saw at Rome some +British youths, who were considerably taller than the +Romans.</p> + +<p>21. The more wealthy inhabitants of South Britain were +accustomed to ornament the middle finger of the left hand +with a gold ring; but a gold collar<a name="FNanchor_383_383" id="FNanchor_383_383"></a><a href="#Footnote_383_383" class="fnanchor">[383]</a> round the neck was the +distinguishing mark of eminence. Those of the northern +regions, who were the indigenous inhabitants of the island +from time immemorial, were almost wholly ignorant of the +use of clothes, and surrounded their waists and necks, as +Herodian reports, with iron rings, which they considered as +ornaments and proofs of wealth. They carried a narrow +shield, fitter for use than ornament, and a lance, with a sword +pendant from their naked and painted bodies. They rejected<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_428" id="Page_428">[Pg 428]</a></span> +or despised the breast-plate and helmet, because such armour +impeded their passage through the marshes.</p> + +<p>22. Among other particulars, this custom prevailed in +Britain. They stopped travellers and merchants, and compelled +them to relate what they had heard, or knew, worthy +of notice. The common people usually surrounded foreign +merchants in the towns, and obliged them to tell from whence +they came, and what curious things they had observed. On +such vague reports they often rashly acted, and thus were +generally deceived; for many answered them agreeably to +their desires with fictitious stories.<a name="FNanchor_384_384" id="FNanchor_384_384"></a><a href="#Footnote_384_384" class="fnanchor">[384]</a></p> + +<p>23. Their interments were magnificent; and all things +which they prized during life, even arms and animals, were +thrown into the funeral pile. A heap of earth and turf formed +the sepulchre.<a name="FNanchor_385_385" id="FNanchor_385_385"></a><a href="#Footnote_385_385" class="fnanchor">[385]</a></p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_429" id="Page_429">[Pg 429]</a></span></p> +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_373_373" id="Footnote_373_373"></a><a href="#FNanchor_373_373"><span class="label">[373]</span></a> The Veneti, a tribe seated on the coast of Armorica or Bretagne, +distinguished for their maritime power, and with whom Cæsar waged war. +Their territory according to his description, was part of Celtic Gaul, and +the present Vannes was their capital.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_374_374" id="Footnote_374_374"></a><a href="#FNanchor_374_374"><span class="label">[374]</span></a> To these conjectures relative to the original inhabitants, and subsequent colonists of Britain, it may not be uninteresting to add the accounts +preserved in the Welsh Triads. +</p><p> +The historical Triads record that the first colonists of Britain were +<i>Cymry</i>, who originally came from <i>Defrobani Gwlad Yr Hav</i>, the summer +land, or Tauric Chersonesus. There they have left many traces of their +name preserved by ancient authors, among which we may instance the +Cimmerian Bosphorus. +</p><p> +Subsequent colonists arrived from the neighbouring continent at various +times. The <i>Loegrwys</i> (Loegrians) from Gascogne; the <i>Brython</i> from +<i>Lydaw</i> (Britanny), who were descendants from the original stock of the +<i>Cymry</i>. Two descents are also mentioned in Albin, or North Britain; one +called the tribe of <i>Celyddon</i>, the other the primitive <i>Gwyddelians</i>. +Another descent is said to have been made in the south, in <i>Ynys-Wyth</i>, +or the Isle of Wight, by the men of <i>Galedin</i> (the Belgæ), when their +native country was inundated. Another colony called the <i>Corani</i> came +from the country of the <i>Pwyl</i> (Poland), and settled on the sea coast, about +the river Humber. A descent in Albin, or North Britain, of a colony of +<i>Gwyddelian Ficti</i> [Irish Picts], who are described as coming from the sea +of <i>Loclyn</i> (the Baltic); and a partial settlement of the men of <i>Loclyn</i> +(Scandinavians), who were expelled after remaining for three generations. +The arrival of the Romans and Saxons is also mentioned, as well as +some partial settlements of Gwyddelians from Ireland.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_375_375" id="Footnote_375_375"></a><a href="#FNanchor_375_375"><span class="label">[375]</span></a> We discover a few cities in Gaul, bearing nearly the same appellations +as those of Britain; and in both countries we find the Atrebates, the +Morini, the Ædui, the Senones, the Menapii, and the Rhemi.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_376_376" id="Footnote_376_376"></a><a href="#FNanchor_376_376"><span class="label">[376]</span></a> The natives of China and Japan follow a similar custom in regard to +gold and silver, which are not coined, but pass according to weight.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_377_377" id="Footnote_377_377"></a><a href="#FNanchor_377_377"><span class="label">[377]</span></a> It seems that they considered the appearance of a hare a fortunate +omen; for the Roman historians observe that Boadicea, after haranguing +her troops, let loose a hare which she had concealed in her garments.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_378_378" id="Footnote_378_378"></a><a href="#FNanchor_378_378"><span class="label">[378]</span></a> This species of boat is still used on the Welsh rivers, and is called a +coricle in English, and <i>cwch</i> in Welsh. It is so light that a man may carry +one on his back.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_379_379" id="Footnote_379_379"></a><a href="#FNanchor_379_379"><span class="label">[379]</span></a> Richard has mistaken the sense of Solinus, who, in describing the +passage from Great Britain to Ireland, observes that from its shortness +they abstained from food. "Navigantes escis abstinent, pro freti latitudine." +C. 25.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_380_380" id="Footnote_380_380"></a><a href="#FNanchor_380_380"><span class="label">[380]</span></a> In all periods the Britons seem to have been divided into numerous +petty communities or states, headed by chiefs, who are here dignified with +the title of kings. From the jealousies and weakness attending such a +state of society, the island first became a prey to the Romans, and +afterwards to the Saxons; and when the Britons were confined to the +mountains of Wales, the same causes hastened the annexation of their +country to England.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_381_381" id="Footnote_381_381"></a><a href="#FNanchor_381_381"><span class="label">[381]</span></a> In the early ages chariots were universally used in war. In the +Scriptures they are frequently mentioned as forming the principal strength +of an army; and the mode of fighting in chariots among the Greeks and +Trojans, according to the description of Homer, was exactly similar to that +of the Britons. The steeds of his heroes were +</p> + +<p style="margin-left:6em;"><br /> +"Practised alike to stop, to turn, to chase,<br /> +To dare the shock, or urge the rapid race."<br /> +</p> + +<p> +His warriors sometimes drive through the ranks of the enemy, sometimes +fight from their chariots, and sometimes alight and maintain the combat on +foot, while their chariots retire to the rear. +</p> + +<p style="margin-left:6em;"><br /> +"This counsel pleased, the godlike Hector sprung<br /> +Swift from his seat; his clanging armour rung.<br /> +The chief's example follow'd by his train,<br /> +Each quits his car and issues on the plain;<br /> +By orders strict the charioteers enjoin'd<br /> +Compel the coursers to their ranks behind."<br /> +</p> +<p> +The Britons, however, appear to have devised an improvement in this +mode of warfare, which was unknown to the Greeks. Their chariots seem +to have been of two kinds, the <i>covini</i> or wains, heavy and armed with +scythes, to break the thickest order of the enemy; and the <i>essedæ</i>, a +lighter kind, adapted probably to situations and circumstances in which +the <i>covini</i> could not act, and occasionally performing the duties of cavalry. +The <i>essedæ</i>, with the cavalry, were pushed forward to oppose the first +landing of Cæsar; and Cassivellaunus afterwards left 4000 <i>essedæ</i> as a corps of observation to watch his movements.—<i>Cæsar. Comment. lib.</i> +5, sec. 15.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_382_382" id="Footnote_382_382"></a><a href="#FNanchor_382_382"><span class="label">[382]</span></a> The government of the ancient Britons may be denominated patriarchal. +Each community was governed by its elders; and every individual +who could not prove his kindred to some community, through nine +descents, and the same number of collateral affinities, was not considered +as a freeman. Beyond this degree of kindred, they were formed into new +communities. The elders of the different communities were subordinate to +the elders of the tribes. But in times of public danger, as is recorded in +the Triads, some chief of distinguished abilities was entrusted with the +supreme authority over the tribes or communities, who united in common +defence—Such were Caswallon (Cassivellaunus), Caradwg (Caractacus), +and Owain, son of Macsen.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_383_383" id="Footnote_383_383"></a><a href="#FNanchor_383_383"><span class="label">[383]</span></a> This <i>torques</i>, chain, or rather wreath, is frequently alluded to by the +early British bards. +</p> + +<p style="margin-left:6em;">"Yet in the battle of Arderydd I wore the <i>golden torques</i>"</p> +<p style="margin-left:20em;"><i>Merddin Avellanaw.</i></p> + +<p style="margin-left:6em;">"Four and twenty sons I have had<br /> +Wearing the <i>golden wreath</i>, leaders of armies."</p> +<p style="margin-left:20em;"><i>Llywarch Hên.</i></p> + +<p style="margin-left:6em;"> +"Of all who went to Cattraeth, wearing the <i>golden torc or wreath</i>."</p> +<p style="margin-left:24em;"><i>Aneurin.</i></p> + +<p> +The same bard states that in the battle of Cattraeth were three hundred +and sixty who wore the <i>golden torques</i>. +</p> + +<p> +We give a description of one of these ornaments found near the castle of +Harlech, in Merionethshire, in 1692. "It is a wreathed bar of gold, or perhaps +three or four rods jointly twisted, about four feet long, but naturally +bending only one way, in the form of a hatband. It is hooked at both +ends. It is of a round form, about an inch in circumference, and weighs +eight ounces."—<i>Gibson's Camden</i>, p. 658. +</p> + +<p>Another mark of dignity was a string of amber beads worn round the +head. To this Aneurin alludes—</p> + +<p class="center"> +"With wreaths of <i>amber</i> twined round his temples."<br /> +</p> + +<p>These beads have been frequently found in tumuli, particularly in those +on Salisbury Plain.—See <i>Turner's Vindication of the Welsh Bards.—Owen's +Elegies of Llywarch Hên</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_384_384" id="Footnote_384_384"></a><a href="#FNanchor_384_384"><span class="label">[384]</span></a> This is Cæsar's account of a Gallic custom; but it is applied, not without +reason, to the Britons, and indeed is equally applicable to all uncivilized +people.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_385_385" id="Footnote_385_385"></a><a href="#FNanchor_385_385"><span class="label">[385]</span></a> As the classic authors have left us no description of the modes of interment +among the Britons, Richard was induced, by the conformity of +their manners and customs to those of the Gauls, to adopt the words used +by Cæsar in his account of the Gallic funerals. Unfortunately the remains +of the British bards afford little assistance in supplying this deficiency. It +appears, however, that the Britons raised tumuli over their dead, and +continued the practice till after the introduction of Christianity; and +that their other modes of interment were the <i>carned</i>, or heap of stones; +the <i>cistvaen</i>, or stone chest; and perhaps the <i>cromlec</i>, or hanging +stone. From a curious fragment commemorating the graves of the +British warriors, which is printed in the first volume of the Welch Archæology, +we learn further, that they buried their dead on the top of hills and +lofty cliffs, on declivities, in heaths and secluded valleys, on the banks and +near the fords of rivers, and on the sea-shore "where the ninth wave +breaks." Allusions are also made to corresponding stones raised on these +graves; and it is said, "the <i>long</i> graves in Gwanas, no one knows to whom +they belong nor what is their history." +</p><p> +As the modes of interment among all early nations were in many respects +similar, there is perhaps no part of our national antiquities which has +given scope to so much conjecture as this. The reader who is desirous of +more particular information relative to this subject, may at least find +amusement in consulting the works of Stukeley, Douglas's <i>Nenia Britannica</i>, +the <i>Archæologia</i>, and various accounts scattered in different periodical +publications.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3>CHAP. IV.</h3> + + +<p>1. All the Britons, like the Gauls, were much addicted +to superstitious ceremonies; and those who laboured under +severe disorders, or were exposed to the dangers of war, +either offered human victims, or made a vow to perform +such a sacrifice.</p> + +<p>2. The druids were employed in the performance of these +cruel rites; and they believed that the gods could not be +appeased unless the life of a man was ransomed with human +blood. Hence arose the public institution of such sacrifices; +and those who had been surprised in theft, robbery, or any +other delinquency, were considered as the most acceptable +victims. But when criminals could not be obtained, even +the innocent were put to death, that the gods might be +appeased.</p> + +<p>3. The sacred ceremonies could not be performed except +in the presence of the druids; and on them devolved the +office of providing for the public as well as private rites. +They were the guardians of religion and the interpreters +of mysteries; and being skilled in medicine, were consulted +for the preservation or restoration of health.</p> + +<p>4. Among their gods, the principal object of their worship +was Mercury.<a name="FNanchor_386_386" id="FNanchor_386_386"></a><a href="#Footnote_386_386" class="fnanchor">[386]</a> Next to him they adored justice (under the +name of Astarte), then Apollo, and Mars (who was called +Vitucadrus), Jupiter, Minerva, Hercules, Victory (called +Andate), Diana, Cybele, and Pluto. Of these deities they +held the same opinions as other nations.</p> + +<p>5. The Britons, like the Gauls, endeavoured to derive +their origin from Dis or Pluto, boasting of this ancient +tradition of the druids. For this reason they divided time, +not by the number of days, but of nights, and thus distin<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_430" id="Page_430">[Pg 430]</a></span>guished +the commencement of the month, and the time of +their birth. This custom agrees with the ancient mode +of computation adopted in Genesis, chapter i.<a name="FNanchor_387_387" id="FNanchor_387_387"></a><a href="#Footnote_387_387" class="fnanchor">[387]</a></p> + +<p>6. The druids, being held in high veneration, were greatly +followed by the young men for the sake of their instructions. +They decided almost all public and private controversies, and +determined disputes relative to inheritance or the boundaries +of lands. They decreed rewards and punishments, and +enforced their decisions by an exclusion from the sacrifices. +This exclusion was deemed the severest punishment; because +the interdicted, being deemed impious and wicked, were +shunned as if contagious; justice was refused to their +supplications, and they were allowed no marks of honour.<a name="FNanchor_388_388" id="FNanchor_388_388"></a><a href="#Footnote_388_388" class="fnanchor">[388]</a></p> + +<p>7. Over the druids presided a chief, vested with supreme +authority. At his death he was succeeded by the next in +dignity; but if there were several of equal rank, the contest +was decided by the suffrages of their body; and sometimes +they even contended in arms for this honour.<a name="FNanchor_389_389" id="FNanchor_389_389"></a><a href="#Footnote_389_389" class="fnanchor">[389]</a></p> + +<p>8. The druids went not to war, paid no tribute like the +rest of the people, were exempted from military duties, and +enjoyed immunities in all things. From these high privileges +many either voluntarily entered into their order, or were +placed in it by friends or parents.</p> + +<p>9. They learned a number of verses, which were the only +kind of memorials or annals in use among them.<a name="FNanchor_390_390" id="FNanchor_390_390"></a><a href="#Footnote_390_390" class="fnanchor">[390]</a> Some +persons accordingly remained twenty years under their +instruction, which they did not deem it lawful to commit +to writing, though on other subjects they employed the +Greek alphabet. "This custom," to use the words of Julius +Cæsar, "seems to have been adopted for two reasons: first, +not to expose their doctrines to the common people; and, +secondly, lest their scholars, trusting to letters, should<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_431" id="Page_431">[Pg 431]</a></span> +be less anxious to remember their precepts; for such +assistance commonly diminishes application, and weakens +the memory."</p> + +<p>10. In the first place they circulated the doctrine that +souls do not die, but migrate into other bodies.<a name="FNanchor_391_391" id="FNanchor_391_391"></a><a href="#Footnote_391_391" class="fnanchor">[391]</a> By this<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_432" id="Page_432">[Pg 432]</a></span> +principle they hoped men would be more powerfully actuated +to virtue, and delivered from the fear of death. They +likewise instructed students in the knowledge of the heavenly +bodies, in geography, the nature of things, and the power +of the gods.<a name="FNanchor_392_392" id="FNanchor_392_392"></a><a href="#Footnote_392_392" class="fnanchor">[392]</a></p> + +<p>11. Their admiration of the mistletoe must not be omitted. +The druids esteemed nothing more sacred than the mistletoe, +and the tree on which it grew, if an oak. They particularly +delighted in groves of oaks,<a name="FNanchor_393_393" id="FNanchor_393_393"></a><a href="#Footnote_393_393" class="fnanchor">[393]</a> and performed no sacred rite +without branches of that tree, and hence seems to be +derived their name of druids, Δρυιδες. Whatever grew on +an oak was considered as sent from heaven, and as a sign +that the tree was chosen by God himself. The mistletoe was +difficult to be found, and when discovered was gathered with +religious ceremonies, particularly at the sixth day of the +moon (from which period they dated their months and years, +and their cycle of thirty years,) because the moon was +supposed to possess extraordinary powers when she had not +completed her second quarter. The mistletoe was called in +their language <i>all heal</i>.<a name="FNanchor_394_394" id="FNanchor_394_394"></a><a href="#Footnote_394_394" class="fnanchor">[394]</a> The sacrifice and the feast being<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_433" id="Page_433">[Pg 433]</a></span> +duly prepared under the tree, they led thither two white +bulls, whose horns were then bound for the first time.<a name="FNanchor_395_395" id="FNanchor_395_395"></a><a href="#Footnote_395_395" class="fnanchor">[395]</a> The +priest, clothed in a white vestment, ascending the tree, cut +off the mistletoe with a golden bill, and received it in a white +cloth. They then slew the victims, invoking the favour of +the Deity on their offering. They conceived that the mistletoe +cured sterility in animals; and considered it as a specific +against all poisons. So great was the superstition generally +prevailing among nations with respect to frivolous objects.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_434" id="Page_434">[Pg 434]</a></span></p><p>13. At a certain time of the year the druids retired to a +consecrated grove in the island of Mona, whither all persons +among whom controversies had arisen, repaired for the decision +of their disputes.</p> + +<p>14. Besides the druids, there were among the Gauls and +Britons poets, called bards,<a name="FNanchor_396_396" id="FNanchor_396_396"></a><a href="#Footnote_396_396" class="fnanchor">[396]</a> who sang in heroic measures the +deeds of the gods and heroes, accompanied with the sweet +notes of the lyre.</p> + +<p>15. Concerning the druids and bards, I shall conclude +this chapter in the words of Lucan:—</p> + +<p style="margin-left:6em;"> +"You too, ye bards! whom sacred raptures fire.<br /> +To chant your heroes to your country's lyre;<br /> +Who consecrate, in your immortal strain,<br /> +Brave patriot souls, in righteous battle slain,<br /> +Securely now the tuneful task renew,<br /> +And noblest themes in deathless songs pursue.<br /> +The druids now, while arms are heard no more,<br /> +Old mysteries and barbarous rites restore,<br /> +A tribe who singular religion love,<br /> +And haunt the lonely coverts of the grove.<br /> +To these, and these of all mankind alone,<br /> +The gods are sure revealed or sure unknown.<br /> +If dying mortals' doom they sing aright,<br /> +No ghosts descend to dwell in dreadful night;<br /> +No parting souls to grisly Pluto go,<br /> +Nor seek the dreary silent shades below;<br /> +But forth they fly immortal in their kind,<br /> +And other bodies in new worlds they find;<br /> +Thus life for ever runs its endless race,<br /> +And like a line death but divides the space,<br /> +A stop which can but for a moment last,<br /> +A point between the future and the past.<br /> +Thrice happy they beneath their northern skies,<br /> +Who that worst fear—the fear of death—despise<br /> +Hence they no cares for this frail being feel,<br /> +But rush undaunted on the pointed steel;<br /> +Provoke approaching fate, and bravely scorn<br /> +To spare that life which must so soon return."<br /> +<i>Rowe's Lucan</i>, book i.<br /> +</p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_435" id="Page_435">[Pg 435]</a></span></p> +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_386_386" id="Footnote_386_386"></a><a href="#FNanchor_386_386"><span class="label">[386]</span></a> This passage has puzzled the British antiquaries, because it militates +against the grand principle of the druidic theology, and because, as they +assert, no traces of the Greek or Roman deities are found among the early +Britons. Possibly some of the British tribes might have brought this mode +of worship from Gaul; but more probably the assertion was derived from +the misconception of the ancient authors themselves, who gave the names +of their own deities to the objects of adoration distinguished by similar +attributes in other countries. The account is borrowed from Cæsar's +description of the Gauls, lib. vi. § 15.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_387_387" id="Footnote_387_387"></a><a href="#FNanchor_387_387"><span class="label">[387]</span></a> "And the <i>evening</i> and the morning were the first day," &c. ver. 5. +We also still say a se'n<i>night</i>, a fortnight.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_388_388" id="Footnote_388_388"></a><a href="#FNanchor_388_388"><span class="label">[388]</span></a> Like the excommunication of the catholic church.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_389_389" id="Footnote_389_389"></a><a href="#FNanchor_389_389"><span class="label">[389]</span></a> Such a custom would contravene the principles of the druidic or bardic +system, which prohibited them from using arms. The remark seems to have +been extended to a general application by Richard, from a single instance +recorded by Cæsar, of a druidic election in Gaul thus decided.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_390_390" id="Footnote_390_390"></a><a href="#FNanchor_390_390"><span class="label">[390]</span></a> According to the opinion of the Welsh antiquaries, the system of +druidical knowledge forms the basis of the Triads. If this be the case, it +must be confessed that the bards possessed a profound knowledge of human +nature, uncommon critical sagacity, and a perfect acquaintance with the harmony of language and the properties of metre. For example, the +subjects of the poetical Triads are, +</p> + +<p style="margin-left:6em;"> +The Welsh language.<br /> +Fancy and invention.<br /> +The design of poetry.<br /> +Nature of just thinking.<br /> +Rules of arrangement.<br /> +Rules of description.<br /> +Variety of matter and invention.<br /> +Rules of composition; comprising the laws of<br /> +verse, rhyme, stanzas, consonancy or alliteration,<br /> +and accent.<br /> +</p> + +<p>We quote a few of these Triads to show their nature and structure.</p> + +<p>The three qualifications of poetry;—endowment of genius, judgment +from experience, and happiness of mind.</p> + +<p>The three foundations of judgment;—bold design, frequent practice, +and frequent mistakes.</p> + +<p>The three foundations of learning;—seeing much, suffering much, and +studying much.</p> + +<p>The three foundations of happiness;—a suffering with contentment, a +hope that it will come, and a belief that it will be.</p> + +<p>The three foundations of thought;—perspicuity, amplitude, and justness. +</p> + +<p>The three canons of perspicuity;—the word that is necessary, the +quantity that is necessary, and the manner that is necessary.</p> + +<p>The three canons of amplitude;—appropriate thought, variety of thought, +and requisite thought.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_391_391" id="Footnote_391_391"></a><a href="#FNanchor_391_391"><span class="label">[391]</span></a> According to the Triads, the theology of the bards was pure monotheism. +They taught also the transmigration of souls; believing that the soul passed +by death through all the gradations of animal life, from Anoom, the bottomless +abyss, or lowest degree of animation, up to the highest degree of +spiritual existence next to the Supreme Being. Human nature was considered +as the middle point of this scale. As this was a state of liberty, +in which the soul could attach itself to either good or evil; if evil predominated, +it was after death obliged to retrace its former transmigrations from +a point in the animal creation equal to its turpitude, and it again and again +became man till it was attached to good. Above humanity, though it +might again animate the body of man, it was incapable of relapse; but +continued progressively rising to a degree of goodness and happiness, inferior +only to the Deity. +</p><p> +It is remarkable that many singular points of coincidence have been +discovered in comparing the religious system of the Hindoos with that +of the ancient Britons; and in the languages of these two people some +striking similarities occur in those proverbs and forms of expression which +are derived from national customs and religious ceremonies.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_392_392" id="Footnote_392_392"></a><a href="#FNanchor_392_392"><span class="label">[392]</span></a> This account of the druids, like some of the preceding paragraphs, is +borrowed from Cæsar's description of the Gauls.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_393_393" id="Footnote_393_393"></a><a href="#FNanchor_393_393"><span class="label">[393]</span></a> Gen. xxi. 33.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_394_394" id="Footnote_394_394"></a><a href="#FNanchor_394_394"><span class="label">[394]</span></a> The worship and religious ceremonies of the druids have formed the +subject of many and voluminous dissertations; and the mistletoe, from its +connection with their sacred rites, is a plant that has always been interesting +to antiquaries. In a letter recently received by the editor from the +learned and scientific Professor of Botany, Dr. Daubeny, of Magdalen +College, Oxford, that gentleman observes, that though the mistletoe is +occasionally found on the oak in Britain, yet this occurs so rarely that it is +difficult to suppose the druids could have got a supply for their purposes +from such a source. +</p><p> +"There is a plant nearly allied to the mistletoe, the Loranthus Europæus, +which grows freely on the oak, when it occurs; but unfortunately the +most western locality known is the garden of Schoenbrunn near Vienna, +but out of the limits, I believe, within which the druidical worship existed: +it is very uncommon in Hungary. +</p><p> +"This circumstance has given rise to an hypothesis, which I may repeat +without attaching to it any very great importance, namely, that the Loranthus +is the mistletoe of the druids, and that when the druidical worship +was exterminated, this plant, as being introduced into their rites, was extirpated +from all those parts of Europe, where the druids were known." +</p><p> +The oak among the ancient Britons was peculiarly sacred as the place of +worship, and consequently branches of this tree were used to adorn the +altar, and garlands of its leaves to decorate the priest or druid; and the mistletoe, being so seldom found on the oak, was considered so great and +desirable an appendage, that no solemn festival was held without it. +It has been observed by naturalists that the blossom of the mistletoe falls +within a few days of the summer solstice, and the berry within a few days +of the winter solstice. These incidents therefore marked the return of two +of the usual seasons for holding the bardic conventions and festivals. When +the sacrifice was over, the berries of this plant were taken by the ovate, the +physician of the tribe, and converted to medical purposes. That these +berries possessed medicinal virtues can hardly be doubted. The following +passage respecting this sacred plant occurs in Bacon:—"Mistletoe groweth +chiefly upon crab trees, apple trees, sometimes upon hazels, and rarely upon +oaks; the mistletoe whereof is counted very medicinal. It is ever green, +winter and summer, and beareth a white glistening berry: and it is a plant +utterly differing from the plant on which it groweth." +</p><p> +Sir John Colbach published a Dissertation on the efficacy of the +mistletoe in 1720; but in medicine, as in fashion, what is deemed of high +value in one age is discontinued in the next, and thought nothing of. Such +is the fate of the mistletoe in the present day as to any medicinal use that +is made of it.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_395_395" id="Footnote_395_395"></a><a href="#FNanchor_395_395"><span class="label">[395]</span></a> As the plough was fastened to the horns of the beasts, this expression +signifies that the animal had never been employed in labour. +</p> + +<p> +The doctrine of the druids is said to have been first invented +in Britain, and from thence carried into Gaul; on +which account Pliny says (in his thirtieth book), "But why +should I commemorate these things with regard to an art +which has passed over the sea, and reached the bounds of +nature? Britain even at this time celebrates it with so +many wonderful ceremonies, that she seems to have taught +it to the Persians." Julius Cæsar affirms the same in his +Commentaries: "And now those persons who wish to acquire +a more extensive knowledge of such things, repair to Britain +for information." +</p> + +<p> +It is a singular coincidence of circumstances that bulls perfectly white +were sacrificed by the Egyptians to Apis. When such an animal was +found unblemished, and without a single black hair, the priest tied a fillet +about his horns, and sealed it with the signet of his ring; it being a capital +crime to sacrifice one of these animals except it was thus marked.—<i>Herodotus.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_396_396" id="Footnote_396_396"></a><a href="#FNanchor_396_396"><span class="label">[396]</span></a> According to the Welsh antiquaries, these distinctions are erroneous. +The druidical, or rather bardic, system consisted of three classes: the bard +proper, whose province was philosophy and poetry; the druid, or minister +of religion; and the ovate, or mechanic and artist. For a curious account +of the bardic system and institutions the reader is referred to the Introduction +to Owen's Translations of the Elegies of Llywarch Hên.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3>CHAP. V.</h3> + + +<p>1. This island is rich in corn and wood, is well adapted +for the maintenance of flocks and cattle, and in some places +produces vines. It also abounds with marine and land +birds, and contains copious springs, and numerous rivers, +stored with fish, and plentifully supplied with salmon and +eels.</p> + +<p>2. Sea-cows or seals,<a name="FNanchor_397_397" id="FNanchor_397_397"></a><a href="#Footnote_397_397" class="fnanchor">[397]</a> and dolphins are caught, and whales, +of which mention is made by the satirist:</p> + +<p class="center"> +"Quanto delphinis balæna Britannica major."<br /> +</p> + +<p>3. There are besides several sorts of shell-fish, among +which are muscles, containing pearls often of the best kind, +and of every colour: that is, red, purple, violet, green (<i>prasini</i>), +but principally white, as we find in the venerable +Bede's Ecclesiastical History.</p> + +<p>4. Shells<a name="FNanchor_398_398" id="FNanchor_398_398"></a><a href="#Footnote_398_398" class="fnanchor">[398]</a> are still more abundant, from which is prepared +a scarlet dye of the most beautiful hue, which never fades +from the effect of the sun or rain, but becomes finer as it +grows older.</p> + +<p>5. In Britain are salt and warm springs, from which are +formed hot baths, suited to all ages, with distinct places for +the two sexes.<a name="FNanchor_399_399" id="FNanchor_399_399"></a><a href="#Footnote_399_399" class="fnanchor">[399]</a></p> + +<p>6. White lead is found in the midland regions, and iron in +the maritime, but in small quantities gold and silver are also +produced, but brass is imported. Jet of the purest quality +abounds; it is of a shining black, and highly inflammable.<a name="FNanchor_400_400" id="FNanchor_400_400"></a><a href="#Footnote_400_400" class="fnanchor">[400]</a> +When burned, it drives away serpents, and when warmed by +friction attracts bodies, like amber.</p> + +<p>7. Britain being situated almost under the north pole, the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_436" id="Page_436">[Pg 436]</a></span> +nights are so light in summer, that it is often doubtful whether +the evening or morning twilight prevails; because the +sun, in returning to the east, does not long remain below the +horizon. Hence, also, according to Cleomenes, the longest +day in summer, and the longest night in winter, when the +sun declines towards the south, is eighteen hours; and the +shortest night in summer, and day in winter, is six hours. +In the same manner as in Armenia, Macedon, Italy, and the +regions under the same parallel, the longest day is fifteen, +and the shortest nine hours.</p> + +<p>8. But I have given a sufficient account of Britain and the +Britons in general. I shall now descend to particulars; and +in the succeeding pages, shall describe the state and revolutions +of the different nations who inhabited this island, the +cities which ennobled it, with other particulars, and their +condition under the Roman dominion.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_397_397" id="Footnote_397_397"></a><a href="#FNanchor_397_397"><span class="label">[397]</span></a> We do not find that Pennant mentions, among the amphibious animals, +the <i>Vituli Marini</i>, by which Richard probably meant seals.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_398_398" id="Footnote_398_398"></a><a href="#FNanchor_398_398"><span class="label">[398]</span></a> Richard calls these shells <i>Cochleæ</i>, or snails, though he probably alludes +to the species styled by naturalists <i>Murea</i>, which contained the famous +Tyrian purple, so much valued by the ancients. Yet, whatever our island +may have formerly produced, we discern no traces in later ages, of any testaceous +animal yielding a purple or scarlet dye.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_399_399" id="Footnote_399_399"></a><a href="#FNanchor_399_399"><span class="label">[399]</span></a> Richard here doubtless principally alludes to Bath, the Aquæ Solis of +the ancients.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_400_400" id="Footnote_400_400"></a><a href="#FNanchor_400_400"><span class="label">[400]</span></a> This substance appears to have been wrought into ornaments for the +person. In the barrows, jet beads of a long elliptical form were found, together +with others of amber, and a coarse blue glass.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3>CHAP. VI.</h3> + + +<p>1. Britain, according to the most accurate and authentic +accounts of the ancients, was divided into seven parts, +six of which were at different times subjected to the Roman +empire, and the seventh held by the uncivilized Caledonians.</p> + +<p>2. These divisions were called Britannia Prima, Secunda, +Flavia, Maxima, Valentia, and Vespasiana, which last did +not long remain under the power of the Romans. Britannia +Prima is separated by the river Thamesis from Flavia, and +by the sea<a name="FNanchor_401_401" id="FNanchor_401_401"></a><a href="#Footnote_401_401" class="fnanchor">[401]</a> from Britannia Secunda. Flavia begins from the +German Ocean, is bounded by the Thamesis,<a name="FNanchor_402_402" id="FNanchor_402_402"></a><a href="#Footnote_402_402" class="fnanchor">[402]</a> by the Sabrina,<a name="FNanchor_403_403" id="FNanchor_403_403"></a><a href="#Footnote_403_403" class="fnanchor">[403]</a> +on the side of the Silures and Ordovices, and trends +towards the north and the region of the Brigantes.<a name="FNanchor_404_404" id="FNanchor_404_404"></a><a href="#Footnote_404_404" class="fnanchor">[404]</a> Maxima, +beginning at the extreme boundary of Flavia, reaches +to the wall,<a name="FNanchor_405_405" id="FNanchor_405_405"></a><a href="#Footnote_405_405" class="fnanchor">[405]</a> which traverses the whole island, and faces the +north. Valentia occupies the whole space between this wall<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_437" id="Page_437">[Pg 437]</a></span> +and that built by the emperor Antoninus Pius, from the +estuary of the Bdora<a name="FNanchor_406_406" id="FNanchor_406_406"></a><a href="#Footnote_406_406" class="fnanchor">[406]</a> to that of the Clydda.<a name="FNanchor_407_407" id="FNanchor_407_407"></a><a href="#Footnote_407_407" class="fnanchor">[407]</a> Vespasiana +stretches from the estuary of the Bdora to the city of Alcluith,<a name="FNanchor_408_408" id="FNanchor_408_408"></a><a href="#Footnote_408_408" class="fnanchor">[408]</a> +from whence a line drawn to the mouth of the Varar<a name="FNanchor_409_409" id="FNanchor_409_409"></a><a href="#Footnote_409_409" class="fnanchor">[409]</a> +shows the boundary. Britannia Secunda faces the Irish Sea +to the north and west. But sufficient notice has now been +taken of the provinces.</p> + +<p>3. Before we proceed to a more minute description, let us +touch upon the form of government. In remote times all +Britain was divided among petty princes and states, some of +whom are said to have existed after the country was occupied +by the Romans; though, under the Roman domination, they +retained scarcely the shadow of regal authority. A legate +being appointed by the emperor over the conquered countries, +Britain became a proconsular province. This form of government +continued several ages, although in the meantime +the island underwent many divisions, first into the Upper +and Lower districts, and then, as we have before shown, into +seven parts. It afterwards became the imperial residence of +Carausius and those whom he admitted to a share of his +power. Constantine the Great, the glory and defence of +Christianity, is supposed to have raised Maxima and Valentia +to consular provinces, and Prima, Secunda, and Flavia, to +præsidials. But over the whole island was appointed a +deputy-governor, under the authority of the prætorian prefect +of Gaul. Besides whom, an ancient volume, written +about that period, mentions a person of great dignity, by +the title of <i>comes</i>, or count of the Britons, another as count +of the Saxon coast, and a third as leader or duke of Britain; +with many others, who, although possessed of great offices, +must be passed over in silence, for want of certain information.<a name="FNanchor_410_410" id="FNanchor_410_410"></a><a href="#Footnote_410_410" class="fnanchor">[410]</a></p> + +<p>4. I now commence my long journey, to examine minutely +the whole island and its particular parts, and shall follow the +footsteps of the best authors. I begin with the extreme part +of the first province, whose coasts are opposite Gaul. This +province contains three celebrated and powerful states,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_438" id="Page_438">[Pg 438]</a></span> +namely, Cantium, Belgium, and Damnonium, each of which +in particular I shall carefully examine.</p> + +<p>First of Cantium.</p> + +<p>5. Cantium,<a name="FNanchor_411_411" id="FNanchor_411_411"></a><a href="#Footnote_411_411" class="fnanchor">[411]</a> situated at the extremity of Britannia Prima, +was inhabited by the Cantii, and contains the cities of Durobrobis<a name="FNanchor_412_412" id="FNanchor_412_412"></a><a href="#Footnote_412_412" class="fnanchor">[412]</a> +and Cantiopolis,<a name="FNanchor_413_413" id="FNanchor_413_413"></a><a href="#Footnote_413_413" class="fnanchor">[413]</a> which was the metropolis, and the +burial-place of St. Augustine, the apostle of the English; +Dubræ,<a name="FNanchor_414_414" id="FNanchor_414_414"></a><a href="#Footnote_414_414" class="fnanchor">[414]</a> Lemanus,<a name="FNanchor_415_415" id="FNanchor_415_415"></a><a href="#Footnote_415_415" class="fnanchor">[415]</a> and Regulbium<a name="FNanchor_416_416" id="FNanchor_416_416"></a><a href="#Footnote_416_416" class="fnanchor">[416]</a> garrisoned by the +Romans; also their primary station Rhutupis,<a name="FNanchor_417_417" id="FNanchor_417_417"></a><a href="#Footnote_417_417" class="fnanchor">[417]</a> which was +colonized and became the metropolis, and where a haven was +formed capable of containing the Roman fleet which commanded +the North Sea. This city was of such celebrity that +it gave the name of Rhutupine to the neighbouring shores; +which Lucan,</p> + +<p class="center"> +"Aut vaga quum Thetis Rhutupinaque littora fervent."<br /> +</p> + +<p>From hence oysters of a large size and superior flavour were +sent to Rome, as Juvenal observes,</p> + +<p style="margin-left:6em;"> +<span style="margin-left: 13em;">"Circæis nata forent, an</span><br /> +Lucrinum ad saxum, <span class="smcap">Rhutupinove</span> edita fundo<br /> +Ostrea, callebat primo deprendere morsu."<br /> +</p> + +<p>It was the station of the second Augustan legion, under the +count of the Saxon coast, a person of high distinction.</p> + +<p>6. The kingdom of Cantium is watered by many rivers. +The principal are Madus<a name="FNanchor_418_418" id="FNanchor_418_418"></a><a href="#Footnote_418_418" class="fnanchor">[418]</a>, Sturius,<a name="FNanchor_419_419" id="FNanchor_419_419"></a><a href="#Footnote_419_419" class="fnanchor">[419]</a> Dubris,<a name="FNanchor_420_420" id="FNanchor_420_420"></a><a href="#Footnote_420_420" class="fnanchor">[420]</a> and Lemanus,<a name="FNanchor_421_421" id="FNanchor_421_421"></a><a href="#Footnote_421_421" class="fnanchor">[421]</a> +which last separates the Cantii from the Bibroci.</p> + +<p>7. Among the three principal promontories of Britain, that +which derives its name from Cantium<a name="FNanchor_422_422" id="FNanchor_422_422"></a><a href="#Footnote_422_422" class="fnanchor">[422]</a> is most distinguished. +There the ocean, being confined in an angle, according to the +tradition of the ancients, gradually forced its way, and +formed the strait which renders Britain an island.</p> + +<p>8. The vast forest called by some the Anderidan, and by +others the Caledonian, stretches from Cantium a hundred +and fifty miles, through the countries of the Bibroci and the +Segontiaci, to the confines of the Hedui. It is thus mentioned +by the poet Lucan:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_439" id="Page_439">[Pg 439]</a></span>—</p> + +<p class="center"> +"Unde Caledoniis fallit turbata Britannos."<br /> +</p> + +<p>9. The Bibroci<a name="FNanchor_423_423" id="FNanchor_423_423"></a><a href="#Footnote_423_423" class="fnanchor">[423]</a> were situated next to the Cantii, and, as +some imagine, were subject to them. They were also called +Rhemi, and are not unknown in record. They inhabited +Bibrocum,<a name="FNanchor_424_424" id="FNanchor_424_424"></a><a href="#Footnote_424_424" class="fnanchor">[424]</a> Regentium,<a name="FNanchor_425_425" id="FNanchor_425_425"></a><a href="#Footnote_425_425" class="fnanchor">[425]</a> and Noviomagus,<a name="FNanchor_426_426" id="FNanchor_426_426"></a><a href="#Footnote_426_426" class="fnanchor">[426]</a> which was their +metropolis. The Romans held Anderida.<a name="FNanchor_427_427" id="FNanchor_427_427"></a><a href="#Footnote_427_427" class="fnanchor">[427]</a></p> + +<p>10. On their confines, and bordering on the Thames, +dwelt the Atrebates,<a name="FNanchor_428_428" id="FNanchor_428_428"></a><a href="#Footnote_428_428" class="fnanchor">[428]</a> whose primary city was Calleba.<a name="FNanchor_429_429" id="FNanchor_429_429"></a><a href="#Footnote_429_429" class="fnanchor">[429]</a></p> + +<p>11. Below them, nearer the river Kunetius,<a name="FNanchor_430_430" id="FNanchor_430_430"></a><a href="#Footnote_430_430" class="fnanchor">[430]</a> lived the +Segontiaci,<a name="FNanchor_431_431" id="FNanchor_431_431"></a><a href="#Footnote_431_431" class="fnanchor">[431]</a> whose chief city was Vindonum.<a name="FNanchor_432_432" id="FNanchor_432_432"></a><a href="#Footnote_432_432" class="fnanchor">[432]</a></p> + +<p>12. Below, towards the ocean, and bordering on the Bibroci, +lived the Belgæ,<a name="FNanchor_433_433" id="FNanchor_433_433"></a><a href="#Footnote_433_433" class="fnanchor">[433]</a> whose chief cities were Clausentum,<a name="FNanchor_434_434" id="FNanchor_434_434"></a><a href="#Footnote_434_434" class="fnanchor">[434]</a> +now called Southampton; Portus Magnus;<a name="FNanchor_435_435" id="FNanchor_435_435"></a><a href="#Footnote_435_435" class="fnanchor">[435]</a> Venta,<a name="FNanchor_436_436" id="FNanchor_436_436"></a><a href="#Footnote_436_436" class="fnanchor">[436]</a> a noble +city situated upon the river Antona. Sorbiodunum<a name="FNanchor_437_437" id="FNanchor_437_437"></a><a href="#Footnote_437_437" class="fnanchor">[437]</a> was +garrisoned by the Romans. All the Belgæ are Allobroges, +or foreigners, and derived their origin from the Belgæ and +Celts. The latter, not many ages before the arrival of +Cæsar, quitted their native country, Gaul, which was conquered +by the Romans and Germans, and passed over to this +island: the former, after crossing the Rhine, and occupying +the conquered country, likewise sent out colonies, of which +Cæsar has spoken more at large.<a name="FNanchor_438_438" id="FNanchor_438_438"></a><a href="#Footnote_438_438" class="fnanchor">[438]</a></p> + +<p>13. All the regions south of the Thamesis<a name="FNanchor_439_439" id="FNanchor_439_439"></a><a href="#Footnote_439_439" class="fnanchor">[439]</a> were, according +to ancient records, occupied by the warlike nations of the +Senones. These people, under the guidance of their renowned +king Brennus, penetrated through Gaul, forced a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_440" id="Page_440">[Pg 440]</a></span> +passage over the Alps, hitherto deemed impracticable, and +would have razed proud Rome, had not the fates, which +seemed like to carry the republic in their bosom, till it reached +its destined height of glory, averted the threatened calamity. +By the cackle of a goose Manlius was warned of the danger, +and hurled the barbarians from the capitol, in their midnight +attack. The same protecting influence afterwards sent +Camillus to his assistance, who, by assailing them in the rear, +quenched the conflagration which they had kindled, in +Senonic blood, and preserved the city from impending destruction. +In consequence of this vast expedition, the land +of the Senones,<a name="FNanchor_440_440" id="FNanchor_440_440"></a><a href="#Footnote_440_440" class="fnanchor">[440]</a> being left without inhabitants, and full of +spoils, was occupied by the above-mentioned Belgæ.</p> + +<p>14. Near the Sabrina and below the Thamesis lived the +Hedui,<a name="FNanchor_441_441" id="FNanchor_441_441"></a><a href="#Footnote_441_441" class="fnanchor">[441]</a> whose principal cities were Ischalis<a name="FNanchor_442_442" id="FNanchor_442_442"></a><a href="#Footnote_442_442" class="fnanchor">[442]</a> and Avalonia.<a name="FNanchor_443_443" id="FNanchor_443_443"></a><a href="#Footnote_443_443" class="fnanchor">[443]</a> +The baths,<a name="FNanchor_444_444" id="FNanchor_444_444"></a><a href="#Footnote_444_444" class="fnanchor">[444]</a> which were also called Aquæ Solis, were made +the seat of a colony, and became the perpetual residence of +the Romans who possessed this part of Britain. This was a +celebrated city, situated upon the river Abona, remarkable +for its hot springs, which were formed into baths at a great +expense. Apollo and Minerva<a name="FNanchor_445_445" id="FNanchor_445_445"></a><a href="#Footnote_445_445" class="fnanchor">[445]</a> were the tutelary deities, in +whose temples the perpetual fire never fell into ashes, but as +it wasted away turned into globes of stone.</p> + +<p>15. Below the Hedui are situated the Durotriges, who are +sometimes called Morini. Their metropolis was Durinum,<a name="FNanchor_446_446" id="FNanchor_446_446"></a><a href="#Footnote_446_446" class="fnanchor">[446]</a> +and their territory extended to the promontory Vindelia.<a name="FNanchor_447_447" id="FNanchor_447_447"></a><a href="#Footnote_447_447" class="fnanchor">[447]</a> +In their country the land is gradually contracted, and seems +to form an immense arm which repels the waves of the +ocean.</p> + +<p>16. In this arm was the region of the Cimbri,<a name="FNanchor_448_448" id="FNanchor_448_448"></a><a href="#Footnote_448_448" class="fnanchor">[448]</a> whose +country was divided from that of the Hedui by the river +Uxella.<a name="FNanchor_449_449" id="FNanchor_449_449"></a><a href="#Footnote_449_449" class="fnanchor">[449]</a> It is not ascertained whether the Cimbri gave to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_441" id="Page_441">[Pg 441]</a></span> +Wales its modern name, or whether their origin is more +remote. Their chief cities were Termolus<a name="FNanchor_450_450" id="FNanchor_450_450"></a><a href="#Footnote_450_450" class="fnanchor">[450]</a> and Artavia.<a name="FNanchor_451_451" id="FNanchor_451_451"></a><a href="#Footnote_451_451" class="fnanchor">[451]</a> +From hence, according to the ancients, are seen the pillars of +Hercules, and the island Herculea<a name="FNanchor_452_452" id="FNanchor_452_452"></a><a href="#Footnote_452_452" class="fnanchor">[452]</a> not far distant. From +the Uxella a chain of mountains called Ocrinum extends to +the promontory known by the same name.</p> + +<p>17. Beyond the Cimbri the Carnabii inhabited the +extreme angle of the island,<a name="FNanchor_453_453" id="FNanchor_453_453"></a><a href="#Footnote_453_453" class="fnanchor">[453]</a> from whom this district probably +obtained its present name of Carnubia (Cornwall). +Their chief cities were Musidum<a name="FNanchor_454_454" id="FNanchor_454_454"></a><a href="#Footnote_454_454" class="fnanchor">[454]</a> and Halangium.<a name="FNanchor_455_455" id="FNanchor_455_455"></a><a href="#Footnote_455_455" class="fnanchor">[455]</a> But as +the Romans never frequented these almost desert and +uncultivated parts of Britain, their cities seem to have been +of little consequence, and were therefore neglected by +historians; though geographers mention the promontories +Bolerium and Antivestæum.<a name="FNanchor_456_456" id="FNanchor_456_456"></a><a href="#Footnote_456_456" class="fnanchor">[456]</a></p> + +<p>18. Near the above-mentioned people on the sea-coast +towards the south, and bordering on the Belgæ Allobroges, +lived the Damnonii, the most powerful people of those parts; +on which account Ptolemy assigns to them all the country +extending into the sea like an arm.<a name="FNanchor_457_457" id="FNanchor_457_457"></a><a href="#Footnote_457_457" class="fnanchor">[457]</a> Their cities were +Uxella,<a name="FNanchor_458_458" id="FNanchor_458_458"></a><a href="#Footnote_458_458" class="fnanchor">[458]</a> Tamara,<a name="FNanchor_459_459" id="FNanchor_459_459"></a><a href="#Footnote_459_459" class="fnanchor">[459]</a> Voluba,<a name="FNanchor_460_460" id="FNanchor_460_460"></a><a href="#Footnote_460_460" class="fnanchor">[460]</a> Cenia,<a name="FNanchor_461_461" id="FNanchor_461_461"></a><a href="#Footnote_461_461" class="fnanchor">[461]</a> and Isca,<a name="FNanchor_462_462" id="FNanchor_462_462"></a><a href="#Footnote_462_462" class="fnanchor">[462]</a> the mother of +all, situated upon the Isca. Their chief rivers were the Isca,<a name="FNanchor_463_463" id="FNanchor_463_463"></a><a href="#Footnote_463_463" class="fnanchor">[463]</a> +Durius,<a name="FNanchor_464_464" id="FNanchor_464_464"></a><a href="#Footnote_464_464" class="fnanchor">[464]</a> Tamarus,<a name="FNanchor_465_465" id="FNanchor_465_465"></a><a href="#Footnote_465_465" class="fnanchor">[465]</a> and Cenius.<a name="FNanchor_466_466" id="FNanchor_466_466"></a><a href="#Footnote_466_466" class="fnanchor">[466]</a> Their coasts are distinguished +by three promontories, which will be hereafter +mentioned. This region was much frequented by the Phœnician, +Grecian, and Gallic merchants, for the metals with +which it abounded, particularly for its tin. Proofs of this +may be drawn from the names of the above-mentioned +promontories, namely Hellenis,<a name="FNanchor_467_467" id="FNanchor_467_467"></a><a href="#Footnote_467_467" class="fnanchor">[467]</a> Ocrinum,<a name="FNanchor_468_468" id="FNanchor_468_468"></a><a href="#Footnote_468_468" class="fnanchor">[468]</a> and Κριου μετωπον<a name="FNanchor_469_469" id="FNanchor_469_469"></a><a href="#Footnote_469_469" class="fnanchor">[469]</a> +as well as the numerous appellations of cities, which show a +Grecian or Phœnician derivation.</p> + +<p>19. Beyond this arm are the isles called Sygdiles,<a name="FNanchor_470_470" id="FNanchor_470_470"></a><a href="#Footnote_470_470" class="fnanchor">[470]</a> which +are also denominated Œstromenides and Cassiterides.</p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_442" id="Page_442">[Pg 442]</a></span></p> +<p>20. It is affirmed that the emperor Vespasian fought +thirty battles with the united forces of the Damnonii and +Belgæ. The ten different tribes who inhabited the south +banks of the Thames and Severn being gradually subdued, +their country was formed into the province of Britannia +Prima, so called because it was the first fruit of victory +obtained by the Romans.</p> + +<p>21. Next in order is Britannia Secunda, which is divided +from Britannia Prima by the countries already mentioned, +and from the Flavian province by the Sabrina<a name="FNanchor_471_471" id="FNanchor_471_471"></a><a href="#Footnote_471_471" class="fnanchor">[471]</a> and the +Deva;<a name="FNanchor_472_472" id="FNanchor_472_472"></a><a href="#Footnote_472_472" class="fnanchor">[472]</a> and the remaining parts are bounded by the internal +sea. This was the renowned region of the Silures,<a name="FNanchor_473_473" id="FNanchor_473_473"></a><a href="#Footnote_473_473" class="fnanchor">[473]</a> inhabited +by three powerful tribes. Among these were +particularly distinguished the Silures Proper, whom the +turbid estuary of the Severn divides from the country we +have just described. These people, according to Solinus, +still retain their ancient manners, have neither markets nor +money, but barter their commodities, regarding rather utility +than price. They worship the gods, and both men and +women are supposed to foretell future events. +22. The chief cities of the Silures were, Sariconium,<a name="FNanchor_474_474" id="FNanchor_474_474"></a><a href="#Footnote_474_474" class="fnanchor">[474]</a> +Magna,<a name="FNanchor_475_475" id="FNanchor_475_475"></a><a href="#Footnote_475_475" class="fnanchor">[475]</a> Gobanium,<a name="FNanchor_476_476" id="FNanchor_476_476"></a><a href="#Footnote_476_476" class="fnanchor">[476]</a> and Venta<a name="FNanchor_477_477" id="FNanchor_477_477"></a><a href="#Footnote_477_477" class="fnanchor">[477]</a> their capital. A Roman +colony possessed the city built on the Isca,<a name="FNanchor_478_478" id="FNanchor_478_478"></a><a href="#Footnote_478_478" class="fnanchor">[478]</a> and called after +that name, for many years the station of the second or +Augustan legion, until it was transferred to the Valentian +province, and Rhutupis.<a name="FNanchor_479_479" id="FNanchor_479_479"></a><a href="#Footnote_479_479" class="fnanchor">[479]</a> This was the primary station of +the Romans in Britannia Secunda.</p> + +<p>23. The country of the Silures was long powerful, +particularly under Caractacus, who during nine years with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_443" id="Page_443">[Pg 443]</a></span>stood +the Roman arms, and frequently triumphed over them, +until he was defeated by Ostorius, as he was preparing to +attack the Romans. Caractacus, however, escaped from the +battle, and in applying for assistance to the neighbouring +chieftains was delivered up to the Romans, by the artifices of +a Roman matron, Cartismandua, who had married Venutius, +chief of Brigantia. After this defeat the Silures bravely +defended their country till it was overrun by Veranius, and +being finally conquered by Frontinus, it was reduced into a +Roman province under the name of Britannia Secunda.</p> + +<p>24. Two other tribes were subject to the Silures. First +the Ordovices, who inhabited the north towards the isle of +Mona;<a name="FNanchor_480_480" id="FNanchor_480_480"></a><a href="#Footnote_480_480" class="fnanchor">[480]</a> and secondly the Dimetiæ, who occupied the west, +where the promontory Octorupium<a name="FNanchor_481_481" id="FNanchor_481_481"></a><a href="#Footnote_481_481" class="fnanchor">[481]</a> is situated, and from +whence is a passage of thirty miles<a name="FNanchor_482_482" id="FNanchor_482_482"></a><a href="#Footnote_482_482" class="fnanchor">[482]</a> to Ireland. The cities +of the Dimetiæ were Menapia<a name="FNanchor_483_483" id="FNanchor_483_483"></a><a href="#Footnote_483_483" class="fnanchor">[483]</a> and Maridunum<a name="FNanchor_484_484" id="FNanchor_484_484"></a><a href="#Footnote_484_484" class="fnanchor">[484]</a> the metropolis. +The Romans seized upon Lovantium<a name="FNanchor_485_485" id="FNanchor_485_485"></a><a href="#Footnote_485_485" class="fnanchor">[485]</a> as their station. +Beyond these, and the borders of the Silures, were the +Ordovices, whose cities were Mediolanum<a name="FNanchor_486_486" id="FNanchor_486_486"></a><a href="#Footnote_486_486" class="fnanchor">[486]</a> and Brannogenium.<a name="FNanchor_487_487" id="FNanchor_487_487"></a><a href="#Footnote_487_487" class="fnanchor">[487]</a> +The Sabrina, which rises in their mountains, is +justly reckoned one of the three largest rivers of Britain, +the Thamesis (Thames) and the Tavus (Tay) being the +other two. The name of the Ordovices is first distinguished +in history on account of the revenge which they took for +the captivity of their renowned chief. Hence they continually +harassed the Roman army, and would have succeeded +in annihilating their power, had not Agricola turned hither +his victorious arms, subdued the whole nation, and put the +greater part to the sword.</p> + +<p>25. The territory situated north of the Ordovices, and +washed by the ocean, was formerly under their dominion. +These parts were certainly inhabited by the Cangiani, whose +chief city was Segontium,<a name="FNanchor_488_488" id="FNanchor_488_488"></a><a href="#Footnote_488_488" class="fnanchor">[488]</a> near the Cangian promontory,<a name="FNanchor_489_489" id="FNanchor_489_489"></a><a href="#Footnote_489_489" class="fnanchor">[489]</a> +on the Minevian shore, opposite Mona,<a name="FNanchor_490_490" id="FNanchor_490_490"></a><a href="#Footnote_490_490" class="fnanchor">[490]</a> an island long +distinguished as the residence of the druids. This island +contained many towns, though it was scarcely sixty miles in +circuit; and, as Pliny asserts, is distant from the colony of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_444" id="Page_444">[Pg 444]</a></span> +Camalodunum two hundred miles. The rivers of the +Cangiani were Tosibus,<a name="FNanchor_491_491" id="FNanchor_491_491"></a><a href="#Footnote_491_491" class="fnanchor">[491]</a> called also Canovius, and the Deva,<a name="FNanchor_492_492" id="FNanchor_492_492"></a><a href="#Footnote_492_492" class="fnanchor">[492]</a> +which was their boundary. In this region is the stupendous +mountain Eriri.<a name="FNanchor_493_493" id="FNanchor_493_493"></a><a href="#Footnote_493_493" class="fnanchor">[493]</a> Ordovicia, together with the regions of +the Cangiani and Carnabii, unless report deceives me, constituted +a province called Genania, under the reign of the +emperors subsequent to Trajan.</p> + +<p>26. I now proceed to the Flavian province; but for want +of authentic documents, am unable to ascertain whether it +derived its name from Flavia Julia Helena, mother of Constantine +the Great, who was born in these parts, or from the +Flavian family.</p> + +<p>27. Towards the river Deva were situated, in the first +place, the Carnabii.<a name="FNanchor_494_494" id="FNanchor_494_494"></a><a href="#Footnote_494_494" class="fnanchor">[494]</a> Their principal places were Benonæ,<a name="FNanchor_495_495" id="FNanchor_495_495"></a><a href="#Footnote_495_495" class="fnanchor">[495]</a> +Etocetum,<a name="FNanchor_496_496" id="FNanchor_496_496"></a><a href="#Footnote_496_496" class="fnanchor">[496]</a> and Banchorium,<a name="FNanchor_497_497" id="FNanchor_497_497"></a><a href="#Footnote_497_497" class="fnanchor">[497]</a> the last the most celebrated +monastery in the whole island, which being overthrown in +the dispute with Augustine was never afterwards restored; +and the mother of the rest, Uriconium,<a name="FNanchor_498_498" id="FNanchor_498_498"></a><a href="#Footnote_498_498" class="fnanchor">[498]</a> esteemed one of the +largest cities in Britain. In the extreme angle of this +country, near the Deva, was the Roman colony Deva,<a name="FNanchor_499_499" id="FNanchor_499_499"></a><a href="#Footnote_499_499" class="fnanchor">[499]</a> the +work of the twentieth legion, which was called Victrix, and +was formerly the defence of the region. This place is supposed +to be what is now termed West Chester.</p> + +<p>28. Below these people stretched the kingdom, or rather +the republic, of the Cassii, called by Ptolemy Catieuchlani, +which arose from the union of two nations. Those nearest +the Sabrina were called the Dobuni, or, according to the +annals of Dio, the Boduni.<a name="FNanchor_500_500" id="FNanchor_500_500"></a><a href="#Footnote_500_500" class="fnanchor">[500]</a> In their country the Thames +rises, and, proceeding through the territories of the Hedui, +Atrebates, Cassii, Bibroci, Trinobantes, and Cantii, after a +long course flows into the German Ocean. The cities of the +Dobuni were Salinæ,<a name="FNanchor_501_501" id="FNanchor_501_501"></a><a href="#Footnote_501_501" class="fnanchor">[501]</a> Branogena,<a name="FNanchor_502_502" id="FNanchor_502_502"></a><a href="#Footnote_502_502" class="fnanchor">[502]</a> on the left of the Sabrina +[Severn], Alauna,<a name="FNanchor_503_503" id="FNanchor_503_503"></a><a href="#Footnote_503_503" class="fnanchor">[503]</a> and the most venerable of all, Corinium,<a name="FNanchor_504_504" id="FNanchor_504_504"></a><a href="#Footnote_504_504" class="fnanchor">[504]</a> +a famous city supposed to have been built by Vespasian. +But Glevum,<a name="FNanchor_505_505" id="FNanchor_505_505"></a><a href="#Footnote_505_505" class="fnanchor">[505]</a> situated in the extreme part of the kingdom, +towards the territory of the Silures, was occupied by a Roman +colony, which, according to the writers of those times, +was introduced by Claudius Cæsar. Adjoining to these were +the Cassii, whose chief cities were Forum Dianæ<a name="FNanchor_506_506" id="FNanchor_506_506"></a><a href="#Footnote_506_506" class="fnanchor">[506]</a> and Verulamium.<a name="FNanchor_507_507" id="FNanchor_507_507"></a><a href="#Footnote_507_507" class="fnanchor">[507]</a> +But when the last was raised by the Romans to +the municipal rank, it obtained the pre-eminence over the +other cities. St. Alban the martyr was here born. This +city was involved in the ruin of Camalodunum<a name="FNanchor_508_508" id="FNanchor_508_508"></a><a href="#Footnote_508_508" class="fnanchor">[508]</a> and Londinium,<a name="FNanchor_509_509" id="FNanchor_509_509"></a><a href="#Footnote_509_509" class="fnanchor">[509]</a> +in the insurrection of Bonduica, which is related by +Tacitus. The Cassii were conspicuous above the other +nations of the island; and Cæsar in his second invasion had +the severest conflicts with their renowned chief Cassibellinus, +to whom many people were tributary; and was repulsed +by the Cassii in league with the Silures; to which Lucan +alludes:—"<i>Territa quæsitis ostendit terga Britannis.</i>" But +on the coming of Claudius, they, with the neighbouring +people, were subdued, and their country reduced to a Roman +province, first called Cæsariensis, and afterwards Flavia.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_445" id="Page_445">[Pg 445]</a></span></p><p>29. Near the Cassii, where the river Thamesis approaches +the ocean, was the region of the Trinobantes,<a name="FNanchor_510_510" id="FNanchor_510_510"></a><a href="#Footnote_510_510" class="fnanchor">[510]</a> who not only +entered into alliance with the Romans, but resigned to them +Londinium their metropolis, and Camalodunum situated near +the sea, for the purpose of establishing colonies. In this +city was supposed to be born Flavia Julia Helena, the pious +wife of Constantine Chlorus and mother of Constantine the +Great, who was descended from the blood of the British +kings. It was the chief colony of the Romans in Britain, +and distinguished by a temple of Claudius, an image of +Victory, with many ornaments.<a name="FNanchor_511_511" id="FNanchor_511_511"></a><a href="#Footnote_511_511" class="fnanchor">[511]</a> But Londinium was and +ever will be a city of great eminence. It was first named +Trinovantum, then Londinium, afterwards Augusta, and now<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_446" id="Page_446">[Pg 446]</a></span> +again Londona. According to the chronicles it is more +ancient than Rome. It is situated upon the banks of the +Thamesis, and is the great emporium of many nations trading +by land or sea. This city was surrounded with a wall by +the empress Helena, the discoverer of the Holy Cross; and, +if reliance may be placed on tradition, which is not always +erroneous, was called Augusta, as Britain was distinguished +by the name of the Roman Island.</p> + +<p>30. The boundary of this people towards the north was +the river Surius,<a name="FNanchor_512_512" id="FNanchor_512_512"></a><a href="#Footnote_512_512" class="fnanchor">[512]</a> beyond which lived the Iceni, a famous +people divided into two tribes. The first of these, the Cenomanni, +dwelt to the north towards the Trinobantes and +Cassii, and bordered on the ocean towards the east. Their +cities were Durnomagus,<a name="FNanchor_513_513" id="FNanchor_513_513"></a><a href="#Footnote_513_513" class="fnanchor">[513]</a> and their metropolis Venta.<a name="FNanchor_514_514" id="FNanchor_514_514"></a><a href="#Footnote_514_514" class="fnanchor">[514]</a> +Camboricum<a name="FNanchor_515_515" id="FNanchor_515_515"></a><a href="#Footnote_515_515" class="fnanchor">[515]</a> was a Roman colony. A tongue of land +stretching into the sea towards the east was called Flavia +Extrema.<a name="FNanchor_516_516" id="FNanchor_516_516"></a><a href="#Footnote_516_516" class="fnanchor">[516]</a> Their most remarkable rivers are the Garion,<a name="FNanchor_517_517" id="FNanchor_517_517"></a><a href="#Footnote_517_517" class="fnanchor">[517]</a> +the Surius,<a name="FNanchor_518_518" id="FNanchor_518_518"></a><a href="#Footnote_518_518" class="fnanchor">[518]</a> and the Aufona<a name="FNanchor_519_519" id="FNanchor_519_519"></a><a href="#Footnote_519_519" class="fnanchor">[519]</a> which falls into the bay of +Metaris.<a name="FNanchor_520_520" id="FNanchor_520_520"></a><a href="#Footnote_520_520" class="fnanchor">[520]</a> Beyond the Aufona, bordering on the Carnabii, +Brigantes, and the ocean, lived the Coitani,<a name="FNanchor_521_521" id="FNanchor_521_521"></a><a href="#Footnote_521_521" class="fnanchor">[521]</a> in a tract of +country overspread with woods, which, like all the woods +of Britain, was called Caledonia.<a name="FNanchor_522_522" id="FNanchor_522_522"></a><a href="#Footnote_522_522" class="fnanchor">[522]</a> This is mentioned by +the historian Florus.<a name="FNanchor_523_523" id="FNanchor_523_523"></a><a href="#Footnote_523_523" class="fnanchor">[523]</a> The chief city of the Coitani was +Ragæ.<a name="FNanchor_524_524" id="FNanchor_524_524"></a><a href="#Footnote_524_524" class="fnanchor">[524]</a> Besides this was Lindum,<a name="FNanchor_525_525" id="FNanchor_525_525"></a><a href="#Footnote_525_525" class="fnanchor">[525]</a> a Roman colony, on the +eastern extremity of the province. The river Trivona<a name="FNanchor_526_526" id="FNanchor_526_526"></a><a href="#Footnote_526_526" class="fnanchor">[526]</a> +divides the whole country into two parts. The nation of +the Iceni, being of a warlike character, neglected husbandry +as well as the civil arts; they voluntarily joined the Romans; +but, revolting, and exciting others to follow their example, +were first subdued by Ostorius. A few years afterwards, +Præsutagus their king, at his decease, made Cæsar and his +descendants his heirs. But the Romans, abusing the friendship +of these people and giving themselves up to every species<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_447" id="Page_447">[Pg 447]</a></span> +of debauchery, excited their resentment, and the Iceni with +their allies, under the warlike Bonduica, widow of Præsutagus, +destroyed their colonies, and massacred eighty thousand +Roman citizens. They were afterwards reduced by +the legate Suetonius, a man highly esteemed for prudence.</p> + +<p>31. On the northern part of this region is the river Abus,<a name="FNanchor_527_527" id="FNanchor_527_527"></a><a href="#Footnote_527_527" class="fnanchor">[527]</a> +which falls into the ocean, and was one of the boundaries of +the province Maxima, as Seteja<a name="FNanchor_528_528" id="FNanchor_528_528"></a><a href="#Footnote_528_528" class="fnanchor">[528]</a> was the other. This province +was also called the kingdom of Brigantia, because it comprehended +the region of that name inhabited by three nations. +At the eastern point,<a name="FNanchor_529_529" id="FNanchor_529_529"></a><a href="#Footnote_529_529" class="fnanchor">[529]</a> where the promontories of Oxellum<a name="FNanchor_530_530" id="FNanchor_530_530"></a><a href="#Footnote_530_530" class="fnanchor">[530]</a> +and of the Brigantes<a name="FNanchor_531_531" id="FNanchor_531_531"></a><a href="#Footnote_531_531" class="fnanchor">[531]</a> stretch into the sea, lived the Parisii, +whose cities were Petuaria<a name="FNanchor_532_532" id="FNanchor_532_532"></a><a href="#Footnote_532_532" class="fnanchor">[532]</a> and Portus Felix.<a name="FNanchor_533_533" id="FNanchor_533_533"></a><a href="#Footnote_533_533" class="fnanchor">[533]</a></p> + +<p>32. Above, but on the side of the Parisii, are the proper +Brigantes,<a name="FNanchor_534_534" id="FNanchor_534_534"></a><a href="#Footnote_534_534" class="fnanchor">[534]</a> a numerous people who once gave law to the +whole province. Their towns were Epiacum,<a name="FNanchor_535_535" id="FNanchor_535_535"></a><a href="#Footnote_535_535" class="fnanchor">[535]</a> Vinovium,<a name="FNanchor_536_536" id="FNanchor_536_536"></a><a href="#Footnote_536_536" class="fnanchor">[536]</a> +Cambodunum,<a name="FNanchor_537_537" id="FNanchor_537_537"></a><a href="#Footnote_537_537" class="fnanchor">[537]</a> Cataracton,<a name="FNanchor_538_538" id="FNanchor_538_538"></a><a href="#Footnote_538_538" class="fnanchor">[538]</a> Galacum,<a name="FNanchor_539_539" id="FNanchor_539_539"></a><a href="#Footnote_539_539" class="fnanchor">[539]</a> Olicana,<a name="FNanchor_540_540" id="FNanchor_540_540"></a><a href="#Footnote_540_540" class="fnanchor">[540]</a> and the +chief city Isurium.<a name="FNanchor_541_541" id="FNanchor_541_541"></a><a href="#Footnote_541_541" class="fnanchor">[541]</a> Eboracum,<a name="FNanchor_542_542" id="FNanchor_542_542"></a><a href="#Footnote_542_542" class="fnanchor">[542]</a> on the Urus,<a name="FNanchor_543_543" id="FNanchor_543_543"></a><a href="#Footnote_543_543" class="fnanchor">[543]</a> was the +metropolis, first a colony of the Romans, called Sexta, from +being the station of the sixth legion, termed the Victorious, +and afterwards distinguished by the presence of many emperors, +and raised to the privileges of a municipal city.</p> + +<p>33. This province is divided into two equal parts by a +chain of mountains called the Pennine Alps, which rising on +the confines of the Iceni and Carnabii, near the river Trivona,<a name="FNanchor_544_544" id="FNanchor_544_544"></a><a href="#Footnote_544_544" class="fnanchor">[544]</a> +extend towards the north in a continued series of +fifty miles.</p> + +<p>34. The people to the west of this chain<a name="FNanchor_545_545" id="FNanchor_545_545"></a><a href="#Footnote_545_545" class="fnanchor">[545]</a> are the Voluntii +and Sistuntii, who are united in a close confederacy.<a name="FNanchor_546_546" id="FNanchor_546_546"></a><a href="#Footnote_546_546" class="fnanchor">[546]</a> Their<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_448" id="Page_448">[Pg 448]</a></span> +cities are Rerigonium,<a name="FNanchor_547_547" id="FNanchor_547_547"></a><a href="#Footnote_547_547" class="fnanchor">[547]</a> Coccium,<a name="FNanchor_548_548" id="FNanchor_548_548"></a><a href="#Footnote_548_548" class="fnanchor">[548]</a> and Lugubalium.<a name="FNanchor_549_549" id="FNanchor_549_549"></a><a href="#Footnote_549_549" class="fnanchor">[549]</a> The +two last were occupied by Roman garrisons.</p> + +<p>35. The northern frontier of this province was protected +by a wall<a name="FNanchor_550_550" id="FNanchor_550_550"></a><a href="#Footnote_550_550" class="fnanchor">[550]</a> of stupendous magnitude built by the Romans +across the Isthmus, eighty miles in length, twelve feet high +and (<i>nine</i>) thick, strengthened with towers.</p> + +<p>36. We collect from history, that these people were first +attacked by the emperor Claudius, then overrun by the legate +Ostorius, and finally defeated by Cerealis. By their voluntary +submission to Agricola they obtained peace. The +actions and unheard-of perfidy of their queen have disgraced +their name in history. These people were descended from +those powerful nations, who in search of new habitations +quitted their country, which was situated between the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_449" id="Page_449">[Pg 449]</a></span> +Danube, the Alps, and the Rhone.<a name="FNanchor_551_551" id="FNanchor_551_551"></a><a href="#Footnote_551_551" class="fnanchor">[551]</a> Some of them afterwards +emigrated into Ireland, as appears from authentic +documents.</p> + +<p>37. Further north were situated those powerful nations, +who in former times were known under the name of Mæatæ, +and from whom that fratricide Bassianus,<a name="FNanchor_552_552" id="FNanchor_552_552"></a><a href="#Footnote_552_552" class="fnanchor">[552]</a> after the death of +his father, basely purchased peace. They possessed Ottadinia +towards the east, Gadenia, Selgovia, Novantia, and +further north Damnia.</p> + +<p>38. Nearest the wall dwelt the Gadeni,<a name="FNanchor_553_553" id="FNanchor_553_553"></a><a href="#Footnote_553_553" class="fnanchor">[553]</a> whose metropolis +was Curia.<a name="FNanchor_554_554" id="FNanchor_554_554"></a><a href="#Footnote_554_554" class="fnanchor">[554]</a> The Ottadini<a name="FNanchor_555_555" id="FNanchor_555_555"></a><a href="#Footnote_555_555" class="fnanchor">[555]</a> were situated nearer the sea. +Their chief city was Bremenium,<a name="FNanchor_556_556" id="FNanchor_556_556"></a><a href="#Footnote_556_556" class="fnanchor">[556]</a> and their rivers Tueda,<a name="FNanchor_557_557" id="FNanchor_557_557"></a><a href="#Footnote_557_557" class="fnanchor">[557]</a> +Alauna,<a name="FNanchor_558_558" id="FNanchor_558_558"></a><a href="#Footnote_558_558" class="fnanchor">[558]</a> and the two Tinas,<a name="FNanchor_559_559" id="FNanchor_559_559"></a><a href="#Footnote_559_559" class="fnanchor">[559]</a> which ran within the wall.</p> + +<p>39. The Selgovæ<a name="FNanchor_560_560" id="FNanchor_560_560"></a><a href="#Footnote_560_560" class="fnanchor">[560]</a> inhabited the country to the west. +Their cities were Corbantorigum,<a name="FNanchor_561_561" id="FNanchor_561_561"></a><a href="#Footnote_561_561" class="fnanchor">[561]</a> Uxellum,<a name="FNanchor_562_562" id="FNanchor_562_562"></a><a href="#Footnote_562_562" class="fnanchor">[562]</a> and Trimontium,<a name="FNanchor_563_563" id="FNanchor_563_563"></a><a href="#Footnote_563_563" class="fnanchor">[563]</a> +which, according to ancient documents, was a long +time occupied by a Roman garrison. The principal rivers +of this region were Novius,<a name="FNanchor_564_564" id="FNanchor_564_564"></a><a href="#Footnote_564_564" class="fnanchor">[564]</a> Deva,<a name="FNanchor_565_565" id="FNanchor_565_565"></a><a href="#Footnote_565_565" class="fnanchor">[565]</a> and partly the Ituna.<a name="FNanchor_566_566" id="FNanchor_566_566"></a><a href="#Footnote_566_566" class="fnanchor">[566]</a></p> + +<p>40. The Novantes<a name="FNanchor_567_567" id="FNanchor_567_567"></a><a href="#Footnote_567_567" class="fnanchor">[567]</a> dwell beyond the Deva, in the extreme +part of the island, near the sea, and opposite Ireland. In +their country was the famous Novantum Chersonesus,<a name="FNanchor_568_568" id="FNanchor_568_568"></a><a href="#Footnote_568_568" class="fnanchor">[568]</a> dis<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_450" id="Page_450">[Pg 450]</a></span>tant +twenty-eight miles from Ireland, and esteemed by the +ancients the most northern promontory of Britain,<a name="FNanchor_569_569" id="FNanchor_569_569"></a><a href="#Footnote_569_569" class="fnanchor">[569]</a> though +without sufficient reason. Their metropolis was Lucophibia, +or Casæ Candidæ;<a name="FNanchor_570_570" id="FNanchor_570_570"></a><a href="#Footnote_570_570" class="fnanchor">[570]</a> their rivers Abrasuanus,<a name="FNanchor_571_571" id="FNanchor_571_571"></a><a href="#Footnote_571_571" class="fnanchor">[571]</a> Jena,<a name="FNanchor_572_572" id="FNanchor_572_572"></a><a href="#Footnote_572_572" class="fnanchor">[572]</a> and +Deva,<a name="FNanchor_573_573" id="FNanchor_573_573"></a><a href="#Footnote_573_573" class="fnanchor">[573]</a> which was the boundary towards the east.</p> + +<p>41. The Damnii<a name="FNanchor_574_574" id="FNanchor_574_574"></a><a href="#Footnote_574_574" class="fnanchor">[574]</a> dwelt to the north of the Novantes, the +Selgovæ, and the Gadeni, and were separated from them by +the chain of the Uxellan mountains.<a name="FNanchor_575_575" id="FNanchor_575_575"></a><a href="#Footnote_575_575" class="fnanchor">[575]</a> They were a very +powerful people, but lost a considerable portion of their territory +when the wall was built, being subdued and spoiled by +the Caledonians. Besides which, a Roman garrison occupied +Vanduarium<a name="FNanchor_576_576" id="FNanchor_576_576"></a><a href="#Footnote_576_576" class="fnanchor">[576]</a> to defend the wall.</p> + +<p>42. In this part, Britain, as if again delighted with the +embraces of the sea, becomes narrower than elsewhere, in +consequence of the rapid influx of the two estuaries, +Bodotria and Clotta.<a name="FNanchor_577_577" id="FNanchor_577_577"></a><a href="#Footnote_577_577" class="fnanchor">[577]</a> Agricola first secured this isthmus +with fortifications, and the emperor Antoninus<a name="FNanchor_578_578" id="FNanchor_578_578"></a><a href="#Footnote_578_578" class="fnanchor">[578]</a> erected +another wall celebrated in history, which extended nearly +five and thirty miles, in order to check the incursions of the +barbarians. It was repaired, and strengthened with eleven +towers, by the general Ætius. These regions probably +constituted that province, which, being recovered by the +victorious arms of the Romans under Theodosius, was supposed +to have been named Valentia, in honour of the family +from whom the reigning emperor was descended.</p> + +<p>43. Beyond the wall lay the province Vespasiana. This +is the Caledonian region so much coveted by the Romans, +and so bravely defended by the natives, facts which the +Roman historians, generally too silent in regard to such +things, have amply detailed. In these districts may be seen +the river Tavus,<a name="FNanchor_579_579" id="FNanchor_579_579"></a><a href="#Footnote_579_579" class="fnanchor">[579]</a> which appears to separate the country into +two parts. There are also found the steep and horrid Gram<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_451" id="Page_451">[Pg 451]</a></span>pian +hills, which divide the province. In this region was +fought that famous battle between Agricola and Galgacus, +which was so decisive in favour of the Romans.<a name="FNanchor_580_580" id="FNanchor_580_580"></a><a href="#Footnote_580_580" class="fnanchor">[580]</a> The +magnitude of the works at this day displays the power +of the Romans, and the ancient mode of castrametation; +for, in the place where the battle was fought, certain persons +of our order, who passed that way, affirmed that they saw +immense camps, and other proofs which corroborated the +relation of Tacitus.</p> + +<p>44. The nations which were subject to the Romans shall +now follow in their order. Beyond the Isthmus, as far as the +Tavus, lived the Horestii.<a name="FNanchor_581_581" id="FNanchor_581_581"></a><a href="#Footnote_581_581" class="fnanchor">[581]</a> Their cities, which before the +building of the wall belonged to the Damnii, were Alauna,<a name="FNanchor_582_582" id="FNanchor_582_582"></a><a href="#Footnote_582_582" class="fnanchor">[582]</a> +Lindum,<a name="FNanchor_583_583" id="FNanchor_583_583"></a><a href="#Footnote_583_583" class="fnanchor">[583]</a> and Victoria,<a name="FNanchor_584_584" id="FNanchor_584_584"></a><a href="#Footnote_584_584" class="fnanchor">[584]</a> the last not less glorious in reality +than in name. It was built by Agricola on the Tavus, +twenty miles above its mouth.</p> + +<p>45. Above these, beyond the Tavus, which formed the +boundary, lived the Vecturones or Venricones,<a name="FNanchor_585_585" id="FNanchor_585_585"></a><a href="#Footnote_585_585" class="fnanchor">[585]</a> whose chief +city was Orrea,<a name="FNanchor_586_586" id="FNanchor_586_586"></a><a href="#Footnote_586_586" class="fnanchor">[586]</a> and their rivers Æsica<a name="FNanchor_587_587" id="FNanchor_587_587"></a><a href="#Footnote_587_587" class="fnanchor">[587]</a> and Tina.<a name="FNanchor_588_588" id="FNanchor_588_588"></a><a href="#Footnote_588_588" class="fnanchor">[588]</a></p> + +<p>46. The Taixali<a name="FNanchor_589_589" id="FNanchor_589_589"></a><a href="#Footnote_589_589" class="fnanchor">[589]</a> inhabited the coast beyond the boundaries +of the Vecturones. Their principal city was Devana,<a name="FNanchor_590_590" id="FNanchor_590_590"></a><a href="#Footnote_590_590" class="fnanchor">[590]</a> and +their rivers the Deva<a name="FNanchor_591_591" id="FNanchor_591_591"></a><a href="#Footnote_591_591" class="fnanchor">[591]</a> and Ituna.<a name="FNanchor_592_592" id="FNanchor_592_592"></a><a href="#Footnote_592_592" class="fnanchor">[592]</a> A part of the Grampian +hills, which extends like a promontory into the sea, as it were +to meet Germany, borrows its name from them.<a name="FNanchor_593_593" id="FNanchor_593_593"></a><a href="#Footnote_593_593" class="fnanchor">[593]</a></p> + +<p>47. To the west of these, beyond the Grampian hills, lived +the Vacomagi,<a name="FNanchor_594_594" id="FNanchor_594_594"></a><a href="#Footnote_594_594" class="fnanchor">[594]</a> who possessed an extensive tract of country.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_452" id="Page_452">[Pg 452]</a></span> +Their cities were Tuessis,<a name="FNanchor_595_595" id="FNanchor_595_595"></a><a href="#Footnote_595_595" class="fnanchor">[595]</a> Tamea,<a name="FNanchor_596_596" id="FNanchor_596_596"></a><a href="#Footnote_596_596" class="fnanchor">[596]</a> and Banatia.<a name="FNanchor_597_597" id="FNanchor_597_597"></a><a href="#Footnote_597_597" class="fnanchor">[597]</a> Ptoroton,<a name="FNanchor_598_598" id="FNanchor_598_598"></a><a href="#Footnote_598_598" class="fnanchor">[598]</a> +situated at the mouth of the Varar,<a name="FNanchor_599_599" id="FNanchor_599_599"></a><a href="#Footnote_599_599" class="fnanchor">[599]</a> on the coast, was at the +same time a Roman station, and the chief city of the province. +The most remarkable rivers of this region, after the +Varar, which formed the boundary, were the Tuessis<a name="FNanchor_600_600" id="FNanchor_600_600"></a><a href="#Footnote_600_600" class="fnanchor">[600]</a> and +Celnius.<a name="FNanchor_601_601" id="FNanchor_601_601"></a><a href="#Footnote_601_601" class="fnanchor">[601]</a></p> + +<p>48. Within the Vacomagi, and the Tavus, lived the +Damnii Albani,<a name="FNanchor_602_602" id="FNanchor_602_602"></a><a href="#Footnote_602_602" class="fnanchor">[602]</a> a people little known, being wholly secluded +among lakes and mountains.</p> + +<p>49. Lower down, to the banks of the Clotta, inhabited the +Attacotti,<a name="FNanchor_603_603" id="FNanchor_603_603"></a><a href="#Footnote_603_603" class="fnanchor">[603]</a> a people once formidable to all Britain. In this +part is situated the great lake formerly called Lyncalidor,<a name="FNanchor_604_604" id="FNanchor_604_604"></a><a href="#Footnote_604_604" class="fnanchor">[604]</a> +at the mouth of which the city of Alcluith<a name="FNanchor_605_605" id="FNanchor_605_605"></a><a href="#Footnote_605_605" class="fnanchor">[605]</a> was built by the +Romans, and not long afterwards received its name from +Theodosius, who recovered that province from the barbarians. +These people deserved high praise for having sustained the +attacks of the enemy after the subjugation of the neighbouring +provinces.</p> + +<p>50. This province was named Vespasiana, in honour of +the Flavian family, to which the emperor Domitian owed his +origin, and under whom it was conquered. If I am not +mistaken, it was called under the later emperors Thule, +which Claudian mentions in these lines:</p> + +<p style="margin-left:6em;"> +<span style="margin-left: 4.5em;">"Incaluit Pictorum sanguine Thule,</span><br /> +Scotorum cumulos flevit glacialis Hierne."<br /> +</p> + +<p>But this country was so short a time under the power of the +Romans, that posterity cannot ascertain its appellations or +subjugation. We have now examined in a cursory manner +the state of Britain under the Romans; we shall next as +briefly treat of the country of the Caledonians.</p> + + +<h4>CONCERNING CALEDONIA.</h4> + +<p>51. Although all the parts of Britain lying beyond the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_453" id="Page_453">[Pg 453]</a></span> +Isthmus may be termed Caledonia, yet the proper Caledonians +dwelt beyond the Varar, from which a line drawn accurately +points out the boundary of the Roman empire in Britain. +The hithermost part of the island was at different times in +their possession, and the remainder, as we have related, was +occupied by barbarous Britons. The ancient documents of +history afford some information thus far; but beyond the +Varar the light is extinct, and we are enveloped in darkness.<a name="FNanchor_606_606" id="FNanchor_606_606"></a><a href="#Footnote_606_606" class="fnanchor">[606]</a> +Although we know that the Romans erected altars there to +mark the limits of their empire, and that Ulysses, tossed by a +violent tempest, here fulfilled his vows; yet the thick woods +and a continued chain of rugged mountains forbid all further +research. We must therefore be satisfied with the following +information, gleaned from the wandering merchants of the +Britons, which we leave for the use of posterity.</p> + +<p>52. The Caledonians,<a name="FNanchor_607_607" id="FNanchor_607_607"></a><a href="#Footnote_607_607" class="fnanchor">[607]</a> properly so called, inhabited the +country to the westward of the Varar, and part of their +territory was covered by the extensive forest called the Caledonian +wood.</p> + +<p>53. Less considerable people dwelt near the coast. Of +these the Cantæ<a name="FNanchor_608_608" id="FNanchor_608_608"></a><a href="#Footnote_608_608" class="fnanchor">[608]</a> were situated beyond the Varar, and the +above-mentioned altars, to the river Loxa,<a name="FNanchor_609_609" id="FNanchor_609_609"></a><a href="#Footnote_609_609" class="fnanchor">[609]</a> and in their +territory was the promontory Penoxullum.<a name="FNanchor_610_610" id="FNanchor_610_610"></a><a href="#Footnote_610_610" class="fnanchor">[610]</a></p> + +<p>54. Next in order is the river Abona,<a name="FNanchor_611_611" id="FNanchor_611_611"></a><a href="#Footnote_611_611" class="fnanchor">[611]</a> and the inhabitants +near it, the Logi.<a name="FNanchor_612_612" id="FNanchor_612_612"></a><a href="#Footnote_612_612" class="fnanchor">[612]</a> Then the river Ila,<a name="FNanchor_613_613" id="FNanchor_613_613"></a><a href="#Footnote_613_613" class="fnanchor">[613]</a> near which lived +the Carnabii,<a name="FNanchor_614_614" id="FNanchor_614_614"></a><a href="#Footnote_614_614" class="fnanchor">[614]</a> the most remote of the Britons. These +people being subdued by the proprætor Ostorius, and +impatiently bearing the Roman yoke, joined the Cantæ, as<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_454" id="Page_454">[Pg 454]</a></span> +tradition relates, and, crossing the sea, here fixed their +residence. Britain in these parts branches out into many +promontories, the chief of which, the extremity of Caledonia, +was called by the ancients Vinvedrum, and afterwards +Verubium.<a name="FNanchor_615_615" id="FNanchor_615_615"></a><a href="#Footnote_615_615" class="fnanchor">[615]</a></p> + +<p>55. After these people were placed the Catini,<a name="FNanchor_616_616" id="FNanchor_616_616"></a><a href="#Footnote_616_616" class="fnanchor">[616]</a> and the +Mertæ<a name="FNanchor_617_617" id="FNanchor_617_617"></a><a href="#Footnote_617_617" class="fnanchor">[617]</a> further inland near the Logi. In these regions was +the promontory of the Orcades,<a name="FNanchor_618_618" id="FNanchor_618_618"></a><a href="#Footnote_618_618" class="fnanchor">[618]</a> contiguous to which are the +islands of that name. Beyond this part flowed the Nabæus,<a name="FNanchor_619_619" id="FNanchor_619_619"></a><a href="#Footnote_619_619" class="fnanchor">[619]</a> +which bounded the territory of the Carnabii.</p> + +<p>56. In the lower part of this region were situated the +Carnonacæ,<a name="FNanchor_620_620" id="FNanchor_620_620"></a><a href="#Footnote_620_620" class="fnanchor">[620]</a> in whose territories was the promontory Ebudum,<a name="FNanchor_621_621" id="FNanchor_621_621"></a><a href="#Footnote_621_621" class="fnanchor">[621]</a> +beyond which the ocean forms a large bay, formerly +called Volsas.<a name="FNanchor_622_622" id="FNanchor_622_622"></a><a href="#Footnote_622_622" class="fnanchor">[622]</a> The lower coast of this bay was inhabited +by the Cerones;<a name="FNanchor_623_623" id="FNanchor_623_623"></a><a href="#Footnote_623_623" class="fnanchor">[623]</a> and beyond the Itys,<a name="FNanchor_624_624" id="FNanchor_624_624"></a><a href="#Footnote_624_624" class="fnanchor">[624]</a> the territory of the +Creones extended as far as the Longus.<a name="FNanchor_625_625" id="FNanchor_625_625"></a><a href="#Footnote_625_625" class="fnanchor">[625]</a> The promontory +stretching from thence, and washed by the ocean and the bay +Lelanus,<a name="FNanchor_626_626" id="FNanchor_626_626"></a><a href="#Footnote_626_626" class="fnanchor">[626]</a> is named after the inhabitants the Epidii.<a name="FNanchor_627_627" id="FNanchor_627_627"></a><a href="#Footnote_627_627" class="fnanchor">[627]</a></p> + +<p>57. I cannot repass the Varar without expressing my +wonder that the Romans, in other respects so much distinguished +for judgment and investigation, should have +entertained the absurd notion, that the remainder of Britain +exceeded in length and breadth the regions which they had +subdued and occupied. There is, however, sufficient evidence +that such was their opinion; for whoever attentively considers +their insatiable desire of rule, and reflects on the labour +employed in the erection of those stupendous works which +excite the wonder of the world, in order to exclude an +enemy scarcely worthy of their notice or resentment, must<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_455" id="Page_455">[Pg 455]</a></span> +in this respect, as in all others, adore the providence of the +Divine Being, to whom all kingdoms are subject, and +perpetual glory is due, now and for ever. Amen!</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_401_401" id="Footnote_401_401"></a><a href="#FNanchor_401_401"><span class="label">[401]</span></a> Rather by the estuary of the Severn.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_402_402" id="Footnote_402_402"></a><a href="#FNanchor_402_402"><span class="label">[402]</span></a> Thames.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_403_403" id="Footnote_403_403"></a><a href="#FNanchor_403_403"><span class="label">[403]</span></a> Severn.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_404_404" id="Footnote_404_404"></a><a href="#FNanchor_404_404"><span class="label">[404]</span></a> Here some word is evidently omitted in the original. We would supply +it by comparing this description with that of Britannia Secunda in the +second section, and read "<i>Sabrina et Deva</i>," &c., by the Severn and the +Dee from the Silures and Ordovices.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_405_405" id="Footnote_405_405"></a><a href="#FNanchor_405_405"><span class="label">[405]</span></a> The wall or vallum erected by Severus between the Solway Frith and +the mouth of the Tyne.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_406_406" id="Footnote_406_406"></a><a href="#FNanchor_406_406"><span class="label">[406]</span></a> Bodora and Bodotria, Frith of Forth.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_407_407" id="Footnote_407_407"></a><a href="#FNanchor_407_407"><span class="label">[407]</span></a> Clotta. Clyde.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_408_408" id="Footnote_408_408"></a><a href="#FNanchor_408_408"><span class="label">[408]</span></a> Dumbarton.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_409_409" id="Footnote_409_409"></a><a href="#FNanchor_409_409"><span class="label">[409]</span></a> Murray Frith.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_410_410" id="Footnote_410_410"></a><a href="#FNanchor_410_410"><span class="label">[410]</span></a> These remarks seem to have been drawn from the <i>Notitia Imperii</i>, +and consequently refer to a late period of the empire.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_411_411" id="Footnote_411_411"></a><a href="#FNanchor_411_411"><span class="label">[411]</span></a> Cantium contained the present county of Kent, as far as the Rother, +except a small district in which Holwood Hill is situated, and which belonged +to the Rhemi.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_412_412" id="Footnote_412_412"></a><a href="#FNanchor_412_412"><span class="label">[412]</span></a> Rochester.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_413_413" id="Footnote_413_413"></a><a href="#FNanchor_413_413"><span class="label">[413]</span></a> Canterbury.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_414_414" id="Footnote_414_414"></a><a href="#FNanchor_414_414"><span class="label">[414]</span></a> Dover.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_415_415" id="Footnote_415_415"></a><a href="#FNanchor_415_415"><span class="label">[415]</span></a> Situated on the Lymne.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_416_416" id="Footnote_416_416"></a><a href="#FNanchor_416_416"><span class="label">[416]</span></a> Reculver.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_417_417" id="Footnote_417_417"></a><a href="#FNanchor_417_417"><span class="label">[417]</span></a> Richborough.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_418_418" id="Footnote_418_418"></a><a href="#FNanchor_418_418"><span class="label">[418]</span></a> The Medway.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_419_419" id="Footnote_419_419"></a><a href="#FNanchor_419_419"><span class="label">[419]</span></a> The Stour.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_420_420" id="Footnote_420_420"></a><a href="#FNanchor_420_420"><span class="label">[420]</span></a> A rivulet at Dover.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_421_421" id="Footnote_421_421"></a><a href="#FNanchor_421_421"><span class="label">[421]</span></a> The Rother.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_422_422" id="Footnote_422_422"></a><a href="#FNanchor_422_422"><span class="label">[422]</span></a> The North Foreland.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_423_423" id="Footnote_423_423"></a><a href="#FNanchor_423_423"><span class="label">[423]</span></a> The Bibroci, Rhemi, or Regni, inhabited part of Hants, and of Berks, +Sussex, Surrey, and a small portion of Kent.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_424_424" id="Footnote_424_424"></a><a href="#FNanchor_424_424"><span class="label">[424]</span></a> Uncertain. Stukeley calls it Bibrox, Bibrax, or the Bibracte of the +Itinerary.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_425_425" id="Footnote_425_425"></a><a href="#FNanchor_425_425"><span class="label">[425]</span></a> Chichester.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_426_426" id="Footnote_426_426"></a><a href="#FNanchor_426_426"><span class="label">[426]</span></a> Holwood Hill.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_427_427" id="Footnote_427_427"></a><a href="#FNanchor_427_427"><span class="label">[427]</span></a> Pevensey.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_428_428" id="Footnote_428_428"></a><a href="#FNanchor_428_428"><span class="label">[428]</span></a> Part of Hants, and Berks.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_429_429" id="Footnote_429_429"></a><a href="#FNanchor_429_429"><span class="label">[429]</span></a> Silchester. For the proofs that this place was the site of Calleva see +the Commentary on the Itinerary.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_430_430" id="Footnote_430_430"></a><a href="#FNanchor_430_430"><span class="label">[430]</span></a> Kennet.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_431_431" id="Footnote_431_431"></a><a href="#FNanchor_431_431"><span class="label">[431]</span></a> Part of Hants, and Berks.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_432_432" id="Footnote_432_432"></a><a href="#FNanchor_432_432"><span class="label">[432]</span></a> Probably Egbury Camp.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_433_433" id="Footnote_433_433"></a><a href="#FNanchor_433_433"><span class="label">[433]</span></a> The Belgæ occupied those parts of Hants and Wilts not held by the +Segontiaci.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_434_434" id="Footnote_434_434"></a><a href="#FNanchor_434_434"><span class="label">[434]</span></a> This is an error: the ancient Clausentum was at Bittern, on the Itchin, +opposite Northam.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_435_435" id="Footnote_435_435"></a><a href="#FNanchor_435_435"><span class="label">[435]</span></a> Portchester.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_436_436" id="Footnote_436_436"></a><a href="#FNanchor_436_436"><span class="label">[436]</span></a> Winchester.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_437_437" id="Footnote_437_437"></a><a href="#FNanchor_437_437"><span class="label">[437]</span></a> Old Sarum.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_438_438" id="Footnote_438_438"></a><a href="#FNanchor_438_438"><span class="label">[438]</span></a> This passage as printed in the original is very obscure; but the meaning +is supplied by Cæsar, from whom it is taken, and a subsequent page +where Richard mentions the same fact.—<i>Vide the Chronology in</i> b. ii. c. i. +sect. 9.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_439_439" id="Footnote_439_439"></a><a href="#FNanchor_439_439"><span class="label">[439]</span></a> Thames.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_440_440" id="Footnote_440_440"></a><a href="#FNanchor_440_440"><span class="label">[440]</span></a> There was a tribe of Celts called Senones seated on the banks of the +Seine as late as the time of Cæsar, and this was one of the tribes who +marched with Brennus against Rome. But we cannot discover from +whence Richard drew his information that these Senones originally emigrated +from Britain, leaving their country to be occupied by the Belgæ.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_441_441" id="Footnote_441_441"></a><a href="#FNanchor_441_441"><span class="label">[441]</span></a> Nearly all Somersetshire.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_442_442" id="Footnote_442_442"></a><a href="#FNanchor_442_442"><span class="label">[442]</span></a> Ilchester.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_443_443" id="Footnote_443_443"></a><a href="#FNanchor_443_443"><span class="label">[443]</span></a> Glastonbury.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_444_444" id="Footnote_444_444"></a><a href="#FNanchor_444_444"><span class="label">[444]</span></a> Bath.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_445_445" id="Footnote_445_445"></a><a href="#FNanchor_445_445"><span class="label">[445]</span></a> This is drawn from Solinus, who speaks of Britain in general. We +know not on what authority it was applied by Richard to Bath.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_446_446" id="Footnote_446_446"></a><a href="#FNanchor_446_446"><span class="label">[446]</span></a> Maiden Castle, near Dorchester.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_447_447" id="Footnote_447_447"></a><a href="#FNanchor_447_447"><span class="label">[447]</span></a> Isle of Portland.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_448_448" id="Footnote_448_448"></a><a href="#FNanchor_448_448"><span class="label">[448]</span></a> Part of Somerset and Devon.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_449_449" id="Footnote_449_449"></a><a href="#FNanchor_449_449"><span class="label">[449]</span></a> The Parret.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_450_450" id="Footnote_450_450"></a><a href="#FNanchor_450_450"><span class="label">[450]</span></a> Uncertain,—probably in Devonshire.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_451_451" id="Footnote_451_451"></a><a href="#FNanchor_451_451"><span class="label">[451]</span></a> Ibid.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_452_452" id="Footnote_452_452"></a><a href="#FNanchor_452_452"><span class="label">[452]</span></a> Lundy Island.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_453_453" id="Footnote_453_453"></a><a href="#FNanchor_453_453"><span class="label">[453]</span></a> Part of Cornwall.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_454_454" id="Footnote_454_454"></a><a href="#FNanchor_454_454"><span class="label">[454]</span></a> Near Stratton.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_455_455" id="Footnote_455_455"></a><a href="#FNanchor_455_455"><span class="label">[455]</span></a> Carnbre.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_456_456" id="Footnote_456_456"></a><a href="#FNanchor_456_456"><span class="label">[456]</span></a> Land's End, and Lizard Point.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_457_457" id="Footnote_457_457"></a><a href="#FNanchor_457_457"><span class="label">[457]</span></a> Cornwall, Devon, Dorset, and part of Somerset.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_458_458" id="Footnote_458_458"></a><a href="#FNanchor_458_458"><span class="label">[458]</span></a> Probably near Bridgewater.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_459_459" id="Footnote_459_459"></a><a href="#FNanchor_459_459"><span class="label">[459]</span></a> On the Tamar.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_460_460" id="Footnote_460_460"></a><a href="#FNanchor_460_460"><span class="label">[460]</span></a> On the Fowey.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_461_461" id="Footnote_461_461"></a><a href="#FNanchor_461_461"><span class="label">[461]</span></a> On the Fal.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_462_462" id="Footnote_462_462"></a><a href="#FNanchor_462_462"><span class="label">[462]</span></a> Exeter.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_463_463" id="Footnote_463_463"></a><a href="#FNanchor_463_463"><span class="label">[463]</span></a> Ex.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_464_464" id="Footnote_464_464"></a><a href="#FNanchor_464_464"><span class="label">[464]</span></a> The Dart.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_465_465" id="Footnote_465_465"></a><a href="#FNanchor_465_465"><span class="label">[465]</span></a> Tamar.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_466_466" id="Footnote_466_466"></a><a href="#FNanchor_466_466"><span class="label">[466]</span></a> The Fal.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_467_467" id="Footnote_467_467"></a><a href="#FNanchor_467_467"><span class="label">[467]</span></a> Probably Berry Head.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_468_468" id="Footnote_468_468"></a><a href="#FNanchor_468_468"><span class="label">[468]</span></a> Lizard Point.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_469_469" id="Footnote_469_469"></a><a href="#FNanchor_469_469"><span class="label">[469]</span></a> Ram Head.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_470_470" id="Footnote_470_470"></a><a href="#FNanchor_470_470"><span class="label">[470]</span></a> Scilly Isles.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_471_471" id="Footnote_471_471"></a><a href="#FNanchor_471_471"><span class="label">[471]</span></a> Severn.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_472_472" id="Footnote_472_472"></a><a href="#FNanchor_472_472"><span class="label">[472]</span></a> Dee.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_473_473" id="Footnote_473_473"></a><a href="#FNanchor_473_473"><span class="label">[473]</span></a> The Silures, with their two dependent tribes, the Dimetiæ and the +Ordovices, possessed all the country to the west of the Severn and the Dee, +together with the island of Anglesey. +</p><p> +"Of these territories the Dimetiæ had the counties of Pembroke, +Cardigan, and Caermarthen; while the Silures possessed all the rest of +South Wales, as well as such parts of England as lay to the west of the +Severn and to the South of the Teme: while the Ordovices occupied all +North Wales, as well as all the country to the North of the Teme, and to +the West of the Severn and the Dee, except a small tract to the West of +Bangor and Penmorvay, which together with the isle of Anglesey +belonged to their subordinate clan the Cangani."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_474_474" id="Footnote_474_474"></a><a href="#FNanchor_474_474"><span class="label">[474]</span></a> Rose or Berry Hill, in Weston.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_475_475" id="Footnote_475_475"></a><a href="#FNanchor_475_475"><span class="label">[475]</span></a> Kentchester.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_476_476" id="Footnote_476_476"></a><a href="#FNanchor_476_476"><span class="label">[476]</span></a> Abergavenny.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_477_477" id="Footnote_477_477"></a><a href="#FNanchor_477_477"><span class="label">[477]</span></a> Caerwent.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_478_478" id="Footnote_478_478"></a><a href="#FNanchor_478_478"><span class="label">[478]</span></a> Caerleon on Usk.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_479_479" id="Footnote_479_479"></a><a href="#FNanchor_479_479"><span class="label">[479]</span></a> Richborough in Kent.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_480_480" id="Footnote_480_480"></a><a href="#FNanchor_480_480"><span class="label">[480]</span></a> Anglesey.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_481_481" id="Footnote_481_481"></a><a href="#FNanchor_481_481"><span class="label">[481]</span></a> St. David's Head.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_482_482" id="Footnote_482_482"></a><a href="#FNanchor_482_482"><span class="label">[482]</span></a> XXX milliarium.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_483_483" id="Footnote_483_483"></a><a href="#FNanchor_483_483"><span class="label">[483]</span></a> St. David's.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_484_484" id="Footnote_484_484"></a><a href="#FNanchor_484_484"><span class="label">[484]</span></a> Caermarthen.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_485_485" id="Footnote_485_485"></a><a href="#FNanchor_485_485"><span class="label">[485]</span></a> Llanio Issau on the Teivi.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_486_486" id="Footnote_486_486"></a><a href="#FNanchor_486_486"><span class="label">[486]</span></a> On the bank of the Tanat.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_487_487" id="Footnote_487_487"></a><a href="#FNanchor_487_487"><span class="label">[487]</span></a> Near Lentwardine.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_488_488" id="Footnote_488_488"></a><a href="#FNanchor_488_488"><span class="label">[488]</span></a> Caer Segont.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_489_489" id="Footnote_489_489"></a><a href="#FNanchor_489_489"><span class="label">[489]</span></a> Brach y Pwyl Point.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_490_490" id="Footnote_490_490"></a><a href="#FNanchor_490_490"><span class="label">[490]</span></a> Anglesey.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_491_491" id="Footnote_491_491"></a><a href="#FNanchor_491_491"><span class="label">[491]</span></a> The Conway.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_492_492" id="Footnote_492_492"></a><a href="#FNanchor_492_492"><span class="label">[492]</span></a> Dee.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_493_493" id="Footnote_493_493"></a><a href="#FNanchor_493_493"><span class="label">[493]</span></a> Snowdon.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_494_494" id="Footnote_494_494"></a><a href="#FNanchor_494_494"><span class="label">[494]</span></a> The territory of the Carnabii was bounded on the north by the Mersey, +west by the Severn, east by part of the Watling Street, and to the +south by Staffordshire.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_495_495" id="Footnote_495_495"></a><a href="#FNanchor_495_495"><span class="label">[495]</span></a> Benonis; High Cross.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_496_496" id="Footnote_496_496"></a><a href="#FNanchor_496_496"><span class="label">[496]</span></a> Wall.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_497_497" id="Footnote_497_497"></a><a href="#FNanchor_497_497"><span class="label">[497]</span></a> Banchor.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_498_498" id="Footnote_498_498"></a><a href="#FNanchor_498_498"><span class="label">[498]</span></a> Wroxeter.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_499_499" id="Footnote_499_499"></a><a href="#FNanchor_499_499"><span class="label">[499]</span></a> Chester.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_500_500" id="Footnote_500_500"></a><a href="#FNanchor_500_500"><span class="label">[500]</span></a> The <i>Dobuni</i> were bounded on the west by the Severn, on the south +by the Thames, on the east by the Charwell, and on the north by the +Carnabii. +</p><p> +The <i>Cassii</i>, bounded on the south by the Thames, on the west by the +Dobuni, on the east by the Trent, and on the north by the Iceni.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_501_501" id="Footnote_501_501"></a><a href="#FNanchor_501_501"><span class="label">[501]</span></a> Droitwich.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_502_502" id="Footnote_502_502"></a><a href="#FNanchor_502_502"><span class="label">[502]</span></a> Near Lentwardine.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_503_503" id="Footnote_503_503"></a><a href="#FNanchor_503_503"><span class="label">[503]</span></a> Alcester.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_504_504" id="Footnote_504_504"></a><a href="#FNanchor_504_504"><span class="label">[504]</span></a> Cirencester in Gloucestershire.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_505_505" id="Footnote_505_505"></a><a href="#FNanchor_505_505"><span class="label">[505]</span></a> Gloucester.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_506_506" id="Footnote_506_506"></a><a href="#FNanchor_506_506"><span class="label">[506]</span></a> Dunstable.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_507_507" id="Footnote_507_507"></a><a href="#FNanchor_507_507"><span class="label">[507]</span></a> Old St. Albans.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_508_508" id="Footnote_508_508"></a><a href="#FNanchor_508_508"><span class="label">[508]</span></a> Colchester.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_509_509" id="Footnote_509_509"></a><a href="#FNanchor_509_509"><span class="label">[509]</span></a> London.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_510_510" id="Footnote_510_510"></a><a href="#FNanchor_510_510"><span class="label">[510]</span></a> It stretched from the Thames to the Stour on the north, and on the +west to the Brent and the Ouse.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_511_511" id="Footnote_511_511"></a><a href="#FNanchor_511_511"><span class="label">[511]</span></a> This temple with its ornaments is mentioned in Tacitus.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_512_512" id="Footnote_512_512"></a><a href="#FNanchor_512_512"><span class="label">[512]</span></a> Sturius, the Stour.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_513_513" id="Footnote_513_513"></a><a href="#FNanchor_513_513"><span class="label">[513]</span></a> Castor near Chesterton.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_514_514" id="Footnote_514_514"></a><a href="#FNanchor_514_514"><span class="label">[514]</span></a> Castor near Norwich.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_515_515" id="Footnote_515_515"></a><a href="#FNanchor_515_515"><span class="label">[515]</span></a> Cambridge.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_516_516" id="Footnote_516_516"></a><a href="#FNanchor_516_516"><span class="label">[516]</span></a> Part of the Suffolk Coast.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_517_517" id="Footnote_517_517"></a><a href="#FNanchor_517_517"><span class="label">[517]</span></a> The Yar.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_518_518" id="Footnote_518_518"></a><a href="#FNanchor_518_518"><span class="label">[518]</span></a> The Stour.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_519_519" id="Footnote_519_519"></a><a href="#FNanchor_519_519"><span class="label">[519]</span></a> The Nen.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_520_520" id="Footnote_520_520"></a><a href="#FNanchor_520_520"><span class="label">[520]</span></a> Boston Deep.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_521_521" id="Footnote_521_521"></a><a href="#FNanchor_521_521"><span class="label">[521]</span></a> In the map given by Bertram these people are called the Coritani. +They seem to have inhabited Lincoln, Leicester, and Nottingham.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_522_522" id="Footnote_522_522"></a><a href="#FNanchor_522_522"><span class="label">[522]</span></a> Calyddon means coverts or thickets.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_523_523" id="Footnote_523_523"></a><a href="#FNanchor_523_523"><span class="label">[523]</span></a> B. iii. ch. 10, where, speaking of Cæsar, he says, "Caledonias sequutus +in sylvas."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_524_524" id="Footnote_524_524"></a><a href="#FNanchor_524_524"><span class="label">[524]</span></a> Leicester.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_525_525" id="Footnote_525_525"></a><a href="#FNanchor_525_525"><span class="label">[525]</span></a> Lincoln.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_526_526" id="Footnote_526_526"></a><a href="#FNanchor_526_526"><span class="label">[526]</span></a> Trent.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_527_527" id="Footnote_527_527"></a><a href="#FNanchor_527_527"><span class="label">[527]</span></a> The Humber.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_528_528" id="Footnote_528_528"></a><a href="#FNanchor_528_528"><span class="label">[528]</span></a> The Mersey.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_529_529" id="Footnote_529_529"></a><a href="#FNanchor_529_529"><span class="label">[529]</span></a> Part of the East Riding of York.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_530_530" id="Footnote_530_530"></a><a href="#FNanchor_530_530"><span class="label">[530]</span></a> Spurn Head.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_531_531" id="Footnote_531_531"></a><a href="#FNanchor_531_531"><span class="label">[531]</span></a> Flamborough Head.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_532_532" id="Footnote_532_532"></a><a href="#FNanchor_532_532"><span class="label">[532]</span></a> Broughton on Humber.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_533_533" id="Footnote_533_533"></a><a href="#FNanchor_533_533"><span class="label">[533]</span></a> Near Bridlington Bay.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_534_534" id="Footnote_534_534"></a><a href="#FNanchor_534_534"><span class="label">[534]</span></a> Their territory stretched from the bounds of the Parisii northward to +the Tine, and from the Humber and Don to the mountains of Lancashire, +Westmoreland and Cumberland.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_535_535" id="Footnote_535_535"></a><a href="#FNanchor_535_535"><span class="label">[535]</span></a> Lanchester.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_536_536" id="Footnote_536_536"></a><a href="#FNanchor_536_536"><span class="label">[536]</span></a> Binchester.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_537_537" id="Footnote_537_537"></a><a href="#FNanchor_537_537"><span class="label">[537]</span></a> Slack.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_538_538" id="Footnote_538_538"></a><a href="#FNanchor_538_538"><span class="label">[538]</span></a> Catteric.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_539_539" id="Footnote_539_539"></a><a href="#FNanchor_539_539"><span class="label">[539]</span></a> Galgacum, uncertain.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_540_540" id="Footnote_540_540"></a><a href="#FNanchor_540_540"><span class="label">[540]</span></a> Ilkley.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_541_541" id="Footnote_541_541"></a><a href="#FNanchor_541_541"><span class="label">[541]</span></a> Aldborough.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_542_542" id="Footnote_542_542"></a><a href="#FNanchor_542_542"><span class="label">[542]</span></a> York.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_543_543" id="Footnote_543_543"></a><a href="#FNanchor_543_543"><span class="label">[543]</span></a> Probably from the Ure, which receives the name of Ouse above York, +on its junction with the Nid.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_544_544" id="Footnote_544_544"></a><a href="#FNanchor_544_544"><span class="label">[544]</span></a> Trent.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_545_545" id="Footnote_545_545"></a><a href="#FNanchor_545_545"><span class="label">[545]</span></a> To the Voluntii belonged the western part of Lancashire; and to the +Sistuntii, the west of Westmoreland and Cumberland as far as the wall.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_546_546" id="Footnote_546_546"></a><a href="#FNanchor_546_546"><span class="label">[546]</span></a> Hence, in § 31, they are called one people.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_547_547" id="Footnote_547_547"></a><a href="#FNanchor_547_547"><span class="label">[547]</span></a> Ribchester.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_548_548" id="Footnote_548_548"></a><a href="#FNanchor_548_548"><span class="label">[548]</span></a> Blackrode.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_549_549" id="Footnote_549_549"></a><a href="#FNanchor_549_549"><span class="label">[549]</span></a> Carlisle.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_550_550" id="Footnote_550_550"></a><a href="#FNanchor_550_550"><span class="label">[550]</span></a> The wall of Severus. The exact site of the barrier erected by Severus +against the northern tribes, has furnished matter of dispute to many of our +antiquaries. The researches of others, particularly Horsley, have, however, +set this question at rest. From their information, joined to the scanty evidence +of history, it has been proved that three walls or ramparts were +erected by the Romans at different times, to secure the northern frontier of +their dominions in Britain. +</p><p> +The first was a rampart of earth, from the Solway Frith to the Tine, +raised by Hadrian about the year 120; but its form and construction have +not been satisfactorily ascertained. It was, however, evidently nothing +more than a line intended to obstruct the passage of an enemy between the +stations which constituted the real defences of the frontier. +</p><p> +The second was raised by Lollius Urbicus under the reign of Antoninus +Pius, about 140, between the Friths of Forth and Clyde. This was likewise +of earth, though perhaps faced with stone, and, like that of Hadrian, +seems to have been intended as a line connecting the chain of stations, +which formed a new barrier on the advance of the Roman arms. In the +course of both these was a military road communicating from station to +station. +</p><p> +The last and most important is that begun by Severus, after his expedition +against the Caledonians, about 208. It runs nearly over the same +ground as that of Hadrian; but is a complete and well combined system +of fortification. From an examination of its remains it appears to have +been built of stone, fifteen feet high and nine thick. It had parapet and +ditch, a military road, and was defended by eighteen greater stations placed +at intervals of three to six miles; eighty-three castles at intervals of six +to eight furlongs, and, as it is imagined, a considerable number of turrets +placed at shorter distances. +</p><p> +Either from superior sagacity or superior information, Richard clearly +distinguishes these three walls, which so much puzzled later writers, though +it must be confessed that in other places he has suffered himself to be led +into some errors in regard to their situation, and the persons by whom they +were erected.—See b. ii. ch. 1, sect. 22, 27, 36, 37; ch. 2, sect. 17, 23. +For a detailed account of these works the reader is referred to <i>Horsley's +Britannia Romana</i>; <i>Warburton's Account of the Roman Wall</i>; <i>Hutchinson's +Northumberland</i>; <i>Roy's Military Antiquities</i>; <i>Hutton's Account +of the Roman Wall</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_551_551" id="Footnote_551_551"></a><a href="#FNanchor_551_551"><span class="label">[551]</span></a> These were the Helvetii, whose emigration is mentioned in <i>Cæs. Comm. +de Bell. Gal. lib.</i> i. We have not discovered from what authority Richard +draws his account of their emigration to Ireland.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_552_552" id="Footnote_552_552"></a><a href="#FNanchor_552_552"><span class="label">[552]</span></a> Caracalla.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_553_553" id="Footnote_553_553"></a><a href="#FNanchor_553_553"><span class="label">[553]</span></a> The Gadeni appear to have occupied the midland parts from the wall +probably as far as the Forth.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_554_554" id="Footnote_554_554"></a><a href="#FNanchor_554_554"><span class="label">[554]</span></a> Uncertain.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_555_555" id="Footnote_555_555"></a><a href="#FNanchor_555_555"><span class="label">[555]</span></a> The Ottadini stretched along the eastern coast, from the wall as far as +the Frith of Forth, and were bounded on the west by the Gadeni.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_556_556" id="Footnote_556_556"></a><a href="#FNanchor_556_556"><span class="label">[556]</span></a> Ribchester.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_557_557" id="Footnote_557_557"></a><a href="#FNanchor_557_557"><span class="label">[557]</span></a> Tweed.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_558_558" id="Footnote_558_558"></a><a href="#FNanchor_558_558"><span class="label">[558]</span></a> The Coquet.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_559_559" id="Footnote_559_559"></a><a href="#FNanchor_559_559"><span class="label">[559]</span></a> The North and South Tine.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_560_560" id="Footnote_560_560"></a><a href="#FNanchor_560_560"><span class="label">[560]</span></a> The Selgovæ appear to have occupied all the shire of Dumfries, and +part of Kirkudbright.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_561_561" id="Footnote_561_561"></a><a href="#FNanchor_561_561"><span class="label">[561]</span></a> Drumlanrig, or Kirkudbright.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_562_562" id="Footnote_562_562"></a><a href="#FNanchor_562_562"><span class="label">[562]</span></a> Uncertain.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_563_563" id="Footnote_563_563"></a><a href="#FNanchor_563_563"><span class="label">[563]</span></a> Birrenswork Hill.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_564_564" id="Footnote_564_564"></a><a href="#FNanchor_564_564"><span class="label">[564]</span></a> Nith.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_565_565" id="Footnote_565_565"></a><a href="#FNanchor_565_565"><span class="label">[565]</span></a> The Dee.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_566_566" id="Footnote_566_566"></a><a href="#FNanchor_566_566"><span class="label">[566]</span></a> The Eden.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_567_567" id="Footnote_567_567"></a><a href="#FNanchor_567_567"><span class="label">[567]</span></a> The Novantes held the south-western district of Scotland, from the +Dee to the Mull of Galloway; that is, the west of Kirkudbright and Wigtown, +and part of the Carrick division of Ayr.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_568_568" id="Footnote_568_568"></a><a href="#FNanchor_568_568"><span class="label">[568]</span></a> Rens of Galloway. It is not, however, more than eighteen miles from +the nearest part of Ireland.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_569_569" id="Footnote_569_569"></a><a href="#FNanchor_569_569"><span class="label">[569]</span></a> By an error in the geographical or astronomical observations preserved +by Ptolemy, the latitudes north of this point appear to have been mistaken +for the longitudes, and consequently this part of Britain is thrown to the +east.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_570_570" id="Footnote_570_570"></a><a href="#FNanchor_570_570"><span class="label">[570]</span></a> Wigtown, <i>Horsley</i>. Whithern, <i>Stukeley</i>, <i>Roy</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_571_571" id="Footnote_571_571"></a><a href="#FNanchor_571_571"><span class="label">[571]</span></a> The Luce.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_572_572" id="Footnote_572_572"></a><a href="#FNanchor_572_572"><span class="label">[572]</span></a> Cree, <i>Roy</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_573_573" id="Footnote_573_573"></a><a href="#FNanchor_573_573"><span class="label">[573]</span></a> Dee.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_574_574" id="Footnote_574_574"></a><a href="#FNanchor_574_574"><span class="label">[574]</span></a> The Lothers.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_575_575" id="Footnote_575_575"></a><a href="#FNanchor_575_575"><span class="label">[575]</span></a> Paisley, or Renfrew, <i>Roy</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_576_576" id="Footnote_576_576"></a><a href="#FNanchor_576_576"><span class="label">[576]</span></a> Friths of Forth and Clyde.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_577_577" id="Footnote_577_577"></a><a href="#FNanchor_577_577"><span class="label">[577]</span></a> These people inhabited the principal part of what are called the Lowlands. +Their territories beyond the Isthmus evidently stretched as far as +the Grampians, consisting of great part of Ayr, all Renfrew and Lanark, a +considerable part of Stirling, and perhaps Linlithgow.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_578_578" id="Footnote_578_578"></a><a href="#FNanchor_578_578"><span class="label">[578]</span></a> See page <a href="#Page_448">448</a>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_579_579" id="Footnote_579_579"></a><a href="#FNanchor_579_579"><span class="label">[579]</span></a> Tay.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_580_580" id="Footnote_580_580"></a><a href="#FNanchor_580_580"><span class="label">[580]</span></a> It may perhaps appear superfluous to refer the antiquary to Roy's +masterly Commentary on the campaigns of Agricola in this part of Britain; +but it will scarcely be deemed so to observe, that we see few instances in +which military and local knowledge are so well applied to the elucidation +of antiquities.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_581_581" id="Footnote_581_581"></a><a href="#FNanchor_581_581"><span class="label">[581]</span></a> The Horestii occupied Clackmannan and Kinross, and part of Perth +as far as the Tay. To them belonged likewise all the country stretching +from the Grampians to Loch Lomond.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_582_582" id="Footnote_582_582"></a><a href="#FNanchor_582_582"><span class="label">[582]</span></a> Uncertain.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_583_583" id="Footnote_583_583"></a><a href="#FNanchor_583_583"><span class="label">[583]</span></a> Ardoch.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_584_584" id="Footnote_584_584"></a><a href="#FNanchor_584_584"><span class="label">[584]</span></a> Dealgin Ross.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_585_585" id="Footnote_585_585"></a><a href="#FNanchor_585_585"><span class="label">[585]</span></a> The Vecturones occupied the eastern part of Perth, Forfar, Kincardin, +and part of Aberdeen.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_586_586" id="Footnote_586_586"></a><a href="#FNanchor_586_586"><span class="label">[586]</span></a> Bertha, or Old Perth.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_587_587" id="Footnote_587_587"></a><a href="#FNanchor_587_587"><span class="label">[587]</span></a> South Esk.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_588_588" id="Footnote_588_588"></a><a href="#FNanchor_588_588"><span class="label">[588]</span></a> Tine.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_589_589" id="Footnote_589_589"></a><a href="#FNanchor_589_589"><span class="label">[589]</span></a> The Taixali held the eastern coast of Aberdeen, apparently as far as +Kinnaird Head.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_590_590" id="Footnote_590_590"></a><a href="#FNanchor_590_590"><span class="label">[590]</span></a> Probably Old Aberdeen.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_591_591" id="Footnote_591_591"></a><a href="#FNanchor_591_591"><span class="label">[591]</span></a> Dee.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_592_592" id="Footnote_592_592"></a><a href="#FNanchor_592_592"><span class="label">[592]</span></a> Ithan.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_593_593" id="Footnote_593_593"></a><a href="#FNanchor_593_593"><span class="label">[593]</span></a> Kinnaird Head.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_594_594" id="Footnote_594_594"></a><a href="#FNanchor_594_594"><span class="label">[594]</span></a> The Vacomagi were spread over an extensive region west of the Taixali +and north of the Grampians, comprising a considerable part of Aberdeen, +all Banff, Murray, Elgin, and Nairn, with the north-east of Inverness.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_595_595" id="Footnote_595_595"></a><a href="#FNanchor_595_595"><span class="label">[595]</span></a> On the Spey.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_596_596" id="Footnote_596_596"></a><a href="#FNanchor_596_596"><span class="label">[596]</span></a> Brae Mar Castle.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_597_597" id="Footnote_597_597"></a><a href="#FNanchor_597_597"><span class="label">[597]</span></a> Uncertain, but near the Ness; perhaps Inverness or Bonness.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_598_598" id="Footnote_598_598"></a><a href="#FNanchor_598_598"><span class="label">[598]</span></a> Burgh Head.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_599_599" id="Footnote_599_599"></a><a href="#FNanchor_599_599"><span class="label">[599]</span></a> Murray Frith.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_600_600" id="Footnote_600_600"></a><a href="#FNanchor_600_600"><span class="label">[600]</span></a> Spey.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_601_601" id="Footnote_601_601"></a><a href="#FNanchor_601_601"><span class="label">[601]</span></a> Dovern.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_602_602" id="Footnote_602_602"></a><a href="#FNanchor_602_602"><span class="label">[602]</span></a> The Damnii Albani may have been a remnant of the Damnii, who, +after the erection of the wall, being cut off from the rest of their tribe, +were gradually circumscribed by the neighbouring people, to Braidalbane, +and a small part of the west of Perth and east of Argyle.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_603_603" id="Footnote_603_603"></a><a href="#FNanchor_603_603"><span class="label">[603]</span></a> The Attacotti occupied a considerable part of Argyle, as far as Lochfyn.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_604_604" id="Footnote_604_604"></a><a href="#FNanchor_604_604"><span class="label">[604]</span></a> Loch Lomond.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_605_605" id="Footnote_605_605"></a><a href="#FNanchor_605_605"><span class="label">[605]</span></a> Dumbarton. It was afterwards called Theodosia.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_606_606" id="Footnote_606_606"></a><a href="#FNanchor_606_606"><span class="label">[606]</span></a> It must be confessed that the information preserved by Richard, in +regard to this remote part of our island, is extremely obscure, and that his +descriptions will only assist us in guessing at the situation of the different +tribes. Perhaps this can scarcely be deemed extraordinary, when we consider +how imperfectly the interior of this country is known even at present.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_607_607" id="Footnote_607_607"></a><a href="#FNanchor_607_607"><span class="label">[607]</span></a> The country of the proper Caledonians was the central part of +Inverness and Ross.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_608_608" id="Footnote_608_608"></a><a href="#FNanchor_608_608"><span class="label">[608]</span></a> The Cantæ seem to have held Cromarty and East Ross.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_609_609" id="Footnote_609_609"></a><a href="#FNanchor_609_609"><span class="label">[609]</span></a> Frith of Cromartie, <i>Stukeley</i>. Loth R. <i>Roy.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_610_610" id="Footnote_610_610"></a><a href="#FNanchor_610_610"><span class="label">[610]</span></a> Tarbet Ness, <i>Stukeley</i>. Ord Head, Caithness, <i>Roy</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_611_611" id="Footnote_611_611"></a><a href="#FNanchor_611_611"><span class="label">[611]</span></a> Frith of Dornoch, <i>Stukeley</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_612_612" id="Footnote_612_612"></a><a href="#FNanchor_612_612"><span class="label">[612]</span></a> The Logi seem to have held the south-east of Strathnavern, and north-east +of Sutherland.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_613_613" id="Footnote_613_613"></a><a href="#FNanchor_613_613"><span class="label">[613]</span></a> All, <i>Stukeley</i>. Shiel, <i>Roy</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_614_614" id="Footnote_614_614"></a><a href="#FNanchor_614_614"><span class="label">[614]</span></a> The Carnabii inhabited part of Caithness, the north of Ross, and +central part of Sutherland.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_615_615" id="Footnote_615_615"></a><a href="#FNanchor_615_615"><span class="label">[615]</span></a> Ness or Noss Head, <i>Stukeley</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_616_616" id="Footnote_616_616"></a><a href="#FNanchor_616_616"><span class="label">[616]</span></a> The Catini held part of Caithness and the east of Sutherland.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_617_617" id="Footnote_617_617"></a><a href="#FNanchor_617_617"><span class="label">[617]</span></a> The Mertæ held the country comprised between the Catini and +Carnabii.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_618_618" id="Footnote_618_618"></a><a href="#FNanchor_618_618"><span class="label">[618]</span></a> Dunnet Head, <i>Stukeley</i>. Duncansby Head, <i>Roy</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_619_619" id="Footnote_619_619"></a><a href="#FNanchor_619_619"><span class="label">[619]</span></a> Navern.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_620_620" id="Footnote_620_620"></a><a href="#FNanchor_620_620"><span class="label">[620]</span></a> The Carnonacæ seem to have held the detached portion of Cromarty, +situated near Loch Broom, and a small part on the border of Sutherland.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_621_621" id="Footnote_621_621"></a><a href="#FNanchor_621_621"><span class="label">[621]</span></a> Cape Wrath.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_622_622" id="Footnote_622_622"></a><a href="#FNanchor_622_622"><span class="label">[622]</span></a> Loch Broom.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_623_623" id="Footnote_623_623"></a><a href="#FNanchor_623_623"><span class="label">[623]</span></a> The Cerones held the north-west part of Ross;—the Creones south-west +of Ross and Inverness, and a part of Argyle.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_624_624" id="Footnote_624_624"></a><a href="#FNanchor_624_624"><span class="label">[624]</span></a> Shiel, <i>Roy</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_625_625" id="Footnote_625_625"></a><a href="#FNanchor_625_625"><span class="label">[625]</span></a> Loch Loch, <i>Stukeley</i>. Linnhe Loch, <i>Roy</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_626_626" id="Footnote_626_626"></a><a href="#FNanchor_626_626"><span class="label">[626]</span></a> Lochfyn.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_627_627" id="Footnote_627_627"></a><a href="#FNanchor_627_627"><span class="label">[627]</span></a> The Epidii probably occupied the Western part of Argyle, as far as +the Mull of Cantyr, and were bounded on one side by the sea and on the +other by Lochfyn.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><a name="Chapter_VII" id="Chapter_VII">CHAP. VII.</a></h3> + + +<p>The different parts of Britain having been cursorily +examined according to my original design, it seems necessary, +before I proceed to a description of the islands, to attend to +a doubt suggested by a certain person.<a name="FNanchor_628_628" id="FNanchor_628_628"></a><a href="#Footnote_628_628" class="fnanchor">[628]</a> "Where," asks he, +"are the vestiges of those cities and names which you +commemorate? There are none." This question may be +answered by another: Where are now the Assyrians, Parthians, +Sarmatians, Celtiberians? None will be bold enough +to deny the existence of those nations. Are there not also +at this time many countries and cities bearing the same +names as they did two or three thousand years ago? Judea, +Italy, Gaul, Britain, are as clearly known now as in former +times; Londinium is still styled in the common language, +with a slight change of sound, London. The negligence and +inattention of our ancestors in omitting to collect and preserve +such documents as might have been serviceable in this +particular, are not deserving of heavy censure, for scarcely +any but those in holy orders employed themselves in writing +books, and such even esteemed it inconsistent with their sacred +office to engage in such profane labours. I rather think I +may without danger, and without offence, transmit to posterity +that information which I have drawn from a careful examination +and accurate scrutiny of ancient records concerning the +state of this kingdom in former periods. The good abbat, +indeed, had nearly inspired me with other sentiments, by thus +seeming to address me: Are you ignorant how short a time +is allotted us in this world; that the greatest exertions +cannot exempt us from the appellation of unprofitable +servants; and that all our studies should be directed to the +purpose of being useful to others? Of what service are +these things, but to delude the world with unmeaning trifles?<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_456" id="Page_456">[Pg 456]</a></span> +To these remarks I answer with propriety. Is then every +honest gratification forbidden? Do not such narratives +exhibit proofs of Divine Providence? Does it not hence +appear, that an evangelical sermon concerning the death and +merits of Christ enlightened and subdued a world overrun +with Gentile superstitions? To the reply, that such things +are properly treated of in systems of chronology, I rejoin: +Nor is it too much to know that our ancestors were not, as +some assert, Autochthones, sprung from the earth; but that +God opened the book of nature to display his omnipotence, +such as it is described in the writings of Moses. When the +abbat answered, that works which were intended merely to +acquire reputation for their authors from posterity, should +be committed to the flames, I confess with gratitude that I +repented of this undertaking. The remainder of the work +is therefore only a chronological abridgment, which I present +to the reader, whom I commend to the goodness and protection +of God; and at the same time request, that he will +pray for me to our holy Father, who is merciful and inclined +to forgiveness.</p> + +<p>The following Itinerary is collected from certain fragments +left by a Roman general. The order is changed in some instances, +according to Ptolemy and others, and it is hoped, +with improvement.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>Among the Britons were formerly ninety-two cities, of which +thirty-three were more celebrated and conspicuous. Two +municipal,<a name="FNanchor_629_629" id="FNanchor_629_629"></a><a href="#Footnote_629_629" class="fnanchor">[629]</a> Verolamium;<a name="FNanchor_630_630" id="FNanchor_630_630"></a><a href="#Footnote_630_630" class="fnanchor">[630]</a> and Eboracum.<a name="FNanchor_631_631" id="FNanchor_631_631"></a><a href="#Footnote_631_631" class="fnanchor">[631]</a> Nine colonial;<a name="FNanchor_632_632" id="FNanchor_632_632"></a><a href="#Footnote_632_632" class="fnanchor">[632]</a> +namely, Londinium<a name="FNanchor_633_633" id="FNanchor_633_633"></a><a href="#Footnote_633_633" class="fnanchor">[633]</a> <i>Augusta</i>, Camalodunum<a name="FNanchor_634_634" id="FNanchor_634_634"></a><a href="#Footnote_634_634" class="fnanchor">[634]</a> <i>Geminæ Martiæ</i>, +Rhutupis,<a name="FNanchor_635_635" id="FNanchor_635_635"></a><a href="#Footnote_635_635" class="fnanchor">[635]</a> ***** Thermæ<a name="FNanchor_636_636" id="FNanchor_636_636"></a><a href="#Footnote_636_636" class="fnanchor">[636]</a> <i>Aquæ Solis</i>, Isca<a name="FNanchor_637_637" id="FNanchor_637_637"></a><a href="#Footnote_637_637" class="fnanchor">[637]</a> <i>Secunda</i>,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_457" id="Page_457">[Pg 457]</a></span> +Deva<a name="FNanchor_638_638" id="FNanchor_638_638"></a><a href="#Footnote_638_638" class="fnanchor">[638]</a> Getica, Glevum<a name="FNanchor_639_639" id="FNanchor_639_639"></a><a href="#Footnote_639_639" class="fnanchor">[639]</a> <i>Claudia</i>, Lindum,<a name="FNanchor_640_640" id="FNanchor_640_640"></a><a href="#Footnote_640_640" class="fnanchor">[640]</a> **** +Camboricum<a name="FNanchor_641_641" id="FNanchor_641_641"></a><a href="#Footnote_641_641" class="fnanchor">[641]</a>. **** Ten cities under the Latian law:<a name="FNanchor_642_642" id="FNanchor_642_642"></a><a href="#Footnote_642_642" class="fnanchor">[642]</a> +namely, Durnomagus,<a name="FNanchor_643_643" id="FNanchor_643_643"></a><a href="#Footnote_643_643" class="fnanchor">[643]</a> Cataracton,<a name="FNanchor_644_644" id="FNanchor_644_644"></a><a href="#Footnote_644_644" class="fnanchor">[644]</a> Cambodunum,<a name="FNanchor_645_645" id="FNanchor_645_645"></a><a href="#Footnote_645_645" class="fnanchor">[645]</a> Coccium,<a name="FNanchor_646_646" id="FNanchor_646_646"></a><a href="#Footnote_646_646" class="fnanchor">[646]</a> +Lugubalia,<a name="FNanchor_647_647" id="FNanchor_647_647"></a><a href="#Footnote_647_647" class="fnanchor">[647]</a> Ptoroton,<a name="FNanchor_648_648" id="FNanchor_648_648"></a><a href="#Footnote_648_648" class="fnanchor">[648]</a> Victoria,<a name="FNanchor_649_649" id="FNanchor_649_649"></a><a href="#Footnote_649_649" class="fnanchor">[649]</a> Theodosia,<a name="FNanchor_650_650" id="FNanchor_650_650"></a><a href="#Footnote_650_650" class="fnanchor">[650]</a> Corinum,<a name="FNanchor_651_651" id="FNanchor_651_651"></a><a href="#Footnote_651_651" class="fnanchor">[651]</a> +Sorbiodunum.<a name="FNanchor_652_652" id="FNanchor_652_652"></a><a href="#Footnote_652_652" class="fnanchor">[652]</a> Twelve stipendiary<a name="FNanchor_653_653" id="FNanchor_653_653"></a><a href="#Footnote_653_653" class="fnanchor">[653]</a> and of lesser +consequence; Venta Silurum,<a name="FNanchor_654_654" id="FNanchor_654_654"></a><a href="#Footnote_654_654" class="fnanchor">[654]</a> Venta Belgarum,<a name="FNanchor_655_655" id="FNanchor_655_655"></a><a href="#Footnote_655_655" class="fnanchor">[655]</a> Venta Icenorum,<a name="FNanchor_656_656" id="FNanchor_656_656"></a><a href="#Footnote_656_656" class="fnanchor">[656]</a> +Segontium,<a name="FNanchor_657_657" id="FNanchor_657_657"></a><a href="#Footnote_657_657" class="fnanchor">[657]</a> Maridunum,<a name="FNanchor_658_658" id="FNanchor_658_658"></a><a href="#Footnote_658_658" class="fnanchor">[658]</a> Ragæ,<a name="FNanchor_659_659" id="FNanchor_659_659"></a><a href="#Footnote_659_659" class="fnanchor">[659]</a> Cantiopolis,<a name="FNanchor_660_660" id="FNanchor_660_660"></a><a href="#Footnote_660_660" class="fnanchor">[660]</a> Durinum,<a name="FNanchor_661_661" id="FNanchor_661_661"></a><a href="#Footnote_661_661" class="fnanchor">[661]</a> +Isca,<a name="FNanchor_662_662" id="FNanchor_662_662"></a><a href="#Footnote_662_662" class="fnanchor">[662]</a> Bremenium,<a name="FNanchor_663_663" id="FNanchor_663_663"></a><a href="#Footnote_663_663" class="fnanchor">[663]</a> Vindonum,<a name="FNanchor_664_664" id="FNanchor_664_664"></a><a href="#Footnote_664_664" class="fnanchor">[664]</a> and Durobrivæ.<a name="FNanchor_665_665" id="FNanchor_665_665"></a><a href="#Footnote_665_665" class="fnanchor">[665]</a> +But let no one lightly imagine that the Romans had not +many others besides those above-mentioned. I have only +commemorated the more celebrated. For who can doubt +that they who, as conquerors of the world, were at liberty to +choose, did not select places fitted for their purposes? They +for the most part took up their abode in fortresses which +they constructed for themselves.</p> + +<p>(The Itinerary, which follows here in the original Latin, +being a dry list of names, is omitted. See the Appendix, <a href="#No_I">No. I.</a>)</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_628_628" id="Footnote_628_628"></a><a href="#FNanchor_628_628"><span class="label">[628]</span></a> These remarks prove how much Richard rose superior to the prejudices +of his age and his profession. From the tone which he assumes, it is +however, evident that he found it advisable to yield to the remonstrances +of his superior.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_629_629" id="Footnote_629_629"></a><a href="#FNanchor_629_629"><span class="label">[629]</span></a> Municipia were towns whose inhabitants possessed in general all the +rights of Roman citizens, except those which could not be enjoyed without +an actual residence at Rome. They followed their own laws and customs, +and had the option of adopting or rejecting those of Rome.—<i>Rosini Antiq. +Rom.</i> b. x. c. 23.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_630_630" id="Footnote_630_630"></a><a href="#FNanchor_630_630"><span class="label">[630]</span></a> St. Alban's.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_631_631" id="Footnote_631_631"></a><a href="#FNanchor_631_631"><span class="label">[631]</span></a> York.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_632_632" id="Footnote_632_632"></a><a href="#FNanchor_632_632"><span class="label">[632]</span></a> There were different kinds of colonies, each entitled to different rights +and privileges; but we have no criterion to ascertain the rank occupied by +those in Britain.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_633_633" id="Footnote_633_633"></a><a href="#FNanchor_633_633"><span class="label">[633]</span></a> London.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_634_634" id="Footnote_634_634"></a><a href="#FNanchor_634_634"><span class="label">[634]</span></a> Colchester.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_635_635" id="Footnote_635_635"></a><a href="#FNanchor_635_635"><span class="label">[635]</span></a> Richborough in Kent.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_636_636" id="Footnote_636_636"></a><a href="#FNanchor_636_636"><span class="label">[636]</span></a> Bath.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_637_637" id="Footnote_637_637"></a><a href="#FNanchor_637_637"><span class="label">[637]</span></a> Caerleon.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_638_638" id="Footnote_638_638"></a><a href="#FNanchor_638_638"><span class="label">[638]</span></a> Chester.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_639_639" id="Footnote_639_639"></a><a href="#FNanchor_639_639"><span class="label">[639]</span></a> Gloucester.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_640_640" id="Footnote_640_640"></a><a href="#FNanchor_640_640"><span class="label">[640]</span></a> Lincoln.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_641_641" id="Footnote_641_641"></a><a href="#FNanchor_641_641"><span class="label">[641]</span></a> Cambridge.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_642_642" id="Footnote_642_642"></a><a href="#FNanchor_642_642"><span class="label">[642]</span></a> The Latian law consisted of the privileges granted to the ancient inhabitants +of Latium. These are not distinctly known; but appear principally +to have been the right of following their own laws, an exemption from +the edicts of the Roman prætor, and the option of adopting the laws and +customs of Rome.—<i>Rosini.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_643_643" id="Footnote_643_643"></a><a href="#FNanchor_643_643"><span class="label">[643]</span></a> Castor on Nen.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_644_644" id="Footnote_644_644"></a><a href="#FNanchor_644_644"><span class="label">[644]</span></a> Catteric.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_645_645" id="Footnote_645_645"></a><a href="#FNanchor_645_645"><span class="label">[645]</span></a> Slack.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_646_646" id="Footnote_646_646"></a><a href="#FNanchor_646_646"><span class="label">[646]</span></a> Blackrode.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_647_647" id="Footnote_647_647"></a><a href="#FNanchor_647_647"><span class="label">[647]</span></a> Carlisle.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_648_648" id="Footnote_648_648"></a><a href="#FNanchor_648_648"><span class="label">[648]</span></a> Burgh Head, Elgin, Scotland.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_649_649" id="Footnote_649_649"></a><a href="#FNanchor_649_649"><span class="label">[649]</span></a> Dealgin Ross.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_650_650" id="Footnote_650_650"></a><a href="#FNanchor_650_650"><span class="label">[650]</span></a> Dumbarton.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_651_651" id="Footnote_651_651"></a><a href="#FNanchor_651_651"><span class="label">[651]</span></a> Cirencester, Gloc.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_652_652" id="Footnote_652_652"></a><a href="#FNanchor_652_652"><span class="label">[652]</span></a> Old Sarum.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_653_653" id="Footnote_653_653"></a><a href="#FNanchor_653_653"><span class="label">[653]</span></a> The stipendiary were those who paid their taxes in money, in contradistinction +from those who gave a certain portion of the produce of the soil, +and were called Vectigales.—<i>Rosini.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_654_654" id="Footnote_654_654"></a><a href="#FNanchor_654_654"><span class="label">[654]</span></a> Caerwent, Monmouth.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_655_655" id="Footnote_655_655"></a><a href="#FNanchor_655_655"><span class="label">[655]</span></a> Winchester.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_656_656" id="Footnote_656_656"></a><a href="#FNanchor_656_656"><span class="label">[656]</span></a> Castor, near Norwich.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_657_657" id="Footnote_657_657"></a><a href="#FNanchor_657_657"><span class="label">[657]</span></a> Caer Segont.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_658_658" id="Footnote_658_658"></a><a href="#FNanchor_658_658"><span class="label">[658]</span></a> Caermarthen.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_659_659" id="Footnote_659_659"></a><a href="#FNanchor_659_659"><span class="label">[659]</span></a> Leicester.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_660_660" id="Footnote_660_660"></a><a href="#FNanchor_660_660"><span class="label">[660]</span></a> Canterbury.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_661_661" id="Footnote_661_661"></a><a href="#FNanchor_661_661"><span class="label">[661]</span></a> Dorchester.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_662_662" id="Footnote_662_662"></a><a href="#FNanchor_662_662"><span class="label">[662]</span></a> Exeter.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_663_663" id="Footnote_663_663"></a><a href="#FNanchor_663_663"><span class="label">[663]</span></a> Riechester, Northumberland.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_664_664" id="Footnote_664_664"></a><a href="#FNanchor_664_664"><span class="label">[664]</span></a> Possibly Egbury camp, Hants.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_665_665" id="Footnote_665_665"></a><a href="#FNanchor_665_665"><span class="label">[665]</span></a> Rochester.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3>CHAP. VIII.</h3> + + +<p>1. Having now finished our survey of Albion, we shall +describe the neighbouring country, Hibernia or Ireland, with +the same brevity.</p> + +<p>2. Hibernia is situated more westerly than any other +country except England; but as it does not extend so far<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_458" id="Page_458">[Pg 458]</a></span> +north, so it stretches further than England towards the south, +and the Spanish province of Tarraconensis, from which it is +separated by the ocean.<a name="FNanchor_666_666" id="FNanchor_666_666"></a><a href="#Footnote_666_666" class="fnanchor">[666]</a></p> + +<p>3. The sea which flows between Britain and Hibernia is +subject to storms, and according to Solinus, is navigable only +during a few days in summer. Midway between the two +countries is the island called Monœda,<a name="FNanchor_667_667" id="FNanchor_667_667"></a><a href="#Footnote_667_667" class="fnanchor">[667]</a> but now Manavia.</p> + +<p>4. According to Bede, Hibernia is preferable to Britain, +on account of its situation, salubrity, and serene air, insomuch +that snow seldom remains more than three days, nor is it usual +to make hay for the winter, or build stalls for cattle.</p> + +<p>5. No reptile is found there, nor does it maintain a viper +or serpent; for serpents frequently carried from England +have died on approaching the shore. Indeed almost all +things in the island are antidotes to poison. We have seen an +infusion of scraped pieces of bark brought from Hibernia, +given to persons bitten by serpents, which immediately deprived +the poison of its force, and abated the swelling.</p> + +<p>6. This island, according to the venerable Bede, is rich in +milk and honey; nor is it without vines. It abounds with +fish and birds, and affords deer and goats for the chase.</p> + +<p>7. The inhabitants, says Mela, are more than other nations +uncivilized and without virtue, and those who have a little +knowledge are wholly destitute of piety. Solinus calls them +an inhospitable and warlike people. The conquerors, after +drinking the blood of the slain, daub their faces with the +remainder. They know no distinction between right and +wrong. When a woman brings forth a son, she places its +first food on the point of her husband's sword, and, introducing +it into the mouth of the infant, wishes according to the +custom of the country, that he may die amidst arms and in +battle. Those who are fond of ornaments adorn the hilts of +their swords with the teeth of marine animals, which they +polish to a degree of whiteness equal to ivory; for the principal +glory of a man consists in the splendour of his arms.</p> + +<p>8. Agrippa states the length of Hibernia to be six hundred +miles, and the breadth three hundred. It was formerly in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_459" id="Page_459">[Pg 459]</a></span>habited +by twenty tribes, of whom (<i>fourteen</i><a name="FNanchor_668_668" id="FNanchor_668_668"></a><a href="#Footnote_668_668" class="fnanchor">[668]</a>) lived on the +coast.</p> + +<p>9. This is the true country of the Scots, who emigrating +from hence added a third nation to the Britons and Picts in +Albion. But I cannot agree with Bede, who affirms that the +Scots were foreigners. For, according to the testimony of +other authors, I conceive they derived their origin from +Britain, situated at no considerable distance, passed over from +thence, and obtained a settlement in this island. It is certain +that the Damnii, Voluntii, Brigantes, Cangi, and other +nations, were descended from the Britons, and passed over +thither after Divitiacus, or Claudius, or Ostorius, or other victorious +generals had invaded their original countries. Lastly, +the ancient language which resembles the old British and +Gallic tongues, affords another argument, as is well known +to persons skilled in both languages.<a name="FNanchor_669_669" id="FNanchor_669_669"></a><a href="#Footnote_669_669" class="fnanchor">[669]</a></p> + +<p>10. The Deucaledonian Ocean washes the northern side of +Hibernia; the Vergivian and Internal the eastern, the Cantabric +the south, as the great British or Atlantic Ocean does +the western. According to this order, we shall give a description +of the island and the most remarkable places.</p> + +<p>11. The Rhobogdii occupied the coast of the island next +to the Deucaledonian Sea. Their metropolis was Rhobogdium. +In the eastern part of their territories was situated the +promontory of the same name; in the Western the +Promontorium Boreum, or Northern Promontory. Their +rivers were the Banna, Darabouna, Argitta, and Vidua; +and towards the south, mountains separated them from the +Scotti.</p> + +<p>12. On the coast between the northern and Venicnian +Promontory, and as far as the mouth of the Rhebeus, dwelt +the Venicnii. To them the contiguous islands owe their +name. Their capital was Rheba. The Nagnatæ dwelt +below the Rhebeus as far as the Libnius, and their celebrated +metropolis was called after them. The Auterii lived in a +recess of the bay of Ausoba, towards the south, and their<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_460" id="Page_460">[Pg 460]</a></span> +chief city was named after them. The Concangii occupied +the lower part of the same region, near the southern confines +of which flowed the river Senus, a noble river, on which +was situated their chief city Macobicum. Hibernia in this +part being contracted, terminates in a narrow point. The +Velatorii inhabited the country near the southern promontory +by the river Senus; their metropolis was Regia, and their +river Durius. The Lucani were situated where the river +Ibernus flows into the ocean.</p> + +<p>13. The southern side of the island stretched from the +Promontorium Austriacum, or Southern Promontory, to the +Sacred Promontory. Here lived the Ibernii, whose metropolis +was Rhufina. Next was the river Dobona, and the people +called Vodiæ, whose promontory of the same name lies +opposite to the Promontorium Antivestæum in England, at +about the distance of one hundred and forty-five miles. Not +far from thence is the river Dabrona, the boundary of the +Brigantes, who have also the river Briga for their limit, and +whose chief city is called Brigantia.</p> + +<p>14. The part of this island which reaches from the Sacred +Promontory as far as Rhobogdium is called the Eastern. +The Menapii, inhabiting the Sacred Promontory, had their +chief city upon the river Modona called by the same name. +From this part to Menapia<a name="FNanchor_670_670" id="FNanchor_670_670"></a><a href="#Footnote_670_670" class="fnanchor">[670]</a> in Dimetia, the distance, +according to Pliny, is thirty miles. One of these countries, +but which is uncertain, gave birth to Carausius. Beyond +these people the Cauci had their metropolis Dunum [Down]; +and the river Oboca washed their boundaries. Both these +nations were undoubtedly of Teutonic origin; but it is not +known at what precise time their ancestors first passed over, +though most probably a little while before Cæsar's arrival in +Britain.</p> + +<p>15. Beyond these were the Eblanæ, whose chief city was +Mediolanum, upon the river Lœbius. More to the north +was Lebarum, the city of the Voluntii, whose rivers were +Vinderus and Buvinda. The Damnii occupied the part of +the island lying above these people, and contiguous to the +Rhobogdii. Their chief city was Dunum [Down], where +St. Patrick, St. Columba, and St. Bridget are supposed to be +buried in one tomb.</p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_461" id="Page_461">[Pg 461]</a></span></p> +<p>16. It remains now to give some account of those people +who lived in the interior parts. The Coriondii bordered +upon the Cauci and Menapii, above the Brigantes; the Scotti possessed the remaining part of the island, which +from them took the name of Scotia. Among many of their +cities, the remembrance of two only has reached our times: +the one Rheba, on the lake and river Rhebeus; the other +Ibernia, situated at the east side of the river Senus.</p> + +<p>17. I cannot omit mentioning in this place that the +Damnii, Voluntii, Brigantes, and Cangiani were all nations +of British origin, who being either molested by neighbouring +enemies, or unable to pay the heavy tribute exacted of them, +gradually passed over into this country in search of new +settlements. With respect to the Menapii, Cauci, and some +other people, it has been before remarked that many things +occur which cannot safely be relied upon. Tacitus relates +that Hibernia was more frequented by foreigners than +Albion. But in that case, the ancients would undoubtedly +have left us a more ample and credible account of this island. +While I am writing a description of Hibernia, it seems right +to add, that it was reduced under the Roman power, not by +arms, but by fear: and moreover, that Ptolemy, in his +second map of Europe, and other celebrated geographers, +have erred in placing it at too great a distance from Britain, +and from the northern part of the province Secunda, as +appears from their books and maps.</p> + +<p>18. North of Hibernia are the Hebudes, five<a name="FNanchor_671_671" id="FNanchor_671_671"></a><a href="#Footnote_671_671" class="fnanchor">[671]</a> in number, +the inhabitants of which know not the use of corn, but live +on fish and milk. They are all, according to Solinus, subject +to one chief, for they are only divided from each other by +narrow straits. The chief possessed no peculiar property +but was maintained by general contribution: he was bound +by certain laws; and lest avarice should seduce him from +equity, he learned justice from poverty, having no house nor +property, and being maintained at the public expense. He +had no wife; but took by turns any woman for whom he +felt an inclination, and hence had neither a wish nor hope<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_462" id="Page_462">[Pg 462]</a></span> +for children. Some persons have written concerning these +Hebudes, that during winter darkness continues for the space +of thirty days? but Cæsar upon diligent inquiry found this +assertion untrue, and only discovered by certain water-measures +of time that the nights were shorter here than in Gaul.</p> + +<p>19. The Orcades, according to some accounts, are distant +from the Hebudes seven days and nights' sail; but this +is erroneous. They are thirty in number, and contiguous to +each other. They were uninhabited, without wood, and +abounded with reeds: several were formed only of sand and +rocks, as may be collected from Solinus and others.</p> + +<p>20. Thule, the last of the British isles, is placed by Mela +opposite to<a name="FNanchor_672_672" id="FNanchor_672_672"></a><a href="#Footnote_672_672" class="fnanchor">[672]</a> the coast of the Belgæ. It has been celebrated +in Greek and Roman verse. Thus the Mantuan Homer +says,—</p> + +<p class="center"> +"Et tibi serviat ultima Thule."<br /> +</p> + +<p>Here are no nights during the solstice when the sun passes +the sign of Cancer; and on the other hand, in the winter +there are no days, as Pliny asserts. These circumstances +are supposed to happen for six whole months. The inhabitants, +as Solinus affirms, in the beginning of the spring +live among their cattle upon herbs, then upon milk, and lay +up fruits against the winter. They have their women in +common without marriages. Thule, according to the same +author, abounds in fruits. At the distance of a day's sail +from Thule the sea is difficult to pass through, and frozen; +it is by some called Cronium. From Thule to Caledonia is +two days' sail.</p> + +<p>21. The isle of Thanatos<a name="FNanchor_673_673" id="FNanchor_673_673"></a><a href="#Footnote_673_673" class="fnanchor">[673]</a> is bounded by a narrow channel, +and separated from the continent of Britain by a small +estuary called the Wantsum.<a name="FNanchor_674_674" id="FNanchor_674_674"></a><a href="#Footnote_674_674" class="fnanchor">[674]</a> It is rich in pasture and corn. +According to Isiodorus, its soil is not only salubrious to +itself, but to others, for no snakes live in it, and the earth +being carried to a distance destroys them. It is not far +distant from Rhutupis.<a name="FNanchor_675_675" id="FNanchor_675_675"></a><a href="#Footnote_675_675" class="fnanchor">[675]</a></p> + +<p>22. The isle of Vecta,<a name="FNanchor_676_676" id="FNanchor_676_676"></a><a href="#Footnote_676_676" class="fnanchor">[676]</a> conquered by Vespasian, is thirty<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_463" id="Page_463">[Pg 463]</a></span> +miles in length, on the side next to the Belgæ, from east to +west, and twelve from north to south. In the eastern part it +is six miles, in the western three, from the above-mentioned +southern shore of Britain.</p> + +<p>23. Besides the isles just specified, there were VII Acmodæ,<a name="FNanchor_677_677" id="FNanchor_677_677"></a><a href="#Footnote_677_677" class="fnanchor">[677]</a> +Ricnea,<span style="vertical-align: super; font-size:.8em;"><a href="#a_998">[677A]</a><a name="A" id="A"></a></span> +Silimnus,<span style="vertical-align: super; font-size:.8em;"><a href="#a_997">[677B]</a><a name="B" id="B"></a></span> +Andros,<span style="vertical-align: super; font-size:.8em;"><a href="#a_996">[677C]</a><a name="C" id="C"></a></span> +Sigdiles,<span style="vertical-align: super; font-size:.8em;"><a href="#a_995">[677D]</a><a name="D" id="D"></a></span> +XL Vindilios,<span style="vertical-align: super; font-size:.8em;"><a href="#a_994">[677E]</a><a name="E" id="E"></a></span> +Sarna,<a name="FNanchor_678_678" id="FNanchor_678_678"></a><a href="#Footnote_678_678" class="fnanchor">[678]</a> Cæsarea,<a name="FNanchor_679_679" id="FNanchor_679_679"></a><a href="#Footnote_679_679" class="fnanchor">[679]</a> and Cassiterides. +<a name="FNanchor_680_680" id="FNanchor_680_680"></a><a href="#Footnote_680_680" class="fnanchor">[680]</a></p> +<p>24. The island Sena, opposite the Ossismican<a name="FNanchor_681_681" id="FNanchor_681_681"></a><a href="#Footnote_681_681" class="fnanchor">[681]</a> coast, is +according to Mela famous for the oracle of the Gallic deity, +of whom the priestesses, sanctified by perpetual virginity, +are said to have been nine in number. The Gauls call them +Senæ, and suppose them gifted with singular powers; that +they raise the winds and the seas with incantations, change +themselves into what animals they please, and cure disorders +which in other places yield to no remedy; that they have the +knowledge of future events, and prophesy. They are not +favourable except to mariners, and only to such as go thither +for the purpose of consulting them.</p> + +<p>25. The rest of the isles of smaller size and consequence +which lie round Albion will be better perceived and known +by the inspection of the annexed map<a name="FNanchor_682_682" id="FNanchor_682_682"></a><a href="#Footnote_682_682" class="fnanchor">[682]</a> than from any description. +Here, therefore, we stop, and anxiously commend our +labours to the favour and judgment of the benevolent reader.</p> + +<p>The first book of the geographical Commentary on the +situation of Britain, and those stations which the Romans +erected in that island, is happily finished, through the assistance +of God, by the hand of Richard, servant of Christ and +monk of Westminster. Thanks be to God!</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_666_666" id="Footnote_666_666"></a><a href="#FNanchor_666_666"><span class="label">[666]</span></a> As we have neither the assistance of an Itinerary to guide us in our +researches, nor a local knowledge of Ireland, we have not attempted to +specify the situation of the ancient states and cities in that island.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_667_667" id="Footnote_667_667"></a><a href="#FNanchor_667_667"><span class="label">[667]</span></a> Man.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_668_668" id="Footnote_668_668"></a><a href="#FNanchor_668_668"><span class="label">[668]</span></a> In the original is an error in the numerals, the number afterwards +specified is fourteen.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_669_669" id="Footnote_669_669"></a><a href="#FNanchor_669_669"><span class="label">[669]</span></a> Nearly one-third of the words in the Irish tongue are the same as the +modern Welsh, and many idioms and modes of speech are common to +both languages.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_670_670" id="Footnote_670_670"></a><a href="#FNanchor_670_670"><span class="label">[670]</span></a> St. David's.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_671_671" id="Footnote_671_671"></a><a href="#FNanchor_671_671"><span class="label">[671]</span></a> The Hebudes amount to more than five. From hence it may perhaps +be inferred that the Roman fleet in their voyage of discovery did not reach +these seas, though they coasted the northern part of Scotland, for the +Orcades are rightly numbered.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_672_672" id="Footnote_672_672"></a><a href="#FNanchor_672_672"><span class="label">[672]</span></a> Littori apposita, Richard. From the sense in which this phrase is +generally used in geography, it might be rendered <i>under the same +meridian</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_673_673" id="Footnote_673_673"></a><a href="#FNanchor_673_673"><span class="label">[673]</span></a> Thanet.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_674_674" id="Footnote_674_674"></a><a href="#FNanchor_674_674"><span class="label">[674]</span></a> See Bede's Eccles. Hist. p. 37, note.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_675_675" id="Footnote_675_675"></a><a href="#FNanchor_675_675"><span class="label">[675]</span></a> Richborough.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_676_676" id="Footnote_676_676"></a><a href="#FNanchor_676_676"><span class="label">[676]</span></a> Wight.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_677_677" id="Footnote_677_677"></a><a href="#FNanchor_677_677"><span class="label">[677]</span></a> +<a name="a_998" id="a_998"></a><a href="#A">[677A]</a> +<a name="a_997" id="a_997"></a><a href="#B">[677B]</a> +<a name="a_996" id="a_996"></a><a href="#C">[677C]</a> +<a name="a_995" id="a_995"></a><a href="#D">[677D]</a> +<a name="a_994" id="a_994"></a><a href="#E">[677E]</a> No geographer has hitherto attempted to ascertain the modern +names of these islands.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_678_678" id="Footnote_678_678"></a><a href="#FNanchor_678_678"><span class="label">[678]</span></a> Guernsey.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_679_679" id="Footnote_679_679"></a><a href="#FNanchor_679_679"><span class="label">[679]</span></a> Jersey.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_680_680" id="Footnote_680_680"></a><a href="#FNanchor_680_680"><span class="label">[680]</span></a> Scilly Isles.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_681_681" id="Footnote_681_681"></a><a href="#FNanchor_681_681"><span class="label">[681]</span></a> From a tribe of the Veneti called Ossismii, who inhabited part of +Bretagne.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_682_682" id="Footnote_682_682"></a><a href="#FNanchor_682_682"><span class="label">[682]</span></a> The map being no longer of any use, has been omitted in this edition.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3>BOOK II.</h3> + +<h3>PREFACE.</h3> + + +<p>We have thought proper to add as a supplement to the +description of ancient Britain in the same summary manner<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_464" id="Page_464">[Pg 464]</a></span>—I. An epitome +of chronology from the creation to the sack +of Rome by the Goths: II. A short account of the Roman +emperors, and governors, who presided over this country: +III. Some persons will perhaps say that this kind of work is +not absolutely necessary either for divine worship or greater +things. But let them know that leisure hours may be +dedicated to the study of the antiquities of our country +without any derogation from the sacred character. Yet +if censorious people envy us such pleasures at leisure hours, +hastening to the end and almost arrived at the goal, we here +check our steps.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3>CHAP. I.</h3> + + +<p>IV. In the beginning, the Almighty Creator made this +world, inhabited by us and other creatures, out of nothing, +in the space of six days.</p> + +<p>V. In the year of the world 1656, the Creator, to punish +the increasing wickedness of mankind, sent a flood upon the +earth, which, overwhelming the whole world, destroyed every +living creature except those which had entered the ark, and +whose progeny replenished the new world with colonies of +living beings.</p> + +<p>VI. 3000. About this time some persons affirm that Britain +was cultivated and first inhabited, when it was visited by the +Greek and Phœnician merchants. Nor are those wanting +who believe that London was shortly after built by a king +called Bryto.</p> + +<p>VII. 3228. The brothers Romulus and Remus laid the +foundation of Rome, which in time became the common +terror of all nations.</p> + +<p>VIII. 3600. The Senones, having emigrated from Britain, +passed through Gaul, with the intent to invade Italy and +attack Rome.</p> + +<p>IX. 3650. The Belgæ entered this country, and the Celta +occupied the region deserted by the Senones. Divitiacus +king of the Ædui soon afterwards passed over with an army +and subdued great part of this kingdom. About this time +the Britons who were expelled by the Belgæ emigrated to +Ireland, formed a settlement, and were thenceforward called +Scoti.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_465" id="Page_465">[Pg 465]</a></span></p> + +<p>X. 3943. Cassibelinus waged war with the maritime +states.<a name="FNanchor_683_683" id="FNanchor_683_683"></a><a href="#Footnote_683_683" class="fnanchor">[683]</a></p> + +<p>XI. 3946. Cæsar overcame the Germans, Gauls, and also +the Britons, to whom, before this time, even the name of the +Romans was unknown. The conqueror, having received +hostages, rendered the people tributary.</p> + +<p>XII. 3947. At length coming a second time into this +country, upon the invitation, as he pretended, of the Trinobantes, +he waged war with Cassibelinus king of the Cassii. +Suetonius, however, asserts, with greater probability, that he +was allured by the costly pearls of Britain.</p> + +<p>XIII. 4044. The emperor Claudius passed over to +Britain, and in the space of six months, almost without +effusion of blood, reduced a great part of the island, which +he ordered to be called Cæsariensis.</p> + +<p>XIV. 4045. Vespasian, at that time in a private station, +being sent by the emperor Claudius with the second legion +into this country, attacked the Belgæ and Damnonii, and +having fought thirty-two battles and taken twenty cities, +reduced them under the Roman power, together with the +Isle of Wight.</p> + +<p>XV. 4047. The Romans occupied Thermæ and Glebon.</p> + +<p>XVI. 4050. Ostorius the Roman general, after a war of +nine years, overcame Caractacus king of the Silures, great +part of Britain was reduced into a province, and the colony +of Camalodunum founded.</p> + +<p>XVII. 4052. Certain cities of the Belgæ were yielded by +the Romans to Cogibundus, that he might form a kingdom. +About this time the Cangi and Brigantes went over and +settled in Ireland.</p> + +<p>XVIII. 4061. The emperor Nero, having no courage for +military enterprises, nearly lost Britain; for under him its +two greatest cities were taken and destroyed. Bonduica, in +order to revenge the injury offered to her by the Romans, +rose in arms, burned the Roman colonies of London, Camalodunum, +and the municipal town Verulamium, and slew more +than eighty thousand Roman citizens. She was at length +overcome by Suetonius, who amply avenged the loss, by +slaughtering an equal number of her subjects.</p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_466" id="Page_466">[Pg 466]</a></span></p> +<p>XIX. 4073. Cerealis conquered the Brigantes.</p> + +<p>XX. 4076. Frontinus punished the Ordovices.</p> + +<p>XXI. 4080. Agricola after a severe engagement subdued +Galgacus king of the Caledonians. He ordered all the +island to be examined by a fleet, and having sailed round its +coasts, added the Orcades to the Roman empire.</p> + +<p>XXII. 4120. The emperor Hadrian himself came into +the island, and separated one part of it from the other by an +immense wall.</p> + +<p>XXIII. 4140. Urbicus being sent hither by Antoninus +Pius, distinguished himself by his victories.</p> + +<p>XXIV. 4150. Aurelius Antoninus also obtained victories +over some of the Britons.</p> + +<p>XXV. 4160. Britain was enlightened by the introduction +of Christianity, during the reign of Lucius, who first +submitted himself to the cross of Christ.</p> + +<p>XXVI. 4170. The Romans were driven from the +Vespasian province. About this time it is supposed that +king Reuda came with his people, the Picts, from the +islands into Britain.</p> + +<p>XXVII. 4207. The emperor Severus, passing over into +Britain, repaired the wall built by the Romans, which had +been ruined, and died not long after, by the visitation of +God, at York.</p> + +<p>XXVIII. 4211. Bassianus (Caracalla) obtained a venal +peace from the Mæatæ.</p> + +<p>XXIX. 4220. During these times the Roman armies confined +themselves within the wall, and all the island enjoyed +a profound peace.</p> + +<p>XXX. 4290. Carausius, having assumed the purple, +seized upon Britain; but ten years afterwards it was recovered +by Asclepiodotus.</p> + +<p>XXXI. 4304. A cruel and inveterate persecution, in +which within the space of a month seventeen thousand +martyrs suffered in the cause of Christ. This persecution +spread over the sea, and the Britons, Alban, Aaron, and +Julius, with great numbers of men and women, were +condemned to a happy death.</p> + +<p>XXXII. 4306. Constantius, a man of the greatest +humanity, having conquered Allectus, died at Eboracum in +the sixteenth year of his reign.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_467" id="Page_467">[Pg 467]</a></span></p> + +<p>XXXIII. 4307. Constantine, afterwards called the Great, +son of Constantius by Helena, a British woman, was created +emperor in Britain; and Ireland voluntarily became tributary +to him.</p> + +<p>XXXIV. 4320. The Scoti entered Britain under the +conduct of the king Fergusius, and here fixed their residence.</p> + +<p>XXXV. Theodosius slew Maximus the tyrant three +miles from Aquileia. Maximus having nearly drained +Britain of all its warlike youth, who followed the footsteps +of his tyranny over Gaul, the fierce transmarine nations of +the Scots from the south, and the Picts from the north, perceiving +the island without soldiers and defenceless, oppressed +it and laid it waste during a long series of years.</p> + +<p>XXXVI. 4396. The Britons indignantly submitting to +the attacks of the Scots and Picts, sent to Rome, made an +offer of submission, and requested assistance against their +enemies. A legion being accordingly despatched to their +assistance, slew a great multitude of the barbarians, and +drove the remainder beyond the confines of Britain. The +legion, upon its departure homewards, advised its allies to +construct a wall between the two estuaries, to restrain the +enemy. A wall was accordingly made in an unskilful manner, +with a greater proportion of turf than stone, which was +of no advantage; for on the departure of the Romans the +former enemies returned in ships, slew, trampled on, and devoured +all things before them like a ripened harvest.</p> + +<p>XXXVII. 4400. Assistance being again entreated, the +Romans came, and with the aid of the Britons drove the +enemy beyond sea, and built a wall from sea to sea, not as +before with earth, but with solid stone, between the fortresses +erected in that part to curb the enemy. On the southern +coast, where an invasion of the Saxons was apprehended, he +erected watch towers. This was the work of Stilicho, as +appears from Claudian.</p> + +<p>XXXVIII. 4411. Rome, the seat of the fourth and +greatest of the monarchies, was seized by the Goths, as +Daniel prophesied, in the year one thousand one hundred +and sixty-four after its foundation.</p> + +<p>From this time ceased the Roman empire in Britain, four<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_468" id="Page_468">[Pg 468]</a></span> +hundred and sixty-five years after the arrival of Julius +Cæsar.</p> + +<p>XXXIX. 4446. The Roman legion retiring from Britain, +and refusing to return, the Scots and Picts ravaged all the +island from the north as far as the wall, the guards of which +being slain, taken prisoners, or driven away, and the wall +itself broken through, the predatory enemy then poured into +the country. An epistle was sent filled with tears and sorrows +to Fl. Ætius, thrice consul, in the twenty-third year of +Theodosius, begging the assistance of the Roman power, but +without effect.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_683_683" id="Footnote_683_683"></a><a href="#FNanchor_683_683"><span class="label">[683]</span></a> Probably from Cæsar, though the precise date seems to be fixed +without authority.—<i>Cæs. de Bell. Gall. lib.</i> v., § 9.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3>CHAP. II.</h3> + + +<p>1. Having followed truth as far as possible, if any thing +should occur not strictly consistent with it, I request it may +not be imputed to me as a fault. Confining myself closely +to the rules and laws of history, I have collected all the +accounts of other persons which I found most accurate and +deserving of credit. The reader must not expect any thing +beyond an enumeration of those emperors and Roman governors +who had authority over this island. With an account +of these I shall close my book.</p> + +<p>2. Julius Cæsar the dictator was the first of the Romans +who invaded Britain with an army, during the reign of Cassibelinus; +but, although he defeated the inhabitants in one +battle, and occupied the coast, as Tacitus observes, he rather +seems to have shown the way to his successors than to have +given them possession.</p> + +<p>3. In a short time the civil wars succeeding, the arms of +the chiefs were turned against the republic. Britain was +also long neglected by the advice of Augustus and the command +of Tiberius. It is certain that Caligula intended to +enter Britain; but his quick temper and proneness to change, +or the unsuccessful attempts against the Germans, prevented +him.</p> + +<p>4. Claudius, however, carried war into Britain which no +Roman emperor since Julius Cæsar had reached, and, having +transported his legions and allies without danger or bloodshed, +in a few days reduced a part of the island. He afterwards +sent over Vespasian, at that time in a private station,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_469" id="Page_469">[Pg 469]</a></span> +who fought two and thirty battles with the enemy, and added +to the Roman empire two very powerful nations, with their +kings, twenty cities, and the isle of Vecta, contiguous to +Britain. He overcame the remainder by means of Cneas +Sentius and Aulus Plautius. For these exploits he obtained +a great triumph.</p> + +<p>5. To him succeeded Ostorius Scapula, a man famous in +war, who reduced the nearest part of Britain into a province, +and added the colony of the veterans, Camalodunum. Certain +cities were delivered up to the chief Cogibundus, who, +according to Tacitus, remained faithful till the accession of +Trajan to the empire.</p> + +<p>6. Avitus Didius Gallus kept possession of what his predecessors +had acquired, a few posts only being removed further +into the interior, in order to obtain the credit of extending +his dominion.</p> + +<p>7. Didius Verannius, who succeeded, died within a year.</p> + +<p>8. Suetonius Paulinus continued prosperous for two years. +The tribes being reduced and garrisons established, he +attacked the isle of Mona, because it gave succour to the +rebellious and afforded opportunities for invasion. For the +absence of the governor removing all fear, the Britons began +to recover courage, and rose in arms under the conduct of +Bonduica, a woman of royal descent. Having reduced the +troops scattered in the garrisons, they attacked the colony<a name="FNanchor_684_684" id="FNanchor_684_684"></a><a href="#Footnote_684_684" class="fnanchor">[684]</a> +itself, as the seat of slavery, and in the height of rage and +victory, exercised every species of savage barbarity. Had +not Paulinus, on receiving the intelligence, luckily hastened +to crush the revolt, Britain must have been lost. But the +fortune of one battle restored it to its former submission. +Many of the natives, from the consciousness of their defection, +and fear of the governor, continued under arms.</p> + +<p>9. Suetonius, in other respects an illustrious man, but +arrogant to the vanquished and prompt to avenge his own +injuries, being likely to exercise severity, he was replaced by +Petronius Turpilianus, who was more merciful, a stranger to +the offences of the enemy, and therefore more likely to be +softened by their repentance. Having settled the disturbances, +he gave up the province to Trebellius Maximus.</p> + +<p>10. Trebellius, being of a slothful disposition and unused<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_470" id="Page_470">[Pg 470]</a></span> +to war, retained the province by gentleness. The barbarous +Britons ceasing to be ignorant of luxury, and the termination +of civil wars, gave him an excuse for inactivity. But discord +called forth his exertions; for the soldiery, when released +from military labours, grew wanton from too much +rest. Trebellius, having evaded the rage of the army by +flight, was shortly allowed to resume the command, the licentiousness +of the soldiery becoming as it were a composition +for the safety of the general. This sedition ended without +bloodshed.</p> + +<p>11. Nor did Vectius Bolanus, although the civil wars still +continued, harass Britain by restoring discipline. There +was the same inactivity towards the enemy, and the same insubordination +in the garrisons; but Bolanus, being a good +man and not disliked, acquired affection instead of authority.</p> + +<p>12. But when, with the rest of the world, Vespasian had +recovered Britain, we see distinguished generals, famous +armies, and the enemy dispirited: Petilius Cerealis immediately +excited terror by attacking the state of the Brigantes, +which was esteemed the most populous of the province. +Many battles were fought, some of which were bloody, and +a great part of the Brigantian territory was either conquered +or invaded.</p> + +<p>13. But although Cerealis had diminished the care and +fame of his successor, the burden was sustained by Julius +Frontinus, a man of high courage. Overcoming at once the +spirit of the enemy and the difficulties of the country, he +subjugated the warlike and powerful nation of the Silures.</p> + +<p>14. To him succeeded Agricola, who not only maintained +the peace of the province; but for seven years carried on +war against the Caledonians and their warlike king Galgacus. +He thus added to the Roman empire nations hitherto +unknown.</p> + +<p>15. But Domitian, envying the superior glory of Agricola, +recalled him, and sent his lieutenant Lucullus into Britain, +because he had suffered lances of a new form to be named +<i>Luculleas</i> after him.</p> + +<p>16. His successor was Trebellius, under whom the two +provinces, namely, Vespasiana and Mæata, were wrested +from the Roman government; for the Romans gave themselves +up to luxury.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_471" id="Page_471">[Pg 471]</a></span></p> + +<p>17. About this time the emperor Hadrian visiting this +island, erected a wall justly wonderful, and left Julius +Severus his deputy in Britain.</p> + +<p>18. From this time nothing worthy of attention is related, +until Antoninus Pius carried on so many wars by his generals. +He conquered the Britons by means of Lollius Urbicus, +the proprætor, and Saturninus, prefect of the fleet, and, +the barbarians being driven back, another wall was built. +He recovered the province afterwards called Valentia.</p> + +<p>19. Pius dying, Aurelius Antoninus gained many victories +over the Britons and Germans.</p> + +<p>20. On the death of Antoninus, when the Romans deemed +their acquisitions insufficient, they suffered a great defeat +under Marcellus.</p> + +<p>21. To him succeeded Pertinax, who conducted himself as +an able general.</p> + +<p>22. The next was Clodius Albinus, who contended with +Severus for the sceptre and purple.</p> + +<p>23. After these, the first who enjoyed the title of lieutenant +was Virius Lupus: he did not perform many splendid +actions; for his glory was intercepted by the unconquerable +Severus, who, having rapidly put the enemy to flight, repaired +the wall of Hadrian, now become ruinous, and restored +it to its former perfection. Had he lived, he intended to +extirpate the very name of the barbarians; but he died by +the visitation of God, among the Brigantes, in the city of +Eboracum.</p> + +<p>24. Alexander succeeded, who gained some victories in +the East, and died at Edessa.</p> + +<p>25. His successors were the lieutenants Lucilianus, M. +Furius, N. Philippus *********, who, if we except the +preservation of the boundaries, performed hardly any thing +worthy of notice.</p> + +<p>26. Afterwards</p> + +<p class="center"><i>The rest is wanting.</i><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_472" id="Page_472">[Pg 472]</a></span></p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_684_684" id="Footnote_684_684"></a><a href="#FNanchor_684_684"><span class="label">[684]</span></a> Camalodunum.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="No_I" id="No_I">APPENDIX.—No. I.</a></h2> + +<h3>COMMENTARY ON THE ITINERARY.</h3> + + +<p>No people are so barbarous as to be totally destitute of the means of internal +communication; and in proportion as they become more civilized and +have more intercourse with other nations, these means are augmented and +facilitated. By the early accounts of the Britons it appears that they +maintained a considerable foreign commerce, that they had formed towns +or large communities, and used chariots for warlike, and undoubtedly for +civil purposes. Hence it is evident that their internal communications +must have been free and numerous. We need not therefore be surprised, if, +after the lapse of so many centuries, marks of such British roads appear +even at present to a careful observer, differing in many respects from the +roads subsequently made by the Romans, and traversing the island in every +direction.</p> + +<p>These ancient ways may be distinguished from those made by the Romans +by unequivocal marks.</p> + +<p>I. They are not raised nor paved, nor always straight; but often wind +along the tops or sides of the chains of hills which lie in their course.</p> + +<p>II. They do not lead to Roman towns, or notice such towns, except when +placed on the sites of British fortresses.</p> + +<p>III. They are attended by tumuli like those of the Romans; but +usually throw out branches, which, after running parallel for some miles, +are reunited to the original stem.</p> + +<p>When the Romans obtained a footing in this island, they directed all +their operations, according to their practice, by military principles. They +civilized indeed as they conquered, but conquest was their principal object. +Hence, as each tribe was successively subdued, they fortified such primary +posts as were best adapted to support their future operations, established +secondary posts to secure their communications, and connected the whole +by military ways. From local circumstances, and the principles of war, +their primary posts were either at or near the sites of the British towns, or +on the principal rivers. If therefore the British towns and trackways were +suited to their purposes, they adopted them; if not, they constructed +others. But both their towns and roads differed materially from those of +the original inhabitants. The Romans in their towns or fortresses followed +the system of their own castrametation, in like manner as in modern warfare +the construction of permanent and temporary works is guided by the +same general principles. These towns are of a regular figure, bounded by +lines as straight as the shape of the ground will permit, generally square or +oblong, and consisting commonly in a single wall and ditch, unless in positions +peculiarly dangerous, or where local circumstances rendered additional +defences necessary. On the contrary the British towns, which were occupied +by the Romans, although irregularly shaped, still partake of their +original figure.</p> + +<p>Specimens of the first kind, or perfect Roman towns, may be seen in +Colchester, Winchester, Caerleon, Caerwent, Castor near Norwich, and all<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_473" id="Page_473">[Pg 473]</a></span> +the military stations bordering on the wall of Severus. Of the latter, in +Bath, Silchester, Kentchester, Canterbury, and other places.</p> + +<p>Similar marks of difference between the original British trackways and +the Roman roads appear in the Foss, and the Iknield Street;—the latter, +during the greater part of its course, keeping along the chain of hills which +lay in its way, not leading decidedly to Roman towns, throwing out parallel +branches, attended always with tumuli, still bearing its British name, and +appearing from its direction to have been made for commercial purposes.</p> + +<p>On the other hand the adopted roads, but more especially those made by +the Romans themselves, are distinguished by peculiar marks. Posts or +towns are placed on them at nearly regular distances, seldom exceeding +twenty miles, the length of a single march, and also at the point where two +roads intersect each other, or where several roads diverge. These roads +are elevated with surprising labour to the height of ten feet, and sometimes +even more, instances of which may be seen on the heath near Woodyates +Inn in Dorsetshire, near Old Sarum on the side of Ford, in Chute +Park, Wilts, between Ancaster and Lincoln, and still more remarkably on +Bramham Moor, near Tadcaster in Yorkshire. They were formed of materials +often brought from a considerable distance, such as chalk, pebbles, or +gravel; and the most considerable are paved with stones, which are visible +to this day. Tumuli also, which seem to have been the direction-posts of +antiquity, attended their course, and occur in almost every instance where +a road descends a hill, approaches a station, or throws off a branch. +Another peculiarity of the Roman ways is their straight direction, from +which they seldom deviate, except to avoid a rapid ascent or descent, to +throw off another road, or to approach a station, which, from the circumstances +before mentioned, had been fixed out of the general line. Of this +there is a curious instance where the Foss, in approaching Cirencester from +the north, meets the Akeman Street, bearing to the same point from the +north-east, and evidently bends out of its course to join and enter the station +with it.</p> + +<p>Of many of the Roman roads, not only in England, but in the greater +part of the Roman empire, an account has been preserved under the name +of the Itinerary of Antoninus, which specifies the towns or stations on +each road, and shows the distances between them. This record was long +supposed to be a public directory or guide for the march of soldiers; but +if this were the case, it is extremely confused and imperfect. It often omits +in one <i>Iter</i> or journey towns which are directly in its course, and yet specifies +them in another, as may be seen in the first, second, sixth, and eighth +Iters. It traces the same road more than once, and passes unnoticed some +of the most remarkable roads in the island, namely a great part of the +Foss, and the whole of the <i>Via Devana</i> (a road from Colchester to Chester.) +Hence this Itinerary has been more justly considered as the heads of a +journal formed by some traveller or officer, who visited the different parts +of the empire from business or duty; and, as Mr. Reynolds conjectures +with great appearance of probability, in the suite of the emperor Adrian. +In this light it may be considered as copious, and the advantages which it +has afforded to the antiquary will be gratefully and universally acknowledged. +Still, however, from the incoherence which appears in that part +relating to our island, and from the mutilated copies which have been +found, there is reason to imagine that the whole of this interesting record +has not escaped the ravages of time.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_474" id="Page_474">[Pg 474]</a></span></p> + +<p>Such an itinerary, but varying in many respects from that of Antonine, +is one of the most important parts of the work now presented to the +reader.</p> + +<p>In fixing the sites of the towns specified in these Itineraries, our antiquaries +have assumed the most unjustifiable latitude. The mere resemblance +of a name was considered as a reason sufficient to outweigh all +others; even the great Camden suffered himself to be misled by this resemblance, +in fixing Ariconium at Kentchester, Camalodunum at Maldon, +Bennavenna at Bensford, Pons Ælii at Pont Eland, and Ad-Pontem at +Paunton. The explanation of the names to suit the supposed situation +has been another fruitful source of error; not only British and Latin, but +Saxon, Greek, and even Hebrew, have been exhausted to discover significant +appellations; and where one language was not sufficient, half a word +has been borrowed from one language and half from another to support +a favourite hypothesis.<a name="FNanchor_685_685" id="FNanchor_685_685"></a><a href="#Footnote_685_685" class="fnanchor">[685]</a> The commentary now presented to the reader is +founded on the following principles.</p> + +<p>I. The vestiges of roads actually existing are taken as much as possible +for guides; and the extremes or direction of each Iter, ascertained from +two or more undoubted stations, or other unequivocal proofs.</p> + +<p>II. In general, no place is regarded as the site of a Roman station, +unless fixed Roman remains, such as buildings, baths, &c. are found at or +near it; and unless it is situated on or near the line of a Roman road.</p> + +<p>III. An exception has, however, been sometimes unavoidably made to +this rule. After the Romans had established their power, and completed +their system of internal communication, they undoubtedly lessened the +number of their garrisons, to avoid either too great a division of their force, +or to reduce that part of it which was necessarily stationary. Hence we +have sometimes considered the direction of the road, and the general distance, +as sufficient data for determining a station or stations, either when they +were situated between two considerable fortified points, or when covered +by others on every side; because it is probable such posts were merely temporary, +and were dilapidated or demolished, even before the decline of the +Roman power.</p> + +<p>IV. In assigning a specific Roman name to a place, it has not been +deemed sufficient that fixed antiquities or other equivalent evidence prove a +town to have existed on the spot, unless the order of the names, and the +distances marked in the Itinerary, justify the appellation.</p> + +<p>V. Where the line of the Roman road is tolerably perfect, no station is +sought far from it, except where the excess of the Itinerary over the real +distance, or accurate measurement, affords sufficient authority for the +deviation.</p> + +<p>VI. The numbers which determine the distances being written in Roman +numerals, which gave great latitude for error<a name="FNanchor_686_686" id="FNanchor_686_686"></a><a href="#Footnote_686_686" class="fnanchor">[686]</a> and substitutions, recourse +has been had to this rule.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_475" id="Page_475">[Pg 475]</a></span></p><p>Where the road still exists, the whole intermediate space between two +stations already determined, has been examined to discover what places, +from their relative distance, from their site, or the antiquities found in them, +have the fairest claim to be considered as Roman posts; and to such +places the names have been affixed according to the evidence afforded in +the Itinerary.</p> + +<p>After this development of the principles on which we have proceeded in +our examination, it is necessary to add a few observations on the Roman +mile, the standard of measurement used in compiling the Itineraries; because +many difficulties in determining the stations arise from our uncertainty +respecting its real length. It may indeed appear easy to ascertain this +point, by a careful measurement of the space between two military columns, +still existing on any known Roman road. But in Britain such an experiment +has been hitherto impracticable; for the columns in our island +have been so universally defaced or removed, that, far from two existing on +the same road, only one has been found<a name="FNanchor_687_687" id="FNanchor_687_687"></a><a href="#Footnote_687_687" class="fnanchor">[687]</a> whose original station is known +with any degree of certainty. In France and Italy many of these columns +still exist, and Danville has adduced three instances in Languedoc, in which +the distances between them accurately measured amounted in one to 756, +in another to 753, and in a third to 752 toises and two feet. The average +754 toises and two feet, seems to determine the length of the Roman mile +with sufficient precision; and the result is confirmed by a comparison with +the Roman foot, still preserved in the capitol; for the exact length of the +miles between the military columns on the Appian way, in the neighbourhood +of Rome, as measured by Bianchini, was 5010 of these Roman feet, +which reduced to toises is 756 toises four feet and a half. From these +results Danville estimates the Roman mile at 755 toises, or 1593 yards<a name="FNanchor_688_688" id="FNanchor_688_688"></a><a href="#Footnote_688_688" class="fnanchor">[688]</a> +English measure.</p> + +<p>Unfortunately this mensuration does not lessen the difficulties of the +English antiquary; for the distance between any two of our known stations, +if measured by this standard, disagrees in almost every instance with the +numbers of the Itineraries. Different conjectures have been advanced to +solve this difficulty. One, supported by the respectable authority of +Horsley, is, that the Romans measured only the horizontal distance, without +regarding the inequalities of the surface; or that the space between station +and station was ascertained from maps accurately constructed. This idea +receives some support from a fact acknowledged by every British antiquary, +namely, that the Itinerary miles bear a regular proportion to the English +miles on plains, but fall short of them in hilly grounds. Another opinion +is, that the Itinerary miles were not measured by an invariable standard, +but in the distant provinces were derived from the common measures of the +country. In support of this conjecture a supposed coincidence between the +computed and measured miles, noticed by Horsley and others, has been +adduced; but if this were the case, there would not be so exact a conformity +between the miles of France and Italy as appears in the instance +before mentioned.</p> + +<p>To remove, however, as many causes of error as possible, considerable<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_476" id="Page_476">[Pg 476]</a></span> +pains have been taken to correct the numbers, by a comparison of all the +earliest and most authentic copies of the Itinerary. These are: The +Itinerary of Talbot, published in Leland's works. That of Camden. Two +copies by Harrison, published first in Hollingshed, and republished by +Burton. That of Gale. That of Surita, who collated five copies, four of +which he thus designates:—1. Bibliothecæ Regiæ ad D. Laurent. vetustisa. +Codex Ovetensis Æra IƆƆCCCCXX descriptus. 2. Bibliothecæ Blandiniæ +pervetustus codex a CCCC. circiter annis transcriptus. 3. Bibliothecæ +Neapolitanorum Regum qui post cardinalis de Ursinis fuit anno +M.CCCCXXVII. exscriptus. 4. Christophori Longolii exemplar ab H. +Stephano. Parisiis editum, anno M.IƆXII.</p> + +<p>As the Roman posts and roads were in a great degree connected with, +or derived from, the British towns and trackways, we proceed to trace first +the course of the British roads which still exist, and to specify the towns +whose sites are known, premising that of the ninety-two capital towns of +the Britons commemorated by historians, the names of only eighty-eight +have been preserved.</p> + +<p>The British ways were,—</p> + +<p>1. The <span class="smcap">Watling Street</span>, or Irish road, in two branches, northern and +southern.</p> + +<p>2. The <span class="smcap">Iknield Street</span>, or road of the Iceni, the inhabitants of the +eastern coast.</p> + +<p>3. The <span class="smcap">Ryknield Street</span>, leading through the country of the Upper +Iceni or Coritani.</p> + +<p>4. The <span class="smcap">Ermyn Street</span>, leading from the coast of Sussex to the south-east +part of Scotland.</p> + +<p>5. The <span class="smcap">Akeman Street</span>, or intermediate road between the Iknield and +Ryknield Street.</p> + +<p>6. The <span class="smcap">Upper Salt-way</span>, leading from the salt-mines at Droitwich to +the coast of Lincolnshire.</p> + +<p>7. The <span class="smcap">Lower Salt-way</span>, leading from the same mines to the south +eastern coast.</p> + +<p>8. A road which appears to have skirted the western coast, as the Ermyn +Street did the eastern.</p> + +<p>Besides these, there is reason to conjecture from several detached pieces, +that another road followed the shores round the island.</p> + + +<h4>WATLING STREET.</h4> + +<p>The south-eastern branch of the Watling Street proceeded from Richborough +on the coast of Kent, to Canterbury; and from thence, nearly in +the line of the present turnpike, towards Rochester. It left that city to +the right, passed the Medway by a ford, and ran almost straight, through +lord Darnley's park, to Southfleet. It bent to the left to avoid the +marshes near London, continued along a road now lost to Holwood Hill, +the capital of the Rhemi, and then followed the course of the present road +to London.—Having crossed the Thames, it ran by Edgeware to Verulam; +and from thence, with the present great Irish road, through Dunstable and +Towcester to Weedon. Hence, instead of bending to the left, with the +present turnpike, it proceeded straight by Dovebridge, High Cross, Fazeley, +Wall, and Wellington, to Wroxeter. It then passed the Severn, and continued +by Rowton, Pen y Pont, and Bala, to Tommen y Mawr, where it<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_477" id="Page_477">[Pg 477]</a></span> +divided into two branches. One ran by Beth Gellert to Caernarvon and +Anglesea, the other by Dolwyddelan, through the mountains to the banks +of the Menai, where it joined the north-eastern branch (which will be presently +described), and ended at Holy Head, the great port of the Irish.</p> + +<p>In its course are the British towns <i>Rhutupis</i>, Richborough, <i>Durovernum</i>, +Canterbury, <i>Durobrivæ</i>, Rochester, <i>Noviomagus</i>, Holwood Hill, <i>Trinobantum</i>, +London, <i>Verolamium</i>, St. Alban's, <i>Durocobrivæ</i>, Dunstable, <i>Uriconium</i>, +Wroxeter, <i>Mediolanum</i> on the banks of the Tanad, <i>Segontium</i>, Caer +Segont, and possibly a town, of which the name is lost, at Holy Head.</p> + +<p>The north-western branch of the Watling Street, coming from the interior +of Scotland by Cramond and Jedburgh, enters England at Chew Green, and +continues by Riechester to Corbridge. There, crossing the Tyne, it ran +through Ebchester, Lanchester, and Binchester, and passed the Tees by a +ford near Pierce Bridge. Hence it went by Catteric, Newton, Masham, +and Kirby Malside to Ilkley, and near Halifax to Manchester. Over the +moors between these two last places it is called the Devil's Causeway. +From Manchester, where it passed the Mersey, it proceeded by Street, +Northwich, Chester, Caerhun, and over the mountains to Aber, where it +fell into the south-western branch, in its course to Holy Head.</p> + +<p>On it were the British towns, <i>Bremenium</i>, Riechester, <i>Epiacum</i>, Lanchester, +<i>Vinovium</i>, Binchester, <i>Cutaractonis</i>, Catterick, <i>Olicana</i>, Ilkley, +and <i>Deva</i>, Chester.</p> + + +<h4>THE IKNIELD STREET,</h4> + +<p>Or road of the Iceni, proceeds from the coast near Great Yarmouth. +Passing through Taesborough, it runs by Icklingham and Newmarket, and, +skirting the chain of hills which stretches through Cambridgeshire, Bedfordshire, +Buckinghamshire, and Oxfordshire, continues by Bournbridge to +Icoldon and Royston (where it intersects the Ermyn Street). Thence it +proceeds by Baldock, over Wilbury Hill, to Dunstable (where it crosses +the Watling Street), Tring, Wendover, Elsborough, near Risborough +Chinor, Watlington, Woodcote, and Goring, and, passing the Thames at +Streetly, throws off a collateral branch, which will be noticed under the +name of the <span class="smcap">Ridgeway</span>. From hence it proceeded, as Stukeley imagined, +by Aldworth, Newbury Street, Ashmansworth, Tangley, and Tidworth, to +Old Sarum. Thence by the two Stratfords, across Vernditch Chase, +Woodyates Inn, the Gussages, Badbury, Shapwick, Shitterton, Maiden +Castle, Eggardon, Bridport, Axminster, Honiton, Exeter, Totness, &c., to +the Land's End.</p> + +<p>The collateral branch called the <span class="smcap">Ridgeway</span>, ran from Streetly along the +hills, by Cuckhamsley Hill, Whitehorse Hill, and Ashbury, towards Abury, +from whence its course is unknown. Possibly it ran towards Glastonbury. +From Elworthy barrows, above Taunton, it passes south-westerley into +Devonshire, and from Stretton in Cornwall, it kept along the ridge of hills +to Redruth and the Land's End.</p> + +<p>The British towns on this way were <i>Ad Taum</i>, Taesborough, the ancient +capital of the Iceni Magni, <i>Durocobrivæ</i>, Dunstable, <i>Sorbiodunum</i>, Old +Sarum, <i>Durinum</i>, probably Maiden Castle, <i>Isca</i>, Exeter, <i>Tamara</i>, a post +on the Tamar, <i>Voluba</i> on the Fowey, and <i>Cenia</i> on the Fal.</p> + +<p>On the Ridgeway, possibly <i>Avalonia</i>, Glastonbury, <i>Termolus</i>, by some +supposed to be Molland in Devon, <i>Artavia</i>, ... <i>Musidum</i>, near +Stratton, and <i>Halangium</i>, Carnbre.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_478" id="Page_478">[Pg 478]</a></span></p> + + +<h4>RYKNIELD STREET,</h4> + +<p>Or street of the upper Iceni, said to begin at the mouth of the Tyne, ran +by Chester le Street to Binchester, where it joined the Watling Street, and +continued with it to Catterick. Then, bearing more easterly, it ran with +the present great northern road to within two miles of Borough Bridge, +where it left the turnpike to the right, and crossed the Eure to Aldborough. +From thence it went by Coptgrave, Ribston, Spofforth, through Stokeld +Park, to Thorner, Medley, Foleby, Bolton, Graesborough, Holme, Great +Brook near Tretown, Chesterfield, Alfreton, Little Chester, Egginton, to +Burton, and Wall (where it crossed the Watling Street). Thence through +Sutton Colefield, to Birmingham, King's Norton, Alchester, Bitford, Sedgebarrow, +Tewkesbury, Glocester, Lidney, Chepstow, and probably by Abergavenny, +Brecon, Landilo, and Caermarthen to St. David's.</p> + +<p>It passed the British towns of <i>Vinovium</i>, Binchester, <i>Cataracton</i>, Catterick, +<i>Isurium</i>, Aldborough, <i>Etocetum</i>, Wall, <i>Alauna</i>, Alcester, <i>Glevum</i>, +Glocester, <i>Maridunum</i>, Caermarthen, and <i>Menapia</i>, St. David's.</p> + + +<h4>THE ERMYN STREET</h4> + +<p>Came from the eastern side of Scotland, and, crossing the Tweed west of +Berwick, ran near Wooler, Hedgely, Brumpton, Brinkburn, Netherwittern, +Hartburn, and Rial, to Corbridge, where it joined the North Watling Street. +Passing with that Way the two great rivers the Tyne and the Tees, it continued +to Catterick, where it divided into two branches.</p> + +<p>The western branch went with the Ryknield Street as far as Aldborough, +and then, leaving that way to the right, proceeded by Little Ousebourn, to +Helensford, over Bramham Heath, to Aberford, Castleford, Houghton, +Stapleton, Adwick, Doncaster, Bawtry, and probably by Tuxford, Southwell, +and over the Trent to Thorp (where it passed the Foss), Staunton, +and Stainby, where it joined the</p> + +<p>Eastern branch. This branch ran from Catterick by North Allerton, +Thirsk, Easingwold, Stamford Bridge, Market Weighton, and South Cave, +and, crossing the Humber, continued by Wintringham, Lincoln, and +Ancaster, to near Witham, when it was reunited with the western branch +above-mentioned. Both continued to Brig Casterton, near Stamford, +Chesterton, Stilton, Godmanchester, Royston (where it crossed the +Icknield Street), Buntingford, Puckeridge, Ware Park, west of Roxbourn, +Cheshunt, Enfield, Wood Green, and London. Here it again divided into +two branches. The more westerly went by Dorking, Coldharbour, Stone +Street, and Pulborough to Chichester; while the easterly was continued by +Bromley, Holwood Hill, Tunbridge Wells, Wadhurst, Mayfield, and Eastbourn, +to Pevensey.</p> + +<p>On it were the British towns <i>Vinovium</i>, Binchester, <i>Cataractonis</i>, Catterick, +<i>Isurium</i>, Aldborough, <i>Lindum</i>, Lincoln, <i>Durnomagus</i>, Castor near +Peterborough, <i>Trinovantum</i>, London, <i>Regentium</i> or <i>Regnum</i>, Chichester, +<i>Noviomagus</i>, Holwood Hill, and <i>Anderida Portus</i>, Pevensey.</p> + + +<h4>AKEMAN STREET</h4> + +<p>Appears to have passed from the eastern side of the island, probably by +Bedford, Newport Pagnel, Stony Stratford, and Buckingham (or as others +think by Fenny Stratford and Winsborough), to Alcester. It then ran by +Kirklington, Woodstock, Stonefield Astall and Coln St. Alwin's, to Ciren<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_479" id="Page_479">[Pg 479]</a></span>cester, +Rodmarton, Cherrington, Bagspath, and Symonds' Hall. From +thence it is said to be continued by Cromehall to Aust, where, passing the +Severn, it probably ran through Caerwent, Caerleon, and along the coast by +Caerdiff, Neath, Lwghor, to Caermarthen, and the Irish port at St. David's.</p> + +<p>The British towns were <i>Corinum</i>, Cirencester, <i>Venta Silurum</i>, Caerwent, +<i>Isca</i>, Caerleon, <i>Maridunum</i>, Caermarthen, and <i>Menapia</i>, St. David's.</p> + + +<h4>THE UPPER SALT-WAY,</h4> + +<p>Which appears to have been the communication between the sea coast of +Lincolnshire and the Salt-mines at Droitwich. It is first known as leading +from the neighbourhood of Stainsfield, towards Paunton and Denton, and +then running not far from Saltby and Croxton, is continued straight by +Warmby and Grimston, to Sedgehill on the Foss. Here it appears to bear +towards Barrow on the Soar, and crossing Charnwood Forest, is again seen +at Stretton on the borders of Warwickshire, from whence it is easily traced +to Birmingham and over the Lickey to Droitwich.</p> + +<p>British town <i>Salinæ</i>, Droitwich.</p> + +<p>The <span class="smcap">Second Salt-way</span> is little known, although the parts here described +have been actually traced. It came from Droitwich, crossed Worcestershire +under the name of the <span class="smcap">Salt-way</span>, appears to have passed the Avon, +somewhere below Evesham, tended towards the chain of hills above Sudeley +Castle, where it is still visible, attended by <i>tumuli</i> as it runs by Hawling. +Thence it proceeds to Northleach, where it crossed the Foss, in its way to +Coln St. Aldwin's, on the Akeman Street, and led to the sea coast of +Hampshire.</p> + +<p><i>Venta Belgarum</i>, Winchester, and <i>Portus Magnus</i>, Porchester, or +<i>Clausentum</i>, Bittern near Southampton—were probably situated in its +course.</p> + +<p>In many places are vestiges of a continued road skirting the western side +of the island, in the same manner as the Ermyn Street did the eastern, of +which parts were never adopted by the Romans. There is great reason to +suppose it British, because it connects many of the British towns. It +appears to have commenced on the coast of Devon, perhaps not far from +the mouth of the Ex, and to have gone by Exeter, Taunton, Bridgewater, +Bristol, Glocester, Kidderminster, Claverley, Weston, High Offley, Betley, +Middlewich, Northwich, Warrington, Preston, Lancaster. Here probably +dividing into two branches, one ran by Kendal, Penrith, and Carlisle, to +the extreme parts of the island, while the other passed, by Kirby Lonsdale +and Orton, to Kirby Thure, from whence it continued under the name of +the <span class="smcap">Maiden-way</span>, by the Wall and Bewcastle into the interior parts of +Scotland. On this Street were <i>Isca</i>, Exeter, <i>Uxella</i>, possibly near Bridgewater, +<i>Glevum</i>, Gloucester, <i>Brannogenium</i>, Worcester, <i>Salinæ</i>, Droitwich, +<i>Coccium</i>, Blackrode, and <i>Luguballium</i>, Carlisle.</p> + +<p>Besides these, and the separate communications between the different +towns, there is reason to imagine that a general road ran round the whole +coast of the island, parts of which have been observed near the southern +coast of Dorsetshire, particularly from Abbotsbury to the isle of Purbeck; +likewise in Hampshire, along Portsdown Hill; and from Old Winchester +through Sussex, on the tops of the hills between Midhurst and Chichester, +to Arundel and Brighthelmstone. Also in Essex from Maldon to Colchester, +and in Suffolk by Stretford, Ipswich, Stretford, and Blythburgh, to the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_480" id="Page_480">[Pg 480]</a></span> +banks of the Yar. In Lincolnshire are two branches, one running clearly +from Tattersal, by Horncastle, Ludford, Strinton, Caistor, and Somerby, +and a second nearer to the coast from Lowth towards Brocklesby, and both +tending to the passage of the Humber, not far from Barton. Also along +the principal part of the coast through Yorkshire, Durham, and Northumberland. +On the western side of the island it appears to have passed on +the hills which skirt the northern coast of Devonshire and Somersetshire, +and possibly might be traced through Wales and towards Scotland.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>As the original text of so important a document as Richard's Itinerary is +essential to the thorough comprehension of its meaning, it is here subjoined: +it follows after the end of <a href="#Chapter_VII">Chapter VII</a>.</p> + + +<h3>DIAPHRAGMATA.</h3> + +<p><span class="smcap">Iter I.</span> Rhutupia is prima in Britannia insula civitas versus Galliam apud +Cantios sita a Gessoriago Bonnoniæ portu, unde commodissimus in supradictam +insulam transitus obtingit, CCCCL. stadia, vel ut alii volunt XLVI. +mille passuum remota: ab eadem civitate ducta est via Guethelinga dicta, +usque in Segontium per m.p. CCCXXIIII. plus minus sic:—Cantiopoli, +quæ et Duroverno, m.p. X. Durosevo XII. Duroprovis XXV. +deinde m.p. XXVII. transis Thamesin intrasque provinciam Flaviam et +civitatem Londinium (Augustam), Sulo Mago m.p. VIIII. Verolamio +municipio XII. unde fuit Amphibalus et Albanus Martyres. Foro Dianæ +XII. Magio Vinio XII. Lactorodo XII. Isanta Varia XII. Tripontio +XII. Benonis VIIII. Hic bisecatur via, alterutrumque ejus brachium +Lindum usque, alterum versus Viriconium protenditur, sic: Manduessuedo +m.p. XII. Etoceto XIII. Pennocrucio XII. Uxaconia XII. +Virioconio XI. Banchorio XXVI. Deva Colonia X. Fines Flaviæ et +Secundæ, Varis m.p. XXX. Conovio XX. Seguntio XXIIII.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Iter II.</span> A Seguntio Virioconium usque, m.p. LXXIII. sic:—Heriri +monte m.p. XXV. Mediolano XXV. Rutunio XII. Virioconio XI.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Iter III.</span> A Londinio Lindum coloniam usque, sic: Durosito m.p. +XII. Cæsaro Mago XVI. Canonio XV. Camaloduno colonia VIIII. +ibi erat templum Claudii, arx triumphalis, et imago Victoriæ deæ. Ad +Sturium amnem m.p. VI. et finibus Trinobantum Cenimannos advenis, +Cambretonio m.p. XV. Sito Mago XXII. Venta Cenom. XXIII.... Camborico +colonia XX. Durali ponte XX. Durno Mago XX. Isinnis +XX. Lindo XX.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Iter IV.</span> A Lindo ad Vallum usque, sic:—Argolico m.p. XIIII. Dano +XX. Ibi intras Maximam Cæsariensem, Legotio m.p. XVI. Eboraco +municip. olim colonia sexta m.p. XXI. Isurio XVI. Cattaractoni +XXIIII. ad Tisam X. Vinovio XII. Epiaco XVIIII. ad Murum +VIIII. trans Murum intras Valentiam. Alauna amne m.p. XXV. Tueda +flumine XXX. ad Vallum....</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Iter V.</span> A limite Præturiam usque, sic:—Curia m.p.... ad Fines m.p.... Bremenio +m.p.... Corstoplio XX. Vindomora VIIII. Vindovio +XVIIII. Cattaractoni XXII. Eboraco XL. Derventione VII. +Delgovicia XIII. Præturio XXV.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Iter VI.</span> Ab Eboraco Devam usque, sic:—Calcaria m.p. VIIII. Camboduno +XXII. Mancunio XVIII. Finibus Maximæ et Flaviæ m.p. +XVIII. Condate XVIII. Deva XVIII.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_481" id="Page_481">[Pg 481]</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Iter VII.</span> A Portu Sistuntiorum Eboracum usque, sic:—Rerigonio m.p. +XXIII. ad Alpes Peninos VIII. Alicana X. Isurio XVIII. Eboraco +XVI.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Iter VIII.</span> Ab Eboraco Luguvalium usque, sic:—Cattaractoni m.p. +XL. Lataris XVI. Vataris XVI. Brocavonacis XVIII. Vorreda +XVIII. Luguballia XVIII.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Iter VIIII.</span> A Luguballio Ptorotonim usque, sic:—Trimontio m.p.... Gadanica +m.p.... Corio m.p.... ad Vallum m.p.... Incipit +Vespasiana. Alauna m.p. XII. Lindo VIIII. Victoria VIIII. ad Hiernam +VIIII. Orrea XIIII. ad Tavum XVIIII. ad Æsicam XXIII. ad +Tinam VIII. Devana XXIII. ad Itunam XXIIII. ad Montem Grampium +m.p.... ad Selinam m.p.... Tuessis XVIIII. Ptorotone m.p....</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Iter X.</span> Ab ultima Ptorotone per medium insulæ Isca Damnonorum +usque, sic:—Varis m.p. VIII. ad Tuessim XVIII. Tamea XXVIIII.... m.p. XXI. +in Medio VIIII. Orrea VIIII. Victoria XVIII. +ad Vallum XXXII. Luguballia LXXX. Brocavonacis XXII. ad Alaunam +m.p.... Coccio m.p.... Mancunio XVIII. Condate XXIII. +Mediolano XVIII. Etoceto m.p.... Salinis m.p.... Glebon +colonia m.p.... Corino XIIII. Aquas Solis m.p.... ad Aquas +XVIII. ad Uxellam amnem m.p.... Isca m.p....</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Iter XI.</span> Ab Aquis per Viam Juliam Menapiam usque, sic:—ad Abonam +m.p. VI. ad Sabrinam VI. unde trajectu intras in Britanniam Secundam +et stationem Trajectum m.p. III. Venta Silurum VIII. Isca colonia +VIIII. unde fuit Aaron Martyr. Tibia amne m.p. VIII. Bovio XX. +Nido XV. Leucaro XV. ad Vigesimum XX. ad Menapiam XVIIII. Ab +hac urbe per XXX. m.p. navigas in Hyberniam.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Iter XII.</span> Ab Aquis Londinium usque, sic:—Verlucione m.p. XV. +Cunetione XX. Spinis XV. Calleba Attrebatum XV. Bibracte XX. +Londinio XX.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Iter XIII.</span> Ab Isca Uriconium usque, sic:—Bultro m.p. VIII. Gobannio +XII. Magna XXIII. Branogenio XXIII. Urioconio XXVII.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Iter XIIII.</span> Ab Isca per Glebon Lindum usque, sic:—Ballio m.p. VIII. +Blestio XII. Sariconio XI. Glebon colonia XV. ad Antonam XV. +Alauna XV.... Vennonis XII. Ratiscorion XII. Venromento +XII. Margiduno XII. ad Pontem XII. Croco colana Lindum XII.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Iter XV.</span> A Londinio per Clausentum in Londinium, sic:—Caleba m.p. +XLIIII. Vindomi XV. Venta Belgarum XXI. ad Lapidem VI. Clausento +IIII. Portu Magno X. Regno X. ad Decimum X. Anderida +portu m.p.... ad Lemanum m.p. XXV. Lemaniano portu X. +Dubris X. Rhutupis colonia X. Regulbio X. Contiopoli X. Durelevo +XVIII. Mado XII. Vagnaca XVIII. Novio Mago XVIII. Londinio +XV.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Iter XVI.</span> A Londinio Ceniam usque, sic:—Venta Belgarum m.p. +XC. Brige XI. Sorbioduno VIII. Ventageladia XII. Durnovaria +VIIII. Moriduno XXXIII. Isca Damnon. XV.... Durio amne +m.p.... Tamara m.p.... Voluba m.p.... Cenia m.p....</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Iter XVII.</span> Ab Anderida [Eboracum] usque, sic:—Sylva Anderida +m.p.... Noviomago m.p.... Londinio +m.p. XV. ad Fines m.p.... Durolisponte m.p.... Durnomago +m.p. XXX. Corisennis XXX. Lindo XXX. in Medio XV.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_482" id="Page_482">[Pg 482]</a></span> +ad Abum XV. unde transis in Maximam, ad Petuariam m.p. VI. dein le +Eboraco, ut supra, m.p. XLVI.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Iter</span> XVIII. Ab Eboraco, per medium insulæ Clausentum usque, sic:—Legiolio +m.p. XXI. ad Fines XVIII.... m.p. XVI.... m.p. XVI. +... Derventione m.p. XVI. ad Trivonam XII. Etoceto XII. Manduessuedo +XVI. Benonnis XII. Tripontio XI. Isannavaria XII. Brinavis +XII. Ælia castra XVI. Dorocina XV. Tamesi VI. Vindomi +XV. Clausento XLVI.</p> + +<p>Plurima insuper habebant Romani in Britanniis castella, suis quæque +muris, turribus, portis, et repagulis munita.</p> + +<p class="center"><i>Finis Itinerariorum.</i></p> + +<p>Quod hactenus auribus, in hoc capite percipitur pene oculis intuentibus: +nam huic adjuncta est mappa Britanniæ artificialiter depicta, quæ omnia +loca cet. evidenter exprimit, ut ex ea cunctarum regionum incolas dignoscere +detur.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<h4>ANCIENT AND MODERN NAMES OF THE STATIONS IN RICHARD +OF CIRENCESTER'S ITINERARY.</h4> + +<p class="center">[From the London Edition, 8vo. 1809.]</p> + + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="IterI"> +<tr> + <td align='center' colspan="3" class="br"><span class="smcap">Iter I.</span></td> + <td align='center'><span class="smcap">Sites of the Stations.</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='left' colspan="3" class="br">(1) A Rhutupi ducta est "<i>Via Guethelinga</i>" dicta, usque in Segontium,<br /><span style="margin-left:1.5em;"> per m.p. + CCCXXIIII. plus minus, sic:—</span></td> + <td align='left' >From Richborough to Caer Segont, by the Watling Street.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="br"> </td> + <td class="br"><i>Corrected</i><br /><i>numbers.</i></td> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='left'>(2) Cantiopoli quæ et Duroverno</td> + <td align="right" class="br">X</td> + <td align='right' class="br">XI</td> + <td align='left'>Canterbury.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='left'>(3) Durosevo </td> + <td align='right' class="br">XII</td> + <td align='right' class="br">XII</td> + <td align='left'>Stone Chaple, in Ospringe.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='left'>(4) Daroprovis<br /><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Deinde m.p. transis Thamesin intrasque<br /></span> + <span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">provinciam Flaviam et civitatem</span></td> + <td align='right' class="br" valign="top">XXV<br />XXVII</td> + <td align='right' class="br" valign="top">XVI<br />XXVII</td> + <td align='left' valign="top">Rochester.</td> +</tr> +<tr><td align='left' >(5) Londinium Augustam</td><td class="br"> </td> + <td align='right' class="br"> </td> + <td align='left'>London.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='left' >(6) Sulo Mago</td> + <td align='right' class="br">VIIII</td> + <td align='right' class="br">XII</td> + <td align='left'>On the site of Mr. Napier's house at Brockley Hill.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='left' >(7) Verolamio Municipio<br /><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Unde fuit Amphibalus</span><br /><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;"> et Albanus, martyres.</span></td> + <td align='right' class="br" valign="top">XII</td> + <td align='right' class="br" valign="top">VIIII</td> + <td align='left' valign="top">Verulam.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='left' >(8) Foro Dianæ</td><td align='right' class="br">XII</td> + <td align='right' class="br">XII</td> + <td align='left'>Dunstable.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='left' >(9) Magio Vinio </td> + <td align='right' class="br">XII</td> + <td align='right' class="br">XII</td> + <td align='left'>Old Fields, South of Fenny Stratford.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='left' >(10) Lactorodo</td> + <td align='right' class="br">XII</td> + <td align='right' class="br">XVI</td> + <td align='left'>Berry Mount, in Towcester.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_483" id="Page_483">[Pg 483]</a></span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='left' >(11) Isanta Varia</td> + <td align='right' class="br">XII</td> + <td align='right' class="br">XII</td> + <td align='left'>Burnt Walls near Daventry.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='left' >(12) Tripontio</td><td align='right' class="br">XII</td> + <td align='right' class="br">XII</td> + <td align='left'>Near Lilbourn.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='left' >(13) Benonis<br /><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Hic bisecatur Via; alterutrumque</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 2em;">ejus brachium Lindum usque,</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left:2em;">alterum versus Viriconium</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left:2em;">protenditur, sic:—</span></td> + <td align='right' class="br" valign="top">VIII</td> + <td align='right' class="br" valign="top">VIIII</td> + <td align='left' valign="top">High Cross.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='left' >(14) Manduessuedo</td> + <td align='right' class="br">XII</td> + <td align='right' class="br">XII</td> + <td align='left'>Manceter.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='left' >(15) Etoceto</td> + <td align='right' class="br">XIII</td> + <td align='right' class="br">XVI</td> + <td align='left'>Wall.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='left' >(16) Pennocrucio</td> + <td align='right' class="br">XII</td> + <td align='right' class="br">XII</td> + <td align='left'>On the Penk.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='left' >(17) Uxaconia</td> + <td align='right' class="br">XII</td> + <td align='right' class="br">XII</td> + <td align='left'>Red Hill, near Okenyate.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='left' >(18) Virioconio</td> + <td align='right' class="br">XI</td> + <td align='right' class="br">XI</td> + <td align='left'>Wroxeter.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='left' >(19) Banchorio</td><td align='right' class="br">XXVI</td> + <td align='right' class="br">XXVI</td> + <td align='left'>Probably Banchor.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='left' >(20) Deva Colonia<br /><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Fines Flaviæ et Secundæ</span></td> + <td align='right' class="br" valign="top">X</td> + <td align='right' class="br" valign="top">XV</td> + <td align='left' valign="top">Chester.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='left' >(21) Varis </td> + <td align='right' class="br">XXX</td> + <td align='right' class="br">XXVII</td> + <td align='left'>Banks of the Clwydd near Bodfari.</td> +</tr> + <tr><td align='left' >(22) Conovio</td> + <td align='right' class="br">XX</td> + <td align='right' class="br">XX</td> + <td align='left'>Caer Hûn.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='left' >(23) Segontio</td><td align='right' class="br">XXIIII</td> + <td align='right' class="br">XIIII</td> + <td align='left'>Caer Segont, near Caernarvon.</td> +</tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The first Iter having run uniformly on the traces of the British road +called Watling Street (except the small distance from Southfleet to London), +and the road remaining tolerably perfect, there can be little difficulty +in fixing the several stations, or indeed in correcting the sometimes corrupted +numbers of the Itinerary. It begins at Richborough, and, although at +present obscure from the improved cultivation of the country, may be easily +traced to Canterbury, from whence it went in the direction of the present +turnpike to Rochester, leaving the intermediate station at Stone Chaple, in +Ospringe, a little to the left hand. At Rochester it passed the Medway, +considerably above the present bridge, and instead of running to the right +with the modern turnpike, it went as straight as the nature of the ground +would permit, by Cobham Park, and Shinglewell, to Barkfields, in Southfleet +(the station <i>Vagniacis</i> in Antonine,) then to Swanscombe Parkwood, +through which it passed, and rejoined the Dover road between the fifteenth +and sixteenth milestone, near Dartford Brent. Hence it went by Shooter's +Hill over the Thames to London; and then as before mentioned, by the +site of Mr. Napier's house at Brockley Hill, Verulam, Dunstable, Fenny +Stratford, Towcester, Burnt Walls,<a name="FNanchor_689_689" id="FNanchor_689_689"></a><a href="#Footnote_689_689" class="fnanchor">[689]</a> near Lilbourne, High Cross, Manceter, +Wall, Okenyate, to Wroxeter. Here, quitting the south-west branch +of the Watling Street, it bore to the right by Uffington, Broughton, Overley, +Hammer, and Sarn Bridge to Banchor; and from thence ran clearly +by Stockach and Aldford, over the Dee to Chester.</p> + +<p>The Roman road here joining the North-east Watling Street, before<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_484" id="Page_484">[Pg 484]</a></span> +mentioned, continued with it to Bodfari, and crossing Denbighshire, went +over the Conway to Caer Hûn; and is supposed to have run as straight as +the country would permit, to Caer Segont, about half a mile south of Caernarvon.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="iter2"> +<tr><td align='center' colspan="3" class="br"><span class="smcap">Iter II.</span></td><td align='center'><span class="smcap">Sites of the Stations.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left' colspan="3" class="br">(23) A Segontio Virioconium usque, m.p. LXXIII. sic:—</td><td align='left'>From Caer Segont to Wroxeter.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2" class="br"> </td><td align='center' class="br"><i>Corrected<br />numbers.</i></td><td align='left'> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(24) Heriri Monte</td><td align='right' class="br">XXV</td><td align='right' class="br">XXV</td><td align='left'>Tommen y Mur, in Maentrwg.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(25) Mediolano</td><td align='right' class="br">XXV</td><td align='right' class="br">XVII</td><td align='left'>On the bank of the Tanad.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(26) Rutunio</td><td align='right' class="br">XII</td><td align='right' class="br">XVI</td><td align='left'>Rowton.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(18) Virioconio</td><td align='right' class="br">XI</td><td align='right' class="br">XI</td><td align='left'>Wroxeter.</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p>This Iter runs on a branch of the South-east Watling Street, from Caer +Segont, nearly in the direction of the present road to Tommen y Mur, an +undoubted station in the parish of Maentrwg, by the common name of +Sarn Helen, or the "paved way of the Legion." From hence it is continued +to Bala; and on the banks of the Tanad, not far from the point +where it is intersected by the Roman road from Caersws to Chester, was +probably the lost town of <i>Mediolanum</i>. From <i>Mediolanum</i> the road runs +under the north end of the Brythen, straight, although obscurely, to Rowton, +and from thence over the Severn to Wroxeter.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="iter3"> +<tr><td align='center' colspan="3" class="br"><span class="smcap">Iter III.</span></td><td align='center'><span class="smcap">Sites of the Stations.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left' colspan="3" class="br">(5) A Londinio Lindum coloniam usque, sic:—</td><td align='left'>From London to Lincoln.</td></tr> + +<tr><td align='left' colspan="2" class="br"> </td><td align='center' class="br"><i>Corrected<br /> numbers.</i></td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(27) Durosito</td><td align='right' class="br">XII</td><td align='right' class="br">XII</td><td align='left'>Near Rumford.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(28) Cæsaro Mago</td><td align='right' class="br">XVI</td><td align='right' class="br">XVI</td><td align='left'>Near Chelmsford.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(29) Canonio</td><td align='right' class="br">XV</td><td align='right' class="br">XV</td><td align='left'>On the east of Kelvedon.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(30) Camaloduno Colonia<br /> + <span style="margin-left:2em;">Ibi erat templum</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left:2em;">Claudii, arx</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left:2em;">triumphalis, et imago</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left:2em;">Victoriæ deæ.</span></td><td align='right' valign="top" class="br">VIIII</td><td align='right' valign="top" class="br">VIIII</td><td align='left' valign="top">Colchester.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(31) Ad Sturium amnem<br /> + <span style="margin-left:2em;">Et finibus Trinobantum</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left:2em;">Cenimannos advenis</span><br /></td> + <td align='right' valign="top" class="br">VI</td><td align='right' valign="top" class="br">VI</td><td align='left' valign="top">Banks of the Stour.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(32) Cambretonio</td><td align='right' class="br">XV</td><td class="br"> </td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(33) Sito Mago</td><td align='right' class="br">XXII</td><td class="br"> </td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left:2em;">.......<a name="FNanchor_690_690" id="FNanchor_690_690"></a><a href="#Footnote_690_690" class="fnanchor">[690]</a>......</span></td><td class="br"> </td><td class="br"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(35) Camborico Colonia</td><td align='right' class="br">XX</td><td class="br"> </td><td align='left'>North side of the Cam, Cambridge.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_485" id="Page_485">[Pg 485]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(36) Duraliponte<a name="FNanchor_691_691" id="FNanchor_691_691"></a><a href="#Footnote_691_691" class="fnanchor">[691]</a></td><td align='right' class="br">XX</td><td align='right' class="br">XV</td><td align='left'>Godmanchester.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left' valign="top">(37) Durno Mago<a name="FNanchor_692_692" id="FNanchor_692_692"></a><a href="#Footnote_692_692" class="fnanchor">[692]</a></td><td align='right' valign="top" class="br">XX</td><td align='right' valign="top" class="br">XX</td> + <td align='left'>Castor.<br />Durobrivis was Chesterton<br />on the Nen, near it.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(38) Isinis<a name="FNanchor_693_693" id="FNanchor_693_693"></a><a href="#Footnote_693_693" class="fnanchor">[693]</a></td><td align='right' class="br">XX</td><td align='right' class="br">XXV</td><td align='left'>Ancaster.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(39) Lindo<a name="FNanchor_694_694" id="FNanchor_694_694"></a><a href="#Footnote_694_694" class="fnanchor">[694]</a></td><td align='right' class="br">XX</td><td align='right' class="br">XXI</td><td align='left'>Lincoln.</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p>As it is fifty-one measured miles from London to Colchester, and as it +is probable that the stone from whence the Roman miles were measured +was at least one mile west of Whitechapel church, we cannot allow any +material deviation from the course of the present road, except in the +neighbourhood of the capital, where the Roman road, instead of passing +through Mile End, went much straighter over the Lee at Old Ford, and +fell again into the course of the present turnpike at Stratford. The Itinerary +allowing only fifty-two miles between London and Colchester, and the +fifth Iter of Antonine agreeing with this of Richard, by stating twenty-eight +as the distance between London and <i>Cæsaromagus</i>, we may implicitly +adopt the distances here given, and fix the intermediate stations near Rumford, +Chelmsford, and Kelvedon. From Colchester the road ran to the +Stour, where probably stood the Mansio <i>ad Ansam</i>. From hence to Castor, +near Norwich, (the <i>Venta Icenorum</i>,) the stations and course of the +road are unknown. Some commentators have supposed it ran westerly, by +Brettenham and Thetford; others by Ipswich, Stowmarket, and Scole +Inn; and others have carried it more easterly, by Ipswich and Blythburgh, +or Dunwich, to the capital of the Iceni. In favour of the first, there is +merely the supposed resemblance of the name of Brettenham to <i>Cambretonium</i>; +of the second, traces of a Roman way, called the Pye Road; and +of the third, a British track-way, and another Roman road, called the +Stone Street. But the distances suit none of these sites, and no Roman +remains have any where been found, between the Stour and Castor, sufficient +to justify an alteration of the numerals.</p> + +<p><i>Icianis</i> may have been Icklingham; and <i>Camboricum</i> was most probably +at Cambridge, from whence there is a Roman road discoverable to +Lincoln. To the first station, Godmanchester, this Iter goes on the great +communication between Colchester and Chester, which for the sake of distinction +may be called the <i>Via Devana</i>; and from Godmanchester to Lincoln, +on the eastern branch of the Ermyn Street, which was adopted by +the Romans. Twenty miles from Godmanchester, we find the great station +of Chesterton, on one side of the Nen, and Castor on the other; which +probably gave rise to the two names of <i>Durobrivæ</i>, and <i>Durnomagus</i>, the +Roman and British towns severally noticed by Antonine and Richard. +About twenty-five miles further, in the course of the road which cannot be +mistaken, we find Ancaster, the <i>Isinnis</i>, <i>Corisennis</i>, or <i>Causennis</i> of the +Itineraries, from whence twenty-one additional miles bring us to Lincoln.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_486" id="Page_486">[Pg 486]</a></span></p> + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="iter4"> +<tr> + <td align='center' colspan="3" class="br"><span class="smcap">Iter IV.</span></td> + <td align='center'><span class="smcap">Sites of the Stations.</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='left' colspan="3" class="br">(39) A Lindo ad Vallum usque, sic:</td> + <td align='left'>From Lincoln to the Wall.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='left'> </td><td class="br"> </td> + <td align='center' class="br"><i>Corrected<br />Numbers.</i></td> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='left'>(40) Argolico</td><td align='right' class="br">XIIII</td> + <td align='right' class="br">XIIII</td> + <td align='left'>Littleborough.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='left'>(41) Dano<br /><span style="margin-left:2em;">Ibi intras Maximam</span><br /><span style="margin-left:2em;">Cæsariensem</span></td> + <td align='right' valign="top" class="br">XX</td> + <td align='right' valign="top" class="br">XXI</td> + <td align='left' valign="top">Doncaster.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='left'>(42) Legotio<a name="FNanchor_695_695" id="FNanchor_695_695"></a><a href="#Footnote_695_695" class="fnanchor">[695]</a> m.p.</td> + <td align='right' class="br">XVI</td> + <td align='right' class="br">XVI</td> + <td align='left'>Castleford.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='left'>(43) Eburaco Municip. olim<br /><span style="margin-left:2em;">Colonia Sexta</span><a name="FNanchor_696_696" id="FNanchor_696_696"></a><a href="#Footnote_696_696" class="fnanchor">[696]</a></td> + <td align='right' valign="top" class="br">XXI</td> + <td align='right' valign="top" class="br">XXI</td> + <td align='left' valign="top">York.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='left'>(44) Isurio</td> + <td align='right' class="br">XVI</td> + <td align='right' class="br">XVII</td> + <td align='left'>Aldborough.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='left'>(45) Cattaractoni<a name="FNanchor_697_697" id="FNanchor_697_697"></a><a href="#Footnote_697_697" class="fnanchor">[697]</a></td> + <td align='right' class="br">XXIIII</td> + <td align='right' class="br">XXIIII</td> + <td align='left'>Catterick.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='left'>(46) Ad Tisam</td> + <td align='right' class="br">X</td> + <td align='right' class="br">XII</td> + <td align='left'>Pierce Bridge.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='left'>(47) Vinovio</td> + <td align='right' class="br">XII</td> + <td align='right' class="br">X</td><td align='left'>Binchester.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='left'>(48) Epiaco</td> + <td align='right' class="br">XVIII}</td> + <td align='right' class="br">XIIII</td> + <td align='left'>Lanchester.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='left'>(49) Ad Muram<br /><span style="margin-left:2em;">trans Murum intras Valentiam</span></td> + <td align='right' valign="top" class="br">VIIII}</td> + <td align='right' valign="top" class="br">VIIII</td> + <td align='left' valign="top">Halton Chester on the Wall.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='left'>(50) Alauna amne</td> + <td align='right' class="br">XXV</td> + <td align='right' class="br">XXV</td> + <td align='left'>Banks of the Coquet.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='left'>(51) Tueda flumine</td> + <td align='right' class="br">XXX</td> + <td align='right' class="br">XXXV</td><td align='left'>Banks of the Tweed.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='left'>(52) Ad Vallum</td> + <td class="br"> </td> + <td class="br"> </td> + <td align='left'>The Wall.</td> +</tr> +</table></div> + + +<p>The fourth Iter left Lincoln with the Eastern Ermyn Street, which ran +to the Humber; and, after continuing on it about five miles, turned suddenly +to the left, pursuing its course in a straight line to the Trent, which +it passed immediately opposite to the station of Littleborough. The Roman +road may be traced from hence to Austerfield and Doncaster, where +it fell in with the Western Ermyn Street, and is visible all the way by +Castleford, Aberford, and Tadcaster, to York. In this Iter, the station of +Tadcaster is passed unnoticed, as in the former the station of Brig Casterton, +near Stamford.</p> + +<p>From York the Iter is continued along the left bank of the Ouse, till it +crossed the river to Aldborough. From hence rejoining the Western +Ermyn Street, it passed the Eure, and ran straight through Catterick to the +Tees, which it crossed at Piercebridge. It continued by the Royal Oak, +St. Andrew Aukland, and the Bishop's Park, to Binchester, where, after +fording the Were, it went with the North Watling Street to Lanchester; +and, without noticing either Ebchester or Corbridge, over the Tyne to Halton +Chester on the Wall. Here separating from the North Watling Street, +it ran with the Ermyn Street, now known in Northumberland by the name +of the Devil's Causeway, to the bank of the Coquet and the Tweed, and +entering Scotland on the East, was continued to the wall of Antonine.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_487" id="Page_487">[Pg 487]</a></span></p> + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="iter5"> +<tr><td align='center' class="br" colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Iter V.</span></td><td align='right'><span class="smcap">Sites of the Stations.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left' class="br" colspan="3">(52) A limite Præturiam usque, sic:—</td><td align='left'>To Flamborough Head.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td align='right' class="br"> </td><td align='right' class="br"><i>Corrected<br />Numbers.</i></td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(53) Curia<a name="FNanchor_698_698" id="FNanchor_698_698"></a><a href="#Footnote_698_698" class="fnanchor">[698]</a></td><td align='right' class="br"> </td><td align='right' class="br"> </td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(54) Ad fines</td><td align='right' class="br"> </td><td align='right' class="br"> </td><td align='left'>Chew Green.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(55) Bremenio</td><td align='right' class="br"> </td><td align='right' class="br">VII</td><td align='left'>Riechester.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(56) Corstoplio</td><td align='right' class="br">XX</td><td align='right' class="br">XXV</td><td align='left'>Corbridge.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(57) Vindomora</td><td align='right' class="br">VIIII</td><td align='right' class="br">VIIII</td><td align='left'>Corbridge.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(47) Vindovio<a name="FNanchor_699_699" id="FNanchor_699_699"></a><a href="#Footnote_699_699" class="fnanchor">[699]</a></td><td align='right' class="br">XVIIII</td><td align='right' class="br">XVIIII</td><td align='left'>Binchester.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(45) Cattaractoni</td><td align='right' class="br">XXII</td><td align='right' class="br">XXII</td><td align='left'>Catterick.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(43) Eboraco</td><td align='right' class="br">XL</td><td align='right' class="br">XL</td><td align='left'>York.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(58) Derventione</td><td align='right' class="br">VII</td><td align='right' class="br">VII</td><td align='left'>On the Derwent, near Stamford Bridge.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(59) Delgovicia <a name="FNanchor_700_700" id="FNanchor_700_700"></a><a href="#Footnote_700_700" class="fnanchor">[700]</a></td><td align='right' class="br">XIII</td><td align='right' class="br"> </td><td align="left">* * * * * * * * *</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(60) Præturio<a name="FNanchor_701_701" id="FNanchor_701_701"></a><a href="#Footnote_701_701" class="fnanchor">[701]</a></td><td align='right' class="br">XXV</td><td align='right' class="br">XXXVIII</td><td align='left'>Near Flamborough Head.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>In regard to the part of the country traversed by this Iter, there appears +to have been so little connection between the work of our author and the +map which accompanies it, that we can rely little on the latter either to +assist or correct us. This Iter is made to begin from <i>Curia</i>, a town probably +on the confines of some petty kingdom, and to pass to the first certain +post of <i>Bremenium</i>, or Riechester. Now, on referring to the map, <i>Curia</i>, +the principal town of the Gadeni, so far from lying on the road which leads +to <i>Bremenium</i>, the capital of the Ottadini, is considerably to the westward +of its course. From this disagreement, commentators have suspected a +mistake of the transcriber, and imagine that <i>Curia</i> is intended for <i>Corium</i>. +It is certain, at least, that this Iter, running on the east side of the island, +on the track of the Northern Watling Street, enters Northumberland at +Chew Green, goes from thence to Riechester (leaving unnoticed the station +at Risingham), and runs with it to Corbridge, Ebchester, Binchester, Catterick, +and York.</p> + +<p>From York to Flamborough Head, a Roman road may still be traced; +and as the distance agrees with the Itinerary, and there must have been a +Roman post on or near that headland, we should think it more probable +that this was the site of <i>Præturium</i>,[D] although we have not yet discovered +the remains of any post on the Derwent, or the intermediate station of +<i>Delgovicia</i>. So many Roman roads from different quarters point towards +Stamford bridge, that there is no doubt the station of <i>Derventio</i> was +near it.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_488" id="Page_488">[Pg 488]</a></span></p> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="iter6"> +<tr><td align='center' colspan="3" class="br"><span class="smcap">Iter VI.</span></td><td align='center'><span class="smcap">Sites of the Stations.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left' colspan="3" class="br">(43) Ab Eboraco Devam usque, sic:—</td><td align='left'>From York to Chester.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td align='right' class="br"> </td><td align='right' class="br"><i>Corrected<br />Numbers.</i></td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(61) Calcaria m.p.</td> <td align='right' class="br">VIIII</td><td align='right' class="br">VIIII</td><td align='left'>Tadcaster.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(62) Camboduno</td><td align='right' class="br">XXII</td><td align='right' class="br">XXXII</td><td align='left'>Slack.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(63) Mancunio<a name="FNanchor_702_702" id="FNanchor_702_702"></a><a href="#Footnote_702_702" class="fnanchor">[702]</a></td><td align='right' class="br">XVIII</td><td align='right' class="br">XXIII</td><td align='left'>Manchester.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(64) Finibus Maximæ et Flaviæ</td><td align='right' class="br">XVIII</td><td align='right' class="br">VI</td><td align='left'>Stretford on Mersey.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(65) Condate<span style="vertical-align: super; font-size:.8em;"><a href="#a_990">[702A]</a><a name="Y" id="Y"></a></span></td><td align='right' class="br">XVIII</td><td align='right' class="br">XXIII</td><td align='left'>Kinderton.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(20) Deva</td><td align='right' class="br">XVIII</td><td align='right' class="br">XVIII</td><td align='left'>Chester.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Such appears to be the incorrectness of the numerals attached to this +Iter, as well as to the corresponding Iter of Antonine, that, although four +of the six stations are well known, and a fifth can scarcely be mistaken, +yet, we can in no other way obviate the difficulty than by supposing a station +omitted, or by altering the numerals, none of which, except the first, agree +with the distances between the vestiges of the different stations and their +supposed sites; for example, in the first part between York and Manchester, +where the Itinerary gives only 49 miles, the nearest road through +Heathersfield amounts to 65.</p> + +<p>As the only great and undoubted Roman station between Tadcaster and +Manchester is at Slack (for the camps at Kirklees, and Castleshaw, are +only temporary posts), it will perhaps be justifiable to fix this point as the +site of <i>Cambodunum</i>; to suppose ten miles omitted in this stage; and in +the next to conjecture that, by a common error in copying the Roman +numerals, XVIII. has been substituted for XXIII. the exact distance from +Slack to Manchester.</p> + +<p>As the Mersey was undoubtedly the boundary on the West between the +Roman provinces of Maxima and Flavia, and as the Roman road still +existing crossed it at Stretford, we fix the next point there, and change the +number XVII. to VI. The two next stations of <i>Condate</i> and <i>Deva</i>, the +numerals (with a slight alteration) permit us to fix at Kinderton and +Chester. It is worthy of remark, that with these alterations the sum total +of the numerals remains nearly the same.</p> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="iter7"> +<tr><td align='center' colspan="3" class="br"><span class="smcap">Iter VII.</span></td><td align='center'><span class="smcap">Sites of the Stations.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left' colspan="3" class="br">(66) A Portu Sistuntiorum Eboracum<br/>usque, sic:—</td><td align='left'>From Freckleton to York.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td align='right' class="br"> </td><td align='right' class="br"><i>Corrected<br />Numbers.</i></td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(67) Rerigonio</td><td align='right' class="br">XXIII</td><td align='right' class="br">XIII</td><td align='left'>Ribchester.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(68) Ad Alpes Peninos</td> <td align='right' class="br">VIII</td><td align='right' class="br">XXIII</td><td align='left'>Burrens in Broughton.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(69) Alicana</td><td align='right' class="br">X</td><td align='right' class="br">X</td><td align='left'>Ilkley.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(44) Isurio<a name="FNanchor_703_703" id="FNanchor_703_703"></a><a href="#Footnote_703_703" class="fnanchor">[703]</a></td><td align='right' class="br">XVIII</td><td align='right' class="br">XVIII</td><td align='left'>Aldborough.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(43) Eboraco</td><td align='right' class="br">XVI</td><td align='right' class="br">XVII</td><td align='left'>York.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_489" id="Page_489">[Pg 489]</a></span></p><p>This Iter runs from Freckleton on the Ribble to Ribchester, and then +over the mountains to Broughton, Ilkley, Aldborough and York. As the +Roman road is tolerably perfect all the way to Aldborough, and the vestiges +of the stations are undoubted, we are justified in the alteration of the +first two numbers, as by this alteration they will correspond with the present +distances and the situations of the posts.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="iter8"> +<tr><td align='center' colspan="3" class="br"><span class="smcap">Iter VIII.</span></td><td align='center'><span class="smcap">Sites of the Stations.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left' colspan="3" class="br">(43) Ab Eboraco Luguvalium usque, sic:—</td><td align='left'>From York to Carlisle.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td align='right' class="br"> </td><td align='right' class="br"><i>Corrected<br />Numbers.</i></td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(45) Cattaractoni</td><td align='right' class="br">XL</td><td align='right' class="br">XL</td><td align='left'>Catterick.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(70) Lataris<a name="FNanchor_704_704" id="FNanchor_704_704"></a><a href="#Footnote_704_704" class="fnanchor">[704]</a></td><td align='right' class="br">XVI</td><td align='right' class="br">XVIII</td><td align='left'>Bowes.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(71) Vataris<a name="FNanchor_705_705" id="FNanchor_705_705"></a><a href="#Footnote_705_705" class="fnanchor">[705]</a></td><td align='right' class="br">XVI</td><td align='right' class="br">XIIII</td><td align='left'>Brough.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(72) Brocavonacis<a name="FNanchor_706_706" id="FNanchor_706_706"></a><a href="#Footnote_706_706" class="fnanchor">[706]</a><br /> (Brovonacis)</td><td align='right' class="br">XVIII</td><td align='right' class="br">XIII</td><td align='left'>Kirby Thur.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(73) Vorreda</td><td align='right' class="br">XVIII</td><td align='right' class="br">XIIII</td><td align='left'>Plumpton Wall.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(74) Lugubalia<a name="FNanchor_707_707" id="FNanchor_707_707"></a><a href="#Footnote_707_707" class="fnanchor">[707]</a></td><td align='right' class="br">XVIII</td><td align='right' class="br">XIII</td><td align='left'>Carlisle.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The road from York to Catterick has been traced before, and the Roman +way from thence to Carlisle ran nearly in the direction of the present turnpike. +The only doubt which occurs, therefore, in this Iter, is whether, +from a similarity of sound, the transcriber of Richard has not erroneously +written Brocavonacis for Brovonacis, which are two neighbouring posts in +this direction, the first Brougham, and the second Kirby Thur. As the +conjecture is not improbable, the corrected distance is given from the +latter.</p> + +<p>It is worthy of observation that in this Iter four successive V's have +been added by mistake of the transcriber, as is the case in regard to the +X's omitted in the third Iter.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="iter9"> +<tr><td align='center' class="br" colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Iter IX.</span></td><td align='center'><span class="smcap">Sites of the Stations.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left' class="br" colspan="3">(74) A Luguballio Ptorotonim usque, sic:—</td><td align='left'>From Carlisle to Burgh Head.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td align='right' class="br"> </td><td align='center' class="br"><i>Corrected<br />Numbers.</i></td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(75) Trimontio m.p.</td><td align='right' class="br"> </td><td align='right' class="br"> </td><td align='left'>Birrenswork Hill.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(76) Gadanica</td><td align='right' class="br"> </td><td align='right' class="br"> </td><td align='right'> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(77) Corio</td><td align='right' class="br"> </td><td align='right' class="br"> </td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(52) Ad Vallum Incipit Vespasiana</td><td align='right' class="br"> </td><td align='right' class="br"> </td><td align='left'>Camelon.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(78) Alauna</td><td align='right' class="br">XII</td><td align='right' class="br">XIII</td><td align='left'>Kier</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(79) Lindo</td><td align='right' class="br">VIIII</td><td align='right' class="br">VIIII</td><td align='left'>Ardoch.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(80) Victoria</td><td align='right' class="br">VIIII</td><td align='right' class="br">VIIII</td><td align='left'>Dealgin Ross.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(81) Ad Hiernam</td><td align='right' class="br">VIIII</td><td align='right' class="br">VIIII</td><td align='left'>Strageth.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(82) Orrea</td><td align='right' class="br">XIIII</td><td align='right' class="br">XIIII</td><td align='left'>On the Tay above Perth.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(83) Ad Tavum</td><td align='right' class="br">XVIIII</td><td align='right' class="br">XVIIII</td><td align='left'>Near Invergowrie.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(84) Ad Æsicam</td><td align='right' class="br">XXIII</td><td align='right' class="br">XXIII</td><td align='left'>Brechin on South Esk.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(85) Ad Tinam</td><td align='right' class="br">VIII</td><td align='right' class="br">VIII</td><td align='left'>Fordun.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(86) Devana</td><td align='right' class="br">XXIII</td><td align='right' class="br">XXIII</td><td align='left'>Norman Dikes near Pete Culter.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(87) Ad Itunam</td><td align='right' class="br">XXIIII</td><td align='right' class="br">XXVI</td><td align='left'>Glenmailin on the Ithan.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(88) Ad Montem Grampium</td><td align='right' class="br"> </td><td align='right' class="br">XIII</td><td align='left'>Near Knock Hill.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(89) Ad Selinam</td><td align='right' class="br"> </td><td align='right' class="br">X</td><td align='left'>On the Cullen near Deskford.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(90) Tuessis</td><td align='right' class="br">XVIIII</td><td align='right' class="br">XVII</td><td align='left'>On the Spey near Bellie.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(91) Ptorotone</td><td align='right' class="br"> </td><td align='right' class="br">XVII</td><td align='left'>Burgh Head.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_490" id="Page_490">[Pg 490]</a></span></p><p>Innumerable difficulties occur on every side in endeavouring to explain +this Iter. There is great reason to believe that the <i>Trimontium</i> of this +Iter was Birrenswork Hill, and that the road ran from thence along the +western side of the island as it is traced in the map of Richard. Camelon +is allowed by all antiquaries to be the <i>Ad Vallum</i>: but it is impossible to +draw the line between these two points; for although General Roy has +mentioned a road from Carlisle on the eastern side of the Eildon Hills, and +another on the western beyond Cleghorn to Castle Cary, there is little +authority for the existence of either. Lynekirk has every appearance of a +station, lay within the territories of the Gadeni, and would suit the situation +assigned to <i>Gadanica</i>, but no road has hitherto been discovered leading to +or from it. If the western trended at Biggar as much to the east, as that +part which remains in the direction of Glasgow does to the west, it would +have passed Borthwich Castle or the Gore, which Roy supposes was the +<i>Corium</i>. Admitting the identity of this station would clear up the whole +of this Iter to the Wall. There is no doubt that the sites of <i>Lindum</i>, +<i>Victoria</i>, and <i>Ad Hiernam</i> were at Ardoch, Dealgin Ross, and Strageth.</p> + +<p>Notwithstanding the difficulties which occur in tracing this Iter from +Carlisle to the Wall, yet from thence to the Tay the direction of the road, +and the situation of the stations as fixed by General Roy agree so perfectly +with the Itinerary, as to leave no doubt that he has ascertained their real +position. But although he discovered a road north of the Tay, yet, as he +found no vestiges of stations, Mr. Chalmers seems to have been more +successful in fixing the posts between that river and <i>Ptoroton</i>.</p> + +<p>It does not appear that the road was ever completed: however, from +<i>Orrea</i> on the Tay, a little above Perth, he observes, that the communication +ran through the passage of the Sidlaw Hills, and along the Carse of Gowrie +to the north end of the estuary of the Tay near Dundee; two miles west +of which place, and half a mile north of Invergowrie, are the remains of a +Roman camp about two hundred yards square, fortified with a high +rampart and spacious ditch. Here he places <i>Ad Tavum</i>. Proceeding +hence north-easterly through the natural opening of the country, and +passing in the way the camp at Harefaulds, at the distance of twenty-three +miles is Brechin on the South Esk, the station <i>Ad Æsicam</i>, exactly in the +line laid down in Richard's map, and at the distance given in the Itinerary. +Continuing from the South Esk in a north-north-easterly direction, at the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_491" id="Page_491">[Pg 491]</a></span> +distance of five miles and a half, we reach the North Esk, the supposed +<i>Ad Tinam</i>. We pass that river at King's Ford, and proceeding up the +valley of Lutherwater, at the distance of eight miles and a half find +Fordun, where there are the remains of two Roman camps. From thence +proceeding seventeen miles, to the well known camp at Raedikes, and +continuing in a northerly direction six miles beyond, is the rectangular +camp on the Dee at Peter Culter, called Norman Dikes, the <i>Devana</i> of +the Iter. This point is exactly thirty-one miles from Brechin on the South +Esk, agrees with the aggregate distances in the Itinerary <i>Ad Tinam</i> VIII, +and <i>Ad Devanam</i> XXIII, and corresponds with the track delineated on +Richard's map.</p> + +<p>The obvious openings through this rugged country point out the way by +which the Romans must have penetrated northerly by the right of Achlea +Fiddy and Kinmundy, to Kintore on the Don. They followed the Strath +to the ford where the high road has always passed to Inverurie, and +proceeded north-north-west through the moorlands, to the sources of the +Ithan, and the camp at Glenmailin, the <i>Ituna</i> of Richard, a distance of +twenty-six miles. From thence proceeding northward, across the Doverna +at Achengoul, where are still considerable remains of military works; and +at the distance of thirteen miles, we reach the high ground north of Foggy +lone, at the east side of Knock Hill, the <i>Mons Grampius</i> of the Iter.</p> + +<p>Hence the road runs to <i>Ad Selinam</i>, which is supposed to be on the +Cullen, near the old Tower of Deskford, at the distance of ten miles. +Following the course of the river, and the coast of the Murray Frith, +seventeen miles, we arrive at the Roman post of <i>Tuessis</i>, on the high bank +of the Spey, below the church of Bellie. Seventeen miles further is +Burgh Head, the <i>Ptorotone</i> of Richard.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="iter10"> +<tr><td align='center' class="br" colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Iter X.</span></td><td align='center' colspan="2"><span class="smcap">Sites of the Stations.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left' class="br" colspan="3">(91) Ab ultima Ptorotone per mediaminsulæ Isca <br />Damnonorum usque, sic:—</td><td align='left' colspan="2">From Burgh Head through the middle of the<br /> island to Exeter.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> </td><td align='right' class="br"> </td><td align='center' class="br"><i>Corrected<br />Numbers.</i></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(92) Varis<a name="FNanchor_708_708" id="FNanchor_708_708"></a><a href="#Footnote_708_708" class="fnanchor">[708]</a> m.p.</td><td align='right' class="br"> VIII</td> + <td rowspan="9" align='center' class="br">Name and<br /> Numerals from<br /> General Roy.</td><td align='left'>{Fores</td><td align='right'>VIIII</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(93) Ad Tuessim</td><td align='right' class="br">XVIII</td><td align='left'>{Cromdall on Spey</td><td align='right'>XX</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(94) Tamea</td><td align='right' class="br">XXVIIII</td><td align='left'>{Braemar Castle</td><td align='right'>XXX</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(95) ————</td><td align='right' class="br">XXI</td><td align='left'>{Barra Castle on Ila</td><td align='right'>XXX</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(96) In Medio</td><td align='right' class="br">VIIII</td><td align='left'>{Inchstuthill</td><td align='right'>XII</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(82) Orrea</td><td align='right' class="br">VIIII</td><td align='left'>{Bertha on Tay</td><td align='right'>VIIII</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(80) Victoria</td><td align='right' class="br">XVIII</td><td align='left'>{Dealgin Ross</td><td align='right'>XXIIII</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(52) Ad Vallum<a name="FNanchor_709_709" id="FNanchor_709_709"></a><a href="#Footnote_709_709" class="fnanchor">[709]</a></td><td align='right' class="br">XXXII</td><td align='left'>{Camelon</td><td align='right'>XXXII</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(74) Luguballia</td><td align='right' class="br">LXXX</td><td align='left'>{Carlisle</td><td align='right'>CXVIIII</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(97) Brocavonacis</td><td align='right' class="br">XXII</td><td align='right' class="br">XXII</td><td align='left'>Brougham.</td><td rowspan="16"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(98) Ad Alaunam</td><td align='right' class="br">...</td><td align='right' class="br">XXXXVII</td><td align='left'>Lancaster.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(99) Coccio</td><td align='right' class="br">...</td><td align='right' class="br">XXXVI</td><td align='left'>Blackrode.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(63) Mancunio</td><td align='right' class="br">XVIII</td><td align='right' class="br">XVIII</td><td align='left'>Manchester.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(65) Condate</td><td align='right' class="br">XXIII</td><td align='right' class="br">XXIII</td><td align='left'>Kinderton.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(100) Mediolano</td><td align='right' class="br">XVIII</td><td align='right' class="br">XVI</td><td align='left'>Chesterton.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(15) Etoceto</td><td align='right' class="br">...</td><td align='right' class="br">XXXV</td><td align='left'>Wall.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">—————</span></td><td align='right' class="br"> </td><td align='right' class="br"> </td><td align='left'>—————</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(101) Salinis m.p.</td><td align='right' class="br">...</td><td align='right' class="br">XXII</td><td align='left'>Droitwich.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">—————</span></td><td align='right' class="br"> </td><td align='right' class="br"> </td><td align='left'>—————</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(102) Glebon Colon. m.p.</td><td align='right' class="br">...</td><td align='right' class="br">XXXIIII</td><td align='left'>Gloucester.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(103) Corino</td><td align='right' class="br">XIIII</td><td align='right' class="br">XVIII</td><td align='left'>Cirencester.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(104) Aquas Solis m.p </td><td align='right' class="br">...</td><td align='right' class="br">XXX</td><td align='left'>Bath.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(105) Ad Aquas</td><td align='right' class="br">XVIII</td><td align='right' class="br">XX</td><td align='left'>Probably Wells.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(106) Ad Uxellam amnem m.p.</td><td align='right' class="br">...</td><td align='right' class="br">XXI</td><td align='left'>Probably Bridgewater.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(107) Isca m.p.</td><td align='right' class="br">...</td><td align='right' class="br">XXXXV</td><td align='left'>Exeter.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_492" id="Page_492">[Pg 492]</a></span></p><p>The first part of this Iter is taken from General Roy; and as we have +none of the intermediate stations between Carlisle and the Wall, every +commentator may choose what route he pleases, although none will +coincide with the distances of the Itinerary. From Carlisle, if we place +any reliance on the numbers, the next station, <i>Brocavonavis</i>, can only be +fixed at Brougham. Thence the road to the banks of the Lune, as well as +the station on it, is uncertain; for, whether we choose Overborough or Lancaster, +we know of no road to direct us; and the only reason for preferring +the latter is the supposed site of the next station, <i>Coccium</i>, at Blackrode, +and the course of the road through Lancaster, tending more immediately to +that point, than the road through Overborough. The two next stations, +<i>Mancunium</i> and <i>Condate</i>, as well as the connecting line of road, are well +known. From Kinderton, although there is a Roman way pointing to +Chesterton in Staffordshire, the <i>Mediolanum</i> of this Iter, and the site of +<i>Etocetum</i> is undoubtedly Wall, yet we speak with hesitation of the line of +communication betwixt them; though we presume it ran through Newcastle, +Stone, and Ridgeley. From Wall, which is on the Watling Street, +the Iter continues along the Ryknield Street, through Sutton Colfield Park, +to Birmingham. There falling in with the first Salt-Way, it proceeds to +Droitwich, and is continued by the Western Road, through Worcester to +Gloucester. Here, turning nearly at a right angle, it passes by the well +known Roman road over Birdlip Hill to Cirencester; and trending to the +right, proceeds by the Foss to <i>Aquæ Solis</i> or Bath. Quitting the Foss, and +still bearing to the right, it continues along the lower road to Wells, and +from thence to <i>Uxella</i>, which was probably at Bridgewater. From the +banks of the Parret it ran in the track of the British Way, and the present +turnpike by Taunton, Wellington, and Collumpton, to Exeter.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_493" id="Page_493">[Pg 493]</a></span></p><hr style='width: 45%;' /> + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="iter11"> +<tr><td align='center' class="br" colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Iter XI.</span></td><td align='center'><span class="smcap">Sites of the Stations.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left' class="br" colspan="3">(104) Ab Aquis, per Viam Juliam, Menapiam usque, sic:—</td><td align='left'>From Bath by the Julian Way to St. David's.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'> </td><td align='right' class="br"> </td><td align='center' class="br"><i>Corrected<br />Numbers.</i></td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(108) Ad Abonam m.p.</td><td align='right' class="br">VI</td><td align='right' class="br">VI}</td><td align='left' rowspan="2">Bitton</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(109) Ad Sabrinam</td><td align='right' class="br">VI</td><td align='right' class="br">VIIII}</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;"> Unde Trajectu<a name="FNanchor_710_710" id="FNanchor_710_710"></a><a href="#Footnote_710_710" class="fnanchor">[710]</a> intras in Britanniam Secundam</span></td><td align='right' class="br"> </td><td align='right' class="br"> </td><td align='left'>Sea Mills.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(110) Et Stationem Trajectum<a name="FNanchor_711_711" id="FNanchor_711_711"></a><a href="#Footnote_711_711" class="fnanchor">[711]</a></td><td align='right' class="br">III</td><td align='right' class="br">III</td><td align='left'>Severn Side.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(111) Venta Siluru<a name="FNanchor_712_712" id="FNanchor_712_712"></a><a href="#Footnote_712_712" class="fnanchor">[712]</a></td><td align='right' class="br">VIII</td><td align='right' class="br">VIIII</td><td align='left'>Caerwent.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(112) Isca Colonia<br /><span style="margin-left: 2em;"> Unde fuit Aaron Martyr.</span></td><td align='right' class="br" valign="top">VIIII</td><td align='right' class="br" valign="top">VIIII</td><td align='left' valign="top">Caerleon.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(113) Tibia Amne<a name="FNanchor_713_713" id="FNanchor_713_713"></a><a href="#Footnote_713_713" class="fnanchor">[713]</a></td><td align='right' class="br">VIII</td><td align='right' class="br">XV</td><td align='left'>Banks of the Tanf, possibly Caireu or Caerdiff.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(114) Bovio</td><td align='right' class="br">XX</td><td align='right' class="br">XX</td><td align='left'>In Evenny Park.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(115) Nido</td><td align='right' class="br">XV</td><td align='right' class="br">XX</td><td align='left'>Near Neath.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(116) Leucaro</td><td align='right' class="br">XV</td><td align='right' class="br">X</td><td align='left'>Perhaps Lwghor.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;"> (Muridunum omit.</span></td><td align='right' class="br">XX)</td><td align='right' class="br">XX</td><td align='left'>Caermarthen.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(117) Ad Vigesimum</td><td align='right' class="br">XX</td><td align='right' class="br">XX</td><td align='left'>Castel Flemish.<a name="FNanchor_714_714" id="FNanchor_714_714"></a><a href="#Footnote_714_714" class="fnanchor">[714]</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(118) Ad Menapiam</td><td align='right' class="br">XVIIII</td><td align='right' class="br">XVIII</td><td align='left'>Near St. David's.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;"> Ab hac urbe per m.p.</span></td><td align='right' class="br">XXX</td><td align='right' class="br"> </td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;"> Navigas in Hyberniam.</span></td><td align='right' class="br"> </td><td align='right' class="br"> </td><td> </td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p>As the course of the Roman road connecting the stations of this Iter +is still discernible, we do not hesitate in correcting the imperfections of +Richard by the corresponding Iter of Antonine. At Bitton, six miles from +Bath, we find marks of a post attended with <i>tumuli</i>, which whether called +<i>Abone</i> or <i>Trajectus</i><a name="FNanchor_715_715" id="FNanchor_715_715"></a><a href="#Footnote_715_715" class="fnanchor">[715]</a> is of little importance, because, like the next, Sea +Mills, it will suit either appellation, from its position on the Avon, and +commanding a passage over that river. From Bitton the Roman way ran +nearly in the direction of the present turnpike, north of the river as far as +St. George's church; thence it proceeded straight near St. Paul's; ascended<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_494" id="Page_494">[Pg 494]</a></span> +the Downs behind Mr. Daubeney's house to the direction-post, from whence +it crossed Durdham Down, and skirted Mrs. Jackson's park wall to Sea +Mills, a great maritime post at the confluence of the Trim and the Avon. +It continued by Lord De Clifford's house straight to the Severn, crossed that +river, and passed by Caldecot Castle through Caerwent and Caerleon to the +bank of the Taaf and Evenny Park, which last place Roman remains lead +us to conjecture was the site of <i>Bovium</i>. At Neath we have also little +hesitation in fixing the site of <i>Nidus</i>, because a road from the <i>Gaer</i> near +<i>Brecon</i> evidently leads to the same spot.</p> + +<p>The remainder of this Iter is obscure. <i>Leucaro</i> has been fixed at +Lwghor, principally from the resemblance of the name. From thence the +road may have run to Caermarthen (<i>Maridunum</i>), which appears to have +been omitted; and was probably continued as straight as the country would +permit to Castel Flemish and St. David's, where we would place the stations +<i>Vigesimum</i> and <i>Menapia</i>.<a name="FNanchor_716_716" id="FNanchor_716_716"></a><a href="#Footnote_716_716" class="fnanchor">[716]</a></p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="iter12"> +<tr><td align='center' class="br" colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Iter XII.</span></td><td align='center'><span class="smcap">Sites of the Stations.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left' class="br" colspan="3">(104) Ab Aquis Londinium usque, sic:—</td><td align='right'> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> </td><td align='right' class="br"> </td><td align='left' class="br"><i>Corrected<br />Numbers.</i></td><td align='right'> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(119) Verlucione m.p.</td><td align='right' class="br">XV</td><td align='right' class="br">XV</td><td align='left'>Highfield, near Sandy Lane.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(120) Cunetione</td><td align='right' class="br">XX</td><td align='right' class="br">XV</td><td align='left'>Folly farm, E. of Marlborough.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(121) Spinis</td><td align='right' class="br">XV</td><td align='right' class="br">XX</td><td align='left'>Spene.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(122) Calleva Atrebatum</td><td align='right' class="br">XV</td><td align='right' class="br"> </td><td align='left'>Silchester.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(123) Bibracte</td><td align='right' class="br">XX}</td><td align='right' class="br" rowspan="2">XXXXIIII</td><td align='left' rowspan="2">London.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(5) Londinio</td><td align='right' class="br">XX}</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>As the traces of a Roman road from Bath towards Marlborough are still +visible, we have only to examine in what points of its course remains have +been found sufficient to justify us in determining the sites of the different +stations. Accordingly, at fifteen miles from Bath we have Highfield, in +Sandy Lane, near Heddington; and at fifteen more Folly Farm, near +Marlborough. From hence twenty miles bring us to Spene; and although +at this place few remains have been discovered, yet the direction of another +Roman road, from Cirencester to the same point, sufficiently proves the +existence of a station. Of the site of <i>Calleva</i> at Silchester<a name="FNanchor_717_717" id="FNanchor_717_717"></a><a href="#Footnote_717_717" class="fnanchor">[717]</a> there can be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_495" id="Page_495">[Pg 495]</a></span> +little doubt; although the course of the road from Spene is uncertain. The +road from Silchester, still known by the name of the Devil's Causeway, as +it runs over Bagshot Heath, as well as evident traces of it between Staines +and London, still exist; but the intermediate station of <i>Bibracte</i> is doubtful. +If the numbers in this Iter be correct, we cannot deviate from the +straight line, and this post must be placed near the hill at Egham, or +the head of the Virginia Water.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="iter13"> +<tr><td align='right' class="br" colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Iter XIII.</span></td><td align='center'><span class="smcap">Sites of the Stations.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left' class="br" colspan="3">(112) Ab Isca Uriconium usque, sic:—</td><td align='left'>From Caerleon to Wroxeter.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> </td><td align='right' class="br"> </td><td align='center' class="br"><i>Corrected<br />Numbers.</i></td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(124) Bultro m.p.</td><td align='right' class="br">VIII</td><td align='right' class="br">VIII</td><td align='left'>Usk.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(125) Gobannio</td><td align='right' class="br">XII</td><td align='right' class="br">XII</td><td align='left'>Abergavenny.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(126) Magna</td><td align='right' class="br">XXIII</td><td align='right' class="br">XXIII</td><td align='left'>Kentchester.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(127) Branogeni</td><td align='right' class="br">XXIII</td><td align='right' class="br">XXIII</td><td align='left'>Lentwardine.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(18) Urioconio</td><td align='right' class="br">XXVII</td><td align='right' class="br">XXVII</td><td align='left'>Wroxeter.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The beginning of this Iter cannot be traced, notwithstanding two out of +the three stations are well known; and we have little doubt that <i>Baltrum</i> +or <i>Burrium</i> was at Usk (though no Roman remains have been found there), +because the distance given from Caerleon to <i>Gobannium</i> or Abergavenny +will not admit of any deviation from the straight line. From Abergavenny, +after passing the Munnow, the Roman road still exists, particularly near +Madley, pointing to Kentchester, and from thence may be traced by the +next post of Lentwardine on the Teme, to Wroxeter.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_496" id="Page_496">[Pg 496]</a></span></p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="iter14"> +<tr><td align='center' class="br" colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Iter XIV.</span></td><td align='center'><span class="smcap">Sites of the Stations.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left' class="br" colspan="3">(112) Ab Isca, per Glebon, Lindum, usque, sic:—</td><td align='left'>From Caerleon, by Gloucester, to Lincoln.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> </td><td align='right' class="br"> </td><td align='center' class="br"><i>Corrected<br />Numbers.</i></td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(124) Ballio<a name="FNanchor_718_718" id="FNanchor_718_718"></a><a href="#Footnote_718_718" class="fnanchor">[718]</a> m.p.</td><td align='right' class="br">VIII</td><td align='right' class="br"> </td><td align='left'>Usk.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(128) Blestio</td><td align='right' class="br">XII</td><td align='right' class="br">XIII</td><td align='left'>Monmouth.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(129) Sariconio</td><td align='right' class="br">XI</td><td align='right' class="br">XII</td><td align='left'>Rose or Berry Hill in Weston.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(102) Glebon Colonia</td><td align='right' class="br">XV</td><td align='right' class="br">XV</td><td align='left'>Gloucester.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(130) Ad Antonam</td><td align='right' class="br">XV</td><td align='right' class="br">XX</td><td align='left'>On the Avon.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(131) Alauna</td><td align='right' class="br">XV</td><td align='right' class="br">XV</td><td align='left'>Alcester on the Aln.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(121) ———</td><td align='right' class="br">...</td><td align='right' class="br">XVIIII</td><td align='left'>Camp at Chesterton on the Foss, near Harwood's house.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(13) Vennonis</td><td align='right' class="br">XII</td><td align='right' class="br">XXI</td><td align='left'>High Cross.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(133) Ratiscorion</td><td align='right' class="br">XII</td><td align='right' class="br">XII</td><td align='left'>Leicester.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(134) Venromento</td><td align='right' class="br">XII</td><td align='right' class="br">XII</td><td align='left'>Willoughby.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(135) Margiduno</td><td align='right' class="br">XII</td><td align='right' class="br">XII</td><td align='left'>East Bridgeford.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(136) Ad Pontem</td><td align='right' class="br">XII</td><td align='right' class="br">VII</td><td align='left'>Near Thorpe turnpike.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(137) Crococolana</td><td align='right' class="br"> </td><td align='right' class="br">VII</td><td align='left'>Brough.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(39) Lindum</td><td align='right' class="br">XII</td><td align='right' class="br">XII</td><td align='left'>Lincoln.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>This Iter ran, like the former, from Caerleon to Usk, where bending to +the right it traversed the country to Monmouth. From hence, although we +cannot trace the exact line of the road, yet we have no doubt that it crossed +the Wye to the next station at Berry Hill, in Weston, under Penyard; +and continued nearly in a direct line to Gloucester. As the author has +only left the name of a river for the next station, it must be placed in such +a situation on the Avon as to admit the distance of fifteen miles from the +next station of Alcester, which was the site of <i>Alauna</i>. This would carry +it to the westward of Evesham. From Alcester, likewise, till we reach the +Foss, we have neither a road nor distance, nor even the name of a station. +For this reason we deem ourselves justified in considering the undoubted +Roman camp at Chesterton on the Foss, as the post omitted by our author, +and from thence we proceed on that known military way to the certain +stations of High Cross, Leicester, Willoughby, Bridgeford, Brough, and +Lincoln.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="iter15"> +<tr><td align='center' class="br" colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Iter XV.</span></td><td align='center'><span class="smcap">Sites of the Stations.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right' class="br" colspan="3">(5) A Londinio, per Clausentum, in Londinium usque, sic:—</td><td align='left'>From London through Bittern, again to London.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> </td><td align='right' class="br"> </td><td align='center' class="br"><i>Corrected<br />Numbers.</i></td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(122) Caleba m.p.</td><td align='right' class="br">XLIIII</td><td align='right' class="br">XLIIII</td><td align='left'>Silchester.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(138) Vindomi</td><td align='right' class="br">XV</td><td align='right' class="br">XV</td><td align='left'>Near St. Mary Bourne.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(139) Venta Belgarum</td><td align='right' class="br">XXI</td><td align='right' class="br">XXI</td><td align='left'>Winchester.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(140) Ad Lapidem</td><td align='right' class="br">VI</td><td align='right' class="br">VI</td><td align='left'>Stoneham.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(141) Clausento</td><td align='right' class="br">IIII</td><td align='right' class="br">IIII</td><td align='left'>Bittern, near Southampton.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(142) Portu Magno</td><td align='right' class="br">X</td><td align='right' class="br">XV</td><td align='left'>Portchester.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_497" id="Page_497">[Pg 497]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(143) Regno</td><td align='right' class="br">X</td><td align='right' class="br">XV</td><td align='left'>Chichester.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(144) Ad Decimum</td><td align='right' class="br">X</td><td align='right' class="br">X</td><td align='left'>On the Arun.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(145) Anderida Portu</td><td align='right' class="br">...</td><td align='right' class="br"><a name="FNanchor_719_719" id="FNanchor_719_719"></a><a href="#Footnote_719_719" class="fnanchor">[719]</a>XLV</td><td align='left'>Pevensey.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(146) Ad Lemanum</td><td align='right' class="br">XXV</td><td align='right' class="br">XXV</td><td align='left'>On the Rother.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(147) Lemaniano Portu</td><td align='right' class="br">X</td><td align='right' class="br">XX</td><td align='left'>Lymne.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(148) Dubris</td><td align='right' class="br">X</td><td align='right' class="br">X</td><td align='left'>Dover.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(1) Rhutupis Colonia</td><td align='right' class="br">X</td><td align='right' class="br">XV</td><td align='left'>Richborough.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(149) Regulbio</td><td align='right' class="br">X</td><td align='right' class="br">VIIII</td><td align='left'>Reculver.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(2) Contiopoli</td><td align='right' class="br">X</td><td align='right' class="br">X</td><td align='left'>Canterbury.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(3) Durelevo</td><td align='right' class="br">XVIII</td><td align='right' class="br">XII</td><td align='left'>Stone Chaple in Ospringe.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(150) Mado</td><td align='right' class="br">XII</td><td align='right' class="br">XVIII</td><td align='left'>On the bank of the Medway.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(151) Vagnaca</td><td align='right' class="br">XVIII</td><td align='right' class="br">VIIII</td><td align='left'>Barkfields in Southfleet.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(152) Novio Mago</td><td align='right' class="br">XVIII</td><td align='right' class="br">XV</td><td align='left'>Holwood Hill.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(5) Londinio</td><td align='right' class="br">XV</td><td align='right' class="br">XV</td><td align='left'>London.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>This Iter leads from London to the south-west part of Hampshire, and +from thence, skirting the Sussex and Kentish coasts, back to the capital.</p> + +<p>At the first step the author gives forty-four miles as the distance between +London and Silchester, instead of forty, as in the twelfth Iter; hence we +may deviate a little in settling the site of <i>Bibracte</i> or <i>Ad Pontes</i>. Of the +next station we can merely offer a conjecture. As the country of the Atrebates +and their capital, <i>Calleva</i> or Silchester, is by our author described +as lying near the Thames, in distinction from that of the Segontiaci,<a name="FNanchor_720_720" id="FNanchor_720_720"></a><a href="#Footnote_720_720" class="fnanchor">[720]</a> whose +capital, <i>Vindomis</i>, was further distant from that river, and nearer the Kennet, +one point only appears to suit the distances, which bears the proper +relation to the neighbouring stations, and at the same time falls at the intersection +of two known Roman roads. This is in the neighbourhood of St. +Mary Bourne, and affords reason for considering Egbury Camp, or some +spot near it, as the capital of the Segontiaci. For by following the Roman +road called the Portway from Silchester, at the distance of fifteen miles is +the rivulet near St. Mary Bourne, and not far from it, the point where the +Portway is intersected by the Roman road from Winchester to Cirencester; +and proceeding along this last we have another distance of twenty-one +miles to Winchester. The road from Winchester by Otterbourne to Stoneham, +and thence by the Green Lane to Bittern, is well known, and the +distance sufficiently exact. But from thence, although traces of the road +are occasionally discoverable on Ridgway, and to the north of Bursledon +Hill, pointing towards Fareham and Portchester, yet the latter part is almost +totally unknown or lost. From Portchester it ran in the track of the present +turnpike to Chichester; and over the Arun not far from Arundel; and +then along the coast to Pevensey, the banks of the Rother, Lymne, Dover, +Richborough, Reculver, and Canterbury. There falling into the track of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_498" id="Page_498">[Pg 498]</a></span> +the first Iter, it went along the Watling Street to the bank of the Medway, +and passing that river, proceeded by Barkfields in Southfleet, a station +omitted before, across the country with the ancient Watling Street, (by a +road now unknown<a name="FNanchor_721_721" id="FNanchor_721_721"></a><a href="#Footnote_721_721" class="fnanchor">[721]</a>), to Holwood Hill, the capital of the Regni, and from +thence to London.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="iter16"> +<tr><td align='center' class="br" colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Iter XVI.</span></td><td align='center'><span class="smcap">Sites of the Stations.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left' class="br" colspan="3">(5) A Londinio Ceniam usque, sic:—</td><td align='left'>From London to the Fal.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> </td><td align='right' class="br"> </td><td align='center' class="br"><i>Corrected<br />Numbers.</i></td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(139) Venta Belgarum m.p.</td><td align='right' class="br">XC</td><td align='right' class="br">LXXX</td><td align='left'>Winchester.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(153) Brige</td><td align='right' class="br">XI</td><td align='right' class="br">XI</td><td align='left'>Near Broughton.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(154) Sorbioduno</td><td align='right' class="br">VIII</td><td align='right' class="br">VIIII</td><td align='left'>Old Sarum.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(155) Ventageladia</td><td align='right' class="br">XII</td><td align='right' class="br">XV</td><td align='left'>Gussage Cow Down.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">—————</span></td><td align='right' class="br"> </td><td align='right' class="br"> </td><td align='left'> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(156) Durnovaria</td><td align='right' class="br">VIIII</td><td align='right' class="br">XXX</td><td align='left'>Dorchester.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">—————</span></td><td align='right' class="br"> </td><td align='right' class="br"> </td><td align='left'> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(157) Moriduno</td><td align='right' class="br">XXXIII</td><td align='right' class="br">XXX</td><td align='left'>Seaton.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">—————</span></td><td align='right' class="br"> </td><td align='right' class="br"> </td><td align='left'> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(107) Isca Damnon</td><td align='right' class="br">XV</td><td align='right' class="br">XXVIII</td><td align='left'>Exeter.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">—————</span></td><td align='right' class="br"> </td><td align='right' class="br"> </td><td align='left'> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(158) Durio Amno</td><td align='right' class="br">...</td><td align='right' class="br">XXIII</td><td align='left'>On the Dart.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(159) Tamara</td><td align='right' class="br">...</td><td align='right' class="br">XXVI</td><td align='left'>On the Tamar.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">—————</span></td><td align='right' class="br"> </td><td align='right' class="br"> </td><td align='left'> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(160) Voluba</td><td align='right' class="br">...</td><td align='right' class="br">XXVIII</td><td align='left'>On the Fowey.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">—————</span></td><td align='right' class="br"> </td><td align='right' class="br"> </td><td align='left'> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(161) Ceni</td><td align='right' class="br">...</td><td align='right' class="br">XX</td><td align='left'>On the Fal.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The exact route from London to Winchester not being defined, we may +suppose that it ran, as before, through Silchester, and from thence by +St. Mary Bourne, as in the 15th Iter. From Winchester, as the road still +exists leading to Old Sarum, the distance of eleven miles will probably +give the site of <i>Brige</i>, although the station itself is not known; and the +nine following will lead us to Old Sarum. Pursuing the course of the +road, which may be still traced quite to Dorchester, remains found on +Gussage Cow Down point out the site of <i>Ventageladia</i>; and the disagreement +between the Itinerary and real distance from thence to Dorchester +justifies us in supposing that some intermediate post has been omitted. +The site of <i>Moridunum</i> is doubtful; some thinking it to be Eggerdon, or +the Hill of the Morini, with which the distance of nine miles would not +disagree; while others, with more reason, prefer Seaton, the great port of +the West, because the Foss leads from Ilchester directly to it. Intermediate +stations have evidently been lost between this place and Exeter, as has also +been the case between that place and the Dart, the Tamar, the Fowey and +the Fal. From Honiton the road is visible pointing to Exeter, as well as +from Exeter to Totness, and according to the ingenious Borlase, even to +Lostwithiel.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_499" id="Page_499">[Pg 499]</a></span></p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="iter17"> +<tr><td align='right' class="br" colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Iter XVII.</span></td><td align='center'><span class="smcap">Sites of the Stations.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left' class="br" colspan="3">Ab Anderida [Eboracum] usque, sic:—</td><td align='left'>From East bourne to York.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> </td><td align='right' class="br"> </td><td align='center' class="br"><i>Corrected<br />Numbers.</i></td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(162) Sylva Anderida m.p.</td><td align='right' class="br">...</td><td align='right' class="br"> </td><td align='left'>East Bourne.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(152) Novio Mago</td><td align='right' class="br"> </td><td align='right' class="br">XXXX</td><td align='left'>Holwood Hill.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(5) Londinio</td><td align='right' class="br">XV</td><td align='right' class="br">XV</td><td align='left'>London.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(163) Ad Fines<a name="FNanchor_722_722" id="FNanchor_722_722"></a><a href="#Footnote_722_722" class="fnanchor">[722]</a></td><td align='right' class="br"> </td><td align='right' class="br">XXVIII</td><td align='left'>Brougham.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(36) Durolisponte<a name="FNanchor_723_723" id="FNanchor_723_723"></a><a href="#Footnote_723_723" class="fnanchor">[723]</a></td><td align='right' class="br"> </td><td align='right' class="br">XXX</td><td align='left'>Godmanchester.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(37) Durnomago</td><td align='right' class="br">XXX</td><td align='right' class="br">XX</td><td align='left'>Castor, on the left bank of the Nen.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(38) Corisennis</td><td align='right' class="br">XXX</td><td align='right' class="br">XXV</td><td align='left'>Ancaster.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(39) Lindo</td><td align='right' class="br">XXX</td><td align='right' class="br">XXI</td><td align='left'>Lincoln.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(164) In Medio</td><td align='right' class="br">XV</td><td align='right' class="br">XV</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(165) Ad Abum</td><td align='right' class="br">XV</td><td align='right' class="br">XV</td><td align='left'>Winterton.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;"> Unde transis in Maximam</span></td><td align='right' class="br"> </td><td align='right' class="br"> </td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(166) Ad Petuariam</td><td align='right' class="br">VI</td><td align='right' class="br">VI</td><td align='left'>Brough.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(43) Deinde Eboraco, ut supra (It. 5) m.p.</td><td align='right' class="br">XLVI</td><td align='right' class="br">XXX</td><td align='left'>York.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>This Iter ran in the track of the British Ermyn Street, from Pevensey +and East Bourne, which were perhaps the <i>Anderida Portus</i> and <i>Anderida</i> +of the 15th Iter, along the ridge of hills to Holwood Hill (already +mentioned as the capital of the Rhemi), and from thence to London, but +its traces are now so obscure as to be almost forgotten. Some think that +from London it proceeded along the British Street, by the Green Lanes, +Cheshunt, and to the west of Broxbourne to Ware; while others suppose +that this Roman road went much straighter, and nearly in the course of +the present turnpike through Ware to Broughing, a post at the confluence +of the Rib and the Quin, where was probably the station <i>Ad Fines</i>, the +boundary between the countries of the Iceni, the Cassii, and the Trinobantes. +From hence the Roman road is so perfect by Caxton quite to +Lincoln, that we fix the station of <i>Durnomagus</i> at the great camp near +Castor, and the three others at Godmanchester, Ancaster, and Lincoln. +From Lincoln the Roman road proceeds directly to the banks of the Humber, +having, at the distance assigned in the Iter, the <i>Mansio in Medio</i>, and the +post at Winterton; from whence six miles carry us across the river to Brough, +or <i>Petuaria</i>, a post often confounded with the <i>Prætorium</i> of the 6th Iter. +As there is a Roman road still existing from Brough towards Weighton, +and then over Barmby Moor to York, there can be little doubt in +considering it as the course of this Iter. Should, however, the forty-six +miles given in the Itinerary (which appears to have been an error arising +from the mistake of the transcriber in confounding <i>Petuaria</i> and +<i>Prætorium</i>) be considered as correct, the course of the Iter may be +supposed to have run from Brough by Londesborough and Millington, to +the great road from Flamborough, and then to have turned with it to York, +making exactly the forty-six miles of the Itinerary.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_500" id="Page_500">[Pg 500]</a></span></p><hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="iter18"> +<tr><td align='center' class="br" colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Iter XVIII.</span></td><td align='center'><span class="smcap">Sites of the Stations.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left' class="br" colspan="3">(43) Ab Eboraco per medium insulæ Clausentum usque, sic:—</td><td align='left'>From York through the middle of the island to Bittern.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> </td><td align='right' class="br"> </td><td align='center' class="br"><i>Corrected<br />Numbers.</i></td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(42) Legiolio m.p.</td><td align='right' class="br">XXI</td><td align='right' class="br">XXI</td><td align='left'>Castleford.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(167) Ad Fines</td><td align='right' class="br">XVIII</td><td align='right' class="br">XXIII</td><td align='left'>Temple Brough, on the bank of the Don.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(168) .....</td><td align='right' class="br">XVI</td><td align='right' class="br">XVI</td><td align='left'>Tapton Hill near Chesterfield.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(169) .....</td><td align='right' class="br">XVI</td><td align='right' class="br">XII</td><td align='left'>Camp near Penkridge.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(170) Derventione<a name="FNanchor_724_724" id="FNanchor_724_724"></a><a href="#Footnote_724_724" class="fnanchor">[724]</a></td><td align='right' class="br">XVI</td><td align='right' class="br">XII</td><td align='left'>Little Chester.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(171) Ad Trivonam</td><td align='right' class="br">XII</td><td align='right' class="br">XII</td><td align='left'>Berry Farm, in Branston.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(15) Etoceto<a name="FNanchor_725_725" id="FNanchor_725_725"></a><a href="#Footnote_725_725" class="fnanchor">[725]</a></td><td align='right' class="br">XII</td><td align='right' class="br">XII</td><td align='left'>Wall.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(14) Manduessuedo</td><td align='right' class="br">XVI</td><td align='right' class="br">XVI</td><td align='left'>Manceter.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(13) Benonnis</td><td align='right' class="br">XII</td><td align='right' class="br">XII</td><td align='left'>High Cross.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(12) Tripontio</td><td align='right' class="br">XI</td><td align='right' class="br">XI</td><td align='left'>Near Dove Bridge.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(11) Isannavaria</td><td align='right' class="br">XII</td><td align='right' class="br">X</td><td align='left'>Burnt Walls.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(172) Brinavis</td><td align='right' class="br">XII</td><td align='right' class="br">XII</td><td align='left'>Black Ground, near Chipping Norton.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(173) Ælia Castra</td><td align='right' class="br">XVI</td><td align='right' class="br">XVI</td><td align='left'>Alcester, near Bicester.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(174) Dorocina</td><td align='right' class="br">XV</td><td align='right' class="br">XVI</td><td align='left'>Dorchester.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(175) Tamesi</td><td align='right' class="br">VI</td><td align='right' class="br">VI</td><td align='left'>On the Thames.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;"> Vindomi}</span></td><td align='right' class="br" rowspan="2">XV</td><td align='right' class="br" rowspan="2">XX</td><td align="left" rowspan="2">Silchester.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(122) <i>Calleva</i>}</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(141) Clausento</td><td align='right' class="br">XXXXVI</td><td align='right' class="br">XXXXV</td><td align='left'>Bittern, near Southampton.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>This Iter proceeds from York in the same direction as the fourth to +Castleford, where, bearing to the right to join the Ryknield Street, it +continues with it through the several stations of Temple Brough on the +Don, Chesterfield, Penkridge, Little Chester, and Branston, to Wall. +Here diverging to the left with the Watling Street, it passed through +Manceter, High Cross, and Dove Bridge, to Burnt Walls. It there quitted +the known road, and bore across the country, by an unknown route, to +Alcester, on the Akeman street; but the considerable remains found at +Black Ground, near Chippington Norton, would lead us to place the +station of <i>Brinavis</i> there, if the Roman road did not make any material +deviation between Burnt Walls and Alcester.</p> + +<p>From Alcester the road runs plainly over Ottmoor, and indeed almost +all the way to Dorchester. But from thence as we can discover no traces +of a road, and as our next post appears to have been only six miles distant +and on the Thames, if any reliance can be placed on the number, it may +be the point where the Roman road from Wantage apparently passes that +river opposite Mongewell. The next distance of fifteen miles, being +insufficient to lead us by any road to <i>Vindomis</i>, if it were placed either at +Silchester or near St. Mary Bourne, it is more than probable that there is +some error in the name of the station; and as the following number of +forty-six miles agrees with the distance in the 15th Iter of the road from +Silchester passing near Egbury to Bittern, we cannot help supposing that +the name of <i>Vindomis</i> has been inserted by mistake for that of <i>Calleva</i>.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_501" id="Page_501">[Pg 501]</a></span></p><div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_685_685" id="Footnote_685_685"></a><a href="#FNanchor_685_685"><span class="label">[685]</span></a> On this subject it may not be improper to observe, that the name of +Castor, Cester, or Chester, generally points out a Roman station; and Sarn, +Street, Stane and Stone, (Strat, and Stan, when compounded) as generally +show the course of a British or Roman way.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_686_686" id="Footnote_686_686"></a><a href="#FNanchor_686_686"><span class="label">[686]</span></a> For example these marks [Illustration], being the mutilated parts of numerals, +might have been easily transformed by the copyist into IIIII. XIII. VIII. XVI. XIX. or XXI. and single numerals might have been omitted, as +XX. and XXIII. for XIX. and XXXIII.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_687_687" id="Footnote_687_687"></a><a href="#FNanchor_687_687"><span class="label">[687]</span></a> Near Leicester.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_688_688" id="Footnote_688_688"></a><a href="#FNanchor_688_688"><span class="label">[688]</span></a> Hist. de l'Académie, t. 88, p. 661.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_689_689" id="Footnote_689_689"></a><a href="#FNanchor_689_689"><span class="label">[689]</span></a> Burnt Walls was the Roman post of <i>Isannavaria</i>; Borough Hill, on +the hill above it, was the great British fortification, <i>Bennavenna</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_690_690" id="Footnote_690_690"></a><a href="#FNanchor_690_690"><span class="label">[690]</span></a> Icianis XXVIII. <i>Stukeley</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_691_691" id="Footnote_691_691"></a><a href="#FNanchor_691_691"><span class="label">[691]</span></a> Durolisponte, Iter 17.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_692_692" id="Footnote_692_692"></a><a href="#FNanchor_692_692"><span class="label">[692]</span></a> Iter 17, XXX.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_693_693" id="Footnote_693_693"></a><a href="#FNanchor_693_693"><span class="label">[693]</span></a> Corisennis XXX. Iter 17.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_694_694" id="Footnote_694_694"></a><a href="#FNanchor_694_694"><span class="label">[694]</span></a> Iter 17, XXX.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_695_695" id="Footnote_695_695"></a><a href="#FNanchor_695_695"><span class="label">[695]</span></a> Legiolio, Iter 18.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_696_696" id="Footnote_696_696"></a><a href="#FNanchor_696_696"><span class="label">[696]</span></a> Iter 5 and 8, Eburaco.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_697_697" id="Footnote_697_697"></a><a href="#FNanchor_697_697"><span class="label">[697]</span></a> Cataractone XI.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_698_698" id="Footnote_698_698"></a><a href="#FNanchor_698_698"><span class="label">[698]</span></a> Probably Corium, <i>Stukeley</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_699_699" id="Footnote_699_699"></a><a href="#FNanchor_699_699"><span class="label">[699]</span></a> Vinovio, Iter 4.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_700_700" id="Footnote_700_700"></a><a href="#FNanchor_700_700"><span class="label">[700]</span></a> XXXVIII.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_701_701" id="Footnote_701_701"></a><a href="#FNanchor_701_701"><span class="label">[701]</span></a> This <i>Præturium</i> and the <i>Prætonum</i> of Antonine must be carefully +distinguished from the <i>Petuaria</i>, mentioned by our author in the 17th Iter, +for <i>Petuaria</i> was certainly at Brough on the Humber.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_702_702" id="Footnote_702_702"></a><a href="#FNanchor_702_702"><span class="label">[702]</span></a> +<a name="a_990" id="a_990"></a><a href="#Y">[702A]</a> Iter 10, Mancunio—Condate XXIII.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_703_703" id="Footnote_703_703"></a><a href="#FNanchor_703_703"><span class="label">[703]</span></a> <i>Stukeley</i>, XVIIII</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_704_704" id="Footnote_704_704"></a><a href="#FNanchor_704_704"><span class="label">[704]</span></a> Lataris, XVII. <i>Stuk.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_705_705" id="Footnote_705_705"></a><a href="#FNanchor_705_705"><span class="label">[705]</span></a> XVI. <i>Stuk.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_706_706" id="Footnote_706_706"></a><a href="#FNanchor_706_706"><span class="label">[706]</span></a> XX. <i>Stuk.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_707_707" id="Footnote_707_707"></a><a href="#FNanchor_707_707"><span class="label">[707]</span></a> Iter 10 inverted, Brocavonacis—Luguvallia, XXII.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_708_708" id="Footnote_708_708"></a><a href="#FNanchor_708_708"><span class="label">[708]</span></a> VIIII. <i>Stukeley.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_709_709" id="Footnote_709_709"></a><a href="#FNanchor_709_709"><span class="label">[709]</span></a> XXX Iter 9.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_710_710" id="Footnote_710_710"></a><a href="#FNanchor_710_710"><span class="label">[710]</span></a> Statio Trajectus. <i>Comm.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_711_711" id="Footnote_711_711"></a><a href="#FNanchor_711_711"><span class="label">[711]</span></a> Ad Sabrinam. <i>Comm.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_712_712" id="Footnote_712_712"></a><a href="#FNanchor_712_712"><span class="label">[712]</span></a> VIIII. <i>Stukeley.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_713_713" id="Footnote_713_713"></a><a href="#FNanchor_713_713"><span class="label">[713]</span></a> Tibia VII. <i>Stukeley.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_714_714" id="Footnote_714_714"></a><a href="#FNanchor_714_714"><span class="label">[714]</span></a> This station was discovered by Mr. Fenton during his researches for +his History of Pembrokeshire. It lies in the parish of Ambleston.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_715_715" id="Footnote_715_715"></a><a href="#FNanchor_715_715"><span class="label">[715]</span></a> We prefer the name of <i>Abone</i> for Sea Mills, because it bears that +name in old deeds; on the other hand, there appears to be no instance in +which the name of <i>Trajectus</i> is applied to a town unless at the passage of +a river.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_716_716" id="Footnote_716_716"></a><a href="#FNanchor_716_716"><span class="label">[716]</span></a> The bishops of St. David's being called in Latin <i>Menapienses</i> by the +earliest of our ecclesiatical writers, is an argument that the station is near +the present town. The site of the station itself was probably at a short +distance from the modern city, at a place called the Burrows, and just +above a fine harbour called the Porth Mawr.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_717_717" id="Footnote_717_717"></a><a href="#FNanchor_717_717"><span class="label">[717]</span></a> Few of the Roman stations have been fixed at so many different +pieces as that of <i>Calleva Atrebatum</i>. It has been placed at Silchester, +Henley, Wallingford, and Reading, by different antiquaries; yet in no +doubtful case do more testimonies concur to ascertain the site. It was +evidently a station of importance, because it appears as a central point, to +which the roads traversed by three different Iters of Antonine (the 13th, +14th, and 15th,) converge. It was the capital of the Atrebates; situated +at known distances from London, Winchester, Bath, Spene, and Caerleon; +and at a doubtful one, though easily supplied, from Cirencester and Old +Sarum. These circumstances cannot by any expedient be brought to coincide, +either with Henley, Wallingford, or Reading; but all agree in regard +to Silchester. Its distance nearly accords with the Itinerary distance of +<i>Calleva</i> from London, Bath, Spene, Winchester, and Caerleon, and, if a +station (which is evidently lost) in the Iter of Antonine be supplied, with +that from Cirencester. The present remains are those of a great Roman +town; it is situated in the district formerly inhabited by the Atrebates; +and in every direction traces of Roman roads converging to this point still +plainly exist, from London, Spene, Winchester, Old Sarum, Bath, and +Cirencester.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_718_718" id="Footnote_718_718"></a><a href="#FNanchor_718_718"><span class="label">[718]</span></a> Bultro, Iter 13</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_719_719" id="Footnote_719_719"></a><a href="#FNanchor_719_719"><span class="label">[719]</span></a> <i>Stukeley</i>, X.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_720_720" id="Footnote_720_720"></a><a href="#FNanchor_720_720"><span class="label">[720]</span></a> Richard, b. 1, c. 6, sect. 28, describing the several nations whose territories +were watered by the Thames in its course to the German Ocean, +places the Atrebates between the Hedui and the Cassii, without even mentioning +the Segontiaci, a proof that their territories did not approach the +river.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_721_721" id="Footnote_721_721"></a><a href="#FNanchor_721_721"><span class="label">[721]</span></a> In Hasted's History of Kent is a passage which countenances the idea +of an ancient road having traversed the country in this line.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_722_722" id="Footnote_722_722"></a><a href="#FNanchor_722_722"><span class="label">[722]</span></a> <i>Stuk.</i> XXX.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_723_723" id="Footnote_723_723"></a><a href="#FNanchor_723_723"><span class="label">[723]</span></a> It. 3. Duraliponte—Durnomago XX.—Issinis XX.—Lindo XX.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_724_724" id="Footnote_724_724"></a><a href="#FNanchor_724_724"><span class="label">[724]</span></a> XVI.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_725_725" id="Footnote_725_725"></a><a href="#FNanchor_725_725"><span class="label">[725]</span></a> It. 2, inv. Etoceto.—Manduessuedo XIII.—Benonais +XII.—Tripontio Isantia Varia XII.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>APPENDIX.—No. II.</h2> + +<h3>HANES TALIESIN, OR THE HISTORY OF TALIESIN</h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="taliesin"> +<tr><td align='left'>The primary domestic bard<br /> +Am I to Elphin,<br /> +And my original country<br /> +Is the region of Cherubims.<br /> +Joannes the divine<br /> +Called me Merddin,<br /> +At length every king<br /> +Will call me Taliesin.<br /> +I was full nine months<br /> +In the womb of mother Cyridwen;<a name="FNanchor_726_726" id="FNanchor_726_726"></a><a href="#Footnote_726_726" class="fnanchor">[726]</a><br /> +I was little Gwion heretofore,<br /> +Taliesin am I now.<br /> +I was with my Lord<br /> +In the superior state,<br /> +When Lucifer did fall<br /> +To the infernal deep.<br /> +I have borne a banner<br /> +Before Alexander:<br /> +I know the names of the stars<br /> +From the north to Auster.<br /> +I have been in the circle of Gwdion<br /> +Tetragammaton;<a name="FNanchor_727_727" id="FNanchor_727_727"></a><a href="#Footnote_727_727" class="fnanchor">[727]</a><br /> +I conducted Hean<a name="FNanchor_728_728" id="FNanchor_728_728"></a><a href="#Footnote_728_728" class="fnanchor">[728]</a><br /> +To the depth of Ebron vale,<br /> +I was in Canaan<br /> +When Absalom was slain,<br /> +I was in the Court of Don<a name="FNanchor_729_729" id="FNanchor_729_729"></a><a href="#Footnote_729_729" class="fnanchor">[729]</a><br /> +Before Gwdion was born,<br /> +I was an attendant<br /> +On Eli and Enoc;<br /> +I was on the cross-devoting sentence<br /> +Of the Son of the merciful God.<br /> +I have been chief keeper<br /> +Of the work of Nimrod's tower;<br /> +I have been three revolutions<br /> +In the circle of Arianrod.<a name="FNanchor_730_730" id="FNanchor_730_730"></a><a href="#Footnote_730_730" class="fnanchor">[730]</a><br /> +I was in the Ark</td> +<td align="left">With Noah and Alpha;<br /> +I beheld the destruction<br /> +Of Sodoma and Gomorra;<br /> +I was in Africa<br /> +Before Rome was built:<br /> +I am come here<br /> +To the remnants of Troia.<br /> +I was with my Lord<br /> +In the manger of the she-ass;<br /> +I strengthened Moses<br /> +Through the Jordan water.<br /> +I have been in the firmament<br /> +With Mary Magdalen;<br /> +I have been gifted with genius<br /> +From the Cauldron of Cyridwen.<br /> +I have been bard of the harp<br /> +To the Teon of Lochlyn;<a name="FNanchor_731_731" id="FNanchor_731_731"></a><a href="#Footnote_731_731" class="fnanchor">[731]</a><br /> +I have endured hunger<br /> +For the son of the Virgin.<br /> +I have been in the White Hill<a name="FNanchor_732_732" id="FNanchor_732_732"></a><a href="#Footnote_732_732" class="fnanchor">[732]</a><br /> +In the court of Cynvelyn,<br /> +In stocks and fetters,<br /> +For a year and a day.<br /> +I have had my abode<br /> +In the kingdom of the Trinity;<br /> +It is not known what is my body,<br /> +Whether flesh or fish.<br /> +I have been an instructor<br /> +To the whole universe;<br /> +I shall remain till the day of doom<br /> +On the face of the earth,<br /> +I have been in an agitated seat<br /> +Above the circle of Sidin,<a name="FNanchor_733_733" id="FNanchor_733_733"></a><a href="#Footnote_733_733" class="fnanchor">[733]</a><br /> +And that continues revolving<br /> +Between three elements:<br /> +Is it not a wonder to the world,<br /> +That it reflects not a splendour?<br /> +</td></tr></table></div> + +<p class="center">[<i>From Meyrick's History of Cardiganshire</i>, p. 65, 2 vols. London, 1806.]</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_502" id="Page_502">[Pg 502]</a></span></p><div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_726_726" id="Footnote_726_726"></a><a href="#FNanchor_726_726"><span class="label">[726]</span></a> Venus.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_727_727" id="Footnote_727_727"></a><a href="#FNanchor_727_727"><span class="label">[727]</span></a> The Galaxy.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_728_728" id="Footnote_728_728"></a><a href="#FNanchor_728_728"><span class="label">[728]</span></a> The Divine Spirit.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_729_729" id="Footnote_729_729"></a><a href="#FNanchor_729_729"><span class="label">[729]</span></a> Or Llys Don, i.e. Cassiopeia.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_730_730" id="Footnote_730_730"></a><a href="#FNanchor_730_730"><span class="label">[730]</span></a> The Northern Crown.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_731_731" id="Footnote_731_731"></a><a href="#FNanchor_731_731"><span class="label">[731]</span></a> Denmark.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_732_732" id="Footnote_732_732"></a><a href="#FNanchor_732_732"><span class="label">[732]</span></a> Tower of London.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_733_733" id="Footnote_733_733"></a><a href="#FNanchor_733_733"><span class="label">[733]</span></a> Perhaps Caer Sidin, or the Zodiac.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>GENERAL INDEX.</h2> + + +<ul class="IX"> +<li>Aaron, a British martyr, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>.</li> +<li>Ælla, king of the South Saxons, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>.</li> +<li>Ælla, usurper of Northumbria, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</li> +<li>Æneas, the Trojan, marries Lavinia, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>.</li> +<li>Æsc, king of Kent, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.</li> +<li>Ætius, a Roman general, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>.</li> +<li>Aganippus, king of the Franks, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.</li> +<li>Agricola, Roman governor, <a href="#Page_443">443</a>, <a href="#Page_448">448</a>, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>, <a href="#Page_470">470</a>.</li> +<li>Aidan, king of the Scots, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>.</li> +<li>Alan, king of Armorica, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>.</li> +<li>Alban, St. his martyrdom, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>.</li> +<li>Albanact, a son of Brutus, killed, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</li> +<li>Aldhelm, bishop, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</li> +<li>Aldroen, king of Armorica, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.</li> +<li><span class="smcap">Alfred, Asser's Life of</span>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>-<a href="#Page_48">48</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>some further notices of, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>-<a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>;</li> + <li>his children, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Alfrid, king of Northumbria, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>.</li> +<li>Alifantinam, king of Spain, slain, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>.</li> +<li>Alla [Ella], king of Northumbria, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>.</li> +<li>Allectus, emperor in Britain, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>.</li> +<li>Alleluiatic victory, <a href="#Page_406">406</a>.</li> +<li>Allobroges, in Switzerland, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>.</li> +<li>Amalgaid, king of Connaught, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>.</li> +<li>Amatheus consecrates St. Patrick, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>.</li> +<li>Ambrius, founder of a monastery, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</li> +<li>Ambrosius [Emrys Wledig], <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>-<a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>, <a href="#Page_407">407</a>, <a href="#Page_416">416</a>.</li> +<li>Amphibalus, St. <a href="#Page_161">161</a>.</li> +<li>Anacletus taken prisoner by Brutus, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>-<a href="#Page_96">96</a>.</li> +<li>Andragius, a king of Britain, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li> +<li>Androgeus, duke of Trinovantum, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</li> +<li>Anglia, East, genealogy of the kings, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>.</li> +<li>Antenor, Trojan, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.</li> +<li>Antigonus taken prisoner by Brutus, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>.</li> +<li>Antoninus's wall, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>.</li> +<li>Anwiund, a Danish king, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</li> +<li>Archflamens made archbishops, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>.</li> +<li>Arianism spreads in Britain, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>.</li> +<li>Arthgallo deposed, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.</li> +<li>Arthmail, a king of Britain, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li> +<li>Arthur, king, not noticed by Gildas or Bede, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>his exploits, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>-<a href="#Page_271">271</a>, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>;</li> + <li>coronation, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>-<a href="#Page_245">245</a>;</li> + <li>death, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Arviragus, a king of Britain, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>-<a href="#Page_153">153</a>.</li> +<li>Ascanius, son of Æneas, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>, <a href="#Page_388">388</a>.</li> +<li>Ascnillius, king of Dacia, slain, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>.</li> +<li>Asclepiodotus frees Britain from the Romans, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>-<a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>.</li> +<li>Assa (Cissa), king of the South Saxons, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.</li> +<li>Assaracus joins Brutus against the Grecians, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li> +<li>Assaracus, king of Germany, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li> +<li>Asser, archbishop of St. David's, Life of Alfred, <a href="#Page_vi">vi</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>-<a href="#Page_86">86</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>visits king Alfred, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Athelred, archbishop of Canterbury, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.</li> +<li>Athelstan, king of Kent, &c. <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.</li> +<li>Athelstan, king of Mercia, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>.</li> +<li>Angusil, king of Albania, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>.</li> +<li>Augustine, archbishop of Canterbury, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>-<a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="#Page_438">438</a>, <a href="#Page_444">444</a>.</li> +<li>Aulus Plautius visits Britain, <a href="#Page_469">469</a>.</li> +<li>Aurelius Antoninus' victories in Britain, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>.</li> +<li>Auxilius, a bishop of Ireland, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li>Bagsac, a Danish king, slain, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.</li> +<li>Baldulph, a Saxon chief, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>-<a href="#Page_234">234</a>.</li> +<li>Bards, the British poets, <a href="#Page_434">434</a>.</li> +<li>Bassianus kills his brother Geta, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>-<a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_449">449</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>.</li> +<li>Battles between the Romans and the Britons at the invasion, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>-<a href="#Page_153">153</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on the Grampian hills, <a href="#Page_451">451</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Battles between the Britons and Saxons at + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Anderida, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>;</li> + <li>Badon-hill, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>;</li> + <li>the river Bassas, <a href="#Page_498">498</a>;</li> + <li>Beandune, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>;</li> + <li>Bedanford, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>;</li> + <li>Berin-byrig, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>;</li> + <li>Breguoin, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>;</li> + <li>Cat Coit Celidon, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>;</li> + <li>Cerdic's-ore, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>;</li> + <li>Cirencester, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>;</li> + <li>the river Darent, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>;</li> + <li>Deorhamme, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>;</li> + <li>the river Duglas, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>;</li> + <li>Fethanleage, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>;</li> + <li>the river Gleni, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>;</li> + <li>Gurnion castle, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>;</li> + <li>Hengeston, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;</li> + <li>Mearcrædsburn, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>;</li> + <li>Scarburh, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>;</li> + <li>Stone, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>;</li> + <li>Trat Treuroit, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>;</li> + <li>Verulam, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Battles between the English and the Danes at + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Ac-lea, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>;</li> + <li>Æscendune, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>;</li> + <li>Basing, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>;</li> + <li>Brumby, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;</li> + <li>Cambridge, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;</li> + <li>Canterbury, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>;</li> + <li>Charmouth, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;</li> + <li>Devonshire, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>;</li> + <li>East Anglia, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>;</li> + <li>Edington, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>;</li> + <li>Ethandune, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>;</li> + <li>Exeter, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>;</li> + <li>Hampshire, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>;</li> + <li>Holme, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;</li> + <li>Kent, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>;</li> + <li>Mercia, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>;</li> + <li>Merton, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;</li> + <li>Nottingham, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>;</li> + <li>Port, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;</li> + <li>Reading, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>;</li> + <li>Southampton, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;</li> + <li>the Stour, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>;</li> + <li>Surrey, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>;</li> + <li>Swanwich, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>;</li> + <li>Wareham, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>;</li> + <li>Wessex, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>;</li> + <li>Wilton, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>;</li> + <li>York, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Beaduherd, reve of the shire, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li> +<li>Bede noticed, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.</li> +<li>Bedver, governor of Neustria, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>-<a href="#Page_264">264</a>.</li> +<li>Belinus, king of Britain, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>-<a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>.</li> +<li>Belinus, general of Cassibelaun's army, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.</li> +<li>Benlli, king of Powys, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>.</li> +<li>Bernhelm, abbat, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.</li> +<li>Bernicia, genealogy of the kings, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>.</li> +<li>Bernulf, king of Mercia, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</li> +<li>Berthwulf, king of Mercia, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.</li> +<li>Bertric, king of Wessex, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.</li> +<li>Birinus, bishop, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li> +<li>Bladud, king of Britain, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>.</li> +<li>Blederic, killed by Ethelfrid, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>.</li> +<li>Bleduno, a king of Britain, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li> +<li>Blegabred, a king of Britain, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li> +<li>Boadicea, or Bonduica, queen of the Iceni, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>, <a href="#Page_465">465</a>, <a href="#Page_469">469</a>.</li> +<li>Boccus, king of the Medes, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>.</li> +<li>Borellus, consul of the Cenomanni, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>.</li> +<li>Boso's gallantry against the Romans, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>.</li> +<li>Brennius quarrels with Belinus, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>-<a href="#Page_130">130</a>.</li> +<li>Brian, nephew to Cadwalla, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>-<a href="#Page_284">284</a>.</li> +<li>Bridget, an Irish saint, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>, <a href="#Page_460">460</a>.</li> +<li>Britael, king of Demetia, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</li> +<li>Britain, described, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>-<a href="#Page_422">422</a>, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>its original inhabitants, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>, <a href="#Page_422">422</a>-<a href="#Page_428">428</a>, <a href="#Page_464">464</a>;</li> + <li>invaded by Julius Cæsar, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>, <a href="#Page_468">468</a>;</li> + <li>Christianity introduced into, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>;</li> + <li>divided into provinces, <a href="#Page_436">436</a>;</li> + <li>boundary of the Roman empire in Britain, <a href="#Page_453">453</a>;</li> + <li>finally quitted by the Romans, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>, <a href="#Page_467">467</a>, <a href="#Page_468">468</a>;</li> + <li>occupied by Saxons, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>;</li> + <li>invaded by the Danes, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>-<a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>-<a href="#Page_66">66</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>British cities, ancient. <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>.</li> +<li>Brocmail defeated by Ethelfrid, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>.</li> +<li>Brutus, <a href="#Page_xiv">xiv</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>his history, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>-<a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>-<a href="#Page_388">388</a>, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Brutus, surnamed Greenshield, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.</li> +<li>Bryto supposed to have built London, <a href="#Page_464">464</a>.</li> +<li>Budes, king of Armorica, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</li> +<li>Buile settles in Eubonia, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>.</li> +<li>Burhred, king of Mercia, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li>Cador, duke of Cornwall, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>.</li> +<li>Cadwan, makes a treaty with Ethelfrid, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>.</li> +<li>Cadwalla, a British king, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>-<a href="#Page_288">288</a>, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>.</li> +<li>Cadwallader, a British king, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>-<a href="#Page_290">290</a>, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>.</li> +<li>Cædwalla, king of Wessex, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</li> +<li>Cæsar, Julius, invasion, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>-<a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>, <a href="#Page_465">465</a>, <a href="#Page_468">468</a>.</li> +<li>Caius, governor of Andegavia, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>-<a href="#Page_244">244</a>.</li> +<li>Caliburn, the sword of Arthur, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>.</li> +<li>Cap, one of the kings of Britain, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li> +<li>Capoir, one of the kings of Britain, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li> +<li>Caracalla. See <i>Bassianus</i></li> +<li>Caractacus (Caradog), <a href="#Page_442">442</a>, <a href="#Page_443">443</a>, <a href="#Page_465">465</a>.</li> +<li>Caradoc, duke of Cornwall, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>-<a href="#Page_168">168</a>.</li> +<li>Carausius, governor of Britain, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>-<a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>, <a href="#Page_437">437</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>.</li> +<li>Careticus (<i>Ceredig</i>), a British king, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>.</li> +<li>Cartismandua, queen of Brigantia, <a href="#Page_443">443</a>.</li> +<li>Cassibellaun (Caswallon) <a href="#Page_136">136</a>-<a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>, <a href="#Page_465">465</a>, <a href="#Page_468">468</a>.</li> +<li>Catellus, a British king, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li> +<li>Catel Drunluc, or Cadell Deyrnllug, prince of Powys, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>.</li> +<li>Catigern, son of Vortigern, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</li> +<li>Ceawlin, king of Wessex, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>.</li> +<li>Celestine, pope, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>.</li> +<li>Cenric, king of the West Saxons, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.</li> +<li>Ceolnoth, abp. of Canterbury, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.</li> +<li>Ceolred, king of Mercia, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</li> +<li>Ceolwulf, king of Wessex, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.</li> +<li>Ceolwulf, king of Northumbria, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</li> +<li>Ceolwulf, king of Mercia, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.</li> +<li>Cerdic, king of Wessex, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.</li> +<li>Cerealis, Roman governor of Britain, <a href="#Page_448">448</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>, <a href="#Page_470">470</a>.</li> +<li>Cheldric arrives from Germany, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>assists Modred against Arthur, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Chelianus, appointed archbishop of Dole, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>.</li> +<li>Cherdich, a Saxon chief, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>.</li> +<li>Cherin, an ancient British king, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li> +<li>Cheulphus repulsed by Brennius, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>.</li> +<li>Chrism-loosing, what, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> +<li>Claudius invades Britain, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>-<a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>, <a href="#Page_448">448</a>, <a href="#Page_465">465</a>, <a href="#Page_468">468</a>.</li> +<li>Cledaucus, an ancient British king, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li> +<li>Cletonus, an ancient British king, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li> +<li>Cligueillus, a king of Britain, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li> +<li>Clodius Albinus, Roman governor of Britain, <a href="#Page_471">471</a>.</li> +<li>Cloten, king of Cornwall, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>.</li> +<li>Coel rebels against Asclepiodotus, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>.</li> +<li>Cogibundus, a British regulus, <a href="#Page_465">465</a>, <a href="#Page_469">469</a>.</li> +<li>Coillus, a British king, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li> +<li>Coillus, a British king, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</li> +<li>Colgrin, a Saxon chief, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>-<a href="#Page_234">234</a>.</li> +<li>Columba, St. <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_460">460</a>.</li> +<li>Comet appeared, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>.</li> +<li>Conan kills Constantine, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>.</li> +<li>Conan Meriadoc, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>-<a href="#Page_171">171</a>.</li> +<li>Conanus (Aurelius), <a href="#Page_316">316</a>.</li> +<li>Constans, a monk, king of Britain, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>-<a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.</li> +<li>Constantine the Great, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>, <a href="#Page_437">437</a>, <a href="#Page_467">467</a>.</li> +<li>Constantine the Armorican, made king, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.</li> +<li>Constantine, Arthur's successor, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>.</li> +<li>Constantius, governor of Britain, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>.</li> +<li>Councils, ecclesiastical, at Heathfield, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Cloveshoo, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;</li> + <li>Constantinople, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>;</li> + <li>Caer Guorthegirn, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Conwenna's speech to Brennius, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>.</li> +<li>Cordeilla, daughter of Leir, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>-<a href="#Page_119">119</a>.</li> +<li>Corineus, duke of Cornwall, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>-<a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> +<li>Cridious, king of Albania, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</li> +<li>Crocea mors, the name of Cæsar's sword, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>.</li> +<li>Cuichelm, king of Wessex, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>.</li> +<li>Cunedagius kills his brother, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>.</li> +<li>Cuneglasse, a British prince, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>.</li> +<li>Cutha, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>.</li> +<li>Cuthbert, bishop of Lindisfarne, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>.</li> +<li>Cuthred, king, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>.</li> +<li>Cuthred, king of Wessex, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</li> +<li>Cuthred, king of Kent, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li> +<li>Cynegils, king of Wessex, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>.</li> +<li>Cynewulf, king of Wessex, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>-<a href="#Page_18">18</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li>Dabutius reproaches Merlin, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>.</li> +<li>Danes arrive in England, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>-<a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>-<a href="#Page_66">66</a>.</li> +<li>Danius, an ancient British king, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.</li> +<li>David. St. archbp. of Menevia, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>.</li> +<li>Diana's answer to Brutus, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.</li> +<li>Dianotus, king of Cornwall, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>.</li> +<li>Dinooth, abbat of Bangor, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>.</li> +<li>Diocletian persecution, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>.</li> +<li>Divitiacus subdues part of Britain, <a href="#Page_464">464</a>.</li> +<li>Diwanius, bishop of Winchester, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>.</li> +<li>Doldavius, king of Gothland, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>.</li> +<li>Dolobellus, a British proconsul, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>.</li> +<li>Dress of the ancient Britons, <a href="#Page_427">427</a>.</li> +<li>Druidism, <a href="#Page_429">429</a>-<a href="#Page_434">434</a>.</li> +<li>Dubricius, abp. of Caerleon, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>-<a href="#Page_245">245</a>.</li> +<li>Dunwallo Molmutius (<i>Dynval Moelmud</i>) <a href="#Page_121">121</a>.</li> +<li>Duvanus, bishop, sent from Rome, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li>Eadbert, king of Northumbria, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</li> +<li>Eadburga, Bertric's queen, account of, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.</li> +<li>Eadfered Flesaurs, king of Northumbria, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>, <a href="#Page_414">414</a>.</li> +<li>Eagle, said to have spoken, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>.</li> +<li>Ealstan, bishop, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>.</li> +<li>Ebissa, or Eosa, the Saxon chief, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>.</li> +<li>Ebraucus, king of Britain, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.</li> +<li>Eclipses, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</li> +<li>Ecwils, a Danish king, killed, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</li> +<li>Edgar, king, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>.</li> +<li>Edmund, (St.) king of East Anglia, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.</li> +<li>Edmund, king, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>.</li> +<li>Edred, king, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>.</li> +<li>Edward (the elder,) king, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>-<a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</li> +<li>Edwin, king of Northumbria, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>, <a href="#Page_414">414</a>.</li> +<li>Edwy, king, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>.</li> +<li>Egbert, king of Wessex, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>-<a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</li> +<li>Egbert, bishop, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</li> +<li>Egfert, king of Mercia, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li> +<li>Egfrid, king of Northumbria, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>.</li> +<li>Eisc, king of Kent, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.</li> +<li>Elbotus, or Elvod, bp. of Bangor, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>, <a href="#Page_384">384</a>.</li> +<li>Eldad, bishop of Gloucester, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>-<a href="#Page_214">214</a>.</li> +<li>Eldadus, an ancient British king, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li> +<li>Eldol, duke of Gloucester, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>-<a href="#Page_213">213</a>.</li> +<li>Eldol, an ancient British king, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li> +<li>Eledanius, bishop of Alclud, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>.</li> +<li>Eleutherius, pope, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>.</li> +<li>Elfgiva, king Edmund's queen, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>.</li> +<li>Elidure, surnamed the pious, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.</li> +<li>Eliud, an ancient British king, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li> +<li>Elsingius, king of Norway, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>.</li> +<li>Enniaunus, king of Britain, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li> +<li>Eohric, a Danish king, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</li> +<li>Escwin, king of Wessex, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</li> +<li>Estrildis, concubine of Locrin, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>.</li> +<li>Ethelard, king of Wessex, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</li> +<li>Ethelbald, king of Mercia, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.</li> +<li>Ethelbald, king of Wessex, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>-<a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.</li> +<li>Ethelbald, archbishop of York, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</li> +<li>Ethelbert, king of Kent, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>.</li> +<li>Ethelbert II. king of Kent, &c. <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.</li> +<li>Ethelfrid, king of Northumbria, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>.</li> +<li>Ethelgiva, abbess of Shaftesbury, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li> +<li>Ethelred, king of Mercia, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</li> +<li>Ethelred, king of England, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>.</li> +<li>Ethelred, king of Northumbria, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li> +<li>Ethered, [Ethered] king of Wessex. <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>-<a href="#Page_56">56</a>.</li> +<li>Ethelwald rebels against Oswy, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>.</li> +<li>Ethelswitha, daughter of Alfred, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>.</li> +<li>Ethered, earl of Mercia, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>-<a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li> +<li><span class="smcap">Ethelwerd's Chronicle</span>, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>-<a href="#Page_40">40</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>account of the author, <a href="#Page_v">v</a>, <a href="#Page_vi">vi</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Ethelwulf, king of Wessex, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>-<a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>-<a href="#Page_49">49</a>.</li> +<li>Evander, king of Syria, killed, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>.</li> +<li>Evelinus, nephew of Androgeus, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</li> +<li>Eventus, king of Albania, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li>Faganus sent to convert the Britons, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>.</li> +<li>Famine in Britain, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>.</li> +<li>Fergusius emigrates from Ireland, <a href="#Page_467">467</a>.</li> +<li>Ferrex killed by his brother Porrex, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.</li> +<li>Flamens made bishops, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>.</li> +<li>Flollo, a Roman tribune, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>.</li> +<li>Friday, so called from the goddess Frea, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</li> +<li>Frontinus, a Roman gov. <a href="#Page_443">443</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>, <a href="#Page_470">470</a>.</li> +<li>Fulgenius, a British king, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li> +<li>Fulgenius wars against Severus, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>.</li> +<li>Funeral rites of the ancient Britons, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li>Gabius, a Roman consul, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.</li> +<li>Galgacus, king of the Caledonians, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>, <a href="#Page_470">470</a>.</li> +<li>Gallus, Livius, besieged in London, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_469">469</a>.</li> +<li>Genuissa, daughter of Claudius, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>.</li> +<li><span class="smcap">Geoffrey of Monmouth's British History</span>; <a href="#Page_89">89</a>-<a href="#Page_292">292</a>. + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Some account of the author, <a href="#Page_viii">viii</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Gerion, the augur, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.</li> +<li>Germanus, St. bishop of Auxerre, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>-<a href="#Page_407">407</a>.</li> +<li>Geruntius, an ancient British king, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li> +<li>Geta, son of Severus, killed, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>.</li> +<li>Giant, killed by Arthur, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>.</li> +<li>Giant's Dance, its removal, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>-<a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>.</li> +<li><span class="smcap">Gildas' Works</span>, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>-<a href="#Page_380">380</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>notices of its author, <a href="#Page_vii">vii</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Gillomanius, king of Ireland, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>-<a href="#Page_221">221</a>.</li> +<li>Godbold, king of the Orkneys, killed, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>.</li> +<li>Goëmagot, a giant killed, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>.</li> +<li>Goffarius, king of Aquitaine, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>-<a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</li> +<li>Gombert, king of Norway, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>.</li> +<li>Gonorilla, one of Leir's daughters, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>-<a href="#Page_116">116</a>.</li> +<li>Gorbogudo, a British king, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.</li> +<li>Gorbonian, a British king, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.</li> +<li>Gorlois, duke of Cornwall, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>.</li> +<li>Gormund, king of the Africans, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>.</li> +<li>Gothrun, a Danish king, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</li> +<li>Gratian, emp. slain by Maximus, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>-<a href="#Page_396">396</a>.</li> +<li>Gratian Municeps, a British king, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>.</li> +<li>Gregory I, pope, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.</li> +<li>Grimbald, abbat of Hyde Abbey, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</li> +<li>Guanhumara, wife of Arthur, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>.</li> +<li>Guanius, king of the Huns, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>.</li> +<li>Guendolœna, wife of Locrin, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>.</li> +<li>Guerthaeth, king of Venedotia, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</li> +<li>Guethelin, archbp. of London, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.</li> +<li>Guichthlac, king of Dacia, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.</li> +<li>Guiderius, a British king, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>.</li> +<li>Guillamurius, king of Ireland, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>.</li> +<li>Guitard defeated by Hoel, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>.</li> +<li>Guithelin, a British king, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.</li> +<li>Guitolinus quarrels with Ambrosius, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>.</li> +<li>Gunfasius, king of the Orkneys, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>.</li> +<li>Guoyrancgonus, a king of Kent, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>.</li> +<li>Gurgintius, a British king, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li> +<li>Gurgiunt Brabtruc, king of Britain, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.</li> +<li>Gurgustius, a British king, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.</li> +<li>Guthfrid, king of Northumbria, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li>Hadrian's wall, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>, <a href="#Page_471">471</a>.</li> +<li>Halfdene, a Danish chieftain, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.</li> +<li>Hamo, Leuis, a Roman general, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>.</li> +<li>Hasten, invades England, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>.</li> +<li>Heahmund, bishop, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</li> +<li>Helena, mother of Constantine, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_444">444</a>-<a href="#Page_446">446</a>, <a href="#Page_467">467</a>.</li> +<li>Helena, niece of Hoel, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>.</li> +<li>Heli, king of Britain, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li> +<li>Hengist and Horsa, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>-<a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>-<a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>-<a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>-<a href="#Page_400">400</a>, <a href="#Page_405">405</a>, <a href="#Page_406">406</a>.</li> +<li>Henry I. king of England, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li> +<li>Henuinus, duke of Cornwall, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.</li> +<li>Hider, a British general, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>.</li> +<li>Hilda, abbess, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</li> +<li>Hirelgas, Bedver's nephew, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>.</li> +<li>Hirelglas, Cassibellaun's nephew, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.</li> +<li>Hingwar, Danish chief, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.</li> +<li>Hoctor settles in Ireland, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>.</li> +<li>Hoel, king of Armorica, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>.</li> +<li>Holdin, king of the Ruteni, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>.</li> +<li>Horsus, brother of Hengist, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</li> +<li>Hudibras, king of Britain, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>.</li> +<li>Humber, king of the Huns, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>.</li> +<li>Humbert, bishop of the East Angles, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li>Ida, king of Northumbria, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>.</li> +<li>Idwallo, a just king of Britain, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li> +<li>Igerna, wife of Gorlois, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>-<a href="#Page_226">226</a>.</li> +<li>Ignoge, daughter of Pandrasus, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>.</li> +<li>Imbertus, ambassador, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.</li> +<li>Ina, king of Wessex, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>.</li> +<li>Inbaltus, commander of the Gauls, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>.</li> +<li>Ireland, its first inhabitants, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>, <a href="#Page_464">464</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>description of, <a href="#Page_457">457</a>-<a href="#Page_462">462</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Isembard renounces Christianity, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>.</li> +<li>Isserninus, a bishop of Ireland, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>.</li> +<li>Istereth settles in Dalrieta, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>.</li> +<li>Ivor and Ini, British chiefs, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li>Jago, an ancient British king, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.</li> +<li>John, abbat of Athelney, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>-<a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li> +<li>Judith, Alfred's queen, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>-<a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li> +<li>Julius, a British martyr, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li>Kamber, son of Brutus, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</li> +<li>Kent, genealogy of the kings, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>.</li> +<li>Kentwin, king of Wessex, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</li> +<li>Kenulf, king of Mercia, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li> +<li>Kenwalk, king of Wessex, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</li> +<li>Kimarus, a British king, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.</li> +<li>Kinmarcus, a British king, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.</li> +<li>Kinocus, (<i>Cynog</i>), archbp. of Menevia, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>.</li> +<li>Kymbelinus, king of Britain, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li>Lambienus, a Roman tribune, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>.</li> +<li>Lantern made by king Alfred, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.</li> +<li>Latian law, what, <a href="#Page_457">457</a>.</li> +<li>Lavinia, the wife Æneas, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>, <a href="#Page_388">388</a>.</li> +<li>Leil, a good king of Britain, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.</li> +<li>Leir, king of Britain, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>-<a href="#Page_119">119</a>.</li> +<li>Leo III. pope, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li> +<li>Leo IV. pope, anoints king Alfred, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.</li> +<li>Lepidus, Marius, a Roman senator, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>.</li> +<li>Liethali settles in South Wales, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>.</li> +<li>Locrin, son of Brutus, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>-<a href="#Page_111">111</a>.</li> +<li>Logiore, an Irish king, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>.</li> +<li>Lot, a British chief, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>.</li> +<li>Lucius, the first Christian king of Britain, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>-<a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>.</li> +<li>Lucius Tiberius, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>-<a href="#Page_266">266</a>.</li> +<li>Lucullus, Roman governor of Britain, <a href="#Page_470">470</a>.</li> +<li>Lud, beautifier of London, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li> +<li>Lumond, a wonderful lake, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>.</li> +<li>Lupus, bishop of Troyes, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li>Maddan advanced to the throne, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>.</li> +<li>Magicians, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>-<a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_388">388</a>.</li> +<li>Maglaunus, duke of Albania, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.</li> +<li>Malgo, or Malgocune, a British king, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>.</li> +<li>Malim murdered by Mempricius, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.</li> +<li>Marcellus, Roman gov. of Britain, <a href="#Page_471">471</a>.</li> +<li>Marcellus Mutius killed, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>.</li> +<li>Margadud, king of Demetia, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>.</li> +<li>Margan, duke, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>.</li> +<li>Margan, king of Britain, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li> +<li>Marinus, pope, died, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li> +<li>Marius, king of Britain, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.</li> +<li>Mark, editor of Nennius's History, <a href="#Page_viii">viii</a>, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>.</li> +<li>Martia, qn., author of the Martian law, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.</li> +<li>Martin, bishop of Tours, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>.</li> +<li>Matilda, daughter of Otho the Great, <a href="#Page_v">v</a>, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>.</li> +<li>Mauganius, bishop of Silchester, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>.</li> +<li>Maugantius, a philosopher, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>.</li> +<li>Mauricius, son of Caradoc, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>-<a href="#Page_167">167</a>.</li> +<li>Maxentius, Roman emperor, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.</li> +<li>Maximian invited to Britain, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>-<a href="#Page_173">173</a>.</li> +<li>Maximianus Herculius, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>.</li> +<li>Maximus (Macsen Wledig), usurper, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>-<a href="#Page_396">396</a>, <a href="#Page_467">467</a>.</li> +<li>Mellobaudes, Gratian's general, slain, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>.</li> +<li>Mempricius's advice to the Trojans, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>.</li> +<li>Mempricius, a British king, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.</li> +<li>Merianus, a British king, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li> +<li>Merlin's history and prophecies, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>-<a href="#Page_224">224</a>.</li> +<li>Mermenus, a king of Britain, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>.</li> +<li>Mervin, a British king, <a href="#Page_384">384</a>.</li> +<li>Milcho, St. Patrick's master, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>.</li> +<li>Micipsa, king of Babylon, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>.</li> +<li>Milvius, Quintus, Roman senator, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>.</li> +<li>Mistletoe, a sacred plant, <a href="#Page_432">432</a>, <a href="#Page_433">433</a>.</li> +<li>Modred, Arthur's nephew, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>-<a href="#Page_272">272</a>.</li> +<li>Molmutine laws, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.</li> +<li>Monasteries, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Amesbury, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>;</li> + <li>Athelney, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>;</li> + <li>Banwell, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>;</li> + <li>Hyde Abbey, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>;</li> + <li>Menevia, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>;</li> + <li>Salisbury, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>;</li> + <li>Shaftesbury, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>;</li> + <li>Wareham, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>;</li> + <li>Wembury, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Morvid, consul of Gloucester, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>.</li> +<li>Morvidus, a tyrant of Britain, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li>Natan-Leod, king of the Britons, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.</li> +<li><span class="smcap">Nennius's History of the Britons</span>, <a href="#Page_vii">vii</a>, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>-<a href="#Page_416">416</a>.</li> +<li>Nennius, brother of Cassibellaun, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>.</li> +<li>Neot, St., <a href="#Page_vi">vi</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.</li> +<li>Nimech settles in Ireland, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>.</li> +<li>Novia, abp. of St. David's, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li>Oak, peculiarly sacred to the Druids, <a href="#Page_432">432</a>.</li> +<li>Octa, son of Hengist, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>-<a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>.</li> +<li>Octavius (<i>Eudav</i>), rebels against the Romans, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>-<a href="#Page_168">168</a>.</li> +<li>Offa, king of Mercia, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>-<a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.</li> +<li>Ordinal of the British Church quoted, <a href="#Page_375">375</a>.</li> +<li>Osbert, king of Northumbria, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</li> +<li>Osburga, king Alfred's mother, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.</li> +<li>Oskytel, a Danish king, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</li> +<li>Osric, king of Northumbria, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>.</li> +<li>Ostorius, Roman governor, <a href="#Page_443">443</a>, <a href="#Page_446">446</a>, <a href="#Page_448">448</a>, <a href="#Page_453">453</a>, <a href="#Page_469">469</a>.</li> +<li>Oswald, king of Northumbria, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>.</li> +<li>Oswy, king of Northumbria, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>-<a href="#Page_287">287</a>.</li> +<li>Oxford university, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li>Palladius, bishop, sent to the Scots, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>.</li> +<li>Pandrasus, king of Greece, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>-<a href="#Page_99">99</a>.</li> +<li>Parthlud, Ludgate, in London, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</li> +<li>Partholoim settles in Ireland, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>.</li> +<li>Pascentius, son of Vortigern, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>-<a href="#Page_221">221</a>.</li> +<li>Patrick, St., <a href="#Page_271">271</a>, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>, <a href="#Page_407">407</a>, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>, <a href="#Page_411">411</a>, <a href="#Page_460">460</a>.</li> +<li>Pelagian heresy, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>.</li> +<li>Penda, king of Mercia, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>-<a href="#Page_288">288</a>, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>.</li> +<li>Peredure deposes Elidure, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.</li> +<li>Pertinax, Roman gov. of Britain, <a href="#Page_471">471</a>.</li> +<li>Pestilence among the birds, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</li> +<li>Petreius, Cotta, a Roman general, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>.</li> +<li>Petronius Turpilianus, a Roman governor of Britain, <a href="#Page_469">469</a>.</li> +<li>Philænian altars in Africa, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>.</li> +<li>Pictavians, inhabitants of Poictou, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.</li> +<li>Picts and Scots, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>-<a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>-<a href="#Page_308">308</a>, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>, <a href="#Page_467">467</a>, <a href="#Page_468">468</a>.</li> +<li>Pir, an ancient British king, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li> +<li>Plegmund, abp. of Canterbury, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li> +<li>Polycarp, bishop of Smyrna, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>.</li> +<li>Polytetes, king of Bithynia, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>.</li> +<li>Porrex, king of Britain, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.</li> +<li>Porrex, another king of Britain, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li> +<li>Porsena, a Roman consul, killed, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.</li> +<li>Port arrives in Britain, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.</li> +<li>Posthumus, brother to Brutus, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>, <a href="#Page_388">388</a>.</li> +<li>Præsutagus, a British king, <a href="#Page_446">446</a>, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>.</li> +<li>Priwen, the name of Arthur's shield, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.</li> +<li>Pyramus, abp. of York, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li>Quintilianus killed by Walgan, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li>Raven, the Danish standard, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.</li> +<li>Rederchius, an ancient king of Britain, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li> +<li>Redion, an ancient king of Britain, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li> +<li>Regan, daughter of king Leir, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.</li> +<li>Reuda, king of the Picts, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>.</li> +<li><span class="smcap">Richard of Cirencester's History of Britain</span>, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>account of the author, <a href="#Page_xviii">xviii</a>, <a href="#Page_455">455</a>, <a href="#Page_456">456</a>;</li> + <li>discovery of his work, <a href="#Page_xviii">xviii</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Riculf, king of Norway, defeated, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>.</li> +<li>Ritho, the giant, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>.</li> +<li>Rivallo, king of Britain, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.</li> +<li>Robert, earl of Gloucester, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li> +<li>Rodric, king of the Picts, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.</li> +<li>Rollo, duke of Normandy. <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>.</li> +<li>Roman governors of Britain, <a href="#Page_465">465</a>-<a href="#Page_471">471</a>.</li> +<li>Rome taken by Belinus, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>.</li> +<li>Ron, the name of Arthur's lance, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.</li> +<li>Rowena, daughter of Hengist, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>-<a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</li> +<li>Roy's Commentary on the campaigns of Agricola, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>.</li> +<li>Rudaucus, king of Cambria, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>.</li> +<li>Runno, an ancient king of Britain, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li>Sabre, daughter of Estrildis, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>.</li> +<li>Salomon, king of Armorica, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>.</li> +<li>Samuilpenissel, king of Britain, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li> +<li>Samson, abp. of Dole, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>.</li> +<li>Sanxo, abp. of York, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>.</li> +<li>Saturninus, prefect of the Roman fleet, <a href="#Page_471">471</a>.</li> +<li>Saxons settle in Britain, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>-<a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>-<a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>-<a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>-<a href="#Page_274">274</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>-<a href="#Page_290">290</a>, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>.</li> +<li>Scæva, son of Androgeus, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>.</li> +<li>Scots, their origin, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>, <a href="#Page_459">459</a>, <a href="#Page_461">461</a>.</li> +<li>Scots and Picts. See <i>Picts</i>.</li> +<li>Segerus consecrated with St. Patrick, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>.</li> +<li>Seginus, duke of the Allobroges, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>.</li> +<li>Sertorius, king of Libya, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>.</li> +<li>Severus, gov. of Britain, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>-<a href="#Page_395">395</a>, <a href="#Page_471">471</a>.</li> +<li>Severus's wall, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>, <a href="#Page_448">448</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>.</li> +<li>Sexburga, queen of Wessex, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</li> +<li>Sigebert, king of the East Saxons, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.</li> +<li>Sigebert, king of Wessex, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</li> +<li>Sisilius, name of three British kings, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li> +<li>Staterius, king of Albania, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>.</li> +<li>Stilicho builds a wall, <a href="#Page_467">467</a>.</li> +<li>Stipendiary cities, <a href="#Page_457">457</a>.</li> +<li>Stuf, lord of the Isle of Wight, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.</li> +<li>Suard, king of the Franks, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.</li> +<li>Suetonius, Roman British consul, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>, <a href="#Page_465">465</a>, <a href="#Page_469">469</a>.</li> +<li>Sylvius, father of Brutus, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li>Tennantius, duke of Cornwall, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</li> +<li>Thadiocus, abp. of York, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>.</li> +<li>Theodore, abp. of Canterbury, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</li> +<li>Theodosius, emperor, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>, <a href="#Page_452">452</a>, <a href="#Page_467">467</a>.</li> +<li>Theon, abp of London, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>.</li> +<li>Thompson (Aaron), defends Geoffrey's History, <a href="#Page_ix">ix</a>.</li> +<li>Torques, a gold collar worn by the Britons, <a href="#Page_427">427</a>.</li> +<li>Tower of glass, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>.</li> +<li>Tower of London, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>.</li> +<li>Trahern, uncle of Helena, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.</li> +<li>Trebellius, Roman gov. of Britain, <a href="#Page_470">470</a>.</li> +<li>Trebellius Maximus, Roman gov. of Britain, <a href="#Page_469">469</a>.</li> +<li>Tremounus, abp. of Caerleon, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.</li> +<li>Triads, the Welsh, <a href="#Page_430">430</a>, <a href="#Page_431">431</a>.</li> +<li>Trojans settle in Britain, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>.</li> +<li>Turonus, nephew of Brutus, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>.</li> +<li>Tyrants of Britain, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li>Ulfin of Ricaradoch, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>.</li> +<li>Urbicus, a Roman general, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>, <a href="#Page_471">471</a>.</li> +<li>Urian honoured by Arthur, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>.</li> +<li>Urianus, a British king, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li> +<li>Ursula and the Virgins, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>.</li> +<li>Uther Pendragon, his history, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>-<a href="#Page_230">230</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li>Valentinian, emperor, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>, <a href="#Page_416">416</a>.</li> +<li>Vectius Bolanus, Roman gov. of Britain, <a href="#Page_470">470</a>.</li> +<li>Veranius, Roman governor, <a href="#Page_443">443</a>, <a href="#Page_469">469</a>.</li> +<li>Vespasian sent to Britain, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_442">442</a>, <a href="#Page_465">465</a>, <a href="#Page_468">468</a>, <a href="#Page_470">470</a>.</li> +<li>Victor, son of Maximus, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>.</li> +<li>Victrix, the name of the sixth legion, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>.</li> +<li>Vigenius imprisons his brother, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.</li> +<li>Virius Lupus, Roman lieutenant of Britain, <a href="#Page_471">471</a>.</li> +<li>Vortigern (<i>Gwrtheyrn</i>), king, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>-<a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>-<a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>-<a href="#Page_407">407</a>, <a href="#Page_416">416</a>.</li> +<li>Vortimer (<i>Gwrthefyr</i>), <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>-<a href="#Page_407">407</a>.</li> +<li>Vortipore, a British prince, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>.</li> +<li>Vulteius Catellus, a Roman chief, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li>Walgan, Arthur's nephew, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>-<a href="#Page_269">269</a>.</li> +<li>Wall between Deira and Albania, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Severus's, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>, <a href="#Page_448">448</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>;</li> + <li>Antoninus's <a href="#Page_450">450</a>;</li> + <li>Hadrian's, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>, <a href="#Page_471">471</a>;</li> + <li>Stilicho's, <a href="#Page_467">467</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Walter, archdeacon of Oxford, <a href="#Page_xii">xii</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>.</li> +<li>Wednesday, so called from Woden, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</li> +<li>Werefrith, bishop of Worcester, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li> +<li>Whitgar, lord of the Isle of Wight, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.</li> +<li>Widen slays her son Porrex, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.</li> +<li>Withlaf, king of Mercia, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</li> +<li>Wortiporius, king of Britain, <a href="#Page_272">272</a></li> +<li>Wulfhere, king of Mercia, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</li> +<li>Wulfred, king of Mercia, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>.</li> +<li>Wulfstan, abp. of York, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li>York made an archiepiscopal see, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>.</li> +</ul> + + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>TOPOGRAPHICAL INDEX.</h2> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li>Abona, river, <a href="#Page_440">440</a>, <a href="#Page_453">453</a>.</li> +<li>Abrasuanus, river, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>.</li> +<li>Abus, river, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>.</li> +<li>Ac-lea, Ockley, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.</li> +<li>Acmodæ, islands, <a href="#Page_463">463</a>.</li> +<li>Ad Abum, station, <a href="#Page_499">499</a>.</li> +<li>Ad Abonam, station, <a href="#Page_493">493</a>.</li> +<li>Ad Æsicam, station, <a href="#Page_490">490</a>.</li> +<li>Ad Alaunam Amnem, station, <a href="#Page_492">492</a>.</li> +<li>Ad Alpes Penninos, sta., <a href="#Page_488">488</a>.</li> +<li>Ad Antonam, station, <a href="#Page_496">496</a>.</li> +<li>Ad Aquas, station, <a href="#Page_492">492</a>.</li> +<li>Ædui, <a href="#Page_464">464</a>.</li> +<li>Ælecti, <a href="#Page_402">402</a>.</li> +<li>Ælia Castra, station, <a href="#Page_500">500</a>.</li> +<li>Æscendune, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</li> +<li>Æsica, river, <a href="#Page_451">451</a>.</li> +<li>Afene, river, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>.</li> +<li>Agned, Edinburgh, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.</li> +<li>Akalon, river in Greece, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.</li> +<li>Akeman Street, <a href="#Page_478">478</a>.</li> +<li>Alauna, city, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>, <a href="#Page_451">451</a>, <a href="#Page_478">478</a>, <a href="#Page_489">489</a>, <a href="#Page_496">496</a>.</li> +<li>—— river, <a href="#Page_449">449</a>, <a href="#Page_486">486</a>.</li> +<li>Alba, now Albano in Italy, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.</li> +<li>Albania, now Scotland, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</li> +<li>Albion, notices of, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>, <a href="#Page_421">421</a>.</li> +<li>Alcluith, city, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_437">437</a>, <a href="#Page_452">452</a>.</li> +<li>Alicana, <a href="#Page_488">488</a>.</li> +<li>Allobroges, in Switzerland, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>.</li> +<li>Alps, Pennine, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>.</li> +<li>Ambrius, mt., <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>.</li> +<li>Ambrons, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>.</li> +<li>Anderida, port, <a href="#Page_478">478</a>, <a href="#Page_497">497</a>.</li> +<li>—— wood, <a href="#Page_438">438</a>, <a href="#Page_499">499</a>.</li> +<li>—— town, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>, <a href="#Page_499">499</a>.</li> +<li>Andros, isles, <a href="#Page_463">463</a>.</li> +<li>Angles, their origin, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>.</li> +<li>Anglia, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>.</li> +<li>Andredes-leage, Anderida, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.</li> +<li>Antivestæum, prom., <a href="#Page_441">441</a>, <a href="#Page_460">460</a>.</li> +<li>Antona, river, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>.</li> +<li>Antoninus's Itinerary, <a href="#Page_473">473</a>.</li> +<li>Apoldre, Appledore, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.</li> +<li>Aquæ Solis, <a href="#Page_440">440</a>, <a href="#Page_456">456</a>, <a href="#Page_492">492</a>-<a href="#Page_494">494</a>.</li> +<li>Aquitaine, in France, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.</li> +<li>Aravius, mountain, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>.</li> +<li>Argitta, river, <a href="#Page_459">459</a>.</li> +<li>Argolicum, station, <a href="#Page_486">486</a>.</li> +<li>Armorica, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.</li> +<li>Artavia, <a href="#Page_441">441</a>, <a href="#Page_477">477</a>.</li> +<li>Ashdune, Aston, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.</li> +<li>Athelingay, Athelney, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</li> +<li>Atlantic Ocean, <a href="#Page_459">459</a>.</li> +<li>Attacotti, <a href="#Page_452">452</a>.</li> +<li>Atrebates, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>, <a href="#Page_497">497</a>.</li> +<li>Aufona, river, <a href="#Page_446">446</a>.</li> +<li>Augusta, London, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>.</li> +<li>Ausoba, bay, <a href="#Page_459">459</a>.</li> +<li>Austrinum, <a href="#Page_460">460</a>.</li> +<li>Auterii, <a href="#Page_459">459</a>.</li> +<li>Auterum, town, <a href="#Page_460">460</a>.</li> +<li>Avalonia, city, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>, <a href="#Page_440">440</a>, <a href="#Page_477">477</a>.</li> +<li>Avene, river, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.</li> +<li>Axanminster, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.</li> +<li>Azara, mountains, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li>Badon-hill, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>.</li> +<li>Ballium, station, <a href="#Page_496">496</a>.</li> +<li>Banatia, town, <a href="#Page_452">452</a>.</li> +<li>Banchorium, station and monastery, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="#Page_444">444</a>, <a href="#Page_483">483</a>.</li> +<li>Banna, river, <a href="#Page_459">459</a>.</li> +<li>Barba, river, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>.</li> +<li>Bassas, river, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>.</li> +<li>Bath. Vide <i>Aquæ Solis and Thermæ</i>.</li> +<li>Bdora, estuary, <a href="#Page_437">437</a>.</li> +<li>Beadanhead, Bedwin, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</li> +<li>Beandune, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>.</li> +<li>Bebbanburgh, Bambrough, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_414">414</a>.</li> +<li>Bedanford, Bedford, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>.</li> +<li>Belgæ, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>.</li> +<li>Bennavenna, <a href="#Page_483">483</a>.</li> +<li>Benonæ, <a href="#Page_444">444</a>.</li> +<li>Benonnis, <a href="#Page_483">483</a>, <a href="#Page_500">500</a>.</li> +<li>Bensingtun, Benson, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>.</li> +<li>Beodoricsworthe, Bury St. Edmunds, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</li> +<li>Beorgforda, Burford, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</li> +<li>Berin-byrig, Banbury? <a href="#Page_8">8</a>.</li> +<li>Berneich, province, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>, <a href="#Page_414">414</a>.</li> +<li>Bibracte, <a href="#Page_494">494</a>, <a href="#Page_495">495</a>, <a href="#Page_497">497</a>.</li> +<li>Bibrocum, town, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>.</li> +<li>Billingsgate, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.</li> +<li>Blestium, station, <a href="#Page_496">496</a>.</li> +<li>Bodotria, estuary, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>.</li> +<li>Boduni, <a href="#Page_444">444</a>.</li> +<li>Bolerium, promontory, <a href="#Page_441">441</a>.</li> +<li>Bovium, station, <a href="#Page_493">493</a>.</li> +<li>Brannogenium, town, <a href="#Page_443">443</a>, <a href="#Page_479">479</a>, <a href="#Page_495">495</a>.</li> +<li>Branogena, town, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>.</li> +<li>Breguoin, mountain, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>.</li> +<li>Bremenium, stip., <a href="#Page_449">449</a>, <a href="#Page_457">457</a>, <a href="#Page_477">477</a>, <a href="#Page_487">487</a>.</li> +<li>Brigæ, station, <a href="#Page_498">498</a>.</li> +<li>Brigantes, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>, <a href="#Page_465">465</a>.</li> +<li>Brigantia, kingdom, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>.</li> +<li>—— city, <a href="#Page_460">460</a>.</li> +<li>Brigantum, Extrema, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>.</li> +<li>Briga, river, <a href="#Page_460">460</a>.</li> +<li>Brinavæ, station, <a href="#Page_500">500</a>.</li> +<li>Britannia Inferior, pro., <a href="#Page_437">437</a>.</li> +<li>—— Prima, pro., <a href="#Page_436">436</a>.</li> +<li>—— Secunda, pro., <a href="#Page_437">437</a>, <a href="#Page_443">443</a>.</li> +<li>—— Superior, pro., <a href="#Page_437">437</a>, <a href="#Page_443">443</a>.</li> +<li>British provinces, <a href="#Page_436">436</a>.</li> +<li>Brocavonacæ, sta., <a href="#Page_491">491</a>, <a href="#Page_492">492</a>.</li> +<li>Brunandune, Brumby, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</li> +<li>Builth, province, <a href="#Page_407">407</a>.</li> +<li>Bubinda, Buvinda, river, <a href="#Page_460">460</a>.</li> +<li>Bultrum, station, <a href="#Page_495">495</a>.</li> +<li>Burne, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>.</li> +<li>Burva, or Barva, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li>Cægineshamme, Keynsham, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</li> +<li>Caer-badus, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>.</li> +<li>Caer-britoc, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>.</li> +<li>Caer-caradauc, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>.</li> +<li>Caer-caratauc, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>.</li> +<li>Caer-ceint, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>.</li> +<li>Caer-celemion, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>.</li> +<li>Caer-ceri, or cori, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>.</li> +<li>Caer-collon, or colvin, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>.</li> +<li>Caer-conan, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>.</li> +<li>Caer-corrie, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>.</li> +<li>Caer-custeint, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>.</li> +<li>Caer-dubalem, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>.</li> +<li>Caer-daun, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>.</li> +<li>Caer-dauri, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>.</li> +<li>Caer-draithou, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>.</li> +<li>Caer-ebrauc, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>.</li> +<li>Caer-gloul, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>, <a href="#Page_407">407</a>.</li> +<li>Caer-grant, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>.</li> +<li>Caer-guent, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>.</li> +<li>Caer-guintruis, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>.</li> +<li>Caer-guoranegon, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>.</li> +<li>Caer-guorcon, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>.</li> +<li>Caer-guorthegern, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>, <a href="#Page_406">406</a>.</li> +<li>Caer-gurcoc, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>.</li> +<li>Caer-lem, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>.</li> +<li>Caer-liel, or luilid, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>.</li> +<li>Caer-leir, or lerion, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>.</li> +<li>Caer-ligion, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>.</li> +<li>Caer-lion, or Caer-osc, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_380">380</a>, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>.</li> +<li>Caer-loit-coit, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>.</li> +<li>Caer-lud, or londein, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>.</li> +<li>Caer-maniguid, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>.</li> +<li>Caer-meguaid, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>.</li> +<li>Caer-mencipit, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>.</li> +<li>Caer-merdin, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>.</li> +<li>Caer-penhuelgoit, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>.</li> +<li>Caer-pensavelcoit, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>.</li> +<li>Caer-peris, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>.</li> +<li>Caer-segeint, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>.</li> +<li>Caer-segont, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>, <a href="#Page_443">443</a>.</li> +<li>Caer-teim, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>.</li> +<li>Caer-urnahc, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>.</li> +<li>Caerwent, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>.</li> +<li>Caer-wisc, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</li> +<li>Cæsarea, island, <a href="#Page_463">463</a>.</li> +<li>Cæsariensis, province, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>.</li> +<li>Cæsaromagus, sta., <a href="#Page_484">484</a>, <a href="#Page_485">485</a>.</li> +<li>Cair. For words with this prefix, see <i>Caer</i>.</li> +<li>Calcaria, station, <a href="#Page_488">488</a>.</li> +<li>Caledonia, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>, <a href="#Page_452">452</a>.</li> +<li>Caledonian wood, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_438">438</a>, <a href="#Page_446">446</a>, <a href="#Page_453">453</a>.</li> +<li>Caledonian promontory, <a href="#Page_454">454</a>.</li> +<li>Caledoniæ extrema, <a href="#Page_454">454</a>.</li> +<li>Caledonii, <a href="#Page_453">453</a>.</li> +<li>Caleterium, a wood, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>.</li> +<li>Calleba, city, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>, <a href="#Page_494">494</a>, <a href="#Page_496">496</a>, <a href="#Page_497">497</a>, <a href="#Page_500">500</a>.</li> +<li>Camalodunum, called Geminæ Martiæ, <a href="#Page_444">444</a>, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>, <a href="#Page_456">456</a>, <a href="#Page_465">465</a>, <a href="#Page_469">469</a>, <a href="#Page_484">484</a>.</li> +<li>Cambodunum, town, Latian, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>, <a href="#Page_457">457</a>, <a href="#Page_488">488</a>.</li> +<li>Camboricum, colony, <a href="#Page_416">416</a>, <a href="#Page_457">457</a>, <a href="#Page_485">485</a>.</li> +<li>Cambretonium, sta., <a href="#Page_484">484</a>, <a href="#Page_485">485</a>.</li> +<li>Cambria, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</li> +<li>Cambula, river, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>.</li> +<li>Cangani, <a href="#Page_442">442</a>.</li> +<li>Canganum, promontory, <a href="#Page_443">443</a>.</li> +<li>Cangi, <a href="#Page_459">459</a>, <a href="#Page_465">465</a>.</li> +<li>Cangian promontory, <a href="#Page_443">443</a>.</li> +<li>Cangiani, <a href="#Page_443">443</a>, <a href="#Page_444">444</a>, <a href="#Page_461">461</a>.</li> +<li>Cangiorum, station, <a href="#Page_444">444</a>.</li> +<li>Canonium, station, <a href="#Page_484">484</a>.</li> +<li>Canovius, river, <a href="#Page_444">444</a>.</li> +<li>Cantabric, ocean, <a href="#Page_459">459</a>.</li> +<li>Cantabridge, Cambridge, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</li> +<li>Cantæ, <a href="#Page_453">453</a>.</li> +<li>Cant Guic, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>.</li> +<li>Cantian state, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_438">438</a>.</li> +<li>—— promontory, <a href="#Page_421">421</a>.</li> +<li>Cantiopolis, stipendiary, <a href="#Page_438">438</a>, <a href="#Page_457">457</a>, <a href="#Page_482">482</a>.</li> +<li>Cantium, promont., <a href="#Page_422">422</a>, <a href="#Page_438">438</a>.</li> +<li>—— region of, <a href="#Page_438">438</a>.</li> +<li>Carnabii, region of, <a href="#Page_441">441</a>, <a href="#Page_444">444</a>, <a href="#Page_453">453</a>.</li> +<li>Carnonacæ, <a href="#Page_454">454</a>.</li> +<li>Carnubia, region of, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_441">441</a>.</li> +<li>Carrum, Charmouth, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</li> +<li>Carun, river, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>.</li> +<li>Casæ Candidæ, town, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>.</li> +<li>Cassii, kingd. of, <a href="#Page_444">444</a>, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>, <a href="#Page_497">497</a>.</li> +<li>Cassiterides, Isles, <a href="#Page_441">441</a>, <a href="#Page_463">463</a>.</li> +<li>Cataracton, Caturacton, town under the Latian law, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>, <a href="#Page_457">457</a>, <a href="#Page_477">477</a>, <a href="#Page_478">478</a>, <a href="#Page_486">486</a>, <a href="#Page_487">487</a>, <a href="#Page_489">489</a>.</li> +<li>Cat Bregion, mountain, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>.</li> +<li>Catgwaloph, <a href="#Page_416">416</a>.</li> +<li>Catini, <a href="#Page_454">454</a>.</li> +<li>Catscaul, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>.</li> +<li>Cauci, <a href="#Page_461">461</a>.</li> +<li>Celidon, wood, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>.</li> +<li>Celnius, river, <a href="#Page_452">452</a>.</li> +<li>Celtæ, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>.</li> +<li>Cenail, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>.</li> +<li>Cenia, city, <a href="#Page_441">441</a>, <a href="#Page_477">477</a>, <a href="#Page_498">498</a>.</li> +<li>Cenius, river, <a href="#Page_441">441</a>.</li> +<li>Cenomanni, <a href="#Page_446">446</a>.</li> +<li>Cerdic's-ore, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.</li> +<li>Cerdic's-ford, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.</li> +<li>Cerones, <a href="#Page_454">454</a>.</li> +<li>Cetgueli, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>.</li> +<li>Chippenham, a royal villa, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</li> +<li>Cichican, valley, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>.</li> +<li>Cimbri, region of, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>, <a href="#Page_440">440</a>.</li> +<li>Cittanford (Ottanford?) <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.</li> +<li>Clas Merddyn, island, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>.</li> +<li>Clausentum, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>, <a href="#Page_479">479</a>, <a href="#Page_497">497</a>, <a href="#Page_500">500</a>.</li> +<li>Clotta, Clydda, est. <a href="#Page_437">437</a>, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>.</li> +<li>Cloveshoo, in Kent, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li> +<li>Cocboy, <a href="#Page_416">416</a>.</li> +<li>Coccium, city, <a href="#Page_448">448</a>, <a href="#Page_457">457</a>, <a href="#Page_479">479</a>, <a href="#Page_492">492</a>.</li> +<li>Coitani, Coitanni, <a href="#Page_446">446</a>.</li> +<li>Coit-mawr, Selwood, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.</li> +<li>Concangii, <a href="#Page_460">460</a>.</li> +<li>Condate, station, <a href="#Page_488">488</a>, <a href="#Page_492">492</a>.</li> +<li>Conovio, <a href="#Page_483">483</a>.</li> +<li>Conovium, station, <a href="#Page_483">483</a>.</li> +<li>Consular provinces in Britain, <a href="#Page_438">438</a>.</li> +<li>Contiopoli, <a href="#Page_497">497</a>.</li> +<li>Corbantorigum, <a href="#Page_449">449</a>.</li> +<li>Corinium, Corinum, town, Latian, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>, <a href="#Page_457">457</a>, <a href="#Page_479">479</a>, <a href="#Page_492">492</a>.</li> +<li>Coriondii, <a href="#Page_461">461</a>.</li> +<li>Corisennæ, station, <a href="#Page_485">485</a>, <a href="#Page_499">499</a>.</li> +<li>Corium, <a href="#Page_489">489</a>, <a href="#Page_490">490</a>.</li> +<li>Cornish people, so called from Corineus, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.</li> +<li>Corstopitum, Corstoplio, station, <a href="#Page_487">487</a>.</li> +<li>Creones, <a href="#Page_454">454</a>.</li> +<li>Crococolana, station, <a href="#Page_496">496</a>.</li> +<li>Cruachan-Aichle, mt. <a href="#Page_411">411</a>.</li> +<li>Cruc Occident, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>.</li> +<li>Cunetio, station, <a href="#Page_494">494</a>.</li> +<li>Cunetium, river, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>.</li> +<li>Curia, town, <a href="#Page_449">449</a>, <a href="#Page_487">487</a>.</li> +<li>Cymry, see <i>Cimbri</i>.</li> +<li>Cynemæresford, Kempsford, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li> +<li>Cynuit, Kynwith, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li>Dabrona, river, <a href="#Page_460">460</a>.</li> +<li>Dacia, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.</li> +<li>Dalrieta, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>.</li> +<li>Damnia, region of, <a href="#Page_449">449</a>.</li> +<li>Damnii, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>, <a href="#Page_460">460</a>, <a href="#Page_461">461</a>.</li> +<li>—— Albani, <a href="#Page_452">452</a>.</li> +<li>Damnonii, state of, <a href="#Page_421">421</a>, <a href="#Page_438">438</a>, <a href="#Page_441">441</a>, <a href="#Page_465">465</a>.</li> +<li>Daneian, wood, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>.</li> +<li>Danum, station, <a href="#Page_486">486</a>.</li> +<li>Darabona, Darabouna, riv. <a href="#Page_459">459</a>.</li> +<li>Decimum (Ad), station, <a href="#Page_497">497</a>.</li> +<li>Defna, Devonshire, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li> +<li>Delgovicia, station, <a href="#Page_487">487</a>.</li> +<li>Demetians, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>.</li> +<li>Dene, a royal villa, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.</li> +<li>Derbentio, town, <a href="#Page_481">481</a>.</li> +<li>Dereuent, the river Darent, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>.</li> +<li>Derventione, sta., <a href="#Page_487">487</a>, <a href="#Page_500">500</a>.</li> +<li>Deva, colony, called Getica, <a href="#Page_444">444</a>, <a href="#Page_457">457</a>, <a href="#Page_477">477</a>, <a href="#Page_483">483</a>, <a href="#Page_488">488</a>.</li> +<li>—— river, <a href="#Page_444">444</a>, <a href="#Page_451">451</a>.</li> +<li>Devana, city, <a href="#Page_451">451</a>.</li> +<li>—— sta., <a href="#Page_473">473</a>, <a href="#Page_485">485</a>, <a href="#Page_490">490</a>, <a href="#Page_491">491</a>.</li> +<li>Deucaledonian, ocean, <a href="#Page_459">459</a>.</li> +<li>Deorhamme, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>.</li> +<li>Deur, province, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>.</li> +<li>Dianæ Forum, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>, <a href="#Page_482">482</a>.</li> +<li>Dimetiæ, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>, <a href="#Page_406">406</a>, <a href="#Page_443">443</a>.</li> +<li>Dinas Emrys, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>.</li> +<li>Dobona, river, <a href="#Page_460">460</a>.</li> +<li>Dobuni, <a href="#Page_444">444</a>.</li> +<li>Dolobellum, or Dorobellum, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>.</li> +<li>Dorobernia, Canterbury, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</li> +<li>Dorocina, station, <a href="#Page_500">500</a>.</li> +<li>Dubræ, city and port, <a href="#Page_438">438</a>.</li> +<li>Dubris, river, <a href="#Page_438">438</a>, <a href="#Page_497">497</a>.</li> +<li>Duglas, river, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>.</li> +<li>Dunum, city, <a href="#Page_460">460</a>.</li> +<li>Duralipons, station, <a href="#Page_485">485</a>.</li> +<li>Durinum, stip. <a href="#Page_440">440</a>, <a href="#Page_457">457</a>, <a href="#Page_477">477</a>.</li> +<li>Durius, river, <a href="#Page_441">441</a>, <a href="#Page_460">460</a>, <a href="#Page_498">498</a>.</li> +<li>Durngueis, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</li> +<li>Durnomagus, Latian, <a href="#Page_446">446</a>, <a href="#Page_457">457</a>, <a href="#Page_478">478</a>, <a href="#Page_485">485</a>, <a href="#Page_499">499</a>.</li> +<li>Durnovaria, station, <a href="#Page_498">498</a>.</li> +<li>Durocobrivæ, <a href="#Page_477">477</a>.</li> +<li>Durolevum, Durosevum, station, <a href="#Page_482">482</a>, <a href="#Page_497">497</a>.</li> +<li>Durolispons, station, <a href="#Page_499">499</a>.</li> +<li>Durobris, Durobrobis, Duroprovæ, Durobrivæ, sti. <a href="#Page_438">438</a>, <a href="#Page_457">457</a>, <a href="#Page_477">477</a>, <a href="#Page_482">482</a>, <a href="#Page_485">485</a>.</li> +<li>Durositum, station, <a href="#Page_484">484</a>.</li> +<li>Durotriges, <a href="#Page_440">440</a>.</li> +<li>Durovernum, <a href="#Page_477">477</a>.</li> +<li>Dynguayth, province, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>.</li> +<li>Dynguoaroy, town, <a href="#Page_414">414</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li>Eblanæ, Eblani, <a href="#Page_460">460</a>.</li> +<li>Eboracum, Eburacum, municipal and metropolis, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>, <a href="#Page_456">456</a>, <a href="#Page_486">486</a>-<a href="#Page_489">489</a>, <a href="#Page_499">499</a>.</li> +<li>Ebudium, Ebudum, promontory, <a href="#Page_454">454</a>.</li> +<li>Egbert's-stone, Brixton Deverill, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.</li> +<li>Eglesburh, Aylesbury, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>.</li> +<li>Ellandune, Allington, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li> +<li>Elmete, <a href="#Page_414">414</a>.</li> +<li>Epiacum, town, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>, <a href="#Page_477">477</a>, <a href="#Page_486">486</a>.</li> +<li>Epidii, <a href="#Page_454">454</a>.</li> +<li>Epidium, promontory, <a href="#Page_454">454</a>.</li> +<li>Ermyn Street, <a href="#Page_478">478</a>.</li> +<li>Eriri, mount, <a href="#Page_444">444</a>.</li> +<li>Esc's-dune, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</li> +<li>Ethandune, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.</li> +<li>Etocetum, town, <a href="#Page_444">444</a>, <a href="#Page_478">478</a>, <a href="#Page_483">483</a>, <a href="#Page_492">492</a>, <a href="#Page_500">500</a>.</li> +<li>Eubonia, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>.</li> +<li>Evorio, or Eoferwic, York, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</li> +<li>Exanceaster, Exeter, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</li> +<li>Extremitas Caledoniæ, <a href="#Page_454">454</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li>Fethanleage, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>.</li> +<li>Fines (Ad), <a href="#Page_487">487</a>, <a href="#Page_499">499</a>, <a href="#Page_500">500</a>.</li> +<li>Fines Flaviæ et Secundæ, <a href="#Page_483">483</a>.</li> +<li>—— Maximæ et Flaviæ, <a href="#Page_488">488</a>.</li> +<li>—— Trinobantum, <a href="#Page_484">484</a>.</li> +<li>Flavia Extrema, <a href="#Page_446">446</a>.</li> +<li>—— province, <a href="#Page_436">436</a>, <a href="#Page_444">444</a>.</li> +<li>Forum Dianæ, town, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>.</li> +<li>Foss, the, <a href="#Page_473">473</a>.</li> +<li>Fraun, river, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</li> +<li>Fresicum, or Fresic sea, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>.</li> +<li>Fretum Meneviacum, <a href="#Page_443">443</a>.</li> +<li>—— Sabrinæ, <a href="#Page_442">442</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li>Gadanica, station, <a href="#Page_489">489</a>, <a href="#Page_490">490</a>.</li> +<li>Gadeni, <a href="#Page_449">449</a>.</li> +<li>Gadenia, region, <a href="#Page_449">449</a>.</li> +<li>—— town, <a href="#Page_449">449</a>.</li> +<li>Gai Campi, battle, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>.</li> +<li>Gaini, inhabitants of Gainsborough, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>.</li> +<li>Galabes, fountain, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.</li> +<li>Galacium, Galgacum, town, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>.</li> +<li>Gallembourne, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>.</li> +<li>Gania, river, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.</li> +<li>Garion, Garionis, river, <a href="#Page_446">446</a>.</li> +<li>Garionenum, station, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>.</li> +<li>Garnareia, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>.</li> +<li>Genania, region, <a href="#Page_444">444</a>.</li> +<li>Genoreu, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.</li> +<li>Gessoriacum, port, <a href="#Page_420">420</a>.</li> +<li>Gewissæ, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.</li> +<li>Glebon, Glevum, colony called Claudia, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>, <a href="#Page_457">457</a>, <a href="#Page_465">465</a>, <a href="#Page_478">478</a>, <a href="#Page_479">479</a>, <a href="#Page_492">492</a>, <a href="#Page_496">496</a>.</li> +<li>Gleni, river, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>.</li> +<li>Glevesing, <a href="#Page_402">402</a>.</li> +<li>Gloui, Gloucester, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>, <a href="#Page_407">407</a>.</li> +<li>Gobanium, Gobannium, town, <a href="#Page_442">442</a>, <a href="#Page_495">495</a>.</li> +<li>Goëmagot's leap, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.</li> +<li>Grampius, mount, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>.</li> +<li>Grantabridge, or Grantchester, Cambridge, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</li> +<li>Guasmoric, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>.</li> +<li>Guenet, or Guined, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>, <a href="#Page_414">414</a>.</li> +<li>Gather, province, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>.</li> +<li>Guoloppum, <a href="#Page_416">416</a>.</li> +<li>Guorthegirnaim, province, <a href="#Page_406">406</a>, <a href="#Page_407">407</a>.</li> +<li>Gurnion Castle, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>.</li> +<li>Gurthrenion, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>.</li> +<li>Gwent, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>, <a href="#Page_407">407</a>.</li> +<li>Gwyddelians, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>.</li> +<li>Gwynedd, province, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li>Halangium, Holongum, town, <a href="#Page_441">441</a>, <a href="#Page_477">477</a>.</li> +<li>Hamo's Port, Southampton, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>.</li> +<li>Hamptonshire, Hampshire, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</li> +<li>Hamptun, Southampton, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</li> +<li>Heathfield, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>.</li> +<li>Heavenfield, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>.</li> +<li>Hebudes, isles, <a href="#Page_461">461</a>, <a href="#Page_462">462</a>.</li> +<li>Hedui, <a href="#Page_440">440</a>, <a href="#Page_497">497</a>.</li> +<li>Helenis, Helenum, pro. <a href="#Page_441">441</a>.</li> +<li>Hengeston, in Cornwall, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</li> +<li>Herculea, isle, <a href="#Page_441">441</a>.</li> +<li>Hercules, pillars of, <a href="#Page_441">441</a>.</li> +<li>Herculis, promontory.</li> +<li>Hereri, mount, sta., <a href="#Page_401">401</a>, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>.</li> +<li>Hethlege, Hatfield, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</li> +<li>Hibernia, <a href="#Page_457">457</a>, <a href="#Page_464">464</a>, <a href="#Page_465">465</a>, <a href="#Page_467">467</a>.</li> +<li>Hiernam (Ad), station, <a href="#Page_490">490</a>.</li> +<li>Horestii, <a href="#Page_451">451</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li>Ibernia, town, <a href="#Page_461">461</a>.</li> +<li>Ibernii, <a href="#Page_460">460</a>.</li> +<li>Ibernus, river, <a href="#Page_460">460</a>.</li> +<li>Iceni, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>, <a href="#Page_478">478</a>.</li> +<li>Iglea, Okeley, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.</li> +<li>Ignesham, Eynsham, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>.</li> +<li>Iknield Street, <a href="#Page_473">473</a>, <a href="#Page_477">477</a>.</li> +<li>Ila, river, <a href="#Page_453">453</a>.</li> +<li>Inis-gueith, or Gueith, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>.</li> +<li>Internal sea, <a href="#Page_459">459</a>.</li> +<li>Ireland, vide <i>Hibernia</i>.</li> +<li>Isannavaria, Isanta Varia, station, <a href="#Page_483">483</a>, <a href="#Page_500">500</a>.</li> +<li>Isca, colony, metropolis, named Secunda, <a href="#Page_442">442</a>, <a href="#Page_456">456</a>.</li> +<li>Isca, (Caerleon) <a href="#Page_456">456</a>, <a href="#Page_493">493</a>, <a href="#Page_495">495</a>, <a href="#Page_496">496</a>.</li> +<li>—— river, <a href="#Page_441">441</a>, <a href="#Page_442">442</a>.</li> +<li>—— stipendiary, Exeter, <a href="#Page_441">441</a>, <a href="#Page_477">477</a>, <a href="#Page_479">479</a>, <a href="#Page_492">492</a>, <a href="#Page_498">498</a>.</li> +<li>Ischalis, <a href="#Page_440">440</a>.</li> +<li>Isinnæ, station, <a href="#Page_485">485</a>.</li> +<li>Isurium, city, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>, <a href="#Page_478">478</a>, <a href="#Page_486">486</a>, <a href="#Page_488">488</a>.</li> +<li>Itineraries, various, <a href="#Page_476">476</a>.</li> +<li>Itunæ, river, <a href="#Page_449">449</a>, <a href="#Page_451">451</a>.</li> +<li>Itunam (Ad), sta., <a href="#Page_490">490</a>, <a href="#Page_491">491</a>.</li> +<li>Itys, river, <a href="#Page_454">454</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li>Jena, river, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li>Kaer, for words with this prefix, see <i>Caer</i>.</li> +<li>Karitia, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>.</li> +<li>Kidaleta, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>.</li> +<li>Killaraus, mountain, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>.</li> +<li>Kriou metôpon, pron. <a href="#Page_441">441</a>.</li> +<li>Kunetius, river, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li>Lactorodum, station, <a href="#Page_482">482</a>.</li> +<li>Lapidem (Ad), station, <a href="#Page_497">497</a>.</li> +<li>Latian law, cities or towns, governed by, <a href="#Page_457">457</a>.</li> +<li>Lataræ, station, <a href="#Page_489">489</a>.</li> +<li>Lebarum, <a href="#Page_460">460</a>.</li> +<li>Legecester, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>.</li> +<li>Legiolium, Legotium, station, <a href="#Page_480">480</a>, <a href="#Page_500">500</a>.</li> +<li>Legions, city, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>.</li> +<li>Leircestre, Leicester, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>.</li> +<li>Lelanus, bay <a href="#Page_454">454</a>.</li> +<li>Lemanianus, Portus, <a href="#Page_497">497</a>.</li> +<li>Lemanum, station, <a href="#Page_497">497</a>.</li> +<li>Lemanus, river, <a href="#Page_438">438</a>.</li> +<li>—— town, <a href="#Page_438">438</a>.</li> +<li>Leonaford, a royal villa, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li> +<li>Letavia, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.</li> +<li>Leucarum, station, <a href="#Page_493">493</a>.</li> +<li>Libnius, river, <a href="#Page_459">459</a>.</li> +<li>Liganburh, Lenbury, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>.</li> +<li>Limite, station, <a href="#Page_487">487</a>.</li> +<li>Lindesia, or Lindsey, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>.</li> +<li>Lindocolinum, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>.</li> +<li>Linligwan, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>.</li> +<li>Lindum, <a href="#Page_451">451</a>, <a href="#Page_490">490</a>.</li> +<li>—— colony, <a href="#Page_446">446</a>, <a href="#Page_457">457</a>, <a href="#Page_478">478</a>, <a href="#Page_484">484</a>-<a href="#Page_486">486</a>, <a href="#Page_496">496</a>, <a href="#Page_499">499</a>.</li> +<li>Linuis, province, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>.</li> +<li>Llan-Patern, bishopric, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>.</li> +<li>Lœbius, river, <a href="#Page_460">460</a>.</li> +<li>Loegria, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>.</li> +<li>Logi. <a href="#Page_453">453</a>.</li> +<li>Londinum Augusta, col. and met. Londinium, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>, <a href="#Page_456">456</a>, <a href="#Page_465">465</a>, <a href="#Page_482">482</a>, <a href="#Page_484">484</a>, <a href="#Page_494">494</a>, <a href="#Page_496">496</a>-<a href="#Page_499">499</a>.</li> +<li>London, rebuilt by Alfred, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li> +<li>Longus, river, <a href="#Page_454">454</a>.</li> +<li>Lovantium, town, <a href="#Page_443">443</a>.</li> +<li>Loxa, river, <a href="#Page_453">453</a>.</li> +<li>Lucani, <a href="#Page_460">460</a>.</li> +<li>Lucophibia, town, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>.</li> +<li>Ludgate, London, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</li> +<li>Lugubalia, Luguballium, Luguballie, Luguvalium, town, Latian, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>, <a href="#Page_448">448</a>, <a href="#Page_457">457</a>, <a href="#Page_479">479</a>, <a href="#Page_489">489</a>, <a href="#Page_491">491</a>.</li> +<li>Lumond, lake, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>.</li> +<li>Lyncalidor, lake of, <a href="#Page_452">452</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li>Mæatæ, <a href="#Page_449">449</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>.</li> +<li>Macobicum, Macolicum, <a href="#Page_460">460</a>.</li> +<li>Madus, river, <a href="#Page_438">438</a>.</li> +<li>—— station, <a href="#Page_497">497</a>.</li> +<li>Magiovinium, station, <a href="#Page_482">482</a>.</li> +<li>Magna, <a href="#Page_442">442</a>, <a href="#Page_495">495</a>.</li> +<li>Maiden Way, <a href="#Page_479">479</a>.</li> +<li>Maisbeli, Maybury, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>.</li> +<li>Maisuriam, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>.</li> +<li>Malua, river, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.</li> +<li>Manau Gustodin, prov. <a href="#Page_414">414</a>.</li> +<li>Manavia, <a href="#Page_458">458</a>.</li> +<li>Mancunium sta., <a href="#Page_488">488</a>, <a href="#Page_492">492</a>, <a href="#Page_500">500</a>.</li> +<li>Manduesanedum, <a href="#Page_483">483</a>.</li> +<li>Mansio in Medio, <a href="#Page_499">499</a>.</li> +<li>Mare Internum, <a href="#Page_459">459</a>.</li> +<li>—— Vergivum, <a href="#Page_459">459</a>.</li> +<li>—— Thule, <a href="#Page_459">459</a>.</li> +<li>Margan, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.</li> +<li>Margidunum, station, <a href="#Page_496">496</a>.</li> +<li>Maridunum, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>, <a href="#Page_443">443</a>, <a href="#Page_457">457</a>, <a href="#Page_478">478</a>, <a href="#Page_479">479</a>, <a href="#Page_494">494</a>.</li> +<li>Maxima, province, <a href="#Page_436">436</a>, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>.</li> +<li>Maxima Cæsariensis, <a href="#Page_486">486</a>.</li> +<li>Mearcrædsburn, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.</li> +<li>Medio (In), station, <a href="#Page_491">491</a>, <a href="#Page_499">499</a>.</li> +<li>Mediolanum, <a href="#Page_443">443</a>.</li> +<li>—— station, <a href="#Page_477">477</a>, <a href="#Page_484">484</a>, <a href="#Page_492">492</a>.</li> +<li>—— Hib. <a href="#Page_460">460</a>.</li> +<li>Meicen, town, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>.</li> +<li>Menapia, ct. <a href="#Page_443">443</a>, <a href="#Page_460">460</a>, <a href="#Page_478">478</a>, <a href="#Page_479">479</a>.</li> +<li>Menapiam, (Ad) st. <a href="#Page_493">493</a>, <a href="#Page_494">494</a>.</li> +<li>Menapii, <a href="#Page_461">461</a>.</li> +<li>Menavia, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>.</li> +<li>Meranton, Merton, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</li> +<li>Meresige, Mersey, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>.</li> +<li>Merscwari, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</li> +<li>Mertæ, <a href="#Page_454">454</a>.</li> +<li>Metaris, estuary, <a href="#Page_446">446</a>.</li> +<li>Michael's Mount, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>.</li> +<li>Middleton, Milton, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>.</li> +<li>Mile, the Roman, <a href="#Page_475">475</a>.</li> +<li>Minmanton, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>.</li> +<li>Modona, river, <a href="#Page_460">460</a>.</li> +<li>Mona, isle, <a href="#Page_434">434</a>, <a href="#Page_443">443</a>, <a href="#Page_469">469</a>.</li> +<li>Monœda, island, <a href="#Page_458">458</a>.</li> +<li>Mons Jovis, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>.</li> +<li>Montem Grampium (Ad), station, <a href="#Page_490">490</a>, <a href="#Page_491">491</a>.</li> +<li>Moridunum, <a href="#Page_498">498</a>.</li> +<li>Morini, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_440">440</a>.</li> +<li>Mount Paladur, Shaftesbury, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>.</li> +<li>Muridunum, stip. <a href="#Page_443">443</a>, <a href="#Page_457">457</a>.</li> +<li>Murum (Ad), station, <a href="#Page_486">486</a>.</li> +<li>Musidum, town. <a href="#Page_441">441</a>, <a href="#Page_477">477</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li>Nabæus, river, <a href="#Page_454">454</a>.</li> +<li>Nagnata, town, <a href="#Page_459">459</a>.</li> +<li>Nautgallim, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>.</li> +<li>Nidum, station, <a href="#Page_493">493</a>.</li> +<li>Northworthig, Derby, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</li> +<li>Novantæ, <a href="#Page_449">449</a>.</li> +<li>Novantia, region, <a href="#Page_449">449</a>.</li> +<li>Novantum Chersonesus, <a href="#Page_421">421</a>, <a href="#Page_449">449</a>.</li> +<li>Noviomagus, town, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>, <a href="#Page_477">477</a>, <a href="#Page_478">478</a>, <a href="#Page_497">497</a>, <a href="#Page_499">499</a>.</li> +<li>Novius, river, <a href="#Page_449">449</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li>Oboca, river, <a href="#Page_460">460</a>.</li> +<li>Oceanus Athlanticus, or Britannicus, <a href="#Page_459">459</a>.</li> +<li>—— Cantabricus, <a href="#Page_459">459</a>.</li> +<li>—— Deucalidonius, <a href="#Page_459">459</a>.</li> +<li>—— Internus, <a href="#Page_459">459</a>.</li> +<li>—— Vergivus, <a href="#Page_459">459</a>.</li> +<li>Ocrinum, mount, <a href="#Page_441">441</a>.</li> +<li>—— prom. <a href="#Page_421">421</a>, <a href="#Page_441">441</a>.</li> +<li>Octorupium, promont. <a href="#Page_443">443</a>.</li> +<li>Œstromenides, isles, <a href="#Page_441">441</a>.</li> +<li>Oghgul race, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>.</li> +<li>Olicana, Alicana, town, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>, <a href="#Page_477">477</a>.</li> +<li>Orcades, isles, <a href="#Page_462">462</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>.</li> +<li>Orcadum, promontory, <a href="#Page_454">454</a>.</li> +<li>Ordovicia, region of, <a href="#Page_444">444</a>.</li> +<li>Ordovices, <a href="#Page_442">442</a>, <a href="#Page_443">443</a>.</li> +<li>Orrea, town, <a href="#Page_451">451</a>, <a href="#Page_490">490</a>, <a href="#Page_491">491</a>.</li> +<li>Ossismii, <a href="#Page_463">463</a>.</li> +<li>Ottadini, <a href="#Page_449">449</a>.</li> +<li>Ottadinia, <a href="#Page_449">449</a>.</li> +<li>Oxellum, promontory, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li>Paladur, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>.</li> +<li>Palmecaster, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>.</li> +<li>Parisii, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>.</li> +<li>Pederydan, Petherton, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>.</li> +<li>Peneltun, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>.</li> +<li>Penguaul, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>.</li> +<li>Pennocrucium, <a href="#Page_483">483</a>.</li> +<li>Penoxullum, promont., <a href="#Page_453">453</a>.</li> +<li>Petuaria, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>, <a href="#Page_487">487</a>, <a href="#Page_499">499</a>.</li> +<li>Picti, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>, <a href="#Page_467">467</a>.</li> +<li>Pontem (Ad), sta., <a href="#Page_496">496</a>, <a href="#Page_497">497</a>.</li> +<li>Pontesbury, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</li> +<li>Portcester, Porchester, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>.</li> +<li>Præturium, station, <a href="#Page_487">487</a>.</li> +<li>Præsutagus, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>.</li> +<li>Prima, province, <a href="#Page_436">436</a>, <a href="#Page_442">442</a>.</li> +<li>Portus, Anderida, <a href="#Page_478">478</a>, <a href="#Page_497">497</a>.</li> +<li>—— Felix, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>.</li> +<li>—— Leminianus, <a href="#Page_497">497</a>.</li> +<li>—— Magnus, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>, <a href="#Page_479">479</a>, <a href="#Page_497">497</a>.</li> +<li>—— Rhutupis, <a href="#Page_420">420</a>.</li> +<li>—— Sistuntiorum, <a href="#Page_488">488</a>.</li> +<li>Pryffetesflodan, Privett, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</li> +<li>Ptoroton, metropolis, Latian, <a href="#Page_452">452</a>, <a href="#Page_457">457</a>, <a href="#Page_490">490</a>, <a href="#Page_491">491</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li>Quintanwic, Canterbury, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li>Ragæ, stip., <a href="#Page_446">446</a>, <a href="#Page_457">457</a>.</li> +<li>Ratiscorion, <a href="#Page_496">496</a>.</li> +<li>Redonum, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>.</li> +<li>Regia, <a href="#Page_460">460</a>.</li> +<li>Regnum, Regentium, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>, <a href="#Page_478">478</a>, <a href="#Page_497">497</a>.</li> +<li>Regulbium, <a href="#Page_438">438</a>, <a href="#Page_497">497</a>.</li> +<li>Renis, river, <a href="#Page_407">407</a>.</li> +<li>Reopandune, Repton, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.</li> +<li>Rerigonium, <a href="#Page_448">448</a>, <a href="#Page_488">488</a>.</li> +<li>Rheba, metropolis, <a href="#Page_459">459</a>, <a href="#Page_461">461</a>.</li> +<li>Rhebeus, <a href="#Page_459">459</a>.</li> +<li>—— river, <a href="#Page_461">461</a>.</li> +<li>Rhebeus, lake, <a href="#Page_461">461</a>.</li> +<li>Rhemi, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>.</li> +<li>Rhobogdii, <a href="#Page_459">459</a>.</li> +<li>Rhobogdium, <a href="#Page_459">459</a>.</li> +<li>Rhufina, <a href="#Page_460">460</a>.</li> +<li>Rhutupis, colony and metropolis, <a href="#Page_438">438</a>, <a href="#Page_456">456</a>, <a href="#Page_482">482</a>, <a href="#Page_497">497</a>.</li> +<li>—— portus, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_420">420</a>.</li> +<li>Richard's Itinerary, original text, <a href="#Page_480">480</a>.</li> +<li>Ricnea, isle, <a href="#Page_463">463</a>.</li> +<li>Roman roads in Britain, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_472">472</a>-<a href="#Page_500">500</a>.</li> +<li>Romana Insula, <a href="#Page_446">446</a>.</li> +<li>Ruim, isle of Thanet, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>.</li> +<li>Ruteni, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.</li> +<li>Rutunium, station, <a href="#Page_484">484</a>.</li> +<li>Ryknield Street, <a href="#Page_478">478</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li>Sabrina, estuary, river, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_440">440</a>, <a href="#Page_442">442</a>, <a href="#Page_443">443</a>, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>.</li> +<li>—— strait of, <a href="#Page_441">441</a>.</li> +<li>Sabrinam (Ad), station, <a href="#Page_493">493</a>.</li> +<li>Sacrum, promontory, <a href="#Page_460">460</a>.</li> +<li>Saessenaeg habail, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>.</li> +<li>Salinæ, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>, <a href="#Page_479">479</a>, <a href="#Page_492">492</a>.</li> +<li>Salt Way, the Upper, <a href="#Page_479">479</a>.</li> +<li>Sariconium, <a href="#Page_442">442</a>, <a href="#Page_496">496</a>.</li> +<li>Sarna, isle, <a href="#Page_463">463</a>.</li> +<li>Scarburh, Old Sarum, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>.</li> +<li>Sceapige, the Isle of Sheppey, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</li> +<li>Scotti, <a href="#Page_459">459</a>, <a href="#Page_461">461</a>, <a href="#Page_464">464</a>, <a href="#Page_468">468</a>.</li> +<li>Seccandune, Seckington, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.</li> +<li>Secunda, prov., <a href="#Page_436">436</a>, <a href="#Page_437">437</a>, <a href="#Page_442">442</a>.</li> +<li>Segontiaci, <a href="#Page_438">438</a>, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>, <a href="#Page_497">497</a>.</li> +<li>Segontium, Seguntium, stip., <a href="#Page_440">440</a>, <a href="#Page_443">443</a>, <a href="#Page_457">457</a>, <a href="#Page_477">477</a>, <a href="#Page_483">483</a>, <a href="#Page_484">484</a>.</li> +<li>Selgovæ, <a href="#Page_449">449</a>.</li> +<li>Selgovia, region of, <a href="#Page_449">449</a>.</li> +<li>Selinam (Ad), sta., <a href="#Page_490">490</a>, <a href="#Page_491">491</a>.</li> +<li>Selwoodshire, Sherborne, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</li> +<li>Senæ, isles, <a href="#Page_463">463</a>.</li> +<li>Senones, <a href="#Page_429">429</a>, <a href="#Page_443">443</a>, <a href="#Page_464">464</a>.</li> +<li>Senus, river, <a href="#Page_460">460</a>.</li> +<li>Seteja, river, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>.</li> +<li>Set thirgabail, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>.</li> +<li>Sexta Colonia, see <i>Eboracum</i>.</li> +<li>Sigdiles, isles, <a href="#Page_463">463</a>.</li> +<li>Silimnus, isles, <a href="#Page_463">463</a>.</li> +<li>Silures, <a href="#Page_422">422</a>, <a href="#Page_442">442</a>, <a href="#Page_443">443</a>, <a href="#Page_470">470</a>.</li> +<li>Sistuntii, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>.</li> +<li>Sistuntiorum Portus, <a href="#Page_488">488</a>.</li> +<li>Sitomagus, station, <a href="#Page_484">484</a>.</li> +<li>Snotingaham, Nottingh., <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</li> +<li>Sorbiodunum, town, Latian, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>, <a href="#Page_457">457</a>, <a href="#Page_477">477</a>, <a href="#Page_498">498</a>.</li> +<li>Sore, river, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>.</li> +<li>Southampton, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>.</li> +<li>Spinæ, station, <a href="#Page_494">494</a>.</li> +<li>Stæningham, Steyning, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>.</li> +<li>Stemrugam, Stonehenge? <a href="#Page_49">49</a>.</li> +<li>Stipendiary towns, <a href="#Page_457">457</a>.</li> +<li>Stonehenge, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>.</li> +<li>Streaneshalch, Whitby, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</li> +<li>Sture, river, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>.</li> +<li>Sturium Amnem (Ad), station, <a href="#Page_484">484</a>.</li> +<li>Sturius, river, <a href="#Page_438">438</a>.</li> +<li>Suanewic, Swanwich, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>.</li> +<li>Sulomagus, station, <a href="#Page_482">482</a>.</li> +<li>Surius, river, <a href="#Page_446">446</a>.</li> +<li>Sygdiles, isles, <a href="#Page_441">441</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li>Taixali, <a href="#Page_451">451</a>.</li> +<li>Taixalorum, promont., <a href="#Page_451">451</a>.</li> +<li>Tamara, river, <a href="#Page_498">498</a>.</li> +<li>—— town, <a href="#Page_441">441</a>, <a href="#Page_477">477</a>.</li> +<li>Tamarus, river <a href="#Page_441">441</a>.</li> +<li>Tamea, <a href="#Page_452">452</a>, <a href="#Page_491">491</a>.</li> +<li>Tamesis, station, <a href="#Page_500">500</a>.</li> +<li>Tavum (Ad), station, <a href="#Page_490">490</a>.</li> +<li>Taum, <a href="#Page_477">477</a>.</li> +<li>Tavus, river, <a href="#Page_443">443</a>, <a href="#Page_451">451</a>.</li> +<li>Tenet, Isle of Thanet, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.</li> +<li>Termolus, <a href="#Page_441">441</a>, <a href="#Page_477">477</a>.</li> +<li>Thamesis, river, <a href="#Page_436">436</a>, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>, <a href="#Page_443">443</a>, <a href="#Page_444">444</a>.</li> +<li>Thanatos, isle, <a href="#Page_463">463</a>.</li> +<li>Thancastre, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>.</li> +<li>Theodosia, town, Latian, <a href="#Page_452">452</a>, <a href="#Page_457">457</a>.</li> +<li>Thermæ, colony, named Aquæ Solis, <a href="#Page_456">456</a>, <a href="#Page_465">465</a>.</li> +<li>Thornsæta, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</li> +<li>Thule, isle, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>, <a href="#Page_462">462</a>.</li> +<li>—— province, <a href="#Page_452">452</a>.</li> +<li>Tibia, river, <a href="#Page_493">493</a>.</li> +<li>Tiggocobauc, Nottingham, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>.</li> +<li>Tina, river, <a href="#Page_449">449</a>, <a href="#Page_451">451</a>.</li> +<li>Tinam (Ad), sta., <a href="#Page_490">490</a>, <a href="#Page_491">491</a>.</li> +<li>Tintagel, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>.</li> +<li>Tisam (Ad), <a href="#Page_486">486</a>.</li> +<li>Tosibus, river, <a href="#Page_444">444</a>.</li> +<li>Totness, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>.</li> +<li>Towy, river, <a href="#Page_406">406</a>.</li> +<li>Trajectus, station, <a href="#Page_493">493</a>.</li> +<li>Trat Treuroit, river, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>.</li> +<li>Trimontium, <a href="#Page_449">449</a>, <a href="#Page_489">489</a>, <a href="#Page_490">490</a>.</li> +<li>Trinobantes, <a href="#Page_444">444</a>.</li> +<li>Trinobantia, region of, <a href="#Page_444">444</a>.</li> +<li>Trinobantum, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>, <a href="#Page_477">477</a>, <a href="#Page_478">478</a>.</li> +<li>Tripontium, sta., <a href="#Page_483">483</a>, <a href="#Page_500">500</a>.</li> +<li>Trivona, river, <a href="#Page_446">446</a>.</li> +<li>Trivonam (Ad), <a href="#Page_500">500</a>.</li> +<li>Troy, New, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.</li> +<li>Tueda, river, <a href="#Page_449">449</a>, <a href="#Page_486">486</a>.</li> +<li>Tuessis, river, <a href="#Page_452">452</a>.</li> +<li>—— town, <a href="#Page_452">452</a>.</li> +<li>Tuessim (Ad), sta., <a href="#Page_490">490</a>, <a href="#Page_491">491</a>.</li> +<li>Turnis, city, <a href="#Page_388">388</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li>Uriconium, Urioconium, <a href="#Page_444">444</a>, <a href="#Page_477">477</a>, <a href="#Page_483">483</a>, <a href="#Page_495">495</a>.</li> +<li>Urus, river, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>.</li> +<li>Uxaconia, station, <a href="#Page_483">483</a>.</li> +<li>Uxella, river, <a href="#Page_440">440</a>.</li> +<li>Uxella, mount, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>.</li> +<li>—— town, <a href="#Page_441">441</a>, <a href="#Page_479">479</a>.</li> +<li>Uxellam Amnem (Ad), station, <a href="#Page_492">492</a>.</li> +<li>Uxellum, town, <a href="#Page_449">449</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li>Vacomagi, <a href="#Page_451">451</a>.</li> +<li>Vagnaca, station, <a href="#Page_483">483</a>, <a href="#Page_497">497</a>.</li> +<li>Valentia, province, <a href="#Page_436">436</a>, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>, <a href="#Page_471">471</a>.</li> +<li>Vallis-doloris, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>.</li> +<li>Vallum of Hadrian, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>.</li> +<li>—— Antoninus, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>.</li> +<li>—— Severus, <a href="#Page_436">436</a>, <a href="#Page_448">448</a>, <a href="#Page_406">406</a>.</li> +<li>—— (Ad), station, <a href="#Page_486">486</a>, <a href="#Page_489">489</a>-<a href="#Page_491">491</a>.</li> +<li>Vanduaria, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>.</li> +<li>Varar, estuary, <a href="#Page_437">437</a>, <a href="#Page_452">452</a>.</li> +<li>—— river, <a href="#Page_437">437</a>, <a href="#Page_452">452</a>.</li> +<li>Varis, station, <a href="#Page_483">483</a>, <a href="#Page_491">491</a>.</li> +<li>Vataræ, station, <a href="#Page_489">489</a>.</li> +<li>Vecta, Vectis, isle, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_462">462</a>, <a href="#Page_469">469</a>.</li> +<li>Vecturones, <a href="#Page_451">451</a>.</li> +<li>Velatorii, <a href="#Page_460">460</a>.</li> +<li>Veneti, <a href="#Page_422">422</a>, <a href="#Page_463">463</a>.</li> +<li>Venicnii, islands, <a href="#Page_459">459</a>.</li> +<li>Venicnium, head or promontory, <a href="#Page_459">459</a>.</li> +<li>Venisnia, island, <a href="#Page_459">459</a>.</li> +<li>Vennicuii, <a href="#Page_459">459</a>.</li> +<li>Vennonis, <a href="#Page_496">496</a>.</li> +<li>Venricones, <a href="#Page_451">451</a>.</li> +<li>Venromentum, station, <a href="#Page_496">496</a>.</li> +<li>Venta, Belgarum, stip., <a href="#Page_439">439</a>, <a href="#Page_446">446</a>, <a href="#Page_457">457</a>, <a href="#Page_479">479</a>, <a href="#Page_496">496</a>, <a href="#Page_498">498</a>.</li> +<li>—— Cenom, or Icenor, stip., <a href="#Page_446">446</a>, <a href="#Page_457">457</a>, <a href="#Page_484">484</a>, <a href="#Page_485">485</a>.</li> +<li>—— Silurum, stip., <a href="#Page_442">442</a>, <a href="#Page_457">457</a>, <a href="#Page_479">479</a>, <a href="#Page_493">493</a>.</li> +<li>Ventageladia, station, <a href="#Page_498">498</a>.</li> +<li>Verlucione, <a href="#Page_494">494</a>.</li> +<li>Verolamium, Verulamium, municipal, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>, <a href="#Page_456">456</a>, <a href="#Page_465">465</a>, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>, <a href="#Page_482">482</a>.</li> +<li>Verubium, or Viuvedrum, promontory, <a href="#Page_454">454</a>.</li> +<li>Vespasiana, province, <a href="#Page_436">436</a>, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>, <a href="#Page_452">452</a>.</li> +<li>Via Julia, <a href="#Page_493">493</a>.</li> +<li>Victoria, town under the Latian law, <a href="#Page_451">451</a>, <a href="#Page_457">457</a>, <a href="#Page_490">490</a>, <a href="#Page_491">491</a>.</li> +<li>Vidua, river, <a href="#Page_459">459</a>.</li> +<li>Vegesimum,(Ad), st., <a href="#Page_493">493</a>, <a href="#Page_494">494</a>.</li> +<li>Vindelia, Vindilios, island, <a href="#Page_440">440</a>, <a href="#Page_463">463</a>.</li> +<li>Vinderus, river, <a href="#Page_460">460</a>.</li> +<li>Vindomora, station, <a href="#Page_487">487</a>.</li> +<li>Vindomis, <a href="#Page_496">496</a>, <a href="#Page_497">497</a>, <a href="#Page_500">500</a>.</li> +<li>Vindonum, stip., <a href="#Page_439">439</a>, <a href="#Page_457">457</a>.</li> +<li>Vinovium, Vindovium, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>, <a href="#Page_477">477</a>, <a href="#Page_478">478</a>, <a href="#Page_486">486</a>, <a href="#Page_487">487</a>.</li> +<li>Vinvedrum, Virvedrum, promontory, <a href="#Page_454">454</a>.</li> +<li>Virioconium, Viriconium, <a href="#Page_483">483</a>, <a href="#Page_484">484</a>.</li> +<li>Vodiæ, <a href="#Page_460">460</a>.</li> +<li>Vodium, promontory, <a href="#Page_460">460</a>.</li> +<li>Volsas Sinus, <a href="#Page_454">454</a>.</li> +<li>Voluba, <a href="#Page_441">441</a>, <a href="#Page_477">477</a>, <a href="#Page_498">498</a>.</li> +<li>Voluntii, <a href="#Page_459">459</a>, <a href="#Page_460">460</a>, <a href="#Page_461">461</a>.</li> +<li>Vorreda, station, <a href="#Page_489">489</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li>Walls, Roman, <a href="#Page_444">444</a>.</li> +<li>Wanating, Wantage, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>.</li> +<li>Wautsum, estuary, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>, <a href="#Page_462">462</a>.</li> +<li>Wales, <a href="#Page_441">441</a>.</li> +<li>Watling Street, <a href="#Page_476">476</a>.</li> +<li>Wedale, or Wodale, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>.</li> +<li>West Chester, <a href="#Page_442">442</a>.</li> +<li>Wiccii, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</li> +<li>Wicgambeorg, Wembury, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.</li> +<li>Wight, island, see <i>Vecta</i>.</li> +<li>Weolod, Welland, river, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.</li> +<li>Westmaria, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.</li> +<li>Wilsætum, Wiltshire, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li> +<li>Wisseans, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>.</li> +<li>Wodnesbyrg, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>.</li> +<li>Wothnesbeorghge, Wanborough, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</li> +<li>Wubbandune, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li>Y Vêl Ynys, island, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>.</li> +</ul> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h4>ROMAN PROVINCES AND ENGLISH COUNTIES.</h4> + + +<p> +1. <span class="smcap">Cornabil and Danmonia</span> People of Cornwall and Devonshire.<br /> +2. <span class="smcap">Durotriges</span> Dorsetshire.<br /> +3. <span class="smcap">Belgæ</span> Somerset, Wilts, and the greater part of Hants, including the Isle of Wight.<br /> +4. <span class="smcap">Atrebatie</span> Berkshire.<br /> +5. <span class="smcap">Regni</span> Surrey, Sussex and the south-eastern part of Hants.<br /> +6. <span class="smcap">Cantii</span> Kent.<br /> +7. <span class="smcap">Trinobantes</span> Middlesex and Essex.<br /> +8. <span class="smcap">Iceni</span> Suffolk, Norfolk, Cambridge, and Huntingdonshire.<br /> +9. <span class="smcap">Catieuchlani</span> Bucks, Bedford and Hertfordshire.<br /> +10. <span class="smcap">Dobuni</span> Gloucestershire and Oxfordshire.<br /> +11. <span class="smcap">Silures</span> Hereford, Monmouth, Radnor, Brecon, and Glamorganshire.<br /> +12. <span class="smcap">Dimetæ</span> Carmarthen, Pembroke, and Cardiganshire.<br /> +13. <span class="smcap">Ordovices</span> Flint, Denbigh, Merioneth, Montgomery, Carnarvonshire, and Anglesey.<br /> +14. <span class="smcap">Cornavii</span> Cheshire, Shropshire, Stafford, Warwick, and Worcestershire.<br /> +15. <span class="smcap">Coritani</span> Lincoln, Nottingham, Derby, Leicester, Rutland, and Northamptonshire.<br /> +16. <span class="smcap">Brigantes</span> Yorkshire, Lancashire, Westmoreland, Cumberland, and Durham.<br /> +17. <span class="smcap">Attadini</span>, or <span class="smcap">Ottaduni</span> Northumberland.<br /> +</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h5>LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED.</h5> + +<h5>DUKE STREET, STAMFORD STREET, S.E. AND GREAT WINDMILL STREET, W.</h5> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_513" id="Page_513">[Pg 513]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h5>AN</h5> + +<h3>ALPHABETICAL LIST</h3> + +<h5>OF BOOKS CONTAINED IN</h5> + +<h2>BOHN'S LIBRARIES.</h2> + +<p class="center"><i>Detailed Catalogue, arranged according to the various Libraries, will +be sent on application.</i></p> + +<p>ADDISON'S Works. With the Notes of Bishop Hurd, Portrait, and 8 Plates +of Medals and Coins. Edited by H.G. Bohn. 6 vols. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p> + +<p>ÆSCHYLUS, The Dramas of. Translated into English Verse by Anna +Swanwick. 4th Edition, revised. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>—— The Tragedies of. Translated into Prose by T.A. Buckley, B.A. 3<i>s.</i> +6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>AGASSIZ and GOULD'S Outline of Comparative Physiology. Enlarged by Dr. +Wright. With 390 Woodcuts. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>ALFIERI'S Tragedies. Translated into English Verse by Edgar A. Bowring, +C.B. 2 vols. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p> + +<p>ALLEN'S (Joseph, R.N.) Battles of the British Navy. Revised Edition, +with 57 Steel Engravings. 2 vols. 5<i>s.</i> each.</p> + +<p>AMMIANUS MARCELLINUS. History of Rome during the Reigns of Constantius, +Julian, Jovianus, Valentinian, and Valens. Translated by Prof. C.D. +Yonge, M.A. 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>ANDERSEN'S Danish Legends and Fairy Tales. Translated by Caroline +Peachey. With 120 Wood Engravings. 5s.</p> + +<p>ANTONINUS (M. Aurelius). The Thoughts of. Trans. literally, with Notes +and Introduction by George Long, M.A. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>APOLLONIUS RHODIUS. 'The Argonautica.' Translated by E.P. Coleridge, +B.A.</p> + +<p>APPIAN'S Roman History. Translated by Horace White, M.A., LL.D. With +Maps and Illustrations. 2 vols. 6<i>s.</i> each.</p> + +<p>APULEIUS, The Works of. Comprising the Golden Ass, God of Socrates, +Florida, and Discourse of Magic. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>ARIOSTO'S Orlando Furioso. Translated into English Verse by W.S. Rose. +With Portrait, and 21 Steel Engravings. 2 vols. 5<i>s.</i> each.</p> + +<p>ARISTOPHANES' Comedies. Translated by W.J. Hickie. 2 vols. 5<i>s.</i> +each.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_514" id="Page_514">[Pg 514]</a></span></p> + +<p>ARISTOTLE'S Nicomachean Ethics. Translated, with Introduction and Notes, by the Venerable +Archdeacon Browne. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>—— Politics and Economics. Translated by E. Walford, M.A., with Introduction by Dr. Gillies. +5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>—— Metaphysics. Translated by the Rev. John H. M'Mahon, M.A. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>—— History of Animals. Trans. by Richard Cresswell, M.A. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>—— Organon; or, Logical Treatises, and the Introduction of Porphyry. Translated by the +Rev. O.F. Owen, M.A. 2 vols. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p> + +<p>—— Rhetoric and Poetics. Trans. by T. Buckley, B.A. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>ARRIAN'S Anabasis of Alexander, together with the Indica. Translated by E.J. Chinnock, +M.A., LL.D. With Maps and Plans. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>ATHENÆUS. The Deipnosophists; or, the Banquet of the Learned. Trans. by Prof. C.D. + Yonge, M.A. 3 vols. 5<i>s.</i> each.</p> + +<p>BACON'S Moral and Historical Works, including the Essays, Apophthegms, Wisdom of the +Ancients, New Atlantis, Henry VII., Henry VIII., Elizabeth, Henry Prince of Wales, History +of Great Britain, Julius Cæsar, and Augustus Cæsar. Edited by J. Devey, M.A. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>—— Novum Organum and Advancement of Learning. Edited by J. Devey, M.A. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>BASS'S Lexicon to the Greek Testament, 2<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>BAX'S Manual of the History of Philosophy, for the use of Students. By E. Belfort Bax. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>BEAUMONT and FLETCHER, their finest Scenes, Lyrics, and other Beauties, selected from the +whole of their works, and edited by Leigh Hunt. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>BECHSTEIN'S Cage and Chamber Birds, their Natural History, Habits, Food, Diseases, +and Modes of Capture. Translated, with considerable additions on Structure, Migration, and Economy, +by H.G. Adams. Togetherwith <span class="smcap">Sweet British Warblers</span>. With 43 coloured Plates and +Woodcut Illustrations. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>BEDE'S (Venerable) Ecclesiastical History of England. Together with the <span class="smcap">Anglo-Saxon +Chronicle</span>. Edited by J.A. Giles, D.C.L. With Map. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>BELL (Sir Charles). The Anatomy and Philosophy of Expression, as connected with +the Fine Arts. By Sir Charles Bell, K.H. 7th edition, revised. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>BERKELEY (George), Bishop of Cloyne, The Works of. Edited by George Sampson. With +Biographical Introduction by the Right Hon. A.J. Balfour, M.P. 3 vols. 5<i>s.</i> each.</p> + +<p>BION. <i>See</i> <span class="smcap">Theocritus</span>.</p> + +<p>BJÖRNSON'S Arne and the Fisher Lassie. Translated by W.H. Low, M.A. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>BLAIR'S Chronological Tables Revised and Enlarged. Comprehending the Chronology and History +of the World, from the Earliest Times to the Russian Treaty of Peace, April 1856. By J. Willoughby +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_515" id="Page_515">[Pg 515]</a></span>Rosse. Double vol. 10<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>BLAIR'S Index of Dates. Comprehending the principal Facts in the Chronology and History of +the World, alphabetically arranged; being a complete Index to Blair's Chronological Tables. +By J.W. Rosse. 2 vols. 5<i>s.</i> each.</p> + +<p>BLEEK, Introduction to the Old Testament. By Friedrich Bleek. Edited by Johann Bleek +and Adolf Kamphausen. Translated by G.H. Venables, under the supervision of the Rev. Canon +Venables. 2 vols. 5<i>s.</i> each.</p> + +<p>BOETHIUS'S Consolation of Philosophy. King Alfred's Anglo-Saxon Version of. With a literal +English Translation on opposite pages, Notes, Introduction, and Glossary, by Rev. S. Fox, M.A. +5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>BOHN'S Dictionary of Poetical Quotations. 4th edition. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>—— Handbooks of Athletic Sports. In 8 vols., each containing numerous Illustrations. +3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">I.—Cricket, Lawn Tennis, Tennis, Rackets, Fives, Golf.</span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">II.—Rowing and Sculling, Sailing, Swimming.</span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">III.—Boxing, Broadsword, Single Stick, &c., Wrestling, Fencing.</span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">IV.—Rugby Football, Association Football, Baseball, Rounders, Fieldball, +Quoits, Skittles, Bowls, Curling.</span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">V.—Cycling, Athletics, Skating.</span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">VI.—Practical Horsemanship, including Riding for Ladies.</span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">VII.—Camping Out, Canoeing.</span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">VIII.—Gymnastics, Indian Clubs.</span></p> + +<p>BOHN'S Handbooks of Games. New edition. In 2 vols., with numerous Illustrations 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> +each.</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vol. I.—<span class="smcap">Table Games</span>:—Billiards, Chess, Draughts, Backgammon, +Dominoes, Solitaire, Reversi, Go-Bang, Rouge et Noir, Roulette, E.O., Hazard, Faro.</span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vol. II.—<span class="smcap">Card Games</span>:—Whist, Solo Whist, Poker, Piquet, +Écarté, Euchre, Bézique, Cribbage, Loo, Vingt-et-un, Napoleon, +Newmarket, Pope Joan, Speculation, &c., &c.</span></p> + +<p>BOND'S A Handy Book of Rules and Tables for verifying Dates with the Christian Era, &c. Giving +an account of the Chief Eras and Systems used by various Nations; with the easy Methods for determining +the Corresponding Dates. By J.J. Bond. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>BONOMI'S Nineveh and its Palaces. 7 Plates and 294 Woodcut Illustrations. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>BOSWELL'S Life of Johnson, with the <span class="smcap">Tour in the Hebrides</span> +and <span class="smcap">Johnsoniana</span>. Edited by the Rev. A. Napier, M.A. With +Frontispiece to each vol. 6 vols. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p> + +<p>BRAND'S Popular Antiquities of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Arranged, revised, and +greatly enlarged, by Sir Henry Ellis, K.H., F.R.S., &c., &c. 3 vols. 5<i>s.</i> each.</p> + +<p>BREMER'S (Frederika) Works. Translated by Mary Howitt. 4 vols. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p> + +<p>BRIDGWATER TREATISES.</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bell (Sir Charles) on the Hand. With numerous Woodcuts. 5<i>s.</i></span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kirby on the History, Habits, and Instincts of Animals. Edited by T. Rymer Jones. +With upwards of 100 Woodcuts. 2 vols. 5<i>s.</i> each.</span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_516" id="Page_516">[Pg 516]</a></span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kidd on the Adaptation of External Nature to the Physical Condition of Man. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chalmers on the Adaptation of External Nature to the Moral and Intellectual Constitution +of Man. 5<i>s.</i></span></p> + +<p>BRINK (B. ten) Early English Literature. By Bernhard ten Brink.</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vol. I. To Wyclif. Translated by Horace M. Kennedy. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vol. II. Wyclif, Chaucer, Earliest Drama Renaissance. Translated by W. Clarke Robinson, +Ph.D. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vol. III. From the Fourteenth Century to the Death of Surrey. Edited by Dr. Alois Brandl. +Trans. by L. Dora Schmitz. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></span></p> + +<p>—— Five Lectures on Shakespeare. Trans. by Julia Franklin. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>BROWNE'S (Sir Thomas) Works Edited by Simon Wilkin. 3 vols. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p> + +<p>BURKE'S Works. 8 vols. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>each.</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">I.—Vindication of Natural Society—Essay on the Sublime and Beautiful, and +various Political Miscellanies.</span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">II.—Reflections on the French Revolution—Letters relating to the Bristol Election—Speech +on Fox's East India Bill, &c.</span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">III.—Appeal from the New to the Old Whigs—On the Nabob of Arcot's Debts—The +Catholic Claims, &c.</span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">IV.—Report on the Affairs of India, and Articles of Charge against Warren +Hastings.</span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">V.—Conclusion of the Articles of Charge against Warren Hastings—Political Letters +on the American War, on a Regicide Peace, to the Empress of Russia.</span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">VI. Miscellaneous Speeches—Letters and Fragments—Abridgments of English +History, &c. With a General Index.</span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">VII. & VIII.—Speeches on the Impeachment of Warren Hastings; and Letters. +With Index. 2 vols. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</span></p> + +<p>—— Life. By Sir J. Prior. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>BURNEY'S Evelina. By Frances Burney (Mme. D'Arblay). With +an Introduction and Notes by A.R. Ellis. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>—— Cecilia. With an Introduction and Notes by A.R. Ellis. 2 vols. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p> + +<p>BURN (R.) Ancient Rome and its Neighbourhood. An Illustrated Handbook to the Ruins in +the City and the Campagna, for the use of Travellers. By Robert Burn, M.A. With numerous +Illustrations, Maps, and Plans. 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>BURNS (Robert), Life of. By J.G. Lockhart, D.C.L. A new and enlarged Edition. Revised by William Scott Douglas. +3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>BURTON'S (Robert) Anatomy of Melancholy. Edited by the Rev. A.R. Shilleto, M.A. With Introduction +by A.H. Bullen, and full Index. 3 vols. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each. +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_517" id="Page_517">[Pg 517]</a></span></p> + +<p>BURTON (Sir R.F.) Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to Al-Madinah and Meccah. By +Captain Sir Richard F. Burton, K.C.M.G. With an Introduction by Stanley Lane-Poole, and all the original Illustrations. 2 vols. +3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p> + +<p>∵ This is the copyright edition, containing the author's latest notes.</p> + +<p>BUTLER'S (Bishop) Analogy of Religion, Natural and Revealed, to the Constitution and Course of +Nature; together with two Dissertations on Personal Identity and +on the Nature of Virtue, and Fifteen Sermons. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>BUTLER'S (Samuel) Hudibras. With Variorum Notes, a Biography, Portrait, and 28 Illustrations. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>—— or, further Illustrated with 60 Outline Portraits. 2 vols. 5<i>s.</i> each.</p> + +<p>CÆSAR. Commentaries on the Gallic and Civil Wars, Translated by W.A. McDevitte, B.A. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>CAMOENS' Lusiad; or, the Discovery of India. An Epic Poem. Translated by W.J. Mickle. 5th Edition, revised by E.R. Hodges, M.C.P. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>CARAFAS (The) of Maddaloni. Naples under Spanish Dominion. Translated from the German of Alfred de Reumont. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>CARLYLE'S French Revolution. Edited by J. Holland Rose, Litt.D. Illus. 3 vols. 5<i>s.</i> each.</p> + +<p>—— Sartor Resartus. With 75 Illustrations by Edmund J. Sullivan. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>CARPENTER'S (Dr. W.B.) Zoology. Revised Edition, by W.S. Dallas, F.L.S. With very numerous Woodcuts. Vol. I. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 25em;">[<i>Vol. II. out of print.</i></span></p> + +<p>CARPENTER'S Mechanical Philosophy, Astronomy, and Horology. 181 Woodcuts. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>—— Vegetable Physiology and Systematic Botany. Revised Edition, by E. Lankester, M.D., +&c. With very numerous Woodcuts. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>—— Animal Physiology. Revised Edition. With upwards of 300 Woodcuts. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>CASTLE (E.) Schools and Masters of Fence, from the Middle Ages to the End of the +Eighteenth Century. By Egerton Castle, M.A., F.S.A. With a Complete Bibliography. Illustrated +with 140 Reproductions of Old Engravings and 6 Plates of Swords, showing 114 Examples. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>CATTERMOLE'S Evenings at Haddon Hall. With 24 Engravings on Steel from designs by +Cattermole, the Letterpress by the Baroness de Carabella. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>CATULLUS, Tibullus, and the Vigil of Venus. A Literal Prose Translation. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>CELLINI (Benvenuto). Memoirs of, written by Himself. Translated by Thomas Roscoe. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>CERVANTES' Don Quixote de la Mancha. Motteaux's Translation revised. 2 vols. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p> + +<p>—— Galatea. A Pastoral Romance. Translated by G.W.J. Gyll. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>—— Exemplary Novels. Translated by Walter K. Kelly. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>CHAUCER'S Poetical Works. Edited by Robert Bell. Revised Edition, with a Preliminary Essay +by Prof. W.W. Skeat, M.A. 4 vols. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_518" id="Page_518">[Pg 518]</a></span> +CHESS CONGRESS of 1862. A Collection of the Games played. Edited by J. Löwenthal. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>CHEVREUL on Colour. Translated from the French by Charles Martel. Third Edition, with +Plates, 5<i>s.</i>; or with an additional series of 16 Plates in Colours, +7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>CHILLINGWORTH'S Religion of Protestants. 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Friend. +A Series of Essays on Morals, +Politics, and Religion. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>——Aids to Reflection, and the <span class="smcap">Confessions of an Inquiring +Spirit</span>, to which are added the <span class="smcap">Essays on Faith</span> and the <span class="smcap">Book +of Common Prayer</span>. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>——Lectures and Notes on Shakespeare and other English Poets. Edited by T. Ashe 3<i>s.</i>6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>——Biographia Literaria; together with Two Lay Sermons. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>——Table-Talk and Omniana. Edited by T. Ashe, B.A. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>——Miscellanies, Æsthetic and Literary; to which is added, +<span class="smcap">The Theory of Life</span>. Collected and arranged by T. Ashe, B.A. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>COMTE'S Positive Philosophy. Translated and condensed by Harriet Martineau. With Introduction +by Frederic Harrison. 3 vols. 5<i>s.</i> each.</p> + +<p>COMTE'S Philosophy of the Sciences, being an Exposition of the Principles of the <i>Cours de</i> +<i>Philosophie Positive</i>. By G.H. Lewes. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>CONDÉ'S History of the Dominion of the Arabs in Spain. Translated by Mrs. Foster. 3 +vols. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_519" id="Page_519">[Pg 519]</a></span></p> + +<p>COOPER'S Biographical Dictionary. Containing Concise Notices (upwards of 15,000) of +Eminent Persons of all Ages and Countries. By Thompson Cooper, F.S.A. With a Supplement, +bringing the work down to 1883. 2 vols. 5<i>s.</i> each.</p> + +<p>COXE'S Memoirs of the Duke of Marlborough. With his original Correspondence. By W. Coxe, +M.A., F.R.S. Revised edition by John Wade. 3 vols. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p> + + +<p>∵ An Atlas of the plans of Marlborough's campaigns, 4to. 10<i>s.</i> +6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>—— History of the House of Austria (1218-1792). With a +Continuation from the Accession of Francis I. to the Revolution of 1848. +4 vols. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p> + +<p>CRAIK'S (G.L.) Pursuit of Knowledge under Difficulties. Illustrated by +Anecdotes and Memoirs. Revised edition, with numerous Woodcut Portraits +and Plates. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>CRUIKSHANK'S Punch and Judy. The Dialogue of the Puppet Show; an Account +of its Origin, &c. With 24 Illustrations, and Coloured Plates, +designed and engraved by G. Cruikshank. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>CUNNINGHAM'S Lives of the Most Eminent British Painters. A New Edition, +with Notes and Sixteen fresh Lives. By Mrs. Heaton. 3 vols. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> +each.</p> + +<p>DANTE. Divine Comedy. Translated by the Rev. H.F. Cary, M.A. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>—— Translated into English Verse by I.C. Wright, M.A. 3rd +Edition, revised. With Portrait, and 34 Illustrations on Steel, after +Flaxman.</p> + +<p>DANTE. The Inferno. A Literal Prose Translation, with the Text of the +Original printed on the same page. By John A. Carlyle, M.D. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>—— The Purgatorio. A Literal Prose Translation, with the +Text printed on the same page. By W.S. Dugdale. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>DE COMMINES (Philip), Memoirs of. Containing the Histories of Louis XI. +and Charles VIII., Kings of France, and Charles the Bold, Duke of +Burgundy. Together with the Scandalous Chronicle, or Secret History of +Louis XI., by Jean de Troyes. Translated by Andrew R. Scoble. With +Portraits. 2 vols. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p> + +<p>DEFOE'S Novels and Miscellaneous Works. With Prefaces and Notes, +including those attributed to Sir W. Scott. 7 vols. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">I.—Captain Singleton, and Colonel Jack.</span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">II.—Memoirs of a Cavalier, Captain Carleton, Dickory Cronke, +&c.</span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">III.—Moll Flanders, and the History of the Devil.</span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">IV.—Roxana, and Life of Mrs. Christian Davies.</span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">V.—History of the Great Plague of London, 1665; The Storm (1703); +and the True-born Englishman.</span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">VI.—Duncan Campbell, New Voyage round the World, and Political +Tracts.</span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">VII.—Robinson Crusoe.</span></p> + +<p>DE LOLME on the Constitution of England. +Edited by John Macgregor. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_520" id="Page_520">[Pg 520]</a></span></p> + +<p>DEMMIN'S History of Arms and Armour from the Earliest Period. By Auguste +Demmin. Translated by C.C. Black, M.A. With nearly 2000 Illustrations. +7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>DEMOSTHENES' Orations. Translated by C. Rann Kennedy. 5 vols. Vol. I., +3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>; Vols. II.-V., 5<i>s.</i> each.</p> + +<p>DE STAËL'S Corinne or Italy. By Madame de Staël. Translated by +Emily Baldwin and Paulina Driver. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>DEVEY'S Logic, or the Science of Inference. A Popular Manual. By J. +Devey. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>DICTIONARY of Latin and Greek Quotations; including Proverbs, Maxims, +Mottoes, Law Terms and Phrases. With all the Quantities marked, and +English Translations. With Index Verborum (622 pages). 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>DICTIONARY of Obsolete and Provincial English. Compiled by Thomas +Wright, M.A., F.S.A., &c. 2 vols. 5<i>s.</i> each.</p> + +<p>DIDRON'S Christian Iconography: a History of Christian Art in the Middle +Ages. Translated by E.J. Millington and completed by Margaret Stokes. +With 240 Illustrations. 2 vols. 5<i>s.</i> each.</p> + +<p>DIOGENES LAERTIUS. Lives and Opinions of the Ancient Philosophers. +Translated by Prof. C.D. Yonge, M.A. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>DOBREE'S Adversaria. Edited by the late Prof. Wagner. 2 vols. 5<i>s.</i> +each.</p> + +<p>DODD'S Epigrammatists. A Selection from the Epigrammatic Literature of +Ancient, Mediæval, and Modern Times. By the Rev. Henry Philip +Dodd, M.A. Oxford. 2nd Edition, revised and enlarged. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>DONALDSON'S The Theatre of the Greeks. A Treatise on the History and +Exhibition of the Greek Drama. With numerous Illustrations and 3 Plans. +By John William Donaldson, D.D. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>DRAPER'S History of the Intellectual Development of Europe. By John +William Draper, M.D., LL.D. 2 vols. 5<i>s.</i> each.</p> + +<p>DUNLOP'S History of Fiction. A new Edition. Revised by Henry Wilson. 2 +vols. 5<i>s.</i> each.</p> + +<p>DYER (Dr T.H.). Pompeii: its Buildings and Antiquities. By T.H. Dyer, +LL.D. With nearly 300 Wood Engravings, a large Map, and a Plan of the +Forum. 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>—— The City of Rome: its History and Monuments. With +Illustrations. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>DYER (T.F.T.) British Popular Customs, Present and Past. An Account of +the various Games and Customs associated with Different Days of the Year +in the British Isles, arranged according to the Calendar. By the Rev. +T.F. Thiselton Dyer, M.A. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>EBERS' Egyptian Princess. An Historical Novel. By George Ebers. +Translated by E.S. Buchheim. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>EDGEWORTH'S Stories for Children. With 8 Illustrations by L. Speed. +3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>ELZE'S William Shakespeare. —<i>See</i> <span class="smcap">Shakespeare.</span></p> + +<p>EMERSON'S Works. 3 vols 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">I.—Essays, Lectures and Poems.</span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">II.—English Traits, Nature, and Conduct of Life.</span><span class='pagenum'><a +name="Page_521" id="Page_521">[Pg 521]</a></span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">III.—Society and Solitude—Letters and Social +aims—Miscellaneous Papers (hitherto uncollected)—May Day, +and other Poems.</span></p> + +<p>ELLIS (G.) Specimens of Early English Metrical Romances. With an +Historical Introduction on the Rise and Progress of Romantic Composition +in France and England. Revised Edition. By J.O. Halliwell, F.R.S. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>ENNEMOSER'S History of Magic. Translated by William Howitt. 2 vols. +5<i>s.</i> each.</p> + +<p>EPICTETUS, The Discourses of. With the <span class="smcap">Encheiridion</span> and Fragments. +Translated by George Long, M.A. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>EURIPIDES. A New Literal Translation in Prose. By E P. Coleridge, M.A. 2 +vols. 5<i>s.</i> each.</p> + +<p>EUTROPIUS. <i>See</i> <span class="smcap">Justin</span>.</p> + +<p>EUSEBIUS PAMPHILUS, Ecclesiastical History of. Translated by Rev. C.F. +Cruse, M.A. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>EVELYN'S Diary and Correspondence. Edited from the Original MSS. by W. +Bray, F.A.S. With 45 engravings. 4 vols. 5<i>s.</i> each.</p> + +<p>FAIRHOLT'S Costume in England. A History of Dress to the end of the +Eighteenth Century. 3rd Edition, revised, by Viscount Dillon, V.P.S.A. +Illustrated with above 700 Engravings. 2 vols. 5<i>s.</i> each.</p> + +<p>FIELDING'S Adventures of Joseph Andrews and his Friend Mr. Abraham +Adams. With Cruikshank's Illustrations. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>—— History of Tom Jones, a Foundling. With Cruikshank's +Illustrations. 2 vols. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p> + +<p>—— Amelia. With Cruikshank's Illustrations. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>FLAXMAN'S Lectures on Sculpture. By John Flaxman, R.A. With Portrait and +53 Plates. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>FLORENCE of WORCESTER'S Chronicle, with the Two Continuations: +comprising Annals of English History, from the Departure of the Romans +to the Reign of Edward I. Translated by Thomas Forester, M.A. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>FOSTER'S (John) Life and Correspondence. Edited by J.E. Ryland. 2 vols. +3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p> + +<p>—— Critical Essays. Edited by J.E. Ryland. 2 vols. 3<i>s.</i> +6<i>d.</i> each.</p> + +<p>—— Essays: on Decision of Character; on a Man's writing +Memoirs of Himself; on the epithet Romantic; on the aversion of Men of +Taste to Evangelical Religion. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>—— Essays on the Evils of Popular Ignorance; to which is +added, a Discourse on the Propagation of Christianity in India. 3<i>s.</i> +6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>—— Essays on the Improvement of Time. With <span class="smcap">Notes Of Sermons</span> +and other Pieces. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>GASPARY'S History of Italian Literature. Translated by Herman Oelsner, +M.A., Ph.D. Vol. I. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>GEOFFREY OF MONMOUTH, Chronicle of.—<i>See Old English</i> +<i>Chronicles.</i></p> + +<p>GESTA ROMANORUM, or Entertaining Moral Stories invented by the Monks. +Translated by the Rev. Charles Swan. Revised Edition, by Wynnard Hooper, +B.A. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>GILDAS, Chronicles of.—<i>See Old English Chronicles.</i> <span class='pagenum'><a +name="Page_522" id="Page_522">[Pg 522]</a></span></p> + +<p>GIBBON'S Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Complete and Unabridged, +with Variorum Notes. Edited by an English Churchman. With 2 Maps and +Portrait. 7 vols. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p> + +<p>GILBART'S History, Principles, and Practice of Banking. By the late J.W. +Gilbart, F.R.S. New Edition, revised by A.S. Michie. 2 vols. 10<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>GIL BLAS, The Adventures of. Translated from the French of Lesage by +Smollett. With 24 Engravings on Steel, after Smirke, and 10 Etchings by +George Cruikshank. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>GIRALDUS CAMBRENSIS' Historical Works. Translated by Th. Forester, M.A., +and Sir R. Colt Hoare. Revised Edition, Edited by Thomas Wright, M.A., +F.S.A. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>GOETHE'S Faust. Part I. German Text with Hayward's Prose Translation and +Notes. Revised by C.A. Buchheim, Ph.D. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>GOETHE'S Works. Translated into English by various hands. 14 vols. 3<i>s.</i> +6<i>d.</i> each.</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">I. and II.—Autobiography and Annals.</span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">III.—Faust. Two Parts, complete. (Swanwick.)</span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">V.—Novels and Tales.</span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">V.—Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship.</span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">VI.—Conversations with Eckermann and Soret.</span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">VIII.—Dramatic Works.</span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">IX.—Wilhelm Meister's Travels.</span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">X.—Tour in Italy, and Second Residence in Rome.</span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">XI.—Miscellaneous Travels.</span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">XII.—Early and Miscellaneous Letters.</span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">XIII.—Correspondence with Zelter.</span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">XIV.—Reineke Fox, West-Eastern Divan and Achilleid.</span></p> + +<p>GOLDSMITH'S Works. A new Edition, by J.W.M. Gibbs. 5 vols. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> +each.</p> + +<p>GRAMMONT'S Memoirs of the Court of Charles II. Edited by Sir Walter +Scott. Together with the <span class="smcap">Boscobel Tracts</span>, including two not before +published, &c. New Edition. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>GRAY'S Letters. Including the Correspondence of Gray and Mason. Edited +by the Rev. D.C. Tovey, M.A. Vols. I. and II. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p> + +<p>GREEK ANTHOLOGY. Translated by George Burges, M.A. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>GREEK ROMANCES of Heliodorus, Longus, and Achilles Tatius—viz., +The Adventures of Theagenes & Chariclea; Amours of Daphnis and +Chloe; and Loves of Clitopho and Leucippe. Translated by Rev. R. Smith, +M.A. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>GREGORY'S Letters on the Evidences, Doctrines, & Duties of the +Christian Religion. By Dr. Olinthus Gregory. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>GREENE, MARLOWE, and BEN JONSON. Poems of. Edited by Robert Bell. 3<i>s.</i> +6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>GRIMM'S TALES. With the Notes of the Original. Translated by Mrs. A. +Hunt. With Introduction by Andrew Lang, M.A. 2 vols. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p> + +<p>—— Gammer Grethel; or, German Fairy Tales and Popular +Stories. Containing 42 Fairy Tales. Trans. by Edgar Taylor. With +numerous Woodcuts after George Cruikshank and Ludwig Grimm. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>GROSSI'S Marco Visconti. Translated by A.F.D. The Ballads rendered into +English Verse by C.M.P. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_523" id="Page_523">[Pg 523]</a></span></p> + +<p>GUIZOT'S History of the English Revolution of 1640. From the Accession +of Charles I. to his Death. Translated by William Hazlitt. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>—— History of Civilisation, from the Fall of the Roman +Empire to the French Revolution. Translated by William Hazlitt. 3 vols. +3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p> + +<p>HALL'S (Rev. Robert) Miscellaneous Works and Remains. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>HAMPTON COURT: A Short History of the Manor and Palace. By Ernest Law, +B.A. With numerous Illustrations. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>HARDWICK'S History of the Articles of Religion. By the late C. Hardwick. +Revised by the Rev. Francis Procter, M.A. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>HAUFF'S Tales. The Caravan—The Sheik of Alexandria—The Inn +in the Spessart. Trans. from the German by S. Mendel. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>HAWTHORNE'S Tales. 4 vols. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">I.—Twice-told Tales, and the Snow Image.</span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">II.—Scarlet Letter, and the House with the Seven Gables.</span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">III.—Transformation [The Marble Faun], and Blithedale Romance.</span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">IV.—Mosses from an Old Manse.</span></p> + +<p>HAZLITT'S Table-talk. Essays on Men and Manners. By W. Hazlitt. 3<i>s.</i> +6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>—— Lectures on the Literature of the Age of Elizabeth and on +Characters of Shakespeare's Plays. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>—— Lectures on the English Poets, and on the English Comic +Writers. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>—— The Plain Speaker. Opinions on Books, Men, and Things. +3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>—— Round Table. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>HAZLITT'S Sketches and Essays. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>—— The Spirit of the Age; or, Contemporary Portraits. Edited +by W. Carew Hazlitt. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>—— View of the English Stage. Edited by W. Spencer Jackson. +3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>HEATON'S Concise History of Painting. New Edition, revised by Cosmo +Monkhouse. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>HEGEL'S Lectures on the Philosophy of History. Translated by J. Sibree, +M.A.</p> + +<p>HEINE'S Poems, Complete. Translated by Edgar A. Bowring, C.B. 3<i>s.</i> +6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>—— Travel-Pictures, including the Tour in the Harz, +Norderney, and Book of Ideas, together with the Romantic School. +Translated by Francis Storr. A New Edition, revised throughout. With +Appendices and Maps. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>HELP'S Life of Christopher Columbus, the Discoverer of America. By Sir +Arthur Helps, K.C.B. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>—— Life of Hernando Cortes, and the Conquest of Mexico. 2 +vols. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p> + +<p>—— Life of Pizarro. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>—— Life of Las Casas the Apostle of the Indies. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>HENDERSON (E.) Select Historical Documents of the Middle Ages, including +the most famous Charters relating to England, the Empire, the Church, +&c., from the 6th to the 14th Centuries. Translated from the Latin +and edited by Ernest F. Henderson, A.B., A.M., Ph.D. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>HENFREY'S Guide to English Coins, from the Conquest to the present time. +New and revised Edition by C.F. Keary, M.A., F.S.A. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>HENRY OF HUNTINGDON'S History of the English. Translated by T. Forester, +M.A. 5<i>s.</i> <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_524" id="Page_524">[Pg 524]</a></span></p> + +<p>HENRY'S (Matthew) Exposition of the Book of the Psalms. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>HELIODORUS. Theagenes and Chariclea. <i>See</i> <span class="smcap">Greek Romances</span>.</p> + +<p>HERODOTUS. Translated by the Rev. Henry Cary, M.A. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>—— Notes on. Original and Selected from the best +Commentators. By D.W. Turner, M.A. With Coloured Map. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>—— Analysis and Summary of. By J.T. Wheeler. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>HESIOD, CALLIMACHUS, and THEOGNIS. Translated by the Rev. J. Banks, M.A. +5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>HOFFMANN'S (E.T.W.) The Serapion Brethren. Translated from the German by +Lt.-Col. Alex. Ewing. 2 vols. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p> + +<p>HOLBEIN'S Dance of Death and Bible Cuts. Upwards of 150 Subjects, +engraved in facsimile, with Introduction and Descriptions by Francis +Douce and Dr. Thomas Frognall Dibden. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>HOMER'S Iliad. Translated into English Prose by T.A. Buckley, B.A. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>—— Odyssey. Hymns, Epigrams, and Battle of the Frogs and +Mice. Translated into English Prose by T.A. Buckley, B.A. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>—— <i>See also</i> <span class="smcap">Pope</span>.</p> + +<p>HOOPER'S (G.) Waterloo: The Downfall of the First Napoleon: a History of +the Campaign of 1815. By George Hooper. With Maps and Plans. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>—— The Campaign of Sedan: The Downfall of the Second Empire, +August-September, 1870. With General Map and Six Plans of Battle. 3<i>s.</i> +6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>HORACE. A new literal Prose translation, by A. Hamilton Bryce, LL.D. +3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>HUGO'S (Victor) Dramatic Works. Hernani—Ruy Blas—The King's +Diversion. Translated by Mrs. Newton Crosland and F.L. Slous. 3<i>s.</i> +6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>—— Poems, chiefly Lyrical. Translated by various Writers, +now first collected by J.H.L. Williams. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>HUMBOLDT'S Cosmos. Translated by E.C. Otté, B.H. Paul, and W.S. +Dallas, F.L.S. 5 vols. 3s. 6d. each, excepting Vol. V. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>—— Personal Narrative of his Travels to the Equinoctial +Regions of America during the years 1799-1804. Translated by T. Ross. 3 +vols. 5<i>s.</i> each.</p> + +<p>—— Views of Nature. Translated by E.C. Otté and H.G. +Bohn. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>HUMPHREYS' Coin Collector's Manual. By H.N. Humphreys, with upwards of +140 Illustrations on Wood and Steel. 2 vols. 5<i>s.</i> each.</p> + +<p>HUNGARY: its History and Revolution, together with a copious Memoir of +Kossuth. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>HUTCHINSON (Colonel). Memoirs of the Life of. By his Widow, Lucy: +together with her Autobiography, and an Account of the Siege of Lathom +House. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>HUNT'S Poetry of Science. By Richard Hunt. 3rd Edition, revised and +enlarged. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>INDIA BEFORE THE SEPOY MUTINY. A Pictorial, Descriptive, and Historical +Account, from the Earliest Times to the Annexation of the Punjab, with +upwards of 100 Engravings on Wood, and a Map. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>INGULPH'H Chronicles of the Abbey of Croyland, with the <span class="smcap">Continuation</span> by +Peter of Blois and other Writers. Translated by H.T. Riley, M.A. 5<i>s.</i> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_525" id="Page_525">[Pg 525]</a></span></p> + +<p>IRVING'S (Washington) Complete Works. 15 vols. With Portraits, &c. +3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">I.—Salmagundi, Knickerbocker's History of New York.</span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">II.—The Sketch-Book, and the Life of Oliver Goldsmith.</span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">III.—Bracebridge Hall, Abbotsford and Newstead Abbey.</span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">IV.—The Alhambra, Tales of a Traveller.</span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">V.—Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada, Legends of the Conquest +of Spain.</span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">VI. & VII.—Life and Voyages of Columbus, together with the +Voyages of his Companions.</span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">VIII.—Astoria, A Tour on the Prairies.</span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">XI.—Life of Mahomet, Lives of the Successors of Mahomet.</span></p> +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">X.—Adventures of Captain Bonneville, U.S.A., Wolfert's Roost.</span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">XI.—Biographies and Miscellaneous Papers.</span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">XII.-XV.—Life of George Washington. 4 vols.</span></p> + +<p>—— Life and Letters. By his Nephew, Pierre E. Irving. 2 +vols. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p> + +<p>ISOCRATES, The Orations of. Translated by J.H. Freese, M.A. Vol. I. +5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>JAMES'S (G.P.R.) Life of Richard Cœur de Lion. 2 vols. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> +each.</p> + +<p>—— The Life and Times of Louis XIV. 2 vols. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> +each.</p> + +<p>JAMESON'S (Mrs.) Shakespeare's Heroines. Characteristics of Women: +Moral, Poetical, and Historical. By Mrs. Jameson. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>JESSE'S (E.) Anecdotes of Dogs. With 40 Woodcuts and 34 Steel +Engravings. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>JESSE'S (J.H.) Memoirs of the Court of England during the Reign of the +Stuarts, including the Protectorate. 3 vols. With 42 Portraits. 5<i>s.</i> +each.</p> + +<p>—— Memoirs of the Pretenders and their Adherents. With 6 +Portraits. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>JOHNSON'S Lives of the Poets. Edited by Mrs. Alexander Napier, with +Introduction by Professor Hales. 3 vols. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p> + +<p>JOSEPHUS (Flavius), The Works of. Whiston's Translation, revised by Rev. +A.R. Shilleto, M.A. With Topographical and Geographical Notes by Colonel +Sir C.W. Wilson, K.C.B. 5 vols. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p> + +<p>JOYCE'S Scientific Dialogues. With numerous Woodcuts. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>JUKES-BROWNE (A.J.), The Building of the British Isles: a Study in +Geographical Evolution. Illustrated by numerous Maps and Woodcuts. 2nd +Edition, revised, 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>—— Student's Handbook of Physical Geology. With numerous +Diagrams and Illustrations. 2nd Edition, much enlarged, 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>JULIAN, the Emperor. Containing Gregory Nazianzen's Two Invectives and +Libanus' Monody, with Julian's extant Theosophical Works. Translated by +C.W. King, M.A. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>JUSTIN CORNELIUS NEPOS, and EUTROPIUS. Translated by the Rev. J.S. +Watson, M.A. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>JUVENAL, PERSIUS, SULPICIA and LUCILIUS. Translated by L. Evans, M.A. +5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>JUNIUS'S Letters. With all the Notes of Woodfall's Edition, and +important Additions. 2 vols. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_526" id="Page_526">[Pg 526]</a></span></p> + +<p>KANT'S Critique of Pure Reason. Translated by J.M.D. Meiklejohn. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>—— Prolegomena and Metaphysical Foundations of Natural +Science. Translated by E. Belfort Bax. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>KEIGHTLEY'S (Thomas) Mythology of Ancient Greece and Italy. 4th Edition, +revised by Leonard Schmitz, Ph.D., LL.D. With 12 Plates from the +Antique. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>—— Fairy Mythology, illustrative of the Romance and +Superstition of Various Countries. Revised Edition, with Frontispiece by +Cruikshank. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>LA FONTAINE'S Fables. Translated into English Verse by Elizur Wright. +New Edition, with Notes by J.W.M. Gibbs. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>LAMARTINE'S History of the Girondists. Translated by H.T. Ryde. 3 vols. +3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p> + +<p>—— History of the Restoration of Monarchy in France (a +Sequel to the History of the Girondists). 4 vols. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p> + +<p>—— History of the French Revolution of 1848. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>LAMB'S (Charles) Essays of Elia and Eliana. Complete Edition. 3<i>s.</i> +6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>—— Specimens of English Dramatic Poets of the Time of +Elizabeth. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>—— Memorials and Letters of Charles Lamb. By Serjeant +Talfourd. New Edition, revised, by W. Carew Hazlitt. 2 vols. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> +each.</p> + +<p>—— Tales from Shakespeare. With Illustrations by Byam Shaw. +3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>LANZI'S History of Painting In Italy, from the Period of the Revival of +the Fine Arts to the End of the Eighteenth Century. Translated by Thomas +Roscoe. 3 vols. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p> + +<p>LAPPENBERG'S History of England under the Anglo-Saxon Kings. Translated +by B. Thorpe, F.S.A. New edition, revised by E.C. Otté. 2 vols. +3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p> + +<p>LECTURES ON PAINTING, by Barry, Opie, Fuseli. Edited by R. Wornum. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>LEONARDO DA VINCI'S Treatise on Painting. Translated by J.F. Rigaud, +R.A., With a Life of Leonardo by John William Brown. With numerous +Plates. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>LEPSIUS'S Letters from Egypt, Ethiopia, and the Peninsula of Sinai. +Translated by L. and J.B. Horner. With Maps. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>LESSING'S Dramatic Works, Complete. Edited by Ernest Bell, M.A. With +Memoir of Lessing by Helen Zimmern. 2 vols. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p> + +<p>—— Laokoon, Dramatic Notes, and the Representation of Death +by the Ancients. Translated by E.C. Beasley and Helen Zimmern. Edited by +Edward Bell, M.A. With a Frontispiece of the Laokoon group. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>LILLY'S Introduction to Astrology. With a <span class="smcap">Grammar Of Astrology</span> and +Tables for Calculating Nativities, by Zadkiel. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>LIVY'S History of Rome. Translated by Dr. Spillan, C. Edmonds, and +others. 4 vols. 5<i>s.</i> each.</p> + +<p>LOCKE'S Philosophical Works. Edited by J.A. St. John. 2 vols. 3<i>s.</i> +6<i>d.</i> each.</p> + +<p>—— Life and Letters: by Lord King. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>LOCKHART (J.G.)—<i>See</i> <span class="smcap">Burns</span>. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_527" id="Page_527">[Pg 527]</a></span></p> + +<p>LODGE'S Portraits of Illustrious Personages of Great Britain, with +Biographical and Historical Memoirs. 240 Portraits engraved on Steel, +with the respective Biographies unabridged. 8 vols. 5<i>s.</i> each.</p> + +<p>LONGFELLOW'S Prose Works. With 16 full-page Wood Engravings. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>LOUDON'S (Mrs.) Natural History. Revised edition, by W.S. Dallas, F.L.S. +With numerous Woodcut Illus. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>LOWNDES' Bibliographer's Manual of English Literature. Enlarged Edition. +By H.G. Bohn. 6 vols. cloth, 5s. each. Or 4 vols. half morocco, 2<i>l.</i> +2<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>LONGUS. Daphnis and Chloe.—<i>See</i> <span class="smcap">Greek Romances</span>.</p> + +<p>LUCAN'S Pharsalia. Translated by H.T. Riley, M.A. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>LUCIAN'S Dialogues of the Gods, of the Sea Gods, and of the Dead. +Translated by Howard Williams, M.A. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>LUCRETIUS. Translated by the Rev. J.S. Watson, M.A. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>LUTHER'S Table-Talk. Translated and Edited by William Hazlitt. 3<i>s.</i> +6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>—— Autobiography.—<i>See</i> <span class="smcap">Michelet</span>.</p> + +<p>MACHIAVELLI'S History of Florence, together with the Prince, Savonarola, +various Historical Tracts, and a Memoir of Machiavelli. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>MALLET'S Northern Antiquities, or an Historical Account of the Manners, +Customs, Religions and Laws, Maritime Expeditions and Discoveries, +Language and Literature, of the Ancient Scandinavians. Translated by +Bishop Percy. Revised and Enlarged Edition, with a Translation of the +<span class="smcap">Prose Edda</span>, by J.A. Blackwell. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>MANTELL'S (Dr.) Petrifactions and their Teachings. With numerous +illustrative Woodcuts. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>—— Wonders of Geology. 8th Edition, revised by T. Rupert +Jones, F.G.S. With a coloured Geological Map of England, Plates, and +upwards of 200 Woodcuts. 2 vols. 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p> + +<p>MANZONI. The Betrothed: being a Translation of 'I Promessi Sposi.' By +Alessandro Manzoni. With numerous Woodcuts. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>MARCO POLO'S Travels; the Translation of Marsden revised by T. Wright, +M.A., F.S.A. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>MARRYAT'S (Capt. R.N.) Masterman Ready. With 93 Woodcuts. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> +<p>—— Mission; or, Scenes in Africa. Illustrated by Gilbert and +Dalziel. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>—— Pirate and Three Cutters. With 8 Steel Engravings, from +Drawings by Clarkson Stanfield, R.A. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>—— Privateersman. 8 Engravings on Steel. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>—— Settlers in Canada. 10 Engravings by Gilbert and Dalziel. +3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>—— Poor Jack. With 16 Illustrations after Clarkson +Stansfield, R.A. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>—— Peter Simple. With 8 full-page Illustrations. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>—— Midshipman Easy. With 8 full-page Illustrations. 3<i>s.</i> +6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>MARTIAL'S Epigrams, complete. Translated into Prose, each accompanied by +one or more Verse Translations selected from the Works of English Poets, +and other sources. 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_528" id="Page_528">[Pg 528]</a></span></p> + +<p>MARTINEAU'S (Harriet) History of England, from 1800-1815. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>—— History of the Thirty Years' Peace, <span class="smcap">a.d.</span> 1815-46. 4 vols. +3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p> + +<p>—— <i>See Compte's Positive Philosophy.</i></p> <p>MATTHEW PARIS'S +English History, from the Year 1235 to 1273. Translated by Rev. J.A. +Giles, D.C.L. 3 vols. 5<i>s.</i> each.</p> + +<p>MATTHEW OF WESTMINSTER'S Flowers of History, from the beginning of the +World to <span class="smcap">a.d.</span> 1307. Translated by C.D. Yonge, M.A. 2 vols. 5<i>s.</i> each.</p> + +<p>MAXWELL'S Victories of Wellington and the British Armies. Frontispiece +and 5 Portraits. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>MENZEL'S History of Germany, from the Earliest Period to 1842. 3 vols. +3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p> + +<p>MICHAEL ANGELO AND RAPHAEL, their Lives and Works. By Duppa and +Quatremere de Quincy. With Portraits, and Engravings on Steel. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>MICHELET'S Luther's Autobiography. Trans. by William Hazlitt. With an +Appendix (110 pages) of Notes. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>—— History of the French Revolution from its earliest +indications to the flight of the King in 1791. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>MIGNET'S History of the French Revolution, from 1789 to 1814. 3<i>s.</i> +6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>MILL (J.S.). Early Essays by John Stuart Mill. Collected from various +sources by J.W.M. Gibbs. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>MILLER (Professor). History Philosophically Illustrated, from the Fall +of the Roman Empire to the French Revolution. 4 vols. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p> + +<p>MILTON'S Prose Works. Edited by J.A. St. John. 5 vols. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p> + +<p>—— Poetical Works, with a Memoir and Critical Remarks by +James Montgomery, an Index to Paradise Lost, Todd's Verbal Index to all +the Poems, and a Selection of Explanatory Notes by Henry G. Bohn. +Illustrated with 120 Wood Engravings from Drawings by W. Harvey. 2 vols. +3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p> + +<p>MITFORD'S (Miss) Our Village Sketches of Rural Character and Scenery. +With 2 Engravings on Steel. 2 vols. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p> + +<p>MOLIERE'S Dramatic Works. A new Translation in English Prose, by C.H. +Wall. 3 vols. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p> + +<p>MONTAGU. The Letters and Works of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu. Edited by +her great-grandson, Lord Wharncliffe's Edition, and revised by W. Moy +Thomas. New Edition, revised, with 5 Portraits. 2 vols. 5<i>s.</i> each.</p> + +<p>MONTAIGNE'S Essays. Cotton's Translation, revised by W.C. Hazlitt. New +Edition. 3 vols. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p> + +<p>MONTESQUIEU'S Spirit of Laws. New Edition, revised and corrected. By +J.V. Pritchard, A.M. 2 vols. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p> + +<p>MOTLEY (J.L.). The Rise of the Dutch Republic. A History. By John +Lothrop Motley. New Edition, with Biographical Introduction by Moncure +D. Conway. 3 vols. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p> + +<p>MORPHY'S Games of Chess. Being the Matches and best Games played by the +American Champion, with Explanatory and Analytical Notes by J. +Löwenthal. 5<i>s.</i> <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_529" id="Page_529">[Pg 529]</a></span></p> + +<p>MUDIE'S British Birds; or, History of the Feathered Tribes of the +British Islands. Revised by W. C.L. Martin. With 52 Figures of Birds and +7 Coloured Plates of Eggs. 2 vols.</p> + +<p>NEANDER (Dr. A.). History of the Christian Religion and Church. Trans. +from the German by J. Torrey. 10 vols. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p> + +<p>—— Life of Jesus Christ. Translated by J. McClintock and C. +Blumenthal. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>—— History of the Planting and Training of the Christian +Church by the Apostles. Translated by J.E. Ryland. 2 vols. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> +each.</p> + +<p>—— Memorials of Christian Life in the Early and Middle Ages; +including Light in Dark Places. Trans. by J.E. Ryland. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>NIBELUNGEN LIED. The Lay of the Nibelungs, metrically translated from +the old German text by Alice Horton, and edited by Edward Bell, M.A. To +which is prefixed the Essay on the Nibelungen Lied by Thomas Carlyle. +5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>NEW TESTAMENT (The) in Greek. Griesbach's Text, with various Readings at +the foot of the page, and Parallel References in the margin; also a +Critical Introduction and Chronological Tables. By an eminent Scholar, +with a Greek and English Lexicon. 3rd Edition, revised and corrected. +Two Facsimiles of Greek Manuscripts. 900 pages. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>The Lexicon may be had separately, price 2<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>NICOLINI'S History of the Jesuits: their Origin, Progress, Doctrines, +and Designs. With 8 Portraits. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>NORTH (R.) Lives of the Right Hon. Francis North, Baron Guildford, the +Hon. Sir Dudley North, and the Hon. and Rev. Dr. John North. By the Hon. +Roger North. Together with the Autobiography of the Author. Edited by +Augustus Jessopp, D.D. 3 vols. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p> + +<p>NUGENT'S (Lord) Memorials of Hampden, his Party and Times. With a Memoir +of the Author, an Autograph Letter, and Portrait. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>OCKLEY (S.) History of the Saracens and their Conquests in Syria, +Persia, and Egypt. By Simon Ockley, B.D., Professor of Arabic in the +University of Cambridge. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>OLD ENGLISH CHRONICLES, including Ethelwerd's Chronicle, Asser's Life of +Alfred, Geoffrey of Monmouth's British History, Gildas, Nennius, and the +spurious chronicle of Richard of Cirencester. Edited by J.A. Giles, +D.C.L. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>OMAN (J.C.) The Great Indian Epics: the Stories of the <span class="smcap">Ramayana</span> and the +<span class="smcap">Mahabharata</span>. By John Campbell Oman, Principal of Khalsa College, +Amritsar. With Notes, Appendices, and Illustrations, 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>ORDERICUS VITALIS' Ecclesiastical History of England and Normandy. +Translated by T. Forester, M.A. To which is added the <span class="smcap">Chronicle of St. +Evroult</span>. 4 vols. 5<i>s.</i> each.</p> + +<p>OVID'S Works, complete. Literally translated into Prose. 3 vols. 5<i>s.</i> +each.</p> + +<p>PASCAL'S Thoughts. Translated from the Text of M. 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Edited by J.V. Pritchard, A.M. 2 vols. 3<i>s.</i> +6<i>d.</i> each.</p> + +<p>PERSIUS.—<i>See</i> <span class="smcap">Juvenal</span>.</p> + +<p>PETRARCH'S Sonnets, Triumphs, and other Poems. Translated into English +Verse by various Hands. With a Life of the Poet by Thomas Campbell. With +Portrait and 15 Steel Engravings. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>PHILO-JUDÆUS, Works of. Translated by Prof. C.D. Yonge, M.A. 4 +vols. 5<i>s.</i> each.</p> + +<p>PICKERING'S History of the Races of Man, and their Geographical +Distribution. With <span class="smcap">An Analytical Synopsis of the Natural History of Man</span> +by Dr. Hall. With a Map of the World and 12 coloured Plates. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>PINDAR. Translated into Prose by Dawson W. Turner. To which is added the +Metrical Version by Abraham Moore. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>PLANCHE. History of British Costume, from the Earliest Time to the Close +of the Eighteenth Century. By J.R. Planché, Somerset Herald. With +upwards of 400 Illustrations. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>PLATO'S Works. Literally translated, with Introduction and Notes. 6 +vols. 5<i>s.</i> each.</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">I.—The Apology of Socrates, Crito, Phædo, Gorgias, +Protagoras, Phædrus, Theætetus, Euthyphron, Lysis. +Translated by the Rev. H. Carey.</span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">II.—The Republic, Timæus, and Critias. Translated by Henry +Davis.</span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">III.—Meno, Euthydemus, The Sophist, Statesman, Cratylus, +Parmenides, and the Banquet. Translated by G. Burges. +IV.—Philebus, Charmides, Laches, Menexenus, Hippias, Ion, The Two +Alcibiades, Theages, Rivals, Hipparchus, Minos, Clitopho, Epistles. +Translated by G. Burges. V.—The Laws. Translated by G. Burges.</span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">VI.—The Doubtful Works. Translated by G. Burges.</span></p> + +<p>—— Summary and Analysis of the Dialogues. With Analytical +Index. By A. 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With numerous Illustrations. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>POUSHKIN'S Prose Tales: The Captain's +Daughter—Doubrovsky—The Queen of Spades—An Amateur +Peasant Girl—The Shot—The Snow Storm—The +Postmaster—The Coffin Maker—Kirdjali—The Egyptian +Nights—Peter the Great's Negro. Translated by T. Keane. 3<i>s.</i> +6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>PRESCOTT'S Conquest of Mexico. Copyright edition, with the notes by John +Foster Kirk, and an introduction by G.P. Winship. 3 vols. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> +each.</p> + +<p>—— Conquest of Peru. Copyright edition, with the notes of +John Foster Kirk. 2 vols. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p> + +<p>—— Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella. Copyright edition, with +the notes of John Foster Kirk. 3 vols. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p> + +<p>PROPERTIUS. Translated by Rev. P.J.F. Gantillon, M.A., and accompanied +by Poetical Versions, from various sources. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>PROVERBS, Handbook of. Containing an entire Republication of Ray's +Collection of English Proverbs, with his additions from Foreign +Languages and a complete Alphabetical Index; in which are introduced +large additions as well of Proverbs as of Sayings, Sentences, Maxims, +and Phrases, collected by H.G. Bohn. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>PROVERBS, A Polyglot of Foreign. Comprising French, Italian, German, +Dutch, Spanish, Portuguese, and Danish. With English Translations & +a General Index by H.G. Bohn. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>POTTERY AND PORCELAIN, and other Objects of Vertu. Comprising an +Illustrated Catalogue of the Bernal Collection of Works of Art, with the +prices at which they were sold by auction, and names of the possessors. +To which are added, an Introductory Lecture on Pottery and Porcelain, +and an Engraved List of all the known Marks and Monograms. By Henry G. +Bohn. With numerous Wood Engravings, 5<i>s.</i>; or with Coloured +Illustrations, 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>PROUT'S (Father) Reliques. 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Ewing. +3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>ROGER DE HOVEDEN'S Annals of English History, comprising the History of +England and of other Countries of Europe from <span class="smcap">a.d.</span> 732 to <span class="smcap">a.d.</span> 1201. +Translated by H.T. Riley, M.A. 2 vols. 5<i>s.</i> each.</p> + +<p>ROGER OF WENDOVER'S Flowers of History, comprising the History of +England from the Descent of the Saxons to <span class="smcap">a.d.</span> 1235, formerly ascribed +to Matthew Paris. Translated by J.A. Giles, D.C.L. 2 vols. 5<i>s.</i> each.</p> + +<p>ROME in the NINETEENTH CENTURY. Containing a complete Account of the +Ruins of the Ancient City, the Remains of the Middle Ages, and the +Monuments of Modern Times. By C.A. Eaton. With 34 Steel Engravings. 2 +vols. 5<i>s.</i> each.</p> + +<p>—— <i>See</i> <span class="smcap">Burn</span> and <span class="smcap">Dyer</span>.</p> + +<p>ROSCOE'S (W.) Life and Pontificate of Leo X. Final edition, revised by +Thomas Roscoe. 2 vols. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p> + +<p>—— Life of Lorenzo de' Medici, called 'the Magnificent.' +With his poems, letters, &c. 10th Edition, revised, with Memoir of +Roscoe by his Son. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>RUSSIA. History of, from the earliest Period, compiled from the most +authentic sources by Walter K. Kelly. With Portraits. 2 vols. 3<i>s.</i> +6<i>d.</i> each.</p> + +<p>SALLUST, FLORUS, and VELLEIUS PATERCULUS. Translated by J.S. Watson, +M.A. 5<i>s.</i></p> + + +<p>SCHILLER'S Works. Translated by various hands. 7 vols. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> +each:—</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">I.—History of the Thirty Years' War.</span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_533" id="Page_533">[Pg 533]</a></span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">II.—History of the Revolt in the Netherlands, the Trials of Counts +Egmont and Horn, the Siege of Antwerp, and the Disturbances in France +preceding the Reign of Henry IV.</span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">III.—Don Carlos, Mary Stuart, Maid of Orleans, Bride of Messina, +together with the Use of the Chorus in Tragedy (a short Essay). These +Dramas are all translated in metre.</span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">IV.—Robbers (with Schiller's original Preface), Fiesco, Love and +Intrigue, Demetrius, Ghost Seer, Sport of Divinity. The Dramas in this +volume are translated into Prose.</span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">V.—Poems.</span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">VI.—Essays, Æsthetical and Philosophical</span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">VII.—Wallenstein's Camp, Piccolomini and Death of Wallenstein, +William Tell.</span></p> + +<p>SCHILLER and GOETHE. Correspondence between, from <span class="smcap">a.d.</span> 1794-1805. +Translated by L. Dora Schmitz. 2 vols. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p> + +<p>SCHLEGEL'S (F.) Lectures on the Philosophy of Life and the Philosophy of +Language. Translated by the Rev. A.J.W. Morrison, M.A. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>—— Lectures on the History of Literature, Ancient and +Modern. Translated from the German. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>—— Lectures on the Philosophy of History. Translated by J.B. +Robertson. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>SCHLEGEL'S Lectures on Modern History, together with the Lectures +entitled Cæsar and Alexander, and The Beginning of our History. +Translated by L. Purcell and R.H. Whitetock. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>—— Æsthetic and Miscellaneous Works. Translated by +E.J. Millington. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>SCHLEGEL (A.W.) Lectures on Dramatic Art and Literature. Translated by +J. Black. Revised Edition, by the Rev. A.J.W. Morrison, M.A. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>SCHOPENHAUER on the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason, +and On the Will in Nature. Translated by Madame Hillebrand. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>—— Essays. Selected and Translated. With a Biographical +Introduction and Sketch of his Philosophy, by E. Belfort Bax. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>SCHOUW'S Earth, Plants, and Man. Translated by A. Henfrey. With coloured +Map of the Geography of Plants. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>SCHUMANN (Robert). His Life and Works, by August Reissmann. Translated +by A.L. Alger. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>—— Early Letters. Originally published by his Wife. +Translated by May Herbert. With a Preface by Sir George Grove, D.C.L. +3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>SENECA on Benefits. Newly translated by A. Stewart, M.A. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>—— Minor Essays and On Clemency. Translated by A. Stewart, +M.A. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>SHAKESPEARE DOCUMENTS. Arranged by D.H. Lambert, B.A. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>SHAKESPEARE'S Dramatic Art. The History and Character of Shakespeare's +Plays. By Dr. Hermann Ulrici. Translated by L. Dora Schmitz. 2 vols. +3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_534" id="Page_534">[Pg 534]</a></span></p> + +<p>SHAKESPEARE (William). A Literary Biography +by Karl Elze, Ph.D., LL.D. Translated by L. Dora Schmitz. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>SHARPE (S.) The History of Egypt, from the Earliest Times till the +Conquest by the Arabs, <span class="smcap">a.d.</span> 640. By Samuel Sharpe. 2 Maps and upwards of +400 Illustrative Woodcuts. 2 vols. 5<i>s.</i> each.</p> + +<p>SHERIDAN'S Dramatic Works, Complete. With Life by G.G.S. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>SISMONDI'S History of the Literature of the South of Europe. Translated +by Thomas Roscoe. 2 vols. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p> + +<p>SMITH'S Synonyms and Antonyms, or Kindred Words and their Opposites. +Revised Edition. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>—— Synonyms Discriminated. A Dictionary of Synonymous Words +in the English Language, showing the Accurate signification of words of +similar meaning. Edited by the Rev. H. Percy Smith, M.A. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>SMITH'S (Adam) The Wealth of Nations. Edited by E. Belfort Bax. 2 vols. +3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p> + +<p>—— Theory of Moral Sentiments. With a Memoir of the Author +by Dugald Stewart. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>SMYTH'S (Professor) Lectures on Modern History. 2 vols. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> +each.</p> + +<p>SMYTH'S (Professor) Lectures on the French Revolution. 2 vols. 3<i>s.</i> +6<i>d.</i> each.</p> + +<p>SMITH'S (Pye) Geology and Scripture. 2nd Edition. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>SMOLLETT'S Adventures of Roderick Random. With short Memoir and +Bibliography, and Cruikshank's Illustrations. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>SMOLLETT'S Adventures of Peregrine Pickle. With Bibliography and +Cruikshank's Illustrations. 2 vols. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p> + +<p>—— The Expedition of Humphry Clinker. With Bibliography and +Cruikshank's Illustrations. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>SOCRATES (surnamed 'Scholasticus'). The Ecclesiastical History of (<span class="smcap">a.d.</span> +305-445). Translated from the Greek. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>SOPHOCLES, The Tragedies of. A New Prose Translation, with Memoir, +Notes, &c., by E.P. Coleridge, M.A. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>SOUTHEY'S Life of Nelson. With Portraits, Plans, and upwards of 50 +Engravings on Steel and Wood. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>—— Life of Wesley, and the Rise and Progress of Methodism. +5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>—— Robert Southey. The Story of his Life written in his +Letters. Edited by John Dennis. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>SOZOMEN'S Ecclesiastical History. Translated from the Greek. Together +with the <span class="smcap">Ecclesiastical History of Philostorgius</span>, as epitomised by +Photius. Translated by Rev. E. Walford, M.A. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>SPINOZA'S Chief Works. Translated, with Introduction, by R.H.M. Elwes. 2 +vols. 5<i>s.</i> each.</p> + +<p>STANLEY'S Classified Synopsis of the Principal Painters of the Dutch and +Flemish Schools. By George Stanley. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>STARLING'S (Miss) Noble Deeds of Women. With 14 Steel Engravings. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>STAUNTON'S Chess-Player's Handbook. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>—— Chess Praxis. 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With 71 Plates engraved on Steel, and numerous Woodcut Capitals. +5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>SUETONIUS' Lives of the Twelve Cæsars and Lives of the +Grammarians. Thomson's translation, revised by T. Forester. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>SWIFT'S Prose Works. Edited by Temple Scott. With a Biographical +Introduction by the Right Hon. W.E.H. Lecky, M.P. With Portraits and +Facsimiles. 12 vols. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">[<i>Vols. I.-X. ready.</i></span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">I.—A Tale of a Tub, The Battle of the Books, and other early +works. Edited by Temple Scott. With a Biographical Introduction by +W.E.H. Lecky.</span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">II.—The Journal to Stella. 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A Collection of Scandinavian and North-German Popular +Tales and Traditions. Edited by B. Thorpe. 5<i>s.</i> <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_537" id="Page_537">[Pg 537]</a></span></p> + + + +<h2>THE YORK LIBRARY</h2> +<h4>A NEW SERIES OF REPRINTS ON THIN PAPER.</h4> + +<p class="center">The volumes are printed in a handy size (6½ × 4¼ in.), on +thin but opaque paper, and are simply and +attractively bound.</p> + +<p class="center">Price, in cloth, 2s. net; in leather, 3s. net.</p> + +<p>'The York Library is noticeable by reason of the wisdom and intelligence +displayed in the choice of unhackneyed classics.... A most +attractive series of reprints.... The size and style of the volumes are +exactly what they should be.'—<i>Bookman.</i></p> + +<p>'Charmingly tasteful.'—<i>Westminster Gazette.</i></p> + +<p>'Among favourite "thin paper" books none are better done than the +admirable York Library. For a simple and attractive binding these +volumes stand quite among the first of their kind. The price is two +shillings net, and they are exceedingly good value for the money.' +<span style="margin-left: 30em;"><i>St. James's Gazette.</i></span></p> + +<p>'These books should find their way to every home that owns any +cultivation.'—<i>Notes and Queries.</i></p> + +<p>'A series of books which for attractiveness and handiness would take a +lot of beating.'—<i>Pall Mall Gazette.</i></p> + +<p>'One of the most beautiful series of books ever issued to the public, and +marvellously cheap.'—<i>Manchester Courier.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><i>The following volumes are now ready</i>:</p> + + +<p>BURNEY'S EVELINA. Edited, with an Introduction and Notes, by <span class="smcap">Annie Raine +Ellis.</span></p> + +<p>BURNEY'S CECILIA. Edited by <span class="smcap">Annie Raine Ellis</span>. 2 vols.</p> + +<p>BURTON'S ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. Edited by the Rev. <span class="smcap">A.R. Shilleto</span>, M.A., +with Introduction by <span class="smcap">A.H. Bullen.</span> 3 vols.</p> + +<p class="center">'Admirers of "Burton's Anatomy" can hardly hope for a better edition.'<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 32.5em;"><i>Morning Post.</i></span></p> + +<p>CERVANTES' DON QUIXOTE. MOTTEUX's Translation, revised. With <span class="smcap">Lockhart's</span> +Life and Notes. 2 vols.</p> + +<p>COLERIDGE'S AIDS TO REFLECTION, and the Confessions of an Inquiring +Spirit.</p> + +<p>COLERIDGE'S FRIEND. A series of Essays on Morals, Politics, and +Religion.</p> + +<p>COLERIDGE'S TABLE TALK AND OMNIANA. Arranged and Edited by <span class="smcap">T. Ashe</span>, B.A.</p> + +<p>DRAPER'S HISTORY OF THE INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT OF EUROPE. 2 vols. +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_538" id="Page_538">[Pg 538]</a></span> EMERSON'S WORKS. A new edition in 5 volumes, with the Text +edited and collated by <span class="smcap">George Sampson.</span></p> + +<p>∵<i>The contents of the volumes are as follows: Vol. +I.—Essays: Representative Men. Vol. II.—English Traits: +Conduct of Life: Nature. Vol. III.—Society and Solitude: Letters +and Social Aims: Addresses. Vol. IV.—Miscellaneous Pieces. Vol. +V.—Poetical Works.</i></p> + +<p>FIELDING'S TOM JONES. 2 vols.</p> + +<p>GESTA ROMANORUM, or Entertaining Moral Stories invented by the Monks. +Translated from the Latin by the Rev. <span class="smcap">Charles Swan.</span> Revised edition, +by <span class="smcap">Wynnard Hooper</span>, M.A.</p> + +<p>'To those whom things ancient delight, the +book is a mine of enjoyment. Its appearance in so commodious a shape +is a subject for congratulation.... The "York Library" reprint is +ideal.'—<i>Notes and Queries.</i></p> + +<p>GOETHE'S FAUST. Translated by <span class="smcap">Anna Swanwick</span>, LL.D. Revised edition, with +an Introduction and Bibliography by <span class="smcap">Karl Breul</span>, Litt.D., Ph.D.</p> + +<p>'Will, we hope, be widely patronised, for the +book has the great advantage of an admirable introduction and +bibliography by Dr. Karl Breul. No one speaks with more authority on the +subject.'—<i>Athenæum.</i></p> + +<p>HAWTHORNE'S TRANSFORMATION (<span class="smcap">The Marble Faun</span>).</p> + +<p>IRVING'S SKETCH BOOK.</p> + +<p>JAMESON'S SHAKESPEARE'S HEROINES. Characteristics of Women: Moral, +Poetical, and Historical.</p> + +<p>LAMB'S ESSAYS. Including the Essays of Elia, Last Essays of Elia, and +Eliana.</p> + +<p>MARCUS AURELIUS ANTONINUS, THE THOUGHTS OF. Translated by <span class="smcap">George Long</span>, +M.A. With an Essay on Marcus Aurelius by <span class="smcap">Matthew Arnold</span>.</p> + +<p>MONTAIGNE'S ESSAYS. Cotton's translation. Revised by W.C. <span class="smcap">Hazlitt</span>. 3 +vols.</p> + +<p>MORE'S UTOPIA. With the Life of Sir Thomas More, by William Roper, and +his Letters to Margaret Roper and others. Edited, with Introduction and +Notes, by <span class="smcap">George Sampson</span>.<span style="margin-left: 20em;">[<i>In the Press.</i></span></p> + +<p>MOTLEY'S RISE OF THE DUTCH REPUBLIC. With a Biographical Introduction by +<span class="smcap">Moncure D. Conway</span>. 3 vols.</p> + +<p>PASCAL'S THOUGHTS. Translated from the Text of M. <span class="smcap">Auguste Molinier</span> by +<span class="smcap">C. Kegan Paul</span>. Third edition.</p> + +<p>PLUTARCH'S LIVES. Translated, with Notes and a Life by <span class="smcap">Aubrey Stewart</span>, +M.A., and <span class="smcap">George Long</span>, M.A. 4 vols.</p> + +<p>SWIFT'S GULLIVER'S TRAVELS. Edited, with Introduction and Notes, by +<span class="smcap">G.R. Dennis</span>, with facsimiles of the original illustrations.</p> + +<p>SWIFT'S JOURNAL TO STELLA. Edited, with Introduction and Notes, by <span class="smcap">F. +Ryland</span>, M.A.</p> + +<p>ARTHUR YOUNG'S TRAVELS IN FRANCE, during the years 1787, 1788, and 1789. +Edited with Introduction and Notes, by <span class="smcap">M. Betham Edwards.</span></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Other Volumes are in Preparation.</i> <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_539" id="Page_539">[Pg 539]</a></span></p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<h2>BELL'S HANDBOOKS</h2> +<h5>OF</h5> +<h1>THE GREAT MASTERS</h1> +<h3>IN PAINTING AND SCULPTURE.</h3> + +<h5><span class="smcap">Edited by G.C. WILLIAMSON, Litt.D.</span></h5> + +<p class="center">Post 8vo. With 40 Illustrations and Photogravure Frontispiece. 5<i>s.</i> net each.</p> + +<p class="center"><i>The following Volumes have been issued</i>:</p> + +<p>BOTTICELLI. By <span class="smcap">A. Streeter</span>. 2nd Edition.<br /> +BRUNELLESCHI. By <span class="smcap">Leader Scott</span>.<br /> +CORREGGIO. By <span class="smcap">Selwyn Brinton</span>, M.A. 2nd Edition.<br /> +CARLO CRIVELLI. By <span class="smcap">G. McNeil Rushforth</span>, M.A.<br /> +DELLA ROBBIA. By the <span class="smcap">Marchesa Burlamacchi</span>. 2nd Edition.<br /> +ANDREA DEL SARTO. By <span class="smcap">H. Guinness</span>. 2nd Edition.<br /> +DONATELLO. By <span class="smcap">Hope Rea</span>. 2nd Edition.<br /> +GERARD DOU. By Dr. <span class="smcap">W. Martin</span>. Translated by Clara Bell.<br /> +GAUDENZIO FERRARI. By <span class="smcap">Ethel Halsey</span>.<br /> +FRANCIA. By <span class="smcap">George C. Williamson</span>, Litt.D.<br /> +GIORGIONE. By <span class="smcap">Herbert Cook</span>, M.A.<br /> +GIOTTO. By F. <span class="smcap">Mason Perkins</span>.<br /> +FRANS HALS. By <span class="smcap">Gerald S. Davies</span>, M.A.<br /> +BERNARDINO LUINI. By <span class="smcap">George C. Williamson</span>, Litt.D. 3rd Edition.<br /> +LEONARDO DA VINCI. By <span class="smcap">Edward McCurdy</span>, M.A.<br /> +MANTEGNA. By <span class="smcap">Maud Cruttwell</span>.<br /> +MEMLINC. By <span class="smcap">W.H. James Weale</span>.<br /> +MICHEL ANGELO. By Lord <span class="smcap">Ronald Sutherland Gower, M.A., F.S.A.</span><br /> +PERUGINO. By <span class="smcap">G.C. Williamson</span>, Litt.D. 2nd Edition.<br /> +PIERO DELLA FRANCESCA. By <span class="smcap">W.G. Waters</span>, M.A.<br /> +PINTORICCHIO. By <span class="smcap">Evelyn March Phillipps</span>.<br /> +RAPHAEL. By <span class="smcap">H. Strachey</span>. 2nd Edition.<br /> +REMBRANDT. By <span class="smcap">Malcolm Bell</span>. 2nd Edition.<br /> +RUBENS. By <span class="smcap">Hope Rea</span>.<br /> +LUCA SIGNORELLI. By <span class="smcap">Maud Cruttwell</span>. 2nd Edition.<br /> +SODOMA. By the <span class="smcap">Contessa Lorenzo Priuli-bon</span>.<br /> +TINTORETTO. By <span class="smcap">J.B. Stoughton Holborn</span>, M.A.<br /> +VELASQUEZ. By <span class="smcap">R.A.M. Stevenson</span>. 3rd Edition.<br /> +WATTEAU. By <span class="smcap">Edgcumbe Staley</span>, B.A.<br /> +WILKIE. By Lord <span class="smcap">Ronald Sutherland Gower</span>, M.A., F.S.A.</p> +<p class="center"><i>Others to follow.</i> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_540" id="Page_540">[Pg 540]</a></span></p> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<h3>THE</h3> +<h1>CHISWICK SHAKESPEARE.</h1> +<p class="center"><i>Illustrated by BYAM SHAW</i><br /><br /> +<span class="smcap">With Introductions and Glossaries by</span> JOHN DENNIS.</p> + +<p>Printed at the Chiswick Press, post 8vo., price 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> net per volume; +also a cheaper edition, 1<i>s.</i> net per volume; or 2<i>s.</i> net in limp leather; also +a few copies, on Japanese vellum, to be sold only in sets, price 5<i>s.</i> net per +volume.</p> + +<p class="center"><i>Now Complete in 39 Volumes.</i></p> + +<p style="margin-left:6em;">ALL'S WELL THAT ENDS WELL.<br /> +ANTONY AND CLEOPATRA.<br /> +AS YOU LIKE IT.<br /> +COMEDY OF ERRORS.<br /> +CORIOLANUS.<br /> +CYMBELINE.<br /> +HAMLET.<br /> +JULIUS CÆSAR.<br /> +KING HENRY IV. Part I.<br /> +KING HENRY IV. Part II.<br /> +KING HENRY V.<br /> +KING HENRY VI. Part I.<br /> +KING HENRY VI. Part II.<br /> +KING HENRY VI. Part III.<br /> +KING HENRY VIII.<br /> +KING JOHN.<br /> +KING LEAR.<br /> +KING RICHARD II.<br /> +KING RICHARD III.<br /> +LOVE'S LABOUR'S LOST.<br /> +MACBETH.<br /> +MEASURE FOR MEASURE.<br /> +MERCHANT OF VENICE.<br /> +MERRY WIVES OF WINDSOR.<br /> +MIDSUMMER-NIGHT'S DREAM.<br /> +MUCH ADO ABOUT NOTHING.<br /> +OTHELLO.<br /> +PERICLES.<br /> +ROMEO AND JULIET.<br /> +THE TAMING OF THE SHREW.<br /> +THE TEMPEST.<br /> +TIMON OF ATHENS.<br /> +TITUS ANDRONICUS.<br /> +TROILUS AND CRESSIDA.<br /> +TWELFTH NIGHT.<br /> +TWO GENTLEMEN OF VERONA.<br /> +WINTER'S TALE.<br /> +POEMS.<br /> +SONNETS.</p> +<p>'A fascinating little edition.'—<i>Notes and Queries.</i></p> + +<p>'A cheap, very comely, and altogether desirable edition.'—<i>Westminster Gazette.</i></p> + +<p>But a few years ago such volumes would have been deemed worthy to be considered +<i>éditions de luxe</i>. To-day, the low price at which they are offered to the public alone +prevents them being so regarded.'—<i>Studio.</i></p> + +<p>'Handy in shape and size, wonderfully cheap, beautifully printed from the Cambridge +text, and illustrated quaintly yet admirably by Mr. Byam Shaw, we have nothing +but praise for it. No one who wants a good and convenient Shakespeare—without +excursuses, discursuses, or even too many notes—can do better, in our opinion, than +subscribe to this issue: which is saying a good deal in these days of cheap reprints.'—<i>Vanity +Fair.</i></p> + +<p>'What we like about these elegant booklets is the attention that has been paid to the +paper, as well as to the print and decoration; such stout laid paper will last for ages. +On this account alone, the 'Chiswick' <i>should easily be first</i> among pocket Shakespeares.'—<i>Pall +Mall Gazette.</i></p> + +<p>∵ <i>The Chiswick Shakespeare may also be had bound in 12 volumes, +full gilt back, price 36s. net.</i> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_541" id="Page_541">[Pg 541]</a></span></p> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p class="center">New Editions, fcap. 8vo. 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each net.</p> +<h2>THE ALDINE EDITION</h2> +<h4>OF THE</h4> +<h2>BRITISH POETS.</h2> + +<p>'This excellent edition of the English classics, with their complete texts and +scholarly introductions, are something very different from the cheap volumes of +extracts which are just now so much too common.'—<i>St. James's Gazette.</i></p> + +<p>'An excellent series. Small, handy, and complete.'—<i>Saturday Review.</i></p> + +<p> +Akenside. Edited by Rev. A. Dyce.<br /> +Beattie. Edited by Rev. A. Dyce.<br /> +*Blake. Edited by W.M. Rossetti.<br /> +*Burns. Edited by G.A. Aitken. 3 vols.<br /> +Butler. Edited by R.B. Johnson. 2 vols.<br /> +Campbell. Edited by His Son-in-law, the Rev. A.W. Hill. With Memoir by W. Allingham.<br /> +Chatterton. Edited by the Rev. W.W. Skeat, M.A. 2 vols.<br /> +Chaucer. Edited by Dr. R. Morris, with Memoir by Sir H. Nicolas. 6 vols. <br /> +Churchill. Edited by Jas. Hannay. 2 vols.<br /> +*Coleridge. Edited by T. Ashe, B.A. 2 vols.<br /> +Collins. Edited by W. Moy Thomas.<br /> +Cowper. Edited by John Bruce, F.S.A. 3 vols.<br /> +Dryden. Edited by the Rev. R. Hooper, M.A. 5 vols.<br /> +Goldsmith. Revised Edition by Austin Dobson. With Portrait.<br /> +*Gray. Edited by J. Bradshaw, LL.D.<br /> +Herbert. Edited by the Rev. A.B. Grosart.<br /> +*Herrick. Edited by George Saintsbury. 2 vols.<br /> +*Keats. Edited by the late Lord Houghton.<br /> +Kirke White. Edited, with a Memoir, by Sir H. Nicolas.<br /> +Milton. Edited by Dr. Bradshaw. 2 vols.<br /> +Parnell. Edited by G.A. Aitken.<br /> +Pope. Edited by G.R. Dennis. With Memoir by John Dennis. 3 vols.<br /> +Prior. Edited by R.B. Johnson. 2 vols.<br /> +Raleigh and Wotton. With Selections from the Writings of other <span class="smcap">courtly poets</span> from 1540 to 1650. +Edited by Ven. Archdeacon Hannah, D.C.L. Rogers. Edited by Edward Bell, M.A.<br /> +Scott. Edited by John Dennis. 5 vols.<br /> +Shakespeare's Poems. Edited by Rev. A. Dyce.<br /> +Shelley. Edited by H. Buxton Forman. 5 vols.<br /> +Spenser. Edited by J. Payne Collier. 5 vols.<br /> +Surrey. Edited by J. Yeowell.<br /> +Swift. Edited by the Rev. J. Mitford. 3 vols.<br /> +Thomson. Edited by the Rev. D.C. Tovey. 2 vols.<br /> +Vaughan. Sacred Poems and Pious Ejaculations. Edited by the Rev. H. Lyte.<br /> +Wordsworth. Edited by Prof. Dowden. 7 vols.<br /> +Wyatt. Edited by J. Yeowell.<br /> +Young. 2 vols. Edited by the Rev. J. Mitford.</p> + +<p>These volumes may also be had bound in Irish linen, with design in gold on side +and back by Gleeson White, and gilt top, 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each net. +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_542" id="Page_542">[Pg 542]</a></span></p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<h3>THE ALL-ENGLAND SERIES.</h3> +<h4>HANDBOOKS OF ATHLETIC GAMES.</h4> +<p class="center">The only Series issued at a moderate price, by Writers who are in the first rank in their respective departments.</p> + +<p>'The best instruction on games and sports by the best authorities, at the lowest prices.'—<i>Oxford Magazine.</i></p> + +<p class="center">Small 8vo. cloth, Illustrated. Price 1<i>s.</i> each.</p> + +<p> +Cricket. By <span class="smcap">Fred C. Holland</span>.<br /> +Cricket. By the Hon. and Rev. <span class="smcap">E. Littelton</span>.<br /> +Croquet. By Lieut.-Col. the Hon. <span class="smcap">H.C. Needham</span>.<br /> +Lawn Tennis. By <span class="smcap">H.W.W. Wilberforce</span>. With a Chapter for Ladies, by Mrs. <span class="smcap">Hillyard</span>.<br /> +Squash Tennis. By <span class="smcap">Eustace H. Miles</span>. Double vol. 2<i>s.</i><br /> +Tennis and Rackets and Fives. By <span class="smcap">Julian Marshall</span>, Major <span class="smcap">J. Spens</span>, +and Rev. <span class="smcap">J.A. Arnan Tait.</span><br /> +Golf. By <span class="smcap">H.S.C. Everard</span>. Double vol. 2<i>s.</i><br /> +Rowing and Sculling. By <span class="smcap">Guy Rixon</span>.<br /> +Rowing and Sculling. By <span class="smcap">W.B. Woodgate</span>.<br /> +Sailing. By <span class="smcap">E.F. Knight</span>, dbl. vol. 2<i>s.</i><br /> +Swimming. By <span class="smcap">Martin</span> and J. <span class="smcap">Racster Cobbett</span>.<br /> +Camping out. By <span class="smcap">A.A. Macdonell</span>. Double vol. 2<i>s.</i><br /> +Canoeing. By Dr. <span class="smcap">J.D. Hayward</span>. Double vol. 2<i>s.</i><br /> +Mountaineering. By Dr. <span class="smcap">Claude Wilson</span>. Double vol. 2<i>s.</i><br /> +Athletics. By<span class="smcap"> H.H. Griffin</span>.<br /> +Riding. By <span class="smcap">W.A. Kerr</span>, V.C. Double vol. 2<i>s.</i><br /> +Ladies' Riding. By <span class="smcap">W.A. Kerr</span>, V.C.<br /> +Boxing. By <span class="smcap">R.G. Allanson-winn</span>. With Prefatory Note by Bat Mullins.<br /> +Fencing. By H.A. <span class="smcap">Colmore Dunn</span>.<br /> +Cycling. By H.H. <span class="smcap">Griffin</span>, L.A.C., N.C.U., C.T.C. With a Chapter for +Ladies, by Miss <span class="smcap">Agnes Wood</span>. Double vol. 2<i>s.</i><br /> +Wrestling. By <span class="smcap">Walter Armstrong</span>. New Edition.<br /> +Broadsword and Singlestick. By <span class="smcap">R.G. Allanson-winn</span> and C. <span class="smcap">Phillipps-wolley</span>.<br /> +Gymnastics. By <span class="smcap">A.F. Jenkin</span>. Double vol. 2<i>s.</i><br /> +Gymnastic Competition and Display Exercises. Compiled by <span class="smcap">F. Graf</span>.<br /> +Indian Clubs. By <span class="smcap">G.T.B. Corbett</span> and <span class="smcap">A.F. Jenkin</span>.<br /> +Dumb-bells. By <span class="smcap">F. Graf</span>.<br /> +Football—Rugby Game. By <span class="smcap">Harry Vassall</span>.<br /> +Football—Association Game. By <span class="smcap">C.W. Alcock</span>. Revised Edition.<br /> +Hockey. By <span class="smcap">F.S. Creswell</span>. New Edition.<br /> +Skating. By <span class="smcap">Douglas Adams</span>. With a Chapter for Ladies, by Miss +<span class="smcap">L. Cheetham</span>, and a Chapter on Speed Skating, by a Fen Skater. Dbl. vol. 2<i>s.</i><br /> +Baseball. By <span class="smcap">Newton Crane</span>.<br /> +Rounders, Fieldball, Bowls, Quoits, Curling, Skittles, &c. By <span class="smcap">J.M. Walker</span> and <span class="smcap">C.C. Mott</span>.<br /> +Dancing. By <span class="smcap">Edward Scott</span>. Double vol. 2<i>s.</i></p> + +<h4>THE CLUB SERIES OF CARD AND TABLE GAMES.</h4> + +<p>'No well-regulated club or country house should be without this useful series of books. <i>Globe.</i></p> +<p class="center">Small 8vo. cloth, Illustrated. Price 1<i>s.</i> each. </p> + +<p> +Bridge. By <span class="smcap">'Templar</span>.'<br /> +Whist. By Dr.<span class="smcap"> Wm. Pole</span>, F.R.S.<br /> +Solo Whist. By <span class="smcap">Robert F. Green</span>.<br /> +Billiards. By Major-Gen. <span class="smcap">A.W. Drayson</span>, F.R.A.S. With a Preface by W.J. Peall.<br /> +Hints on Billiards. By <span class="smcap">J.P. Buchanan</span>. Double vol. 2<i>s.</i><br /> +Chess. By <span class="smcap">Robert F. Green</span>.<br /> +The Two-Move Chess Problem. By <span class="smcap">B.G. Laws</span>.<br /> +Chess Openings. By <span class="smcap">I. Gunsberg</span>.<br /> +Draughts and Backgammon. By <span class="smcap">'Berkeley</span>.'<br /> +Reversi and Go Bang. By <span class="smcap">'Berkeley</span>.'<br /> +Dominoes and Solitaire. By <span class="smcap">'Berkeley</span>.'<br /> +Bézique and Cribbage. By <span class="smcap">'Berkeley</span>.'<br /> +Écarté and Euchre. By <span class="smcap">'Berkeley</span>.'<br /> +Piquet and Rubicon Piquet. By <span class="smcap">'Berkeley</span>.'<br /> +Skat By <span class="smcap">Louis Diehl</span>.<br /> + ∵ A Skat Scoring-book. 1<i>s.</i><br /> +Round Games, including Poker, Napoleon, Loo, Vingt-et-un, &c. By <span class="smcap">Baxter-wray</span>.<br /> +Parlour and Playground Games. By Mrs. <span class="smcap">Laurence Gomme</span>.<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_543" id="Page_543">[Pg 543]</a></span></p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<h1>BELL'S CATHEDRAL SERIES.</h1> +<p class="center"><i>Profusely Illustrated, cloth, crown 8vo. 1s. 6d. net each.</i></p> + + +<p>ENGLISH CATHEDRALS. An Itinerary and Description. Compiled by <span class="smcap">James G.Gilchrist</span>, A.M., M.D. Revised and edited with an Introduction on Cathedral +Architecture by the Rev. <span class="smcap">T. Perkins</span>, M.A., F.R.A.S.</p> + +<p style="margin-left:2em;">BRISTOL. By<span class="smcap"> H.J.L.J. Massé</span>, M.A.<br /> +CANTERBURY. By <span class="smcap">Hartley Withers</span>. 5th Edition.<br /> +CARLISLE. By <span class="smcap">C. King Eley</span>.<br /> +CHESTER. By <span class="smcap">Charles Hiatt</span>. 3rd Edition.<br /> +CHICHESTER. By <span class="smcap">H.C. Corlette</span>, A.R.I.B.A. 2nd Edition.<br /> +DURHAM. By <span class="smcap">J.E. Bygate</span>, A.R.C.A. 3rd Edition.<br /> +ELY. By Rev. <span class="smcap">W.D. Sweeting</span>, M.A. 2nd Edition.<br /> +EXETER. By <span class="smcap">Percy Addleshaw</span>, B.A. 2nd Edition, revised.<br /> +GLOUCESTER. By <span class="smcap">H.J. L J. Massé</span>, M.A. 3rd Edition.<br /> +HEREFORD. By <span class="smcap">A. Hugh Fisher</span>, A.R.E. 2nd Edition, revised.<br /> +LICHFIELD. By <span class="smcap">A.B. Clifton</span>. 2nd Edition.<br /> +LINCOLN. By <span class="smcap">A.F. Kendrick</span>, B.A. 3rd Edition.<br /> +MANCHESTER. By Rev.<span class="smcap"> T. Perkins</span>, M.A.<br /> +NORWICH. By <span class="smcap">C.H.B. Quennell</span>. 2nd Edition.<br /> +OXFORD. By Rev. <span class="smcap">Percy Dearmer</span>, M.A. 2nd Edition, revised.<br /> +PETERBOROUGH. By Rev. <span class="smcap">W.D. Sweeting</span>, 2nd Edition, revised.<br /> +RIPON. By <span class="smcap">Cecil Hallett</span>, B.A.<br /> +ROCHESTER. By <span class="smcap">G.H. Palmer</span>, B.A. 2nd Edition, revised.<br /> +ST. ALBANS. By Rev. <span class="smcap">T. Perkins</span>, M.A.<br /> +ST. ASAPH. By <span class="smcap">P.B. Ironside Bax</span>.<br /> +ST. DAVID'S. By <span class="smcap">Philip Robson</span>, A.R.I.B.A.<br /> +ST. PATRICK'S, DUBLIN. By Rev. <span class="smcap">J.H. Bernard</span>, M.A., D.D. 2nd Edition.<br /> +ST. PAUL'S. By Rev. <span class="smcap">Arthur Dimock</span>, M.A. 3rd Edition, revised.<br /> +ST. SAVIOUR'S, SOUTHWARK. By <span class="smcap">George Worley</span>.<br /> +SALISBURY. By <span class="smcap">Gleeson White</span>. 3rd Edition, revised.<br /> +SOUTHWELL. By Rev. <span class="smcap">Arthur Dimock</span>, M.A. 2nd Edition, revised.<br /> +WELLS. By Rev. <span class="smcap">Percy Dearmer</span>, M.A. 3rd Edition.<br /> +WINCHESTER. By <span class="smcap">P.W. Sergeant</span>. 3rd Edition.<br /> +WORCESTER. By <span class="smcap">E.F. Strange</span>, 2nd Edition.<br /> +YORK. By A. <span class="smcap">Clutton-brock</span>, M.A. 3rd Edition.</p> + +<p class="center"><i>Uniform with above Series. Now ready. 1s. 6d. net each.</i></p> + +<p>ST. MARTIN'S CHURCH, CANTERBURY. By the Rev. <span class="smcap">Canon Routledge</span>,M.A., F.S.A.<br /> +BEVERLEY MINSTER. By <span class="smcap">Charles Hiatt</span>.<br /> +WIMBORNE MINSTER and CHRISTCHURCH PRIORY. By the Rev. <span class="smcap">T. Perkins</span>, M.A.<br /> +TEWKESBURY ABBEY AND DEERHURST PRIORY. By <span class="smcap">H.J.L.J. Massé</span>, M.A.<br /> +BATH ABBEY, MALMESBURY ABBEY, and BRADFORD-ON-AVON CHURCH. By Rev. <span class="smcap">T. Perkins</span>, M.A.<br /> +WESTMINSTER ABBEY. By <span class="smcap">Charles Hiatt</span>.<br /> +STRATFORD-ON-AVON CHURCH. By <span class="smcap">Harold Baker</span>.</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<h3>BELL'S HANDBOOKS TO CONTINENTAL CHURCHES.</h3> +<p class="center"><i>Profusely Illustrated. Crown 8vo, cloth, 2s. 6d. net each.</i></p> +<p> +AMIENS By the Rev. <span class="smcap">T. Perkins</span>, M.A.<br /> +BAYEUX. By the Rev.<span class="smcap"> R.S. Mylne</span>.<br /> +CHARTRES: The Cathedral and Other Churches. By <span class="smcap">H.J.L.J. Massé</span>, M.A.<br /> +MONT ST. MICHEL. By <span class="smcap">H.J.L.J. Massé</span>, M.A.<br /> +PARIS (NOTRE-DAME). By <span class="smcap">Charles Hiatt.</span><br /> +ROUEN: The Cathedral and Other Churches. By the Rev. <span class="smcap">T. Perkins</span>, M.A.<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_544" id="Page_544">[Pg 544]</a></span></p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<h3>The Best Practical Working Dictionary of the English Language.</h3> +<h2>WEBSTER'S<br /> +INTERNATIONAL<br /> +DICTIONARY.</h2> +<h3>2348 PAGES. 5000 ILLUSTRATIONS.</h3> + +<h4>NEW EDITION, REVISED THROUGHOUT WITH A<br /> +NEW SUPPLEMENT OF 25,000 ADDITIONAL<br /> +WORDS AND PHRASES.</h4> + + + +<p>The Appendices comprise a Pronouncing Gazetteer of the World, +Vocabularies of Scripture, Greek, Latin, and English Proper Names, +a Dictionary of the Noted Names of Fiction, a Brief History of the +English Language, a Dictionary of Foreign Quotations, Words, Phrases, +Proverbs, &c., a Biographical Dictionary with 10,000 names, &c., &c.</p> + + +<p>Dr. MURRAY, <i>Editor of the 'Oxford English Dictionary</i>,' says:—'In this its +latest form, and with its large Supplement and numerous appendices, it is a wonderful +volume, which well maintains its ground against all rivals on its own lines. The 'definitions,' +or more properly, 'explanations of meaning' in 'Webster' have always struck me +as particularly terse and well-put; and it is hard to see how anything better could be +done within the limits.'</p> + +<p>Professor JOSEPH WRIGHT, M.A., Ph.D., D.C.L., LL.D., <i>Editor of +the 'English Dialect Dictionary</i>,' says:—'The new edition of "Webster's International +Dictionary" is undoubtedly the most useful and reliable work of its kind in any country. +No one who has not examined the work carefully would believe that such a vast amount +of lexicographical information could possibly be found within so small a compass.'</p> + +<p>Professor A.H. SAYCE, LL.D., D.D., says:—'It is indeed a marvellous +work; it is difficult to conceive of a Dictionary more exhaustive and complete. Everything +is in it—not only what we might expect to find in such a work, but also what few +of us would ever have thought of looking for.'</p> + +<p>Rev. JOSEPH WOOD, D.D., <i>Head Master of Harrow</i>, says:—'I have always +thought very highly of its merits. Indeed, I consider it to be far the most accurate +English Dictionary in existence, and much more reliable than the "Century." For +daily and hourly reference, "Webster" seems to me unrivalled.'</p> + +<p class="center"><i>Prospectuses, with Prices and Specimen Pages, on Application.</i></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h4>LONDON: GEORGE BELL & SONS, YORK HOUSE,<br /> +PORTUGAL STREET, W.C.</h4> + + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Old English Chronicles, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OLD ENGLISH CHRONICLES *** + +***** This file should be named 37848-h.htm or 37848-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/7/8/4/37848/ + +Produced by Taavi Kalju, Jane Hyland and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by The Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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