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You may copy it, give it away or re-use + it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License <a href= + "#pglicense" class="tei tei-ref">included with this eBook</a> or + online at <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/license" class= + "tei tei-xref">http://www.gutenberg.org/license</a></p> + </div> + <pre class="pre tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> +Title: Human, All-Too-Human, Part II + +Author: Friedrich Nietzsche + +Release Date: October 24, 2011 [Ebook #37841] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + + +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HUMAN, ALL-TOO-HUMAN, PART II*** +</pre> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"></div> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.44em"><span style= + "font-size: 144%">Friedrich Nietzsche</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.73em"><span style= + "font-size: 173%">Human</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.73em"><span style= + "font-size: 173%">All-Too-Human</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.20em"><span style= + "font-size: 120%">A Book For Free Spirits</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.20em"><span style= + "font-size: 120%">Part II</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">Translated By</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.20em"><span style= + "font-size: 120%">Paul V. Cohn, B.A.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">New York</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">The MacMillan Company</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">1913</p> + </div> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Contents</span></h1> + + <ul class="tei tei-index tei-index-toc"> + <li><a href="#toc1">Translator's Introduction.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc3">Preface.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc5">Part I. Miscellaneous Maxims And + Opinions.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc7">Part II. The Wanderer And His Shadow.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc9">Footnotes</a></li> + </ul> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-body" style= + "margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 6.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="pagevii">[pg vii]</span><a name="Pgvii" + id="Pgvii" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc1" id="toc1"></a> <a name="pdf2" id="pdf2"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Translator's Introduction.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The publication of + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Human, + all-too-Human</span></span> extends over the period 1878-1880. Of the + two divisions which constitute the Second Part, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Miscellaneous Maxims and Opinions”</span> appeared in + 1879, and <span class="tei tei-q">“The Wanderer and his + Shadow”</span> in 1880, Nietzsche being then in his thirty-sixth + year. The Preface was added in 1886. The whole book forms Nietzsche's + first lengthy contribution to literature. His previous works comprise + only the philological treatises, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Birth of + Tragedy</span></span>, and the essays on Strauss, Schopenhauer, and + Wagner in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Thoughts out of Season</span></span>.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">With the volumes + of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Human, + all-too-Human</span></span> Nietzsche appears for the first time in + his true colours as philosopher. His purely scholarly publications, + his essays in literary and musical criticism—especially the essay on + Richard Wagner at Bayreuth—had, of course, foreshadowed his work as a + thinker.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">These efforts, + however, had been mere fragments, from which hardly any one could + observe that a new philosophical star had arisen on the horizon. But + by 1878 the period of transition had definitely set in. Outwardly, + the new departure is marked by Nietzsche's resignation in that year + of his professorship <span class="tei tei-pb" id="pageviii">[pg + viii]</span><a name="Pgviii" id="Pgviii" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + at Bâle—a resignation due partly to ill-health, and partly to his + conviction that his was a voice that should speak not merely to + students of philology, but to all mankind.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Nietzsche himself + characterises <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Human, all-too-Human</span></span> as + <span class="tei tei-q">“the monument of a crisis.”</span> He might + as fitly have called it the first-fruits of a new harvest. Now, for + the first time, he practises the form which he was to make so + peculiarly his own. We are told—and we may well believe—that the book + came as a surprise even to his most intimate friends. Wagner had + already seen how matters stood at the publication of the first part, + and the gulf between the two probably widened on the appearance of + the Second Part.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Several aphorisms + are here, varying in length as in subject, and ranging over the whole + human province—the emotions and aspirations, the religions and + cultures and philosophies, the arts and literatures and politics of + mankind. Equally varied is the range of style, the incisive epigram + and the passage of pure poetry jostling each other on the same page. + In this curious power of alternating between cynicism and lyricism, + Nietzsche appears as the prose counterpart of Heine.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">One or two of the + aphorisms are of peculiar interest to English readers. The essay (as + it may almost be called) on Sterne (p. <a href="#Pg060" class= + "tei tei-ref">60</a>, No. 113) does ample justice, if not more than + justice, to that wayward genius. The allusion to Milton (p. <a href= + "#Pg077" class="tei tei-ref">77</a>, No. 150) will come as somewhat + of a shock to English readers, especially to those who hold that in + Milton Art triumphed over Puritanism. It <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "pageix">[pg ix]</span><a name="Pgix" id="Pgix" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> should be remembered, however, that Nietzsche's + view coincides with Goethe's. The dictum that Shakespeare's gold is + to be valued for its quantity rather than its quality (p. <a href= + "#Pg081" class="tei tei-ref">81</a>, No. 162) also betrays a certain + exclusiveness—a legacy from that eighteenth-century France which + appealed so strongly to Nietzsche on its intellectual side. To + Nietzsche, as to Voltaire, Shakespeare is after all <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the great barbarian.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The title of the + book may be explained from a phrase in <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Thus Spake + Zarathustra</span></span>: <span class="tei tei-q">“Verily, even the + greatest I found—all-too-human.”</span> The keynote of these volumes + is indeed disillusion and destruction. Nor is this to be wondered at, + for all men must sweep away the rubbish before they can build. Hence + we find here little of the constructive philosophy of Nietzsche—so + far as he had a constructive philosophy. The Superman appears but + faintly, the doctrine of Eternal Recurrence not at all. For this very + reason, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Human, all-too-Human</span></span> is perhaps + the best starting-point for the study of Nietzsche. The difficulties + in style and thought of the later work—difficulties that at times + become well-nigh insuperable in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Thus Spake Zarathustra</span></span>—are here + practically absent. The book may, in fact, almost be described as + <span class="tei tei-q">“popular,”</span> bearing the same relation + to Nietzsche's later productions as Wagner's <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Tannhäuser</span></span> and <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lohengrin</span></span> + bear to the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ring</span></span>.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The translator's + thanks are due to Mr. Thomas Common for his careful revision of the + manuscript and many valuable suggestions.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. V. C.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page001">[pg 001]</span><a name= + "Pg001" id="Pg001" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc3" id="toc3"></a> <a name="pdf4" id="pdf4"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Preface.</span></h1> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">1.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">One should only + speak where one cannot remain silent, and only speak of what one + has <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">conquered</span></em>—the rest is all chatter, + <span class="tei tei-q">“literature,”</span> bad breeding. My + writings speak only of my conquests, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“I”</span> am in them, with all that is hostile to me, + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ego ipsissimus</span></span>, or, if a more + haughty expression be permitted, <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ego ipsissimum</span></span>. It may be + guessed that I have many below me.... But first I always needed + time, convalescence, distance, separation, before I felt the + stirrings of a desire to flay, despoil, lay bare, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“represent”</span> (or whatever one likes to call it) + for the additional knowledge of the world, something that I had + lived through and outlived, something done or suffered. Hence all + my writings,—with one exception, important, it is true,—must be + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ante-dated</span></em>—they always tell of a + <span class="tei tei-q">“behind-me.”</span> Some even, like the + first three <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Thoughts out of Season</span></span>, must be + thrown back before the period of creation and experience of a + previously published book (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Birth of Tragedy</span></span> in the case + cited, as any one with subtle powers of observation and comparison + could not fail to perceive). That wrathful outburst against the + Germanism, smugness, and raggedness of speech of old David Strauss, + the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page002">[pg 002]</span><a name= + "Pg002" id="Pg002" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> contents of the + first <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Thought out of Season</span></span>, gave a + vent to feelings that had inspired me long before, as a student, in + the midst of German culture and cultured Philistinism (I claim the + paternity of the now much used and misused phrase <span class= + "tei tei-q">“cultured Philistinism”</span>). What I said against + the <span class="tei tei-q">“historical disease”</span> I said as + one who had slowly and laboriously recovered from that disease, and + who was not at all disposed to renounce <span class= + "tei tei-q">“history”</span> in the future because he had suffered + from her in the past. When in the third <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Thought out of + Season</span></span> I gave expression to my reverence for my first + and only teacher, the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">great</span></em> Arthur Schopenhauer—I should + now give it a far more personal and emphatic voice—I was for my + part already in the throes of moral scepticism and dissolution, + that is, as much concerned with the criticism as with the study of + all pessimism down to the present day. I already did not believe in + <span class="tei tei-q">“a blessed thing,”</span> as the people + say, not even in Schopenhauer. It was at this very period that an + unpublished essay of mine, <span class="tei tei-q">“On Truth and + Falsehood in an Extra-Moral Sense,”</span> came into being. Even my + ceremonial oration in honour of Richard Wagner, on the occasion of + his triumphal celebration at Bayreuth in 1876—Bayreuth signifies + the greatest triumph that an artist has ever won—a work that bears + the strongest stamp of <span class= + "tei tei-q">“individuality,”</span> was in the background an act of + homage and gratitude to a bit of the past in me, to the fairest but + most perilous calm of my sea-voyage ... and as a matter of fact a + severance and a farewell. (Was Richard Wagner mistaken on this + point? I do not think so. So long as we still love, we do not paint + such pictures, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page003">[pg + 003]</span><a name="Pg003" id="Pg003" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + we do not yet <span class="tei tei-q">“examine,”</span> we do not + place ourselves so far away as is essential for one who + <span class="tei tei-q">“examines.”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Examining needs at least a secret antagonism, that of + an opposite point of view,”</span> it is said on page 46 of the + above-named work itself, with an insidious, melancholy application + that was perhaps understood by few.) The composure that gave me the + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">power</span></em> to speak after many + intervening years of solitude and abstinence, first came with the + book, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Human, All-too Human</span></span>, to which + this second preface and apologia<a id="noteref_1" name="noteref_1" + href="#note_1"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">1</span></span></a> is + dedicated. As a book for <span class="tei tei-q">“free + spirits”</span> it shows some trace of that almost cheerful and + inquisitive coldness of the psychologist, who has <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">behind</span></em> + him many painful things that he keeps <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">under</span></em> + him, and moreover establishes them for himself and fixes them + firmly as with a needle-point. Is it to be wondered at that at such + sharp, ticklish work blood flows now and again, that indeed the + psychologist has blood on his fingers and not <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">only</span></em> on + his fingers?</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">2.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Miscellaneous Maxims + and Opinions</span></span> were in the first place, like + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Wanderer and His Shadow</span></span>, published separately as + continuations and appendices to the above-mentioned human, all-too + human <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Book for Free Spirits</span></span>: and at + the same time, as a continuation and confirmation of an + intellectual cure, consisting in a course of anti-romantic + self-treatment, such as my instinct, which had always remained + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page004">[pg 004]</span><a name= + "Pg004" id="Pg004" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> healthy, had itself + discovered and prescribed against a temporary attack of the most + dangerous form of romantics. After a convalescence of six years I + may well be permitted to collect these same writings and publish + them as a second volume of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Human, All-too Human</span></span>. Perhaps, + if surveyed together, they will more clearly and effectively teach + their lesson—a lesson of health that may be recommended as a + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">disciplina voluntatis</span></span> to the + more intellectual natures of the rising generation. Here speaks a + pessimist who has often leaped out of his skin but has always + returned into it, thus, a pessimist with goodwill towards + pessimism—at all events a romanticist no longer. And has not a + pessimist, who possesses this serpentine knack of changing his + skin, the right to read a lecture to our pessimists of to-day, who + are one and all still in the toils of romanticism? Or at least to + show them how it is—done?</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">3.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It was then, in + fact, high time to bid farewell, and I soon received proof. Richard + Wagner, who seemed all-conquering, but was in reality only a + decayed and despairing romantic, suddenly collapsed, helpless and + broken, before the Christian Cross.... Was there not a single + German with eyes in his head and sympathy in his heart for this + appalling spectacle? Was I the only one whom he caused—suffering? + In any case, the unexpected event illumined for me in one lightning + flash the place that I had abandoned, and also the horror that is + felt by every one who is unconscious of a great danger until he has + passed <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page005">[pg + 005]</span><a name="Pg005" id="Pg005" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + through it. As I went forward alone, I shuddered, and not long + afterwards I was ill, or rather more than ill—weary: weary from my + ceaseless disappointment about all that remained to make us modern + men enthusiastic, at the thought of the power, work, hope, youth, + love, flung to all the winds: weary from disgust at the effeminacy + and undisciplined rhapsody of this romanticism, at the whole tissue + of idealistic lies and softening of conscience, which here again + had won the day over one of the bravest of men: last, and not + least, weary from the bitterness of an inexorable suspicion—that + after this disappointment I was doomed to mistrust more thoroughly, + to despise more thoroughly, to be alone more thoroughly than ever + before. My task—whither had it flown? Did it not look now as if my + task were retreating from me and as if I should for a long future + period have no more right to it? What was I to do to endure this + most terrible privation?—I began by entirely forbidding myself all + romantic music, that ambiguous, pompous, stifling art, which robs + the mind of its sternness and its joyousness and provides a fertile + soil for every kind of vague yearning and spongy sensuality. + <span class="tei tei-q">“Cave musicam”</span> is even to-day my + advice to all who are enough of men to cling to purity in matters + of the intellect. Such music enervates, softens, feminises, its + <span class="tei tei-q">“eternal feminine”</span> draws + us—<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">down</span></em>!<a id="noteref_2" name= + "noteref_2" href="#note_2"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">2</span></span></a> My + first suspicion, my most immediate precaution, was directed against + romantic music. If I hoped for anything at all from music, it + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page006">[pg 006]</span><a name= + "Pg006" id="Pg006" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> was in the + expectation of the coming of a musician bold, subtle, malignant, + southern, healthy enough to take an immortal revenge upon that + other music.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">4.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Lonely now and + miserably self-distrustful, I took sides, not without resentment, + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">against</span></em> myself and <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">for</span></em> + everything that hurt me and was hard to me. Thus I once more found + the way to that courageous pessimism that is the antithesis of all + romantic fraud, and, as it seems to me to-day, the way to + <span class="tei tei-q">“myself,”</span> to my task. That hidden + masterful Something, for which we long have no name until at last + it shows itself as our task—that tyrant in us exacts a terrible + price for every attempt that we make to escape him or give him the + slip, for every premature act of self-constraint, for every + reconciliation with those to whom we do not belong, for every + activity, however reputable, which turns us aside from our main + purpose, yes, even for every virtue that would fain protect us from + the cruelty of our most individual responsibility. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Disease”</span> is always the answer when we wish to + have doubts of our rights to our own task, when we begin to make it + easier for ourselves in any way. How strange and how terrible! It + is our very alleviations for which we have to make the severest + atonement! And if we want to return to health, we have no choice + left—we must load ourselves <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">more heavily</span></em> than we were ever + laden before.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">5.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It was then that + I learnt the hermitical habit of <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page007">[pg 007]</span><a name="Pg007" id="Pg007" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> speech acquired only by the most silent and + suffering. I spoke without witnesses, or rather indifferent to the + presence of witnesses, so as not to suffer from silence, I spoke of + various things that did not concern me in a style that gave the + impression that they did. Then, too, I learnt the art of showing + myself cheerful, objective, inquisitive in the presence of all that + is healthy and evil—is this, in an invalid, as it seems to me, his + <span class="tei tei-q">“good taste”</span>? Nevertheless, a more + subtle eye and sympathy will not miss what perhaps gives a charm to + these writings—the fact that here speaks one who has suffered and + abstained in such a way as if he had never suffered or abstained. + Here equipoise, composure, even gratitude towards life <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">shall</span></em> + be maintained, here rules a stern, proud, ever vigilant, ever + susceptible will, which has undertaken the task of defending life + against pain and snapping off all conclusions that are wont to grow + like poisonous fungi from pain, disappointment, satiety, isolation + and other morasses. Perhaps this gives our pessimists a hint to + self-examination? For it was then that I hit upon the aphorism, + <span class="tei tei-q">“a sufferer has as yet no right to + pessimism,”</span> and that I engaged in a tedious, patient + campaign against the unscientific first principles of all romantic + pessimism, which seeks to magnify and interpret individual, + personal experiences into <span class="tei tei-q">“general + judgments,”</span> universal condemnations—it was then, in short, + that I sighted a new world. Optimism for the sake of restitution, + in order at some time to have the right to become a pessimist—do + you understand that? Just as a physician transfers his patient to + totally strange surroundings, in order to displace <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page008">[pg 008]</span><a name="Pg008" id="Pg008" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> him from his entire <span class= + "tei tei-q">“past,”</span> his troubles, friends, letters, duties, + stupid mistakes and painful memories, and teaches him to stretch + out hands and senses towards new nourishment, a new sun, a new + future: so I, as physician and invalid in one, forced myself into + an utterly different and untried zone of the soul, and particularly + into an absorbing journey to a strange land, a strange atmosphere, + into a curiosity for all that was strange. A long process of + roaming, seeking, changing followed, a distaste for fixity of any + kind—a dislike for clumsy affirmation and negation: and at the same + time a dietary and discipline which aimed at making it as easy as + possible for the soul to fly high, and above all constantly to fly + away. In fact a minimum of life, an unfettering from all coarser + forms of sensuality, an independence in the midst of all marks of + outward disfavour, together with the pride in being able to live in + the midst of all this disfavour: a little cynicism perhaps, a + little of the <span class="tei tei-q">“tub of Diogenes,”</span> a + good deal of whimsical happiness, whimsical gaiety, much calm, + light, subtle folly, hidden enthusiasm—all this produced in the end + a great spiritual strengthening, a growing joy and exuberance of + health. Life itself rewards us for our tenacious will to life, for + such a long war as I waged against the pessimistic weariness of + life, even for every observant glance of our gratitude, glances + that do not miss the smallest, most delicate, most fugitive + gifts.... In the end we receive Life's great gifts, perhaps the + greatest it can bestow—we regain <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">our</span></em> + task.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page009">[pg 009]</span><a name= + "Pg009" id="Pg009" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">6.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Should my + experience—the history of an illness and a convalescence, for it + resulted in a convalescence—be only my personal experience? and + merely just my <span class="tei tei-q">“Human, + All-too-human”</span>? To-day I would fain believe the reverse, for + I am becoming more and more confident that my books of travel were + not penned for my sole benefit, as appeared for a time to be the + case. May I, after six years of growing assurance, send them once + more on a journey for an experiment?—May I commend them + particularly to the ears and hearts of those who are afflicted with + some sort of a <span class="tei tei-q">“past,”</span> and have + enough intellect left to suffer even intellectually from their + past? But above all would I commend them to you whose burden is + heaviest, you choice spirits, most encompassed with perils, most + intellectual, most courageous, who must be the <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">conscience</span></em> of the modern soul and + as such be versed in its <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">science</span></em>:<a id="noteref_3" name= + "noteref_3" href="#note_3"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">3</span></span></a> in whom + is concentrated all of disease, poison or danger that can exist + to-day: whose lot decrees that you must be more sick than any + individual because you are not <span class="tei tei-q">“mere + individuals”</span>: whose consolation it is to know and, ah! to + walk the path to a new health, a health of to-morrow and the day + after: you men of destiny, triumphant, conquerors of time, the + healthiest and the strongest, you <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">good + Europeans</span></em>!</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">7.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">To express + finally in a single formula my opposition <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page010">[pg 010]</span><a name="Pg010" id="Pg010" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> to the romantic pessimism of the abstinent, + the unfortunate, the conquered: there is a will to the tragic and + to pessimism, which is a sign as much of the severity as of the + strength of the intellect (taste, emotion, conscience). With this + will in our hearts we do not fear, but we investigate ourselves the + terrible and the problematical elements characteristic of all + existence. Behind such a will stand courage and pride and the + desire for a really great enemy. That was <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">my</span></em> + pessimistic outlook from the first—a new outlook, methinks, an + outlook that even at this day is new and strange? To this moment I + hold to it firmly and (if it will be believed) not only <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">for</span></em> + myself but occasionally <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">against</span></em> myself.... You would + prefer to have that proved first? Well, what else does all this + long preface—prove?</p> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Sils-Maria, Upper + Engadine</span></span>, + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">September, 1886</span></span>. + </div> + </div> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page011">[pg 011]</span><a name= + "Pg011" id="Pg011" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc5" id="toc5"></a> <a name="pdf6" id="pdf6"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Part I. Miscellaneous Maxims And + Opinions.</span></h1><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page013">[pg + 013]</span><a name="Pg013" id="Pg013" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">1.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">To the + Disillusioned in Philosophy.</span></span>—If you hitherto believed + in the highest value of life and now find yourselves disillusioned, + must you immediately get rid of life at the lowest possible + price?</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">2.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Overnice.</span></span>—One can even + become overnice as regards the clearness of concepts. How disgusted + one is then at having truck with the half-clear, the hazy, the + aspiring, the doubting! How ridiculous and yet not mirth-provoking + is their eternal fluttering and straining without ever being able + to fly or to grasp!</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">3.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Wooers of + Reality.</span></span>—He who realises at last how long and how + thoroughly he has been befooled, embraces out of spite even the + ugliest reality. So that in the long run of the world's history the + best men have always been wooers of reality, for the best have + always been longest and most thoroughly deceived.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page014">[pg 014]</span><a name= + "Pg014" id="Pg014" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">4.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Advance of + Freethinking.</span></span>—The difference between past and present + freethinking cannot better be characterised than by that aphorism + for the recognition and expression of which all the fearlessness of + the eighteenth century was needed, and which even then, if measured + by our modern view, sinks into an unconscious naïveté. I mean + Voltaire's aphorism, <span class="tei tei-q">“croyez-moi, mon ami, + l'erreur aussi a son mérite.”</span></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">5.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">A Hereditary + Sin of Philosophers.</span></span>—Philosophers have at all times + appropriated and <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">corrupted</span></em> the maxims of censors of + men (moralists), by taking them over without qualification and + trying to prove as necessary what the moralists only meant as a + rough indication or as a truth suited to their fellow-countrymen or + fellow-townsmen for a single decade. Moreover, the philosophers + thought that they were thereby raising themselves above the + moralists! Thus it will be found that the celebrated teachings of + Schopenhauer as to the supremacy of the will over the intellect, of + the immutability of character, the negativity of pleasure—all + errors, in the sense in which he understands them—rest upon + principles of popular wisdom enunciated by the moralists. Take the + very word <span class="tei tei-q">“will,”</span> which Schopenhauer + twisted so as to become a common denotation of several human + conditions and with which he filled a gap in the language (to his + own great advantage, in so far as he was a moralist, for he became + free to <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page015">[pg + 015]</span><a name="Pg015" id="Pg015" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + speak of the will as Pascal had spoken of it). In the hands of its + creator, Schopenhauer's <span class="tei tei-q">“will,”</span> + through the philosophic craze for generalisation, already turned + out to be a bane to knowledge. For this will was made into a poetic + metaphor, when it was held that all things in nature possess will. + Finally, that it might be applied to all kinds of disordered + mysticism, the word was misused by a fraudulent convention. So now + all our fashionable philosophers repeat it and seem to be perfectly + certain that all things have a will and are in fact One Will. + According to the description generally given of this All-One-Will, + this is much as if one should positively try to have the stupid + Devil for one's God.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">6.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Against + Visionaries.</span></span>—The visionary denies the truth to + himself, the liar only to others.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">7.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Enmity to + Light.</span></span>—If we make it clear to any one that, strictly, + he can never speak of truth, but only of probability and of its + degrees, we generally discover, from the undisguised joy of our + pupil, how greatly men prefer the uncertainty of their intellectual + horizon, and how in their heart of hearts they hate truth because + of its definiteness.—Is this due to a secret fear felt by all that + the light of truth may at some time be turned too brightly upon + themselves? To their wish to be of some consequence, and + accordingly their concealment from the world of <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page016">[pg 016]</span><a name="Pg016" id="Pg016" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> what they are? Or is it to be traced to + their horror of the all-too brilliant light, to which their + crepuscular, easily dazzled, bat-like souls are not accustomed, so + that hate it they must?</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">8.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Christian + Scepticism.</span></span>—Pilate, with his question, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“What is Truth?”</span> is now gleefully brought on the + scene as an advocate of Christ, in order to cast suspicion on all + that is known or knowable as being mere appearance, and to erect + the Cross on the appalling background of the Impossibility of + Knowledge.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">9.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">“</span><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Natural Law,</span><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">”</span></span> <span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a Phrase of + Superstition.</span></span>—When you talk so delightedly of Nature + acting according to law, you must either assume that all things in + Nature follow their law from a voluntary obedience imposed by + themselves—in which case you admire the morality of Nature: or you + are enchanted with the idea of a creative mechanician, who has made + a most cunning watch with human beings as accessory + ornaments.—Necessity, through the expression, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“conformity to law,”</span> then becomes more human and + a coign of refuge in the last instance for mythological + reveries.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">10.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Fallen Forfeit + to History.</span></span>—All misty philosophers and obscurers of + the world, in other words all metaphysicians of coarse or refined + texture <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page017">[pg + 017]</span><a name="Pg017" id="Pg017" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + are seized with eyeache, earache, and toothache when they begin to + suspect that there is truth in the saying: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“All philosophy has from now fallen forfeit to + history.”</span> In view of their aches and pains we may pardon + them for throwing stones and filth at him who talks like this, but + this teaching may itself thereby become dirty and disreputable for + a time and lose in effect.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">11.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Pessimist + of the Intellect.</span></span>—He whose intellect is really free + will think freely about the intellect itself, and will not shut his + eyes to certain terrible aspects of its source and tendency. For + this reason others will perhaps designate him the bitterest + opponent of free thought and give him that dreadful, abusive name + of <span class="tei tei-q">“pessimist of the intellect”</span>: + accustomed as they are to typify a man not by his strong point, his + pre-eminent virtue, but by the quality that is most foreign to his + nature.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">12.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The + Metaphysicians' Knapsack.</span></span>—To all who talk so + boastfully of the scientific basis of their metaphysics it is best + to make no reply. It is enough to tug at the bundle that they + rather shyly keep hidden behind their backs. If one succeeds in + lifting it, the results of that <span class="tei tei-q">“scientific + basis”</span> come to light, to their great confusion: a dear + little <span class="tei tei-q">“God,”</span> a genteel immortality, + perhaps a little spiritualism, and in any case <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page018">[pg 018]</span><a name="Pg018" id="Pg018" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> a complicated mass of + poor-sinners'-misery and pharisee-arrogance.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">13.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Occasional + Harmfulness of Knowledge.</span></span>—The utility involved in the + unchecked investigation of knowledge is so constantly proved in a + hundred different ways that one must remember to include in the + bargain the subtler and rarer damage which individuals must suffer + on that account. The chemist cannot avoid occasionally being + poisoned or burnt at his experiments. What applies to the chemist, + is true of the whole of our culture. This, it may be added, clearly + shows that knowledge should provide itself with healing balsam + against burns and should always have antidotes ready against + poisons.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">14.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Craving of + the Philistine.</span></span>—The Philistine thinks that his most + urgent need is a purple patch or turban of metaphysics, nor will he + let it slip. Yet he would look less ridiculous without this + adornment.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">15.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Enthusiasts.</span></span>—With all that + enthusiasts say in favour of their gospel or their master they are + defending themselves, however much they comport themselves as the + judges and not the accused: because they are involuntarily reminded + almost at every moment that they are exceptions and have to assert + their legitimacy.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page019">[pg 019]</span><a name= + "Pg019" id="Pg019" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">16.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Good + Seduces to Life.</span></span>—All good things, even all good books + that are written against life, are strong means of attraction to + life.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">17.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Happiness + of the Historian.</span></span>—<span class="tei tei-q">“When we + hear the hair-splitting metaphysicians and prophets of the + after-world speak, we others feel indeed that we are the + <span class="tei tei-q">‘poor in spirit,’</span> but that ours is + the heavenly kingdom of change, with spring and autumn, summer and + winter, and theirs the after-world, with its grey, everlasting + frosts and shadows.”</span> Thus soliloquised a man as he walked in + the morning sunshine, a man who in his pursuit of history has + constantly changed not only his mind but his heart. In contrast to + the metaphysicians, he is happy to harbour in himself not an + <span class="tei tei-q">“immortal soul”</span> but many <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">mortal</span></em> + souls.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">18.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Three Varieties + of Thinkers.</span></span>—There are streaming, flowing, trickling + mineral springs, and three corresponding varieties of thinkers. The + layman values them by the volume of the water, the expert by the + contents of the water—in other words, by the elements in them that + are not water.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">19.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Picture of + Life.</span></span>—The task of painting the picture of life, often + as it has been attempted <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page020">[pg + 020]</span><a name="Pg020" id="Pg020" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + by poets and philosophers, is nevertheless irrational. Even in the + hands of the greatest artist-thinkers, pictures and miniatures of + one life only—their own—have come into being, and indeed no other + result is possible. While in the process of developing, a thing + that develops, cannot mirror itself as fixed and permanent, as a + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">definite + object</span></em>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">20.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Truth will have + no Gods before it.</span></span>—The belief in truth begins with + the doubt of all truths in which one has previously believed.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">21.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Where Silence + is Required.</span></span>—If we speak of freethinking as of a + highly dangerous journey over glaciers and frozen seas, we find + that those who do not care to travel on this track are offended, as + if they had been reproached with cowardice and weak knees. The + difficult, which we find to be beyond our powers, must not even be + mentioned in our presence.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">22.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Historia in + Nuce.</span></span>—The most serious parody I ever heard was this: + <span class="tei tei-q">“In the beginning was the nonsense, and the + nonsense was with God, and the nonsense was God.”</span><a id= + "noteref_4" name="noteref_4" href="#note_4"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">4</span></span></a></p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page021">[pg 021]</span><a name= + "Pg021" id="Pg021" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">23.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Incurable.</span></span>—The idealist is + incorrigible: if he be thrown out of his Heaven, he makes himself a + suitable ideal out of Hell. Disillusion him, and lo! he will + embrace disillusionment with no less ardour than he recently + embraced hope. In so far as his impulse belongs to the great + incurable impulses of human nature, he can bring about tragic + destinies and later become a subject for tragedy himself, for such + tragedies as deal with the incurable, implacable, inevitable in the + lot and character of man.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">24.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Applause Itself + as the Continuation of the Play.</span></span>—Sparkling eyes and + an amiable smile are the tributes of applause paid to all the great + comedy of world and existence—but this applause is a comedy within + a comedy, meant to tempt the other spectators to a <span lang="la" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">plaudite amici</span></span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">25.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Courage for + Tedium.</span></span>—He who has not the courage to allow himself + and his work to be considered tedious, is certainly no intellect of + the first rank, whether in the arts or in the sciences.—A scoffer, + who happened for once in a way to be a thinker, might add, with a + glance at the world and at history: <span class="tei tei-q">“God + did not possess this courage, for he wanted to make and he made all + things so interesting.”</span></p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page022">[pg 022]</span><a name= + "Pg022" id="Pg022" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">26.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">From the Most + Intimate Experience of the Thinker.</span></span>—Nothing is harder + for a man than to conceive of an object impersonally, I mean to see + in it an object and not a person. One may even ask whether it is + possible for him to dispense for a single moment with the machinery + of his instinct to create and construct a personality. After all, + he associates with his thoughts, however abstract they may be, as + with individuals, against whom he must fight or to whom he must + attach himself, whom he must protect, support and nourish. Let us + watch or listen to ourselves at the moment when we hear or discover + a new idea. Perhaps it displeases us because it is so defiant and + so autocratic, and we unconsciously ask ourselves whether we cannot + place a contradiction of it by its side as an enemy, or fasten on + to it a <span class="tei tei-q">“perhaps”</span> or a <span class= + "tei tei-q">“sometimes”</span>: the mere little word <span class= + "tei tei-q">“probably”</span> gives us a feeling of satisfaction, + for it shatters the oppressive tyranny of the unconditional. If, on + the other hand, the new idea enters in gentle shape, sweetly + patient and humble, and falling at once into the arms of + contradiction, we put our autocracy to the test in another way. Can + we not come to the aid of this weak creature, stroke it and feed + it, give it strength and fulness, and truth and even + unconditionality? Is it possible for us to show ourselves parental + or chivalrous or compassionate towards our idea?—Then again, we see + here a judgment and there a judgment, sundered from each other, + never looking at or making any movement <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page023">[pg 023]</span><a name="Pg023" id="Pg023" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> towards each other. So we are tickled by the + thought, whether it be not here feasible to make a match, to draw a + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">conclusion</span></em>, with the anticipation + that if a consequence follows this conclusion it is not only the + two judgments united in wedlock but the matchmakers that will gain + honour. If, however, we cannot acquire a hold upon that thought + either on the path of defiance and ill-will or on that of good-will + (if we hold it to be true)—then we submit to it and do homage to it + as a leader and a prince, give it a chair of honour, and speak not + of it without a flourish of trumpets: for we are bright in its + brightness. Woe to him who tries to dim this brightness! Perhaps we + ourselves one day grow suspicious of our idea. Then we, the + indefatigable <span class="tei tei-q">“king-makers”</span> of the + history of the intellect, cast it down from its throne and + immediately exalt its adversary. Surely if this be considered and + thought out a little further, no one will speak of an <span class= + "tei tei-q">“absolute impulse to knowledge”</span>!</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Why, then, does + man prefer the true to the untrue, in this secret combat with + thought-personalities, in this generally clandestine match-making + of thoughts, constitution-founding of thoughts, child-rearing of + thoughts, nursing and almsgiving of thoughts? For the same reason + that he practises honesty in intercourse with real persons: + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">now</span></em> from habit, heredity, and + training, <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">originally</span></em> because the true, like + the fair and the just, is more expedient and more reputable than + the untrue. For in the realm of thought it is difficult to assume a + power and glory that are built on error or on falsehood. The + feeling that such an edifice might at some time collapse is + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page024">[pg 024]</span><a name= + "Pg024" id="Pg024" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> humiliating to the + self-esteem of the architect—he is ashamed of the fragility of the + material, and, as he considers himself more important than the rest + of the world, he would fain construct nothing that is less durable + than the rest of the world. In his longing for truth he embraces + the belief in a personal immortality, the most arrogant and defiant + idea that exists, closely allied as it is to the underlying + thought, <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">pereat mundus, dum ego salvus + sim!</span></span> His work has become his <span class= + "tei tei-q">“ego,”</span> he transforms himself into the + Imperishable with its universal challenge. It is his immeasurable + pride that will only employ the best and hardest stones for the + work—truths, or what he holds for such. Arrogance has always been + justly called the <span class="tei tei-q">“vice of the + sage”</span>; yet without this vice, fruitful in impulses, Truth + and her status on earth would be in a parlous plight. In our + propensity to fear our thoughts, concepts and words, and yet to + honour ourselves in them, unconsciously to ascribe to them the + power of rewarding, despising, praising, and blaming us, and so to + associate with them as with free intellectual personalities, as + with independent powers, as with our equals—herein lie the roots of + the remarkable phenomenon which I have called <span class= + "tei tei-q">“intellectual conscience.”</span> Thus something of the + highest moral species has bloomed from a black root.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">27.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The + Obscurantists.</span></span>—The essential feature of the black art + of obscurantism is not its intention of clouding the brain, but its + attempt to darken <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page025">[pg + 025]</span><a name="Pg025" id="Pg025" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + the picture of the world and cloud our idea of existence. It often + employs the method of thwarting all illumination of the intellect, + but at times it uses the very opposite means, seeking by the + highest refinement of the intellect to induce a satiety of the + intellect's fruits. Hair-splitting metaphysicians, who pave the way + for scepticism and by their excessive acumen provoke a distrust of + acumen, are excellent instruments of the more subtle form of + obscurantism.—Is it possible that even Kant may be applied to this + purpose? Did he even <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">intend</span></em> something of the sort, for + a time at least, to judge from his own notorious exposition: + <span class="tei tei-q">“to clear the way for belief by setting + limitations to knowledge”</span>?—Certainly he did not succeed, nor + did his followers, on the wolf and fox tracks of this highly + refined and dangerous form of obscurantism—the most dangerous of + all, for the black art here appears in the garb of light.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">28.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">By what Kind of + Philosophy Art is Corrupted.</span></span>—When the mists of a + metaphysical-mystical philosophy succeed in making all æsthetic + phenomena <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">opaque</span></em>, it follows that these + phenomena cannot be comparatively valued, inasmuch as each becomes + individually inexplicable. But when once they cannot be compared + for the sake of valuation, there arises an entire + absence-of-criticism, a blind indulgence. From this source springs + a continual diminution of the enjoyment of art (which is only + distinguished from the crude satisfaction of a need <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page026">[pg 026]</span><a name="Pg026" id="Pg026" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> by the highest refinement of taste and + appreciation). The more taste diminishes, the more does the desire + for art change and revert to a vulgar hunger, which the artist + henceforth seeks to appease by ever coarser fare.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">29.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">On + Gethsemane.</span></span>—The most painful thing a thinker can say + to artists is: <span class="tei tei-q">“Could ye not <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">watch</span></em> + with me one hour?”</span></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">30.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">At the + Loom.</span></span>—There are many (artists and women, for + instance) who work against the few that take a pleasure in untying + the knot of things and unravelling their woof. The former always + want to weave the woof together again and entangle it and so turn + the conceived into the unconceived and if possible inconceivable. + Whatever the result may be, the woof and knot always look rather + untidy, because too many hands are working and tugging at them.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">31.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">In the Desert + of Science.</span></span>—As the man of science proceeds on his + modest and toilsome wanderings, which must often enough be journeys + in the desert, he is confronted with those brilliant mirages known + as <span class="tei tei-q">“philosophic systems.”</span> With magic + powers of deception they show him that the solution of all riddles + and the most refreshing draught of true water of life are close at + hand. His weary heart rejoices, and he well-nigh touches with + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page027">[pg 027]</span><a name= + "Pg027" id="Pg027" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> his lips the goal of + all scientific endurance and hardship, so that almost unconsciously + he presses forward. Other natures stand still, as if spellbound by + the beautiful illusion: the desert swallows them up, they become + lost to science. Other natures, again, that have often experienced + these subjective consolations, become very disheartened and curse + the salty taste which these mirages leave behind in the mouth and + from which springs a raging thirst—without one's having come one + step nearer to any sort of a spring.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">32.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The + So-called</span> <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">“</span><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Real Reality.</span><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">”</span></span></span>—When the poet + depicts the various callings—such as those of the warrior, the + silk-weaver, the sailor—he feigns to know all these things + thoroughly, to be an expert. Even in the exposition of human + actions and destinies he behaves as if he had been present at the + spinning of the whole web of existence. In so far he is an + impostor. He practises his frauds on pure ignoramuses, and that is + why he succeeds. They praise him for his deep, genuine knowledge, + and lead him finally into the delusion that he really knows as much + as the individual experts and creators, yes, even as the great + world-spinners themselves. In the end, the impostor becomes honest, + and actually believes in his own sincerity. Emotional people say to + his very face that he has the <span class= + "tei tei-q">“higher”</span> truth and sincerity—for they are weary + of reality for the time being, and accept the poetic dream as a + pleasant relaxation and a night's rest for head and heart. The + visions of the dream <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page028">[pg + 028]</span><a name="Pg028" id="Pg028" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + now appear to them of more value, because, as has been said, they + find them more beneficial, and mankind has always held that what is + apparently of more value is more true, more real. All that is + generally called reality, the poets, conscious of this power, + proceed with intention to disparage and to distort into the + uncertain, the illusory, the spurious, the impure, the sinful, + sorrowful, and deceitful. They make use of all doubts about the + limits of knowledge, of all sceptical excesses, in order to spread + over everything the rumpled veil of uncertainty. For they desire + that when this darkening process is complete their wizardry and + soul-magic may be accepted without hesitation as the path to + <span class="tei tei-q">“true truth”</span> and <span class= + "tei tei-q">“real reality.”</span></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">33.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Wish to be + Just and the Wish to be a Judge.</span></span>—Schopenhauer, whose + profound understanding of what is human and all-too-human and + original sense for facts was not a little impaired by the bright + leopard-skin of his metaphysic (the skin must first be pulled off + him if one wants to find the real moralist genius + beneath)—Schopenhauer makes this admirable distinction, wherein he + comes far nearer the mark than he would himself dare to admit: + <span class="tei tei-q">“Insight into the stern necessity of human + actions is the boundary line that divides philosophic from other + brains.”</span> He worked against that wonderful insight of which + he was sometimes capable by the prejudice that he had in common + with the moral man (not the moralist), a prejudice that he + expresses quite guilelessly and devoutly as <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page029">[pg 029]</span><a name="Pg029" id="Pg029" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> follows: <span class="tei tei-q">“The + ultimate and true explanation of the inner being of the entirety of + things must of necessity be closely connected with that about the + ethical significance of human actions.”</span> This connection is + not <span class="tei tei-q">“necessary”</span> at all: such a + connection must rather be rejected by that principle of the stern + necessity of human actions, that is, the unconditioned non-freedom + and non-responsibility of the will. Philosophic brains will + accordingly be distinguished from others by their disbelief in the + metaphysical significance of morality. This must create between the + two kinds of brain a gulf of a depth and unbridgeableness of which + the much-deplored gulf between <span class= + "tei tei-q">“cultured”</span> and <span class= + "tei tei-q">“uncultured”</span> scarcely gives a conception. It is + true that many back doors, which the <span class= + "tei tei-q">“philosophic brains,”</span> like Schopenhauer's own, + have left for themselves, must be recognised as useless. None leads + into the open, into the fresh air of the free will, but every door + through which people had slipped hitherto showed behind it once + more the gleaming brass wall of fate. For we are in a prison, and + can only dream of freedom, not make ourselves free. That the + recognition of this fact cannot be resisted much longer is shown by + the despairing and incredible postures and grimaces of those who + still press against it and continue their wrestling-bout with it. + Their attitude at present is something like this: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“So no one is responsible for his actions? And all is + full of guilt and the consciousness of guilt? But some one + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">must</span></em> be the sinner. If it is no + longer possible or permissible to accuse and sentence the + individual, the one poor wave in the inevitable rough-and-tumble of + the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page030">[pg 030]</span><a name= + "Pg030" id="Pg030" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> waves of + development—well, then, let this stormy sea, this development + itself, be the sinner. Here is free will: this totality can be + accused and sentenced, can atone and expiate. <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">So let God be the + sinner and man his redeemer.</span></em> Let the world's history be + guilt, expiation, and self-murder. Let the evil-doer be his own + judge, the judge his own hangman.”</span> This Christianity + strained to its limits—for what else is it?—is the last thrust in + the fencing-match between the teaching of unconditioned morality + and the teaching of unconditioned non-freedom. It would be quite + horrible if it were anything more than a logical pose, a hideous + grimace of the underlying thought, perhaps the death-convulsion of + the heart that seeks a remedy in its despair, the heart to which + delirium whispers: <span class="tei tei-q">“Behold, thou art the + lamb which taketh away the sin of God.”</span> This error lies not + only in the feeling, <span class="tei tei-q">“I am + responsible,”</span> but just as much in the contradiction, + <span class="tei tei-q">“I am not responsible, but some one must + be.”</span> That is simply not true. Hence the philosopher must + say, like Christ, <span class="tei tei-q">“Judge not,”</span> and + the final distinction between the philosophic brains and the others + would be that the former wish to be just and the latter wish to be + judges.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">34.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Sacrifice.</span></span>—You hold that + sacrifice is the hallmark of moral action?—Just consider whether in + every action that is done with deliberation, in the best as in the + worst, there be not a sacrifice.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page031">[pg 031]</span><a name= + "Pg031" id="Pg031" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">35.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Against + the</span> <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">“</span><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Triers of the Reins</span><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">”</span></span> <span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">of Morality.</span></span>—One must know + the best and the worst that a man is capable of in theory and in + practice before one can judge how strong his moral nature is and + can be. But this is an experiment that one can never carry out.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">36.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Serpent's + Tooth.</span></span>—Whether we have a serpent's tooth or not we + cannot know before some one has set his heel upon our necks. A wife + or a mother could say: until some one has put his heel upon the + neck of our darling, our child.—Our character is determined more by + the absence of certain experiences than by the experiences we have + undergone.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">37.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Deception in + Love.</span></span>—We forget and purposely banish from our minds a + good deal of our past. In other words, we wish our picture, that + beams at us from the past, to belie us, to flatter our vanity—we + are constantly engaged in this self-deception. And you who talk and + boast so much of <span class="tei tei-q">“self-oblivion in + love,”</span> of the <span class="tei tei-q">“absorption of the ego + in the other person”</span>—you hold that this is something + different? So you break the mirror, throw yourselves into another + personality that you admire, and enjoy the new portrait of your + ego, though calling it by the other person's name—and this + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page032">[pg 032]</span><a name= + "Pg032" id="Pg032" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> whole proceeding is + not to be thought self-deception, self-seeking, you marvellous + beings?—It seems to me that those who hide something of themselves + from themselves, or hide their whole selves from themselves, are + alike committing a theft from the treasury of knowledge. It is + clear, then, against what transgression the maxim <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Know thyself”</span> is a warning.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">38.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">To the Denier + of his Vanity.</span></span>—He who denies his own vanity usually + possesses it in so brutal a form that he instinctively shuts his + eyes to avoid the necessity of despising himself.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">39.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Why the Stupid + so often Become Malignant.</span></span>—To those arguments of our + adversary against which our head feels too weak our heart replies + by throwing suspicion on the motives of his arguments.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">40.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Art of + Moral Exceptions.</span></span>—An art that points out and + glorifies the exceptional cases of morality—where the good becomes + bad and the unjust just—should rarely be given a hearing: just as + now and again we buy something from gipsies, with the fear that + they are diverting to their own pockets much more than their mere + profit from the purchase.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page033">[pg 033]</span><a name= + "Pg033" id="Pg033" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">41.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Enjoyment and + Non-enjoyment of Poisons.</span></span>—The only decisive argument + that has always deterred men from drinking a poison is not that it + is deadly, but that it has an unpleasant taste.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">42.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The World + without Consciousness of Sin.</span></span>—If men only committed + such deeds as do not give rise to a bad conscience, the human world + would still look bad and rascally enough, but not so sickly and + pitiable as at present.—Enough wicked men without conscience have + existed at all times, and many good honest folk lack the feeling of + pleasure in a good conscience.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">43.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The + Conscientious.</span></span>—It is more convenient to follow one's + conscience than one's intelligence, for at every failure conscience + finds an excuse and an encouragement in itself. That is why there + are so many conscientious and so few intelligent people.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">44.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Opposite Means + of Avoiding Bitterness.</span></span>—One temperament finds it + useful to be able to give vent to its disgust in words, being made + sweeter by speech. Another reaches its full bitterness only by + speaking out: it is more advisable for it to have to gulp down + something—the restraint that men of this <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page034">[pg 034]</span><a name="Pg034" id="Pg034" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> stamp place upon themselves in the presence + of enemies and superiors improves their character and prevents it + from becoming too acrid and sour.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">45.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Not to be Too + Dejected.</span></span>—To get bed-sores is unpleasant, but no + proof against the merits of the cure that prescribes that you + should take to your bed. Men who have long lived outside + themselves, and have at last devoted themselves to the inward + philosophic life, know that one can also get sores of character and + intellect. This, again, is on the whole no argument against the + chosen way of life, but necessitates a few small exceptions and + apparent relapses.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">46.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The + Human</span> <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">“</span><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Thing in Itself.</span><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">”</span></span></span>—The most + vulnerable and yet most unconquerable of things is human vanity: + nay, through being wounded its strength increases and can grow to + giant proportions.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">47.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Farce of + Many Industrious Persons.</span></span>—By an excess of effort they + win leisure for themselves, and then they can do nothing with it + but count the hours until the tale is ended.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">48.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Possession + of Joy Abounding.</span></span>—He that has joy abounding must be a + good man, but perhaps <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page035">[pg + 035]</span><a name="Pg035" id="Pg035" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + he is not the cleverest of men, although he has reached the very + goal towards which the cleverest man is striving with all his + cleverness.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">49.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">In the Mirror + of Nature.</span></span>—Is not a man fairly well described, when + we are told that he likes to walk between tall fields of golden + corn: that he prefers the forest and flower colours of sere and + chilly autumn to all others, because they point to something more + beautiful than Nature has ever attained: that he feels as much at + home under big broad-leaved walnut trees as among his nearest + kinsfolk: that in the mountains his greatest joy is to come across + those tiny distant lakes from which the very eyes of solitude seem + to peer at him: that he loves that grey calm of the misty twilight + that steals along the windows on autumn and early winter evenings + and shuts out all soulless sounds as with velvet curtains: that in + unhewn stones he recognises the last remaining traces of the + primeval age, eager for speech, and honours them from childhood + upwards: that, lastly, the sea with its shifting serpent skin and + wild-beast beauty is, and remains to him, unfamiliar?—Yes, + something of the man is described herewith, but the mirror of + Nature does not say that the same man, with (and not even + <span class="tei tei-q">“in spite of”</span>) all his idyllic + sensibilities, might be disagreeable, stingy, and conceited. + Horace, who was a good judge of such matters, in his famous + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">beatus ille qui procul negotiis</span></span> + puts the tenderest feeling for country life into the mouth of a + Roman money-lender.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page036">[pg 036]</span><a name= + "Pg036" id="Pg036" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">50.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Power without + Victory.</span></span>—The strongest cognition (that of the + complete non-freedom of the human will) is yet the poorest in + results, for it has always had the mightiest of opponents—human + vanity.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">51.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Pleasure and + Error.</span></span>—A beneficial influence on friends is exerted + by one man unconsciously, through his nature; by another + consciously, through isolated actions. Although the former nature + is held to be the higher, the latter alone is allied to good + conscience and pleasure—the pleasure in justification by good + works, which rests upon a belief in the volitional character of our + good and evil doing—that is to say, upon a mistake.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">52.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Folly of + Committing Injustice.</span></span>—The injustice we have inflicted + ourselves is far harder to bear than the injustice inflicted upon + us by others (not always from moral grounds, be it observed). After + all, the doer is always the sufferer—that is, if he be capable of + feeling the sting of conscience or of perceiving that by his action + he has armed society against himself and cut himself off. For this + reason we should beware still more of doing than of suffering + injustice, for the sake of our own inward happiness—so as not to + lose our feeling of well-being—quite apart from any consideration + of the precepts of religion and morality. For in suffering + injustice we have <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page037">[pg + 037]</span><a name="Pg037" id="Pg037" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + the consolation of a good conscience, of hope and of revenge, + together with the sympathy and applause of the just, nay of the + whole of society, which is afraid of the evil-doer. Not a few are + skilled in the impure self-deception that enables them to transform + every injustice of their own into an injustice inflicted upon them + from without, and to reserve for their own acts the exceptional + right to the plea of self-defence. Their object, of course, is to + make their own burden lighter.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">53.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Envy with or + without a Mouthpiece.</span></span>—Ordinary envy is wont to cackle + when the envied hen has laid an egg, thereby relieving itself and + becoming milder. But there is a yet deeper envy that in such a case + becomes dead silent, desiring that every mouth should be sealed and + always more and more angry because this desire is not gratified. + Silent envy grows in silence.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">54.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Anger as a + Spy.</span></span>—Anger exhausts the soul and brings its very + dregs to light. Hence, if we know no other means of gaining + certainty, we must understand how to arouse anger in our dependents + and adversaries, in order to learn what is really done and thought + to our detriment.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">55.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Defence Morally + more Difficult than Attack.</span></span>—The true heroic deed and + masterpiece of <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page038">[pg + 038]</span><a name="Pg038" id="Pg038" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + the good man does not lie in attacking opinions and continuing to + love their propounders, but in the far harder task of defending his + own position without causing or intending to cause bitter + heartburns to his opponent. The sword of attack is honest and + broad, the sword of defence usually runs out to a needle point.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">56.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Honest towards + Honesty.</span></span>—One who is openly honest towards himself + ends by being rather conceited about this honesty. He knows only + too well why he is honest—for the same reason that another man + prefers outward show and hypocrisy.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">57.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Coals of + Fire.</span></span>—The heaping of coals of fire on another's head + is generally misunderstood and falls flat, because the other knows + himself to be just as much in the right, and on his side too has + thought of collecting coals.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">58.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dangerous + Books.</span></span>—A man says: <span class="tei tei-q">“Judging + from my own case, I find that this book is harmful.”</span> Let him + but wait, and perhaps one day he will confess that the book did him + a great service by thrusting forward and bringing to light the + hidden disease of his soul.—Altered opinions alter not at all (or + very little) the character of a man: but they illuminate individual + facets of his personality, which hitherto, in another constellation + of opinions, had remained dark and unrecognisable.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page039">[pg 039]</span><a name= + "Pg039" id="Pg039" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">59.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Simulated + Pity.</span></span>—We simulate pity when we wish to show ourselves + superior to the feeling of animosity, but generally in vain. This + point is not noticed without a considerable enhancement of that + feeling of animosity.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">60.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Open + Contradiction often Conciliatory.</span></span>—At the moment when + a man openly makes known his difference of opinion from a + well-known party leader, the whole world thinks that he must be + angry with the latter. Sometimes, however, he is just on the point + of ceasing to be angry with him. He ventures to put himself on the + same plane as his opponent, and is free from the tortures of + suppressed envy.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">61.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Seeing our + Light Shining.</span></span>—In the darkest hour of depression, + sickness, and guilt, we are still glad to see others taking a light + from us and making use of us as of the disk of the moon. By this + roundabout route we derive some light from our own illuminating + faculty.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">62.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Fellowship in + Joy.</span></span><a id="noteref_5" name="noteref_5" href= + "#note_5"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">5</span></span></a>—The + snake that stings us means to hurt us and rejoices in so doing: the + lowest animal can picture to itself the <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">pain</span></em> of + others. <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page040">[pg + 040]</span><a name="Pg040" id="Pg040" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + But to picture to oneself the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">joy</span></em> of others and to rejoice + thereat is the highest privilege of the highest animals, and again, + amongst them, is the property only of the most select + specimens—accordingly a rare <span class="tei tei-q">“human + thing.”</span> Hence there have been philosophers who denied + fellowship in joy.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">63.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Supplementary + Pregnancy.</span></span>—Those who have arrived at works and deeds + are in an obscure way, they know not how, all the more pregnant + with them, as if to prove supplementarily that these are their + children and not those of chance.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">64.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hard-hearted + from Vanity.</span></span>—Just as justice is so often a cloak for + weakness, so men who are fairly intelligent, but weak, sometimes + attempt dissimulation from ambitious motives and purposely show + themselves unjust and hard, in order to leave behind them the + impression of strength.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">65.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Humiliation.</span></span>—If in a large + sack of profit we find a single grain of humiliation we still make + a wry face even at our good luck.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">66.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Extreme + Herostratism.</span></span><a id="noteref_6" name="noteref_6" href= + "#note_6"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">6</span></span></a>—There + might be <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page041">[pg + 041]</span><a name="Pg041" id="Pg041" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + Herostratuses who set fire to their own temple, in which their + images are honoured.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">67.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">A World of + Diminutives.</span></span>—The fact that all that is weak and in + need of help appeals to the heart induces in us the habit of + designating by diminutive and softening terms all that appeals to + our hearts—and accordingly <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">making</span></em> such things weak and + clinging to our imaginations.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">68.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Bad + Characteristic of Sympathy.</span></span>—Sympathy has a peculiar + impudence for its companion. For, wishing to help at all costs, + sympathy is in no perplexity either as to the means of assistance + or as to the nature and cause of the disease, and goes on + courageously administering all its quack medicines to restore the + health and reputation of the patient.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">69.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Importunacy.</span></span>—There is even + an importunacy in relation to works, and the act of associating + oneself from early youth on an intimate footing with the + illustrious works of all times evinces an entire absence of + shame.—Others are only importunate from ignorance, not knowing with + whom they have to do—for instance classical scholars young and old + in relation to the works of the Greeks.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page042">[pg 042]</span><a name= + "Pg042" id="Pg042" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">70.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Will is + Ashamed of the Intellect.</span></span>—In all coolness we make + reasonable plans against our passions. But we make the most serious + mistake in this connection in being often ashamed, when the design + has to be carried out, of the coolness and calculation with which + we conceived it. So we do just the unreasonable thing, from that + sort of defiant magnanimity that every passion involves.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">71.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Why the + Sceptics Offend Morality.</span></span>—He who takes his morality + solemnly and seriously is enraged against the sceptics in the + domain of morals. For where he lavishes all his force, he wishes + others to marvel but not to investigate and doubt. Then there are + natures whose last shred of morality is just the belief in morals. + They behave in the same way towards sceptics, if possible still + more passionately.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">72.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Shyness.</span></span>—All moralists are + shy, because they know they are confounded with spies and traitors, + so soon as their penchant is noticed. Besides, they are generally + conscious of being impotent in action, for in the midst of work the + motives of their activity almost withdraw their attention from the + work.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">73.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">A Danger to + Universal Morality.</span></span>—People who are at the same time + noble and honest come <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page043">[pg + 043]</span><a name="Pg043" id="Pg043" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + to deify every devilry that brings out their honesty, and to + suspend for a time the balance of their moral judgment.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">74.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Saddest + Error.</span></span>—It is an unpardonable offence when one + discovers that where one was convinced of being loved, one is only + regarded as a household utensil and decoration, whereby the master + of the house can find an outlet for his vanity before his + guests.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">75.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Love and + Duality.</span></span>—What else is love but understanding and + rejoicing that another lives, works, and feels in a different and + opposite way to ourselves? That love may be able to bridge over the + contrasts by joys, we must not remove or deny those contrasts. Even + self-love presupposes an irreconcileable duality (or plurality) in + one person.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">76.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Signs from + Dreams.</span></span>—What one sometimes does not know and feel + accurately in waking hours—whether one has a good or a bad + conscience as regards some person—is revealed completely and + unambiguously by dreams.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">77.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Debauchery.</span></span>—Not joy but + joylessness is the mother of debauchery.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page044">[pg 044]</span><a name= + "Pg044" id="Pg044" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">78.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Reward and + Punishment.</span></span>—No one accuses without an underlying + notion of punishment and revenge, even when he accuses his fate or + himself. All complaint is accusation, all self-congratulation is + praise. Whether we do one or the other, we always make some one + responsible.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">79.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Doubly + Unjust.</span></span>—We sometimes advance truth by a twofold + injustice: when we see and represent consecutively the two sides of + a case which we are not in a position to see together, but in such + a way that every time we mistake or deny the other side, fancying + that what we see is the whole truth.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">80.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Mistrust.</span></span>—Self-mistrust + does not always proceed uncertainly and shyly, but sometimes in a + furious rage, having worked itself into a frenzy in order not to + tremble.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">81.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Philosophy of + Parvenus.</span></span>—If you want to be a personality you must + even hold your shadow in honour.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">82.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Knowing how to + Wash Oneself Clean.</span></span>—We must know how to emerge + cleaner from unclean conditions, and, if necessary, how to wash + ourselves even with dirty water.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page045">[pg 045]</span><a name= + "Pg045" id="Pg045" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">83.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Letting + Yourself Go.</span></span>—The more you let yourself go, the less + others let you go.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">84.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Innocent + Rogue.</span></span>—There is a slow, gradual path to vice and + rascality of every description. In the end, the traveller is quite + abandoned by the insect-swarms of a bad conscience, and although a + thorough scoundrel he walks in innocence.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">85.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Making + Plans.</span></span>—Making plans and conceiving projects involves + many agreeable sentiments. He that had the strength to be nothing + but a contriver of plans all his life would be a happy man. But one + must occasionally have a rest from this activity by carrying a plan + into execution, and then comes anger and sobriety.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">86.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Wherewith We + See the Ideal.</span></span>—Every efficient man is blocked by his + efficiency and cannot look out freely from its prison. Had he not + also a goodly share of imperfection, he could, by reason of his + virtue, never arrive at an intellectual or moral freedom. Our + shortcomings are the eyes with which we see the ideal.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">87.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dishonest + Praise.</span></span>—Dishonest praise causes many more twinges of + conscience than dishonest <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page046">[pg + 046]</span><a name="Pg046" id="Pg046" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + blame, probably only because we have exposed our capacity for + judgment far more completely through excessive praise than through + excessive and unjust blame.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">88.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">How One Dies is + Indifferent.</span></span>—The whole way in which a man thinks of + death during the prime of his life and strength is very expressive + and significant for what we call his character. But the hour of + death itself, his behaviour on the death-bed, is almost + indifferent. The exhaustion of waning life, especially when old + people die, the irregular or insufficient nourishment of the brain + during this last period, the occasionally violent pain, the novel + and untried nature of the whole position, and only too often the + ebb and flow of superstitious impressions and fears, as if dying + were of much consequence and meant the crossing of bridges of the + most terrible kind—all this forbids our using death as a testimony + concerning the living. Nor is it true that the dying man is + generally more honest than the living. On the contrary, through the + solemn attitude of the bystanders, the repressed or flowing streams + of tears and emotions, every one is inveigled into a comedy of + vanity, now conscious, now unconscious. The serious way in which + every dying man is treated must have been to many a poor despised + devil the highest joy of his whole life and a sort of compensation + and repayment for many privations.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">89.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Morality and + its Sacrifice.</span></span>—The origin of morality may be traced + to two ideas: <span class="tei tei-q">“The community <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page047">[pg 047]</span><a name="Pg047" id="Pg047" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> is of more value than the + individual,”</span> and <span class="tei tei-q">“The permanent + interest is to be preferred to the temporary.”</span> The + conclusion drawn is that the permanent interest of the community is + unconditionally to be set above the temporary interest of the + individual, especially his momentary well-being, but also his + permanent interest and even the prolongation of his existence. Even + if the individual suffers by an arrangement that suits the mass, + even if he is depressed and ruined by it, morality must be + maintained and the victim brought to the sacrifice. Such a trend of + thought arises, however, only in those who are <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">not</span></em> the + victims—for in the victim's case it enforces the claim that the + individual might be worth more than the many, and that the present + enjoyment, the <span class="tei tei-q">“moment in + paradise,”</span><a id="noteref_7" name="noteref_7" href= + "#note_7"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">7</span></span></a> should + perhaps be rated higher than a tame succession of untroubled or + comfortable circumstances. But the philosophy of the sacrificial + victim always finds voice too late, and so victory remains with + morals and morality: which are really nothing more than the + sentiment for the whole concept of morals under which one lives and + has been reared—and reared not as an individual but as a member of + the whole, as a cipher in a majority. Hence it constantly happens + that the individual makes himself into a majority by means of his + morality.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">90.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Good and + the Good Conscience.</span></span>—You hold that all good things + have at all times had a <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page048">[pg + 048]</span><a name="Pg048" id="Pg048" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + good conscience? Science, which is certainly a very good thing, has + come into the world without such a conscience and quite free from + all pathos, rather clandestinely, by roundabout ways, walking with + shrouded or masked face like a sinner, and always with the feeling + at least of being a smuggler. Good conscience has bad conscience + for its stepping-stone, not for its opposite. For all that is good + has at one time been new and consequently strange, against morals, + immoral, and has gnawed like a worm at the heart of the fortunate + discoverer.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">91.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Success + Sanctifies the Intentions.</span></span>—We should not shrink from + treading the road to a virtue, even when we see clearly that + nothing but egotism, and accordingly utility, personal comfort, + fear, considerations of health, reputation, or glory, are the + impelling motives. These motives are styled ignoble and selfish. + Very well, but if they stimulate us to some virtue—for example, + self-denial, dutifulness, order, thrift, measure, and + moderation—let us listen to them, whatever their epithets may be! + For if we reach the goal to which they summon us, then the virtue + we have attained, by means of the pure air it makes us breathe and + the spiritual well-being it communicates, ennobles the remoter + impulses of our action, and afterwards we no longer perform those + actions from the same coarse motives that inspired us + before.—Education should therefore force the virtues on the pupil, + as far as possible, according to his disposition. Then virtue, the + sunshine and <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page049">[pg + 049]</span><a name="Pg049" id="Pg049" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + summer atmosphere of the soul, can contribute her own share of work + and add mellowness and sweetness.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">92.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dabblers in + Christianity, not Christians.</span></span>—So that is your + Christianity!—To annoy humanity you praise <span class= + "tei tei-q">“God and His Saints,”</span> and again when you want to + praise humanity you go so far that God and His Saints must be + annoyed.—I wish you would at least learn Christian manners, as you + are so deficient in the civility of the Christian heart.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">93.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Religious + and Irreligious Impression of Nature.</span></span>—A true believer + must be to us an object of veneration, but the same holds good of a + true, sincere, convinced unbeliever. With men of the latter stamp + we are near to the high mountains where mighty rivers have their + source, and with believers we are under vigorous, shady, restful + trees.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">94.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Judicial + Murder.</span></span>—The two greatest judicial murders<a id= + "noteref_8" name="noteref_8" href="#note_8"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">8</span></span></a> in the + world's history are, to speak without exaggeration, concealed and + well-concealed suicide. In both cases a man <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">willed</span></em> + to die, and in both cases he let his breast be pierced by the sword + in the hand of human injustice.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">95.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Love.</span></span>”</span>—The finest + artistic conception wherein Christianity had the advantage over + other religious <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page050">[pg + 050]</span><a name="Pg050" id="Pg050" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + systems lay in one word—Love. Hence it became the <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">lyric</span></em> + religion (whereas in its two other creations Semitism bestowed + heroico-epical religions upon the world). In the word <span class= + "tei tei-q">“love”</span> there is so much meaning, so much that + stimulates and appeals to memory and hope, that even the meanest + intelligence and the coldest heart feel some glimmering of its + sense. The cleverest woman and the lowest man think of the + comparatively unselfish moments of their whole life, even if with + them Eros never soared high: and the vast number of beings who + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">miss</span></em> love from their parents or + children or sweethearts, especially those whose sexual instincts + have been refined away, have found their heart's desire in + Christianity.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">96.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Fulfilment + of Christianity.</span></span>—In Christianity there is also an + Epicurean trend of thought, starting from the idea that God can + only demand of man, his creation and his image, what it is possible + for man to fulfil, and accordingly that Christian virtue and + perfection are attainable and often attained. Now, for instance, + the belief in loving one's enemies—even if it is only a belief or + fancy, and by no means a psychological reality (a real love)—gives + unalloyed happiness, so long as it is genuinely believed. (As to + the reason of this, psychologist and Christian might well differ.) + Hence earthly life, through the belief, I mean the fancy, that it + satisfies not only the injunction to love our enemies, but all the + other injunctions of Christianity, and that it has really + assimilated <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page051">[pg + 051]</span><a name="Pg051" id="Pg051" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + and embodied in itself the Divine perfection according to the + command, <span class="tei tei-q">“Be perfect as your Father in + heaven is perfect,”</span> might actually become a holy life. Thus + error can make Christ's promise come true.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">97.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Of the Future + of Christianity.</span></span>—We may be allowed to form a + conjecture as to the disappearance of Christianity and as to the + places where it will be the slowest to retreat, if we consider + where and for what reasons Protestantism spread with such startling + rapidity. As is well known, Protestantism promised to do far more + cheaply all that the old Church did, without costly masses, + pilgrimages, and priestly pomp and circumstance. It spread + particularly among the Northern nations, which were not so deeply + rooted as those of the South in the old Church's symbolism and love + of ritual. In the South the more powerful pagan religion survived + in Christianity, whereas in the North Christianity meant an + opposition to and a break with the old-time creed, and hence was + from the first more thoughtful and less sensual, but for that very + reason, in times of peril, more fanatical and more obstinate. If + from the standpoint of <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">thought</span></em> we succeed in uprooting + Christianity, we can at once know the point where it will begin to + disappear—the very point at which it will be most stubborn in + defence. In other places it will bend but not break, lose its + leaves but burst into leaf afresh, because the senses, and not + thought, have gone over to its side. But it is the senses + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page052">[pg 052]</span><a name= + "Pg052" id="Pg052" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> that maintain the + belief that with all its expensive outlay the Church is more + cheaply and conveniently managed than under the stern conditions of + work and wages. Yet what does one hold leisure (or semi-idleness) + to be worth, when once one has become accustomed to it? The senses + plead against a dechristianised world, saying that there would be + too much work to do in it and an insufficient supply of leisure. + They take the part of magic—that is, they let God work himself + (<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">oremus nos, Deus laboret</span></span>).</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">98.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Theatricality + and Honesty of Unbelievers.</span></span>—There is no book that + contains in such abundance or expresses so faithfully all that man + occasionally finds salutary—ecstatic inward happiness, ready for + sacrifice or death in the belief in and contemplation of <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">his</span></em> + truth—as the book that tells of Christ. From that book a clever man + may learn all the means whereby a book can be made into a + world-book, a vade-mecum for all, and especially that master-means + of representing everything as discovered, nothing as future and + uncertain. All influential books try to leave the same impression, + as if the widest intellectual horizon were circumscribed here and + as if about the sun that shines here every constellation visible at + present or in the future must revolve.—Must not then all purely + scientific books be poor in influence on the same grounds as such + books are rich in influence? Is not the book fated to live humble + and among humble folk, in order to be crucified in the end and + never resurrected? In relation to what the <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page053">[pg 053]</span><a name="Pg053" id="Pg053" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> religious inform us of their <span class= + "tei tei-q">“knowledge”</span> and their <span class= + "tei tei-q">“holy spirit,”</span> are not all upright men of + science <span class="tei tei-q">“poor in spirit”</span>? Can any + religion demand more self-denial and draw the selfish out of + themselves more inexorably than science?—This and similar things we + may say, in any case with a certain theatricality, when we have to + defend ourselves against believers, for it is impossible to conduct + a defence without a certain amount of theatricality. But between + ourselves our language must be more honest, and we employ a freedom + that those believers are not even allowed, in their own interests, + to understand. Away, then, with the monastic cowl of self-denial, + with the appearance of humility! Much more and much better—so rings + our truth! If science were not linked with the pleasure of + knowledge, the utility of the thing known, what should we care for + science? If a little faith, love, and hope did not lead our souls + to knowledge, what would attract us to science? And if in science + the ego means nothing, still the inventive, happy ego, every + upright and industrious ego, means a great deal in the republic of + the men of science. The homage of those who pay homage, the joy of + those whom we wish well or honour, in some cases glory and a fair + share of immortality, is the personal reward for every suppression + of personality: to say nothing here of meaner views and rewards, + although it is just on this account that the majority have sworn + and always continue to swear fidelity to the laws of the republic + and of science. If we had not remained in some degree unscientific, + what would science matter to us? Taking everything together and + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page054">[pg 054]</span><a name= + "Pg054" id="Pg054" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> speaking in plain + language: <span class="tei tei-q">“To a purely knowing being + knowledge would be indifferent.”</span>—Not the quality but the + quantity of faith and devoutness distinguishes us from the pious, + the believers. We are content with less. But should one of them cry + out to us: <span class="tei tei-q">“Be content and show yourselves + contented!”</span> we could easily answer: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“As a matter of fact, we do not belong to the most + discontented class. But you, if your faith makes you happy, show + yourselves to be happy. Your faces have always done more harm to + your faith than our reasons! If that glad message of your Bible + were written in your faces, you would not need to demand belief in + the authority of that book in such stiff-necked fashion. Your + words, your actions should continually make the Bible + superfluous—in fact, through you a new Bible should continually + come into being. As it is, your apologia for Christianity is rooted + in your unchristianity, and with your defence you write your own + condemnation. If you, however, should wish to emerge from your + dissatisfaction with Christianity, you should ponder over the + experience of two thousand years, which, clothed in the modest form + of a question, may be voiced as follows: <span class= + "tei tei-q">‘If Christ really intended to redeem the world, may he + not be said to have failed?’</span> ”</span></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">99.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Poet as + Guide to the Future.</span></span>—All the surplus poetical force + that still exists in modern humanity, but is not used under our + conditions of life, should (without any deduction) be devoted to + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page055">[pg 055]</span><a name= + "Pg055" id="Pg055" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> a definite goal—not + to depicting the present nor to reviving and summarising the past, + but to pointing the way to the future. Nor should this be so done + as if the poet, like an imaginative political economist, had to + anticipate a more favourable national and social state of things + and picture their realisation. Rather will he, just as the earlier + poets portrayed the images of the Gods, portray the fair images of + men. He will divine those cases where, in the midst of our modern + world and reality (which will not be shirked or repudiated in the + usual poetic fashion), a great, noble soul is still possible, where + it may be embodied in harmonious, equable conditions, where it may + become permanent, visible, and representative of a type, and so, by + the stimulus to imitation and envy, help to create the future. The + poems of such a poet would be distinguished by appearing secluded + and protected from the heated atmosphere of the passions. The + irremediable failure, the shattering of all the strings of the + human instrument, the scornful laughter and gnashing of teeth, and + all tragedy and comedy in the usual old sense, would appear by the + side of this new art as mere archaic lumber, a blurring of the + outlines of the world-picture. Strength, kindness, gentleness, + purity, and an unsought, innate moderation in the personalities and + their action: a levelled soil, giving rest and pleasure to the + foot: a shining heaven mirrored in faces and events: science and + art welded into a new unity: the mind living together with her + sister, the soul, without arrogance or jealousy, and enticing from + contrasts the grace of seriousness, not the impatience of + discord—all <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page056">[pg + 056]</span><a name="Pg056" id="Pg056" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + this would be the general environment, the background on which the + delicate differences of the embodied ideals would make the real + picture, that of ever-growing human majesty. Many roads to this + poetry of the future start from Goethe, but the quest needs good + pathfinders and above all a far greater strength than is possessed + by modern poets, who unscrupulously represent the half-animal and + the immaturity and intemperance that are mistaken by them for power + and naturalness.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">100.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Muse as + Penthesilea.</span></span><a id="noteref_9" name="noteref_9" href= + "#note_9"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">9</span></span></a>—<span class="tei tei-q">“Better + to rot than to be a woman without charm.”</span> When once the Muse + thinks thus, the end of her art is again at hand. But it can be a + tragic and also a comic finale.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">101.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Circuitous + Path to the Beautiful.</span></span>—If the beautiful is to be + identified with that which gives pleasure—and thus sang the Muses + once—the useful is often the necessary circuitous path to the + beautiful, and has a perfect right to spurn the short-sighted + censure of men who live for the moment, who will not wait, and who + think that they can reach all good things without ever taking a + circuitous path.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">102.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">An Excuse for + many a Transgression.</span></span>—The ceaseless desire to create, + the eternal looking outward <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page057">[pg 057]</span><a name="Pg057" id="Pg057" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> of the artist, hinders him from becoming + better and more beautiful as a personality: unless his craving for + glory be great enough to compel him to exhibit in his relations + with other men a growth corresponding to the growing beauty and + greatness of his works. In any case he has but a limited measure of + strength, and how could the proportion of strength that he spends + on himself be of any benefit to his work—or <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">vice + versa</span></span>?</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">103.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Satisfying the + Best People.</span></span>—If we have satisfied the best people of + our time with our art, it is a sign that we shall not satisfy the + best people of the succeeding period. We have indeed <span class= + "tei tei-q">“lived for all time,”</span> and the applause of the + best people ensures our fame.<a id="noteref_10" name="noteref_10" + href="#note_10"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">10</span></span></a></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">104.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Of One + Substance.</span></span>—If we are of one substance with a book or + a work of art, we think in our heart of hearts that it must be + excellent, and are offended if others find it ugly, over-spiced, or + pretentious.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">105.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Speech and + Emotion.</span></span>—That speech is not given to us to + communicate our emotions may be seen from the fact that all simple + men are ashamed to seek for words to express their deeper feelings. + These <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page058">[pg 058]</span><a name= + "Pg058" id="Pg058" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> feelings are + expressed only in actions, and even here such men blush if others + seem to divine their motives. After all, among poets, to whom God + generally denies this shame, the more noble are more monosyllabic + in the language of emotion, and evince a certain constraint: + whereas the real poets of emotion are for the most part shameless + in practical life.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">106.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">A Mistake about + a Privation.</span></span>—He that has not for a long time been + completely weaned from an art, and is still always at home in it, + has no idea how small a privation it is to live without that + art.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">107.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Three-quarter + Strength.</span></span>—A work that is meant to give an impression + of health should be produced with three-quarters, at the most, of + the strength of its creator. If he has gone to his farthest limit, + the work excites the observer and disconcerts him by its tension. + All good things have something lazy about them and lie like cows in + the meadow.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">108.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Refusing to + have Hunger as a Guest.</span></span>—As refined fare serves a + hungry man as well as and no better than coarser food, the more + pretentious artist will not dream of inviting the hungry man to his + meal.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">109.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Living without + Art and Wine.</span></span>—It is with works of art as with wine—it + is better if one can do <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page059">[pg + 059]</span><a name="Pg059" id="Pg059" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + without both and keep to water, and if from the inner fire and + inner sweetness of the soul the water spontaneously changes again + into wine.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">110.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The + Pirate-Genius.</span></span>—The pirate-genius in art, who even + knows how to deceive subtle minds, arises when some one + unscrupulously and from youth upwards regards all good things, that + are not protected by law, as the property of a particular person, + as his legitimate spoil. Now all the good things of past ages and + masters lie free around us, hedged about and protected by the + reverential awe of the few who know them. To these few our + robber-genius, by the force of his impudence, bids defiance and + accumulates for himself a wealth that once more calls forth homage + and awe.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">111.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">To the Poets of + Great Towns.</span></span>—In the gardens of modern poetry it will + clearly be observed that the sewers of great towns are too near. + With the fragrance of flowers is mingled something that betrays + abomination and putrescence. With pain I ask: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Must you poets always request wit and dirt to stand + godfather, when an innocent and beautiful sensation has to be + christened by you? Are you obliged to dress your noble goddess in a + hood of devilry and caricature? But whence this necessity, this + obligation?”</span> The reason is—because you live too near the + sewers.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page060">[pg 060]</span><a name= + "Pg060" id="Pg060" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">112.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Of the Salt of + Speech.</span></span>—No one has ever explained why the Greek + writers, having at command such an unparalleled wealth and power of + language, made so sparing a use of their resources that every + post-classical Greek book appears by comparison crude, + over-coloured, and extravagant. It is said that towards the North + Polar ice and in the hottest countries salt is becoming less and + less used, whereas on the other hand the dwellers on the plains and + by the coast in the more temperate zones use salt in great + abundance. Is it possible that the Greeks from a twofold + reason—because their intellect was colder and clearer but their + fundamental passionate nature far more tropical than ours—did not + need salt and spice to the same extent that we do?</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">113.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Freest + Writer.</span></span>—In a book for free spirits one cannot avoid + mention of Laurence Sterne, the man whom Goethe honoured as the + freest spirit of his century. May he be satisfied with the honour + of being called the freest writer of all times, in comparison with + whom all others appear stiff, square-toed, intolerant, and + downright boorish! In his case we should not speak of the clear and + rounded but of <span class="tei tei-q">“the endless + melody”</span>—if by this phrase we arrive at a name for an + artistic style in which the definite form is continually broken, + thrust aside and transferred to the realm of the indefinite, so + that it signifies one and the other at the same time. Sterne is the + great master of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">double entendre</span></span>, this phrase + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page061">[pg 061]</span><a name= + "Pg061" id="Pg061" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> being naturally used + in a far wider sense than is commonly done when one applies it to + sexual relations. We may give up for lost the reader who always + wants to know exactly what Sterne thinks about a matter, and + whether he be making a serious or a smiling face (for he can do + both with one wrinkling of his features; he can be and even wishes + to be right and wrong at the same moment, to interweave profundity + and farce). His digressions are at once continuations and further + developments of the story, his maxims contain a satire on all that + is sententious, his dislike of seriousness is bound up with a + disposition to take no matter merely externally and on the surface. + So in the proper reader he arouses a feeling of uncertainty whether + he be walking, lying, or standing, a feeling most closely akin to + that of floating in the air. He, the most versatile of writers, + communicates something of this versatility to his reader. Yes, + Sterne unexpectedly changes the parts, and is often as much reader + as author, his book being like a play within a play, a theatre + audience before another theatre audience. We must surrender at + discretion to the mood of Sterne, although we can always expect it + to be gracious. It is strangely instructive to see how so great a + writer as Diderot has affected this <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">double + entendre</span></span> of Sterne's—to be equally ambiguous + throughout is just the Sternian super-humour. Did Diderot imitate, + admire, ridicule, or parody Sterne in his <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Jacques le + Fataliste</span></span>? One cannot be exactly certain, and this + uncertainty was perhaps intended by the author. This very doubt + makes the French unjust to the work of one of their first masters, + one <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page062">[pg 062]</span><a name= + "Pg062" id="Pg062" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> who need not be + ashamed of comparison with any of the ancients or moderns. For + humour (and especially for this humorous attitude towards humour + itself) the French are too serious. Is it necessary to add that of + all great authors Sterne is the worst model, in fact the inimitable + author, and that even Diderot had to pay for his daring? What the + worthy Frenchmen and before them some Greeks and Romans aimed at + and attained in prose is the very opposite of what Sterne aims at + and attains. He raises himself as a masterly exception above all + that artists in writing demand of themselves—propriety, reserve, + character, steadfastness of purpose, comprehensiveness, + perspicuity, good deportment in gait and feature. Unfortunately + Sterne the man seems to have been only too closely related to + Sterne the writer. His squirrel-soul sprang with insatiable unrest + from branch to branch; he knew what lies between sublimity and + rascality; he had sat on every seat, always with unabashed watery + eyes and mobile play of feature. He was—if language does not revolt + from such a combination—of a hard-hearted kindness, and in the + midst of the joys of a grotesque and even corrupt imagination he + showed the bashful grace of innocence. Such a carnal and spiritual + hermaphroditism, such untrammelled wit penetrating into every vein + and muscle, was perhaps never possessed by any other man.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">114.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">A Choice + Reality.</span></span>—Just as the good prose writer only takes + words that belong to the language of daily intercourse, though not + by a long way all <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page063">[pg + 063]</span><a name="Pg063" id="Pg063" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + its words—whence arises a choice style—so the good poet of the + future will only represent the real and turn his eyes away from all + fantastic, superstitious, half-voiced, forgotten stories, to which + earlier poets devoted their powers. Only reality, though by a long + way not every reality—but a choice reality.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">115.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Degenerate + Species of Art.</span></span>—Side by side with the genuine species + of art, those of great repose and great movement, there are + degenerate species—weary, blasé art and excited art. Both would + have their weakness taken for strength and wish to be confounded + with the genuine species.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">116.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">A Hero + Impossible from Lack of Colour.</span></span>—The typical poets and + artists of our age like to compose their pictures upon a background + of shimmering red, green, grey, and gold, on the background of + nervous sensuality—a condition well understood by the children of + this century. The drawback comes when we do <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">not</span></em> + look at these pictures with the eyes of our century. Then we see + that the great figures painted by these artists have something + flickering, tremulous, and dizzy about them, and accordingly we do + not ascribe to them heroic deeds, but at best mock-heroic, + swaggering <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">mis</span></em>deeds.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">117.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Overladen + Style.</span></span>—The overladen style is a consequence of the + impoverishment of the organising <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page064">[pg 064]</span><a name="Pg064" id="Pg064" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> force together with a lavish stock of + expedients and intentions. At the beginnings of art the very + reverse conditions sometimes appear.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">118.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span lang="la" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic; font-variant: small-caps">Pulchrum est + paucorum hominum.</span></span></span>—History and experience tell + us that the significant grotesqueness that mysteriously excites the + imagination and carries one beyond everyday reality, is older and + grows more luxuriantly than the beautiful and reverence for the + beautiful in art: and that it begins to flourish exceedingly when + the sense for beauty is on the wane. For the vast majority of + mankind this grotesque seems to be a higher need than the + beautiful, presumably because it contains a coarser narcotic.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">119.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Origins of + Taste in Works of Art.</span></span>—If we consider the primary + germs of the artistic sense, and ask ourselves what are the various + kinds of joy produced by the firstlings of art—as, for example, + among savage tribes—we find first of all the joy of understanding + what another means. Art in this case is a sort of conundrum, which + causes its solver pleasure in his own quick and keen + perceptions.—Then the roughest works of art remind us of the + pleasant things we have actually experienced, and so give joy—as, + for example, when the artist alludes to a chase, a victory, a + wedding.—Again, the representation may cause us to feel excited, + touched, inflamed, as for instance in the glorification of revenge + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page065">[pg 065]</span><a name= + "Pg065" id="Pg065" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> and danger. Here the + enjoyment lies in the excitement itself, in the victory over + tedium.—The memory, too, of unpleasant things, so far as they have + been overcome or make us appear interesting to the listener as + subjects for art (as when the singer describes the mishaps of a + daring seaman), can inspire great joy, the credit for which is + given to art.—A more subtle variety is the joy that arises at the + sight of all that is regular and symmetrical in lines, points, and + rhythms. For by a certain analogy is awakened the feeling for all + that is orderly and regular in life, which one has to thank alone + for all well-being. So in the cult of symmetry we unconsciously do + homage to rule and proportion as the source of our previous + happiness, and the joy in this case is a kind of hymn of + thanksgiving. Only when a certain satiety of the last-mentioned joy + arises does a more subtle feeling step in, that enjoyment might + even lie in a violation of the symmetrical and regular. This + feeling, for example, impels us to seek reason in apparent + unreason, and the sort of æsthetic riddle-guessing that results is + in a way the higher species of the first-named artistic joy.—He who + pursues this speculation still further will know what kind of + hypotheses for the explanation of æsthetic phenomena are hereby + fundamentally rejected.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">120.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Not too + Near.</span></span>—It is a disadvantage for good thoughts when + they follow too closely on one another, for they hide the view from + each other. <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page066">[pg + 066]</span><a name="Pg066" id="Pg066" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + That is why great artists and writers have made an abundant use of + the mediocre.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">121.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Roughness and + Weakness.</span></span>—Artists of all periods have made the + discovery that in roughness lies a certain strength, and that not + every one can be rough who wants to be: also that many varieties of + weakness have a powerful effect on the emotions. From this source + are derived many artistic substitutes, which not even the greatest + and most conscientious artists can abstain from using.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">122.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Good + Memory.</span></span>—Many a man fails to become a thinker for the + sole reason that his memory is too good.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">123.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Arousing + instead of Appeasing Hunger.</span></span>—Great artists fancy that + they have taken full possession of a soul. In reality, and often to + their painful disappointment, that soul has only been made more + capacious and insatiable, so that a dozen greater artists could + plunge into its depths without filling it up.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">124.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Artists' + Anxiety.</span></span>—The anxiety lest people may not believe that + their figures are <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">alive</span></em> can mislead many artists of + declining taste to portray these figures so that they appear as if + mad. From the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page067">[pg + 067]</span><a name="Pg067" id="Pg067" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + same anxiety, on the other hand, Greek artists of the earliest ages + gave even dead and sorely wounded men that smile which they knew as + the most vivid sign of life—careless of the actual forms bestowed + by nature on life at its last gasp.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">125.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Circle must + be Completed.</span></span>—He who follows a philosophy or a genre + of art to the end of its career and beyond, understands from inner + experience why the masters and disciples who come after have so + often turned, with a depreciatory gesture, into a new groove. The + circle must be described—but the individual, even the greatest, + sits firm on his point of the circumference, with an inexorable + look of obstinacy, as if the circle ought never to be + completed.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">126.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Older Art + and the Soul of the Present.</span></span>—Since every art becomes + more and more adapted to the expression of spiritual states, of the + more lively, delicate, energetic, and passionate states, the later + masters, spoilt by these means of expression, do not feel at their + ease in the presence of the old-time works of art. They feel as if + the ancients had merely been lacking in the means of making their + souls speak clearly, also perhaps in some necessary technical + preliminaries. They think that they must render some assistance in + this quarter, for they believe in the similarity or even unity of + all souls. In truth, however, measure, symmetry, a <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page068">[pg 068]</span><a name="Pg068" id="Pg068" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> contempt for graciousness and charm, an + unconscious severity and morning chilliness, an evasion of passion, + as if passion meant the death of art—such are the constituents of + sentiment and morality in all old masters, who selected and + arranged their means of expression not at random but in a necessary + connection with their morality. Knowing this, are we to deny those + that come after the right to animate the older works with their + soul? No, for these works can only survive through our giving them + our soul, and our blood alone enables them to speak to <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">us</span></em>. The + real <span class="tei tei-q">“historic”</span> discourse would talk + ghostly speech to ghosts. We honour the great artists less by that + barren timidity that allows every word, every note to remain intact + than by energetic endeavours to aid them continually to a new + life.—True, if Beethoven were suddenly to come to life and hear one + of his works performed with that modern animation and nervous + refinement that bring glory to our masters of execution, he would + probably be silent for a long while, uncertain whether he should + raise his hand to curse or to bless, but perhaps say at last: + <span class="tei tei-q">“Well, well! That is neither I nor not-I, + but a third thing—it seems to me, too, something right, if not just + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">the</span></em> right thing. But you must know + yourselves what to do, as in any case it is you who have to listen. + As our Schiller says, <span class="tei tei-q">‘the living man is + right.’</span> So have it your own way, and let me go down + again.”</span></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">127.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Against the + Disparagers of Brevity.</span></span>—A brief dictum may be the + fruit and harvest of long <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page069">[pg + 069]</span><a name="Pg069" id="Pg069" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + reflection. The reader, however, who is a novice in this field and + has never considered the case in point, sees something embryonic in + all brief dicta, not without a reproachful hint to the author, + requesting him not to serve up such raw and ill-prepared food.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">128.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Against the + Short-Sighted.</span></span>—Do you think it is piece-work because + it is (and must be) offered you in pieces?</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">129.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Readers of + Aphorisms.</span></span>—The worst readers of aphorisms are the + friends of the author, if they make a point of referring the + general to the particular instance to which the aphorism owes its + origin. This namby-pamby attitude brings all the author's trouble + to naught, and instead of a philosophic lesson and a philosophic + frame of mind, they deservedly gain nothing but the satisfaction of + a vulgar curiosity.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">130.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Readers' + Insults.</span></span>—The reader offers a two-fold insult to the + author by praising his second book at the expense of his first (or + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">vice + versa</span></span>) and by expecting the author to be grateful to + him on that account.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">131.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Exciting + Element in the History of Art.</span></span>—We fall into a state + of terrible tension when we follow the history of an art—as, for + example, that <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page070">[pg + 070]</span><a name="Pg070" id="Pg070" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + of Greek oratory—and, passing from master to master, observe their + increasing precautions to obey the old and the new laws and all + these self-imposed limitations. We see that the bow <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">must</span></em> + snap, and that the so-called <span class="tei tei-q">“loose”</span> + composition, with the wonderful means of expression smothered and + concealed (in this particular case the florid style of Asianism), + was once necessary and almost <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">beneficial</span></em>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">132.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">To the Great in + Art.</span></span>—That enthusiasm for some object which you, O + great man, introduce into this world causes the intelligence of the + many to be stunted. The knowledge of this fact spells humiliation. + But the enthusiast wears his hump with pride and pleasure, and you + have the consolation of feeling that you have increased the world's + happiness.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">133.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Conscienceless + Æsthetes.</span></span>—The real fanatics of an artistic school are + perhaps those utterly inartistic natures that are not even grounded + in the elements of artistic study and creation, but are impressed + with the strongest of all the elementary influences of an art. For + them there is no æsthetic conscience—hence nothing to hold them + back from fanaticism.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">134.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">How the Soul + should be Moved by the New Music.</span></span>—The artistic + purpose followed by the new music, in what is now forcibly but none + too <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page071">[pg 071]</span><a name= + "Pg071" id="Pg071" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> lucidly termed + <span class="tei tei-q">“endless melody,”</span> can be understood + by going into the sea, gradually losing one's firm tread on the + bottom, and finally surrendering unconditionally to the fluid + element. One has to <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">swim</span></em>. In the previous, older music + one was forced, with delicate or stately or impassioned movement, + to <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">dance</span></em>. The measure necessary for + dancing, the observance of a distinct balance of time and force in + the soul of the hearer, imposed a continual self-control. Through + the counteraction of the cooler draught of air which came from this + caution and the warmer breath of musical enthusiasm, that music + exercised its spell.—Richard Wagner aimed at a different excitation + of the soul, allied, as above said, to swimming and floating. This + is perhaps the most essential of his innovations. His famous + method, originating from this aim and adapted to it—the + <span class="tei tei-q">“endless melody”</span>—strives to break + and sometimes even to despise all mathematical equilibrium of time + and force. He is only too rich in the invention of such effects, + which sound to the old school like rhythmic paradoxes and + blasphemies. He dreads petrifaction, crystallisation, the + development of music into the architectural. He accordingly sets up + a three-time rhythm in opposition to the double-time, not + infrequently introduces five-time and seven-time, immediately + repeats a phrase, but with a prolation, so that its time is again + doubled and trebled. From an easy-going imitation of such art may + arise a great danger to music, for by the side of the + superabundance of rhythmic emotion demoralisation and decadence + lurk in ambush. The danger will become very great if such music + comes to associate itself <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page072">[pg + 072]</span><a name="Pg072" id="Pg072" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + more and more closely with a quite naturalistic art of acting and + pantomime, trained and dominated by no higher plastic models; an + art that knows no measure in itself and can impart no measure to + the kindred element, the all-too-womanish nature of music.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">135.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Poet and + Reality.</span></span>—The Muse of the poet who is not in love with + reality will not be reality, and will bear him children with hollow + eyes and all too tender bones.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">136.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Means and + End.</span></span>—In art the end does not justify the means, but + holy means can justify the end.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">137.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Worst + Readers.</span></span>—The worst readers are those who act like + plundering soldiers. They take out some things that they might use, + cover the rest with filth and confusion, and blaspheme about the + whole.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">138.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Signs of a Good + Writer.</span></span>—Good writers have two things in common: they + prefer being understood to being admired, and they do not write for + the critical and over-shrewd reader.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">139.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Mixed + Species.</span></span>—The mixed species in art bear witness to + their authors' distrust of their own <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page073">[pg 073]</span><a name="Pg073" id="Pg073" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> strength. They seek auxiliary powers, + advocates, hiding-places—such is the case with the poet who calls + in philosophy, the musician who calls in the drama, and the thinker + who calls in rhetoric to his aid.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">140.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Shutting One's + Mouth.</span></span>—When his book opens its mouth, the author must + shut his.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">141.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Badges of + Rank.</span></span>—All poets and men of letters who are in love + with the superlative want to do more than they can.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">142.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cold + Books.</span></span>—The deep thinker reckons on readers who feel + with him the happiness that lies in deep thinking. Hence a book + that looks cold and sober, if seen in the right light, may seem + bathed in the sunshine of spiritual cheerfulness and become a + genuine soul-comforter.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">143.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">A Knack of the + Slow-Witted.</span></span>—The slow-witted thinker generally allies + himself with loquacity and ceremoniousness. By the former he thinks + he is gaining mobility and fluency, by the latter he gives his + peculiarity the appearance of being a result of free will and + artistic purpose, with a view to dignity, which needs slow + movement.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page074">[pg 074]</span><a name= + "Pg074" id="Pg074" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">144.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span lang="fr" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="fr"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic; font-variant: small-caps">Le Style + Baroque.</span></span></span><a id="noteref_11" name="noteref_11" + href="#note_11"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">11</span></span></a>—He who + as thinker and writer is not born or trained to dialectic and the + consecutive arrangement of ideas, will unconsciously turn to the + rhetoric and dramatic forms. For, after all, his object is to make + himself understood and to carry the day by force, and he is + indifferent whether, as shepherd, he honestly guides to himself the + hearts of his fellow-men, or, as robber, he captures them by + surprise. This is true of the plastic arts as of music: where the + feeling of insufficient dialectic or a deficiency in expression or + narration, together with an urgent, over-powerful impulse to form, + gives birth to that species of style known as <span class= + "tei tei-q">“baroque.”</span> Only the ill-educated and the + arrogant will at once find a depreciatory force in this word. The + baroque style always arises at the time of decay of a great art, + when the demands of art in classical expression have become too + great. It is a natural phenomenon which will be observed with + melancholy—for it is a forerunner of the night—but at the same time + with admiration for its peculiar compensatory arts of expression + and narration. To this style belongs already a choice of material + and subjects of the highest dramatic tension, at which the heart + trembles even when there is no art, because heaven and hell are all + too near the emotions: then, the oratory of strong passion and + gestures, of ugly sublimity, of great <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page075">[pg 075]</span><a name="Pg075" id="Pg075" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> masses, in fact of absolute quantity + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">per + se</span></span> (as is shown in Michael Angelo, the father or + grandfather of the Italian baroque stylists): the lights of dusk, + illumination and conflagration playing upon those strongly moulded + forms: ever-new ventures in means and aims, strongly underscored by + artists for artists, while the layman must fancy he sees an + unconscious overflowing of all the horns of plenty of an original + nature-art: all these characteristics that constitute the greatness + of that style are neither possible nor permitted in the earlier + ante-classical and classical periods of a branch of art. Such + luxuries hang long on the tree like forbidden fruit. Just now, when + music is passing into this last phase, we may learn to know the + phenomenon of the baroque style in peculiar splendour, and, by + comparison, find much that is instructive for earlier ages. For + from Greek times onward there has often been a baroque style, in + poetry, oratory, prose writing, sculpture, and, as is well known, + in architecture. This style, though wanting in the highest + nobility,—the nobility of an innocent, unconscious, triumphant + perfection,—has nevertheless given pleasure to many of the best and + most serious minds of their time. Hence, as aforesaid, it is + presumptuous to depreciate it without reserve, however happy we may + feel because our taste for it has not made us insensible to the + purer and greater style.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">145.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Value of + Honest Books.</span></span>—Honest books make the reader honest, at + least by exciting his hatred and aversion, which otherwise cunning + cleverness <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page076">[pg + 076]</span><a name="Pg076" id="Pg076" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + knows so well how to conceal. Against a book, however, we let + ourselves go, however restrained we may be in our relations with + men.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">146.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">How Art makes + Partisans.</span></span>—Individual fine passages, an exciting + general tenor, a moving and absorbing finale—so much of a work of + art is accessible even to most laymen. In an art period when it is + desired to win over the great majority of the laymen to the side of + the artists and to make a party perhaps for the very preservation + of art, the creative artist will do well to offer nothing more than + the above. Then he will not be a squanderer of his strength, in + spheres where no one is grateful to him. For to perform the + remaining functions, the imitation of Nature in her organic + development and growth, would in that case be like sowing seeds in + water.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">147.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Becoming Great + to the Detriment of History.</span></span>—Every later master who + leads the taste of art-lovers into his channel unconsciously gives + rise to a selection and revaluation of the older masters and their + works. Whatever in them is conformable and akin to him, and + anticipates and foreshadows him, appears henceforth as the only + important element in them and their works—a fruit in which a great + error usually lies hidden like a worm.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">148.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">How an Epoch + becomes Lured to Art.</span></span>—If we teach people by all the + enchantments of artists <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page077">[pg + 077]</span><a name="Pg077" id="Pg077" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + and thinkers to feel reverence for their defects, their + intellectual poverty, their absurd infatuations and passions (as it + is quite possible to do); if we show them only the lofty side of + crime and folly, only the touching and appealing element in + weakness and flabbiness and blind devotion (that too has often + enough been done):—we have employed the means for inspiring even an + unphilosophical and inartistic age with an ecstatic love of + philosophy and art (especially of thinkers and artists as + personalities) and, in the worst case, perhaps with the only means + of defending the existence of such tender and fragile beings.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">149.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Criticism and + Joy.</span></span>—Criticism, one-sided and unjust as well as + intelligent criticism, gives so much pleasure to him who exercises + it that the world is indebted to every work and every action that + inspires much criticism and many critics. For criticism draws after + it a glittering train of joyousness, wit, self-admiration, pride, + instruction, designs of improvement.—The God of joy created the bad + and the mediocre for the same reason that he created the good.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">150.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Beyond his + Limits.</span></span>—When an artist wants to be more than an + artist—for example, the moral awakener of his people—he at last + falls in love, as a punishment, with a monster of moral substance. + The Muse laughs, for, though a kind-hearted Goddess, she can also + be malignant from jealousy. Milton and Klopstock are cases in + point.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page078">[pg 078]</span><a name= + "Pg078" id="Pg078" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">151.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">A Glass + Eye.</span></span>—The tendency of a talent towards moral subjects, + characters, motives, towards the <span class="tei tei-q">“beautiful + soul”</span> of the work of art, is often only a glass eye put on + by the artist who lacks a beautiful soul. It may result, though + rarely, that his eye finally becomes living Nature, if indeed it be + Nature with a somewhat troubled look. But the ordinary result is + that the whole world thinks it sees Nature where there is only cold + glass.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">152.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Writing and + Desire for Victory.</span></span>—Writing should always indicate a + victory, indeed a conquest of oneself which must be communicated to + others for their behoof. There are, however, dyspeptic authors who + only write when they cannot digest something, or when something has + remained stuck in their teeth. Through their anger they try + unconsciously to disgust the reader too, and to exercise violence + upon him—that is, they desire victory, but victory over others.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">153.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">A Good Book + Needs Time.</span></span>—Every good book tastes bitter when it + first comes out, for it has the defect of newness. Moreover, it + suffers damage from its living author, if he is well known and much + talked about. For all the world is accustomed to confuse the author + with his work. Whatever of profundity, sweetness, and brilliance + the work may contain must be developed as the years go by, + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page079">[pg 079]</span><a name= + "Pg079" id="Pg079" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> under the care of + growing, then old, and lastly traditional reverence. Many hours + must pass, many a spider must have woven its web about the book. A + book is made better by good readers and clearer by good + opponents.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">154.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Extravagance as + an Artistic Means.</span></span>—Artists well understand the idea + of using extravagance as an artistic means in order to convey an + impression of wealth. This is one of those innocent wiles of + soul-seduction that the artist must know, for in his world, which + has only appearance in view, the means to appearance need not + necessarily be genuine.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">155.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Hidden + Barrel-Organ.</span></span>—Genius, by virtue of its more ample + drapery, knows better than talent how to hide its barrel-organ. Yet + after all it too can only play its seven old pieces over and over + again.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">156.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Name on the + Title-Page.</span></span>—It is now a matter of custom and almost + of duty for the author's name to appear on the book, and this is a + main cause of the fact that books have so little influence. If they + are good, they are worth more than the personalities of their + authors, of which they are the quintessences. But as soon as the + author makes himself known on the title-page, the quintessence, + from the reader's point of view, becomes <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page080">[pg 080]</span><a name="Pg080" id="Pg080" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> diluted with the personal, the most personal + element, and the aim of the book is frustrated. It is the ambition + of the intellect no longer to appear individual.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">157.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Most + Cutting Criticism.</span></span>—We make the most cutting criticism + of a man or a book when we indicate his or its ideal.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">158.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Little or no + Love.</span></span>—Every good book is written for a particular + reader and men of his stamp, and for that very reason is looked + upon unfavourably by all other readers, by the vast majority. Its + reputation accordingly rests on a narrow basis and must be built up + by degrees.—The mediocre and bad book is mediocre and bad because + it seeks to please, and does please, a great number.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">159.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Music and + Disease.</span></span>—The danger of the new music lies in the fact + that it puts the cup of rapture and exaltation to the lips so + invitingly, and with such a show of moral ecstasy, that even the + noble and temperate man always drinks a drop too much. This minimum + of intemperance, constantly repeated, can in the end bring about a + deeper convulsion and destruction of mental health than any coarse + excess could do. Hence nothing remains but some day to fly from the + grotto of the nymph, and through perils and billowy seas to forge + one's way to the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page081">[pg + 081]</span><a name="Pg081" id="Pg081" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + smoke of Ithaca and the embraces of a simpler and more human + spouse.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">160.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Advantage for + Opponents.</span></span>—A book full of intellect communicates + something thereof even to its opponents.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">161.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Youth and + Criticism.</span></span>—To criticise a book means, for the young, + not to let oneself be touched by a single productive thought + therefrom, and to protect one's skin with hands and feet. The + youngster lives in opposition to all novelty that he cannot love in + the lump, in a position of self-defence, and in this connection he + commits, as often as he can, a superfluous sin.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">162.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Effect of + Quantity.</span></span>—The greatest paradox in the history of + poetic art lies in this: that in all that constitutes the greatness + of the old poets a man may be a barbarian, faulty and deformed from + top to toe, and still remain the greatest of poets. This is the + case with Shakespeare, who, as compared with Sophocles, is like a + mine of immeasurable wealth in gold, lead, and rubble, whereas + Sophocles is not merely gold, but gold in its noblest form, one + that almost makes us forget the money-value of the metal. But + quantity in its highest intensity has the same effect as quality. + That is a good thing for Shakespeare.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page082">[pg 082]</span><a name= + "Pg082" id="Pg082" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">163.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">All Beginning + is Dangerous.</span></span>—The Poet can choose whether to raise + emotion from one grade to another, and so finally to exalt it to a + great height—or to try a surprise attack, and from the start to + pull the bell-rope with might and main. Both processes have their + danger—in the first case his hearer may run away from him through + boredom, in the second through terror.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">164.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">In Favour of + Critics.</span></span>—Insects sting, not from malice, but because + they too want to live. It is the same with our critics—they desire + our blood, not our pain.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">165.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Success of + Aphorisms.</span></span>—The inexperienced, when an aphorism at + once illuminates their minds with its naked truth, always think + that it is old and well known. They look askance at the author, as + if he had wanted to steal the common property of all, whereas they + enjoy highly spiced half-truths, and give the author to understand + as much. He knows how to appreciate the hint, and easily guesses + thereby where he has succeeded and failed.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">166.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Desire for + Victory.</span></span>—An artist who exceeds the limit of his + strength in all that he undertakes will end by carrying the + multitude along with him through the spectacle of violent + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page083">[pg 083]</span><a name= + "Pg083" id="Pg083" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> wrestling that he + affords. Success is not always the accompaniment only of victory, + but also of the desire for victory.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">167.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span lang="la" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic; font-variant: small-caps">Sibi + Scribere.</span></span></span>—The sensible author writes for no + other posterity than his own—that is, for his age—so as to be able + even then to take pleasure in himself.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">168.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Praise of the + Aphorism.</span></span>—A good aphorism is too hard for the tooth + of time, and is not worn away by all the centuries, although it + serves as food for every epoch. Hence it is the greatest paradox in + literature, the imperishable in the midst of change, the + nourishment which always remains highly valued, as salt does, and + never becomes stupid like salt.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">169.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Art-Need of + the Second Order.</span></span>—The people may have something of + what can be called art-need, but it is small, and can be cheaply + satisfied. On the whole, the remnant of art (it must be honestly + confessed) suffices for this need. Let us consider, for example, + the kind of melodies and songs in which the most vigorous, + unspoiled, and true-hearted classes of the population find genuine + delight; let us live among shepherds, cowherds, peasants, huntsmen, + soldiers, and sailors, and give ourselves the answer. And in the + country town, just in the houses that are the homes of inherited + civic virtue, is it not the worst music at present produced + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page084">[pg 084]</span><a name= + "Pg084" id="Pg084" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> that is loved and, + one might say, cherished? He who speaks of deeper needs and + unsatisfied yearnings for art among the people, as it is, is a + crank or an impostor. Be honest! Only in exceptional men is there + now an art-need in the highest sense—because art is once more on + the down-grade, and human powers and hopes are for the time being + directed to other matters.—Apart from this, outside the populace, + there exists indeed, in the higher and highest strata of society, a + broader and more comprehensive art-need, but <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">of the second + order</span></em>. Here there is a sort of artistic commune, which + possibly means to be sincere. But let us look at the elements! They + are in general the more refined malcontents, who attain no genuine + pleasure in themselves; the cultured, who have not become free + enough to dispense with the consolations of religion, and yet do + not find its incense sufficiently fragrant; the half-aristocratic, + who are too weak to combat by a heroic conversion or renunciation + the one fundamental error of their lives or the pernicious bent of + their characters; the highly gifted, who think themselves too + dignified to be of service by modest activity, and are too lazy for + real, self-sacrificing work; girls who cannot create for themselves + a satisfactory sphere of duties; women who have tied themselves by + a light-hearted or nefarious marriage, and know that they are not + tied securely enough; scholars, physicians, merchants, officials + who specialised too early and never gave their lives a free enough + scope—who do their work efficiently, it is true, but with a worm + gnawing at their hearts; finally, all imperfect artists—these are + nowadays the true needers of art! <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page085">[pg 085]</span><a name="Pg085" id="Pg085" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> What do they really desire from art? Art is + to drive away hours and moments of discomfort, boredom, half-bad + conscience, and, if possible, transform the faults of their lives + and characters into faults of world-destiny. Very different were + the Greeks, who realised in their art the outflow and overflow of + their own sense of well-being and health, and loved to see their + perfection once more from a standpoint outside themselves. They + were led to art by delight in themselves; our contemporaries—by + disgust of themselves.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">170.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Germans in + the Theatre.</span></span>—The real theatrical talent of the + Germans was Kotzebue. He and his Germans, those of higher as well + as those of middle-class society, were necessarily associated, and + his contemporaries should have said of him in all seriousness, + <span class="tei tei-q">“in him we live and move and have our + being.”</span> Here was nothing—no constraint, pretence, or + half-enjoyment: what he could and would do was understood. Yes, + until now the honest theatrical success on the German stage has + been in the hands of the shamefaced or unashamed heirs of + Kotzebue's methods and influence—that is, as far as comedy still + flourishes at all. The result is that much of the Germanism of that + age, sometimes far off from the great towns, still survives. + Good-natured; incontinent in small pleasures; always ready for + tears; with the desire, in the theatre at any rate, to be able to + get rid of their innate sobriety and strict attention to duty and + exercise; a smiling, nay, a laughing indulgence; confusing goodness + and sympathy <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page086">[pg + 086]</span><a name="Pg086" id="Pg086" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + and welding them into one, as is the essential characteristic of + German sentimentality; exceedingly happy at a noble, magnanimous + action; for the rest, submissive towards superiors, envious of each + other, and yet in their heart of hearts thoroughly + self-satisfied—such were they and such was he.—The second dramatic + talent was Schiller. He discovered a class of hearers which had + hitherto never been taken into consideration: among the callow + German youth of both sexes. His poetry responded to their higher, + nobler, more violent if more confused emotions, their delight in + the jingle of moral words (a delight that begins to disappear when + we reach the thirties). Thus he won for himself, by virtue of the + passionateness and partisanship of the young, a success which + gradually reacted with advantage upon those of riper years. + Generally speaking, Schiller rejuvenated the Germans. Goethe stood + and still stands above the Germans in every respect. To them he + will never belong. How could a nation in well-being and + well-wishing come up to the intellectuality of Goethe? Beethoven + composed and Schopenhauer philosophised above the heads of the + Germans, and it was above their heads, in the same way, that Goethe + wrote his <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Tasso</span></span>, his <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Iphigenie</span></span>. He was followed by a + small company of highly cultured persons, who were educated by + antiquity, life, and travel, and had grown out of German ways of + thought. He himself did not wish it to be otherwise.—When the + Romantics set up their well-conceived Goethe cult; when their + amazing skill in appreciation was passed on to the disciples of + Hegel, the real educators of the Germans <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page087">[pg 087]</span><a name="Pg087" id="Pg087" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> of this century; when the awakening national + ambition turned out advantageous to the fame of the German poets; + when the real standard of the nation, as to whether it could + honestly find enjoyment in anything, became inexorably subordinated + to the judgment of individuals and to that national ambition,—that + is, when people began to enjoy by compulsion,—then arose that + false, spurious German culture which was ashamed of Kotzebue; which + brought Sophocles, Calderon, and even the Second Part of Goethe's + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Faust</span></span> on the stage; and which, + on account of its foul tongue and congested stomach, no longer + knows now what it likes and what it finds tedious.—Happy are those + who have taste, even if it be a bad taste! Only by this + characteristic can one be wise as well as happy. Hence the Greeks, + who were very refined in such matters, designated the sage by a + word that means <span class="tei tei-q">“man of taste,”</span> and + called wisdom, artistic as well as scientific, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“taste”</span> (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sophia</span></span>).</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">171.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Music as a + Late-Comer in every Culture.</span></span>—Among all the arts that + are accustomed to grow on a definite culture-soil and under + definite social and political conditions, music is the last plant + to come up, arising in the autumn and fading-season of the culture + to which it belongs. At the same time, the first signs and + harbingers of a new spring are usually already noticeable, and + sometimes music, like the language of a forgotten age, rings out + into a new, astonished world, and comes too late. In the art of the + Dutch and Flemish musicians the soul <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page088">[pg 088]</span><a name="Pg088" id="Pg088" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> of the Christian middle ages at last found + its fullest tone: their sound-architecture is the posthumous but + legitimate and equal sister of Gothic. Not until Handel's music was + heard the note of the best in the soul of Luther and his kin, the + great Judæo-heroical impulse that created the whole Reformation + movement. Mozart first expressed in golden melody the age of Louis + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">xiv.</span></span> and the art of Racine + and Claude Lorrain. The eighteenth century—that century of + rhapsody, of broken ideals and transitory happiness—only sang + itself out in the music of Beethoven and Rossini. A lover of + sentimental similes might say that all really important music was a + swan-song.—Music is, in fact, not a universal language for all + time, as is so often said in its praise, but responds exactly to a + particular period and warmth of emotion which involves a quite + definite, individual culture, determined by time and place, as its + inner law. The music of Palestrina would be quite unintelligible to + a Greek; and again, what would the music of Rossini convey to + Palestrina?—It may be that our most modern German music, with all + its pre-eminence and desire of pre-eminence, will soon be no longer + understood. For this music sprang from a culture that is undergoing + a rapid decay, from the soil of that epoch of reaction and + restoration in which a certain Catholicism of feeling, as well as a + delight in all indigenous, national, primitive manners, burst into + bloom and scattered a blended perfume over Europe. These two + emotional tendencies, adopted in their greatest strength and + carried to their farthest limits, found final expression in the + music of Wagner. Wagner's predilection for the old <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page089">[pg 089]</span><a name="Pg089" id="Pg089" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> native sagas, his free idealisation of + their unfamiliar gods and heroes,—who are really sovereign beasts + of prey with occasional fits of thoughtfulness, magnanimity, and + boredom,—his re-animation of those figures, to which he gave in + addition the mediæval Christian thirst for ecstatic sensuality and + spiritualisation—all this Wagnerian give-and-take with regard to + materials, souls, figures, and words—would clearly express the + spirit of his music, if it could not, like all music, speak quite + unambiguously of itself. This spirit wages the last campaign of + reaction against the spirit of illumination which passed into this + century from the last, and also against the super-national ideas of + French revolutionary romanticism and of English and American + insipidity in the reconstruction of state and society.—But is it + not evident that the spheres of thought and emotion apparently + suppressed by Wagner and his school have long since acquired fresh + strength, and that his late musical protest against them generally + rings into ears that prefer to hear different and opposite notes; + so that one day that high and wonderful art will suddenly become + unintelligible and will be covered by the spider's web of + oblivion?—In considering this state of affairs we must not let + ourselves be led astray by those transitory fluctuations which + arise like a reaction within a reaction, as a temporary sinking of + the mountainous wave in the midst of the general upheaval. Thus, + this decade of national war, ultramontane martyrdom, and + socialistic unrest may, in its remoter after-effect, even aid the + Wagnerian art to acquire a sudden halo, without guaranteeing that + it <span class="tei tei-q">“has a future”</span> or that it + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page090">[pg 090]</span><a name= + "Pg090" id="Pg090" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> has <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">the</span></em> + future. It is in the very nature of music that the fruits of its + great culture-vintage should lose their taste and wither earlier + than the fruits of the plastic arts or those that grow on the tree + of knowledge. Among all the products of the human artistic sense + ideas are the most solid and lasting.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">172.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Poet no + longer a Teacher.</span></span>—Strange as it may sound to our + time, there were once poets and artists whose soul was above the + passions with their delights and convulsions, and who therefore + took their pleasure in purer materials, worthier men, more delicate + complications and dénouements. If the artists of our day for the + most part unfetter the will, and so are under certain circumstances + for that very reason emancipators of life, those were tamers of the + will, enchanters of animals, creators of men. In fact, they + moulded, re-moulded, and new-moulded life, whereas the fame of + poets of our day lies in unharnessing, unchaining, and + shattering.—The ancient Greeks demanded of the poet that he should + be the teacher of grown men. How ashamed the poet would be now if + this demand were made of him! He is not even a good student of + himself, and so never himself becomes a good poem or a fine + picture. Under the most favourable circumstances he remains the + shy, attractive ruin of a temple, but at the same time a cavern of + cravings, overgrown like a ruin with flowers, nettles, and + poisonous weeds, inhabited and haunted by snakes, worms, spiders, + and birds; an object for sad reflection as to why the noblest and + most precious must grow up at once <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page091">[pg 091]</span><a name="Pg091" id="Pg091" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> like a ruin, without the past and future of + perfection.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">173.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Looking Forward + and Backward.</span></span>—An art like that which streams out of + Homer, Sophocles, Theocritus, Calderon, Racine, Goethe, as the + superabundance of a wise and harmonious conduct of life—that is the + true art, at which we grasp when we have ourselves become wiser and + more harmonious. It is not that barbaric, if ever so delightful, + outpouring of hot and highly coloured things from an undisciplined, + chaotic soul, which is what we understood by <span class= + "tei tei-q">“art”</span> in our youth. It is obvious from the + nature of the case that for certain periods of life an art of + overstrain, excitement, antipathy to the orderly, monotonous, + simple, logical, is an inevitable need, to which artists must + respond, lest the soul of such periods should unburden itself in + other ways, through all kinds of disorder and impropriety. Hence + youths as they generally are, full, fermenting, tortured above all + things by boredom, and women who lack work that fully occupies + their soul, require that art of delightful disorder. All the more + violently on that account are they inflamed with a desire for + satisfaction without change, happiness without stupor and + intoxication.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">174.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Against the Art + of Works of Art.</span></span>—Art is above all and first of all + meant to embellish life, to make us ourselves endurable and if + possible agreeable in the eyes of others. With this task in view, + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page092">[pg 092]</span><a name= + "Pg092" id="Pg092" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> art moderates us and + holds us in restraint, creates forms of intercourse, binds over the + uneducated to laws of decency, cleanliness, politeness, well-timed + speech and silence. Hence art must conceal or transfigure + everything that is ugly—the painful, terrible, and disgusting + elements which in spite of every effort will always break out + afresh in accordance with the very origin of human nature. Art has + to perform this duty especially in regard to the passions and + spiritual agonies and anxieties, and to cause the significant + factor to shine through unavoidable or unconquerable ugliness. To + this great, super-great task the so-called art proper, that of + works of art, is a mere accessary. A man who feels within himself a + surplus of such powers of embellishment, concealment, and + transfiguration will finally seek to unburden himself of this + surplus in works of art. The same holds good, under special + circumstances, of a whole nation.—But as a rule we nowadays begin + art at the end, hang on to its tail, and think that works of art + constitute art proper, and that life should be improved and + transformed by this means—fools that we are! If we begin a dinner + with dessert, and try sweet after sweet, small wonder that we ruin + our digestions and even our appetites for the good, hearty, + nourishing meal to which art invites us!</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">175.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Continued + Existence of Art.</span></span>—Why, really, does a creative art + nowadays continue to exist? Because the majority who have hours of + leisure (and such an art is for them only) think that they cannot + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page093">[pg 093]</span><a name= + "Pg093" id="Pg093" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> fill up their time + without music, theatres and picture-galleries, novels and poetry. + Granted that one could keep them from this indulgence, either they + would strive less eagerly for leisure, and the invidious sight of + the rich would be less common (a great gain for the stability of + society), or they would have leisure, but would learn to reflect on + what can be learnt and unlearnt: on their work, for instance, their + associations, the pleasure they could bestow. All the world, with + the exception of the artist, would in both cases reap the + advantage.—Certainly, there are many vigorous, sensible readers who + could take objection to this. Still, it must be said on behalf of + the coarse and malignant that the author himself is concerned with + this protest, and that there is in his book much to be read that is + not actually written down therein.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">176.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Mouthpiece + of the Gods.</span></span>—The poet expresses the universal higher + opinions of the nation, he is its mouthpiece and flute; but by + virtue of metre and all other artistic means he so expresses them + that the nation regards them as something quite new and wonderful, + and believes in all seriousness that he is the mouthpiece of the + Gods. Yes, under the clouds of creation the poet himself forgets + whence he derives all his intellectual wisdom—from father and + mother, from teachers and books of all kinds, from the street and + particularly from the priest. He is deceived by his own art, and + really believes, in a naïve period, that a God is speaking through + him, that he is creating in a <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page094">[pg 094]</span><a name="Pg094" id="Pg094" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> state of religious inspiration. As a matter + of fact, he is only saying what he has learnt, a medley of popular + wisdom and popular foolishness. Hence, so far as a poet is really + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">vox populi</span></span> he is held to be + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">vox dei</span></span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">177.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">What all Art + wants to Do and Cannot.</span></span>—The last and hardest task of + the artist is the presentment of what remains the same, reposes in + itself, is lofty and simple and free from the bizarre. Hence the + noblest forms of moral perfection are rejected as inartistic by + weaker artists, because the sight of these fruits is too painful + for their ambition. The fruit gleams at them from the topmost + branches of art, but they lack the ladder, the courage, the grip to + venture so high. In himself a Phidias is quite possible as a poet, + but, if modern strength be taken into consideration, almost solely + in the sense that to God nothing is impossible. The desire for a + poetical Claude Lorrain is already an immodesty at present, however + earnestly one man's heart may yearn for such a consummation.—The + presentment of the highest man, the most simple and at the same + time the most complete, has hitherto been beyond the scope of all + artists. Perhaps, however, the Greeks, in the ideal of Athene, saw + farther than any men did before or after their time.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">178.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Art and + Restoration.</span></span>—The retrograde movements in history, the + so-called periods of restoration, which try to revive intellectual + and social <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page095">[pg + 095]</span><a name="Pg095" id="Pg095" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + conditions that existed before those immediately preceding,—and + seem really to succeed in giving them a brief resurrection,—have + the charm of sentimental recollection, ardent longing for what is + almost lost, hasty embracing of a transitory happiness. It is on + account of this strange trend towards seriousness that in such + transient and almost dreamy periods art and poetry find a natural + soil, just as the tenderest and rarest plants grow on + mountain-slopes of steep declivity.—Thus many a good artist is + unwittingly impelled to a <span class= + "tei tei-q">“restoration”</span> way of thinking in politics and + society, for which, on his own account, he prepares a quiet little + corner and garden. Here he collects about himself the human remains + of the historical epoch that appeals to him, and plays his lyre to + many who are dead, half-dead, and weary to death, perhaps with the + above-mentioned result of a brief resurrection.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">179.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Happiness of + the Age.</span></span>—In two respects our age is to be accounted + happy. With respect to the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">past</span></em>, we enjoy all cultures and + their productions, and nurture ourselves on the noblest blood of + all periods. We stand sufficiently near to the magic of the forces + from whose womb these periods are born to be able in passing to + submit to their spell with pleasure and terror; whereas earlier + cultures could only enjoy themselves, and never looked beyond + themselves, but were rather overarched by a bell of broader or + narrower dome, through which indeed light streamed down to them, + but which their gaze could not pierce. With respect to the + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">future</span></em>, <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page096">[pg 096]</span><a name="Pg096" id="Pg096" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> there opens out to us for the first time a + mighty, comprehensive vista of human and economic purposes + engirdling the whole inhabited globe. At the same time, we feel + conscious of a power ourselves to take this new task in hand + without presumption, without requiring supernatural aids. Yes, + whatever the result of our enterprise, however much we may have + overestimated our strength, at any rate we need render account to + no one but ourselves, and mankind can henceforth begin to do with + itself what it will.—There are, it is true, peculiar human bees, + who only know how to suck the bitterest and worst elements from the + chalice of every flower. It is true that all flowers contain + something that is not honey, but these bees may be allowed to feel + in their own way about the happiness of our time, and continue to + build up their hive of discomfort.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">180.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">A + Vision.</span></span>—Hours of instruction and meditation for + adults, even the most mature, and such institutions visited without + compulsion but in accordance with the moral injunction of the whole + community; the churches as the meeting-places most worthy and rich + in memories for the purpose; at the same time daily festivals in + honour of the reason that is attained and attainable by man; a + newer and fuller budding and blooming of the ideal of the teacher, + in which the clergyman, the artist and the physician, the man of + science and the sage are blended, and their individual virtues + should come to the fore as <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page097">[pg 097]</span><a name="Pg097" id="Pg097" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> a collective virtue in their teaching itself, + in their discourses, in their method—this is my ever-recurring + vision, of which I firmly believe that it has raised a corner of + the veil of the future.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">181.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Education a + Distortion.</span></span>—The extraordinary haphazardness of the + whole system of education, which leads every adult to say nowadays + that his sole educator was chance, and the weathercock-nature of + educational methods and aims, may be explained as follows. The + oldest and the newest culture-powers, as in a turbulent + mass-meeting, would rather be heard than understood, and wish to + prove at all costs by their outcries and clamourings that they + still exist or already exist. The poor teachers and educators are + first dazed by this senseless noise, then become silent and finally + apathetic, allowing anything to be done to them just as they in + their turn allow anything to be done to their pupils. They are not + trained themselves, so how are they to train others? They are + themselves no straight-growing, vigorous, succulent trees, and he + who wishes to attach himself to them must wind and bend himself and + finally become distorted and deformed as they.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">182.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Philosophers + and Artists of the Age.</span></span>—Rhapsody and frigidity, + burning desires and waning of the heart's glow—this wretched medley + is to be found in the picture of the highest European society of + the present day. There the artist thinks <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page098">[pg 098]</span><a name="Pg098" id="Pg098" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> that he is achieving a great deal when + through his art he lights the torch of the heart as well as the + torch of desire. The philosopher has the same notion, when in the + chilliness of his heart, which he has in common with his age, he + cools hot desires in himself and his following by his world-denying + judgments.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">183.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Not To Be a + Soldier of Culture Without Necessity.</span></span>—At last people + are learning what it costs us so dear not to know in our youth—that + we must first do superior actions and secondly seek the superior + wherever and under whatever names it is to be found; that we must + at once go out of the way of all badness and mediocrity <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">without fighting + it</span></em>; and that even doubt as to the excellence of a thing + (such as quickly arises in one of practised taste) should rank as + an argument against it and a reason for completely avoiding it. We + must not shrink from the danger of occasionally making a mistake + and confounding the less accessible good with the bad and + imperfect. Only he who can do nothing better should attack the + world's evils as the soldier of culture. But those who should + support culture and spread its teachings ruin themselves if they go + about armed, and by precautions, night-watches, and bad dreams turn + the peace of their domestic and artistic life into sinister + unrest.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">184.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">How Natural + History Should Be Expounded.</span></span>—Natural history, like + the history of the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page099">[pg + 099]</span><a name="Pg099" id="Pg099" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + war and victory of moral and intellectual forces in the campaign + against anxiety, self-delusion, laziness, superstition, folly, + should be so expounded that every reader or listener may be + continually aroused to strive after mental and physical health and + soundness, after the feeling of joy, and be awakened to the desire + to be the heir and continuator of mankind, to an ever nobler + adventurous impulse. Hitherto natural history has not found its + true language, because the inventive and eloquent artists—who are + needed for this purpose—never rid themselves of a secret mistrust + of it, and above all never wish to learn from it a thorough lesson. + Nevertheless it must be conceded to the English that their + scientific manuals for the lower strata of the people have made + admirable strides towards that ideal. But then such books are + written by their foremost men of learning, full, complete, and + inspiring natures, and not, as among us, by mediocre + investigators.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">185.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Genius in + Humanity.</span></span>—If genius, according to Schopenhauer's + observation, lies in the coherent and vivid recollection of our own + experience, a striving towards genius in humanity collectively + might be deduced from the striving towards knowledge of the whole + historic past—which is beginning to mark off the modern age more + and more as compared with earlier ages and has for the first time + broken down the barriers between nature and spirit, men and + animals, morality and physics. A perfectly conceived history would + be cosmic self-consciousness.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page100">[pg 100]</span><a name= + "Pg100" id="Pg100" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">186.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Cult of + Culture.</span></span>—On great minds is bestowed the terrifying + all-too-human of their natures, their blindnesses, deformities, and + extravagances, so that their more powerful, easily all-too-powerful + influence may be continually held within bounds through the + distrust aroused by such qualities. For the sum-total of all that + humanity needs for its continued existence is so comprehensive, and + demands powers so diverse and so numerous, that for every one-sided + predilection, whether in science or politics or art or commerce, to + which such natures would persuade us, mankind as a whole has to pay + a heavy price. It has always been a great disaster to culture when + human beings are worshipped. In this sense we may understand the + precept of Mosaic law which forbids us to have any other gods but + God.—Side by side with the cult of genius and violence we must + always place, as its complement and remedy, the cult of culture. + This cult can find an intelligent appreciation even for the + material, the inferior, the mean, the misunderstood, the weak, the + imperfect, the one-sided, the incomplete, the untrue, the apparent, + even the wicked and horrible, and can grant them the concession + that <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">all + this is necessary</span></em>. For the continued harmony of all + things human, attained by amazing toil and strokes of luck, and + just as much the work of Cyclopes and ants as of geniuses, shall + never be lost. How, indeed, could we dispense with that deep, + universal, and often uncanny <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page101">[pg 101]</span><a name="Pg101" id="Pg101" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> bass, without which, after all, melody cannot + be melody?</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">187.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Antique + World and Pleasure.</span></span>—The man of the antique world + understood better how to rejoice, we understand better how to + grieve less. They continually found new motives for feeling happy, + for celebrating festivals, being inventive with all their wealth of + shrewdness and reflection. We, on the other hand, concentrate our + intellect rather on the solving of problems which have in view + painlessness and the removal of sources of discomfort. With regard + to suffering existence, the ancients sought to forget or in some + way to convert the sensation into a pleasant one, thus trying to + supply palliatives. We attack the causes of suffering, and on the + whole prefer to use prophylactics.—Perhaps we are only building + upon a foundation whereon a later age will once more set up the + temple of joy.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">188.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Muses as + Liars.</span></span>—<span class="tei tei-q">“We know how to tell + many lies,”</span> so sang the Muses once, when they revealed + themselves to Hesiod.—The conception of the artist as deceiver, + once grasped, leads to important discoveries.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">189.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">How Paradoxical + Homer can be.</span></span>—Is there anything more desperate, more + horrible, more incredible, shining over human destiny like a winter + sun, than that idea of Homer's:</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page102">[pg 102]</span><a name="Pg102" id="Pg102" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“So the decree of the Gods willed it, and doomed man to + perish, that it might be a matter for song even to distant + generations”</span>?</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In other words, + we suffer and perish so that poets may not lack material, and this + is the dispensation of those very Gods of Homer who seem much + concerned about the joyousness of generations to come, but very + little about us men of the present. To think that such ideas should + ever have entered the head of a Greek!</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">190.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Supplementary + Justification of Existence.</span></span>—Many ideas have come into + the world as errors and fancies but have turned out truths, because + men have afterwards given them a genuine basis to rest upon.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">191.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Pro and Con + Necessary.</span></span>—He who has not realised that every great + man must not only be encouraged but also, for the sake of the + common welfare, opposed, is certainly still a great child—or + himself a great man.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">192.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Injustice of + Genius.</span></span>—Genius is most unjust towards geniuses, if + they be contemporary. Either it thinks it has no need of them and + considers them superfluous (for it can do without them), or their + influence crosses the path of its electric current, in which case + it even calls them pernicious.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page103">[pg 103]</span><a name= + "Pg103" id="Pg103" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">193.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Saddest + Destiny of a Prophet.</span></span>—He has worked twenty years to + convince his contemporaries, and succeeds at last, but in the + meantime his adversaries have also succeeded—he is no longer + convinced of himself.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">194.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Three Thinkers + like one Spider.</span></span>—In every philosophical school three + thinkers follow one another in this relation: the first produces + from himself sap and seed, the second draws it out in threads and + spins a cunning web, the third waits in this web for the victims + who are caught in it—and tries to live upon this philosophy.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">195.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">From + Association with Authors.</span></span>—It is as bad a habit to go + about with an author grasping him by the nose as grasping him by + the horn (and every author has his horn).</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">196.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">A Team of + Two.</span></span>—Vagueness of thought and outbursts of + sentimentality are as often wedded to the reckless desire to have + one's own way by hook or by crook, to make oneself alone of any + consequence, as a genuinely helpful, gracious, and kindly spirit is + wedded to the impulse towards clearness <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page104">[pg 104]</span><a name="Pg104" id="Pg104" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> and purity of thought and towards emotional + moderation and self-restraint.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">197.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Binding and + Separating Forces.</span></span>—Surely it is in the heads of men + that there arises the force that binds them—an understanding of + their common interest or the reverse; and in their hearts the force + that separates them—a blind choosing and groping in love and hate, + a devotion to one at the expense of all, and a consequent contempt + for the common utility.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">198.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Marksmen and + Thinkers.</span></span>—There are curious marksmen who miss their + mark, but leave the shooting-gallery with secret pride in the fact + that their bullet at any rate flew very far (beyond the mark, it is + true), or that it did not hit the mark but hit something else. + There are thinkers of the same stamp.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">199.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Attack from Two + Sides.</span></span>—We act as enemies towards an intellectual + tendency or movement when we are superior to it and disapprove of + its aim, or when its aim is too high and unrecognisable to our + eye—in other words, when it is superior to us. So the same party + may be attacked from two sides, from above and from below. Not + infrequently the assailants, from common hatred, form an alliance + which is more repulsive than all that they hate.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page105">[pg 105]</span><a name= + "Pg105" id="Pg105" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">200.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Original.</span></span>—Original minds + are distinguished not by being the first to see a new thing, but by + seeing the old, well-known thing, which is seen and overlooked by + every one, as something new. The first discoverer is usually that + quite ordinary and unintellectual visionary—chance.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">201.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Error of + Philosophers.</span></span>—The philosopher believes that the value + of his philosophy lies in the whole, in the structure. Posterity + finds it in the stone with which he built and with which, from that + time forth, men will build oftener and better—in other words, in + the fact that the structure may be destroyed and yet have value as + material.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">202.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Wit.</span></span>—Wit is the epitaph of + an emotion.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">203.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Moment + before Solution.</span></span>—In science it occurs every day and + every hour that a man, immediately before the solution, remains + stuck, being convinced that his efforts have been entirely in + vain—like one who, in untying a noose, hesitates at the moment when + it is nearest to coming loose, because at that very moment it looks + most like a knot.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">204.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Among the + Visionaries.</span></span>—The thoughtful man, and he who is sure + of his intelligence, may <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page106">[pg + 106]</span><a name="Pg106" id="Pg106" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + profitably consort with visionaries for a decade and abandon + himself in their torrid zone to a moderate insanity. He will thus + have travelled a good part of the road towards that cosmopolitanism + of the intellect which can say without presumption, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Nothing intellectual is alien to me.”</span></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">205.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Keen + Air.</span></span>—The best and healthiest element in science as + amid the mountains is the keen air that plays about + it.—Intellectual molly-coddles (such as artists) dread and abuse + science on account of this atmosphere.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">206.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Why Savants are + Nobler than Artists.</span></span>—Science requires nobler natures + than does poetry; natures that are more simple, less ambitious, + more restrained, calmer, that think less of posthumous fame and can + bury themselves in studies which, in the eye of the many, scarcely + seem worthy of such a sacrifice of personality. There is another + loss of which they are conscious. The nature of their occupation, + its continual exaction of the greatest sobriety, weakens their + will; the fire is not kept up so vigorously as on the hearths of + poetic minds. As such, they often lose their strength and prime + earlier than artists do—and, as has been said, they are aware of + their danger. Under all circumstances they seem less gifted because + they shine less, and thus they will always be rated below their + value.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page107">[pg 107]</span><a name= + "Pg107" id="Pg107" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">207.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">How Far Piety + Obscures.</span></span>—In later centuries the great man is + credited with all the great qualities and virtues of his century. + Thus all that is best is continually obscured by piety, which + treats the picture as a sacred one, to be surrounded with all + manner of votive offerings. In the end the picture is completely + veiled and covered by the offerings, and thenceforth is more an + object of faith than of contemplation.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">208.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Standing on + One's Head.</span></span>—If we make truth stand on its head, we + generally fail to notice that our own head, too, is not in its + right position.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">209.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Origin and + Utility of Fashion.</span></span>—The obvious satisfaction of the + individual with his own form excites imitation and gradually + creates the form of the many—that is, fashion. The many desire, and + indeed attain, that same comforting satisfaction with their own + form. Consider how many reasons every man has for anxiety and shy + self-concealment, and how, on this account, three-fourths of his + energy and goodwill is crippled and may become unproductive! So we + must be very grateful to fashion for unfettering that three-fourths + and communicating self-confidence and the power of cheerful + compromise to those who feel themselves bound to each other by its + law. Even foolish laws give freedom <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page108">[pg 108]</span><a name="Pg108" id="Pg108" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> and calm of the spirit, so long as many + persons have submitted to their sway.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">210.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Looseners of + Tongues.</span></span>—The value of many men and books rests solely + on their faculty for compelling all to speak out the most hidden + and intimate things. They are looseners of tongues and crowbars to + open the most stubborn teeth. Many events and misdeeds which are + apparently only sent as a curse to mankind possess this value and + utility.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">211.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Intellectual + Freedom of Domicile.</span></span><a id="noteref_12" name= + "noteref_12" href="#note_12"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">12</span></span></a>—Who of + us could dare to call himself a <span class="tei tei-q">“free + spirit”</span> if he could not render homage after his fashion, by + taking on his own shoulders a portion of that burden of public + dislike and abuse, to men to whom this name is attached as a + reproach? We might as well call ourselves in all seriousness + <span class="tei tei-q">“spirits free of domicile”</span> + (<span lang="de" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="de"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Freizügig</span></span>) (and without that + arrogant or high-spirited defiance) because we feel the impulse to + freedom (<span lang="de" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "de"><span style="font-style: italic">Zug zur + Freiheit</span></span>) as the strongest instinct of our minds and, + in contrast to fixed and limited minds, practically see our ideal + in an intellectual nomadism—to use a modest and almost depreciatory + expression.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page109">[pg 109]</span><a name= + "Pg109" id="Pg109" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">212.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Yes, the Favour + of the Muses!</span></span>—What Homer says on this point goes + right to our heart, so true, so terrible is it:</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“The Muse loved him with all her heart and gave him + good and evil, for she took away his eyes and vouchsafed him sweet + song.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This is an + endless text for thinking men: she gives good and evil, that is + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">her</span></em> manner of loving with all her + heart and soul! And each man will interpret specially for himself + why we poets and thinkers have to give up our eyes in her + service.<a id="noteref_13" name="noteref_13" href= + "#note_13"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">13</span></span></a></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">213.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Against the + Cultivation of Music.</span></span>—The artistic training of the + eye from childhood upwards by means of drawing, painting, + landscape-sketching, figures, scenes, involves an estimable gain in + life, making the eyesight keen, calm, and enduring in the + observation of men and circumstances. No similar secondary + advantage arises from the artistic cultivation of the ear, whence + public schools will generally do well to give the art of the eye a + preference over that of the ear.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">214.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Discoverers + of Trivialities.</span></span>—Subtle minds, from which nothing is + farther than trivialities, often discover a triviality after taking + all manner of <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page110">[pg + 110]</span><a name="Pg110" id="Pg110" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + circuitous routes and mountain paths, and, to the astonishment of + the non-subtle, rejoice exceedingly.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">215.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Morals of + Savants.</span></span>—A regular and rapid advance in the sciences + is only possible when the individual is compelled to be not so + distrustful as to test every calculation and assertion of others, + in fields which are remote from his own. A necessary condition, + however, is that every man should have competitors in his own + sphere, who are extremely distrustful and keep a sharp eye upon + him. From this juxtaposition of <span class="tei tei-q">“not too + distrustful”</span> and <span class="tei tei-q">“extremely + distrustful”</span> arises sincerity in the republic of + learning.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">216.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Reasons for + Sterility.</span></span>—There are highly gifted minds which are + always sterile only because, from temperamental weakness, they are + too impatient to wait for their pregnancy.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">217.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Perverted + World of Tears.</span></span>—The manifold discomforts which the + demands of higher culture cause to man finally pervert his nature + to such an extent that he usually keeps himself stoical and + unbending. Thus he has tears in reserve only for rare occasions of + happiness, so that many must weep even at the enjoyment of + painlessness—only when happy does his heart still beat.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page111">[pg 111]</span><a name= + "Pg111" id="Pg111" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">218.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Greeks as + Interpreters.</span></span>—When we speak of the Greeks we + unwittingly speak of to-day and yesterday; their universally known + history is a blank mirror, always reflecting something that is not + in the mirror itself. We enjoy the freedom of speaking about them + in order to have the right of being silent about others—so that + these Greeks themselves may whisper something in the ear of the + reflective reader. Thus the Greeks facilitate to modern men the + communication of much that is debatable and hard to + communicate.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">219.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Of the Acquired + Character of the Greeks.</span></span>—We are easily led astray by + the renowned Greek clearness, transparency, simplicity, and order, + by their crystal-like naturalness and crystal-like art, into + believing that all these gifts were bestowed on the Greeks—for + instance, that they could not but write well, as Lichtenberg + expressed it on one occasion. Yet no statement could be more hasty + and more untenable. The history of prose from Gorgias to + Demosthenes shows a course of toiling and wrestling towards light + from the obscure, overloaded, and tasteless, reminding one of the + labour of heroes who had to construct the first roads through + forest and bog. The dialogue of tragedy was the real achievement of + the dramatist, owing to its uncommon clearness and precision, + whereas the national tendency was to riot in symbolism and + innuendo, a tendency expressly fostered by the great choral + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page112">[pg 112]</span><a name= + "Pg112" id="Pg112" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> lyric. Similarly it + was the achievement of Homer to liberate the Greeks from Asiatic + pomp and gloom, and to have attained the clearness of architecture + in details great and small. Nor was it by any means thought easy to + say anything in a pure and illuminating style. How else should we + account for the great admiration for the epigram of Simonides, + which shows itself so simple, with no gilded points or arabesques + of wit, but says all that it has to say plainly and with the calm + of the sun, not with the straining after effect of the lightning. + Since the struggle towards light from an almost native twilight is + Greek, a thrill of jubilation runs through the people when they + hear a laconic sentence, the language of elegy or the maxims of the + Seven Wise Men. Hence they were so fond of giving precepts in + verse, a practice that we find objectionable. This was the true + Apolline task of the Hellenic spirit, with the aim of rising + superior to the perils of metre and the obscurity which is + otherwise characteristic of poetry. Simplicity, flexibility, and + sobriety were wrestled for and not given by nature to this people. + The danger of a relapse into Asianism constantly hovered over the + Greeks, and really overtook them from time to time like a murky, + overflowing tide of mystical impulses, primitive savagery and + darkness. We see them plunge in; we see Europe, as it were, + flooded, washed away—for Europe was very small then; but they + always emerge once more to the light, good swimmers and divers that + they are, those fellow-countrymen of Odysseus.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page113">[pg 113]</span><a name= + "Pg113" id="Pg113" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">220.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Pagan + Characteristic.</span></span>—Perhaps there is nothing more + astonishing to the observer of the Greek world than to discover + that the Greeks from time to time held festivals, as it were, for + all their passions and evil tendencies alike, and in fact even + established a kind of series of festivals, by order of the State, + for their <span class="tei tei-q">“all-too-human.”</span> This is + the pagan characteristic of their world, which Christianity has + never understood and never can understand, and has always combated + and despised.—They accepted this all-too-human as unavoidable, and + preferred, instead of railing at it, to give it a kind of secondary + right by grafting it on to the usages of society and religion. All + in man that has power they called divine, and wrote it on the walls + of their heaven. They do not deny this natural instinct that + expresses itself in evil characteristics, but regulate and limit it + to definite cults and days, so as to turn those turbulent streams + into as harmless a course as possible, after devising sufficient + precautionary measures. That is the root of all the moral + broad-mindedness of antiquity. To the wicked, the dubious, the + backward, the animal element, as to the barbaric, pre-Hellenic and + Asiatic, which still lived in the depths of Greek nature, they + allowed a moderate outflow, and did not strive to destroy it + utterly. The whole system was under the domain of the State, which + was built up not on individuals or castes, but on common human + qualities. In the structure of the State the Greeks show that + wonderful sense for typical facts which later on enabled them to + become investigators of Nature, historians, geographers, and + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page114">[pg 114]</span><a name= + "Pg114" id="Pg114" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> philosophers. It was + not a limited moral law of priests or castes, which had to decide + about the constitution of the State and State worship, but the most + comprehensive view of the reality of all that is human. Whence do + the Greeks derive this freedom, this sense of reality? Perhaps from + Homer and the poets who preceded him. For just those poets whose + nature is generally not the most wise or just possess, in + compensation, that delight in reality and activity of every kind, + and prefer not to deny even evil. It suffices for them if evil + moderates itself, does not kill or inwardly poison everything—in + other words, they have similar ideas to those of the founders of + Greek constitutions, and were their teachers and forerunners.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">221.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Exceptional + Greeks.</span></span>—In Greece, deep, thorough, serious minds were + the exception. The national instinct tended rather to regard the + serious and thorough as a kind of grimace. To borrow forms from a + foreign source, not to create but to transform into the fairest + shapes—that is Greek. To imitate, not for utility but for artistic + illusion, ever and anon to gain the mastery over forced + seriousness, to arrange, beautify, simplify—that is the continual + task from Homer to the Sophists of the third and fourth centuries + of our era, who are all outward show, pompous speech, declamatory + gestures, and address themselves to shallow souls that care only + for appearance, sound, and effect. And now let us estimate the + greatness of those exceptional Greeks, who created science! Whoever + tells of them, tells the most heroic story of the human mind!</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page115">[pg 115]</span><a name= + "Pg115" id="Pg115" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">222.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Simplicity not + the First nor the Last Thing in Point of Time.</span></span>—In the + history of religious ideas many errors about development and false + gradations are made in matters which in reality are not consecutive + outgrowths but contemporary yet separate phenomena. In particular, + simplicity has still far too much the reputation of being the + oldest, the initial thing. Much that is human arises by subtraction + and division, and not merely by doubling, addition, and + unification.—For instance, men still believe in a gradual + development of the idea of God from those unwieldy stones and + blocks of wood up to the highest forms of anthropomorphism. Yet the + fact is that so long as divinity was attributed to and felt in + trees, logs of wood, stones, and beasts, people shrank from + humanising their forms as from an act of godlessness. First of all, + poets, apart from all considerations of cult and the ban of + religious shame, have had to make the inner imagination of man + accustomed and compliant to this notion. Wherever more pious + periods and phases of thought gained the upper hand, this + liberating influence of poets fell into the background, and + sanctity remained, after as before, on the side of the monstrous, + uncanny, quite peculiarly inhuman. And then, much of what the inner + imagination ventures to picture to itself would exert a painful + influence if externally and corporeally represented. The inner eye + is far bolder and more shameless than the outer (whence the + well-known difficulty and, to some extent, impossibility, of + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page116">[pg 116]</span><a name= + "Pg116" id="Pg116" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> working epic + material into dramatic form). The religious imagination for a long + time entirely refuses to believe in the identity of God with an + image: the image is meant to fix the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">numen</span></span> of the Deity, actually and + specifically, although in a mysterious and not altogether + intelligible way. The oldest image of the Gods is meant to shelter + and at the same time to hide<a id="noteref_14" name="noteref_14" + href="#note_14"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">14</span></span></a> the + God—to indicate him but not to expose him to view. No Greek really + looked upon his Apollo as a pointed pillar of wood, his Eros as a + lump of stone. These were symbols, which were intended to inspire + dread of the manifestation of the God. It was the same with those + blocks of wood out of which individual limbs, generally in + excessive number, were fashioned with the scantiest of carving—as, + for instance, a Laconian Apollo with four hands and four ears. In + the incomplete, symbolical, or excessive lies a terrible sanctity, + which is meant to prevent us from thinking of anything human or + similar to humanity. It is not an embryonic stage of art in which + such things are made—as if they were not <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">able</span></em> to + speak more plainly and portray more sensibly in the age when such + images were honoured! Rather, men are afraid of just one + thing—direct speaking out. Just as the cella hides and conceals in + a mysterious twilight, yet not completely, the holy of holies, the + real <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">numen</span></span> of the Deity; just as, + again, the peripteric temple hides the cella, protecting it from + indiscreet eyes as with a screen and a veil, yet not completely—so + it is with the image of the Deity, and at the same time the + concealment of <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page117">[pg + 117]</span><a name="Pg117" id="Pg117" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + the Deity.—Only when outside the cult, in the profane world of + athletic contest, the joy in the victor had risen so high that the + ripples thus started reacted upon the lake of religious emotion, + was the statue of the victor set up before the temple. Then the + pious pilgrim had to accustom his eye and his soul, whether he + would or no, to the inevitable sight of human beauty and + super-strength, so that the worship of men and Gods melted into + each other from physical and spiritual contact. Then too for the + first time the fear of really humanising the figures of the Gods is + lost, and the mighty arena for great plastic art is opened—even now + with the limitation that wherever there is to be adoration the + primitive form and ugliness are carefully preserved and copied. But + the Hellene, as he dedicates and makes offerings, may now with + religious sanction indulge in his delight in making God become a + man.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">223.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Whither We must + Travel.</span></span>—Immediate self-observation is not enough, by + a long way, to enable us to learn to know ourselves. We need + history, for the past continues to flow through us in a hundred + channels. We ourselves are, after all, nothing but our own + sensation at every moment of this continued flow. Even here, when + we wish to step down into the stream of our apparently most + peculiar and personal development, Heraclitus' aphorism, + <span class="tei tei-q">“You cannot step twice into the same + river,”</span> holds good.—This is a piece of wisdom which has, + indeed, gradually become trite, but nevertheless has remained as + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page118">[pg 118]</span><a name= + "Pg118" id="Pg118" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> strong and true as + it ever was. It is the same with the saying that, in order to + understand history, we must scrutinise the living remains of + historical periods; that we must travel, as old Herodotus + travelled, to other nations, especially to those so-called savage + or half-savage races in regions where man has doffed or not yet + donned European garb. For they are ancient and firmly established + steps of culture on which we can stand. There is, however, a more + subtle art and aim in travelling, which does not always necessitate + our passing from place to place and going thousands of miles away. + Very probably the last three centuries, in all their colourings and + refractions of culture, survive even in our vicinity, only they + have to be discovered. In some families, or even in individuals, + the strata are still superimposed on each other, beautifully and + perceptibly; in other places there are dispersions and + displacements of the structure which are harder to understand. + Certainly in remote districts, in less known mountain valleys, + circumscribed communities have been able more easily to maintain an + admirable pattern of a far older sentiment, a pattern that must + here be investigated. On the other hand, it is improbable that such + discoveries will be made in Berlin, where man comes into the world + washed-out and sapless. He who after long practice of this art of + travel has become a hundred-eyed Argus will accompany his Io—I mean + his ego—everywhere, and in Egypt and Greece, Byzantium and Rome, + France and Germany, in the age of wandering or settled races, in + Renaissance or Reformation, at home and abroad, in sea, forest, + plant, and mountain, will again <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page119">[pg 119]</span><a name="Pg119" id="Pg119" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> light upon the travel-adventure of this + ever-growing, ever-altered ego.—Thus self-knowledge becomes + universal knowledge as regards the entire past, and, by another + chain of observation, which can only be indicated here, + self-direction and self-training in the freest and most far-seeing + spirits might become universal direction as regards all future + humanity.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">224.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Balm and + Poison.</span></span>—We cannot ponder too deeply on this fact: + Christianity is the religion of antiquity grown old; it presupposes + degenerate old culture-stocks, and on them it had, and still has, + power to work like balm. There are periods when ears and eyes are + full of slime, so that they can no longer hear the voice of reason + and philosophy or see the wisdom that walks in bodily shape, + whether it bears the name of Epictetus or of Epicurus. Then, + perhaps, the erection of the martyr's cross and the <span class= + "tei tei-q">“trumpet of the last judgment”</span> may have the + effect of still inspiring such races to end their lives decently. + If we think of Juvenal's Rome, of that poisonous toad with the eyes + of Venus, we understand what it means to make the sign of the Cross + before the world, we honour the silent Christian community and are + grateful for its having stifled the Greco-Roman Empire. If, indeed, + most men were then born in spiritual slavery, with the sensuality + of old men, what a pleasure to meet beings who were more soul than + body, and who seemed to realise the Greek idea of the shades of the + under-world—shy, scurrying, chirping, kindly creatures, with a + reversion <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page120">[pg + 120]</span><a name="Pg120" id="Pg120" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + on the <span class="tei tei-q">“better life,”</span> and therefore + so unassuming, so secretly scornful, so proudly patient!—This + Christianity, as the evening chime of the <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">good</span></em> + antiquity, with cracked, weary and yet melodious bell, is balm in + the ears even to one who only now traverses those centuries + historically. What must it have been to those men themselves!—To + young and fresh barbarian nations, on the other hand, Christianity + is a poison. For to implant the teaching of sinfulness and + damnation in the heroic, childlike, and animal soul of the old + Germans is nothing but poisoning. An enormous chemical fermentation + and decomposition, a medley of sentiments and judgments, a rank + growth of adventurous legend, and hence in the long run a + fundamental weakening of such barbarian peoples, was the inevitable + result. True, without this weakening what should we have left of + Greek culture, of the whole cultured past of the human race? For + the barbarians untouched by Christianity knew very well how to make + a clean sweep of old cultures, as was only too clearly shown by the + heathen conquerors of Romanised Britain. Thus Christianity, against + its will, was compelled to aid in making <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the antique world”</span> immortal.—There remains, + however, a counter-question and the possibility of a + counter-reckoning. Without this weakening through the poisoning + referred to, would any of those fresh stocks—the Germans, for + instance—have been in a position gradually to find by themselves a + higher, a peculiar, a new culture, of which the most distant + conception would therefore have been lost to humanity?—In this, as + in every case, we do not know, Christianly speaking, whether God + owes the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page121">[pg + 121]</span><a name="Pg121" id="Pg121" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + devil or the devil God more thanks for everything having turned out + as it has.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">225.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Faith makes + Holy and Condemns.</span></span>—A Christian who happened upon + forbidden paths of thought might well ask himself on some occasion + whether it is really necessary that there should be a God, side by + side with a representative Lamb, if faith in the existence of these + beings suffices to produce the same influences? If they do exist + after all, are they not superfluous beings? For all that is given + by the Christian religion to the human soul, all that is + beneficent, consoling, and edifying, just as much as all that + depresses and crushes, emanates from that faith and not from the + objects of that faith. It is here as in another well-known + case—there were indeed no witches, but the terrible effects of the + belief in witches were the same as if they really had existed. For + all occasions where the Christian awaits the immediate intervention + of a God, though in vain (for there is no God), his religion is + inventive enough to find subterfuges and reasons for tranquillity. + In so far Christianity is an ingenious religion.—Faith, indeed, has + up to the present not been able to move real mountains, although I + do not know who assumed that it could. But it can put mountains + where there are none.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">226.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The + Tragi-Comedy of Regensburg.</span></span>—Here and there we see + with terrible clearness the harlequinade of Fortune, how she + fastens the rope, on <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page122">[pg + 122]</span><a name="Pg122" id="Pg122" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + which she wills that succeeding centuries should dance, on to a few + days, one place, the condition and opinions of one brain. Thus the + fate of modern German history lies in the days of that disputation + at Regensburg: the peaceful settlement of ecclesiastical and moral + affairs, without religious wars or a counter-reformation, and also + the unity of the German nation, seemed assured: the deep, gentle + spirit of Contarini hovered for one moment over the theological + squabble, victorious, as representative of the riper Italian piety, + reflecting the morning glory of intellectual freedom. But Luther's + hard head, full of suspicions and strange misgivings, showed + resistance. Because justification by grace appeared to him + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">his</span></em> greatest motto and discovery, + he did not believe the phrase in the mouth of Italians; whereas, in + point of fact, as is well known, they had invented it much earlier + and spread it throughout Italy in deep silence. In this apparent + agreement Luther saw the tricks of the devil, and hindered the work + of peace as well as he could, thereby advancing to a great extent + the aims of the Empire's foes.—And now, in order to have a still + stronger idea of the dreadful farcicality of it all, let us add + that none of the principles about which men then disputed in + Regensburg—neither that of original sin, nor that of redemption by + proxy, nor that of justification by faith—is in any way true or + even has any connection with truth: that they are now all + recognised as incapable of being discussed. Yet on this account the + world was set on fire—that is to say, by opinions which correspond + to no things or realities; whereas as regards purely philological + questions—as, for instance, <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page123">[pg 123]</span><a name="Pg123" id="Pg123" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> that of the sacramental words in the + Eucharist—discussion at any rate is permitted, because in this case + the truth can be said. But <span class="tei tei-q">“where nothing + is, even truth has lost her right.”</span><a id="noteref_15" name= + "noteref_15" href="#note_15"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">15</span></span></a>—Lastly, + it only remains to be said that it is true these principles give + rise to sources of power so mighty that without them all the mills + of the modern world could not be driven with such force. And it is + primarily a matter of force, only secondarily of truth (and perhaps + not even secondarily)—is it not so, my dear up-to-date friends?</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">227.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Goethe's + Errors.</span></span>—Goethe is a signal exception among great + artists in that he did not live within the limited confines of his + real capacity, as if that must be the essential, the distinctive, + the unconditional, and the last thing in him and for all the world. + Twice he intended to possess something higher than he really + possessed—and went astray in the second half of his life, where he + seems quite convinced that he is one of the great scientific + discoverers and illuminators. So too in the first half of his life + he demanded of himself something higher than the poetic art seemed + to him—and here already he made a mistake. That nature wished to + make him a plastic artist,—<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">this</span></em> was his inwardly glowing and + scorching secret, which finally drove him to Italy, that he might + give vent to his mania in this direction and make to it every + possible sacrifice. At last, shrewd as he was, and honestly averse + to <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page124">[pg 124]</span><a name= + "Pg124" id="Pg124" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> any mental + perversion in himself, he discovered that a tricksy elf of desire + had attracted him to the belief in this calling, and that he must + free himself of the greatest passion of his heart and bid it + farewell. The painful conviction, tearing and gnawing at his + vitals, that it was necessary to bid farewell, finds full + expression in the character of Tasso. Over Tasso, that Werther + intensified, hovers the premonition of something worse than death, + as when one says: <span class="tei tei-q">“Now it is over, after + this farewell: how shall I go on living without going mad?”</span> + These two fundamental errors of his life gave Goethe, in face of a + purely literary attitude towards poetry (the only attitude then + known to the world), such an unembarrassed and apparently almost + arbitrary position. Not to speak of the period when Schiller (poor + Schiller, who had no time himself and left no time to others) drove + away his shy dread of poetry, his fear of all literary life and + craftsmanship, Goethe appears like a Greek who now and then visits + his beloved, doubting whether she be not a Goddess to whom he can + give no proper name. In all his poetry one notices the inspiring + neighbourhood of plastic art and Nature. The features of these + figures that floated before him—and perhaps he always thought he + was on the track of the metamorphoses of one Goddess—became, + without his will or knowledge, the features of all the children of + his art. Without the extravagances of error he would not have been + Goethe—that is, the only German artist in writing who has not yet + become out of date—just because he desired as little to be a writer + as a German by vocation.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page125">[pg 125]</span><a name= + "Pg125" id="Pg125" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">228.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Travellers and + their Grades.</span></span>—Among travellers we may distinguish + five grades. The first and lowest grade is of those who travel and + are seen—they become really travelled and are, as it were, blind. + Next come those who really see the world. The third class + experience the results of their seeing. The fourth weave their + experience into their life and carry it with them henceforth. + Lastly, there are some men of the highest strength who, as soon as + they have returned home, must finally and necessarily work out in + their lives and productions all the things seen that they have + experienced and incorporated in themselves.—Like these five species + of travellers, all mankind goes through the whole pilgrimage of + life, the lowest as purely passive, the highest as those who act + and live out their lives without keeping back any residue of inner + experiences.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">229.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">In Climbing + Higher.</span></span>—So soon as we climb higher than those who + hitherto admired us, we appear to them as sunken and fallen. For + they imagined that under all circumstances they were on the heights + in our company (maybe also through our agency).</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">230.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Measure and + Moderation.</span></span>—Of two quite lofty things, measure and + moderation, it is best never to speak. A few know their force and + significance, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page126">[pg + 126]</span><a name="Pg126" id="Pg126" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + from the mysterious paths of inner experiences and conversions: + they honour in them something quite godlike, and are afraid to + speak aloud. All the rest hardly listen when they are spoken about, + and think the subjects under discussion are tedium and mediocrity. + We must perhaps except those who have once heard a warning note + from that realm but have stopped their ears against the sound. The + recollection of it makes them angry and exasperated.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">231.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Humanity of + Friendship and Comradeship.</span></span>—<span class= + "tei tei-q">“If thou wilt take the left hand, then I will go to the + right,”</span><a id="noteref_16" name="noteref_16" href= + "#note_16"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">16</span></span></a> that + feeling is the hall-mark of humanity in intimate intercourse, and + without that feeling every friendship, every band of apostles or + disciples, sooner or later becomes a fraud.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">232.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The + Profound.</span></span>—Men of profound thought appear to + themselves in intercourse with others like comedians, for in order + to be understood they must always simulate superficiality.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">233.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">For the + Scorners of</span> <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">“</span><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Herd-Humanity.</span><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">”</span></span></span>—He who regards + human beings as a herd, and flies from them as fast as he can, will + certainly be caught up by them and gored upon their horns.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page127">[pg 127]</span><a name= + "Pg127" id="Pg127" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">234.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Main + Transgression against the Vain.</span></span>—In society, he who + gives another an opportunity of favourably setting forth his + knowledge, sentiments, and experience sets himself above him. + Unless he is felt by the other to be a superior being without + limitation, he is guilty of an attack upon his vanity, while what + he aimed at was the gratification of the other man's vanity.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">235.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Disappointment.</span></span>—When a + long life of action distinguished by speeches and writings gives + publicity to a man's personality, personal intercourse with him is + generally disappointing on two grounds. Firstly, one expects too + much from a brief period of intercourse (namely, all that the + thousand and one opportunities of life can alone bring out). + Secondly, no recognised person gives himself the trouble to woo + recognition in individual cases. He is too careless, and we are at + too high a tension.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">236.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Two Sources of + Kindness.</span></span>—To treat all men with equal good-humour, + and to be kind without distinction of persons, may arise as much + from a profound contempt for mankind as from an ingrained love of + humanity.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">237.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Wanderer in + the Mountains to Himself.</span></span>—There are certain signs + that you have gone <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page128">[pg + 128]</span><a name="Pg128" id="Pg128" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + farther and higher. There is a freer, wider prospect before you, + the air blows cooler yet milder in your face (you have unlearned + the folly of confounding mildness with warmth), your gait is more + firm and vigorous, courage and discretion have waxed together. On + all these grounds your journey may now be more lonely and in any + case more perilous than heretofore, if indeed not to the extent + believed by those who from the misty valley see you, the roamer, + striding on the mountains.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">238.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">With the + Exception of Our Neighbour.</span></span>—I admit that my head is + set wrong on my neck only, for every other man, as is well known, + knows better than I what I should do or leave alone. The only one + who cannot help me is myself, poor beggar! Are we not all like + statues on which false heads have been placed? Eh, dear + neighbour?—Ah no; you, just you, are the exception!</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">239.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Caution.</span></span>—We must either + not go about at all with people who are lacking in the reverence + for personalities, or inexorably fetter them beforehand with the + manacles of convention.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">240.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Wish to + Appear Vain.</span></span>—In conversation with strangers or + little-known acquaintances, to express only selected thoughts, to + speak of one's famous acquaintances, and important experiences + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page129">[pg 129]</span><a name= + "Pg129" id="Pg129" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> and travels, is a + sign that one is not proud, or at least would not like to appear + proud. Vanity is the polite mask of pride.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">241.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Good + Friendship.</span></span>—A good friendship arises when the one man + deeply respects the other, more even than himself; loves him also, + though not so much as himself; and finally, to facilitate + intercourse, knows how to add the delicate bloom and veneer of + intimacy, but at the same time wisely refrains from a true, real + intimacy, from the confounding of <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">meum</span></span> and <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">tuum</span></span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">242.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Friends as + Ghosts.</span></span>—If we change ourselves vitally, our friends, + who have not changed, become ghosts of our own past: their voice + sounds shadowy and dreadful to us, as if we heard our own voice + speaking, but younger, harder, less mellow.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">243.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">One Eye and Two + Glances.</span></span>—The same people whose eyes naturally plead + for favours and indulgences are accustomed, from their frequent + humiliations and cravings for revenge, to assume a shameless glance + as well.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">244.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Haze of + Distance.</span></span>—A child throughout life—that sounds very + touching, but is only the verdict from the distance. Seen and known + close at hand, he is always called <span class="tei tei-q">“puerile + throughout life.”</span></p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page130">[pg 130]</span><a name= + "Pg130" id="Pg130" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">245.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Advantage and + Disadvantage in the Same Misunderstanding.</span></span>—The mute + perplexity of the subtle brain is usually understood by the + non-subtle as a silent superiority, and is much dreaded whereas the + perception of perplexity would produce good will.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">246.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Sage giving + Himself out to be a Fool.</span></span>—The philanthropy of the + sage sometimes makes him decide to pretend to be excited, enraged, + or delighted, so that he may not hurt his surroundings by the + coldness and rationality of his true nature.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">247.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Forcing Oneself + to Attention.</span></span>—So soon as we note that any one in + intercourse and conversation with us has to force himself to + attention, we have adequate evidence that he loves us not, or loves + us no longer.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">248.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Way to a + Christian Virtue.</span></span>—Learning from one's enemies is the + best way to love them, for it inspires us with a grateful mood + towards them.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">249.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Stratagem of + the Importunate.</span></span>—The importunate man gives us gold + coins as change for our convention coins, and thereby tries to + force us afterwards to treat our convention as an oversight and him + as an exception.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page131">[pg 131]</span><a name= + "Pg131" id="Pg131" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">250.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Reason for + Dislike.</span></span>—We become hostile to many an artist or + writer, not because we notice in the end that he has duped us, but + because he did not find more subtle means necessary to entrap + us.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">251.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">In + Parting.</span></span>—Not by the way one soul approaches another, + but by the way it separates, do I recognise its relationship and + homogeneity with the other.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">252.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Silentium.</span></span>—We must not + speak about our friends, or we renounce the sentiment of + friendship.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">253.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Impoliteness.</span></span>—Impoliteness + is often the sign of a clumsy modesty, which when taken by surprise + loses its head and would fain hide the fact by means of + rudeness.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">254.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Honesty's + Miscalculation.</span></span>—Our newest acquaintances are + sometimes the first to learn what we have hitherto kept dark. We + have the foolish notion that our proof of confidence is the + strongest fetter wherewith to hold them fast. But <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">they</span></em> do + not know enough about us to feel so strongly the sacrifice involved + in our speaking out, and betray our secrets to others without any + idea of betrayal. Hereby we possibly lose our old friends.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page132">[pg 132]</span><a name= + "Pg132" id="Pg132" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">255.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">In the + Ante-Chamber of Favour.</span></span>—All men whom we let stand + long in the ante-chamber of our favour get into a state of + fermentation or become bitter.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">256.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Warning to the + Despised.</span></span>—When we have sunk unmistakably in the + estimation of mankind we should cling tooth and nail to modesty in + intercourse, or we shall betray to others that we have sunk in our + own estimation as well. Cynicism in intercourse is a sign that a + man, when alone, treats himself too as a dog.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">257.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ignorance often + Ennobles.</span></span>—With regard to the respect of those who pay + respect, it is an advantage ostensibly not to understand certain + things. Ignorance, too, confers privileges.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">258.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Opponent of + Grace.</span></span>—The impatient and arrogant man does not care + for grace, feeling it to be a corporeal, visible reproach against + himself. For grace is heartfelt toleration in movement and + gesture.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">259.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">On Seeing + Again.</span></span>—When old friends see each other again after a + long separation, it often happens that they affect an interest in + matters to which they <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page133">[pg + 133]</span><a name="Pg133" id="Pg133" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + have long since become indifferent. Sometimes both remark this, but + dare not raise the veil—from a mournful doubt. Hence arise + conversations as in the realm of the dead.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">260.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Making Friends + only with the Industrious.</span></span>—The man of leisure is + dangerous to his friends, for, having nothing to do, he talks of + what his friends are doing or not doing, interferes, and finally + makes himself a nuisance. The clever man will only make friends + with the industrious.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">261.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">One Weapon + twice as Much as Two.</span></span>—It is an unequal combat when + one man defends his cause with head and heart, the other with head + alone. The first has sun and wind against him, as it were, and his + two weapons interfere with each other: he loses the prize—in the + eyes of truth. True, the victory of the second, with his one + weapon, is seldom a victory after the hearts of all the other + spectators, and makes him unpopular.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">262.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Depth and + Troubled Waters.</span></span>—The public easily confounds him who + fishes in troubled waters with him who pumps up from the + depths.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">263.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Demonstrating + One's Vanity to Friend and Foe.</span></span>—Many a man, from + vanity, maltreats <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page134">[pg + 134]</span><a name="Pg134" id="Pg134" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + even his friends, when in the presence of witnesses to whom he + wishes to make his own preponderance clear. Others exaggerate the + merits of their enemies, in order to point proudly to the fact that + they are worthy of such foes.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">264.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cooling + Off.</span></span>—The over-heating of the heart is generally + allied with illness of the head and judgment. He who is concerned + for a time with the health of his head must know what he has to + cool, careless of the future of his heart. For if we are capable at + all of giving warmth, we are sure to become warm again and then + have our summer.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">265.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mingled + Feelings.</span></span>—Towards science women and self-seeking + artists entertain a feeling that is composed of envy and + sentimentality.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">266.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Where Danger is + Greatest.</span></span>—We seldom break our leg so long as life + continues a toilsome upward climb. The danger comes when we begin + to take things easily and choose the convenient paths.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">267.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Not too + Early.</span></span>—We must beware of becoming sharp too early, or + we shall also become thin too early.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">268.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Joy in + Refractoriness.</span></span>—The good teacher knows cases where he + is proud that his pupil remains <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page135">[pg 135]</span><a name="Pg135" id="Pg135" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> true to himself in opposition to him—at times + when the youth must not understand the man or would be harmed by + understanding him.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">269.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Experiment + of Honesty.</span></span>—Young men, who wish to be more honest + than they have been, seek as victim some one acknowledged to be + honest, attacking him first with an attempt to reach his height by + abuse—with the underlying notion that this first experiment at any + rate is void of danger. For just such a one has no right to + chastise the impudence of the honest man.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">270.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Eternal + Child.</span></span>—We think, short-sighted that we are, that + fairy-tales and games belong to childhood. As if at any age we + should care to live without fairy-tales and games! Our words and + sentiments are indeed different, but the essential fact remains the + same, as is proved by the child himself looking on games as his + work and fairy-tales as his truth. The shortness of life ought to + preserve us from a pedantic distinction between the different + ages—as if every age brought something new—and a poet ought one day + to portray a man of two hundred, who really lives without + fairy-tales and games.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">271.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Every + Philosophy is the Philosophy of a Period of Life.</span></span>—The + period of life in which a philosopher finds his teaching is + manifested by his <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page136">[pg + 136]</span><a name="Pg136" id="Pg136" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + teaching; he cannot avoid that, however elevated above time and + hour he may feel himself. Thus, Schopenhauer's philosophy remains a + mirror of his hot and melancholy youth—it is no mode of thought for + older men. Plato's philosophy reminds one of the middle thirties, + when a warm and a cold current generally rush together, so that + spray and delicate clouds and, under favourable circumstances and + glimpses of sunshine, enchanting rainbow-pictures result.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">272.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Of the + Intellect of Women.</span></span>—The intellectual strength of a + woman is best proved by the fact that she offers her own intellect + as a sacrifice out of love for a man and his intellect, and that + nevertheless in the new domain, which was previously foreign to her + nature, a second intellect at once arises as an aftergrowth, to + which the man's mind impels her.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">273.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Raising and + Lowering in the Sexual Domain.</span></span>—The storm of desire + will sometimes carry a man up to a height where all desire is + silenced, where he really loves and lives in a better state of + being rather than in a better state of choice. On the other hand, a + good woman, from true love, often climbs down to desire, and lowers + herself in her own eyes. The latter action in particular is one of + the most pathetic sensations which the idea of a good marriage can + involve.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page137">[pg 137]</span><a name= + "Pg137" id="Pg137" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">274.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Man Promises, + Woman Fulfils.</span></span>—By woman Nature shows how far she has + hitherto achieved her task of fashioning humanity, by man she shows + what she has had to overcome and what she still proposes to do for + humanity.—The most perfect woman of every age is the holiday-task + of the Creator on every seventh day of culture, the recreation of + the artist from his work.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">275.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Transplanting.</span></span>—If we have + spent our intellect in order to gain mastery over the intemperance + of the passions, the sad result often follows that we transfer the + intemperance to the intellect, and from that time forth are + extravagant in thought and desire of knowledge.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">276.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Laughter as + Treachery.</span></span>—How and when a woman laughs is a sign of + her culture, but in the ring of laughter her nature reveals itself, + and in highly cultured women perhaps even the last insoluble + residue of their nature. Hence the psychologist will say with + Horace, though from different reasons: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Ridete puellae.”</span></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">277.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">From the + Youthful Soul.</span></span>—Youths varyingly show devotion and + impudence towards the same person, because at bottom they only + despise or admire themselves in that other person, and between + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page138">[pg 138]</span><a name= + "Pg138" id="Pg138" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the two feelings but + stagger to and fro in themselves, so long as they have not found in + experience the measure of their will and ability.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">278.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">For the + Amelioration of the World.</span></span>—If we forbade the + discontented, the sullen, and the atrabilious to propagate, we + might transform the world into a garden of happiness.—This aphorism + belongs to a practical philosophy for the female sex.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">279.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Not to Distrust + your Emotions.</span></span>—The feminine phrase <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Do not distrust your emotions”</span> does not mean + much more than <span class="tei tei-q">“Eat what tastes good to + you.”</span> This may also, especially for moderate natures, be a + good everyday rule. But other natures must live according to + another maxim: <span class="tei tei-q">“You must eat not only with + your mouth but also with your brain, in order that the greediness + of your mouth may not prove your undoing.”</span></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">280.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">A Cruel Fancy + of Love.</span></span>—Every great love involves the cruel thought + of killing the object of love, so that it may be removed once for + all from the mischievous play of change. For love is more afraid of + change than of destruction.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">281.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Doors.</span></span>—In everything that + is learnt or experienced, the child, just like the man, sees doors; + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page139">[pg 139]</span><a name= + "Pg139" id="Pg139" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> but for the former + they are places to go <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">to</span></em>, for the latter to go + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">through</span></em>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">282.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Sympathetic + Women.</span></span>—The sympathy of women, which is talkative, + takes the sick-bed to market.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">283.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Early + Merit.</span></span>—He who acquires merit early in life tends to + forget all reverence for age and old people, and accordingly, + greatly to his disadvantage, excludes himself from the society of + the mature, those who confer maturity. Thus in spite of his early + merit he remains green, importunate, and boyish longer than + others.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">284.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Souls All of a + Piece.</span></span>—Women and artists think that where we do not + contradict them we cannot. Reverence on ten counts and silent + disapproval on ten others appears to them an impossible + combination, because their souls are all of a piece.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">285.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Young + Talents.</span></span>—With respect to young talents we must + strictly follow Goethe's maxim, that we should often avoid harming + error in order to avoid harming truth. Their condition is like the + diseases of pregnancy, and involves strange appetites. These + appetites should be satisfied and humoured as far as possible, for + the sake of the fruit they may be expected to produce. It is true + that, as nurse of these <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page140">[pg + 140]</span><a name="Pg140" id="Pg140" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + remarkable invalids, one must learn the difficult art of voluntary + self-abasement.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">286.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Disgust with + Truth.</span></span>—Women are so constituted that all truth (in + relation to men, love, children, society, aim of life) disgusts + them—and that they try to be revenged on every one who opens their + eyes.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">287.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Source of + Great Love.</span></span>—Whence arises the sudden passion of a man + for a woman, a passion so deep, so vital? Least of all from + sensuality only: but when a man finds weakness, need of help, and + high spirits united in the same creature, he suffers a sort of + overflowing of soul, and is touched and offended at the same + moment. At this point arises the source of great love.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">288.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Cleanliness.</span></span>—In the child, + the sense for cleanliness should be fanned into a passion, and then + later on he will raise himself, in ever new phases, to almost every + virtue, and will finally appear, in compensation for all talent, as + a shining cloud of purity, temperance, gentleness, and character, + happy in himself and spreading happiness around.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">289.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Of Vain Old + Men.</span></span>—Profundity of thought belongs to youth, clarity + of thought to old age. <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page141">[pg + 141]</span><a name="Pg141" id="Pg141" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + When, in spite of this, old men sometimes speak and write in the + manner of the profound, they do so from vanity, imagining that they + thereby assume the charm of juvenility, enthusiasm, growth, + apprehensiveness, hopefulness.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">290.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Enjoyment of + Novelty.</span></span>—Men use a new lesson or experience later on + as a ploughshare or perhaps also as a weapon, women at once make it + into an ornament.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">291.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">How both Sexes + behave when in the Right.</span></span>—If it is conceded to a + woman that she is right, she cannot deny herself the triumph of + setting her heel on the neck of the vanquished; she must taste her + victory to the full. On the other hand, man towards man in such a + case is ashamed of being right. But then man is accustomed to + victory; with woman it is an exception.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">292.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Abnegation in + the Will to Beauty.</span></span>—In order to become beautiful, a + woman must not desire to be considered pretty. That is to say, in + ninety-nine out of a hundred cases where she could please she must + scorn and put aside all thoughts of pleasing. Only then can she + ever reap the delight of him whose soul's portal is wide enough to + admit the great.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">293.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Unintelligible, + Unendurable.</span></span>—A youth cannot understand that an old + man has also had <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page142">[pg + 142]</span><a name="Pg142" id="Pg142" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + his delights, his dawns of feeling, his changings and soarings of + thought. It offends him to think that such things have existed + before. But it makes him very bitter to hear that, to become + fruitful, he must lose those buds and dispense with their + fragrance.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">294.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Party with + the Air of Martyrdom.</span></span>—Every party that can assume an + air of martyrdom wins good-natured souls over to its side and + thereby itself acquires an air of good nature—greatly to its + advantage.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">295.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Assertions + surer than Arguments.</span></span>—An assertion has, with the + majority of men at any rate, more effect than an argument, for + arguments provoke mistrust. Hence demagogues seek to strengthen the + arguments of their party by assertions.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">296.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Best + Concealers.</span></span>—All regularly successful men are + profoundly cunning in making their faults and weaknesses look like + manifestations of strength. This proves that they must know their + defects uncommonly well.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">297.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">From Time to + Time.</span></span>—He sat in the city gateway and said to one who + passed through that this was the city gate. The latter replied that + this was true, but that one must not be too much in the + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page143">[pg 143]</span><a name= + "Pg143" id="Pg143" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> right if one + expected to be thanked for it. <span class="tei tei-q">“Oh,”</span> + answered the other, <span class="tei tei-q">“I don't want thanks, + but from time to time it is very pleasant not merely to be in the + right but to remain in the right.”</span></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">298.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Virtue was not + Invented by the Germans.</span></span>—Goethe's nobleness and + freedom from envy, Beethoven's fine hermitical resignation, + Mozart's cheerfulness and grace of heart, Handel's unbending + manliness and freedom under the law, Bach's confident and luminous + inner life, such as does not even need to renounce glamour and + success—are these qualities peculiarly German?—If they are not, + they at least prove to what goal Germans should strive and to what + they can attain.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">299.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic; font-variant: small-caps">Pia + Fraus</span></span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps">or + Something Else.</span></span>—I hope I am mistaken, but I think + that in Germany of to-day a twofold sort of hypocrisy is set up as + the duty of the moment for every one. From imperial-political + misgivings Germanism is demanded, and from social apprehensions + Christianity—but both only in words and gestures, and particularly + in ability to keep silent. It is the veneer that nowadays costs so + much and is paid for so highly; and for the benefit of the + spectators the face of the nation assumes German and Christian + wrinkles.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">300.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">How far even in + the Good the Half may be More than the Whole.</span></span>—In all + things that <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page144">[pg + 144]</span><a name="Pg144" id="Pg144" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + are constructed to last and demand the service of many hands, much + that is less good must be made a rule, although the organiser knows + what is better and harder very well. He will calculate that there + will never be a lack of persons who <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">can</span></em> + correspond to the rule, and he knows that the middling good is the + rule.—The youth seldom sees this point, and as an innovator thinks + how marvellously he is in the right and how strange is the + blindness of others.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">301.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The + Partisan.</span></span>—The true partisan learns nothing more, he + only experiences and judges. It is significant that Solon, who was + never a partisan but pursued his aims above and apart from parties + or even against them, was the father of that simple phrase wherein + lies the secret of the health and vitality of Athens: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“I grow old, but I am always learning.”</span></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">302.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">What is German + according to Goethe.</span></span>—They are really intolerable + people of whom one cannot even accept the good, who have freedom of + disposition but do not remark that they are lacking in freedom of + taste and spirit. Yet just this, according to Goethe's well-weighed + judgment, is German.—His voice and his example indicate that the + German should be more than a German if he wishes to be useful or + even endurable to other nations—and which direction his striving + should take, in order that he may rise above and beyond + himself.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page145">[pg 145]</span><a name= + "Pg145" id="Pg145" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">303.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">When it is + Necessary to Remain Stationary.</span></span>—When the masses begin + to rage, and reason is under a cloud, it is a good thing, if the + health of one's soul is not quite assured, to go under a doorway + and look out to see what the weather is like.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">304.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The + Revolution-Spirit and the Possession-Spirit.</span></span>—The only + remedy against Socialism that still lies in your power is to avoid + provoking Socialism—in other words, to live in moderation and + contentment, to prevent as far as possible all lavish display, and + to aid the State as far as possible in its taxing of all + superfluities and luxuries. You do not like this remedy? Then, you + rich bourgeois who call yourselves <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Liberals,”</span> confess that it is your own + inclination that you find so terrible and menacing in Socialists, + but allow to prevail in yourselves as unavoidable, as if with you + it were something different. As you are constituted, if you had not + your fortune and the cares of maintaining it, this bent of yours + would make Socialists of you. Possession alone differentiates you + from them. If you wish to conquer the assailants of your + prosperity, you must first conquer yourselves.—And if that + prosperity only meant well-being, it would not be so external and + provocative of envy; it would be more generous, more benevolent, + more compensatory, more helpful. But the spurious, histrionic + element in your pleasures, which lie more in the feeling of + contrast (because others have them not, and feel envious) + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page146">[pg 146]</span><a name= + "Pg146" id="Pg146" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> than in feelings of + realised and heightened power—your houses, dresses, carriages, + shops, the demands of your palates and your tables, your noisy + operatic and musical enthusiasm; lastly your women, formed and + fashioned but of base metal, gilded but without the ring of gold, + chosen by you for show and considering themselves meant for + show—these are the things that spread the poison of that national + disease, which seizes the masses ever more and more as a + Socialistic heart-itch, but has its origin and breeding-place in + you. Who shall now arrest this epidemic?</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">305.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Party + Tactics.</span></span>—When a party observes that a previous member + has changed from an unqualified to a qualified adherent, it endures + it so ill that it irritates and mortifies him in every possible way + with the object of forcing him to a decisive break and making him + an opponent. For the party suspects that the intention of finding a + relative value in its faith, a value which admits of pro and con, + of weighing and discarding, is more dangerous than downright + opposition.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">306.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">For the + Strengthening of Parties.</span></span>—Whoever wishes to + strengthen a party internally should give it an opportunity of + being forcibly treated with obvious injustice. The party thus + acquires a capital of good conscience, which hitherto it perhaps + lacked.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page147">[pg 147]</span><a name= + "Pg147" id="Pg147" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">307.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">To Provide for + One's Past.</span></span>—As men after all only respect the + old-established and slowly developed, he who would survive after + his death must not only provide for posterity but still more for + the past. Hence tyrants of every sort (including tyrannical artists + and politicians) like to do violence to history, so that history + may seem a preparation and a ladder up to them.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">308.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Party + Writers.</span></span>—The beating of drums, which delights young + writers who serve a party, sounds to him who does not belong to the + party like a rattling of chains, and excites sympathy rather than + admiration.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">309.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Taking Sides + against Ourselves.</span></span>—Our followers never forgive us for + taking sides against ourselves, for we seem in their eyes not only + to be spurning their love but to be exposing them to the charge of + lack of intelligence.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">310.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Danger in + Wealth.</span></span>—Only a man of intellect should hold property: + otherwise property is dangerous to the community. For the owner, + not knowing how to make use of the leisure which his possessions + might secure to him, will continue to strive after more property. + This strife will be his occupation, his strategy in the war with + ennui. So in the end <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page148">[pg + 148]</span><a name="Pg148" id="Pg148" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + real wealth is produced from the moderate property that would be + enough for an intellectual man. Such wealth, then, is the + glittering outcrop of intellectual dependence and poverty, but it + looks quite different from what its humble origin might lead one to + expect, because it can mask itself with culture and art—it can, in + fact, purchase the mask. Hence it excites envy in the poor and + uncultured—who at bottom always envy culture and see no mask in the + mask—and gradually paves the way for a social revolution. For a + gilded coarseness and a histrionic blowing of trumpets in the + pretended enjoyment of culture inspires that class with the + thought, <span class="tei tei-q">“It is only a matter of + money,”</span> whereas it is indeed to some extent a matter of + money, but far more of intellect.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">311.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Joy in + Commanding and Obeying.</span></span>—Commanding is a joy, like + obeying; the former when it has not yet become a habit, the latter + just when it has become a habit. Old servants under new masters + advance each other mutually in giving pleasure.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">312.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ambition for a + Forlorn Hope.</span></span>—There is an ambition for a forlorn hope + which forces a party to place itself at the post of extreme + danger.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">313.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">When Asses are + Needed.</span></span>—We shall not move the crowd to cry + <span class="tei tei-q">“Hosanna!”</span> until we have ridden into + the city upon an ass.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page149">[pg 149]</span><a name= + "Pg149" id="Pg149" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">314.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Party + Usage.</span></span>—Every party attempts to represent the + important elements that have sprung up outside it as unimportant, + and if it does not succeed, it attacks those elements the more + bitterly, the more excellent they are.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">315.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Becoming + Empty.</span></span>—Of him who abandons himself to the course of + events, a smaller and smaller residue is continually left. Great + politicians may therefore become quite empty men, although they + were once full and rich.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">316.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Welcome + Enemies.</span></span>—The Socialistic movements are nowadays + becoming more and more agreeable rather than terrifying to the + dynastic governments, because by these movements they are provided + with a right and a weapon for making exceptional rules, and can + thus attack their real bogies, democrats and anti-dynasts.—Towards + all that such governments professedly detest they feel a secret + cordiality and inclination. But they are compelled to draw the veil + over their soul.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">317.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Possession + Possesses.</span></span>—Only up to a certain point does possession + make men feel freer and more independent; one step farther, and + possession becomes lord, the possessor a slave. The latter must + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page150">[pg 150]</span><a name= + "Pg150" id="Pg150" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> sacrifice his time, + his thoughts to the former, and feels himself compelled to an + intercourse, nailed to a spot, incorporated with the State—perhaps + quite in conflict with his real and essential needs.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">318.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Of the Mastery + of Them that Know.</span></span>—It is easy, ridiculously easy, to + set up a model for the choice of a legislative body. First of all + the honest and reliable men of the nation, who at the same time are + masters and experts in some one branch, have to become prominent by + mutual scenting-out and recognition. From these, by a narrower + process of selection, the learned and expert of the first rank in + each individual branch must again be chosen, also by mutual + recognition and guarantee. If the legislative body be composed of + these, it will finally be necessary, in each individual case, that + only the voices and judgments of the most specialised experts + should decide; the honesty of all the rest should have become so + great that it is simply a matter of decency to leave the voting + also in the hands of these men. The result would be that the law, + in the strictest sense, would emanate from the intelligence of the + most intelligent.—As things now are, voting is done by parties, and + at every division there must be hundreds of uneasy consciences + among the ill-taught, the incapable of judgment, among those who + merely repeat, imitate, and go with the tide. Nothing lowers the + dignity of a new law so much as this inherent shamefaced feeling of + insincerity that necessarily results at every <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page151">[pg 151]</span><a name="Pg151" id="Pg151" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> party division. But, as has been said, + it is easy, ridiculously easy, to set up such a model: no power on + earth is at present strong enough to realise such an ideal—unless + the belief in the highest utility of knowledge, and of those that + know, at last dawns even upon the most hostile minds and is + preferred to the prevalent belief in majorities. In the sense of + such a future may our watchword be: <span class="tei tei-q">“More + reverence for them that know, and down with all + parties!”</span></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">319.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Of the</span> + <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">“</span><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Nation of Thinkers</span><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">”</span></span> <span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">(or of Bad Thinking</span></span>).—The + vague, vacillating, premonitory, elementary, intuitive elements—to + choose obscure names for obscure things—that are attributed to the + German nature would be, if they really still existed, a proof that + our culture has remained several stages behind and is still + surrounded by the spell and atmosphere of the Middle Ages.—It is + true that in this backwardness there are certain advantages: by + these qualities the Germans (if, as has been said before, they + still possess them) would possess the capacity, which other nations + have now lost, for doing certain things and particularly for + understanding certain things. Much undoubtedly is lost if the lack + of sense—which is just the common factor in all those qualities—is + lost. Here too, however, there are no losses without the highest + compensatory gains, so that no reason is left for lamenting, + granting that we do not, like children, and gourmands, wish to + enjoy at once the fruits of all seasons of the year.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page152">[pg 152]</span><a name= + "Pg152" id="Pg152" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">320.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Carrying Coals + to Newcastle.</span></span>—The governments of the great States + have two instruments for keeping the people dependent, in fear and + obedience: a coarser, the army, and a more refined, the school. + With the aid of the former they win over to their side the ambition + of the higher strata and the strength of the lower, so far as both + are characteristic of active and energetic men of moderate or + inferior gifts. With the aid of the latter they win over gifted + poverty, especially the intellectually pretentious semi-poverty of + the middle classes. Above all, they make teachers of all grades + into an intellectual court looking unconsciously <span class= + "tei tei-q">“towards the heights.”</span> By putting obstacle after + obstacle in the way of private schools and the wholly distasteful + individual tuition they secure the disposal of a considerable + number of educational posts, towards which numerous hungry and + submissive eyes are turned to an extent five times as great as can + ever be satisfied. These posts, however, must support the holder + but meagrely, so that he maintains a feverish thirst for promotion + and becomes still more closely attached to the views of the + government. For it is always more advantageous to foster moderate + discontent than contentment, the mother of courage, the grandmother + of free thought and exuberance. By means of this physically and + mentally bridled body of teachers, the youth of the country is as + far as possible raised to a certain level of culture that is useful + to the State and arranged on a suitable sliding-scale. Above all, + the immature <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page153">[pg + 153]</span><a name="Pg153" id="Pg153" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + and ambitious minds of all classes are almost imperceptibly imbued + with the idea that only a career which is recognised and + hall-marked by the State can lead immediately to social + distinction. The effect of this belief in government examinations + and titles goes so far that even men who have remained independent + and have risen by trade or handicraft still feel a pang of + discontent in their hearts until their position too is marked and + acknowledged by a gracious bestowal of rank and orders from + above—until one becomes a <span class= + "tei tei-q">“somebody.”</span> Finally the State connects all these + hundreds of offices and posts in its hands with the obligation of + being trained and hallmarked in these State schools if one ever + wishes to enter this charmed circle. Honour in society, daily + bread, the possibility of a family, protection from above, the + feeling of community in a common culture—all this forms a network + of hopes into which every young man walks: how should he feel the + slightest breath of mistrust? In the end, perhaps, the obligation + of being a soldier for one year has become with every one, after + the lapse of a few generations, an unreflecting habit, an + understood thing, with an eye to which we construct the plan of our + lives quite early. Then the State can venture on the master-stroke + of weaving together school and army, talent, ambition and strength + by means of common advantages—that is, by attracting the more + highly gifted on favourable terms to the army and inspiring them + with the military spirit of joyful obedience; so that finally, + perhaps, they become attached permanently to the flag and endow it + by their talents with an ever new and more brilliant <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page154">[pg 154]</span><a name="Pg154" id="Pg154" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> lustre. Then nothing more is wanted but + an opportunity for great wars. These are provided from professional + reasons (and so in all innocence) by diplomats, aided by newspapers + and Stock Exchanges. For <span class="tei tei-q">“the + nation,”</span> as a nation of soldiers, need never be supplied + with a good conscience in war—it has one already.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">321.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The + Press.</span></span>—If we consider how even to-day all great + political transactions glide upon the stage secretly and + stealthily; how they are hidden by unimportant events, and seem + small when close at hand; how they only show their far-reaching + effect, and leave the soil still quaking, long after they have + taken place;—what significance can we attach to the Press in its + present position, with its daily expenditure of lung-power in order + to bawl, to deafen, to excite, to terrify? Is it anything more than + an everlasting false alarm, which tries to lead our ears and our + wits into a false direction?</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">322.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">After a Great + Event.</span></span>—A nation and a man whose soul has come to + light through some great event generally feel the immediate need of + some act of childishness or coarseness, as much from shame as for + purposes of recreation.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">323.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">To be a Good + German means to de-Germanise Oneself.</span></span>—National + differences consist, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page155">[pg + 155]</span><a name="Pg155" id="Pg155" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + far more than has hitherto been observed, only in the differences + of various grades of culture, and are only to a very small extent + permanent (nor even that in a strict sense). For this reason all + arguments based on national character are so little binding on one + who aims at the alteration of convictions—in other words, at + culture. If, for instance, we consider all that has already been + German, we shall improve upon the hypothetical question, + <span class="tei tei-q">“What is German?”</span> by the + counter-question, <span class="tei tei-q">“What is <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">now</span></em> + German?”</span> and every good German will answer it practically, + by overcoming his German characteristics. For when a nation + advances and grows, it bursts the girdle previously given to it by + its national outlook. When it remains stationary or declines, its + soul is surrounded by a fresh girdle, and the crust, as it becomes + harder and harder, builds a prison around, with walls growing ever + higher. Hence if a nation has much that is firmly established, this + is a sign that it wishes to petrify and would like to become + nothing but a monument. This happened, from a definite date, in the + case of Egypt. So he who is well-disposed towards the Germans may + for his part consider how he may more and more grow out of what is + German. The tendency to be un-German has therefore always been a + mark of efficient members of our nation.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">324.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Foreignisms.</span></span>—A foreigner + who travelled in Germany found favour or the reverse by certain + assertions of his, according to the districts in which he stayed. + All intelligent Suabians, he used to say, <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page156">[pg 156]</span><a name="Pg156" id="Pg156" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> are coquettish.—The other Suabians still + believed that Uhland was a poet and Goethe immoral.—The best about + German novels now in vogue was that one need not read them, for one + knew already what they contained.—The native of Berlin seemed more + good-humoured than the South German, for he was all too fond of + mocking, and so could endure mockery himself, which the South + German could not.—The intellect of the Germans was kept down by + their beer and their newspapers: he recommended them tea and + pamphlets, of course as a cure.—He advised us to contemplate the + different nations of worn-out Europe and see how well each + displayed some particular quality of old age, to the delight of + those who sit before the great spectacle: how the French + successfully represent the cleverness and amiability of old age, + the English the experience and reserve, the Italians the innocence + and candour. Can the other masks of old age be wanting? Where is + the proud old man, the domineering old man, the covetous old + man?—The most dangerous region in Germany was Saxony and Thuringia: + nowhere else was there more mental nimbleness, more knowledge of + men, side by side with freedom of thought; and all this was so + modestly veiled by the ugly dialect and the zealous officiousness + of the inhabitants that one hardly noticed that one here had to + deal with the intellectual drill-sergeants of Germany, her teachers + for good or evil.—The arrogance of the North Germans was kept in + check by their tendency to obey, that of the South Germans by their + tendency—to make themselves comfortable.—It appeared to him that + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page157">[pg 157]</span><a name= + "Pg157" id="Pg157" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> in their women + German men possessed awkward but self-opinionated housewives, who + belauded themselves so perseveringly that they had almost persuaded + the world, and at any rate their husbands, of their peculiarly + German housewifely virtue.—When the conversation turned on + Germany's home and foreign policy, he used to say (he called it + <span class="tei tei-q">“betray the secret”</span>) that Germany's + greatest statesman did not believe in great statesmen.—The future + of Germany he found menaced and menacing, for Germans had forgotten + how to enjoy themselves (an art that the Italians understood so + well), but, by the great games of chance called wars and dynastic + revolutions, had accustomed themselves to emotionalism, and + consequently would one day have an <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">émeute</span></span>. For that is the + strongest emotion that a nation can procure for itself.—The German + Socialist was all the more dangerous because impelled by no + definite necessity: his trouble lay in not knowing what he wanted; + so, even if he attained many of his objects, he would still pine + away from desire in the midst of delights, just like Faust, but + presumably like a very vulgar Faust. <span class="tei tei-q">“For + the Faust-Devil,”</span> he finally exclaimed, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“by whom cultured Germans were so much plagued, was + exorcised by Bismarck; but now the Devil has entered into the + swine,<a id="noteref_17" name="noteref_17" href= + "#note_17"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">17</span></span></a> and is + worse than ever!”</span></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">325.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Opinions.</span></span>—Most men are + nothing and count for nothing until they have arrayed themselves in + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page158">[pg 158]</span><a name= + "Pg158" id="Pg158" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> universal + convictions and public opinions. This is in accordance with the + tailors' philosophy, <span class="tei tei-q">“The apparel makes the + man.”</span> Of exceptional men, however, it must be said, + <span class="tei tei-q">“The wearer primarily makes the + apparel.”</span> Here opinions cease to be public, and become + something else than masks, ornament, and disguise.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">326.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Two Kinds of + Sobriety.</span></span>—In order not to confound the sobriety + arising from mental exhaustion with that arising from moderation, + one must remark that the former is peevish, the latter + cheerful.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">327.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Debasement of + Joy.</span></span>—To call a thing good not a day longer than it + appears to us good, and above all not a day earlier—that is the + only way to keep joy pure. Otherwise, joy all too easily becomes + insipid and rotten to the taste, and counts, for whole strata of + the people, among the adulterated foodstuffs.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">328.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Scapegoat + of Virtue.</span></span>—When a man does his very best, those who + mean well towards him, but are not capable of appreciating him, + speedily seek a scapegoat to immolate, thinking it is the scapegoat + of sin—but it is the scapegoat of virtue.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">329.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Sovereignty.</span></span>—To honour and + acknowledge even the bad, when it <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">pleases</span></em> + one, and to have no <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page159">[pg + 159]</span><a name="Pg159" id="Pg159" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + conception of how one could be ashamed of being pleased thereat, is + the mark of sovereignty in things great and small.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">330.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Influence a + Phantom, not a Reality.</span></span>—The man of mark gradually + learns that so far as he has influence he is a phantom in other + brains, and perhaps he falls into a state of subtle vexation of + soul, in which he asks himself whether he must not maintain this + phantom of himself for the benefit of his fellow-men.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">331.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Giving and + Taking.</span></span>—When one takes away (or anticipates) the + smallest thing that another possesses, the latter is blind to the + fact that he has been given something greater, nay, even the + greatest thing.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">332.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Good + Ploughland.</span></span>—All rejection and negation betoken a + deficiency in fertility. If we were good ploughland, we should + allow nothing to be unused or lost, and in every thing, event, or + person we should welcome manure, rain, or sunshine.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">333.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Intercourse as + an Enjoyment.</span></span>—If a man renounces the world and + intentionally lives in solitude, he may come to regard intercourse + with others, which he enjoys but seldom, as a special delicacy.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page160">[pg 160]</span><a name= + "Pg160" id="Pg160" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">334.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">To Know how to + Suffer in Public.</span></span>—We must advertise our misfortunes + and from time to time heave audible sighs and show visible marks of + impatience. For if we could let others see how assured and happy we + are in spite of pain and privation, how envious and ill-tempered + they would become at the sight!—But we must take care not to + corrupt our fellow-men; besides, if they knew the truth, they would + levy a heavy toll upon us. At any rate our public misfortune is our + private advantage.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">335.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Warmth on the + Heights.</span></span>—On the heights it is warmer than people in + the valleys suppose, especially in winter. The thinker recognises + the full import of this simile.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">336.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">To Will the + Good and be Capable of the Beautiful.</span></span>—It is not + enough to practise the good one must have willed it, and, as the + poet says, include the Godhead in our will. But the beautiful we + must not will, we must be capable of it, in innocence and + blindness, without any psychical curiosity. He that lights his + lantern to find perfect men should remember the token by which to + know them. They are the men who always act for the sake of the good + and in so doing always attain to the beautiful without thinking of + the beautiful. Many better and nobler men, from impotence or from + want of beauty in their souls, remain unrefreshing <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page161">[pg 161]</span><a name="Pg161" id="Pg161" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> and ugly to behold, with all their good + will and good works. They rebuff and injure even virtue through the + repulsive garb in which their bad taste arrays her.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">337.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Danger of + Renunciation.</span></span>—We must beware of basing our lives on + too narrow a foundation of appetite. For if we renounce all the + joys involved in positions, honours, associations, revels, creature + comforts, and arts, a day may come when we perceive that this + repudiation has led us not to wisdom but to satiety of life.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">338.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Final Opinion + on Opinions.</span></span>—Either we should hide our opinions or + hide ourselves behind our opinions. Whoever does otherwise, does + not know the way of the world, or belongs to the order of pious + fire-eaters.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">339.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic; font-variant: small-caps">Gaudeamus + Igitur.</span></span></span>”</span>—Joy must contain edifying and + healing forces for the moral nature of man. Otherwise, how comes it + that our soul, as soon as it basks in the sunshine of joy, + unconsciously vows to itself, <span class="tei tei-q">“I will be + good!”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“I will become + perfect!”</span> and is at once seized by a premonition of + perfection that is like a shudder of religious awe?</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">340.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">To One who is + Praised.</span></span>—So long as you are praised, believe that you + are not yet on your own course but on that of another.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page162">[pg 162]</span><a name= + "Pg162" id="Pg162" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">341.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Loving the + Master.</span></span>—The apprentice and the master love the master + in different ways.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">342.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">All-too-Beautiful and + Human.</span></span>—<span class="tei tei-q">“Nature is too + beautiful for thee, poor mortal,”</span> one often feels. But now + and then, at a profound contemplation of all that is human, in its + fulness, vigour, tenderness, and complexity, I have felt as if I + must say, in all humility, <span class="tei tei-q">“Man also is too + beautiful for the contemplation of man!”</span> Nor did I mean the + moral man alone, but every one.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">343.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Real and + Personal Estate.</span></span>—When life has treated us in true + robber fashion, and has taken away all that it could of honour, + joys, connections, health, and property of every kind, we perhaps + discover in the end, after the first shock, that we are richer than + before. For now we know for the first time what is so peculiarly + ours that no robber hand can touch it, and perhaps, after all the + plunder and devastation, we come forward with the airs of a mighty + real estate owner.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">344.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Involuntarily + Idealised.</span></span>—The most painful feeling that exists is + finding out that we are always taken for something higher than we + really are. For we must thereby confess to ourselves, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“There is in <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page163">[pg + 163]</span><a name="Pg163" id="Pg163" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + you some element of fraud—your speech, your expression, your + bearing, your eye, your dealings; and this deceitful something is + as necessary as your usual honesty, but constantly destroys its + effect and its value.”</span></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">345.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Idealist and + Liar.</span></span>—We must not let ourselves be tyrannised even by + that finest faculty of idealising things: otherwise, truth will one + day part company from us with the insulting remark: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Thou arch-liar, what have I to do with + thee?”</span></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">346.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Being + Misunderstood.</span></span>—When one is misunderstood generally, + it is impossible to remove a particular misunderstanding. This + point must be recognised, to save superfluous expenditure of energy + in self-defence.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">347.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The + Water-Drinker Speaks.</span></span>—Go on drinking your wine, which + has refreshed you all your life—what affair is it of yours if I + have to be a water-drinker? Are not wine and water peaceable, + brotherly elements, that can live side by side without mutual + recriminations?</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">348.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">From Cannibal + Country.</span></span>—In solitude the lonely man is eaten up by + himself, among crowds by the many. Choose which you prefer.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page164">[pg 164]</span><a name= + "Pg164" id="Pg164" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">349.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The + Freezing-Point of the Will.</span></span>—<span class= + "tei tei-q">“Some time the hour will come at last, the hour that + will envelop you in the golden cloud of painlessness; when the soul + enjoys its own weariness and, happy in patient playing with + patience, resembles the waves of a lake, which on a quiet summer + day, in the reflection of a many-hued evening sky, sip and sip at + the shore and again are hushed—without end, without purpose, + without satiety, without need—all calm rejoicing in change, all ebb + and flow of Nature's pulse.”</span> Such is the feeling and talk of + all invalids, but if they attain that hour, a brief period of + enjoyment is followed by ennui. But this is the thawing-wind of the + frozen will, which awakes, stirs, and once more begets desire upon + desire.—Desire is a sign of convalescence or recovery.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">350.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Disclaimed + Ideal.</span></span>—It happens sometimes by an exception that a + man only reaches the highest when he disclaims his ideal. For this + ideal previously drove him onward too violently, so that in the + middle of the track he regularly got out of breath and had to + rest.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">351.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">A Treacherous + Inclination.</span></span>—It should be regarded as a sign of an + envious but aspiring man, when he feels himself attracted by the + thought that with regard to the eminent there is but one + salvation—love.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page165">[pg 165]</span><a name= + "Pg165" id="Pg165" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">352.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Staircase + Happiness.</span></span>—Just as the wit of many men does not keep + pace with opportunity (so that opportunity has already passed + through the door while wit still waits on the staircase outside), + so others have a kind of staircase happiness, which walks too + slowly to keep pace with swift-footed Time. The best that it can + enjoy of an experience, of a whole span of life, falls to its share + long afterwards, often only as a weak, spicy fragrance, giving rise + to longing and sadness—as if <span class="tei tei-q">“it might have + been possible”</span>—some time or other—to drink one's fill of + this element: but now it is too late.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">353.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Worms.</span></span>—The fact that an + intellect contains a few worms does not detract from its + ripeness.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">354.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Seat of + Victory.</span></span>—A good seat on horseback robs an opponent of + his courage, the spectator of his heart—why attack such a man? Sit + like one who has been victorious!</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">355.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Danger in + Admiration.</span></span>—From excessive admiration for the virtues + of others one can lose the sense of one's own, and finally, through + lack of practice, lose these virtues themselves, without retaining + the alien virtues as compensation.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page166">[pg 166]</span><a name= + "Pg166" id="Pg166" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">356.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Uses of + Sickliness.</span></span>—He who is often ill not only has a far + greater pleasure in health, on account of his so often getting + well, but acquires a very keen sense of what is healthy or sickly + in actions and achievements, both his own and others'. Thus, for + example, it is just the writers of uncertain health—among whom, + unfortunately, nearly all great writers must be classed—who are + wont to have a far more even and assured tone of health in their + writings, because they are better versed than are the physically + robust in the philosophy of psychical health and convalescence and + in their teachers—morning, sunshine, forest, and fountain.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">357.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Disloyalty a + Condition of Mastery.</span></span>—It cannot be helped—every + master has but one pupil, and <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">he</span></em> becomes disloyal to him, for he + also is destined for mastery.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">358.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Never in + Vain.</span></span>—In the mountains of truth you never climb in + vain. Either you already reach a higher point to-day, or you + exercise your strength in order to be able to climb higher + to-morrow.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">359.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Through Grey + Window-Panes.</span></span>—Is what you see through this window of + the world so beautiful that you do not wish to look through any + other <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page167">[pg 167]</span><a name= + "Pg167" id="Pg167" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> window—ay, and even + try to prevent others from so doing?</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">360.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">A Sign of + Radical Changes.</span></span>—When we dream of persons long + forgotten or dead, it is a sign that we have suffered radical + changes, and that the soil on which we live has been completely + undermined. The dead rise again, and our antiquity becomes + modernity.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">361.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Medicine of the + Soul.</span></span>—To lie still and think little is the cheapest + medicine for all diseases of the soul, and, with the aid of + good-will, becomes pleasanter every hour that it is used.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">362.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Intellectual + Order of Precedence.</span></span>—You rank far below others when + you try to establish the exception and they the rule.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">363.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The + Fatalist.</span></span>—You must believe in fate—science can compel + you thereto. All that develops in you out of that belief—cowardice, + devotion or loftiness, and uprightness—bears witness to the soil in + which the grain was sown, but not to the grain itself, for from + that seed anything and everything can grow.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">364.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Reason for + Much Fretfulness.</span></span>—He that prefers the beautiful to + the useful in life will <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page168">[pg + 168]</span><a name="Pg168" id="Pg168" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + undoubtedly, like children who prefer sweetmeats to bread, destroy + his digestion and acquire a very fretful outlook on the world.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">365.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Excess as a + Remedy.</span></span>—We can make our own talent once more + acceptable to ourselves by honouring and enjoying the opposite + talent for some time to excess.—Using excess as a remedy is one of + the more refined devices in the art of life.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">366.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Will a + Self.</span></span>”</span>—Active, successful natures act, not + according to the maxim, <span class="tei tei-q">“Know + thyself,”</span> but as if always confronted with the command, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Will a self, so you will become a + self.”</span>—Fate seems always to have left them a choice. + Inactive, contemplative natures, on the other hand, reflect on how + they have chosen their self <span class="tei tei-q">“once for + all”</span> at their entry into life.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">367.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">To Live as Far + as Possible without a Following.</span></span>—How small is the + importance of followers we first grasp when we have ceased to be + the followers of our followers.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">368.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Obscuring + Oneself.</span></span>—We must understand how to obscure ourselves + in order to get rid of the gnat-swarms of pestering admirers.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page169">[pg 169]</span><a name= + "Pg169" id="Pg169" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">369.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Ennui.</span></span>—There is an ennui + of the most subtle and cultured brains, to which the best that the + world can offer has become stale. Accustomed to eat ever more and + more recherché fare and to feel disgust at coarser diet, they are + in danger of dying of hunger. For the very best exists but in small + quantities, and has sometimes become inaccessible or hard as stone, + so that even good teeth can no longer bite it.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">370.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Danger in + Admiration.</span></span>—The admiration of a quality or of an art + may be so strong as to deter us from aspiring to possess that + quality or art.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">371.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">What is + Required of Art.</span></span>—One man wants to enjoy himself by + means of art, another for a time to get out of or above himself.—To + meet both requirements there exists a twofold species of + artists.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">372.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Secessions.</span></span>—Whoever + secedes from us offends not us, perhaps, but certainly our + adherents.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">373.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">After + Death.</span></span>—It is only long after the death of a man that + we find it inconceivable that he should be missed—in the case of + really great men, only after decades. Those who are honest usually + think when <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page170">[pg + 170]</span><a name="Pg170" id="Pg170" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + any one dies that he is not much missed, and that the pompous + funeral oration is a piece of hypocrisy. Necessity first teaches + the necessariness of an individual, and the proper epitaph is a + belated sigh.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">374.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Leaving in + Hades.</span></span>—We must leave many things in the Hades of + half-conscious feeling, and not try to release them from their + shadow-existence, or else they will become, as thoughts and words, + our demoniacal tyrants, with cruel lust after our blood.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">375.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Near to + Beggary.</span></span>—Even the richest intellect sometimes mislays + the key to the room in which his hoarded treasures repose. He is + then like the poorest of the poor, who must beg to get a + living.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">376.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Chain-Thinkers.</span></span>—To him who + has thought a great deal, every new thought that he hears or reads + at once assumes the form of a chain.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">377.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Pity.</span></span>—In the gilded sheath + of pity is sometimes hidden the dagger of envy.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">378.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">What is + Genius?</span></span>—To aspire to a lofty aim and to will the + means to that aim.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page171">[pg 171]</span><a name= + "Pg171" id="Pg171" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">379.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Vanity of + Combatants.</span></span>—He who has no hope of victory in a + combat, or who is obviously worsted, is all the more desirous that + his style of fighting should be admired.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">380.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Philosophic + Life Misinterpreted.</span></span>—At the moment when one is + beginning to take philosophy seriously, the whole world fancies + that one is doing the reverse.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">381.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Imitation.</span></span>—By imitation, + the bad gains, the good loses credit—especially in art.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">382.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Final Teaching + of History.</span></span>—<span class="tei tei-q">“Oh that I had + but lived in those times!”</span> is the exclamation of foolish and + frivolous men. At every period of history that we seriously review, + even if it be the most belauded era of the past, we shall rather + cry out at the end, <span class="tei tei-q">“Anything but a return + to that! The spirit of that age would oppress you with the weight + of a hundred atmospheres, the good and beautiful in it you would + not enjoy, its evil you could not digest.”</span> Depend upon it, + posterity will pass the same verdict on our own epoch, and say that + it was unbearable, that life under such conditions was intolerable. + <span class="tei tei-q">“And yet every one can endure his own + times?”</span> Yes, because the spirit of <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page172">[pg 172]</span><a name="Pg172" id="Pg172" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> his age not only lies <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">upon</span></em> + him but is <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">in</span></em> him. The spirit of the age + offers resistance to itself and can bear itself.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">383.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Greatness as a + Mask.</span></span>—By greatness in our comportment we embitter our + foes; by envy that we do not conceal we almost reconcile them to + us. For envy levels and makes equal; it is an unconscious, + plaintive variety of modesty.—It may be indeed that here and there, + for the sake of the above-named advantage, envy has been assumed as + a mask by those who are not envious. Certainly, however, greatness + in comportment is often used as the mask of envy by ambitious men + who would rather suffer drawbacks and embitter their foes than let + it be seen that they place them on an equal footing with + themselves.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">384.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Unpardonable.</span></span>—You gave him + an opportunity of displaying the greatness of his character, and he + did not make use of the opportunity. He will never forgive you for + that.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">385.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Contrasts.</span></span>—The most senile + thought ever conceived about men lies in the famous saying, + <span class="tei tei-q">“The ego is always hateful,”</span> the + most childish in the still more famous saying, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Love thy neighbour as thyself.”</span>—With the one + knowledge of men has ceased, with the other it has not yet + begun.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page173">[pg 173]</span><a name= + "Pg173" id="Pg173" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">386.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">A Defective + Ear.</span></span>—<span class="tei tei-q">“We still belong to the + mob so long as we always shift the blame on to others; we are on + the track of wisdom when we always make ourselves alone + responsible; but the wise man finds no one to blame, neither + himself nor others.”</span>—Who said that? Epictetus, eighteen + hundred years ago.—The world has heard but forgotten the + saying.—No, the world has not heard and not forgotten it: + everything is not forgotten. But we had not the necessary ear, the + ear of Epictetus.—So he whispered it into his own ear?—Even so: + wisdom is the whispering of the sage to himself in the crowded + market-place.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">387.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">A Defect of + Standpoint, not of Vision.</span></span>—We always stand a few + paces too near ourselves and a few paces too far from our + neighbour. Hence we judge him too much in the lump, and ourselves + too much by individual, occasional, insignificant features and + circumstances.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">388.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ignorance about + Weapons.</span></span>—How little we care whether another knows a + subject or not!—whereas he perhaps sweats blood at the bare idea + that he may be considered ignorant on the point. Yes, there are + exquisite fools, who always go about with a quiverful of mighty, + excommunicatory utterances, ready to shoot down any one who shows + freely that there are matters in which their judgment is not taken + into account.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page174">[pg 174]</span><a name= + "Pg174" id="Pg174" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">389.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">At the + Drinking-Table of Experience.</span></span>—People whose innate + moderation leads them to drink but the half of every glass, will + not admit that everything in the world has its lees and + sediment.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">390.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Singing-Birds.</span></span>—The + followers of a great man often put their own eyes out, so that they + may be the better able to sing his praise.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">391.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Beyond our + Ken.</span></span>—The good generally displeases us when it is + beyond our ken.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">392.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Rule as Mother + or as Child.</span></span>—There is one condition that gives birth + to rules, another to which rules give birth.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">393.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Comedy.</span></span>—We sometimes earn + honour or love for actions and achievements which we have long + since sloughed as the snake sloughs his skin. We are hereby easily + seduced into becoming the comic actors of our own past, and into + throwing the old skin once more about our shoulders—and that not + merely from vanity, but from good-will towards our admirers.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">394.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">A Mistake of + Biographers.</span></span>—The small force that is required to + launch a boat into the stream <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page175">[pg 175]</span><a name="Pg175" id="Pg175" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> must not be confounded with the force of the + stream that carries the boat along. Yet this mistake is made in + nearly all biographies.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">395.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Not Buying too + Dear.</span></span>—The things that we buy too dear we generally + turn to bad use, because we have no love for them but only a + painful recollection. Thus they involve a twofold drawback.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">396.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Philosophy + that Society always Needs.</span></span>—The pillars of the social + structure rest upon the fundamental fact that every one cheerfully + contemplates all that he is, does, and attempts, his sickness or + health, his poverty or affluence, his honour or insignificance, and + says to himself, <span class="tei tei-q">“After all, I would not + change places with any one!”</span>—Whoever wishes to add a stone + to the social structure should always try to implant in mankind + this cheerful philosophy of contentment and refusal to change + places.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">397.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Mark of a + Noble Soul.</span></span>—A noble soul is not that which is capable + of the highest flights, but that which rises little and falls + little, living always in a free and bright atmosphere and + altitude.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">398.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Greatness and + its Contemplator.</span></span>—The noblest effect of greatness is + that it gives the contemplator <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page176">[pg 176]</span><a name="Pg176" id="Pg176" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> a power of vision that magnifies and + embellishes.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">399.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Being + Satisfied.</span></span>—We show that we have attained maturity of + understanding when we no longer go where rare flowers lurk under + the thorniest hedges of knowledge, but are satisfied with gardens, + forests, meadows, and ploughlands, remembering that life is too + short for the rare and uncommon.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">400.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Advantage in + Privation.</span></span>—He who always lives in the warmth and + fulness of the heart, and, as it were, in the summer air of the + soul, cannot form an idea of that fearful delight which seizes more + wintry natures, who for once in a way are kissed by the rays of + love and the milder breath of a sunny February day.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">401.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Recipe for the + Sufferer.</span></span>—You find the burden of life too heavy? Then + you must increase the burden of your life. When the sufferer + finally thirsts after and seeks the river of Lethe, then he must + become a <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">hero</span></em> to be certain of finding + it.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">402.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The + Judge.</span></span>—He who has seen another's ideal becomes his + inexorable judge, and as it were his evil conscience.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">403.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Utility of + Great Renunciation.</span></span>—The useful thing about great + renunciation is that it invests <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page177">[pg 177]</span><a name="Pg177" id="Pg177" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> us with that youthful pride through which we + can thenceforth easily demand of ourselves small renunciations.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">404.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">How Duty + Acquires a Glamour.</span></span>—You can change a brazen duty into + gold in the eyes of all by always performing something more than + you have promised.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">405.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Prayer to + Mankind.</span></span>—<span class="tei tei-q">“Forgive us our + virtues”</span>—so should we pray to mankind.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">406.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">They that + Create and They that Enjoy.</span></span>—Every one who enjoys + thinks that the principal thing to the tree is the fruit, but in + point of fact the principal thing to it is the seed.—Herein lies + the difference between them that create and them that enjoy.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">407.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Glory of + all Great Men.</span></span>—What is the use of genius if it does + not invest him who contemplates and reveres it with such freedom + and loftiness of feeling that he no longer has need of genius?—To + make themselves superfluous is the glory of all great men.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">408.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Journey to + Hades.</span></span>—I too have been in the underworld, even as + Odysseus, and I shall often be there again. Not sheep alone have I + sacrificed, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page178">[pg + 178]</span><a name="Pg178" id="Pg178" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + that I might be able to converse with a few dead souls, but not + even my own blood have I spared. There were four pairs who + responded to me in my sacrifice: Epicurus and Montaigne, Goethe and + Spinoza, Plato and Rousseau, Pascal and Schopenhauer. With them I + have to come to terms. When I have long wandered alone, I will let + them prove me right or wrong; to them will I listen, if they prove + each other right or wrong. In all that I say, conclude, or think + out for myself and others, I fasten my eyes on those eight and see + their eyes fastened on mine.—May the living forgive me if I look + upon them at times as shadows, so pale and fretful, so restless + and, alas! so eager for life. Those eight, on the other hand, seem + to me so living that I feel as if even now, after their death, they + could never become weary of life. But eternal vigour of life is the + important point: what matters <span class="tei tei-q">“eternal + life,”</span> or indeed life at all?</p> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page181">[pg 181]</span><a name= + "Pg181" id="Pg181" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc7" id="toc7"></a> <a name="pdf8" id="pdf8"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Part II. The Wanderer And His + Shadow.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Shadow</span></span>: It is so long since I heard you speak that I + should like to give you an opportunity of talking.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Wanderer</span></span>: I hear a voice—where? whose? I almost fancied + that I heard myself speaking, but with a voice yet weaker than my + own.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Shadow</span></span> (after a pause): Are you not glad to have an + opportunity of speaking?</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Wanderer</span></span>: By God and everything else in which I + disbelieve, it is my shadow that speaks. I hear it, but I do not + believe it.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Shadow</span></span>: Let us assume that it exists, and think no more + about it. In another hour all will be over.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Wanderer</span></span>: That is just what I thought when in a forest + near Pisa I saw first two and then five camels.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Shadow</span></span>: It is all the better if we are both equally + forbearing towards each other when for once our reason is silent. + Thus we shall avoid losing our tempers in conversation, and shall not + at once apply mutual thumb-screws in the event of any word sounding + for once unintelligible to us. If one does not know exactly how to + answer, it is enough to <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page182">[pg + 182]</span><a name="Pg182" id="Pg182" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> say + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">something</span></em>. Those are the reasonable + terms on which I hold conversation with any person. During a long + talk the wisest of men becomes a fool once and a simpleton + thrice.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Wanderer</span></span>: Your moderation is not flattering to those to + whom you confess it.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Shadow</span></span>: Am I, then, to flatter?</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Wanderer</span></span>: I thought a man's shadow was his vanity. + Surely vanity would never say, <span class="tei tei-q">“Am I, then, + to flatter?”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Shadow</span></span>: Nor does human vanity, so far as I am + acquainted with it, ask, as I have done twice, whether it may speak. + It simply speaks.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Wanderer</span></span>: Now I see for the first time how rude I am to + you, my beloved shadow. I have not said a word of my supreme + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">delight</span></em> in hearing and not merely + seeing you. You must know that I love shadows even as I love light. + For the existence of beauty of face, clearness of speech, kindliness + and firmness of character, the shadow is as necessary as the light. + They are not opponents—rather do they hold each other's hands like + good friends; and when the light vanishes, the shadow glides after + it.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Shadow</span></span>: Yes, and I hate the same thing that you + hate—night. I love men because they are votaries of life. I rejoice + in the gleam of their eyes when they recognise and discover, they who + never weary of recognising and discovering. That shadow which all + things cast when the sunshine of knowledge falls upon them—that + shadow too am I.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Wanderer</span></span>: I think I understand you, although you have + expressed yourself in somewhat <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page183">[pg 183]</span><a name="Pg183" id="Pg183" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> shadowy terms. You are right. Good friends give + to each other here and there, as a sign of mutual understanding, an + obscure phrase which to any third party is meant to be a riddle. And + we are good friends, you and I. So enough of preambles! Some few + hundred questions oppress my soul, and the time for you to answer + them is perchance but short. Let us see how we may come to an + understanding as quickly and peaceably as possible.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Shadow</span></span>: But shadows are more shy than men. You will not + reveal to any man the manner of our conversation?</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Wanderer</span></span>: <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The manner</span></em> of our conversation? + Heaven preserve me from wire-drawn, literary dialogues! If Plato had + found less pleasure in spinning them out, his readers would have + found more pleasure in Plato. A dialogue that in real life is a + source of delight, when turned into writing and read, is a picture + with nothing but false perspectives. Everything is too long or too + short.—Yet perhaps I may reveal the <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">points on + which</span></em> we have come to an understanding?</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Shadow</span></span>: With that I am content. For every one will only + recognise your views once more, and no one will think of the + shadow.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Wanderer</span></span>: Perhaps you are wrong, my friend! Hitherto + they have observed in my views more of the shadow than of me.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Shadow</span></span>: More of the shadow than of the light? Is that + possible?</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Wanderer</span></span>: Be serious, dear fool! My very first question + demands seriousness.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page184">[pg + 184]</span><a name="Pg184" id="Pg184" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">1.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Of the Tree of + Knowledge.</span></span>—Probability, but no truth; the semblance + of freedom, but no freedom—these are the two fruits by virtue of + which the tree of knowledge cannot be confounded with the tree of + life.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">2.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The World's + Reason.</span></span>—That the world is <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">not</span></em> the + abstract essence of an eternal reasonableness is sufficiently + proved by the fact that that <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">bit of the world</span></em> which we know—I + mean our human reason—is none too reasonable. And if <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">this</span></em> is + not eternally and wholly wise and reasonable, the rest of the world + will not be so either. Here the conclusion <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">a + minori ad majus, a parte ad totum</span></span> holds good, and + that with decisive force.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">3.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">In the Beginning + was.</span></span>”</span>—To glorify the origin—that is the + metaphysical after-shoot which sprouts again at the contemplation + of history, and absolutely makes us imagine that <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">in the + beginning</span></em> of things lies all that is most valuable and + essential.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">4.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Standard for + the Value of Truth.</span></span>—The difficulty of climbing + mountains is no gauge of their height. Yet in the case of science + it is different!—we are told by certain persons who wish to be + considered <span class="tei tei-q">“the initiated,”</span>—the + difficulty in finding <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page185">[pg + 185]</span><a name="Pg185" id="Pg185" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + truth is to determine the value of truth! This insane morality + originates in the idea that <span class="tei tei-q">“truths”</span> + are really nothing more than gymnastic appliances, with which we + have to exercise ourselves until we are thoroughly tired. It is a + morality for the athletes and gymnasts of the intellect.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">5.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Use of Words + and Reality.</span></span>—There exists a simulated contempt for + all the things that mankind actually holds most important, for all + everyday matters. For instance, we say <span class="tei tei-q">“we + only eat to live”</span>—an abominable <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">lie</span></em>, + like that which speaks of the procreation of children as the real + purpose of all sexual pleasure. Conversely, the reverence for + <span class="tei tei-q">“the most important things”</span> is + hardly ever quite genuine. The priests and metaphysicians have + indeed accustomed us to a hypocritically exaggerated <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">use of + words</span></em> regarding these matters, but they have not + altered the feeling that these most important things are not so + important as those despised <span class="tei tei-q">“everyday + matters.”</span> A fatal consequence of this twofold hypocrisy is + that we never make these everyday matters (such as eating, housing, + clothes, and intercourse) the object of a constant unprejudiced and + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">universal</span></em> reflection and revision, + but, as such a process appears degrading, we divert from them our + serious intellectual and artistic side. Hence in such matters habit + and frivolity win an easy victory over the thoughtless, especially + over inexperienced youth. On the other hand, our continual + transgressions of the simplest laws of body and mind reduce us all, + young <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page186">[pg 186]</span><a name= + "Pg186" id="Pg186" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> and old, to a + disgraceful state of dependence and servitude—I mean to that + fundamentally superfluous dependence upon physicians, teachers and + clergymen, whose dead-weight still lies heavy upon the whole of + society.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">6.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Earthly + Infirmities and their Main Cause.</span></span>—If we look about + us, we are always coming across men who have eaten eggs all their + lives without observing that the oblong-shaped taste the best; who + do not know that a thunder-storm is beneficial to the stomach; that + perfumes are most fragrant in cold, clear air; that our sense of + taste varies in different parts of our mouths; that every meal at + which we talk well or listen well does harm to the digestion. If we + are not satisfied with these examples of defective powers of + observation, we shall concede all the more readily that the + everyday matters are very imperfectly seen and rarely observed by + the majority. Is this a matter of indifference?—Let us remember, + after all, that from this defect are derived <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">nearly all the + bodily and spiritual infirmities</span></em> of the individual. + Ignorance of what is good and bad for us, in the arrangement of our + mode of life, the division of our day, the selection of our friends + and the time we devote to them, in business and leisure, commanding + and obeying, our feeling for nature and for art, our eating, + sleeping, and meditation; ignorance and lack of keen perceptions + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">in the + smallest and most ordinary details</span></em>—this it is that + makes the world <span class="tei tei-q">“a vale of tears”</span> + for so many. Let us not say that here <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page187">[pg 187]</span><a name="Pg187" id="Pg187" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> as everywhere the fault lies with human + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">unreason</span></em>. Of reason there is + enough and to spare, but it is <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">wrongly + directed</span></em> and <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">artificially diverted</span></em> from these + little intimate things. Priests and teachers, and the sublime + ambition of all idealists, coarser and subtler, din it even into + the child's ears that the means of serving mankind at large depend + upon altogether different <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">things</span></em>—upon the salvation of the + soul, the service of the State, the advancement of science, or even + upon social position and property; whereas the needs of the + individual, his requirements great and small during the twenty-four + hours of the day, are quite paltry or indifferent.—Even Socrates + attacked with all his might this arrogant neglect of the human for + the benefit of humanity, and loved to indicate by a quotation from + Homer the true sphere and conception of all anxiety and reflection: + <span class="tei tei-q">“All that really matters,”</span> he said, + <span class="tei tei-q">“is the good and evil hap I find at + home.”</span></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">7.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Two Means of + Consolation.</span></span>—Epicurus, the soul-comforter of later + antiquity, said, with that marvellous insight which to this very + day is so rarely to be found, that for the calming of the spirit + the solution of the final and ultimate theoretical problems is by + no means necessary. Hence, instead of raising a barren and remote + discussion of the final question, whether the Gods existed, it + sufficed him to say to those who were tormented by <span class= + "tei tei-q">“fear of the Gods”</span>: <span class="tei tei-q">“If + there are Gods, they do not concern themselves with us.”</span> The + latter position is far stronger and <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page188">[pg 188]</span><a name="Pg188" id="Pg188" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> more favourable, for, by conceding a few + points to the other, one makes him readier to listen and to take to + heart. But as soon as he sets about proving the opposite (that the + Gods do concern themselves with us), into what thorny jungles of + error must the poor man fall, quite of his own accord, and without + any cunning on the part of his interlocutor! The latter must only + have enough subtlety and humanity to conceal his sympathy with this + tragedy. Finally, the other comes to feel disgust—the strongest + argument against any proposition—disgust with his own hypothesis. + He becomes cold, and goes away in the same frame of mind as the + pure atheist who says, <span class="tei tei-q">“What do the Gods + matter to me? The devil take them!”</span>—In other cases, + especially when a half-physical, half-moral assumption had cast a + gloom over his spirit, Epicurus did not refute the assumption. He + agreed that it might be true, but that there was <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">a second + assumption</span></em> to explain the same phenomenon, and that it + could perhaps be maintained in other ways. The plurality of + hypotheses (for example, that concerning the origin of + conscientious scruples) suffices even in our time to remove from + the soul the shadows that arise so easily from pondering over a + hypothesis which is isolated, merely visible, and hence overvalued + a hundredfold.—Thus whoever wishes to console the unfortunate, the + criminal, the hypochondriac, the dying, may call to mind the two + soothing suggestions of Epicurus, which can be applied to a great + number of problems. In their simplest form they would run: firstly, + granted the thing is so, it does not concern us; secondly, the + thing may be so, but it may also be otherwise.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page189">[pg 189]</span><a name= + "Pg189" id="Pg189" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">8.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">In the + Night.</span></span>—So soon as night begins to fall our sensations + concerning everyday matters are altered. There is the wind, + prowling as if on forbidden paths, whispering as if in search of + something, fretting because he cannot find it. There is the + lamplight, with its dim red glow, its weary look, unwillingly + fighting against night, a sullen slave to wakeful man. There are + the breathings of the sleeper, with their terrible rhythm, to which + an ever-recurring care seems to blow the trumpet-melody—we do not + hear it, but when the sleeper's bosom heaves we feel our + heart-strings tighten; and when the breath sinks and almost dies + away into a deathly stillness, we say to ourselves, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Rest awhile, poor troubled spirit!”</span> All living + creatures bear so great a burden that we wish them an eternal rest; + night invites to death.—If human beings were deprived of the sun + and resisted night by means of moonlight and oil-lamps, what a + philosophy would cast its veil over them! We already see only too + plainly how a shadow is thrown over the spiritual and intellectual + nature of man by that moiety of darkness and sunlessness that + envelops life.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">9.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Origin of the + Doctrine of Free Will.</span></span>—Necessity sways one man in the + shape of his passions, another as a habit of hearing and obeying, a + third as a logical conscience, a fourth as a caprice and a + mischievous delight in evasions. These four, <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page190">[pg 190]</span><a name="Pg190" id="Pg190" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> however, seek the freedom of their will + at the very point where they are most securely fettered. It is as + if the silkworm sought freedom of will in spinning. What is the + reason? Clearly this, that every one thinks himself most free where + his vitality is strongest; hence, as I have said, now in passion, + now in duty, now in knowledge, now in caprice. A man unconsciously + imagines that where he is strong, where he feels most thoroughly + alive, the element of his freedom must lie. He thinks of dependence + and apathy, independence and vivacity as forming inevitable + pairs.—Thus an experience that a man has undergone in the social + and political sphere is wrongly transferred to the ultimate + metaphysical sphere. There the strong man is also the free man, + there the vivid feeling of joy and sorrow, the high hopes, the keen + desires, the powerful hates are the attributes of the ruling, + independent natures, while the thrall and the slave live in a state + of dazed oppression.—The doctrine of free will is an invention of + the ruling classes.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">10.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Absence of + Feeling of New Chains.</span></span>—So long as we do not feel that + we are in some way dependent, we consider ourselves independent—a + false conclusion that shows how proud man is, how eager for + dominion. For he hereby assumes that he would always be sure to + observe and recognise dependence so soon as he suffered it, the + preliminary hypothesis being that he generally lives in + independence, and that, should he lose that independence for once + in a way, he would immediately detect a contrary + sensation.—Suppose, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page191">[pg + 191]</span><a name="Pg191" id="Pg191" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + however, the reverse to be true—that he is always living in a + complex state of dependence, but thinks himself free where, through + long habit, he no longer feels the weight of the chain? He only + suffers from new chains, and <span class="tei tei-q">“free + will”</span> really means nothing more than an absence of feeling + of new chains.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">11.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Freedom of the + Will and the Isolation of Facts.</span></span>—Our ordinary + inaccurate observation takes a group of phenomena as one and calls + them a fact. Between this fact and another we imagine a vacuum, we + isolate each fact. In reality, however, the sum of our actions and + cognitions is no series of facts and intervening vacua, but a + continuous stream. Now the belief in free will is incompatible with + the idea of a continuous, uniform, undivided, indivisible flow. + This belief presupposes that every single action is isolated and + indivisible; it is an atomic theory as regards volition and + cognition.—We misunderstand facts as we misunderstand characters, + speaking of similar characters and similar facts, whereas both are + non-existent. Further, we bestow praise and blame only on this + false hypothesis, that there are similar facts, that a graduated + order of species of facts exists, corresponding to a graduated + order of values. Thus we isolate not only the single fact, but the + groups of apparently equal facts (good, evil, compassionate, + envious actions, and so forth). In both cases we are wrong.—The + word and the concept are the most obvious reason for our belief in + this isolation of groups of actions. We do not <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page192">[pg 192]</span><a name="Pg192" id="Pg192" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> merely thereby designate the things; + the thought at the back of our minds is that by the word and the + concept we can grasp the essence of the actions. We are still + constantly led astray by words and actions, and are induced to + think of things as simpler than they are, as separate, indivisible, + existing in the absolute. Language contains a hidden philosophical + mythology, which, however careful we may be, breaks out afresh at + every moment. The belief in free will—that is to say, in similar + facts and isolated facts—finds in language its continual apostle + and advocate.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">12.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Fundamental + Errors.</span></span>—A man cannot feel any psychical pleasure or + pain unless he is swayed by one of two illusions. Either he + believes in the identity of certain facts, certain sensations, and + in that case finds spiritual pleasure and pain in comparing present + with past conditions and in noting their similarity or difference + (as is invariably the case with recollection); or he believes in + the freedom of the will, perhaps when he reflects, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“I ought not to have done this,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“This might have turned out differently,”</span> and + from these reflections likewise he derives pleasure and pain. + Without the errors that are rife in every psychical pain and + pleasure, humanity would never have developed. For the root idea of + humanity is that man is free in a world of bondage—man, the eternal + wonder-worker, whether his deeds be good or evil—man, the amazing + exception, the super-beast, the quasi-God, the mind of creation, + the indispensable, the key-word <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page193">[pg 193]</span><a name="Pg193" id="Pg193" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> to the cosmic riddle, the mighty lord of + nature and despiser of nature, the creature that calls <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">its</span></em> + history <span class="tei tei-q">“the history of the world”</span>! + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Vanitas vanitatum homo.</span></span></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">13.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Repetition.</span></span>—It is an + excellent thing to express a thing consecutively in two ways, and + thus provide it with a right and a left foot. Truth can stand + indeed on one leg, but with two she will walk and complete her + journey.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">14.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Man as the + Comic Actor of the World.</span></span>—It would require beings + more intellectual than men to relish to the full the humorous side + of man's view of himself as the goal of all existence and of his + serious pronouncement that he is satisfied only with the prospect + of fulfilling a world-mission. If a God created the world, he + created man to be his ape, as a perpetual source of amusement in + the midst of his rather tedious eternities. The music of the + spheres surrounding the world would then presumably be the mocking + laughter of all the other creatures around mankind. God in his + boredom uses pain for the tickling of his favourite animal, in + order to enjoy his proudly tragic gestures and expressions of + suffering, and, in general, the intellectual inventiveness of the + vainest of his creatures—as inventor of this inventor. For he who + invented man as a joke had more intellect and more joy in intellect + than has man.—Even here, where our human nature is willing to + humble itself, our vanity again plays us a trick, in that we men + should like in this vanity at <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page194">[pg 194]</span><a name="Pg194" id="Pg194" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> least to be quite marvellous and + incomparable. Our uniqueness in the world! Oh, what an improbable + thing it is! Astronomers, who occasionally acquire a horizon + outside our world, give us to understand that the drop of life on + the earth is without significance for the total character of the + mighty ocean of birth and decay; that countless stars present + conditions for the generation of life similar to those of the + earth—and yet these are but a handful in comparison with the + endless number that have never known, or have long been cured, of + the eruption of life; that life on each of these stars, measured by + the period of its existence, has been but an instant, a flicker, + with long, long intervals afterwards—and thus in no way the aim and + final purpose of their existence. Possibly the ant in the forest is + quite as firmly convinced that it is the aim and purpose of the + existence of the forest, as we are convinced in our imaginations + (almost unconsciously) that the destruction of mankind involves the + destruction of the world. It is even modesty on our part to go no + farther than this, and not to arrange a universal twilight of the + world and the Gods as the funeral ceremony of the last man. Even to + the eye of the most unbiassed astronomer a lifeless world can + scarcely appear otherwise than as a shining and swinging star + wherein man lies buried.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">15.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Modesty of + Man.</span></span>—How little pleasure is enough for the majority + to make them feel that life is good! How modest is man!</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page195">[pg 195]</span><a name= + "Pg195" id="Pg195" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">16.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Where + Indifference is Necessary.</span></span>—Nothing would be more + perverse than to wait for the truths that science will finally + establish concerning the first and last things, and until then to + think (and especially to believe) in the traditional way, as one is + so often advised to do. The impulse that bids us seek nothing but + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">certainties</span></em> in this domain is a + religious offshoot, nothing better—a hidden and only apparently + sceptical variety of the <span class="tei tei-q">“metaphysical + need,”</span> the underlying idea being that for a long time no + view of these ultimate certainties will be obtainable, and that + until then the <span class="tei tei-q">“believer”</span> has the + right not to trouble himself about the whole subject. We have no + need of these certainties about the farthermost horizons in order + to live a full and efficient human life, any more than the ant + needs them in order to be a good ant. Rather must we ascertain the + origin of that troublesome significance that we have attached to + these things for so long. For this we require the history of + ethical and religious sentiments, since it is only under the + influence of such sentiments that these most acute problems of + knowledge have become so weighty and terrifying. Into the outermost + regions to which the mental eye can penetrate (without ever + penetrating <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">into</span></em> them), we have smuggled such + concepts as guilt and punishment (everlasting punishment, too!). + The darker those regions, the more careless we have been. For ages + men have let their imaginations run riot where they <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page196">[pg 196]</span><a name="Pg196" id="Pg196" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> could establish nothing, and have + induced posterity to accept these fantasies as something serious + and true, with this abominable lie as their final trump-card: that + faith is worth more than knowledge. What we need now in regard to + these ultimate things is not knowledge as against faith, but + indifference as against faith and pretended knowledge in these + matters!—Everything must lie nearer to us than what has hitherto + been preached to us as the most important thing, I mean the + questions: <span class="tei tei-q">“What end does man + serve?”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“What is his fate after + death?”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“How does he make his peace + with God?”</span> and all the rest of that bag of tricks. The + problems of the dogmatic philosophers, be they idealists, + materialists, or realists, concern us as little as do these + religious questions. They all have the same object in view—to force + us to a decision in matters where neither faith nor knowledge is + needed. It is better even for the most ardent lover of knowledge + that the territory open to investigation and to reason should be + encircled by a belt of fog-laden, treacherous marshland, a strip of + ever watery, impenetrable, and indeterminable country. It is just + by the comparison with the realm of darkness on the edge of the + world of knowledge that the bright, accessible region of that world + rises in value.—We must once more become good friends of the + <span class="tei tei-q">“everyday matters,”</span> and not, as + hitherto, despise them and look beyond them at clouds and monsters + of the night. In forests and caverns, in marshy tracts and under + dull skies, on the lowest rungs of the ladder of culture, man has + lived for æons, and lived in poverty. There he has learnt to + despise the present, his neighbours, <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page197">[pg 197]</span><a name="Pg197" id="Pg197" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> his life, and himself, and we, the + inhabitants of the brighter fields of Nature and mind, still + inherit in our blood some taint of this contempt for everyday + matters.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">17.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Profound + Interpretations.</span></span>—He who has interpreted a passage in + an author <span class="tei tei-q">“more profoundly”</span> than was + intended, has not interpreted the author but has obscured him. Our + metaphysicians are in the same relation, or even in a worse + relation, to the text of Nature. For, to apply their profound + interpretations, they often alter the text to suit their + purpose—or, in other words, corrupt the text. A curious example of + the corruption and obscuration of an author's text is furnished by + the ideas of Schopenhauer on the pregnancy of women. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“The sign of a continuous will to life in time,”</span> + he says, <span class="tei tei-q">“is copulation; the sign of the + light of knowledge which is associated anew with this will and + holds the possibility of a deliverance, and that too in the highest + degree of clearness, is the renewed incarnation of the will to + life. This incarnation is betokened by pregnancy, which is + therefore frank and open, and even proud, whereas copulation hides + itself like a criminal.”</span> He declares that every woman, if + surprised in the sexual act, would be likely to die of shame, but + <span class="tei tei-q">“displays her pregnancy without a trace of + shame, nay even with a sort of pride.”</span> Now, firstly, this + condition cannot easily be displayed more aggressively than it + displays itself, and when <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page198">[pg + 198]</span><a name="Pg198" id="Pg198" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + Schopenhauer gives prominence only to the intentional character of + the display, he is fashioning his text to suit the interpretation. + Moreover, his statement of the universality of the phenomenon is + not true. He speaks of <span class="tei tei-q">“every + woman.”</span> Many women, especially the younger, often appear + painfully ashamed of their condition, even in the presence of their + nearest kinsfolk. And when women of riper years, especially in the + humbler classes, do actually appear proud of their condition, it is + because they would give us to understand that they are still + desirable to their husbands. That a neighbour on seeing them or a + passing stranger should say or think <span class="tei tei-q">“Can + it be possible?”</span>—that is an alms always acceptable to the + vanity of women of low mental capacity. In the reverse instance, to + conclude from Schopenhauer's proposition, the cleverest and most + intelligent women would tend more than any to exult openly in their + condition. For they have the best prospect of giving birth to an + intellectual prodigy, in whom <span class="tei tei-q">“the + will”</span> can once more <span class= + "tei tei-q">“negative”</span> itself for the universal good. Stupid + women, on the other hand, would have every reason to hide their + pregnancy more modestly than anything they hide.—It cannot be said + that this view corresponds to reality. Granted, however, that + Schopenhauer was right on the general principle that women show + more self-satisfaction when pregnant than at any other time, a + better explanation than this lies to hand. One might imagine the + clucking of a hen even before she lays an egg, saying, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Look! look! I shall lay an egg! I shall lay an + egg!”</span></p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page199">[pg 199]</span><a name= + "Pg199" id="Pg199" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">18.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Modern + Diogenes.</span></span>—Before we look for man, we must have found + the lantern.—Will it have to be the Cynic's lantern?</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">19.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Immoralists.</span></span>—Moralists + must now put up with being rated as immoralists, because they + dissect morals. He, however, who would dissect must kill, but only + in order that we may know more, judge better, live better, not in + order that all the world may dissect. Unfortunately, men still + think that every moralist in his every action must be a pattern for + others to imitate. They confound him with the preacher of morality. + The older moralists did not dissect enough and preached too often, + whence that confusion and the unpleasant consequences for our + latter-day moralists are derived.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">20.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">A Caution + against Confusion.</span></span>—There are moralists who treat the + strong, noble, self-denying attitude of such beings as the heroes + of Plutarch, or the pure, enlightened, warmth-giving state of soul + peculiar to truly good men and women, as difficult scientific + problems. They investigate the origin of such phenomena, indicating + the complex element in the apparent simplicity, and directing their + gaze to the tangled skein of motives, the delicate web of + conceptual illusions, and the sentiments of individuals or of + groups, that are a legacy of ancient <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page200">[pg 200]</span><a name="Pg200" id="Pg200" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> days gradually increased. Such moralists are + very different from those with whom they are most commonly + confounded, from those petty minds that do not believe at all in + these modes of thought and states of soul, and imagine their own + poverty to be hidden somewhere behind the glamour of greatness and + purity. The moralists say, <span class="tei tei-q">“Here are + problems,”</span> and these pitiable creatures say, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Here are impostors and deceptions.”</span> Thus the + latter deny the existence of the very things which the former are + at pains to explain.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">21.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Man as the + Measurer.</span></span>—Perhaps all human morality had its origin + in the tremendous excitement that seized primitive man when he + discovered measure and measuring, scales and weighing (for the word + <span lang="de" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="de"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Mensch</span></span> [man] means <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the measurer”</span>—he wished to <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">name</span></em> + himself after his greatest discovery!). With these ideas they + mounted into regions that are quite beyond all measuring and + weighing, but did not appear to be so in the beginning.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">22.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Principle of + Equilibrium.</span></span>—The robber and the man of power who + promises to protect a community from robbers are perhaps at bottom + beings of the same mould, save that the latter attains his ends by + other means than the former—that is to say, through regular imposts + paid to him by the community, and no longer through forced + contributions. (The same relation exists between <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page201">[pg 201]</span><a name="Pg201" id="Pg201" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> merchant and pirate, who for a long + period are one and the same person: where the one function appears + to them inadvisable, they exercise the other. Even to-day + mercantile morality is really nothing but a refinement on piratical + morality—buying in the cheapest market, at prime cost if possible, + and selling in the dearest.) The essential point is that the man of + power promises to maintain the equilibrium against the robber, and + herein the weak find a possibility of living. For either they must + group themselves into an equivalent power, or they must subject + themselves to some one of equivalent power (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> + render service in return for his efforts). The latter course is + generally preferred, because it really keeps two dangerous beings + in check—the robber through the man of power, and the man of power + through the standpoint of advantage; for the latter profits by + treating his subjects with graciousness and tolerance, in order + that they may support not only themselves but their ruler. As a + matter of fact, conditions may still be hard and cruel enough, yet + in comparison with the complete annihilation that was formerly + always a possibility, men breathe freely.—The community is at first + the organisation of the weak to counterbalance menacing forces. An + organisation to outweigh those forces would be more advisable, if + its members grew strong enough to destroy the adverse power: and + when it is a question of one mighty oppressor, the <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">attempt + will</span></em> certainly be made. But if the one man is the head + of a clan, or if he has a large following, a rapid and decisive + annihilation is improbable, and a long or permanent feud is only to + be expected. This feud, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page202">[pg + 202]</span><a name="Pg202" id="Pg202" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + however, involves the least desirable condition for the community, + for it thereby loses the time to provide for its means of + subsistence with the necessary regularity, and sees the product of + all work hourly threatened. Hence the community prefers to raise + its power of attack and defence to the exact plane on which the + power of its dangerous neighbour stands, and to give him to + understand that an equal weight now lies in its own side of the + scales—so why not be good friends?—Thus equilibrium is a most + important conception for the understanding of the ancient doctrines + of law and morals. Equilibrium is, in fact, the basis of justice. + When justice in ruder ages says, <span class="tei tei-q">“An eye + for an eye, a tooth for a tooth,”</span> it presupposes the + attainment of this equilibrium and tries to maintain it by means of + this compensation; so that, when crime is committed, the injured + party will not take the revenge of blind anger. By means of the + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">jus talionis</span></span> the equilibrium of + the disturbed relations of power is restored, for in such primitive + times an eye or an arm more means a bit more power, more weight.—In + a community where all consider themselves equal, disgrace and + punishment await crime—that is, violations of the principle of + equilibrium. Disgrace is thrown into the scale as a counter-weight + against the encroaching individual, who has gained profit by his + encroachment, and now suffers losses (through disgrace) which annul + and outweigh the previous profits. Punishment, in the same way, + sets up a far greater counter-weight against the preponderance + which every criminal hopes to obtain—imprisonment as against a deed + of violence, restitution <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page203">[pg + 203]</span><a name="Pg203" id="Pg203" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + and fines as against theft. Thus the sinner is reminded that his + action has excluded him from the community and from its moral + advantages, since the community treats him as an inferior, a weaker + brother, an outsider. For this reason punishment is not merely + retaliation, but has something more, something of the cruelty of + the state of nature, and of this it would serve as a reminder.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">23.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Whether the + Adherents of the Doctrine of Free Will have a Right to + Punish?</span></span>—Men whose vocation it is to judge and punish + try to establish in every case whether an evil-doer is really + responsible for his act, whether he was able to apply his reasoning + powers, whether he acted with motives and not unconsciously or + under constraint. If he is punished, it is because he preferred the + worse to the better motives, which he must consequently have known. + Where this knowledge is wanting, man is, according to the + prevailing view, not responsible—unless his ignorance, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">e.g.</span></span> + his <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">ignorantia + legis</span></span>, be the consequence of an intentional neglect + to learn what he ought: in that case he already preferred the worse + to the better motives at the time when he refused to learn, and + must now pay the penalty of his unwise choice. If, on the other + hand, perhaps through stupidity or shortsightedness, he has never + seen the better motives, he is generally not punished, for people + say that he made a wrong choice, he acted like a brute beast. The + intentional rejection of the better reason is now needed before we + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page204">[pg 204]</span><a name= + "Pg204" id="Pg204" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> treat the offender + as fit to be punished. But how can any one be intentionally more + unreasonable than he ought to be? Whence comes the decision, if the + scales are loaded with good and bad motives? So the origin is not + error or blindness, not an internal or external constraint? (It + should furthermore be remembered that every so-called <span class= + "tei tei-q">“external constraint”</span> is nothing more than the + internal constraint of fear and pain.) Whence? is the repeated + question. So reason is not to be the cause of action, because + reason cannot decide against the better motives? Thus we call + <span class="tei tei-q">“free will”</span> to our aid. Absolute + discretion is to decide, and a moment is to intervene when no + motive exercises an influence, when the deed is done as a miracle, + resulting from nothing. This assumed discretion is punished in a + case where no discretion should rule. Reason, which knows law, + prohibition, and command, should have left no choice, they say, and + should have acted as a constraint and a higher power. Hence the + offender is punished because he makes use of <span class= + "tei tei-q">“free will”</span>—in other words, has acted without + motive where he should have been guided by motives. But why did he + do it? This question must not even be asked; the deed was done + without a <span class="tei tei-q">“Why?”</span> without motive, + without origin, being a thing purposeless, unreasoned.—However, + according to the above-named preliminary condition of + punishability, such a deed should not be punished at all! Moreover, + even this reason for punishing should not hold good, that in this + case something had <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">not</span></em> been done, had been omitted, + that reason had not been used at all: for at any rate the omission + was unintentional, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page205">[pg + 205]</span><a name="Pg205" id="Pg205" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + and only intentional omission is considered punishable. The + offender has indeed preferred the worse to the better motives, but + without motive and purpose: he has indeed failed to apply his + reason, but not exactly with the object of not applying it. The + very assumption made in the case of punishable crime, that the + criminal intentionally renounced his reason, is removed by the + hypothesis of <span class="tei tei-q">“free will.”</span> According + to your own principles, you must not punish, you adherents of the + doctrine of free will!—These principles are, however, nothing but a + very marvellous conceptual mythology, and the hen that hatched them + has brooded on her eggs far away from all reality.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">24.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Judging the + Criminal and his Judge.</span></span>—The criminal, who knows the + whole concatenation of circumstances, does not consider his act so + far beyond the bounds of order and comprehension as does his judge. + His punishment, however, is measured by the degree of astonishment + that seizes the judge when he finds the crime incomprehensible.—If + the defending counsel's knowledge of the case and its previous + history extends far enough, the so-called extenuating circumstances + which he duly pleads must end by absolving his client from all + guilt. Or, to put it more plainly, the advocate will, step by step, + tone down and finally remove the astonishment of the judge, by + forcing every honest listener to the tacit avowal, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“He was bound to act as he did, and if we punished, we + should be punishing eternal Necessity.”</span>—Measuring the + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page206">[pg 206]</span><a name= + "Pg206" id="Pg206" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> punishment by the + degree of knowledge we possess or can obtain of the previous + history of the crime—is that not in conflict with all equity?</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">25.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Exchange and + Equity.</span></span>—In an exchange, the only just and honest + course would be for either party to demand only so much as he + considers his commodity to be worth, allowance being made for + trouble in acquisition, scarcity, time spent and so forth, besides + the subjective value. As soon as you make your price bear a + relation to the other's need, you become a refined sort of robber + and extortioner.—If money is the sole medium of exchange, we must + remember that a shilling is by no means the same thing in the hands + of a rich heir, a farm labourer, a merchant, and a university + student. It would be equitable for every one to receive much or + little for his money, according as he has done much or little to + earn it. In practice, as we all know, the reverse is the case. In + the world of high finance the shilling of the idle rich man can buy + more than that of the poor, industrious man.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">26.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Legal + Conditions as Means.</span></span>—Law, where it rests upon + contracts between equals, holds good so long as the power of the + parties to the contract remains equal or similar. Wisdom created + law to end all feuds and useless expenditure among men on an equal + footing. Quite as definite an end is put to this waste, however, + when one party has <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page207">[pg + 207]</span><a name="Pg207" id="Pg207" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + become decidedly weaker than the other. Subjection enters and law + ceases, but the result is the same as that attained by law. For now + it is the wisdom of the superior which advises to spare the + inferior and not uselessly to squander his strength. Thus the + position of the inferior is often more favourable than that of the + equal.—Hence legal conditions are temporary <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">means</span></em> + counselled by wisdom, and not ends.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">27.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Explanation of + Malicious Joy.</span></span>—Malicious joy arises when a man + consciously finds himself in evil plight and feels anxiety or + remorse or pain. The misfortune that overtakes B. makes him equal + to A., and A. is reconciled and no longer envious.—If A. is + prosperous, he still hoards up in his memory B.'s misfortune as a + capital, so as to throw it in the scale as a counter-weight when he + himself suffers adversity. In this case too he feels <span class= + "tei tei-q">“malicious joy”</span> (<span lang="de" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="de"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schadenfreude</span></span>). The sentiment of + equality thus applies its standard to the domain of luck and + chance. Malicious joy is the commonest expression of victory and + restoration of equality, even in a higher state of civilisation. + This emotion has only been in existence since the time when man + learnt to look upon another as his equal—in other words, since the + foundation of society.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">28.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Arbitrary + Element in the Award of Punishment.</span></span>—To most criminals + punishment <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page208">[pg + 208]</span><a name="Pg208" id="Pg208" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + comes just as illegitimate children come to women. They have done + the same thing a hundred times without any bad consequences. + Suddenly comes discovery, and with discovery punishment. Yet habit + should make the deed for which the criminal is punished appear more + excusable, for he has developed a propensity that is hard to + resist. Instead of this, the criminal is punished more severely if + the suspicion of habitual crime rests on him, and habit is made a + valid reason against all extenuation. On the other hand, a model + life, wherein crime shows up in more terrible contrast, should make + the guilt appear more heavy! But here the custom is to soften the + punishment. Everything is measured not from the standpoint of the + criminal but from that of society and its losses and dangers. The + previous utility of an individual is weighed against his one + nefarious action, his previous criminality is added to that + recently discovered, and punishment is thus meted out as highly as + possible. But if we thus punish or reward a man's past (for in the + former case the diminution of punishment is a reward) we ought to + go farther back and punish and reward the cause of his past—I mean + parents, teachers, society. In many instances we shall then find + the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">judges</span></em> somehow or other sharing in + the guilt. It is arbitrary to stop at the criminal himself when we + punish his past: if we will not grant the absolute excusability of + every crime, we should stop at each individual case and probe no + farther into the past—in other words, isolate guilt and not connect + it with previous actions. Otherwise we sin against <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page209">[pg 209]</span><a name="Pg209" id="Pg209" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> logic. The teachers of free will should + draw the inevitable conclusion from their doctrine of <span class= + "tei tei-q">“free will”</span> and boldly decree: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“No action has a past.”</span></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">29.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Envy and her + Nobler Sister.</span></span>—Where equality is really recognised + and permanently established, we see the rise of that propensity + that is generally considered immoral, and would scarcely be + conceivable in a state of nature—envy. The envious man is + susceptible to every sign of individual superiority to the common + herd, and wishes to depress every one once more to the level—or + raise himself to the superior plane. Hence arise two different + modes of action, which Hesiod designated good and bad Eris. In the + same way, in a condition of equality there arises indignation if A. + is prosperous above and B. unfortunate beneath their deserts and + equality. These latter, however, are emotions of nobler natures. + They feel the want of justice and equity in things that are + independent of the arbitrary choice of men—or, in other words, they + desire the equality recognised by man to be recognised as well by + Nature and chance. They are angry that men of equal merits should + not have equal fortune.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">30.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Envy of the + Gods.</span></span>—<span class="tei tei-q">“The envy of the + Gods”</span> arises when a despised person sets himself on an + equality with his superior (like Ajax), or is made equal with him + by the favour of fortune <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page210">[pg + 210]</span><a name="Pg210" id="Pg210" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + (like Niobe, the too favoured mother). In the social class system + this envy demands that no one shall have merits above his station, + that his prosperity shall be on a level with his position, and + especially that his self-consciousness shall not outgrow the limits + of his rank. Often the victorious general, or the pupil who + achieves a masterpiece, has experienced <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the envy of the gods.”</span></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">31.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Vanity as an + Anti-Social Aftergrowth.</span></span>—As men, for the sake of + security, have made themselves equal in order to found communities, + but as also this conception is imposed by a sort of constraint and + is entirely opposed to the instincts of the individual, so, the + more universal security is guaranteed, the more do new offshoots of + the old instinct for predominance appear. Such offshoots appear in + the setting-up of class distinctions, in the demand for + professional dignities and privileges, and, generally speaking, in + vanity (manners, dress, speech, and so forth). So soon as danger to + the community is apparent, the majority, who were unable to assert + their preponderance in a time of universal peace, once more bring + about the condition of equality, and for the time being the absurd + privileges and vanities disappear. If the community, however, + collapses utterly and anarchy reigns supreme, there arises the + state of nature: an absolutely ruthless inequality as recounted by + Thucydides in the case of Corcyra. Neither a natural justice nor a + natural injustice exists.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page211">[pg 211]</span><a name= + "Pg211" id="Pg211" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">32.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Equity.</span></span>—Equity is a + development of justice, and arises among such as do not come into + conflict with the communal equality. This more subtle recognition + of the principle of equilibrium is applied to cases where nothing + is prescribed by law. Equity looks forwards and backwards, its + maxim being, <span class="tei tei-q">“Do unto others as you would + that they should do unto you.”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Aequum</span></span> means: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“This principle is conformable to our equality; it + tones down even our small differences to an appearance of equality, + and expects us to be indulgent in cases where we are not compelled + to pardon.”</span></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">33.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Elements of + Revenge.</span></span>—The word <span class= + "tei tei-q">“revenge”</span> is spoken so quickly that it almost + seems as if it could not contain more than one conceptual and + emotional root. Hence we are still at pains to find this root. Our + economists, in the same way, have never wearied of scenting a + similar unity in the word <span class="tei tei-q">“value,”</span> + and of hunting after the primitive root idea of value. As if all + words were not pockets, into which this or that or several things + have been stuffed at once! So <span class= + "tei tei-q">“revenge”</span> is now one thing, now another, and + sometimes more composite. Let us first distinguish that defensive + counter-blow, which we strike, almost unconsciously, even at + inanimate objects (such as machinery in motion) that have hurt us. + The notion is to set a check to the object that has hurt us, by + bringing the machine to <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page212">[pg + 212]</span><a name="Pg212" id="Pg212" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> a + stop. Sometimes the force of this counter-blow, in order to attain + its object, will have to be strong enough to shatter the machine. + If the machine be too strong to be disorganised by one man, the + latter will all the same strike the most violent blow he can—as a + sort of last attempt. We behave similarly towards persons who hurt + us, at the immediate sensation of the hurt. If we like to call this + an act of revenge, well and good: but we must remember that here + self-preservation alone has set its cog-wheels of reason in motion, + and that after all we do not think of the doer of the injury but + only of ourselves. We act without any idea of doing injury in + return, only with a view to getting away safe and sound.—It needs + time to pass in thought from oneself to one's adversary and ask + oneself at what point he is most vulnerable. This is done in the + second variety of revenge, the preliminary idea of which is to + consider the vulnerability and susceptibility of the other. The + intention then is to give pain. On the other hand, the idea of + securing himself against further injury is in this case so entirely + outside the avenger's horizon, that he almost regularly brings + about his own further injury and often foresees it in cold blood. + If in the first sort of revenge it was the fear of a second blow + that made the counter-blow as strong as possible, in this case + there is an almost complete indifference to what one's adversary + will do: the strength of the counter-blow is only determined by + what he has <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">already</span></em> done to us. Then what has + he done? What profit is it to us if he is now suffering, after we + have suffered through him? This is a case of readjustment, whereas + the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page213">[pg 213]</span><a name= + "Pg213" id="Pg213" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> first act of revenge + only serves the purpose of self-preservation. It may be that + through our adversary we have lost property, rank, friends, + children—these losses are not recovered by revenge, the + readjustment only concerns a subsidiary loss which is added to all + the other losses. The revenge of readjustment does not preserve one + from further injury, it does not make good the injury already + suffered—except in one case. If our honour has suffered through our + adversary, revenge can restore it. But in any case honour + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">has</span></em> suffered an injury if + intentional harm has been done us, because our adversary proved + thereby that he was not afraid of us. By revenge we prove that we + are not afraid of him either, and herein lies the settlement, the + readjustment. (The intention of showing their complete lack of fear + goes so far in some people that the dangers of revenge—loss of + health or life or other losses—are in their eyes an indispensable + condition of every vengeful act. Hence they practise the duel, + although the law also offers them aid in obtaining satisfaction for + what they have suffered. They are not satisfied with a safe means + of recovering their honour, because this would not prove their + fearlessness.)—In the first-named variety of revenge it is just + fear that strikes the counter-blow; in the second case it is the + absence of fear, which, as has been said, wishes to manifest itself + in the counter-blow.—Thus nothing appears more different than the + motives of the two courses of action which are designated by the + one word <span class="tei tei-q">“revenge.”</span> Yet it often + happens that the avenger is not precisely certain as to what really + prompted his deed: perhaps he struck the counterblow <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page214">[pg 214]</span><a name="Pg214" id="Pg214" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> from fear and the instinct of + self-preservation, but in the background, when he has time to + reflect upon the standpoint of wounded honour, he imagines that he + has avenged himself for the sake of his honour—this motive is in + any case more <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">reputable</span></em> than the other. An + essential point is whether he sees his honour injured in the eyes + of others (the world) or only in the eyes of his offenders: in the + latter case he will prefer secret, in the former open revenge. + Accordingly, as he enters strongly or feebly into the soul of the + doer and the spectator, his revenge will be more bitter or more + tame. If he is entirely lacking in this sort of imagination, he + will not think at all of revenge, as the feeling of <span class= + "tei tei-q">“honour”</span> is not present in him, and accordingly + cannot be wounded. In the same way, he will not think of revenge if + he despises the offender and the spectator; because as objects of + his contempt they cannot give him honour, and accordingly cannot + rob him of honour. Finally, he will forego revenge in the not + uncommon case of his loving the offender. It is true that he then + suffers loss of honour in the other's eyes, and will perhaps become + less worthy of having his love returned. But even to renounce all + requital of love is a sacrifice that love is ready to make when its + only object is to avoid hurting the beloved object: this would mean + hurting oneself more than one is hurt by the + sacrifice.—Accordingly, every one will avenge himself, unless he be + bereft of honour or inspired by contempt or by love for the + offender. Even if he turns to the law-courts, he desires revenge as + a private individual; but also, as a thoughtful, prudent man of + society, he desires the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page215">[pg + 215]</span><a name="Pg215" id="Pg215" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + revenge of society upon one who does not respect it. Thus by legal + punishment private honour as well as that of society is + restored—that is to say, punishment is revenge. Punishment + undoubtedly contains the first-mentioned element of revenge, in as + far as by its means society helps to preserve itself, and strikes a + counter-blow in self-defence. Punishment desires to prevent further + injury, to scare other offenders. In this way the two elements of + revenge, different as they are, are united in punishment, and this + may perhaps tend most of all to maintain the above-mentioned + confusion of ideas, thanks to which the individual avenger + generally does not know what he really wants.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">34.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Virtues + that Damage Us.</span></span>—As members of communities we think we + have no right to exercise certain virtues which afford us great + honour and some pleasure as private individuals (for example, + indulgence and favour towards miscreants of all kinds)—in short, + every mode of action whereby the advantage of society would suffer + through our virtue. No bench of judges, face to face with its + conscience, may permit itself to be gracious. This privilege is + reserved for the king as an individual, and we are glad when he + makes use of it, proving that we should like to be gracious + individually, but not collectively. Society recognises only the + virtues profitable to her, or at least not injurious to her—virtues + like justice, which are exercised without loss, or, in fact, at + compound interest. The virtues that damage us cannot have + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page216">[pg 216]</span><a name= + "Pg216" id="Pg216" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> originated in + society, because even now opposition to them arises in every small + society that is in the making. Such virtues are therefore those of + men of unequal standing, invented by the superior individuals; they + are the virtues of rulers, and the idea underlying them is: + <span class="tei tei-q">“I am mighty enough to put up with an + obvious loss; that is a proof of my power.”</span> Thus they are + virtues closely akin to pride.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">35.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Casuistry + of Advantage.</span></span>—There would be no moral casuistry if + there were no casuistry of advantage. The most free and refined + intelligence is often incapable of choosing between two + alternatives in such a way that his choice necessarily involves the + greater advantage. In such cases we choose because we must, and + afterwards often feel a kind of emotional sea-sickness.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">36.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Turning + Hypocrite.</span></span>—Every beggar turns hypocrite, like every + one who makes his living out of indigence, be it personal or + public.—The beggar does not feel want nearly so keenly as he must + make others feel it, if he wishes to make a living by + mendicancy.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">37.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">A Sort of Cult + of the Passions.</span></span>—You hypochondriacs, you philosophic + blind-worms talk of the formidable nature of human passions, in + order to inveigh against the dreadsomeness of the <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page217">[pg 217]</span><a name="Pg217" id="Pg217" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> whole world-structure. As if the + passions were always and everywhere formidable! As if this sort of + terror must always exist in the world!—Through a carelessness in + small matters, through a deficiency in observation of self and of + the rising generation, you have yourselves allowed your passions to + develop into such unruly monsters that you are frightened now at + the mere mention of the word <span class= + "tei tei-q">“passion”</span>! It rests with you and it rests with + us to divest the passions of their formidable features and so to + dam them that they do not become devastating floods.—We must not + exalt our errors into eternal fatalities. Rather shall we honestly + endeavour to convert all the passions of humanity into sources of + joy.<a id="noteref_18" name="noteref_18" href= + "#note_18"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">18</span></span></a></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">38.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Sting of + Conscience.</span></span>—The sting of conscience, like the gnawing + of a dog at a stone, is mere foolishness.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">39.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Origin of + Rights.</span></span>—Rights may be traced to traditions, + traditions to momentary agreements. At some time or other men were + mutually content with the consequences of making an agreement, and, + again, too indolent formally to renew it. Thus they went on living + as if it had constantly been renewed, and gradually, when oblivion + cast its <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page218">[pg + 218]</span><a name="Pg218" id="Pg218" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + veil over the origin, they thought they possessed a sacred, + unalterable foundation on which every generation would be compelled + to build. Tradition was now a constraint, even if it no more + involved the profit originally derived from making the + agreement.—Here the weak have always found their strong fortress. + They are inclined to immortalise the momentary agreement, the + single act of favour shown towards them.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">40.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The + Significance of Oblivion in Moral Sentiment.</span></span>—The same + actions that in primitive society first aimed at the common + advantage were later on performed from other motives: from fear or + reverence of those who demanded and recommended them; or from + habit, because men had seen them done about them from childhood + upwards; or from kindness, because the practising of them caused + delight and approving looks on all sides; or from vanity, because + they were praised. Such actions, in which the fundamental motive, + that of utility, has been <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">forgotten</span></em>, are then called moral; + not, indeed, because they are done from those other motives, but + because they are not done with a conscious purpose of + utility.—Whence the hatred of utility that suddenly manifests + itself here, and by which all praiseworthy actions formally exclude + all actions for the sake of utility?—Clearly society, the + rallying-point of all morality and of all maxims in praise of moral + action, has had to battle too long and too fiercely with the + selfishness and obstinacy of the individual not to rate every + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page219">[pg 219]</span><a name= + "Pg219" id="Pg219" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> motive morally + higher than utility. Hence it looks as if morals had not sprung + from utility, whereas in fact morals are originally the public + utility, which had great difficulty in prevailing over the + interests of the unit and securing a loftier reputation.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">41.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Heirs to + the Wealth of Morality.</span></span>—Even in the domain of morals + there is an inherited wealth, which is owned by the gentle, the + good-tempered, the compassionate, the indulgent. They have + inherited from their forefathers their gentle mode of action, but + not common sense (the source of that mode of action). The pleasant + thing about this wealth is that one must always bestow and + communicate a portion of it, if its presence is to be felt at all. + Thus this wealth unconsciously aims at bridging the gulf between + the morally rich and the morally poor, and, what is its best and + most remarkable feature, not for the sake of a future mean between + rich and poor, but for the sake of a universal prosperity and + superfluity.—Such may be the prevailing view of inherited moral + wealth, but it seems to me that this view is maintained more + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">in majorem gloriam</span></span> of morality + than in honour of truth. Experience at least establishes a maxim + which must serve, if not as a refutation, at any rate as an + important check upon that generalisation. Without the most + exquisite intelligence, says experience, without the most refined + capacity for choice and a strong propensity to observe the mean, + the morally rich will become spendthrifts of morality. <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page220">[pg 220]</span><a name="Pg220" id="Pg220" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> For by abandoning themselves without + restraint to their compassionate, gentle, conciliatory, harmonising + instincts, they make all about them more careless, more covetous, + and more sentimental. The children of these highly moral + spendthrifts easily and (sad to relate) at best become pleasant but + futile wasters.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">42.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Judge and + Extenuating Circumstances.</span></span>—<span class= + "tei tei-q">“One should behave as a man of honour even towards the + devil and pay his debts,”</span> said an old soldier, when the + story of Faust had been related to him in rather fuller detail. + <span class="tei tei-q">“Hell is the right place for Faust!”</span> + <span class="tei tei-q">“You are terrible, you men!”</span> cried + his wife; <span class="tei tei-q">“how can that be? After all, his + only fault was having no ink in his ink-stand! It is indeed a sin + to write with blood, but surely for that such a handsome man ought + not to burn in Hell-fire?”</span></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">43.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Problem of the + Duty of Truth.</span></span>—Duty is an imperious sentiment that + forces us to action. We call it good, and consider it outside the + pale of discussion. The origin, limits, and justification of duty + we will not debate or allow to be debated. But the thinker + considers everything an evolution and every evolution a subject for + discussion, and is accordingly without duty so long as he is merely + a thinker. As such, he would not recognise the duty of seeing and + speaking the truth; he would not <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">feel</span></em> + the sentiment at all. He asks, whence comes it and whither will it + go? But even this <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page221">[pg + 221]</span><a name="Pg221" id="Pg221" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + questioning appears to him questionable. Surely, however, the + consequence would be that the thinker's machinery would no longer + work properly if he could really feel himself unencumbered by duty + in the search for knowledge? It would appear, then, that for fuel + the same element is necessary as must be investigated by means of + the machine.—Perhaps the formula will be: granted there were a duty + of recognising truth, what is then the truth in regard to every + other kind of duty?—But is not a hypothetical sense of duty a + contradiction in terms?</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">44.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Grades of + Morals.</span></span>—Morality is primarily a means of preserving + the community and saving it from destruction. Next it is a means of + maintaining the community on a certain plane and in a certain + degree of benevolence. Its motives are fear and hope, and these in + a more coarse, rough, and powerful form, the more the propensity + towards the perverse, one-sided, and personal still persists. The + most terrible means of intimidation must be brought into play so + long as milder forms have no effect and that twofold species of + preservation cannot be attained. (The strongest intimidation, by + the way, is the invention of a hereafter with a hell everlasting.) + For this purpose we must have racks and torturers of the soul. + Further grades of morality, and accordingly means to the end + referred to, are the commandments of a God (as in the Mosaic law). + Still further and higher are the commandments of an absolute sense + of duty with <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page222">[pg + 222]</span><a name="Pg222" id="Pg222" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> a + <span class="tei tei-q">“Thou shalt”</span>—all rather roughly hewn + yet <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">broad</span></em> steps, because on the finer, + narrower steps men cannot yet set their feet. Then comes a morality + of inclination, of taste, finally of insight—which is beyond all + the illusory motives of morality, but has convinced itself that + humanity for long periods could be allowed no other.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">45.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Morality of + Pity in the Mouths of The Intemperate.</span></span>—All those who + are not sufficiently masters of themselves and do not know morality + as a self-control and self-conquest continuously exercised in + things great and small, unconsciously come to glorify the good, + compassionate, benevolent impulses of that instinctive morality + which has no head, but seems merely to consist of a heart and + helpful hands. It is to their interest even to cast suspicion upon + a morality of reason and to set up the other as the sole + morality.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">46.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Sewers of the + Soul.</span></span>—Even the soul must have its definite sewers, + through which it can allow its filth to flow off: for this purpose + it may use persons, relations, social classes, its native country, + or the world, or finally—for the wholly arrogant (I mean our modern + <span class="tei tei-q">“pessimists”</span>)—<span lang="fr" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="fr"><span style="font-style: italic">le + bon Dieu</span></span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">47.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">A Kind of Rest + and Contemplation.</span></span>—Beware lest your rest and + contemplation resemble that <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page223">[pg 223]</span><a name="Pg223" id="Pg223" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> of a dog before a butcher's stall, prevented + by fear from advancing and by greed from retiring, and opening its + eyes wide as though they were mouths.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">48.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Prohibitions + without Reasons.</span></span>—A prohibition, the reason of which + we do not understand or admit, is almost a command, not only for + the stiff-necked but for the thirster after knowledge. We at once + make an experiment in order to learn <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">why</span></em> the + prohibition was made. Moral prohibitions, like those of the + Decalogue, are only suited to ages when reason lies vanquished. + Nowadays a prohibition like <span class="tei tei-q">“Thou shalt not + kill,”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Thou shalt not commit + adultery,”</span> laid down without reasons, would have an + injurious rather than a beneficial effect.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">49.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Character + Portrait.</span></span>—What sort of a man is it that can say of + himself: <span class="tei tei-q">“I despise very easily, but never + hate. I at once find out in every man something which can be + honoured and for which I honour him: the so-called amiable + qualities attract me but little”</span>?</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">50.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Pity and + Contempt.</span></span>—The expression of pity is regarded as a + sign of contempt, because one has clearly ceased to be an object of + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">fear</span></em> as soon as one becomes an + object of pity. One has sunk below the level of the equilibrium. + For this equilibrium does not satisfy human vanity, which is only + satisfied <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page224">[pg + 224]</span><a name="Pg224" id="Pg224" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + by the feeling that one is imposing respect and awe. Hence it is + difficult to explain why pity is so highly prized, just as we need + to explain why the unselfish man, who is originally despised or + feared as being artful, is praised.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">51.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Capacity of + Being Small.</span></span>—We must be as near to flowers, grasses, + and butterflies as a child, that is, not much bigger than they. We + adults have grown up beyond them and have to stoop to them. I think + the grasses hate us when we confess our love for them.—He who would + have a share in all good things must understand at times how to be + small.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">52.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Sum-Total + of Conscience.</span></span>—The sum-total of our conscience is all + that has regularly been demanded of us, without reason, in the days + of our childhood, by people whom we respected or feared. From + conscience comes that feeling of obligation (<span class= + "tei tei-q">“This I must do, this omit”</span>) which does not ask, + Why must I?—In all cases where a thing is done with <span class= + "tei tei-q">“because”</span> and <span class= + "tei tei-q">“why,”</span> man acts without conscience, but not + necessarily on that account <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">against</span></em> conscience.—The belief in + authority is the source of conscience; which is therefore not the + voice of God in the heart of man, but the voice of some men in + man.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">53.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Conquest of the + Passions.</span></span>—The man who has overcome his passions has + entered into possession <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page225">[pg + 225]</span><a name="Pg225" id="Pg225" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + of the most fruitful soil, like the colonist who has become lord + over bogs and forests. To sow the seed of spiritual good works on + the soil of the vanquished passions is the next and most urgent + task. The conquest itself is a means, not an end: if it be not so + regarded, all kind of weeds and devil's crop quickly spring up upon + the fertile soil that has been cleared, and soon the growth is all + wilder and more luxuriant than before.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">54.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Skill in + Service.</span></span>—All so-called practical men have skill in + service, whether it be serving others or themselves; this is what + makes them practical. Robinson owned a servant even better than + Friday—his name was Crusoe.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">55.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Danger in + Speech to Intellectual Freedom.</span></span>—Every word is a + preconceived judgment.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">56.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Intellect and + Boredom.</span></span>—The proverb, <span class="tei tei-q">“The + Hungarian is far too lazy to feel bored,”</span> gives food for + thought. Only the highest and most active animals are capable of + being bored.—The boredom of God on the seventh day of Creation + would be a subject for a great poet.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">57.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Intercourse + with Animals.</span></span>—The origin of our morality may still be + observed in our relations <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page226">[pg + 226]</span><a name="Pg226" id="Pg226" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + with animals. Where advantage or the reverse do not come into play, + we have a feeling of complete irresponsibility. For example, we + kill or wound insects or let them live, and as a rule think no more + about it. We are so clumsy that even our gracious acts towards + flowers and small animals are almost always murderous: this does + not in the least detract from our pleasure in them.—To-day is the + festival of the small animals, the most sultry day of the year. + There is a swarming and crawling around us, and we, without + intention, but also without reflection, crush here and there a + little fly or winged beetle.—If animals do us harm, we strive to + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">annihilate</span></em> them in every possible + way. The means are often cruel enough, even without our really + intending them to be so—it is the cruelty of thoughtlessness. If + they are useful, we turn them to advantage, until a more refined + wisdom teaches us that certain animals amply reward a different + mode of treatment, that of tending and breeding. Here + responsibility first arises. Torturing is avoided in the case of + the domestic animal. One man is indignant if another is cruel to + his cow, quite in accordance with the primitive communal morality, + which sees the commonwealth in danger whenever an individual does + wrong. He who perceives any transgression in the community fears + indirect harm to himself. Thus we fear in this case for the quality + of meat, agriculture, and means of communication if we see the + domestic animals ill-treated. Moreover, he who is harsh to animals + awakens a suspicion that he is also harsh to men who are weak, + inferior, and incapable of revenge. He is held to be ignoble + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page227">[pg 227]</span><a name= + "Pg227" id="Pg227" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> and deficient in the + finer form of pride. Thus arises a foundation of moral judgments + and sentiments, but the greatest contribution is made by + superstition. Many animals incite men by glances, tones, and + gestures to transfer themselves into them in imagination, and some + religions teach us, under certain circumstances, to see in animals + the dwelling-place of human and divine souls: whence they recommend + a nobler caution or even a reverential awe in intercourse with + animals. Even after the disappearance of this superstition the + sentiments awakened by it continue to exercise their influence, to + ripen and to blossom.—Christianity, as is well known, has shown + itself in this respect a poor and retrograde religion.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">58.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">New + Actors.</span></span>—Among human beings there is no greater + banality than death. Second in order, because it is possible to die + without being born, comes birth, and next comes marriage. But these + hackneyed little tragi-comedies are always presented, at each of + their unnumbered and innumerable performances, by new actors, and + accordingly do not cease to find interested spectators: whereas we + might well believe that the whole audience of the world-theatre had + long since hanged themselves to every tree from sheer boredom at + these performances. So much depends on new actors, so little on the + piece.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">59.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">What is</span> + <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">“</span><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Being Obstinate</span><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">”</span></span><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">?</span></span>—The shortest way is not + the straightest possible, but that wherein <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page228">[pg 228]</span><a name="Pg228" id="Pg228" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> favourable winds swell our sails. So says the + wisdom of seamen. Not to follow his course is obstinate, firmness + of character being then adulterated by stupidity.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">60.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Word</span> + <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">“</span><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Vanity.</span><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">”</span></span></span>—It is annoying + that certain words, with which we moralists positively cannot + dispense, involve in themselves a kind of censorship of morals, + dating from the times when the most ordinary and natural impulses + were denounced. Thus that fundamental conviction that on the waves + of society we either find navigable waters or suffer shipwreck far + more through what we appear than through what we are (a conviction + that must act as guiding principle of all action in relation to + society) is branded with the general word <span class= + "tei tei-q">“vanity.”</span> In other words, one of the most + weighty and significant of qualities is branded with an expression + which denotes it as essentially empty and negative: a great thing + is designated by a diminutive, ay, even slandered by the strokes of + caricature. There is no help for it; we must use such words, but + then we must shut our ears to the insinuations of ancient + habits.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">61.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Fatalism of + the Turk.</span></span>—The fatalism of the Turk has this + fundamental defect, that it contrasts man and fate as two distinct + things. Man, says this doctrine, may struggle against fate and try + to baffle it, but in the end fate will always gain the victory. + Hence the most rational course is to <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page229">[pg 229]</span><a name="Pg229" id="Pg229" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> resign oneself or to live as one pleases. As + a matter of fact, every man is himself a piece of fate. When he + thinks that he is struggling against fate in this way, fate is + accomplishing its ends even in that struggle. The combat is a + fantasy, but so is the resignation in fate—all these fantasies are + included in fate.—The fear felt by most people of the doctrine that + denies the freedom of the will is a fear of the fatalism of the + Turk. They imagine that man will become weakly resigned and will + stand before the future with folded hands, because he cannot alter + anything of the future. Or that he will give a free rein to his + caprices, because the predestined cannot be made worse by that + course. The follies of men are as much a piece of fate as are his + wise actions, and even that fear of belief in fate is a fatality. + You yourself, you poor timid creature, are that indomitable + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Moira</span></span>, which rules even the + Gods; whatever may happen, you are a curse or a blessing, and in + any case the fetters wherein the strongest lies bound: in you the + whole future of the human world is predestined, and it is no use + for you to be frightened of yourself.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">62.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Advocate of + the Devil.</span></span>—<span class="tei tei-q">“Only by our own + suffering do we become wise, only by others' suffering do we become + good”</span>—so runs that strange philosophy which derives all + morality from pity and all intellectuality from the isolation of + the individual. Herein this philosophy is the unconscious pleader + for all human deterioration. For pity needs suffering, and + isolation contempt of others.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page230">[pg 230]</span><a name= + "Pg230" id="Pg230" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">63.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Moral + Character-Masks.</span></span>—In ages when the character-masks of + different classes are definitely fixed, like the classes + themselves, moralists will be seduced into holding the moral + character-masks, too, as absolute, and in delineating them + accordingly. Thus Molière is intelligible as the contemporary of + the society of Louis XIV.: in our society of transitions and + intermediate stages he would seem an inspired pedant.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">64.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Most Noble + Virtue.</span></span>—In the first era of the higher humanity + courage is accounted the most noble virtue, in the next justice, in + the third temperance, in the fourth wisdom. In which era do + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">we</span></em> live? In which do <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">you</span></em> + live?</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">65.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">A Necessary + Preliminary.</span></span>—A man who will not become master of his + irritability, his venomous and vengeful feelings, and his lust, and + attempts to become master in anything else, is as stupid as the + farmer who lays out his field beside a torrent without guarding + against that torrent.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">66.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">What is + Truth?</span></span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schwarzert</span></span> (Melanchthon): We + often preach our faith when we have lost it, and leave not a stone + unturned to find it—and then we often do not preach + worst!</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page231">[pg + 231]</span><a name="Pg231" id="Pg231" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Luther</span></span>: + Brother, you are really speaking like an angel to-day.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schwarzert</span></span>: But that is the idea + of your enemies, and they apply it to you.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Luther</span></span>: + Then it would be a lie from the devil's hind-quarters.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">67.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Habit of + Contrasts.</span></span>—Superficial, inexact observation sees + contrasts everywhere in nature (for instance, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“hot and cold”</span>), where there are no contrasts, + only differences of degree. This bad habit has induced us to try to + understand and interpret even the inner nature, the intellectual + and moral world, in accordance with such contrasts. An infinite + amount of cruelty, arrogance, harshness, estrangement, and coldness + has entered into human emotion, because men imagined they saw + contrasts where there were only transitions.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">68.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Can We + Forgive?</span></span>—How can we forgive them at all, if they know + not what they do? We have nothing to forgive. But does a man ever + fully know what he is doing? And if this point at least remains + always debatable, men never have anything to forgive each other, + and indulgence is for the reasonable man an impossible thing. + Finally, if the evil-doers had really known what they did, we + should still only have a right to forgive if we had a right to + accuse and to punish. But we have not that right.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page232">[pg 232]</span><a name= + "Pg232" id="Pg232" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">69.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Habitual + Shame.</span></span>—Why do we feel shame when some virtue or merit + is attributed to us which, as the saying goes, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“we have not deserved”</span>? Because we appear to + have intruded upon a territory to which we do not belong, from + which we should be excluded, as from a holy place or holy of + holies, which ought not to be trodden by our foot. Through the + errors of others we have, nevertheless, penetrated to it, and we + are now swayed partly by fear, partly by reverence, partly by + surprise; we do not know whether we ought to fly or to enjoy the + blissful moment with all its gracious advantages. In all shame + there is a mystery, which seems desecrated or in danger of + desecration through us. All <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">favour</span></em> begets shame.—But if it be + remembered that we have never really <span class= + "tei tei-q">“deserved”</span> anything, this feeling of shame, + provided that we surrender ourselves to this point of view in a + spirit of Christian contemplation, becomes habitual, because upon + such a one God seems continually to be conferring his blessing and + his favours. Apart from this Christian interpretation, the state of + habitual shame will be possible even to the entirely godless sage, + who clings firmly to the basic non-responsibility and + non-meritoriousness of all action and being. If he be treated as if + he had deserved this or that, he will seem to have won his way into + a higher order of beings, who do actually deserve something, who + are free and can really bear the burden of responsibility for their + own volition and capacity. Whoever says to him, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“You have deserved it,”</span> appears to cry + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page233">[pg 233]</span><a name= + "Pg233" id="Pg233" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> out to him, + <span class="tei tei-q">“You are not a human being, but a + God.”</span></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">70.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Most + Unskilful Teacher.</span></span>—In one man all his real virtues + are implanted on the soil of his spirit of contradiction, in + another on his incapacity to say <span class= + "tei tei-q">“no”</span>—in other words, on his spirit of + acquiescence. A third has made all his morality grow out of his + pride as a solitary, a fourth from his strong social instinct. Now, + supposing that the seeds of the virtues in these four cases, owing + to mischance or unskilful teachers, were not sown on the soil of + their nature, which provides them with the richest and most + abundant mould, they would become weak, unsatisfactory men (devoid + of morality). And who would have been the most unskilful of + teachers, the evil genius of these men? The moral fanatic, who + thinks that the good can only grow out of the good and on the soil + of the good.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">71.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Cautious + Style.</span></span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">A.</span></span> But if this were known to + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">all</span></em>, it would be injurious to the + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">majority</span></em>. You yourself call your + opinions dangerous to those in danger, and yet you make them + public?</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">B.</span></span> I + write so that neither the mob, nor the <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">populi</span></span>, nor the parties of all + kinds can read me. So my opinions will never be <span class= + "tei tei-q">“public opinions.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A.</span></span> How + do you write, then?</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">B.</span></span> + Neither usefully nor pleasantly—for the three classes I have + mentioned.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page234">[pg 234]</span><a name= + "Pg234" id="Pg234" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">72.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Divine + Missionaries.</span></span>—Even Socrates feels himself to be a + divine missionary, but I am not sure whether we should not here + detect a tincture of that Attic irony and fondness for jesting + whereby this odious, arrogant conception would be toned down. He + talks of the fact without unction—his images of the gadfly and the + horse are simple and not sacerdotal. The real religious task which + he has set himself—to <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">test</span></em> God in a hundred ways and see + whether he spoke the truth—betrays a bold and free attitude, in + which the missionary walked by the side of his God. This testing of + God is one of the most subtle compromises between piety and + free-thinking that has ever been devised.—Nowadays we do not even + need this compromise any longer.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">73.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Honesty in + Painting.</span></span>—Raphael, who cared a great deal for the + Church (so far as she could pay him), but, like the best men of his + time, cared little for the objects of the Church's belief, did not + advance one step to meet the exacting, ecstatic piety of many of + his patrons. He remained honest even in that exceptional picture + which was originally intended for a banner in a procession—the + Sistine Madonna. Here for once he wished to paint a vision, but + such a vision as even noble youths without <span class= + "tei tei-q">“faith”</span> may and will have—the vision of the + future wife, a wise, high-souled, silent, and very beautiful woman, + carrying her first-born in her arms. Let men of an older + generation, accustomed to prayer and devotion, find <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page235">[pg 235]</span><a name="Pg235" id="Pg235" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> here, like the worthy elder on the + left, something superhuman to revere. We younger men (so Raphael + seems to call to us) are occupied with the beautiful maiden on the + right, who says to the spectator of the picture, with her + challenging and by no means devout look, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“The mother and her child—is not that a pleasant, + inviting sight?”</span> The face and the look are reflected in the + joy in the faces of the beholders. The artist who devised all this + enjoys himself in this way, and adds his own delight to the delight + of the art-lover. As regards the <span class= + "tei tei-q">“messianic”</span> expression in the face of the child, + Raphael, honest man, who would not paint any state of soul in which + he did not believe, has amiably cheated his religious admirers. He + painted that freak of nature which is very often found, the man's + eye in the child's face, and that, too, the eye of a brave, helpful + man who sees distress. This eye should be accompanied by a beard. + The fact that a beard is wanting, and that two different ages are + seen in one countenance, is the pleasing paradox which believers + have interpreted in accordance with their faith in miracles. The + artist could only expect as much from their art of exposition and + interpretation.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">74.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Prayer.</span></span>—On two hypotheses + alone is there any sense in prayer, that not quite extinct custom + of olden times. It would have to be possible either to fix or alter + the will of the godhead, and the devotee would have to know best + himself what he needs and should really desire. Both hypotheses, + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page236">[pg 236]</span><a name= + "Pg236" id="Pg236" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> axiomatic and + traditional in all other religions, are denied by Christianity. If + Christianity nevertheless maintained prayer side by side with its + belief in the all-wise and all-provident divine reason (a belief + that makes prayer really senseless and even blasphemous), it showed + here once more its admirable <span class="tei tei-q">“wisdom of the + serpent.”</span> For an outspoken command, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Thou shalt not pray,”</span> would have led Christians + by way of boredom to the denial of Christianity. In the Christian + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ora et labora ora</span></span> plays the rôle + of pleasure. Without <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">ora</span></span> + what could those unlucky saints who renounced <span lang="la" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">labora</span></span> have done? But to have a + chat with God, to ask him for all kinds of pleasant things, to feel + a slight amusement at one's own folly in still having any wishes at + all, in spite of so excellent a father—all that was an admirable + invention for saints.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">75.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">A Holy + Lie.</span></span>—The lie that was on Arria's lips when she died + (<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Paete, non dolet</span></span><a id= + "noteref_19" name="noteref_19" href="#note_19"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">19</span></span></a>) + obscures all the truths that have ever been uttered by the dying. + It is the only holy <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">lie</span></em> that has become famous, + whereas elsewhere the odour of sanctity has clung only to + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">errors</span></em>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">76.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Most + Necessary Apostle.</span></span>—Among twelve apostles one must + always be hard as stone, in order that upon him the new church may + be built.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page237">[pg 237]</span><a name= + "Pg237" id="Pg237" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">77.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Which is more + Transitory, the Body or the Spirit?</span></span>—In legal, moral, + and religious institutions the external and concrete elements—in + other words, rites, gestures, and ceremonies—are the most + permanent. They are the body to which a new spirit is constantly + being superadded. The cult, like an unchangeable text, is ever + interpreted anew. Concepts and emotions are fluid, customs are + solid.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">78.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Belief in + Disease</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic; font-variant: small-caps">qua</span></span> + <span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Disease.</span></span>—Christianity + first painted the devil on the wall of the world. Christianity + first brought the idea of sin into the world. The belief in the + remedies, which is offered as an antidote, has gradually been + shaken to its very foundations. But the belief in the disease, + which Christianity has taught and propagated, still exists.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">79.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Speech and + Writings of Religious Men.</span></span>—If the priest's style and + general expression, both in speaking and writing, do not clearly + betray the religious man, we need no longer take his views upon + religion and his pleading for religion seriously. These opinions + have become powerless for him if, judging by his style, he has at + command irony, arrogance, malice, hatred, and all the changing + eddies of mood, just like the most irreligious of men—how far more + powerless will they be for his <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page238">[pg 238]</span><a name="Pg238" id="Pg238" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> hearers and readers! In short, he will serve + to make the latter still more irreligious.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">80.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Danger in + Personality.</span></span>—The more God has been regarded as a + personality in himself, the less loyal have we been to him. Men are + far more attached to their thought-images than to their best + beloved. That is why they sacrifice themselves for State, Church, + and even for God—so far as he remains <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">their</span></em> + creation, their thought, and is not too much looked upon as a + personality. In the latter case they almost always quarrel with + him. After all, it was the most pious of men who let slip that + bitter cry: <span class="tei tei-q">“My God, why hast thou forsaken + me?”</span></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">81.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Worldly + Justice.</span></span>—It is possible to unhinge worldly justice + with the doctrine of the complete non-responsibility and innocence + of every man. An attempt has been made in the same direction on the + basis of the opposite doctrine of the full responsibility and guilt + of every man. It was the founder of Christianity who wished to + abolish worldly justice and banish judgment and punishment from the + world. For he understood all guilt as <span class= + "tei tei-q">“sin”</span>—that is, an outrage against God and not + against the world. On the other hand, he considered every man in a + broad sense, and almost in every sense, a sinner. The guilty, + however, are not to be the judges of their peers—so his rules + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page239">[pg 239]</span><a name= + "Pg239" id="Pg239" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> of equity decided. + Thus all dispensers of worldly justice were in his eyes as culpable + as those they condemned, and their air of guiltlessness appeared to + him hypocritical and pharisaical. Moreover, he looked to the + motives and not to the results of actions, and thought that only + one was keen-sighted enough to give a verdict on motives—himself + or, as he expressed it, God.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">82.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">An Affectation + in Parting.</span></span>—He who wishes to sever his connection + with a party or a creed thinks it necessary for him to refute it. + This is a most arrogant notion. The only thing necessary is that he + should clearly see what tentacles hitherto held him to this party + or creed and no longer hold him, what views impelled him to it and + now impel him in some other directions. We have not joined the + party or creed on strict grounds of knowledge. We should not affect + this attitude on parting from it either.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">83.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Saviour and + Physician.</span></span>—In his knowledge of the human soul the + founder of Christianity was, as is natural, not without many great + deficiencies and prejudices, and, as physician of the soul, was + addicted to that disreputable, laical belief in a universal + medicine. In his methods he sometimes resembles that dentist who + wishes to heal all pain by extracting the tooth. Thus, for example, + he assails sensuality with the advice: <span class="tei tei-q">“If + thine eye offend thee, pluck it out.”</span>—Yet there still + remains the distinction <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page240">[pg + 240]</span><a name="Pg240" id="Pg240" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + that the dentist at least attains his object—painlessness for the + patient—although in so clumsy a fashion that he becomes ridiculous; + whereas the Christian who follows that advice and thinks he has + killed his sensuality, is wrong, for his sensuality still lives in + an uncanny, vampire form, and torments him in hideous + disguises.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">84.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Prisoners.</span></span>—One morning the + prisoners entered the yard for work, but the warder was not there. + Some, as their manner was, set to work at once; others stood idle + and gazed defiantly around. Then one of them strode forward and + cried, <span class="tei tei-q">“Work as much as you will or do + nothing, it all comes to the same. Your secret machinations have + come to light; the warder has been keeping his eye on you of late, + and will cause a terrible judgment to be passed upon you in a few + days' time. You know him—he is of a cruel and resentful + disposition. But now, listen: you have mistaken me hitherto. I am + not what I seem, but far more—I am the son of the warder, and can + get anything I like out of him. I can save you—nay, I will save + you. But remember this: I will only save those of you who + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">believe</span></em> that I am the son of the + prison warder. The rest may reap the fruits of their + unbelief.”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Well,”</span> said an + old prisoner after an interval of silence, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“what can it matter to you whether we believe you or + not? If you are really the son, and can do what you say, then put + in a good word for us all. That would be a real kindness on your + part. But have done with all talk of belief and <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page241">[pg 241]</span><a name="Pg241" id="Pg241" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> unbelief!”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“What is more,”</span> cried a younger man, + <span class="tei tei-q">“I don't believe him: he has only got a bee + in his bonnet. I'll wager that in a week's time we shall find + ourselves in the same place as we are to-day, and the warder will + know nothing.”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“And if the warder + ever knew anything, he knows it no longer,”</span> said the last of + the prisoners, coming down into the yard at that moment, + <span class="tei tei-q">“for he has just died suddenly.”</span> + <span class="tei tei-q">“Ah ha!”</span> cried several in confusion, + <span class="tei tei-q">“ah ha! Sir Son, Sir Son, how stands it now + with your title? Are we by any chance <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">your</span></em> + prisoners now?”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“I told you,”</span> + answered the man gently, <span class="tei tei-q">“I will set free + all who believe in me, as surely as my father still + lives.”</span>—The prisoners did not laugh, but shrugged their + shoulders and left him to himself.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">85.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Persecutors + of God.</span></span>—Paul conceived and Calvin followed up the + idea that countless creatures have been predestined to damnation + from time immemorial, and that this fair world was made in order + that the glory of God might be manifested therein. So heaven and + hell and mankind merely exist to satisfy the vanity of God! What a + cruel, insatiable vanity must have smouldered in the soul of the + first or second thinker of such a thought!—Paul, then, after all, + remained Saul—the persecutor of God.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">86.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Socrates.</span></span>—If all goes + well, the time will come when, in order to advance themselves on + the path <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page242">[pg + 242]</span><a name="Pg242" id="Pg242" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + of moral reason, men will rather take up the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Memorabilia</span></span> of Socrates than the + Bible, and when Montaigne and Horace will be used as pioneers and + guides for the understanding of Socrates, the simplest and most + enduring of interpretative sages. In him converge the roads of the + most different philosophic modes of life, which are in truth the + modes of the different temperaments, crystallised by reason and + habit and all ultimately directed towards the delight in life and + in self. The apparent conclusion is that the most peculiar thing + about Socrates was his share in all the temperaments. Socrates + excels the founder of Christianity by virtue of his merry style of + seriousness and by that wisdom of sheer roguish pranks which + constitutes the best state of soul in a man. Moreover, he had a + superior intelligence.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">87.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Learning to + Write Well.</span></span>—The age of good speaking is over, because + the age of city-state culture is over. The limit allowed by + Aristotle to the great city—in which the town-crier must be able to + make himself heard by the whole assembled community—troubles us as + little as do any city-communities, us who even wish to be + understood beyond the boundaries of nations. Therefore every one + who is of a good European turn of mind must learn to <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">write</span></em> + well, and to write better and better. He cannot help himself, he + must learn that: even if he was born in Germany, where bad writing + is looked upon as a national privilege. Better writing means better + thinking; always to <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page243">[pg + 243]</span><a name="Pg243" id="Pg243" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + discover matter more worthy of communication; to be able to + communicate it properly; to be translateable into the tongues of + neighbouring nations; to make oneself comprehensible to foreigners + who learn our language; to work with the view of making all that is + good common property, and of giving free access everywhere to the + free; finally, to pave the way for that still remote state of + things, when the great task shall come for good Europeans—guidance + and guardianship of the universal world-culture.—Whoever preaches + the opposite doctrine of not troubling about good writing and good + reading (both virtues grow together and decline together) is really + showing the peoples a way of becoming more and more <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">national</span></em>. He is intensifying the + malady of this century, and is a foe to good Europeans, a foe to + free spirits.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">88.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Theory of + the Best Style.</span></span>—The theory of the best style may at + one time be the theory of finding the expression by which we + transfer every mood of ours to the reader and the listener. At + another, it may be the theory of finding expressions for the more + desirable human moods, the communication and transference of which + one desires most—for the mood of a man moved from the depth of his + heart, intellectually cheerful, bright, and sincere, who has + conquered his passions. This will be the theory of the best style, + a theory that corresponds to the good man.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page244">[pg 244]</span><a name= + "Pg244" id="Pg244" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">89.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Paying + Attention to Movement.</span></span>—The movement of the sentences + shows whether the author be tired. Individual expressions may + nevertheless be still strong and good, because they were invented + earlier and for their own sake, when the thought first flashed + across the author's mind. This is frequently the case with Goethe, + who too often dictated when he was tired.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">90.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">“</span><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Already</span><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">”</span></span> <span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">and</span> <span class= + "tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">“</span><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Still.</span><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">”</span></span></span>—<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A.</span></span> + German prose is still very young. Goethe declares that Wieland is + its father.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">B.</span></span> So + young and already so ugly!</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">C.</span></span> But, + so far as I am aware, Bishop Ulfilas already wrote German prose, + which must therefore be fifteen hundred years old.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">B.</span></span> So + old and still so ugly!</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">91.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Original + German.</span></span>—German prose, which is really not fashioned + on any pattern and must be considered an original creation of + German taste, should give the eager advocate of a future original + German culture an indication of how real German dress, German + society, German furniture, German meals would look without the + imitation of models.—Some one who had long reflected on these + vistas finally cried in great horror, <span class="tei tei-q">“But, + Heaven help us, perhaps we already have that original culture—only + we don't like to talk about it!”</span></p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page245">[pg 245]</span><a name= + "Pg245" id="Pg245" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">92.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Forbidden + Books.</span></span>—One should never read anything written by + those arrogant wiseacres and puzzle-brains who have the detestable + vice of logical paradox. They apply <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">logical</span></em> + formulæ just where everything is really improvised at random and + built in the air. (<span class="tei tei-q">“Therefore”</span> with + them means, <span class="tei tei-q">“You idiot of a reader, this + <span class="tei tei-q">‘therefore’</span> does not exist for you, + but only for me.”</span> The answer to this is: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“You idiot of a writer, then why do you + write?”</span>)</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">93.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Displaying + One's Wit.</span></span>—Every one who wishes to display his wit + thereby proclaims that he has also a plentiful lack of wit. That + vice which clever Frenchmen have of adding a touch of <span lang= + "fr" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="fr"><span style= + "font-style: italic">dédain</span></span> to their best ideas + arises from a desire to be considered richer than they really are. + They wish to be carelessly generous, as if weary of continual + spending from overfull treasuries.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">94.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">French and + German Literature.</span></span>—The misfortune of the French and + German literature of the last hundred years is that the Germans ran + away too early from the French school, and the French, later on, + went too early to the German school.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">95.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Our + Prose.</span></span>—None of the present-day cultured nations has + so bad a prose as the German. When <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page246">[pg 246]</span><a name="Pg246" id="Pg246" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> clever, <span lang="fr" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="fr"><span style= + "font-style: italic">blasé</span></span> Frenchmen say, + <span class="tei tei-q">“There is no German prose,”</span> we ought + really not to be angry, for this criticism is more polite than we + deserve. If we look for reasons, we come at last to the strange + phenomenon that the German knows only improvised prose and has no + conception of any other. He simply cannot understand the Italian, + who says that prose is as much harder than poetry as the + representation of naked beauty is harder to the sculptor than that + of draped beauty. Verse, images, rhythm, and rhyme need honest + effort—that even the German realises, and he is not inclined to set + a very high value on extempore poetry. But the notion of working at + a page of prose as at a statue sounds to him like a tale from + fairyland.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">96.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Grand + Style.</span></span>—The grand style comes into being when the + beautiful wins a victory over the monstrous.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">97.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Dodging.</span></span>—We do not + realise, in the case of distinguished minds, wherein lies the + excellence of their expression, their turn of phrase, until we can + say what word every mediocre writer would inevitably have hit upon + in expressing the same idea. All great artists, in steering their + car, show themselves prone to dodge and leave the track, but never + to fall over.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">98.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Something like + Bread.</span></span>—Bread neutralises and takes out the taste of + other food, and is therefore <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page247">[pg 247]</span><a name="Pg247" id="Pg247" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> necessary to every long meal. In all works of + art there must be something like bread, in order that they may + produce divers effects. If these effects followed one another + without occasional pauses and intervals, they would soon make us + weary and provoke disgust—in fact, a long meal of art would then be + impossible.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">99.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Jean + Paul.</span></span>—Jean Paul knew a great deal, but had no + science; understood all manner of tricks of art, but had no art; + found almost everything enjoyable, but had no taste; possessed + feeling and seriousness, but in dispensing them poured over them a + nauseous sauce of tears; had even wit, but, unfortunately for his + ardent desire for it, far too little—whence he drives the reader to + despair by his very lack of wit. In short, he was the bright, + rank-smelling weed that shot up overnight in the fair pleasaunces + of Schiller and Goethe. He was a good, comfortable man, and yet a + destiny, a destiny in a dressing-gown.<a id="noteref_20" name= + "noteref_20" href="#note_20"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">20</span></span></a></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">100.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Palate for + Opposites.</span></span>—In order to enjoy a work of the past as + its contemporaries enjoyed it, one must have a palate for the + prevailing taste of the age which it attacked.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page248">[pg 248]</span><a name= + "Pg248" id="Pg248" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">101.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Spirits-of-Wine + Authors.</span></span>—Many writers are neither spirit nor wine, + but spirits of wine. They can flare up, and then they give + warmth.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">102.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The + Interpretative Sense.</span></span>—The sense of taste, as the true + interpretative sense, often talks the other senses over to its + point of view and imposes upon them its laws and customs. At table + one can receive disclosures about the most subtle secrets of the + arts; it suffices to observe what tastes good and when and after + what and how long it tastes good.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">103.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Lessing.</span></span>—Lessing had a + genuine French talent, and, as writer, went most assiduously to the + French school. He knows well how to arrange and display his wares + in his shop-window. Without this true art his thoughts, like the + objects of them, would have remained rather in the dark, nor would + the general loss be great. His art, however, has taught many + (especially the last generation of German scholars) and has given + enjoyment to a countless number. It is true his disciples had no + need to learn from him, as they often did, his unpleasant tone with + its mingling of petulance and candour.—Opinion is now unanimous on + Lessing as <span class="tei tei-q">“lyric poet,”</span> and will + some day be unanimous on Lessing as <span class= + "tei tei-q">“dramatic poet.”</span></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">104.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Undesirable + Readers.</span></span>—How an author is vexed by those stolid, + awkward readers who always <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page249">[pg 249]</span><a name="Pg249" id="Pg249" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> fall at every place where they stumble, and + always hurt themselves when they fall!</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">105.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Poets' + Thoughts.</span></span>—Real thoughts of real poets always go about + with a veil on, like Egyptian women; only the deep <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">eye</span></em> of + thought looks out freely through the veil.—Poets' thoughts are as a + rule not of such value as is supposed. We have to pay for the veil + and for our own curiosity into the bargain.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">106.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Write Simply + and Usefully.</span></span>—Transitions, details, colour in + depicting the passions—we make a present of all these to the author + because we bring them with us and set them down to the credit of + his book, provided he makes us some compensation.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">107.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Wieland.</span></span>—Wieland wrote + German better than any one else, and had the genuine adequacies and + inadequacies of the master. His translations of the letters of + Cicero and Lucian are the best in the language. His ideas, however, + add nothing to our store of thought. We can endure his cheerful + moralities as little as his cheerful immoralities, for both are + very closely connected. The men who enjoyed them were at bottom + better men than we are, but also a good deal heavier. They + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">needed</span></em> an author of this sort. The + Germans did not need Goethe, and therefore cannot make proper use + of him. We have <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page250">[pg + 250]</span><a name="Pg250" id="Pg250" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + only to consider the best of our statesmen and artists in this + light. None of them had or <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">could</span></em> have had Goethe as their + teacher.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">108.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Rare + Festivals.</span></span>—Pithy conciseness, repose, and + maturity—where you find these qualities in an author, cry halt and + celebrate a great festival in the desert. It will be long before + you have such a treat again.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">109.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Treasure of + German Prose.</span></span>—Apart from Goethe's writings and + especially Goethe's conversations with Eckermann (the best German + book in existence), what German prose literature remains that is + worth reading over and over again? Lichtenberg's <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Aphorisms</span></span>, the first book of + Jung-Stilling's <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Story of My Life</span></span>, Adalbert + Stifter's <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">St. Martin's Summer</span></span> and + Gottfried Keller's <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">People of Seldwyla</span></span>—and there, + for the time being, it comes to an end.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">110.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Literary and + Colloquial Style.</span></span>—The art of writing demands, first + and foremost, substitutions for the means of expression which + speech alone possesses—in other words, for gestures, accent, + intonation, and look. Hence literary style is quite different from + colloquial style, and far more difficult, because it has to make + itself as intelligible as the latter with fewer accessaries. + Demosthenes delivered his speeches differently from what we read; + he <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page251">[pg 251]</span><a name= + "Pg251" id="Pg251" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> worked them up for + reading purposes.—Cicero's speeches ought to be <span class= + "tei tei-q">“demosthenised”</span> with the same object, for at + present they contain more of the Roman Forum than we can + endure.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">111.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Caution in + Quotation.</span></span>—Young authors do not know that a good + expression or idea only looks well among its peers; that an + excellent quotation may spoil whole pages, nay the whole book; for + it seems to cry warningly to the reader, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Mark you, I am the precious stone, and round about me + is lead—pale, worthless lead!”</span> Every word, every idea only + desires to live in its own company—that is the moral of a choice + style.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">112.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">How should + Errors be Enunciated?</span></span>—We may dispute whether it be + more injurious for errors to be enunciated badly or as well as the + best truths. It is certain that in the former case they are doubly + harmful to the brain and are less easily removed from it. But, on + the other hand, they are not so certain of effect as in the latter + case. They are, in fact, less contagious.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">113.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Limiting and + Widening.</span></span>—Homer limited and diminished the horizon of + his subject, but allowed individual scenes to expand and blossom + out. Later, the tragedians are constantly renewing this process. + Each takes his material in ever smaller and smaller fragments than + his predecessor did, but <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page252">[pg + 252]</span><a name="Pg252" id="Pg252" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + each attains a greater wealth of blooms within the narrow hedges of + these sequestered garden enclosures.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">114.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Literature and + Morality Mutually Explanatory.</span></span>—We can show from Greek + literature by what forces the Greek spirit developed, how it + entered upon different channels, and where it became enfeebled. All + this also depicts to us how Greek morality proceeded, and how all + morality will proceed: how it was at first a constraint and + displayed cruelty, then became gradually milder; how a pleasure in + certain actions, in certain forms and conventions arose, and from + this again a propensity for solitary exercise, for solitary + possession; how the track becomes crowded and overcrowded with + competitors; how satiety enters in, new objects of struggle and + ambition are sought, and forgotten aims are awakened to life; how + the drama is repeated, and the spectators become altogether weary + of looking on, because the whole gamut seems to have been run + through—and then comes a stoppage, an expiration, and the rivulets + are lost in the sand. The end, or at any rate <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">an</span></em> end, + has come.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">115.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">What Landscapes + give Permanent Delight.</span></span>—Such and such a landscape has + features eminently suited for painting, but I cannot find the + formula for it; it remains beyond my grasp as a whole. I notice + that all landscapes which please me permanently have a simple + geometrical scheme <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page253">[pg + 253]</span><a name="Pg253" id="Pg253" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + of lines underneath all their complexity. Without such a + mathematical substratum no scenery becomes artistically pleasing. + Perhaps this rule may be applied symbolically to human beings.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">116.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Reading + Aloud.</span></span>—The ability to read aloud involves of + necessity the ability to declaim. Everywhere we must apply pale + tints, but we must determine the degree of pallor in close relation + to the richly and deeply coloured background, that always hovers + before our eyes and acts as our guide—in other words, in accordance + with the way in which we should <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">declaim</span></em> + the same passages. That is why we must be able to declaim.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">117.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Dramatic + Sense.</span></span>—He who has not the four subtler senses of art + tries to understand everything with the fifth sense, which is the + coarsest of all—the dramatic sense.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">118.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Herder.</span></span>—Herder fails to be + all that he made people think he was and himself wished to think he + was. He was no great thinker or discoverer, no newly fertile soil + with the unexhausted strength of a virgin forest. But he possessed + in the highest degree the power of scenting the future, he saw and + picked the first-fruits of the seasons earlier than all others, and + they then believed that he had made them grow. Between darkness and + light, youth and age, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page254">[pg + 254]</span><a name="Pg254" id="Pg254" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + his mind was like a hunter on the watch, looking everywhere for + transitions, depressions, convulsions, the outward and visible + signs of internal growth. The unrest of spring drove him to and + fro, but he was himself not the spring.—At times, indeed, he had + some inkling of this, and yet would fain not have believed it—he, + the ambitious priest, who would have so gladly been the + intellectual pope of his epoch! This is his despair. He seems to + have lived long as a pretender to several kingdoms or even to a + universal monarchy. He had his following which believed in him, + among others the young Goethe. But whenever crowns were really + distributed, he was passed over. Kant, Goethe, and then the first + true German historians and scholars robbed him of what he thought + he had reserved for himself (although in silence and secret he + often thought the reverse). Just when he doubted in himself, he + gladly clothed himself in dignity and enthusiasm: these were often + in him mere garments, which had to hide a great deal and also to + deceive and comfort him. He really had fire and enthusiasm, but his + ambition was far greater! It blew impatiently at the fire, which + flickered, crackled, and smoked—his <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">style</span></em> + flickers, crackles, and smokes—but he yearned for the great flame + which never broke out. He did not sit at the table of the genuine + creators, and his ambition did not admit of his sitting modestly + among those who simply enjoy. Thus he was a restless spirit, the + taster of all intellectual dishes, which were collected by the + Germans from every quarter and every age in the course of half a + century. Never really happy and satisfied, Herder was also + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page255">[pg 255]</span><a name= + "Pg255" id="Pg255" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> too often ill, and + then at times envy sat by his bed, and hypocrisy paid her visit as + well. He always had an air of being scarred and crippled, and he + lacked simple, stalwart manliness more completely than any of the + so-called <span class="tei tei-q">“classical writers.”</span></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">119.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Scent of + Words.</span></span>—Every word has its scent; there is a harmony + and discord of scents, and so too of words.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">120.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Far-Fetched + Style.</span></span>—The natural style is an offence to the lover + of the far-fetched style.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">121.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">A + Vow.</span></span>—I will never again read an author of whom one + can suspect that he <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">wanted</span></em> to make a book, but only + those writers whose thoughts unexpectedly became a book.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">122.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Artistic + Convention.</span></span>—Three-fourths of Homer is convention, and + the same is the case with all the Greek artists, who had no reason + for falling into the modern craze for originality. They had no fear + of convention, for after all convention was a link between them and + their public. Conventions are the artistic means <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">acquired</span></em> for the understanding of + the hearer; the common speech, learnt with much toil, whereby the + artist can really communicate his ideas. All the more when he + wishes, like <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page256">[pg + 256]</span><a name="Pg256" id="Pg256" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + the Greek poets and musicians, to conquer at once with each of his + works (since he is accustomed to compete publicly with one or two + rivals), the first condition is that he must be understood at once, + and this is only possible by means of convention. What the artist + devises beyond convention he offers of his own free will and takes + a risk, his success at best resulting in the setting-up of a new + convention. As a rule originality is marvelled at, sometimes even + worshipped, but seldom understood. A stubborn avoidance of + convention means a desire not to be understood. What, then, is the + object of the modern craze for originality?</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">123.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Artists' + Affectation of Scientific Method.</span></span>—Schiller, like + other German artists, fancied that if a man had intellect he was + entitled to improvise even with the pen on all difficult subjects. + So there we see his prose essays—in every way a model of how + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">not</span></em> to attack scientific questions + of æsthetics and ethics, and a danger for young readers who, in + their admiration for Schiller the poet, have not the courage to + think meanly of Schiller the thinker and author.—The temptation to + traverse for once the forbidden paths, and to have his say in + science as well, is easy and pardonable in the artist. For even the + ablest artist from time to time finds his handicraft and his + workshop unendurable. This temptation is so strong that it makes + the artist show all the world what no one wishes to see, that his + little chamber of thought is cramped and untidy. Why <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page257">[pg 257]</span><a name="Pg257" id="Pg257" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> not, indeed? He does not live there. He + proceeds to show that the storeroom of his knowledge is partly + empty, partly filled with lumber. Why not, indeed? This condition + does not really become the artist-child badly. In particular, the + artist shows that for the very easiest exercises of scientific + method, which are accessible even to beginners, his joints are too + stiff and untrained. Even of that he need not really be ashamed! On + the other hand, he often develops no mean art in imitating all the + mistakes, vices, and base pedantries that are practised in the + scientific community, in the belief that these belong to the + appearance of the thing, if not to the thing itself. This is the + very point that is so amusing in artists' writing, that the artist + involuntarily acts as his vocation demands: he parodies the + scientific and inartistic natures. Towards science he should show + no attitude but that of parody, in so far as he is an artist and + only an artist.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">124.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The + Faust-Idea.</span></span>—A little sempstress is seduced and + plunged into despair: a great scholar of all the four Faculties is + the evil-doer. That cannot have happened in the ordinary course, + surely? No, certainly not! Without the aid of the devil incarnate, + the great scholar would never have achieved the deed.—Is this + really destined to be the greatest German <span class= + "tei tei-q">“tragic idea,”</span> as one hears it said among + Germans?—But for Goethe even this idea was too terrible. His kind + heart could not avoid placing the little sempstress, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the good soul that forgot <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page258">[pg 258]</span><a name="Pg258" id="Pg258" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> itself but once,”</span> near to the saints, + after her involuntary death. Even the great scholar, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the good man”</span> with <span class="tei tei-q">“the + dark impulse,”</span> is brought into heaven in the nick of time, + by a trick which is played upon the devil at the decisive moment. + In heaven the lovers find themselves again. Goethe once said that + his nature was too conciliatory for really tragic subjects.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">125.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Are + there</span> <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">“</span><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">German Classics</span><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">”</span></span><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">?</span></span>—Sainte-Beuve observes + somewhere that the word <span class="tei tei-q">“classic”</span> + does not suit the genius of certain literatures. For instance, + nobody could talk seriously of <span class="tei tei-q">“German + classics.”</span>—What do our German publishers, who are about to + add fifty more to the fifty German classics we are told to accept, + say to that? Does it not almost seem as if one need only have been + dead for the last thirty years, and lie a lawful prey to the + public,<a id="noteref_21" name="noteref_21" href= + "#note_21"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">21</span></span></a> in + order to hear suddenly and unexpectedly the trumpet of resurrection + as a <span class="tei tei-q">“Classic”</span>? And this in an age + and a nation where at least five out of the six great fathers of + its literature are undoubtedly antiquated or becoming + antiquated—without there being any need for the age or the nation + to be ashamed of this. For those writers have given way before the + strength of our time—let that be considered in all + fairness!—Goethe, as I have indicated, I do not include. He belongs + to a higher species than <span class="tei tei-q">“national + literatures”</span>: hence life, revival, <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page259">[pg 259]</span><a name="Pg259" id="Pg259" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> and decay do not enter into the reckoning in + his relations with his countrymen. He lived and now lives but for + the few; for the majority he is nothing but a flourish of vanity + which is trumpeted from time to time across the border into foreign + ears. Goethe, not merely a great and good man, but a <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">culture</span></em>, is in German history an + interlude without a sequel. Who, for instance, would be able to + point to any trace of Goethe's influence in German politics of the + last seventy years (whereas the influence, certainly of Schiller, + and perhaps of Lessing, can be traced in the political world)? But + what of those five others? Klopstock, in a most honourable way, + became out of date even in his own lifetime, and so completely that + the meditative book of his later years, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Republic of + Learning</span></span>, has never been taken seriously from that + day to this. Herder's misfortune was that his writings were always + either new or antiquated. Thus for stronger and more subtle minds + (like Lichtenberg) even Herder's masterpiece, his <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ideas for the History + of Mankind</span></span>, was in a way antiquated at the very + moment of its appearance. Wieland, who lived to the full and made + others live likewise, was clever enough to anticipate by death the + waning of his influence. Lessing, perhaps, still lives to-day—but + among a young and ever younger band of scholars. Schiller has + fallen from the hands of young men into those of boys, of all + German boys. It is a well-known sign of obsolescence when a book + descends to people of less and less mature age.—Well, what is it + that has thrust these five into the background, so that + well-educated men of affairs no longer read <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page260">[pg 260]</span><a name="Pg260" id="Pg260" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> them? A better taste, a riper + knowledge, a higher reverence for the real and the true: in other + words, the very virtues which these five (and ten or twenty others + of lesser repute) first re-planted in Germany, and which now, like + a mighty forest, cast over their graves not only the shadow of awe, + but something of the shadow of oblivion.—But classical writers are + not planters of intellectual and literary virtues. They bring those + virtues to perfection and are their highest luminous peaks, and + being brighter, freer, and purer than all that surrounds them, they + remain shining above the nations when the nations themselves + perish. There may come an elevated stage of humanity, in which the + Europe of the peoples is a dark, forgotten thing, but Europe lives + on in thirty books, very old but never antiquated—in the + classics.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">126.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Interesting, + but not Beautiful.</span></span>—This countryside conceals its + meaning, but it has one that we should like to guess. Everywhere + that I look, I read words and hints of words, but I do not know + where begins the sentence that solves the riddle of all these + hints. So I get a stiff neck in trying to discover whether I should + start reading from this or that point.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">127.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Against + Innovators in Language.</span></span>—The use of neologisms or + archaisms, the preference for the rare and the bizarre, the attempt + to enrich rather than to limit the vocabulary, are always signs + either <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page261">[pg + 261]</span><a name="Pg261" id="Pg261" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + of an immature or of a corrupted taste. A noble poverty but a + masterly freedom within the limits of that modest wealth + distinguishes the Greek artists in oratory. They wish to have less + than the people has—for the people is richest in old and new—but + they wish to have that little <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">better</span></em>. The reckoning up of their + archaic and exotic forms is soon done, but we never cease + marvelling if we have an eye for their light and delicate manner in + handling the commonplace and apparently long outworn elements in + word and phrase.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">128.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Gloomy and + Serious Authors.</span></span>—He who commits his sufferings to + paper becomes a gloomy author, but he becomes a serious one if he + tells us what he <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">has</span></em> suffered and why he is now + enjoying a pleasurable repose.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">129.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Healthiness of + Taste.</span></span>—How is it that health is less contagious than + disease—generally, and particularly in matters of taste? Or are + there epidemics of health?</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">130.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">A + Resolution.</span></span>—Never again to read a book that is born + and christened (with ink) at the same moment.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">131.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Improving our + Ideas.</span></span>—Improving our style means improving our ideas, + and nothing else. He <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page262">[pg + 262]</span><a name="Pg262" id="Pg262" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + who does not at once concede this can never be convinced of the + point.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">132.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Classical + Books.</span></span>—The weakest point in every classical book is + that it is written too much in the mother tongue of its author.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">133.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Bad + Books.</span></span>—The book should demand pen, ink, and desk, but + usually it is pen, ink, and desk that demand the book. That is why + books are of so little account at present.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">134.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Presence of + Sense.</span></span>—When the public reflects on paintings, it + becomes a poet; when on poems, an investigator. At the moment when + the artist summons it it is always lacking in the right sense, and + accordingly in presence of sense, not in presence of mind.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">135.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Choice + Ideas.</span></span>—The choice style of a momentous period does + not only select its words but its ideas—and both from the customary + and prevailing usage. Venturesome ideas, that smell too fresh, are + to the maturer taste no less repugnant than new and reckless images + and phrases. Later on both choice ideas and choice words soon smack + of mediocrity, because the scent of the choice vanishes quickly, + and then nothing but the customary and commonplace element is + tasted.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page263">[pg 263]</span><a name= + "Pg263" id="Pg263" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">136.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Main Reason for + Corruption of Style.</span></span>—The desire to display more + sentiment than one really feels for a thing corrupts style, in + language and in all art. All great art shows rather the opposite + tendency. Like every man of moral significance, it loves to check + emotion on its way and not let it run its course to the very end. + This modesty of letting emotion but half appear is most clearly to + be observed, for example, in Sophocles. The features of sentiment + seem to become beautified when sentiment feigns to be more shy than + it really is.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">137.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">An Excuse for + the Heavy Style.</span></span>—The lightly uttered phrase seldom + falls on the ear with the full weight of the subject. This is, + however, due to the bad training of the ear, which by education + must pass from what has hitherto been called music to the school of + the higher harmony—in other words, to conversation.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">138.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Bird's-Eye + Views.</span></span>—Here torrents rush from every side into a + ravine: their movement is so swift and stormy, and carries the eye + along so quickly, that the bare or wooded mountain slopes around + seem not to sink down but to fly down. We are in an agonised + tension at the sight, as if behind all this were hidden some + hostile element, before which all must fly, and against which the + abyss alone gave protection. This landscape cannot be painted, + unless <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page264">[pg + 264]</span><a name="Pg264" id="Pg264" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + we hover above it like a bird in the open air. Here for once the + so-called bird's-eye view is not an artistic caprice, but the sole + possibility.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">139.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Rash + Comparisons.</span></span>—If rash comparisons are not proofs of + the wantonness of the writer, they are proofs of the exhaustion of + his imagination. In any case they bear witness to his bad + taste.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">140.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dancing in + Chains.</span></span>—In the case of every Greek artist, poet, or + writer we must ask: What is the new constraint which he imposes + upon himself and makes attractive to his contemporaries, so as to + find imitators? For the thing called <span class= + "tei tei-q">“invention”</span> (in metre, for example) is always a + self-imposed fetter of this kind. <span class="tei tei-q">“Dancing + in chains”</span>—to make that hard for themselves and then to + spread a false notion that it is easy—that is the trick that they + wish to show us. Even in Homer we may perceive a wealth of + inherited formulæ and laws of epic narration, within the circle of + which he had to dance, and he himself created new conventions for + them that came after. This was the discipline of the Greek poets: + first to impose upon themselves a manifold constraint by means of + the earlier poets; then to invent in addition a new constraint, to + impose it upon themselves and cheerfully to overcome it, so that + constraint and victory are perceived and admired.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page265">[pg 265]</span><a name= + "Pg265" id="Pg265" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">141.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Authors' + Copiousness.</span></span>—The last quality that a good author + acquires is copiousness: whoever has it to begin with will never + become a good author. The noblest racehorses are lean until they + are permitted to rest from their victories.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">142.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Wheezing + Heroes.</span></span>—Poets and artists who suffer from a narrow + chest of the emotions generally make their heroes wheeze. They do + not know what easy breathing means.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">143.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The + Short-Sighted.</span></span><a id="noteref_22" name="noteref_22" + href="#note_22"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">22</span></span></a>—The + short-sighted are the deadly foes of all authors who let themselves + go. These authors should know the wrath with which these people + shut the book in which they observe that its creator needs fifty + pages to express five ideas. And the cause of their wrath is that + they have endangered what remains of their vision almost without + compensation. A short-sighted person said, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“All authors let themselves go.”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Even the Holy Ghost?”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Even the Holy Ghost.”</span> But he had a right to, + for he wrote for those who had lost their sight altogether.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">144.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Style of + Immortality.</span></span>—Thucydides and Tacitus both imagined + immortal life for their works when they executed them. That might + be guessed <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page266">[pg + 266]</span><a name="Pg266" id="Pg266" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + (if not known otherwise) from their style. The one thought to give + permanence to his ideas by salting them, the other by boiling them + down; and neither, it seems, made a miscalculation.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">145.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Against Images + and Similes.</span></span>—By images and similes we convince, but + we do not prove. That is why science has such a horror of images + and similes. Science does not want to convince or make plausible, + and rather seeks to provoke cold distrust by its mode of + expression, by the bareness of its walls. For distrust is the + touchstone for the gold of certainty.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">146.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Caution.</span></span>—In Germany, he + who lacks thorough knowledge should beware of writing. The good + German does not say in that case <span class="tei tei-q">“he is + ignorant,”</span> but <span class="tei tei-q">“he is of doubtful + character.”</span>—This hasty conclusion, by the way, does great + credit to the Germans.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">147.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Painted + Skeletons.</span></span>—Painted skeletons are those authors who + try to make up for their want of flesh by artistic colourings.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">148.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Grand Style + and Something Better.</span></span>—It is easier to learn how to + write the grand style than how to write easily and simply. The + reasons for this are inextricably bound up with morality.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page267">[pg 267]</span><a name= + "Pg267" id="Pg267" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">149.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Sebastian + Bach.</span></span>—In so far as we do not hear Bach's music as + perfect and experienced connoisseurs of counterpoint and all the + varieties of the fugal style (and accordingly must dispense with + real artistic enjoyment), we shall feel in listening to his + music—in Goethe's magnificent phrase—as if <span class= + "tei tei-q">“we were present at God's creation of the + world.”</span> In other words, we feel here that something great is + in the making but not yet made—our mighty modern music, which by + conquering nationalities, the Church, and counterpoint has + conquered the world. In Bach there is still too much crude + Christianity, crude Germanism, crude scholasticism. He stands on + the threshold of modern European music, but turns from thence to + look at the Middle Ages.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">150.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Händel.</span></span>—Händel, who in the + invention of his music was bold, original, truthful, powerful, + inclined to and akin to all the heroism of which a <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">nation</span></em> + is capable, often proved stiff, cold, nay even weary of himself in + composition. He applied a few well-tried methods of execution, + wrote copiously and quickly, and was glad when he had finished—but + that joy was not the joy of God and other creators in the eventide + of their working day.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">151.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Haydn.</span></span>—So far as genius + can exist in a man who is merely <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">good</span></em>, + Haydn had genius. He went <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page268">[pg + 268]</span><a name="Pg268" id="Pg268" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + just as far as the limit which morality sets to intellect, and only + wrote music that has <span class="tei tei-q">“no past.”</span></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">152.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Beethoven and + Mozart.</span></span>—Beethoven's music often appears like a deeply + emotional meditation on unexpectedly hearing once more a piece long + thought to be forgotten, <span class="tei tei-q">“Tonal + Innocence”</span>: it is music about music. In the song of the + beggar and child in the street, in the monotonous airs of vagrant + Italians, in the dance of the village inn or in carnival nights he + discovers his melodies. He stores them together like a bee, + snatching here and there some notes or a short phrase. To him these + are hallowed memories of <span class="tei tei-q">“the better + world,”</span> like the ideas of Plato.—Mozart stands in quite a + different relation to his melodies. He finds his inspiration not in + hearing music but in gazing at life, at the most stirring life of + southern lands. He was always dreaming of Italy, when he was not + there.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">153.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Recitative.</span></span>—Formerly + recitative was dry, but now we live in the age of moist recitative. + It has fallen into the water, and the waves carry it whithersoever + they list.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">154.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">“</span><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Cheerful</span><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">”</span></span> <span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Music.</span></span>—If for a long time + we have heard no music, it then goes like a heavy southern wine all + too quickly into the blood and leaves behind it a soul dazed with + narcotics, half-awake, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page269">[pg + 269]</span><a name="Pg269" id="Pg269" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + longing for sleep. This is particularly the case with cheerful + music, which inspires in us bitterness and pain, satiety and + home-sickness together, and forces us to sip again and again as at + a sweetened draught of poison. The hall of gay, noisy merriment + then seems to grow narrow, the light to lose its brightness and + become browner. At last we feel as if this music were penetrating + to a prison where a poor wretch cannot sleep for home-sickness.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">155.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Franz + Schubert</span></span>.—Franz Schubert, inferior as an artist to + the other great musicians, had nevertheless the largest share of + inherited musical wealth. He spent it with a free hand and a kind + heart, so that for a few centuries musicians will continue to + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">nibble</span></em> at his ideas and + inspirations. In his works we find a store of <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">unused</span></em> + inventions; the greatness of others will lie in making use of those + inventions. If Beethoven may be called the ideal listener for a + troubadour, Schubert has a right to be called the ideal + troubadour.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">156.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Modern Musical + Execution</span></span>.—Great tragic or dramatic execution of + music acquires its character by imitating the gesture of the great + sinner, such as Christianity conceives and desires him: the + slow-stepping, passionately brooding man, distracted by the agonies + of conscience, now flying in terror, now clutching with delight, + now standing still in despair—and all the other marks of great + sinfulness. <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page270">[pg + 270]</span><a name="Pg270" id="Pg270" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + Only on the Christian assumption that all men are great sinners and + do nothing but sin could we justify the application of this style + of execution to <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">all</span></em> music. So far, music would be + the reflection of all the actions and impulses of man, and would + continually have to express by gestures the language of the great + sinner. At such a performance, a listener who was not enough of a + Christian to understand this logic might indeed cry out in horror, + <span class="tei tei-q">“For the love of Heaven, how did sin find + its way into music?”</span></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">157.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Felix + Mendelssohn.</span></span>—Felix Mendelssohn's music is the music + of the good taste that enjoys all the good things that have ever + existed. It always points behind. How could it have much + <span class="tei tei-q">“in front,”</span> much of a future?—But + did he want it to have a future? He possessed a virtue rare among + artists, that of gratitude without <span lang="fr" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="fr"><span style= + "font-style: italic">arrière-pensée</span></span>. This virtue, + too, always points behind.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">158.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">A Mother of + Arts.</span></span>—In our sceptical age, real devotion requires + almost a brutal heroism of ambition. Fanatical shutting of the eyes + and bending of the knee no longer suffice. Would it not be possible + for ambition—in its eagerness to be the last devotee of all the + ages—to become the begetter of a final church music, as it has been + the begetter of the final church architecture? (They call it the + Jesuit style.)</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page271">[pg 271]</span><a name= + "Pg271" id="Pg271" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">159.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Freedom in + Fetters—a Princely Freedom.</span></span>—Chopin, the last of the + modern musicians, who gazed at and worshipped beauty, like + Leopardi; Chopin, the Pole, the inimitable (none that came before + or after him has a right to this name)—Chopin had the same princely + punctilio in convention that Raphael shows in the use of the + simplest traditional colours. The only difference is that Chopin + applies them not to colour but to melodic and rhythmic traditions. + He admitted the validity of these traditions because he was born + under the sway of etiquette. But in these fetters he plays and + dances as the freest and daintiest of spirits, and, be it observed, + he does not spurn the chain.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">160.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Chopin's + Barcarolle.</span></span>—Almost all states and modes of life have + a moment of rapture, and good artists know how to discover that + moment. Such a moment there is even in life by the seashore—that + dreary, sordid, unhealthy existence, dragged out in the + neighbourhood of a noisy and covetous rabble. This moment of + rapture Chopin in his Barcarolle expressed in sound so supremely + that Gods themselves, when they heard it, might yearn to lie long + summer evenings in a boat.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">161.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Robert + Schumann.</span></span>—<span class="tei tei-q">“The + Stripling,”</span> as the romantic songsters of Germany and France + of the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page272">[pg + 272]</span><a name="Pg272" id="Pg272" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + first three decades of this century imagined him—this stripling was + completely translated into song and melody by Robert Schumann, the + eternal youth, so long as he felt himself in full possession of his + powers. There are indeed moments when his music reminds one of the + eternal <span class="tei tei-q">“old maid.”</span></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">162.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dramatic + Singers.</span></span>—<span class="tei tei-q">“Why does this + beggar sing?”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Probably he does not + know how to wail.”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Then he does + right.”</span> But our dramatic singers, who wail because they do + not know how to sing—are they also in the right?</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">163.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dramatic + Music.</span></span>—For him who does not see what is happening on + the stage, dramatic music is a monstrosity, just as the running + commentary to a lost text is a monstrosity. Such music requires us + to have ears where our eyes are. This, however, is doing violence + to Euterpe, who, poor Muse, wants to have her eyes and ears where + the other Muses have theirs.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">164.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Victory and + Reasonableness.</span></span>—Unfortunately in the æsthetic wars, + which artists provoke by their works and apologias for their works, + just as is the case in real war, it is might and not reason that + decides. All the world now assumes as a historical fact that, in + his dispute with Piccini, Gluck was in the right. At any rate, he + was victorious, and had might on his side.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page273">[pg 273]</span><a name= + "Pg273" id="Pg273" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">165.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Of the + Principle of Musical Execution.</span></span>—Do the modern musical + performers really believe that the supreme law of their art is to + give every piece as much high-relief as is possible, and to make it + speak at all costs a dramatic language? Is not this principle, when + applied for example to Mozart, a veritable sin against the + spirit—the gay, sunny, airy, delicate spirit—of Mozart, whose + seriousness was of a kindly and not awe-inspiring order, whose + pictures do not try to leap from the wall and drive away the + beholder in panic? Or do you think that all Mozart's music is + identical with the statue-music in <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Don + Juan</span></span>? And not only Mozart's, but all music?—You reply + that the advantage of your principle lies in its greater <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">effect</span></em>. + You would be right if there did not remain the counter-question, + <span class="tei tei-q">“<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">On whom</span></em> has the effect operated, + and <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">on + whom</span></em> should an artist of the first rank desire to + produce his effect?”</span> Never on the populace! Never on the + immature! Never on the morbidly sensitive! Never on the diseased! + And above all—never on the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">blasé</span></span>!</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">166.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Music of + To-Day.</span></span>—This ultra-modern music, with its strong + lungs and weak nerves, is frightened above all things of + itself.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">167.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Where Music is + at Home.</span></span>—Music reaches its high-water mark only among + men who have not the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page274">[pg + 274]</span><a name="Pg274" id="Pg274" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + ability or the right to argue. Accordingly, its chief promoters are + princes, whose aim is that there should be not much criticism nor + even much thought in their neighbourhood. Next come societies + which, under some pressure or other (political or religious), are + forced to become habituated to silence, and so feel all the greater + need of spells to charm away emotional ennui—these spells being + generally eternal love-making and eternal music. Thirdly, we must + reckon whole nations in which there is no <span class= + "tei tei-q">“society,”</span> but all the greater number of + individuals with a bent towards solitude, mystical thinking, and a + reverence for all that is inexpressible; these are the genuine + <span class="tei tei-q">“musical souls.”</span> The Greeks, as a + nation delighting in talking and argument, accordingly put up with + music only as an <span lang="fr" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "fr"><span style="font-style: italic">hors d'œuvre</span></span> to + those arts which really admit of discussion and dispute. About + music one can hardly even <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">think</span></em> clearly. The Pythagoreans, + who in so many respects were exceptional Greeks, are said to have + been great musicians. This was the school that invented a + five-years' silence,<a id="noteref_23" name="noteref_23" href= + "#note_23"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">23</span></span></a> but + did not invent a dialectic.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">168.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Sentimentality + in Music.</span></span>—We may be ever so much in sympathy with + serious and profound music, yet nevertheless, or perhaps all the + more for that reason, we shall at occasional moments be + overpowered, entranced, and almost melted away by its <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page275">[pg 275]</span><a name="Pg275" id="Pg275" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> opposite—I mean, by those simple + Italian operatic airs which, in spite of all their monotony of + rhythm and childishness of harmony, seem at times to sing to us + like the very soul of music. Admit this or not as you please, you + Pharisees of good taste, it is so, and it is my present task to + propound the riddle that it is so, and to nibble a little myself at + the solution.—In childhood's days we tasted the honey of many + things for the first time. Never was honey so good as then; it + seduced us to life, into abundant life, in the guise of the first + spring, the first flower, the first butterfly, the first + friendship. Then—perhaps in our ninth year or so—we heard our first + music, and this was the first that we understood; thus the simplest + and most childish tunes, that were not much more than a sequel to + the nurse's lullaby and the strolling fiddler's tune, were our + first experience. (For even the most trifling <span class= + "tei tei-q">“revelations”</span> of art need preparation and study; + there is no <span class="tei tei-q">“immediate”</span> effect of + art, whatever charming fables the philosophers may tell.) Our + sensation on hearing these Italian airs is associated with those + first musical raptures, the strongest of our lives. The bliss of + childhood and its flight, the feeling that our most precious + possession can never be brought back, all this moves the chords of + the soul more strongly than the most serious and profound music can + move them.—This mingling of æsthetic pleasure with moral pain, + which nowadays it is customary to call (rather too haughtily, I + think) <span class="tei tei-q">“sentimentality”</span>—it is the + mood of Faust at the end of the first scene—this <span class= + "tei tei-q">“sentimentality”</span> of the listener is all to the + advantage of Italian music. It is a feeling which the experienced + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page276">[pg 276]</span><a name= + "Pg276" id="Pg276" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> connoisseurs in art, + the pure <span class="tei tei-q">“æsthetes,”</span> like to + ignore.—Moreover, almost all music has a magical effect only when + we hear it speak the language of our own <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">past</span></em>. + Accordingly, it seems to the layman that all the old music is + continually growing better, and that all the latest is of little + value. For the latter arouses no <span class= + "tei tei-q">“sentimentality,”</span> that most essential element of + happiness, as aforesaid, for every man who cannot approach this art + with pure æsthetic enjoyment.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">169.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">As Friends of + Music.</span></span>—Ultimately we are and remain good friends with + music, as we are with the light of the moon. Neither, after all, + tries to supplant the sun: they only want to illumine our nights to + the best of their powers. Yet we may jest and laugh at them, may we + not? Just a little, at least, and from time to time? At the man in + the moon, at the woman in the music?</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">170.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Art in an Age + of Work.</span></span>—We have the conscience of an industrious + epoch. This debars us from devoting our best hours and the best + part of our days to art, even though that art be the greatest and + worthiest. Art is for us a matter of leisure, of recreation, and we + consecrate to it the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">residue</span></em> of our time and strength. + This is the cardinal fact that has altered the relation of art to + life. When art makes its great demands of time and strength upon + its recipients, it has to battle against the conscience of the + industrious and efficient, it is <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page277">[pg 277]</span><a name="Pg277" id="Pg277" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> relegated to the idle and conscienceless, + who, by their very nature, are not exactly suited to great art, and + consider its claims arrogant. It might, therefore, be all over with + art, since it lacks air and the power to breathe. But perhaps the + great art attempts, by a sort of coarsening and disguising, to make + itself at home in that other atmosphere, or at least to put up with + it—an atmosphere which is really a natural element only for petty + art, the art of recreation, of pleasant distraction. This happens + nowadays almost everywhere. Even the exponents of great art promise + recreation and distraction; even they address themselves to the + exhausted; even they demand from him the evening hours of his + working-day—just like the artists of the entertaining school, who + are content to smooth the furrowed brow and brighten the + lack-lustre eye. What, then, are the devices of their mightier + brethren? These have in their medicine-chests the most powerful + excitants, which might give a shock even to a man half-dead: they + can deafen you, intoxicate you, make you shudder, or bring tears to + your eyes. By this means they overpower the exhausted man and + stimulate him for one night to an over-lively condition, to an + ecstasy of terror and delight. This great art, as it now lives in + opera, tragedy, and music—have we a right to be angry with it, + because of its perilous fascination, as we should be angry with a + cunning courtesan? Certainly not. It would far rather live in the + pure element of morning calm, and would far rather make its appeal + to the fresh, expectant, vigorous morning-soul of the beholder or + listener. Let us be thankful that it prefers living <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page278">[pg 278]</span><a name="Pg278" id="Pg278" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> thus to vanishing altogether. But let + us also confess that an era that once more introduces free and + complete high-days and holidays into life will have no use for + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">our</span></em> great art.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">171.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Employees + of Science and the Others.</span></span>—Really efficient and + successful men of science might be collectively called <span class= + "tei tei-q">“The Employees.”</span> If in youth their acumen is + sufficiently practised, their memory is full, and hand and eye have + acquired sureness, they are appointed by an older fellow-craftsman + to a scientific position where their qualities may prove useful. + Later on, when they have themselves gained an eye for the gaps and + defects in their science, they place themselves in whatever + position they are needed. These persons all exist for the sake of + science. But there are rarer spirits, spirits that seldom succeed + or fully mature—<span class="tei tei-q">“for whose sake science + exists”</span>—at least, in their view. They are often unpleasant, + conceited, or cross-grained men, but almost always prodigies to a + certain extent. They are neither employees nor employers; they make + use of what those others have worked out and established, with a + certain princely carelessness and with little and rare praise—just + as if the others belonged to a lower order of beings. Yet they + possess the same qualities as their fellow-workers, and that + sometimes in a less developed form. Moreover, they have a peculiar + limitation, from which the others are free; this makes it + impossible to put them into a place and to see in them useful + tools. They can only live in their own air and on <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page279">[pg 279]</span><a name="Pg279" id="Pg279" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> their own soil. This limitation + suggests to them what elements of a science <span class= + "tei tei-q">“are theirs”</span>—in other words, what they can carry + home into their house and atmosphere: they think that they are + always collecting their scattered <span class= + "tei tei-q">“property.”</span> If they are prevented from building + at their own nest, they perish like shelterless birds. The loss of + freedom causes them to wilt away. If they show, like their + colleagues, a fondness for certain regions of science, it is always + only regions where the fruits and seeds necessary to them can + thrive. What do they care whether science, taken as a whole, has + untilled or badly tilled regions? They lack all impersonal interest + in a scientific problem. As they are themselves personal through + and through, all their knowledge and ideas are remoulded into a + person, into a living complexity, with its parts interdependent, + overlapping, jointly nurtured, and with a peculiar atmosphere and + scent as a whole.—Such natures, with their system of personal + knowledge, produce the illusion that a science (or even the whole + of philosophy) is finished and has reached its goal. The life in + their system works this magic, which at times has been fatal to + science and deceptive to the really efficient workers above + described, and at other times, when drought and exhaustion + prevailed, has acted as a kind of restorative, as if it were the + air of a cool, refreshing resting-place.—These men are usually + called <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">philosophers</span></em>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">172.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Recognition of + Talent.</span></span>—As I went through the village of S., a boy + began to crack his whip with <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page280">[pg 280]</span><a name="Pg280" id="Pg280" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> all his might—he had made great progress in + this art, and he knew it. I threw him a look of recognition—in + reality it hurt me cruelly. We do the same in our recognition of + many of the talents. We do good to them when they hurt us.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">173.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Laughing and + Smiling.</span></span>—The more joyful and assured the mind + becomes, the more man loses the habit of loud laughter. In + compensation, there is an intellectual smile continually bubbling + up in him, a sign of his astonishment at the innumerable concealed + delights of a good existence.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">174.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Talk of + Invalids.</span></span>—Just as in spiritual grief we tear our + hair, strike our foreheads, lacerate our cheeks or even (like + Œdipus) gouge our eyes out, so against violent physical pain we + call to our aid a bitter, violent emotion, through the recollection + of slanderous and malignant people, through the denigration of our + future, through the sword-pricks and acts of malice which we + mentally direct against the absent. And at times it is true that + one devil drives out another—but then we have the other.—Hence a + different sort of talk, tending to alleviate pain, should be + recommended invalids: reflections upon the kindnesses and + courtesies that can be performed towards friend and foe.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">175.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mediocrity as a + Mask.</span></span>—Mediocrity is the happiest mask which the + superior mind can wear, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page281">[pg + 281]</span><a name="Pg281" id="Pg281" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + because it does not lead the great majority—that is, the + mediocre—to think that there is any disguise. Yet the superior mind + assumes the mask just for their sake—so as not to irritate them, + nay, often from a feeling of pity and kindness.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">176.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The + Patient.</span></span>—The pine tree seems to listen, the fir tree + to wait, and both without impatience. They do not give a thought to + the petty human being below who is consumed by his impatience and + his curiosity.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">177.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Best + Joker.</span></span>—My favourite joke is the one that takes the + place of a heavy and rather hesitating idea, and that at once + beckons with its finger and winks its eye.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">178.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Accessaries + of all Reverence.</span></span>—Wherever the past is revered, the + over-cleanly and over-tidy people should not be admitted. Piety + does not feel content without a little dust, dirt, and dross.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">179.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Great + Danger of Savants.</span></span>—It is just the most thorough and + profound savants who are in peril of seeing their life's goal set + ever lower and lower, and, with a feeling of this in their minds, + to become ever more discouraged and more unendurable in the latter + half of their lives. At first they plunge into their science with + spacious hopes and set themselves daring tasks, the ends of which + are <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page282">[pg 282]</span><a name= + "Pg282" id="Pg282" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> already anticipated + by their imaginations. Then there are moments as in the lives of + the great maritime discoverers—knowledge, presentiment, and power + raise each other higher and higher, until a new shore first dawns + upon the eye in the far distance. But now the stern man recognises + more and more how important it is that the individual task of the + inquirer should be limited as far as possible, so that it may be + entirely accomplished and the intolerable waste of force from which + earlier periods of science suffered may be avoided. In those days + everything was done ten times over, and then the eleventh always + had the last and best word. Yet the more the savant learns and + practises this art of solving riddles in their entirety, the more + pleasure he finds in so doing. But at the same time his demands + upon what is here called <span class="tei tei-q">“entirety”</span> + grow more exacting. He sets aside everything that must remain in + this sense incomplete, he acquires a disgust and an acute scent for + the half-soluble—for all that can only give a kind of certainty in + a general and indefinite form. His youthful plans crumble away + before his eyes. There remains scarcely anything but a few little + knots, in untying which the master now takes his pleasure and shows + his strength. Then, in the midst of all this useful, restless + activity, he, now grown old, is suddenly then often overcome by a + deep misgiving, a sort of torment of conscience. He looks upon + himself as one changed, as if he were diminished, humbled, + transformed into a dexterous <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">dwarf</span></em>; he grows anxious as to + whether mastery in small matters be not a convenience, an escape + from the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page283">[pg + 283]</span><a name="Pg283" id="Pg283" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + summons to greatness in life and form. But he cannot pass + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">beyond</span></em> any longer—the time for + that has gone by.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">180.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Teachers in the + Age of Books.</span></span>—Now that self-education and mutual + education are becoming more widespread, the teacher in his usual + form must become almost unnecessary. Friends eager to learn, who + wish to master some branch of knowledge together, find in our age + of books a shorter and more natural way than <span class= + "tei tei-q">“school”</span> and <span class= + "tei tei-q">“teachers.”</span></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">181.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Vanity as the + Greatest Utility.</span></span>—Originally the strong individual + uses not only Nature but even societies and weaker individuals as + objects of rapine. He exploits them, so far as he can, and then + passes on. As he lives from hand to mouth, alternating between + hunger and superfluity, he kills more animals than he can eat, and + robs and maltreats men more than is necessary. His manifestation of + power is at the same time one of revenge against his cramped and + worried existence. Furthermore, he wishes to be held more powerful + than he is, and thus misuses opportunities; the accretion of fear + that he begets being an accretion of power. He soon observes that + he stands or falls not by what he <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">is</span></em> but + by what he is <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">thought</span></em> to be. Herein lies the + origin of vanity. The man of power seeks by every means to increase + others' faith in his power.—The thralls who tremble before him and + serve him know, for their part, that they are worth just so + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page284">[pg 284]</span><a name= + "Pg284" id="Pg284" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> much as they appear + to him to be worth, and so they work with an eye to this valuation + rather than to their own self-satisfaction. We know vanity only in + its most weakened forms, in its idealisations and its small doses, + because we live in a late and very emasculated state of society. + Originally vanity is the great utility, the strongest means of + preservation. And indeed vanity will be greater, the cleverer the + individual, because an increase in the belief in power is easier + than an increase in the power itself, but only for him who has + intellect or (as must be the case under primitive conditions) who + is cunning and crafty.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">182.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Weather-Signs + of Culture.</span></span>—There are so few decisive weather-signs + of culture that we must be glad to have at least one unfailing sign + at hand for use in house and garden. To test whether a man belongs + to us (I mean to the free spirits) or not, we must test his + sentiments regarding Christianity. If he looks upon Christianity + with other than a critical eye, we turn our backs to him, for he + brings us impure air and bad weather.—It is no longer our task to + teach such men what a sirocco wind is. They have Moses and the + prophets of weather and of enlightenment.<a id="noteref_24" name= + "noteref_24" href="#note_24"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">24</span></span></a> If + they will not listen to these, then——</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">183.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">There is a + Proper Time for Wrath and Punishment.</span></span>—Wrath and + punishment are our inheritance <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page285">[pg 285]</span><a name="Pg285" id="Pg285" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> from the animals. Man does not become of age + until he has restored to the animals this gift of the + cradle.—Herein lies buried one of the mightiest ideas that men can + have, the idea of a progress of all progresses.—Let us go forward + together a few millenniums, my friends! There is still reserved for + mankind a great deal of joy, the very scent of which has not yet + been wafted to the men of our day! Indeed, we may promise ourselves + this joy, nay summon and conjure it up as a necessary thing, so + long as the development of human reason does not stand still. Some + day we shall no longer be reconciled to the logical sin that lurks + in all wrath and punishment, whether exercised by the individual or + by society—some day, when head and heart have learnt to live as + near together as they now are far apart. That they no longer stand + so far apart as they did originally is fairly palpable from a + glance at the whole course of humanity. The individual who can + review a life of introspective work will become conscious of the + <span lang="fr" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="fr"><span style= + "font-style: italic">rapprochement</span></span> arrived at, with a + proud delight at the distance he has bridged, in order that he may + thereupon venture upon more ample hopes.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">184.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Origin of + Pessimists.</span></span>—A snack of good food often decides + whether we are to look to the future with hollow eye or in hopeful + mood. The same influence extends to the very highest and most + intellectual states. Discontent and reviling of the world are for + the present generation an inheritance from starveling ancestors. + Even in our artists and <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page286">[pg + 286]</span><a name="Pg286" id="Pg286" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + poets we often notice that, however exuberant their life, they are + not of good birth, and have often, from oppressed and ill-nourished + ancestors, inherited in their blood and brain much that comes out + as the subject and even the conscious colouring of their work. The + culture of the Greeks is a culture of men of wealth, in fact, + inherited wealth. For a few centuries they lived better than we do + (better in every sense, in particular far more simply in food and + drink). Then the brain finally became so well-stored and subtle, + and the blood flowed so quickly, like a joyous, clear wine, that + the best in them came to light no longer as gloomy, distorted, and + violent, but full of beauty and sunshine.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">185.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Of Reasonable + Death.</span></span>—Which is more reasonable, to stop the machine + when the works have done the task demanded of them, or to let it + run on until it stands still of its own accord—in other words, is + destroyed? Is not the latter a waste of the cost of upkeep, a + misuse of the strength and care of those who serve? Are men not + here throwing away that which would be sorely needed elsewhere? Is + not a kind of contempt of the machines propagated, in that many of + them are so uselessly tended and kept up?—I am speaking of + involuntary (natural) and voluntary (reasonable) death. Natural + death is independent of all reason and is really an irrational + death, in which the pitiable substance of the shell determines how + long the kernel is to exist or not; in which, accordingly, the + stunted, diseased and dull-witted <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page287">[pg 287]</span><a name="Pg287" id="Pg287" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> jailer is lord, and indicates the moment at + which his distinguished prisoner shall die. Natural death is the + suicide of nature—in other words, the annihilation of the most + rational being through the most irrational element that is attached + thereto. Only through religious illumination can the reverse + appear; for then, as is equitable, the higher reason (God) issues + its orders, which the lower reason has to obey. Outside religious + thought natural death is not worth glorifying. The wise + dispensation and disposal of death belongs to that now quite + incomprehensible and immoral-sounding morality of the future, the + dawn of which it will be an ineffable delight to behold.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">186.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Retrograde + Influences.</span></span>—All criminals force society back to + earlier stages of culture than that in which they are placed for + the time being. Their influence is retrograde. Let us consider the + tools that society must forge and maintain for its defence: the + cunning detectives, the jailers, the hangmen. Nor should we forget + the public counsel for prosecution and defence. Finally we may ask + ourselves whether the judge himself and punishment and the whole + legal procedure are not oppressive rather than elevating in their + reaction upon all who are not law-breakers. For we shall never + succeed in arraying self-defence and revenge in the garb of + innocence, and so long as men are used and sacrificed as a means to + the end of society, all loftier humanity will deplore this + necessity.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page288">[pg 288]</span><a name= + "Pg288" id="Pg288" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">187.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">War as a + Remedy.</span></span>—For nations that are growing weak and + contemptible war may be prescribed as a remedy, if indeed they + really want to go on living. National consumption as well as + individual admits of a brutal cure. The eternal will to live and + inability to die is, however, in itself already a sign of senility + of emotion. The more fully and thoroughly we live, the more ready + we are to sacrifice life for a single pleasurable emotion. A people + that lives and feels in this wise has no need of war.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">188.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Intellectual + and Physical Transplantation as Remedies.</span></span>—The + different cultures are so many intellectual climates, every one of + which is peculiarly harmful or beneficial to this or that organism. + History as a whole, as the knowledge of different cultures, is the + science of remedies, but not the science of the healing art itself. + We still need a physician who can make use of these remedies, in + order to send every one—temporarily or permanently—to the climate + that just suits him. To live in the present, within the limits of a + single culture, is insufficient as a universal remedy: too many + highly useful kinds of men, who cannot breathe freely in this + atmosphere, would perish. With the aid of history we must give them + air and try to preserve them: even men of lower cultures have their + value.—Add to this cure of intellects that humanity, on + considerations of bodily health, must strive to discover by means + of a medical geography <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page289">[pg + 289]</span><a name="Pg289" id="Pg289" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + what kinds of degeneration and disease are caused by each region of + the earth, and conversely, what ingredients of health the earth + affords: and then, gradually, nations, families, and individuals + must be transplanted long and permanently enough for them to become + masters of their inherited physical infirmities. The whole world + will finally be a series of sanatoria.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">189.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Reason and the + Tree of Mankind.</span></span>—What you all fear in your senile + short-sightedness, regarding the over-population of the world, + gives the more hopeful a mighty task. Man is some day to become a + tree overshadowing the whole earth, with millions upon millions of + buds that shall all grow to fruits side by side, and the earth + itself shall be prepared for the nourishment of this tree. That the + shoot, tiny as yet, may increase in sap and strength; that the sap + may flow in countless channels for the nutrition of the whole and + the parts—from these and similar tasks we must derive our standard + for measuring whether a man of to-day is useful or worthless. The + task is unspeakably great and adventurous: let us all contribute + our share to prevent the tree from rotting before its time! The + historically trained mind will no doubt succeed in calling up the + human activities of all the ages before its eyes, as the community + of ants with its cunningly wrought mounds stands before our eyes. + Superficially judged, mankind as a whole, like ant-kind, might + admit of our speaking of <span class="tei tei-q">“instinct.”</span> + On a closer examination we observe how whole nations, <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page290">[pg 290]</span><a name="Pg290" id="Pg290" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> nay whole centuries, take pains to + discover and test new means of benefiting the great mass of + humanity, and thus finally the great common fruit-tree of the + world. Whatever injury the individual nations or periods may suffer + in this testing process, they have each become wise through this + injury, and from them the tide of wisdom slowly pours over the + principles of whole races and whole epochs. Ants too go astray and + make blunders. Through the folly of its remedies, mankind may well + go to rack and ruin before the proper time. There is no sure + guiding instinct for the former or the latter. Rather must we + boldly face the great task of preparing the earth for a plant of + the most ample and joyous fruitfulness—a task set by reason to + reason!</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">190.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Praise of + Disinterestedness and its Origin.</span></span>—Between two + neighbouring chieftains there was a long-standing quarrel: they + laid waste each other's territories, stole cattle, and burnt down + houses, with an indecisive result on the whole, because their power + was fairly equal. A third, who from the distant situation of his + property was able to keep aloof from these feuds, yet had reason to + dread the day when one of the two neighbours should gain a decisive + preponderance, at last intervened between the combatants with + ceremonial goodwill. Secretly he lent a heavy weight to his peace + proposal by giving either to understand that he would henceforth + join forces with the other against the one who strove to break the + peace. <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page291">[pg + 291]</span><a name="Pg291" id="Pg291" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + They met in his presence, they hesitatingly placed into his hand + the hands that had hitherto been the tools and only too often the + causes of hatred—and then they really and seriously tried to keep + the peace. Either saw with astonishment how suddenly his prosperity + and his comfort increased; how he now had as neighbour a dealer + ready to buy and sell instead of a treacherous or openly scornful + evil-doer; how even, in unforeseen troubles, they could + reciprocally save each other from distress, instead of, as before, + making capital out of this distress of his neighbour and enhancing + it to the highest degree. It even seemed as if the human type had + improved in both countries, for the eyes had become brighter, the + forehead had lost its wrinkles; all now felt confidence in the + future—and nothing is more advantageous for the souls and bodies of + men than this confidence. They saw each other every year on the + anniversary of the alliance, the chieftains as well as their + retinue, and indeed before the eyes of the mediator, whose mode of + action they admired and revered more and more, the greater the + profit that they owed to him became. Then his mode of action was + called <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">disinterested</span></em>. They had looked far + too fixedly at the profit they had reaped themselves hitherto to + see anything more of their neighbour's method of dealing than that + his condition in consequence of this had not altered so much as + their own; he had rather remained the same: and thus it appeared + that the former had not had his profit in view. For the first time + people said to themselves that disinterestedness was a virtue. It + is true that in minor private matters similar circumstances + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page292">[pg 292]</span><a name= + "Pg292" id="Pg292" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> had arisen, but men + only had eyes for this virtue when it was depicted on the walls in + a large script that was legible to the whole community. Moral + qualities are not recognised as virtues, endowed with names, held + in esteem, and recommended as worthy of acquisition until the + moment when they have <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">visibly</span></em> decided the happiness and + destiny of whole societies. For then the loftiness of sentiment and + the excitation of the inner creative forces is in many so great, + that offerings are brought to this quality, offerings from the best + of what each possesses. At its feet the serious man lays his + seriousness, the dignified man his dignity, women their gentleness, + the young all the wealth of hope and futurity that in them lies; + the poet lends it words and names, sets it marching in the + procession of similar beings, gives it a pedigree, and finally, as + is the way of artists, adores the picture of his fancy as a new + godhead—he even teaches others to adore. Thus in the end, with the + co-operation of universal love and gratitude, a virtue becomes, + like a statue, a repository of all that is good and honourable, a + sort of temple and divine personage combined. It appears + thenceforward as an individual virtue, as an absolute entity, which + it was not before, and exercises the power and privileges of a + sanctified super-humanity.—In the later days of Greece the cities + were full of such deified human abstractions (if one may so call + them). The nation, in its own fashion, had set up a Platonic + <span class="tei tei-q">“Heaven of Ideas”</span> on earth, and I do + not think that its inhabitants were felt to be less alive than any + of the old Homeric divinities.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page293">[pg 293]</span><a name= + "Pg293" id="Pg293" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">191.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Days of + Darkness.</span></span>—<span class="tei tei-q">“Days of + Darkness”</span> is the name given in Norway to the period when the + sun remains below the horizon the whole day long. The temperature + then falls slowly but continually.—A fine simile for all thinkers + for whom the sun of the human future is temporarily eclipsed.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">192.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Philosophy + of Luxury.</span></span>—A garden, figs, a little cheese, and three + or four good friends—that was the luxury of Epicurus.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">193.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Epochs of + Life.</span></span>—The real epochs of life are those brief periods + of cessation midway between the rise and decline of a dominating + idea or emotion. Here once again there is satisfaction: all the + rest is hunger and thirst—or satiety.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">194.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Dreams.</span></span>—Our dreams, if for + once in a way they succeed and are complete—generally a dream is a + bungled piece of work—are symbolic concatenations of scenes and + images in place of a narrative poetical language. They paraphrase + our experiences or expectations or relations with poetic boldness + and definiteness, so that in the morning we are always astonished + at ourselves when we remember the nature of our dream. In dreams we + use up too much artistry—and hence are often too poor in artistry + in the daytime.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page294">[pg 294]</span><a name= + "Pg294" id="Pg294" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">195.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Nature and + Science.</span></span>—As in nature, so in science the worse and + less fertile soils are first cultivated—because the means that + science in its early stages has at command are fairly sufficient + for this purpose. The working of the most fertile soils requires an + enormous, carefully developed, persevering method, tangible + individual results, and an organised body of well-trained workers. + All these are found together only at a late stage.—Impatience and + ambition often grasp too early at these most fertile soils, but the + results are then from the first null and void. In nature such + losses would usually be avenged by the starvation of the + settlers.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">196.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Simple + Life.</span></span>—A simple mode of life is nowadays difficult, + requiring as it does far more reflection and gift for invention + than even very clever people possess. The most honourable will + perhaps still say, <span class="tei tei-q">“I have not the time for + such lengthy reflection. The simple life is for me too lofty a + goal: I will wait till those wiser than I have discovered + it.”</span></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">197.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Peaks and + Needle-Points.</span></span>—The poor fertility, the frequent + celibacy, and in general the sexual coldness of the highest and + most cultivated spirits, as that of the classes to which they + belong, is essential in human economy. Intelligence recognises and + makes use of the fact that at an acme of <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page295">[pg 295]</span><a name="Pg295" id="Pg295" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> intellectual development the danger of a + neurotic offspring is very great. Such men are the peaks of + mankind—they ought no longer to run out into needle-points.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">198.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style= + "font-style: italic; font-variant: small-caps">Natura non facit + saltum.</span></span></span>—However strongly man may develop + upwards and seem to leap from one contradiction to another, a close + observation will reveal the dovetails where the new building grows + out of the old. This is the biographer's task: he must reflect upon + his subject on the principle that nature takes no jumps.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">199.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Clean, + but</span></span>—He who clothes himself with rags washed clean + dresses cleanly, to be sure, but is still ragged.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">200.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Solitary + Speaks.</span></span>—In compensation for much disgust, + disheartenment, boredom—such as a lonely life without friends, + books, duties, and passions must involve—we enjoy those short spans + of deep communion with ourselves and with Nature. He who fortifies + himself completely against boredom fortifies himself against + himself too. He will never drink the most powerful elixir from his + own innermost spring.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">201.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">False + Renown.</span></span>—I hate those so-called natural beauties which + really have significance only through science, especially + geographical science, but are insignificant <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page296">[pg 296]</span><a name="Pg296" id="Pg296" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> in an æsthetic sense: for example, the + view of Mont Blanc from Geneva. This is an insignificant thing + without the auxiliary mental joy of science: the nearer mountains + are all more beautiful and fuller of expression, but <span class= + "tei tei-q">“not nearly so high,”</span> adds that absurd + depreciatory science. The eye here contradicts science: how can it + truly rejoice in the contradiction?</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">202.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Those that + Travel for Pleasure.</span></span>—Like animals, stupid and + perspiring, they climb mountains: people forgot to tell them that + there were fine views on the way.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">203.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Too Much and + Too Little.</span></span>—Men nowadays live too much and think too + little. They have hunger and dyspepsia together, and become thinner + and thinner, however much they eat. He who now says <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Nothing has happened to me”</span> is a blockhead.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">204.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">End and + Goal.</span></span>—Not every end is the goal. The end of a melody + is not its goal, and yet if a melody has not reached its end, it + has also not reached its goal. A parable.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">205.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Neutrality of + Nature on a Grand Scale.</span></span>—The neutrality of Nature on + a grand scale (in <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page297">[pg + 297]</span><a name="Pg297" id="Pg297" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + mountain, sea, forest, and desert) is pleasing, but only for a + brief space. Afterwards we become impatient. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Have they all nothing to say to <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">us</span></em>? Do + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">we</span></em> not exist so far as they are + concerned?”</span> There arises a feeling that a <span lang="fr" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="fr"><span style= + "font-style: italic">lèse-majesté</span></span> is committed + against humanity.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">206.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Forgetting our + Purpose.</span></span>—In a journey we commonly forget its goal. + Almost every vocation is chosen and entered upon as means to an + end, but is continued as the ultimate end. Forgetting our purpose + is the most frequent form of folly.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">207.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Solar Orbit of + an Idea.</span></span>—When an idea is just rising on the horizon, + the soul's temperature is usually very low. Gradually the idea + develops in warmth, and is hottest (that is to say, exerts its + greatest influence) when belief in the idea is already on the + wane.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">208.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">How to have + every Man against You.</span></span>—If some one now dared to say, + <span class="tei tei-q">“He that is not for me is against + me,”</span> he would at once have all against him.—This sentiment + does credit to our era.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">209.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Being Ashamed + of Wealth.</span></span>—Our age endures only a single species of + rich men—those who are <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page298">[pg + 298]</span><a name="Pg298" id="Pg298" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + ashamed of their wealth. If we hear it said of any one that he is + very rich, we at once feel a similar sentiment to that experienced + at the sight of a repulsively swollen invalid, one suffering from + diabetes or dropsy. We must with an effort remember our humanity, + in order to go about with this rich man in such a way that he does + not notice our feeling of disgust. But as soon as he prides himself + at all on his wealth, our feelings are mingled with an almost + compassionate surprise at such a high degree of human unreason. We + would fain raise our hands to heaven and cry, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Poor deformed and overburdened creature, fettered a + hundredfold, to whom every hour brings or may bring something + unpleasant, in whose frame twitches every event that occurs in + scores of countries, how can you make us believe that you feel at + ease in your position? If you appear anywhere in public, we know + that it is a sort of running the gauntlet amid countless glances + that have for you only cold hate or importunity or silent scorn. + You may earn more easily than others, but it is only a superfluous + earning, which brings little joy, and the guarding of what you have + earned is now, at any rate, a more troublesome business than any + toilsome process of earning. You are continually suffering, because + you are continually losing. What avails it you that they are always + injecting you with fresh artificial blood? That does not relieve + the pain of those cupping-glasses that are fixed, for ever fixed, + on your neck!—But, to be quite fair to you, it is difficult or + perhaps impossible for you <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">not</span></em> to be rich. You <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">must</span></em> + guard, you <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">must</span></em> earn more; the inherited bent + of your <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page299">[pg + 299]</span><a name="Pg299" id="Pg299" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + character is the yoke fastened upon you. But do not on that account + deceive us—be honestly and visibly ashamed of the yoke you wear, as + in your soul you are weary and unwilling to wear it. This shame is + no disgrace.”</span></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">210.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Extravagant + Presumptions.</span></span>—There are men so presumptuous that they + can only praise a greatness which they publicly admire by + representing it as steps and bridges that lead to themselves.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">211.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">On the Soil of + Insult.</span></span>—He who wishes to deprive men of a conception + is generally not satisfied with refuting it and drawing out of it + the illogical worm that resides within. Rather, when the worm has + been killed, does he throw the whole fruit as well into the mire, + in order to make it ignoble in men's sight and to inspire disgust. + Thus he thinks that he has found a means of making the usual + <span class="tei tei-q">“third-day resurrection”</span> of + conceptions an impossibility.—He is wrong, for on the very soil of + insult, in the midst of the filth, the kernel of the conception + soon produces new seeds.—The right thing then, is not to scorn and + bespatter what one wishes finally to remove, but to lay it tenderly + on ice again and again, having regard to the fact that conceptions + are very tenacious of life. Here we must act according to the + maxim: <span class="tei tei-q">“One refutation is no + refutation.”</span></p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page300">[pg 300]</span><a name= + "Pg300" id="Pg300" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">212.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Lot of + Morality.</span></span>—Since spiritual bondage is being relaxed, + morality (the inherited, traditional, instinctive mode of action in + accordance with moral sentiments) is surely also on the decline. + This, however, is not the case with the individual virtues, + moderation, justice, repose; for the greatest freedom of the + conscious intellect leads at some time, even unconsciously, back to + these virtues, and then enjoins their practice as expedient.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">213.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Fanatic of + Distrust and His Surety.</span></span>—<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Elder</span></span>: You wish to make the tremendous venture and + instruct mankind in the great things? What is your surety?</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Pyrrho</span></span>: + It is this: I intend to warn men against myself; I intend to + confess all the defects of my character quite openly, and reveal to + the world my hasty conclusions, my contradictions, and my foolish + blunders. <span class="tei tei-q">“Do not listen to me,”</span> I + will say to them, <span class="tei tei-q">“until I have become + equal to the meanest among you, nay am even less than he. Struggle + against truth as long as you can, from your disgust with her + advocate. I shall be your seducer and betrayer if you find in me + the slightest glimmering of respectability and dignity.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Elder</span></span>: You promise too much; you cannot bear this + burden.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Pyrrho</span></span>: + Then I will tell men even that, and say that I am too weak, and + cannot keep my promise. The greater my unworthiness, the more will + they <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page301">[pg 301]</span><a name= + "Pg301" id="Pg301" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> mistrust the truth, + when it passes through my lips.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Elder</span></span>: You propose to teach distrust of truth?</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Pyrrho</span></span>: + Yes; distrust as it never was yet on earth, distrust of anything + and everything. This is the only road to truth. The right eye must + not trust the left eye, and for some time light must be called + darkness: this is the path that you must tread. Do not imagine that + it will lead you to fruit trees and fair pastures. You will find on + this road little hard grains—these are truths. For years and years + you will have to swallow handfuls of lies, so as not to die of + hunger, although you know that they are lies. But those grains will + be sown and planted, and perhaps, perhaps some day will come the + harvest. No one may <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">promise</span></em> that day, unless he be a + fanatic.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Elder</span></span>: Friend, friend! Your words too are those of a + fanatic!</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Pyrrho</span></span>: + You are right! I will be distrustful of all words.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Elder</span></span>: Then you will have to be silent.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Pyrrho</span></span>: + I shall tell men that I have to be silent, and that they are to + mistrust my silence.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Elder</span></span>: So you draw back from your undertaking?</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Pyrrho</span></span>: + On the contrary—you have shown me the door through which I must + pass.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Elder</span></span>: I don't know whether we yet completely + understand each other?</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Pyrrho</span></span>: + Probably not.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Elder</span></span>: If only you understand + yourself!</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page302">[pg + 302]</span><a name="Pg302" id="Pg302" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Pyrrho turns + round and laughs.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Elder</span></span>: Ah, friend! Silence and laughter—is that now + your whole philosophy?</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Pyrrho</span></span>: + There might be a worse.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">214.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">European + Books.</span></span>—In reading Montaigne, La Rochefoucauld, La + Bruyère, Fontenelle (especially the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dialogues des + Morts</span></span>), Vauvenargues, and Chamfort we are nearer to + antiquity than in any group of six authors of other nations. + Through these six the spirit of the last centuries before Christ + has once more come into being, and they collectively form an + important link in the great and still continuous chain of the + Renaissance. Their books are raised above all changes of national + taste and philosophical nuances from which as a rule every book + takes and must take its hue in order to become famous. They contain + more real ideas than all the books of German philosophers put + together: ideas of the sort that breed ideas——I am at a loss how to + define to the end: enough to say that they appear to me writers who + wrote neither for children nor for visionaries, neither for virgins + nor for Christians, neither for Germans nor for—I am again at a + loss how to finish my list. To praise them in plain terms, I may + say that had they been written in Greek, they would have been + understood by Greeks. How much, on the other hand, would even a + Plato have understood of the writings of our best German + thinkers—Goethe and Schopenhauer, for instance—to say nothing of + the repugnance that he would have felt to <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page303">[pg 303]</span><a name="Pg303" id="Pg303" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> their style, particularly to its obscure, + exaggerated, and occasionally dry-as-dust elements? And these are + defects from which these two among German thinkers suffer least and + yet far too much (Goethe as thinker was fonder than he should have + been of embracing the cloud, and Schopenhauer almost constantly + wanders, not with impunity, among symbols of objects rather than + among the objects themselves).—On the other hand, what clearness + and graceful precision there is in these Frenchmen! The Greeks, + whose ears were most refined, could not but have approved of this + art, and one quality they would even have admired and + reverenced—the French verbal wit: they were extremely fond of this + quality, without being particularly strong in it themselves.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">215.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Fashion and + Modernity.</span></span>—Wherever ignorance, uncleanness, and + superstition are still rife, where communication is backward, + agriculture poor, and the priesthood powerful, national costumes + are still worn. Fashion, on the other hand, rules where the + opposite conditions prevail. Fashion is accordingly to be found + next to the virtues in modern Europe. Are we to call it their seamy + side?—Masculine dress that is fashionable and no longer national + proclaims of its wearer: firstly, that he does not wish to appear + as an individual or as member of a class or race; that he has made + an intentional suppression of these kinds of vanity a law unto + himself: secondly, that he is a worker, and has little time for + dressing and self-adornment, <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page304">[pg 304]</span><a name="Pg304" id="Pg304" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> and moreover regards anything expensive or + luxurious in material and cut as out of harmony with his work: + lastly, that by his clothes he indicates the more learned and + intellectual callings as those to which he stands or would like to + stand nearest as a European—whereas such national costumes as still + exist would exhibit the occupations of brigand, shepherd, and + soldier as the most desirable and distinguished. Within this + general character of masculine fashion exist the slight + fluctuations demanded by the vanity of young men, the dandies and + dawdlers of our great cities—in other words, Europeans who have not + yet reached maturity.—European women are as yet far less mature, + and for this reason the fluctuations with them are much greater. + They also will not have the national costume, and hate to be + recognised by their dress as German, French, or Russian. They are, + however, very desirous of creating an impression as individuals. + Then, too, their dress must leave no one in doubt that they belong + to one of the more reputable classes of society (to <span class= + "tei tei-q">“good”</span> or <span class="tei tei-q">“high”</span> + or <span class="tei tei-q">“great”</span> society), and on this + score their pretensions are all the greater if they belong scarcely + or not at all to that class. Above all, the young woman does not + want to wear what an older woman wears, because she thinks she + loses her market value if she is suspected of being somewhat + advanced in years. The older woman, on the other hand, would like + to deceive the world as long as possible by a youthful garb. From + this competition must continually arise temporary fashions, in + which the youthful element <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page305">[pg 305]</span><a name="Pg305" id="Pg305" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> is unmistakably and inimitably apparent. But + after the inventive genius of the young female artists has run riot + for some time in such indiscreet revelations of youth (or rather, + after the inventive genius of older, courtly civilisations and of + still existing peoples—in fact, of the whole world of dress—has + been pressed into the service, and, say, the Spaniards, Turks, and + ancient Greeks have been yoked together for the glorification of + fair flesh), then they at last discover, time and again, that they + have not been good judges of their own interest; that if they wish + to have power over men, the game of hide-and-seek with the + beautiful body is more likely to win than naked or half-naked + honesty. And then the wheel of taste and vanity turns once more in + an opposite direction. The rather older young women find that their + kingdom has come, and the competition of the dear, absurd creatures + rages again from the beginning.—But the more women advance + mentally, and no longer among themselves concede the pre-eminence + to an unripe age, the smaller their fluctuations of costume grow + and the less elaborate their adornment. A just verdict in this + respect must not be based on ancient models—in other words, not on + the standard of the dress of women who dwell on the shores of the + Mediterranean—but must have an eye to the climatic conditions of + the central and northern regions, where the intellectual and + creative spirit of Europe now finds its most natural + home.—Generally speaking, therefore, it is not change that will be + the characteristic mark of fashion and modernity, for change is + retrograde, and betokens <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page306">[pg + 306]</span><a name="Pg306" id="Pg306" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + the still unripened men and women of Europe; but rather the + repudiation of national, social, and individual vanity. + Accordingly, it is commendable, because involving a saving of time + and strength, if certain cities and districts of Europe think and + invent for all the rest in the matter of dress, in view of the fact + that a sense of form does not seem to have been bestowed upon all. + Nor is it really an excessive ambition, so long as these + fluctuations still exist, for Paris, for example, to claim to be + the sole inventor and innovator in this sphere. If a German, from + hatred of these claims on the part of a French city, wishes to + dress differently,—as, for example, in the Dürer style,—let him + reflect that he then has a costume which the Germans of olden times + wore, but which the Germans have not in the slightest degree + invented. For there has never been a style of dress that + characterised the German as a German. Moreover, let him observe how + he looks in his costume, and whether his altogether modern face, + with all its hues and wrinkles, does not raise a protest against a + Dürer fashion of dress.—Here, where the concepts <span class= + "tei tei-q">“modern”</span> and <span class= + "tei tei-q">“European”</span> are almost identical, we understand + by <span class="tei tei-q">“Europe”</span> a far wider region than + is embraced by the Europe of geography, the little peninsula of + Asia. In particular, we must include America, in so far as America + is the daughter of our civilisation. On the other hand, not all + Europe falls under the heading of cultured <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Europe,”</span> but only those nations and divisions + of nations which have their common past in Greece, Rome, Judaism, + and Christianity.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page307">[pg 307]</span><a name= + "Pg307" id="Pg307" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">216.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">“</span><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">German Virtue.</span><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">”</span></span></span>—There is no + denying that from the end of the eighteenth century a current of + moral awakening flowed through Europe. Then only Virtue found again + the power of speech. She learnt to discover the unrestrained + gestures of exaltation and emotion, she was no longer ashamed of + herself, and she created philosophies and poems for her own + glorification. If we look for the sources of this current, we come + upon Rousseau, but the mythical Rousseau, the phantom formed from + the impression left by his writings (one might almost say again, + his mythically interpreted writings) and by the indications that he + provided himself. He and his public constantly worked at the + fashioning of this ideal figure. The other origin lies in the + resurrection of the Stoical side of Rome's greatness, whereby the + French so nobly carried on the task of the Renaissance. With + striking success they proceeded from the reproduction of antique + forms to the reproduction of antique characters. Thus they may + always claim a title to the highest honours, as the nation which + has hitherto given the modern world its best books and its best + men. How this twofold archetype, the mythical Rousseau and the + resurrected spirit of Rome, affected France's weaker neighbours, is + particularly noticeable in Germany, which, in consequence of her + novel and quite unwonted impulse to seriousness and loftiness in + will and self-control, finally came to feel astonishment at her own + newfound virtue, and launched into the world the concept + <span class="tei tei-q">“German virtue,”</span> as if this were the + most <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page308">[pg 308]</span><a name= + "Pg308" id="Pg308" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> original and + hereditary of her possessions. The first great men who transfused + into their own blood that French impulse towards greatness and + consciousness of the moral will were more honest, and more + grateful. Whence comes the moralism of Kant? He is continually + reminding us: from Rousseau and the revival of Stoic Rome. The + moralism of Schiller has the same source and the same glorification + of the source. The moralism of Beethoven in notes is a continual + song in praise of Rousseau, the antique French, and Schiller. + <span class="tei tei-q">“Young Germany”</span> was the first to + forget its gratitude, because in the meantime people had listened + to the preachers of hatred of the French. The <span class= + "tei tei-q">“young German”</span> came to the fore with more + consciousness than is generally allowed to youths. When he + investigated his paternity, he might well think of the proximity of + Schiller, Schleiermacher, and Fichte. But he should have looked for + his grandfathers in Paris and Geneva, and it was very short-sighted + of him to believe what he believed: that virtue was not more than + thirty years old. People became used to demanding that the word + <span class="tei tei-q">“German”</span> should connote <span class= + "tei tei-q">“virtue,”</span> and this process has not been wholly + forgotten to this day.—Be it observed further that this moral + awakening, as may almost be guessed, has resulted only in drawbacks + and obstacles to the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">recognition</span></em> of moral phenomena. + What is the entire German philosophy, starting from Kant, with all + its French, English, and Italian offshoots and by-products? A + semi-theological attack upon Helvetius, a rejection of the slowly + and laboriously acquired views and signposts of the right road, + which in the end he <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page309">[pg + 309]</span><a name="Pg309" id="Pg309" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + collected and expressed so well. To this day Helvetius is the + best-abused of all good moralists and good men in Germany.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">217.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Classic and + Romantic.</span></span>—Both classically and romantically minded + spirits—two species that always exist—cherish a vision of the + future; but the former derive their vision from the strength of + their time, the latter from its weakness.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">218.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Machine as + Teacher.</span></span>—Machinery teaches in itself the dovetailed + working of masses of men, in activities where each has but one + thing to do. It is the model of party organisations and of warfare. + On the other hand, it does not teach individual self-glorification, + for it makes of the many a machine, and of each individual a tool + for one purpose. Its most general effect is to teach the advantage + of centralisation.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">219.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Unable to + Settle.</span></span>—One likes to live in a small town. But from + time to time just this small town drives us out into bare and + lonely Nature, especially when we think we know it too well. + Finally, in order to refresh ourselves from Nature, we go to the + big town. A few draughts from this cup and we see its dregs, and + the circle begins afresh, with the small town as starting-point.—So + the moderns live; <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page310">[pg + 310]</span><a name="Pg310" id="Pg310" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + they are in all things rather too thorough to be able to settle + like the men of other days.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">220.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Reaction + against the Civilisation of Machinery.</span></span>—The machine, + itself a product of the highest mental powers, sets in motion + hardly any but the lower, unthinking forces of the men who serve + it. True, it unfetters a vast quantity of force which would + otherwise lie dormant. But it does not communicate the impulse to + climb higher, to improve, to become artistic. It creates activity + and monotony, but this in the long-run produces a counter-effect, a + despairing ennui of the soul, which through machinery has learnt to + hanker after the variety of leisure.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">221.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Danger of + Enlightenment.</span></span>—All the half-insane, theatrical, + bestially cruel, licentious, and especially sentimental and + self-intoxicating elements which go to form the true revolutionary + substance, and became flesh and spirit, before the revolution, in + Rousseau—all this composite being, with factitious enthusiasm, + finally set even <span class="tei tei-q">“enlightenment”</span> + upon its fanatical head, which thereby began itself to shine as in + an illuminating halo. Yet, enlightenment is essentially foreign to + that phenomenon, and, if left to itself, would have pierced + silently through the clouds like a shaft of light, long content to + transfigure individuals alone, and thus only slowly transfiguring + national customs and institutions as well. But now, bound hand and + foot to a violent and <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page311">[pg + 311]</span><a name="Pg311" id="Pg311" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + abrupt monster, enlightenment itself became violent and abrupt. Its + danger has therefore become almost greater than its useful quality + of liberation and illumination, which it introduced into the great + revolutionary movement. Whoever grasps this will also know from + what confusion it has to be extricated, from what impurities to be + cleansed, in order that it may then by itself continue the work of + enlightenment and also nip the revolution in the bud and nullify + its effects.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">222.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Passion in the + Middle Ages.</span></span>—The Middle Ages are the period of great + passions. Neither antiquity nor our period possesses this widening + of the soul. Never was the capacity of the soul greater or measured + by larger standards. The physical, primeval sensuality of the + barbarian races and the over-soulful, over-vigilant, over-brilliant + eyes of Christian mystics, the most childish and youthful and the + most over-ripe and world-weary, the savageness of the beast of prey + and the effeminacy and excessive refinement of the late antique + spirit—all these elements were then not seldom united in one and + the same person. Thus, if a man was seized by a passion, the + rapidity of the torrent must have been greater, the whirl more + confused, the fall deeper than ever before.—We modern men may be + content to feel that we have suffered a loss here.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">223.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Robbing and + Saving.</span></span>—All intellectual movements whereby the great + may hope to rob and the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page312">[pg + 312]</span><a name="Pg312" id="Pg312" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + small to save are sure to prosper. That is why, for instance, the + German Reformation made progress.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">224.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Gladsome + Souls.</span></span>—When even a remote hint of drink, drunkenness, + and an evil-smelling kind of jocularity was given, the souls of the + old Germans waxed gladsome. Otherwise they were depressed, but here + they found something they really understood.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">225.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Debauchery at + Athens.</span></span>—Even when the fish-market of Athens acquired + its thinkers and poets, Greek debauchery had a more idyllic and + refined appearance than Roman or German debauchery ever had. The + voice of Juvenal would have sounded there like a hollow trumpet, + and would have been answered by a good-natured and almost childish + outburst of laughter.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">226.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cleverness of + the Greek.</span></span>—As the desire for victory and pre-eminence + is an ineradicable trait of human nature, older and more primitive + than any respect of or joy in equality, the Greek State sanctioned + gymnastic and artistic competitions among equals. In other words, + it marked out an arena where this impulse to conquer would find a + vent without jeopardising the political order. With the final + decline of gymnastic and artistic contests the Greek State fell + into a condition of profound unrest and dissolution.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page313">[pg 313]</span><a name= + "Pg313" id="Pg313" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">227.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The</span> + <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">“</span><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Eternal Epicurus.</span><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">”</span></span></span>—Epicurus has + lived in all periods, and lives yet, unbeknown to those who called + and still call themselves Epicureans, and without repute among + philosophers. He has himself even forgotten his own name—that was + the heaviest luggage that he ever cast off.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">228.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Style of + Superiority.</span></span>—<span class="tei tei-q">“University + slang,”</span> the speech of the German students, has its origin + among the students who do not study. The latter know how to acquire + a preponderance over their more serious fellows by exposing all the + farcical elements of culture, respectability, erudition, order, and + moderation, and by having words taken from these realms always on + their lips, like the better and more learned students, but with + malice in their glance and an accompanying grimace. This language + of superiority—the only one that is original in Germany—is nowadays + unconsciously used by statesmen and newspaper critics as well. It + is a continual process of ironical quotation, a restless, + cantankerous squinting of the eye right and left, a language of + inverted commas and grimaces.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">229.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The + Recluse.</span></span>—We retire into seclusion, but not from + personal misgivings, as if the political and social conditions of + the day did not satisfy us; rather because by our retirement we try + to save and <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page314">[pg + 314]</span><a name="Pg314" id="Pg314" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + collect forces which will some day be urgently needed by culture, + the more this present is <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">this present</span></em>, and, as such, + fulfils its task. We form a capital and try to make it secure, but, + as in times of real danger, our method is to bury our hoard.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">230.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tyrants of the + Intellect.</span></span>—In our times, any one who expressed a + single moral trait so thoroughly as the characters of Theophrastus + and Molière do, would be considered ill, and be spoken of as + possessing <span class="tei tei-q">“a fixed idea.”</span> The + Athens of the third century, if we could visit it, would appear to + us populated by fools. Nowadays the democracy of ideas rules in + every brain—there the multitude collectively is lord. A single idea + that tried to be lord is now called, as above stated, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“a fixed idea.”</span> This is our method of murdering + tyrants—we hint at the madhouse.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">231.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">A Most + Dangerous Emigration.</span></span>—In Russia there is an + emigration of the intelligence. People cross the frontier in order + to read and write good books. Thus, however, they are working + towards turning their country, abandoned by the intellect, into a + gaping Asiatic maw, which would fain swallow our little Europe.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">232.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Political + Fools.</span></span>—The almost religious love of the king was + transferred by the Greeks, when the <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page315">[pg 315]</span><a name="Pg315" id="Pg315" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> monarchy was abolished, to the <span lang= + "el" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="el"><span style= + "font-style: italic">polis</span></span>. An idea can be loved more + than a person, and does not thwart the lover so often as a beloved + human being (for the more men know themselves to be loved, the less + considerate they usually become, until they are no longer worthy of + love, and a rift really arises). Hence the reverence for State and + <span lang="el" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="el"><span style= + "font-style: italic">polis</span></span> was greater than the + reverence for princes had ever been. The Greeks are the political + fools of ancient history—today other nations boast that + distinction.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">233.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Against Neglect + of the Eyes.</span></span>—Might one not find among the cultured + classes of England, who read the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Times</span></span>, + a decline in their powers of sight every ten years?</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">234.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Great Works and + Great Faith.</span></span>—One man had great works, but his comrade + had great faith in these works. They were inseparable, but + obviously the former was entirely dependent upon the latter.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">235.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Sociable + Man.</span></span>—<span class="tei tei-q">“I don't get on well + with myself,”</span> said some one in explanation of his fondness + for society. <span class="tei tei-q">“Society has a stronger + digestion than I have, and can put up with me.”</span></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">236.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Shutting the + Mind's Eyes.</span></span>—If we are practised and accustomed to + reflect upon our actions, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page316">[pg + 316]</span><a name="Pg316" id="Pg316" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + we must nevertheless close the inner eye while performing an action + (be this even only writing letters or eating or drinking). Even in + conversation with average people we must know how to obscure our + own mental vision in order to attain and grasp average thinking. + This shutting of the eyes is a conscious act and can be achieved by + the will.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">237.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Most + Terrible Revenge.</span></span>—If we wish to take a thorough + revenge upon an opponent, we must wait until we have our hand quite + full of truths and equities, and can calmly use the whole lot + against him. Hence the exercise of revenge may be identified with + the exercise of equity. It is the most terrible kind of revenge, + for there is no higher court to which an appeal can be made. Thus + did Voltaire revenge himself on Piron, with five lines that sum up + Piron's whole life, work, and character: every word is a truth. So + too he revenged himself upon Frederick the Great in a letter to him + from Ferney.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">238.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Taxes of + Luxury.</span></span>—In shops we buy the most necessary and urgent + things, and have to pay very dear, because we pay as well for what + is also to be had there cheap, but seldom finds a customer—articles + of luxury that minister to pleasure. Thus luxury lays a constant + tax upon the man of simple life who does without luxuries.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page317">[pg 317]</span><a name= + "Pg317" id="Pg317" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">239.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Why Beggars + still Live.</span></span>—If all alms were given only out of + compassion, the whole tribe of beggars would long since have died + of starvation.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">240.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Why Beggars + still Live.</span></span>—The greatest of almsgivers is + cowardice.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">241.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">How the Thinker + Makes Use of a Conversation.</span></span>—Without being + eavesdroppers, we can hear a good deal if we are able to see well, + and at the same time to let ourselves occasionally get out of our + own sight. But people do not know how to make use of a + conversation. They pay far too much attention to what <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">they</span></em> + want to say and reply, whereas the true listener is often contented + to make a provisional answer and to say something merely as a + payment on account of politeness, but on the other hand, with his + memory lurking in ambush, carries away with him all that the other + said, together with his tones and gestures in speaking.—In ordinary + conversation every one thinks <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">he</span></em> is the leader, just as if two + ships, sailing side by side and giving each other a slight push + here and there, were each firmly convinced that the other ship was + following or even being towed.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">242.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Art of + Excusing Oneself.</span></span>—If some one excuses himself to us, + he has to make out a very <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page318">[pg + 318]</span><a name="Pg318" id="Pg318" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + good case, otherwise we readily come to feel ourselves the + culprits, and experience an unpleasant emotion.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">243.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Impossible + Intercourse.</span></span>—The ship of your thoughts goes too deep + for you to be able to travel with it in the waters of these + friendly, decorous, obliging people. There are too many shallows + and sandbanks: you would have to tack and turn, and would find + yourself continually at your wits' end, and they would soon also be + in perplexity as to <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">your</span></em> perplexity, the reason for + which they cannot divine.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">244.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Fox of + Foxes.</span></span>—A true fox not only calls sour the grapes he + cannot reach, but also those he has reached and snatched from the + grasp of others.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">245.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">In Intimate + Intercourse.</span></span>—However closely men are connected, there + are still all the four quarters of the heavens in their common + horizon, and at times they become aware of this fact.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">246.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Silence of + Disgust.</span></span>—Behold! some one undergoes a thorough and + painful transformation as thinker and human being, and makes a + public avowal of the change. And those who hear him see nothing, + and still believe he is the same as before! This common experience + has already disgusted <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page319">[pg + 319]</span><a name="Pg319" id="Pg319" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + many writers. They had rated the intellectuality of mankind too + highly, and made a vow to be silent as soon as they became aware of + their mistake.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">247.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Business + Seriousness.</span></span>—The business of many rich and eminent + men is their form of recreation from too long periods of habitual + leisure. They then become as serious and impassioned as other + people do in their rare moments of leisure and amusement.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">248.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Eye's + Double Sense.</span></span>—Just as a sudden scaly ripple runs over + the waters at your feet, so there are similar sudden uncertainties + and ambiguities in the human eye. They lead to the question: is it + a shudder, or a smile, or both?</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">249.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Positive and + Negative.</span></span>—This thinker needs no one to refute him—he + is quite capable of doing that himself.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">250.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Revenge of + the Empty Nets.</span></span>—Above all we should beware of those + who have the bitter feeling of the fisherman who after a hard day's + work comes home in the evening with nets empty.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">251.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Non-Assertion + of our Rights.</span></span>—The exertion of power is laborious and + demands courage. That <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page320">[pg + 320]</span><a name="Pg320" id="Pg320" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + is why so many do not assert their most valid rights, because their + rights are a kind of power, and they are too lazy or too cowardly + to exercise them. <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Indulgence</span></em> and <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">patience</span></em> are the names given to + the virtues that cloak these faults.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">252.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Bearers of + Light.</span></span>—In Society there would be no sunshine if the + born flatterers (I mean the so-called amiable people) did not bring + some in with them.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">253.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">When most + Benevolent.</span></span>—When a man has been highly honoured and + has eaten a little, he is most benevolent.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">254.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">To the + Light.</span></span>—Men press forward to the light not in order to + see better but to shine better.—The person before whom we shine we + gladly allow to be called a light.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">255.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The + Hypochondriac.</span></span>—The hypochondriac is a man who has + just enough intellect and pleasure in the intellect to take his + sorrows, his losses, and his mistakes seriously. But the field on + which he grazes is too small: he crops it so close that in the end + he has to look for single stalks. Thus he finally becomes envious + and avaricious—and only then is he unbearable.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">256.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Giving in + Return.</span></span>—Hesiod advises us to give the neighbour who + has helped us good measure and, <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page321">[pg 321]</span><a name="Pg321" id="Pg321" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> if possible, fuller measure in return, as + soon as we have the power. For this is where the neighbour's + pleasure comes in, since his former benevolence brings him + interest. Moreover, he who gives in return also has his pleasure, + inasmuch as, by giving a little more than he got, he redeems the + slight humiliation of being compelled to seek aid.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">257.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">More subtle + than Is Necessary.</span></span>—Our sense of observation for how + far others perceive our weaknesses is far more subtle than our + sense of observation for the weaknesses of others. It follows that + the first-named sense is more subtle than is necessary.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">258.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">A Kind of + Bright Shadows.</span></span>—Close to the nocturnal type of man we + almost regularly find, as if bound up with him, a bright soul. This + is, as it were, the negative shadow cast by the former.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">259.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Not to take + Revenge.</span></span>—There are so many subtle sorts of revenge + that one who has occasion to take revenge can really do or omit to + do what he likes. In any case, the whole world will agree, after a + time, that he <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">has</span></em> avenged himself. Hence the + avoidance of revenge is hardly within man's power. He must not even + so much as say that he does not <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">want</span></em> to + do so, since the contempt for revenge is interpreted and felt as a + sublime and exquisite form of revenge.—It follows that we must do + nothing superfluous.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page322">[pg 322]</span><a name= + "Pg322" id="Pg322" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">260.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Mistake of + Those who Pay Homage.</span></span>—Every one thinks he is paying a + most agreeable compliment to a thinker when he says that he himself + hit upon exactly the same idea and even upon the same expression. + The thinker, however, is seldom delighted at hearing such news, + nay, rather, he often becomes distrustful of his own thoughts and + expressions. He silently resolves to revise both some day. If we + wish to pay homage to any one, we must beware of expressing our + agreement, for this puts us on the same level.—Often it is a matter + of social tact to listen to an opinion as if it were not ours or + even travelled beyond the limits of our own horizon—as, for + example, when an old man once in a while opens the storehouse of + his acquired knowledge.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">261.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Letters.</span></span>—A letter is an + unannounced visit, and the postman is the intermediary of impolite + surprises. Every week we ought to have one hour for receiving + letters, and then go and take a bath.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">262.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Prejudiced.</span></span>—Some one said: + I have been prejudiced against myself from childhood upwards, and + hence I find some truth in every censure and some absurdity in + every eulogy. Praise I generally value too low and blame too + high.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page323">[pg 323]</span><a name= + "Pg323" id="Pg323" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">263.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Path to + Equality.</span></span>—A few hours of mountain-climbing make a + blackguard and a saint two rather similar creatures. Weariness is + the shortest path to equality and fraternity—and finally liberty is + bestowed by sleep.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">264.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Calumny.</span></span>—If we begin to + trace to its source a real scandalous misrepresentation, we shall + rarely look for its origin in our honourable and straightforward + enemies; for if they invented anything of the sort about us, they, + as being our enemies, would gain no credence. Those, however, to + whom for a time we have been most useful, but who, from some reason + or other, may be secretly sure that they will obtain no more from + us—such persons are in a position to start the ball of slander + rolling. They gain credence, firstly, because it is assumed that + they would invent nothing likely to do them damage; secondly, + because they have learnt to know us intimately.—As a consolation, + the much-slandered man may say to himself: Calumnies are diseases + of others that break out in your body. They prove that Society is a + (moral) organism, so that you can prescribe to <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">yourself</span></em> the cure that will in the + end be useful to others.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">265.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Child's + Kingdom of Heaven.</span></span>—The happiness of a child is as + much of a myth as the happiness of the Hyperboreans of whom the + Greeks <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page324">[pg + 324]</span><a name="Pg324" id="Pg324" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + fabled. The Greeks supposed that, if indeed happiness dwells + anywhere on our earth, it must certainly dwell as far as possible + from us, perhaps over yonder at the edge of the world. Old people + have the same thought—if man is at all capable of being happy, he + must be happy as far as possible from our age, at the frontiers and + beginnings of life. For many a man the sight of children, through + the veil of this myth, is the greatest happiness that he can feel. + He enters himself into the forecourt of heaven when he says, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Suffer the little children to come unto + me, for of them is the kingdom of heaven.”</span> The myth of the + child's kingdom of heaven holds good, in some way or other, + wherever in the modern world some sentimentality exists.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">266.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The + Impatient.</span></span>—It is just the growing man who does not + want things in the growing stage. He is too impatient for that. The + youth will not wait until, after long study, suffering, and + privation, his picture of men and things is complete. Accordingly, + he confidently accepts another picture that lies ready to his hand + and is recommended to him, and pins his faith to that, as if it + must give him at once the lines and colours of his own painting. He + presses a philosopher or a poet to his bosom, and must from that + time forth perform long stretches of forced labour and renounce his + own self. He learns much in the process, but he often forgets what + is most worth learning and knowing—his self. He remains all his + life a partisan. <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page325">[pg + 325]</span><a name="Pg325" id="Pg325" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + Ah, a vast amount of tedious work has to be done before you find + your own colours, your own brush, your own canvas!—Even then you + are very far from being a master in the art of life, but at least + you are the boss in your own workshop.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">267.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">There are no + Teachers.</span></span>—As thinkers we ought only to speak of + self-teaching. The instruction of the young by others is either an + experiment performed upon something as yet unknown and unknowable, + or else a thorough levelling process, in order to make the new + member of society conform to the customs and manners that prevail + for the time being. In both cases the result is accordingly + unworthy of a thinker—the handiwork of parents and teachers, whom + some valiantly honest person<a id="noteref_25" name="noteref_25" + href="#note_25"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">25</span></span></a> has + called <span class="tei tei-q">“<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">nos ennemis + naturels</span></span>.”</span> One day, when, as the world thinks, + we have long since finished our education, we <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">discover + ourselves</span></em>. Then begins the task of the thinker, and + then is the time to summon him to our aid—not as a teacher, but as + a self-taught man who has experience.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">268.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Sympathy with + Youth.</span></span>—We are sorry when we hear that some one who is + still young is losing his teeth or growing blind. If we knew all + the irrevocable and hopeless feelings hidden in his whole being, + how great our sorrow would be! Why do <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page326">[pg 326]</span><a name="Pg326" id="Pg326" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> we really suffer on this account? Because + youth has to continue the work we have undertaken, and every flaw + and failing in its strength is likely to injure <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">our</span></em> + work, that will fall into its hands. It is the sorrow at the + imperfect guarantee of our immortality: or, if we only feel + ourselves as executors of the human mission, it is the sorrow that + this mission must pass to weaker hands than ours.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">269.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Ages of + Life.</span></span>—The comparison of the four ages of life with + the four seasons of the year is a venerable piece of folly. Neither + the first twenty nor the last twenty years of a life correspond to + a season of the year, assuming that we are not satisfied with + drawing a parallel between white hair and snow and similar + colour-analogies. The first twenty years are a preparation for life + in general, for the whole year of life, a sort of long New Year's + Day. The last twenty review, assimilate, bring into union and + harmony all that has been experienced till then: as, in a small + degree, we do on every New Year's Eve with the whole past year. But + in between there really lies an interval which suggests a + comparison with the seasons—the time from the twentieth to the + fiftieth year (to speak here of decades in the lump, while it is an + understood thing that every one must refine for himself these rough + outlines). Those three decades correspond to three seasons—summer, + spring, and autumn. Winter human life has none, unless we like to + call the (unfortunately) often intervening hard, cold, lonely, + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page327">[pg 327]</span><a name= + "Pg327" id="Pg327" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> hopeless, unfruitful + periods of disease the winters of man. The twenties, hot, + oppressive, stormy, impetuous, exhausting years, when we praise the + day in the evening, when it is over, as we wipe the sweat from our + foreheads—years in which work seems to us cruel but necessary—these + twenties are the summer of life. The thirties, on the other hand, + are its spring-time, with the air now too warm, now too cold, ever + restless and stimulating, bubbling sap, bloom of leaves, fragrance + of buds everywhere, many delightful mornings and evenings, work to + which the song of birds awakens us, a true work of the heart, a + kind of joy in our own robustness, strengthened by the savour of + hopeful anticipation. Lastly the forties, mysterious like all that + is stationary, like a high, broad plateau, traversed by a fresh + breeze, with a clear, cloudless sky above it, which always has the + same gentle look all day and half the night—the time of harvest and + cordial gaiety—that is the autumn of life.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">270.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Women's + Intellect in Modern Society.</span></span>—What women nowadays + think of men's intellect may be divined from the fact that in their + art of adornment they think of anything but of emphasising the + intellectual side of their faces or their single intellectual + features. On the contrary, they conceal such traits, and + understand, for example by an arrangement of their hair over their + forehead, how to give themselves an appearance of vivid, eager + sensuality and materialism, just when they but slightly possess + those qualities. Their conviction <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page328">[pg 328]</span><a name="Pg328" id="Pg328" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> that intellect in women frightens men goes so + far that they even gladly deny the keenness of the most + intellectual sense and purposely invite the reputation of + short-sightedness. They think they will thereby make men more + confiding. It is as if a soft, attractive twilight were spreading + itself around them.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">271.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Great and + Transitory.</span></span>—What moves the observer to tears is the + rapturous look of happiness with which a fair young bride gazes + upon her husband. We feel all the melancholy of autumn in thinking + of the greatness and of the transitoriness of human happiness.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">272.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Sense and + Sacrifice.</span></span>—Many a woman has the <span lang="it" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="it"><span style= + "font-style: italic">intelletto del sacrifizio</span></span>,<a id= + "noteref_26" name="noteref_26" href="#note_26"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">26</span></span></a> and no + longer enjoys life when her husband refuses to sacrifice her. With + all her wit, she then no longer knows—whither? and without + perceiving it, is changed from sacrificial victim to sacrificial + priest.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">273.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The + Unfeminine.</span></span>—<span class="tei tei-q">“Stupid as a + man,”</span> say the women; <span class="tei tei-q">“Cowardly as a + woman,”</span> say the men. Stupidity in a woman is unfeminine.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">274.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Masculine and + Feminine Temperament and Mortality.</span></span>—That the male sex + has a worse <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page329">[pg + 329]</span><a name="Pg329" id="Pg329" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + temperament than the female follows from the fact that male + children have a greater mortality than female, clearly because they + <span class="tei tei-q">“leap out of their skins”</span> more + easily. Their wildness and unbearableness soon make all the bad + stuff in them deadly.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">275.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Age of + Cyclopean Building.</span></span>—The democratisation of Europe is + a resistless force. Even he who would stem the tide uses those very + means that democratic thought first put into men's hands, and he + makes these means more handy and workable. The most inveterate + enemies of democracy (I mean the spirits of upheaval) seem only to + exist in order, by the fear that they inspire, to drive forward the + different parties faster and faster on the democratic course. Now + we may well feel sorry for those who are working consciously and + honourably for this future. There is something dreary and + monotonous in their faces, and the grey dust seems to have been + wafted into their very brains. Nevertheless, posterity may possibly + some day laugh at our anxiety, and see in the democratic work of + several generations what we see in the building of stone dams and + walls—an activity that necessarily covers clothes and face with a + great deal of dust, and perhaps unavoidably makes the workmen, too, + a little dull-witted; but who would on that account desire such + work undone? It seems that the democratisation of Europe is a link + in the chain of those mighty prophylactic principles which are the + thought of the modern era, and whereby we rise up <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page330">[pg 330]</span><a name="Pg330" id="Pg330" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> in revolt against the Middle Ages. Now, + and now only, is the age of Cyclopean building! A final security in + the foundations, that the future may build on them without danger! + Henceforth, an impossibility of the orchards of culture being once + more destroyed overnight by wild, senseless mountain torrents! Dams + and walls against barbarians, against plagues, against physical and + spiritual serfdom! And all this understood at first roughly and + literally, but gradually in an ever higher and more spiritual + sense, so that all the principles here indicated may appear as the + intellectual preparation of the highest artist in horticulture, who + can only apply himself to his own task when the other is fully + accomplished!—True, if we consider the long intervals of time that + here lie between means and end, the great, supreme labour, + straining the powers and brains of centuries, that is necessary in + order to create or to provide each individual means, we must not + bear too hardly upon the workers of the present when they loudly + proclaim that the wall and the fence are already the end and the + final goal. After all, no one yet sees the gardener and the fruit, + for whose sake the fence exists.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">276.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Right of + Universal Suffrage.</span></span>—The people has not granted itself + universal suffrage but, wherever this is now in force, it has + received and accepted it as a temporary measure. But in any case + the people has the right to restore the gift, if it does not + satisfy its anticipations. This dissatisfaction <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page331">[pg 331]</span><a name="Pg331" id="Pg331" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> seems universal nowadays, for when, at + any occasion where the vote is exercised, scarce two-thirds, nay + perhaps not even the majority of all voters, go to the polls, that + very fact is a vote against the whole suffrage system.—On this + point, in fact, we must pronounce a much sterner verdict. A law + that enacts that the majority shall decide as to the welfare of all + cannot be built up on the foundation that it alone has provided, + for it is bound to require a far broader foundation, namely the + unanimity of all. Universal suffrage must not only be the + expression of the will of a majority, but of the whole country. + Thus the dissent of a very small minority is already enough to set + aside the system as impracticable; and the abstention from voting + is in fact a dissent of this kind, which ruins the whole + institution. The <span class="tei tei-q">“absolute veto”</span> of + the individual, or—not to be too minute—the veto of a few + thousands, hangs over the system as the consequence of justice. On + every occasion when it is employed, the system must, according to + the variety of the division, first prove that it has still a right + to exist.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">277.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">False + Conclusions.</span></span>—What false conclusions are drawn in + spheres where we are not at home, even by those of us who are + accustomed as men of science to draw right conclusions! It is + humiliating! Now it is clear that in the great turmoil of worldly + doings, in political affairs, in all sudden and urgent matters such + as almost every day brings up, these false conclusions must decide. + For no one <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page332">[pg + 332]</span><a name="Pg332" id="Pg332" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + feels at home with novelties that have sprung up in the night. All + political work, even with great statesmen, is an improvisation that + trusts to luck.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">278.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Premisses of + the Age of Machinery.</span></span>—The press, the machine, the + railway, the telegraph are premisses of which no one has yet dared + to draw the conclusions that will follow in a thousand years.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">279.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">A Drag upon + Culture.</span></span>—When we are told that here men have no time + for productive occupations, because military manœuvres and + processions take up their days, and the rest of the population must + feed and clothe them, their dress, however, being striking, often + gay and full of absurdities; that there only a few distinguished + qualities are recognised, individuals resemble each other more than + elsewhere, or at any rate are treated as equals, yet obedience is + exacted and yielded without reasoning, for men command and make no + attempt to convince; that here punishments are few, but these few + cruel and likely to become the final and most terrible; that there + treason ranks as the capital offence, and even the criticism of + evils is only ventured on by the most audacious; that there, again, + human life is cheap, and ambition often takes the form of setting + life in danger—when we hear all this, we at once say, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“This is a picture of a barbarous society that rests on + a hazardous footing.”</span> One man perhaps will add, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“It is a portrait of Sparta.”</span> But another will + become <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page333">[pg + 333]</span><a name="Pg333" id="Pg333" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + meditative and declare that this is a description of our modern + military system, as it exists in the midst of our altogether + different culture and society, a living anachronism, the picture, + as above said, of a community resting on a hazardous footing; a + posthumous work of the past, which can only act as a drag upon the + wheels of the present.—Yet at times even a drag upon culture is + vitally necessary—that is to say, when culture is advancing too + rapidly downhill or (as perhaps in this case) <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">uphill</span></em>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">280.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">More Reverence + for Them that Know.</span></span>—In the competition of production + and sale the public is made judge of the product. But the public + has no special knowledge, and judges by the appearance of the + wares. In consequence, the art of appearance (and perhaps the taste + for it) must increase under the dominance of competition, while on + the other hand the quality of every product must deteriorate. The + result will be—so far as reason does not fall in value—that one day + an end will be put to that competition, and a new principle will + win the day. Only the master of the craft should pronounce a + verdict on the work, and the public should be dependent on the + belief in the personality of the judge and his honesty. + Accordingly, no anonymous work! At least an expert should be there + as guarantor and pledge his name if the name of the creator is + lacking or is unknown. The cheapness of an article is for the + layman another kind of illusion and deceit, since only durability + can decide that a thing <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page334">[pg + 334]</span><a name="Pg334" id="Pg334" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + is cheap and to what an extent. But it is difficult, and for a + layman impossible, to judge of its durability.—Hence that which + produces an effect on the eye and costs little at present gains the + advantage—this being naturally machine-made work. Again, + machinery—that is to say, the cause of the greatest rapidity and + facility in production—favours the most saleable kind of article. + Otherwise it involves no tangible profit; it would be too little + used and too often stand idle. But as to what is most saleable, the + public, as above said, decides: it must be the most exchangeable—in + other words, the thing that appears good and also appears cheap. + Thus in the domain of labour our motto must also hold good: + <span class="tei tei-q">“More respect for them that + know!”</span></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">281.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Danger of + Kings.</span></span>—Democracy has it in its power, without any + violent means, and only by a lawful pressure steadily exerted, to + make kingship and emperorship hollow, until only a zero remains, + perhaps with the significance of every zero in that, while nothing + in itself, it multiplies a number tenfold if placed on the right + side. Kingship and emperorship would remain a gorgeous ornament + upon the simple and appropriate dress of democracy, a beautiful + superfluity that democracy allows itself, a relic of all the + historically venerable, primitive ornaments, nay the symbol of + history itself, and in this unique position a highly effective + thing if, as above said, it does not stand alone, but is put on the + right side.—In order to avoid the danger of this <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page335">[pg 335]</span><a name="Pg335" id="Pg335" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> nullification, kings hold by their + teeth to their dignity as war-lords. To this end they need wars, or + in other words exceptional circumstances, in which that slow, + lawful pressure of the democratic forces is relaxed.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">282.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Teacher a + Necessary Evil.</span></span>—Let us have as few people as possible + between the productive minds and the hungry and recipient minds! + The middlemen almost unconsciously adulterate the food which they + supply. For their work as middlemen they want too high a fee for + themselves, and this is drawn from the original, productive + spirits—namely, interest, admiration, leisure, money, and other + advantages.—Accordingly, we should always look upon the teacher as + a necessary evil, just like the merchant; as an evil that we should + make as small as possible.—Perhaps the prevailing distress in + Germany has its main cause in the fact that too many wish to live + and live well by trade (in other words, desiring as far as possible + to diminish prices for the producer and raise prices for the + consumer, and thus to profit by the greatest possible loss to + both). In the same way, we may certainly trace a main cause of the + prevailing intellectual poverty in the superabundance of teachers. + It is because of teachers that so little is learnt, and that so + badly.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">283.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Tax of + Homage.</span></span>—Him whom we know and honour,—be he physician, + artist, or artisan,—who does and produces something for us, we + gladly <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page336">[pg + 336]</span><a name="Pg336" id="Pg336" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + pay as highly as we can, often a fee beyond our means. On the other + hand, we pay the unknown as low a price as possible; here is a + contest in which every one struggles and makes others struggle for + a foot's breadth of land. In the work of the known there is + something that cannot be bought, the sentiment and ingenuity put + into his work for our own sake. We think we cannot better express + our sense of obligation than by a sort of sacrifice on our + part.—The heaviest tax is the tax of homage. The more competition + prevails, the more we buy for the unknown and work for the unknown, + the lower does this tax become, whereas it is really the standard + for the loftiness of man's spiritual intercourse.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">284.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Means + towards Genuine Peace.</span></span>—No government will nowadays + admit that it maintains an army in order to satisfy occasionally + its passion for conquest. The army is said to serve only defensive + purposes. This morality, which justifies self-defence, is called in + as the government's advocate. This means, however, reserving + morality for ourselves and immorality for our neighbour, because he + must be thought eager for attack and conquest if our state is + forced to consider means of self-defence.—At the same time, by our + explanation of our need of an army (because he denies the lust of + attack just as our state does, and ostensibly also maintains his + army for defensive reasons), we proclaim him a hypocrite and + cunning criminal, who would fain seize by surprise, without any + fighting, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page337">[pg + 337]</span><a name="Pg337" id="Pg337" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> a + harmless and unwary victim. In this attitude all states face each + other to-day. They presuppose evil intentions on their neighbour's + part and good intentions on their own. This hypothesis, however, is + an <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">inhuman</span></em> notion, as bad as and + worse than war. Nay, at bottom it is a challenge and motive to war, + foisting as it does upon the neighbouring state the charge of + immorality, and thus provoking hostile intentions and acts. The + doctrine of the army as a means of self-defence must be abjured as + completely as the lust of conquest. Perhaps a memorable day will + come when a nation renowned in wars and victories, distinguished by + the highest development of military order and intelligence, and + accustomed to make the heaviest sacrifice to these objects, will + voluntarily exclaim, <span class="tei tei-q">“We will break our + swords,”</span> and will destroy its whole military system, lock, + stock, and barrel. Making ourselves defenceless (after having been + the most strongly defended) from a loftiness of sentiment—that is + the means towards genuine peace, which must always rest upon a + pacific disposition. The so-called armed peace that prevails at + present in all countries is a sign of a bellicose disposition, of a + disposition that trusts neither itself nor its neighbour, and, + partly from hate, partly from fear, refuses to lay down its + weapons. Better to perish than to hate and fear, and twice as far + better to perish than to make oneself hated and feared—this must + some day become the supreme maxim of every political community!—Our + liberal representatives of the people, as is well known, have not + the time for reflection on the nature of humanity, or else they + would know that they are <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page338">[pg + 338]</span><a name="Pg338" id="Pg338" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + working in vain when they work for <span class="tei tei-q">“a + gradual diminution of the military burdens.”</span> On the + contrary, when the distress of these burdens is greatest, the sort + of God who alone can help here will be nearest. The tree of + military glory can only be destroyed at one swoop, with one stroke + of lightning. But, as you know, lightning comes from the cloud and + from above.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">285.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Whether + Property can be squared with Justice.</span></span>—When the + injustice of property is strongly felt (and the hand of the great + clock is once more at this place), we formulate two methods of + relieving this injustice: either an equal distribution, or an + abolition of private possession and a return to State ownership. + The latter method is especially dear to the hearts of our + Socialists, who are angry with that primitive Jew for saying, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Thou shalt not steal.”</span> In their + view the eighth<a id="noteref_27" name="noteref_27" href= + "#note_27"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">27</span></span></a> + commandment should rather run, <span class="tei tei-q">“Thou shalt + not possess.”</span>—The former method was frequently tried in + antiquity, always indeed on a small scale, and yet with poor + success. From this failure we too may learn. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Equal plots of land”</span> is easily enough said, but + how much bitterness is aroused by the necessary division and + separation, by the loss of time-honoured possessions, how much + piety is wounded and sacrificed! We uproot the foundation of + morality when we uproot boundary-stones. Again, how much fresh + bitterness among the new owners, how much envy and looking askance! + For there have never been two <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page339">[pg 339]</span><a name="Pg339" id="Pg339" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> really equal plots of land, and if there + were, man's envy of his neighbour would prevent him from believing + in their equality. And how long would this equality, unhealthy and + poisoned at the very roots, endure? In a few generations, by + inheritance, here one plot would come to five owners, there five + plots to one. Even supposing that men acquiesced in such abuses + through the enactment of stern laws of inheritance, the same equal + plots would indeed exist, but there would also be needy + malcontents, owning nothing but dislike of their kinsmen and + neighbours, and longing for a general upheaval.—If, however, by the + second method we try to restore ownership to the community and make + the individual but a temporary tenant, we interfere with + agriculture. For man is opposed to all that is only a transitory + possession, unblessed with his own care and sacrifice. With such + property he behaves in freebooter fashion, as robber or as + worthless spendthrift. When Plato declares that self-seeking would + be removed with the abolition of property, we may answer him that, + if self-seeking be taken away, man will no longer possess the four + cardinal virtues either; as we must say that the most deadly plague + could not injure mankind so terribly as if vanity were one day to + disappear. Without vanity and self-seeking what are human virtues? + By this I am far from meaning that these virtues are but varied + names and masks for these two qualities. Plato's Utopian refrain, + which is still sung by Socialists, rests upon a deficient knowledge + of men. He lacked the historical science of moral emotions, the + insight into the origin of the good and useful <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page340">[pg 340]</span><a name="Pg340" id="Pg340" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> characteristics of the human soul. He + believed, like all antiquity, in good and evil as in black and + white—that is to say, in a radical difference between good and bad + men and good and bad qualities.—In order that property may + henceforth inspire more confidence and become more moral, we should + keep open all the paths of work for small fortunes, but should + prevent the effortless and sudden acquisition of wealth. + Accordingly, we should take all the branches of transport and trade + which favour the accumulation of large fortunes—especially, + therefore, the money market—out of the hands of private persons or + private companies, and look upon those who own too much, just as + upon those who own nothing, as types fraught with danger to the + community.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">286.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Value of + Labour.</span></span>—If we try to determine the value of labour by + the amount of time, industry, good or bad will, constraint, + inventiveness or laziness, honesty or make-believe bestowed upon + it, the valuation can never be a just one. For the whole + personality would have to be thrown into the scale, and this is + impossible. Here the motto is, <span class="tei tei-q">“Judge + not!”</span> But after all the cry for justice is the cry we now + hear from those who are dissatisfied with the present valuation of + labour. If we reflect further we find every person non-responsible + for his product, the labour; hence merit can never be derived + therefrom, and every labour is as good or as bad as it must be + through this or that necessary concatenation of forces and + weaknesses, abilities and desires. The worker <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page341">[pg 341]</span><a name="Pg341" id="Pg341" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> is not at liberty to say whether he + shall work or not, or to decide how he shall work. Only the + standpoints of usefulness, wider and narrower, have created the + valuation of labour. What we at present call justice does very well + in this sphere as a highly refined utility, which does not only + consider the moment and exploit the immediate opportunity, but + looks to the permanence of all conditions, and thus also keeps in + view the well-being of the worker, his physical and spiritual + contentment: in order that he and his posterity may work well for + our posterity and become trustworthy for longer periods than the + individual span of human life. The <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">exploitation</span></em> of the worker was, as + we now understand, a piece of folly, a robbery at the expense of + the future, a jeopardisation of society. We almost have the war + now, and in any case the expense of maintaining peace, of + concluding treaties and winning confidence, will henceforth be very + great, because the folly of the exploiters was very great and + long-lasting.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">287.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Of the Study of + the Social Body.</span></span>—The worst drawback for the modern + student of economics and political science in Europe, and + especially in Germany, is that the actual conditions, instead of + exemplifying rules, illustrate exceptions or stages of transition + and extinction. We must therefore learn to look beyond actually + existing conditions and, for example, turn our eyes to distant + North America, where we can still contemplate and investigate, if + we will, the initial and normal movement of the social <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page342">[pg 342]</span><a name="Pg342" id="Pg342" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> body. In Germany such a study requires + arduous and historical research, or, as I have suggested, a + telescope.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">288.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">How far + Machinery Humiliates.</span></span>—Machinery is impersonal; it + robs the piece of work of its pride, of the individual merits and + defects that cling to all work that is not machine-made—in other + words, of its bit of humanity. Formerly, all buying from + handicraftsmen meant a mark of distinction for their personalities, + with whose productions people surrounded themselves. Furniture and + dress accordingly became the symbols of mutual valuation and + personal connection. Nowadays, on the other hand, we seem to live + in the midst of anonymous and impersonal serfdom.—We must not buy + the facilitation of labour too dear.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">289.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Century-old + Quarantine.</span></span>—Democratic institutions are centres of + quarantine against the old plague of tyrannical desires. As such + they are extremely useful and extremely tedious.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">290.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Most + Dangerous Partisan.</span></span>—The most dangerous partisan is he + whose defection would involve the ruin of the whole party—in other + words, the best partisan.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page343">[pg 343]</span><a name= + "Pg343" id="Pg343" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">291.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Destiny and the + Stomach.</span></span>—A piece more or less of bread and butter in + the jockey's body is occasionally the decisive factor in races and + bets, and thus in the good and bad luck of thousands.—So long as + the destiny of nations depends upon diplomats, the stomachs of + diplomats will always be the object of patriotic misgivings. + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Quousque tandem</span></span>....</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">292.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Victory of + Democracy.</span></span>—All political powers nowadays attempt to + exploit the fear of Socialism for their own strengthening. Yet in + the long run democracy alone gains the advantage, for <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">all</span></em> + parties are now compelled to flatter <span class="tei tei-q">“the + masses”</span> and grant them facilities and liberties of all + kinds, with the result that the masses finally become omnipotent. + The masses are as far as possible removed from Socialism as a + doctrine of altering the acquisition of property. If once they get + the steering-wheel into their hands, through great majorities in + their Parliaments, they will attack with progressive taxation the + whole dominant system of capitalists, merchants, and financiers, + and will in fact slowly create a middle class which may forget + Socialism like a disease that has been overcome.—The practical + result of this increasing democratisation will next be a European + league of nations, in which each individual nation, delimited by + the proper geographical frontiers, has the position of a canton + with its separate rights. Small account will be taken of the + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page344">[pg 344]</span><a name= + "Pg344" id="Pg344" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> historic memories of + previously existing nations, because the pious affection for these + memories will be gradually uprooted under the democratic régime, + with all its craze for novelty and experiment. The corrections of + frontiers that will prove necessary will be so carried out as to + serve the interests of the great cantons and at the same time that + of the whole federation, but not that of any venerable memories. To + find the standpoints for these corrections will be the task of + future diplomats, who will have to be at the same time students of + civilisation, agriculturists, and commercial experts, with no + armies but motives and utilities at their back. Then only will + foreign and home politics be inseparably connected, whereas to-day + the latter follows its haughty dictator, and gleans in sorry + baskets the stubble that is left over from the harvest of the + former.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">293.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Goal and Means + of Democracy.</span></span>—Democracy tries to create and guarantee + independence for as many as possible in their opinions, way of + life, and occupation. For this purpose democracy must withhold the + political suffrage both from those who have nothing and from those + who are really rich, as being the two intolerable classes of men. + At the removal of these classes it must always work, because they + are continually calling its task in question. In the same way + democracy must prevent all measures that seem to aim at party + organisation. For the three great foes of independence, in that + threefold sense, are the have-nots, the rich, and the <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page345">[pg 345]</span><a name="Pg345" id="Pg345" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> parties.—I speak of democracy as of a + thing to come. What at present goes by that name is distinguished + from older forms of government only by the fact that it drives with + new horses; the roads and the wheels are the same as of yore.—Has + the danger really become less with <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">these</span></em> + conveyances of the commonwealth?</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">294.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Discretion and + Success.</span></span>—That great quality of discretion, which is + fundamentally the virtue of virtues, their ancestress and queen, + has in common life by no means always success on its side. The + wooer would find himself deceived if he had wooed that virtue only + for the sake of success. For it is rated by practical people as + suspicious, and is confused with cunning and hypocrisy: he who + obviously lacks discretion, the man who quickly grasps and + sometimes misses his grasp, has prejudice on his side—he is an + honest, trustworthy fellow. Practical people, accordingly, do not + like the prudent man, thinking he is to them a danger. Moreover, we + often assume the prudent man to be anxious, preoccupied, + pedantic—unpractical, butterfly people find him uncomfortable, + because he does not live in their happy-go-lucky way, without + thinking of actions and duties; he appears among them as their + embodied conscience, and the bright day is dimmed to their eyes + before his gaze. Thus when success and popularity fail him, he may + often say by way of private consolation, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“So high are the taxes you have to pay for the + possession of the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page346">[pg + 346]</span><a name="Pg346" id="Pg346" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + most precious of human commodities—still it is worth the + price!”</span></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">295.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant: small-caps">Et + in Arcadia Ego.</span></span></span>—I looked down, over waves of + hills, to a milky-green lake, through firs and pines austere with + age; rocky crags of all shapes about me, the soil gay with flowers + and grasses. A herd of cattle moved, stretched, and expanded itself + before me; single cows and groups in the distance, in the clearest + evening light, hard by the forest of pines; others nearer and + darker; all in calm and eventide contentment. My watch pointed to + half-past six. The bull of the herd had stepped into the white + foaming brook, and went forward slowly, now striving against, now + giving way to his tempestuous course; thus, no doubt, he took his + sort of fierce pleasure. Two dark brown beings, of Bergamasque + origin, tended the herd, the girl dressed almost like a boy. On the + left, overhanging cliffs and fields of snow above broad belts of + woodland; to the right, two enormous ice-covered peaks, high above + me, shimmering in the veil of the sunny haze—all large, silent, and + bright. The beauty of the whole was awe-inspiring and induced to a + mute worship of the moment and its revelation. Unconsciously, as if + nothing could be more natural, you peopled this pure, clear world + of light (which had no trace of yearning, of expectancy, of looking + forward or backward) with Greek heroes. You felt it all as Poussin + and his school felt—at once heroic and idyllic.—So individual men + too have lived, constantly feeling themselves in the world and the + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page347">[pg 347]</span><a name= + "Pg347" id="Pg347" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> world in themselves, + and among them one of the greatest men, the inventor of a + heroico-idyllic form of philosophy—Epicurus.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">296.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Counting and + Measuring.</span></span>—The art of seeing many things, of weighing + one with another, of reckoning one thing with another and + constructing from them a rapid conclusion, a fairly correct + sum—that goes to make a great politician or general or merchant. + This quality is, in fact, a power of speedy mental calculation. The + art of seeing <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">one</span></em> thing alone, of finding + therein the sole motive for action, the guiding principle of all + other action, goes to make the hero and also the fanatic. This + quality means a dexterity in measuring with one scale.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">297.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Not to See too + Soon.</span></span>—As long as we undergo some experience, we must + give ourselves up to the experience and shut our eyes—in other + words, not become observers of what we are undergoing. For to + observe would disturb good digestion of the experience, and instead + of wisdom we should gain nothing but dyspepsia.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">298.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">From the + Practice of the Wise.</span></span>—To become wise we must + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">will</span></em> to undergo certain + experiences, and accordingly leap into their jaws. This, it is + true, is very dangerous. Many a <span class= + "tei tei-q">“sage”</span> has been eaten up in the process.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page348">[pg 348]</span><a name= + "Pg348" id="Pg348" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">299.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Exhaustion of + the Intellect.</span></span>—Our occasional coldness and + indifference towards people, which is imputed to us as hardness and + defect of character, is often only an exhaustion of the intellect. + In this state other men are to us, as we are to ourselves, tedious + or immaterial.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">300.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">“</span><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">The One Thing + Needful.</span><span style="font-variant: small-caps">”</span></span></span>—If + we are clever, the one thing we need is to have joy in our hearts. + <span class="tei tei-q">“Ah,”</span> adds some one, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“if we are clever, the best thing we can do is to be + wise.”</span></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">301.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">A Sign of + Love.</span></span>—Some one said, <span class="tei tei-q">“There + are two persons about whom I have never thought deeply. That is a + sign of my love for them.”</span></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">302.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">How we Seek to + Improve Bad Arguments.</span></span>—Many a man adds a bit of his + personality to his bad arguments, as if they would thus go better + and change into straight and good arguments. In the same way, + players at skittles, even after a throw, try to give a direction to + the ball by turns and gestures.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">303.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Honesty.</span></span>—It is but a small + thing to be a pattern sort of man with regard to rights and + property—for <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page349">[pg + 349]</span><a name="Pg349" id="Pg349" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + instance (to name trifling points, which of course give a better + proof of this sort of pattern nature than great examples), if as a + boy one never steals fruit from another's orchard, and as a man + never walks on unmown fields. It is but little; you are then still + only a <span class="tei tei-q">“law-abiding person,”</span> with + just that degree of morality of which a <span class= + "tei tei-q">“society,”</span> a group of human beings, is + capable.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">304.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">“</span><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Man!</span><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">”</span></span></span>—What is the + vanity of the vainest individual as compared with the vanity which + the most modest person feels when he thinks of his position in + nature and in the world as <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Man!”</span></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">305.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Most + Necessary Gymnastic.</span></span>—Through deficiency in + self-control in small matters a similar deficiency on great + occasions slowly arises. Every day on which we have not at least + once denied ourselves some <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">trifle</span></em> is turned to bad use and a + danger to the next day. This gymnastic is indispensable if we wish + to maintain the joy of being our own master.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">306.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Losing + Ourselves.</span></span>—When we have first found ourselves, we + must understand how from time to time to <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">lose</span></em> + ourselves and then to find ourselves again.—This is true on the + assumption that we are thinkers. A thinker finds it a drawback + always to be tied to one person.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page350">[pg 350]</span><a name= + "Pg350" id="Pg350" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">307.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">When it is + Necessary to Part.</span></span>—You must, for a time at least, + part from that which you want to know and measure. Only when you + have left a city do you see how high its towers rise above its + houses.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">308.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">At + Noontide.</span></span>—He to whom an active and stormy morning of + life is allotted, at the noontide of life feels his soul overcome + by a strange longing for a rest that may last for months and years. + All grows silent around him, voices sound farther and farther in + the distance, the sun shines straight down upon him. On a hidden + woodland sward he sees the great God Pan sleeping, and with Pan + Nature seems to him to have gone to sleep with an expression of + eternity on their faces. He wants nothing, he troubles about + nothing; his heart stands still, only his eye lives. It is a death + with waking eyes. Then man sees much that he never saw before, and, + so far as his eye can reach, all is woven into and as it were + buried in a net of light. He feels happy, but it is a heavy, very + heavy kind of happiness.—Then at last the wind stirs in the trees, + noontide is over, life carries him away again, life with its blind + eyes, and its tempestuous retinue behind it—desire, illusion, + oblivion, enjoyment, destruction, decay. And so comes evening, more + stormy and more active than was even the morning.—To the really + active man these prolonged phases of cognition seem almost uncanny + and morbid, but not unpleasant.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page351">[pg 351]</span><a name= + "Pg351" id="Pg351" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">309.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">To Beware of + One's Portrait-Painter.</span></span>—A great painter, who in a + portrait has revealed and put on canvas the fullest expression and + look of which a man is capable, will almost always think, when he + sees the man later in real life, that he is only looking at a + caricature.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">310.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Two + Principles of the New Life.</span></span>—<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">First + Principle</span></span>: to arrange one's life on the most secure + and tangible basis, not as hitherto upon the most distant, + undetermined, and cloudy foundation. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Second + Principle</span></span>: to establish the rank of the nearest and + nearer things, and of the more and less secure, before one arranges + one's life and directs it to a final end.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">311.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dangerous + Irritability.</span></span>—Talented men who are at the same time + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">idle</span></em> will always appear somewhat + irritated when one of their friends has accomplished a thorough + piece of work. Their jealousy is awakened, they are ashamed of + their own laziness, or rather, they fear that their active friend + will now despise them even more than before. In such a mood they + criticise the new achievement, and, to the utter astonishment of + the author, their criticism becomes a revenge.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">312.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Destructions of + Illusions.</span></span>—Illusions are certainly expensive + amusements; but the destruction <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page352">[pg 352]</span><a name="Pg352" id="Pg352" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> of illusions is still more expensive, if + looked upon as an amusement, as it undoubtedly is by some + people.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">313.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Monotone of + the</span> <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">“</span><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Sage.</span><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">”</span></span></span>—Cows sometimes + have a look of wondering which stops short on the path to + questioning. In the eye of the higher intelligence, on the other + hand, the <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">nil admirari</span></span> is + spread out like the monotony of the cloudless sky.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">314.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Not to be Ill + too Long.</span></span>—We should beware of being ill too long. The + lookers-on become impatient of their customary duty of showing + sympathy, because they find it too much trouble to maintain the + appearance of this emotion for any length of time. Then they + immediately pass to suspicion of our character, with the + conclusion: <span class="tei tei-q">“You deserve to be ill, and we + need no longer be at pains to show our sympathy.”</span></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">315.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">A Hint to + Enthusiasts.</span></span>—He who likes to be carried away, and + would fain be carried on high, must beware lest he become too + heavy. For instance, he must not learn much, and especially not let + himself be crammed with science. Science makes men ponderous—take + care, ye enthusiasts!</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">316.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Knowledge of + how to Surprise Oneself.</span></span>—He who would see himself as + he is, must know <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page353">[pg + 353]</span><a name="Pg353" id="Pg353" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + how to <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">surprise</span></em> himself, torch in hand. + For with the mind it is as with the body: whoever is accustomed to + look at himself in the glass forgets his ugliness, and only + recognises it again by means of the portrait-painter. Yet he even + grows used to the picture and forgets his ugliness all over + again.—Herein we see the universal law that man cannot endure + unalterable ugliness, unless for a moment. He forgets or denies it + in all cases.—The moralists must reckon upon that <span class= + "tei tei-q">“moment”</span> for bringing forward their truths.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">317.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Opinions and + Fish.</span></span>—We are possessors of our opinions as of + fish—that is, in so far as we are possessors of a fish pond. We + must go fishing and have luck—then we have <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">our</span></em> + fish, <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">our</span></em> opinions. I speak here of live + opinions, of live fish. Others are content to possess a cabinet of + fossils—and, in their head, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“convictions.”</span></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">318.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Signs of + Freedom and Servitude.</span></span>—To satisfy one's needs so far + as possible oneself, even if imperfectly, is the path towards + freedom in mind and personality. To satisfy many even superfluous + needs, and that as fully as possible, is a training for servitude. + The Sophist Hippias, who himself earned and made all that he wore + within and without, is the representative of the highest freedom of + mind and personality. It does not matter whether <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page354">[pg 354]</span><a name="Pg354" id="Pg354" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> all is done equally well and + perfectly—pride can repair the damaged places.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">319.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Belief in + Oneself.</span></span>—In our times we mistrust every one who + believes in himself. Formerly this was enough to make people + believe in one. The recipe for finding faith now runs: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Spare not thyself! In order to set thy opinion in a + credible light, thou must first set fire to thy own + hut!”</span></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">320.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">At Once Richer + and Poorer.</span></span>—I know a man who accustomed himself even + in childhood to think well of the intellectuality of mankind—in + other words, of their real devotion as regards things of the + intellect, their unselfish preference for that which is recognised + as true—but who had at the same time a modest or even depreciatory + view of his own brain (judgment, memory, presence of mind, + imagination). He set no value on himself when he compared himself + with others. Now in the course of years he was compelled, first + once and then in a hundred ways, to revise this verdict. One would + have thought he would be thoroughly satisfied and delighted. Such, + in fact, was to some extent the case, but, as he once said, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Yet a bitterness of the deepest dye is + mingled with my feeling, such as I did not know in earlier life; + for since I learnt to value men and myself more correctly, my + intellect seems to me of less use. I scarcely think I can now do + any good at all with it, because the minds <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page355">[pg 355]</span><a name="Pg355" id="Pg355" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> of others cannot understand the good. I now + always see before me the frightful gulf between those who could + give help and those who need help. So I am troubled by the + misfortune of having my intellect to myself and of being forced to + enjoy it alone so far as it can give any enjoyment. But to give is + more blessed than to possess, and what is the richest man in the + solitude of a desert?”</span><a id="noteref_28" name="noteref_28" + href="#note_28"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">28</span></span></a></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">321.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">How we should + Attack.</span></span>—The reasons for which men believe or do not + believe are in very few people as strong as they might be. As a + rule, in order to shake a belief it is far from necessary to use + the heaviest weapon of attack. Many attain their object by merely + making the attack with some noise—in fact, pop-guns are often + enough. In dealing with very vain persons, the semblance of a + strong attack is enough. They think they are being taken quite + seriously, and readily give way.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">322.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Death.</span></span>—Through the certain + prospect of death a precious, fragrant drop of frivolity might be + mixed with every life—and now, you singular druggist-souls, you + have made of death a drop of poison, unpleasant to taste, which + makes the whole of life hideous.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">323.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Repentance.</span></span>—Never allow + repentance free play, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page356">[pg + 356]</span><a name="Pg356" id="Pg356" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + but say at once to yourself, <span class="tei tei-q">“That would be + adding a second piece of folly to the first.”</span> If you have + worked evil, you must bethink yourself of doing good. If you are + punished for your actions, submit to the punishment with the + feeling that by this very submission you are somehow doing good, in + that you are deterring others from falling into the same error. + Every malefactor who is punished has a right to consider himself a + benefactor to mankind.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">324.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Becoming a + Thinker.</span></span>—How can any one become a thinker if he does + not spend at least a third part of the day without passions, men, + and books?</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">325.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Best + Remedy.</span></span>—A little health on and off is the best remedy + for the invalid.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">326.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Don't + Touch.</span></span>—There are dreadful people who, instead of + solving a problem, complicate it for those who deal with it and + make it harder to solve.<a id="noteref_29" name="noteref_29" href= + "#note_29"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">29</span></span></a> + Whoever does not know how to hit the nail on the head should be + entreated not to hit the nail at all.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">327.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Forgetting + Nature.</span></span>—We speak of Nature, and, in doing so, forget + ourselves: we ourselves are <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page357">[pg 357]</span><a name="Pg357" id="Pg357" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> Nature, <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">quand + même</span></span>.—Consequently, Nature is something quite + different from what we feel on hearing her name pronounced.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">328.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Profundity and + Ennui.</span></span>—In the case of profound men, as of deep wells, + it takes a long time before anything that is thrown into them + reaches the bottom. The spectators, who generally do not wait long + enough, too readily look upon such a man as callous and hard—or + even as boring.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">329.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">When it is Time + to Vow Fidelity to Oneself.</span></span>—We sometimes go astray in + an intellectual direction which does not correspond to our talents. + For a time we struggle heroically against wind and tide, really + against ourselves; but finally we become weary and we pant. What we + accomplish gives us no real pleasure, since we think that we have + paid too heavy a price for these successes. We even despair of our + productivity, of our future, perhaps in the midst of + victory.—Finally, finally we turn back—and then the wind swells our + sails and bears us into our smooth water. What bliss! How certain + of victory we feel! Only now do we know what we are and what we + intend, and now we vow fidelity to ourselves, and have a right to + do so—as men that know.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">330.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Weather + Prophets.</span></span>—Just as the clouds reveal to us the + direction of the wind high above our <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page358">[pg 358]</span><a name="Pg358" id="Pg358" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> heads, so the lightest and freest spirits + give signs of future weather by their course. The wind in the + valley and the market-place opinions of to-day have no significance + for the future, but only for the past.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">331.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Continual + Acceleration.</span></span>—Those who begin slowly and find it hard + to become familiar with a subject, sometimes acquire afterwards the + quality of continual acceleration—so that in the end no one knows + where the current will take them.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">332.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Three Good + Things.</span></span>—Greatness, calm, sunlight—these three embrace + all that a thinker desires and also demands of himself: his hopes + and duties, his claims in the intellectual and moral sphere, nay + even in his daily manner of life and the scenic background of his + residence. Corresponding to these three things are, firstly + thoughts that exalt, secondly thoughts that soothe, and thirdly + thoughts that illuminate—but, fourthly, thoughts that share in all + these three qualities, in which all earthly things are + transfigured. This is the kingdom of the great <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">trinity of + joy</span></em>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">333.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dying + for</span> <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">“</span><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Truth.</span><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">”</span></span></span>—We should not let + ourselves be burnt for our opinions—we are not so certain of them + as all that. But we might let ourselves be burnt for the right of + possessing and changing our opinions.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page359">[pg 359]</span><a name= + "Pg359" id="Pg359" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">334.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Market + Value.</span></span>—If we wish to pass exactly for what we are, we + must be something that has its market value. As, however, only + objects in common use have a market value, this desire is the + consequence either of shrewd modesty or of stupid immodesty.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">335.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Moral for + Builders.</span></span>—We must remove the scaffolding when the + house has been built.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">336.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Sophocleanism.</span></span>—Who poured + more water into wine than the Greeks? Sobriety and grace + combined—that was the aristocratic privilege of the Athenian in the + time of Sophocles and after. Imitate that whoever can! In life and + in work!</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">337.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Heroism.</span></span>—The heroic + consists in doing something great (or in nobly <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">not</span></em> + doing something) without feeling oneself to be in competition + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">with</span></em> or <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">before</span></em> + others. The hero carries with him, wherever he goes, the wilderness + and the holy land with inviolable precincts.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">338.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Finding + our</span> <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">“</span><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Double</span><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">”</span></span> <span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">in Nature.</span></span>—In some country + places we rediscover ourselves, with a delightful shudder: it is + the pleasantest way of finding our <span class= + "tei tei-q">“double.”</span>—How happy must he be who has + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page360">[pg 360]</span><a name= + "Pg360" id="Pg360" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> that feeling just + here, in this perpetually sunny October air, in this happy elfin + play of the wind from morn till eve, in this clearest of + atmospheres and mildest of temperatures, in all the serious yet + cheerful landscape of hill, lake, and forest on this plateau, which + has encamped fearlessly next to the terrors of eternal snow: here, + where Italy and Finland have joined hands, and where the home of + all the silver colour-tones of Nature seems to be established. How + happy must he be who can say, <span class="tei tei-q">“True, there + are many grander and finer pieces of scenery, but this is so + familiar and intimate to me, related by blood, nay even more to + me!”</span></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">339.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Affability of + the Sage.</span></span>—The sage will unconsciously be affable in + his intercourse with other men, as a prince would be, and will + readily treat them as equals, in spite of all differences of + talent, rank, and character. For this characteristic, however, so + soon as people notice it, he is most heavily censured.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">340.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Gold.</span></span>—All that is gold + does not glitter. A soft sheen characterises the most precious + metal.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">341.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Wheel and + Drag.</span></span>—The wheel and the drag have different duties, + but also one in common—that of hurting each other.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page361">[pg 361]</span><a name= + "Pg361" id="Pg361" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">342.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Disturbances of + the Thinker.</span></span>—All that interrupts the thinker in his + thoughts (disturbs him, as people say) must be regarded by him + calmly, as a new model who comes in by the door to offer himself to + the artist. Interruptions are the ravens which bring food to the + recluse.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">343.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Being very + Clever.</span></span>—Being very clever keeps men young, but they + must put up with being considered, for that very reason, older than + they are. For men read the handwriting of the intellect as signs of + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">experience</span></em>—that is, of having + lived much and evilly, of suffering, error, and repentance. Hence, + if we are very clever and show it, we appear to them older and + wickeder than we are.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">344.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">How we must + Conquer.</span></span>—We ought not to desire victory if we only + have the prospect of overcoming our opponent by a hair's breadth. A + good victory makes the vanquished rejoice, and must have about it + something divine which spares <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">humiliation</span></em>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">345.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">An Illusion of + Superior Minds.</span></span>—Superior minds find it difficult to + free themselves from an illusion; for they imagine that they excite + envy among the mediocre and are looked upon as exceptions. + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page362">[pg 362]</span><a name= + "Pg362" id="Pg362" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> As a matter of fact, + however, they are looked upon as superfluous, as something that + would not be missed if it did not exist.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">346.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Demanded by + Cleanliness.</span></span>—Changing opinions is in some natures as + much demanded by cleanliness as changing clothes. In the case of + other natures it is only demanded by vanity.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">347.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Also Worthy of + a Hero.</span></span>—Here is a hero who did nothing but shake the + tree as soon as the fruits were ripe. Do you think that too small a + thing? Well, just look at the tree that he shook.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">348.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">A Gauge for + Wisdom.</span></span>—The growth of wisdom may be gauged exactly by + the diminution of ill-temper.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">349.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Expressing an + Error Disagreeably.</span></span>—It is not to every one's taste to + hear truth pleasantly expressed. But let no one at least believe + that error will become truth if it is disagreeably expressed.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">350.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Golden + Maxim.</span></span>—Man has been bound with many chains, in order + that he may forget to <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page363">[pg + 363]</span><a name="Pg363" id="Pg363" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + comport himself like an animal. And indeed he has become more + gentle, more intellectual, more joyous, more meditative than any + animal. But now he still suffers from having carried his chains so + long, from having been so long without pure air and free + movement—these chains, however, are, as I repeat again and again, + the ponderous and significant errors of moral, religious, and + metaphysical ideas. Only when the disease of chains is overcome is + the first great goal reached—the separation of man from the brute. + At present we stand in the midst of our work of removing the + chains, and in doing so we need the strictest precautions. Only the + ennobled man may be granted freedom of spirit; to him alone comes + the alleviation of life and heals his wounds; he is the first who + can say that he lives for the sake of joy, with no other aim; in + any other mouth, his motto of <span class="tei tei-q">“Peace around + me and goodwill towards all the most familiar things,”</span> would + be dangerous.—In this motto for single individuals he is thinking + of an ancient saying, magnificent and pathetic, which applied to + all, and has remained standing above all mankind, as a motto and a + beacon whereby shall perish all who adorn their banner too + early—the rock on which Christianity foundered. It is not even yet + time, it seems, for <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">all men</span></em> to have the lot of those + shepherds who saw the heavens lit up above them and heard the + words: <span class="tei tei-q">“Peace on earth and goodwill to one + another among men.”</span>—It is still the age of the + individual.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-tb"> + <hr style="width: 50%" /> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page364">[pg 364]</span><a name= + "Pg364" id="Pg364" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Shadow</span></span>: Of all that you have enunciated, nothing + pleased me more than one promise: <span class="tei tei-q">“Ye want + again to be good neighbours to the most familiar things.”</span> + This will be to the advantage of us poor shadows too. For do but + confess that you have hitherto been only too fond of reviling + us.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Wanderer</span></span>: Reviling? But why did you never defend + yourselves? After all, you were very close to our ears.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Shadow</span></span>: It seemed to us that we were too near you to + have a right to talk of ourselves.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Wanderer</span></span>: What delicacy! Ah, you shadows are + <span class="tei tei-q">“better men”</span><a id="noteref_30" name= + "noteref_30" href="#note_30"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">30</span></span></a> than + we, I can see that.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Shadow</span></span>: And yet you called us <span class= + "tei tei-q">“importunate”</span>—us, who know one thing at least + extremely well: how to be silent and to wait—no Englishman knows it + better. It is true we are very, very often in the retinue of men, + but never as their bondsmen. When man shuns light, we shun man—so + far, at least, we are free.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Wanderer</span></span>: Ah, light shuns man far oftener, and then + also you abandon him.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Shadow</span></span>: It has often pained me to leave you. I am + eager for knowledge, and much in man has remained obscure to me, + because I cannot always be in his company. At the price of complete + knowledge of man I would gladly be your slave.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Wanderer</span></span>: Do you know, do I know, whether you would + not then unwittingly become master instead <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page365">[pg 365]</span><a name="Pg365" id="Pg365" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> of slave? Or would remain a slave indeed, but + would lead a life of humiliation and disgust because you despised + your master? Let us both be content with freedom such as you have + enjoyed up to now—you and I! For the sight of a being not free + would embitter my greatest joys; all that is best would be + repugnant to me if any one had to share it with me—I will not hear + of any slaves about me. That is why I do not care for the dog, that + lazy, tail-wagging parasite, who first became <span class= + "tei tei-q">“doggish”</span> as the slave of man, and of whom they + still say that he is loyal to his master and follows him like——</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Shadow</span></span>: Like his shadow, they say. Perhaps I have + already followed you too long to-day? It has been the longest day, + but we are nearing the end; be patient a little more! The grass is + damp; I am feeling chilly.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Wanderer</span></span>: Oh, is it already time to part? And I had + to hurt you in the end—I saw you became darker.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Shadow</span></span>: I blushed the only colour I have at command. + I remembered that I had often lain at your feet like a dog, and + that you then——</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Wanderer</span></span>: Can I not with all speed do something to + please you? Have you no wish?</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Shadow</span></span>: None, except perhaps the wish that the + philosophic <span class="tei tei-q">“dog”</span><a id="noteref_31" + name="noteref_31" href="#note_31"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">31</span></span></a> + expressed to Alexander the Great—just move a little out of my + light; I feel cold.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Wanderer</span></span>: What am I to do?</p><span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page366">[pg 366]</span><a name="Pg366" id="Pg366" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Shadow</span></span>: Walk under those fir-trees and look around + you towards the mountains; the sun is sinking.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Wanderer</span></span>: Where are you? Where are you?</p> + </div> + </div> + </div> + <hr class="doublepage" /> + + <div class="tei tei-back" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 6.00em"> + <div id="footnotes" class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc9" id="toc9"></a> <a name="pdf10" id="pdf10"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Footnotes</span></h1> + + <dl class="tei tei-list-footnotes"> + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_1" name="note_1" href= + "#noteref_1">1.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Foreword”</span> and <span class= + "tei tei-q">“forword”</span> would be the literal rendering of the + play on words.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_2" name="note_2" href= + "#noteref_2">2.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The allusion is to the ending of the + Second Part of Goethe's <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Faust</span></span>—<span class= + "tei tei-q">“das Ewig Weibliche Zieht uns <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">hinan</span></em>!”</span>—<span class= + "tei tei-q">“The Eternal Feminine Draweth us <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">on</span></em>!”</span>—<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_3" name="note_3" href= + "#noteref_3">3.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">It has been attempted to render the + play on <span class="tei tei-q">“Gewissen”</span> and <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Wissen.”</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_4" name="note_4" href= + "#noteref_4">4.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cf. John i. 1.—<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_5" name="note_5" href= + "#noteref_5">5.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The German word <span lang="de" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="de"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Mitfreude</span></span>, coined by Nietzsche + in opposition to <span lang="de" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "de"><span style="font-style: italic">Mitleid</span></span> + (sympathy), is untranslateable.—<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_6" name="note_6" href= + "#noteref_6">6.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Herostratus of Ephesus (in 356 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>) set fire to the + temple of Diana in order (as he confessed on the rack) to gain + notoriety.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_7" name="note_7" href= + "#noteref_7">7.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Quotation from Schiller, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Don + Carlos</span></span>, i. 5.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_8" name="note_8" href= + "#noteref_8">8.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">This, of course, refers to Jesus and + Socrates.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_9" name="note_9" href= + "#noteref_9">9.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Queen of the Amazons, slain by + Achilles in the Trojan War.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_10" name="note_10" href= + "#noteref_10">10.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">From Schiller, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Wallenstein's + Lager</span></span>: <span class="tei tei-q">“Wer den Besten seiner + Zeit genug gethan, der hat gelebt für alle Zeiten”</span> + (<span class="tei tei-q">“He that has satisfied the best men of his + time has lived for all time”</span>).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_11" name="note_11" href= + "#noteref_11">11.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">In German <span lang="de" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="de"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Barockstil</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> + the degenerate post-Renaissance style in art and literature, which + spread from Italy in the seventeenth century.—<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_12" name="note_12" href= + "#noteref_12">12.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The original word, <span lang="de" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="de"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Freizügig</span></span>, means, in the modern + German Empire, possessing the free right of migration, without + pecuniary burdens or other restrictions, from one German state to + another. The play on words in <span lang="de" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="de"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Zug zur Freiheit</span></span> (<span class= + "tei tei-q">“impulse to freedom”</span>) is + untranslateable.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_13" name="note_13" href= + "#noteref_13">13.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Nietzsche seems to allude to his own + case, for he ultimately contracted a myopia which bordered on + blindness.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_14" name="note_14" href= + "#noteref_14">14.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The play on <span lang="de" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="de"><span style= + "font-style: italic">bergen</span></span> (shelter) and <span lang= + "de" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="de"><span style= + "font-style: italic">verbergen</span></span> (hide) is + untranslateable.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_15" name="note_15" href= + "#noteref_15">15.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Allusion to German proverb: + <span class="tei tei-q">“Where there is nothing, the Emperor has + lost his rights.”</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_16" name="note_16" href= + "#noteref_16">16.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Genesis xiii. 9.—<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_17" name="note_17" href= + "#noteref_17">17.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Luke viii. 33.—<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_18" name="note_18" href= + "#noteref_18">18.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The play on Freudenschaften + (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> pleasure-giving passions) + and <span lang="de" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "de"><span style="font-style: italic">Leidenschaften</span></span> + (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> pain-giving passions) is + often used by Nietzsche, and is untranslateable.—<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Tr.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_19" name="note_19" href= + "#noteref_19">19.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The wife of the Stoic Thrasea Paetus, + when their complicity in the great conspiracy of 65 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span> against Nero was + discovered, is reported to have said as she committed suicide, + <span class="tei tei-q">“It doesn't hurt, + Paetus.”</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Tr.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_20" name="note_20" href= + "#noteref_20">20.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">It is interesting to compare this + judgment with Carlyle's praise of Jean Paul. The dressing-gown is + an allusion to Jean Paul's favourite costume.—<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_21" name="note_21" href= + "#noteref_21">21.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The German copyright expires thirty + years after publication.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_22" name="note_22" href= + "#noteref_22">22.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Nietzsche himself was extremely + short-sighted.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_23" name="note_23" href= + "#noteref_23">23.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">In the sixth century <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> Pythagoras founded at + Croton a <span class="tei tei-q">“school”</span> somewhat + resembling a monastic order. Among the ordeals for novitiates was + enforced silence for five years.—<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_24" name="note_24" href= + "#noteref_24">24.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">In the German <span lang="de" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="de"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Aufklärung</span></span> there is a play on + the sense <span class="tei tei-q">“clearing up”</span> (of weather) + and <span class="tei tei-q">“enlightenment.”</span>—<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_25" name="note_25" href= + "#noteref_25">25.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Stendhal.—<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_26" name="note_26" href= + "#noteref_26">26.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A transposition of <span lang="it" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="it"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sacrifizio dell' intelletto</span></span>, the + Jesuit maxim.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_27" name="note_27" href= + "#noteref_27">27.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The original, by a curious slip, has + <span class="tei tei-q">“seventh.”</span>—<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_28" name="note_28" href= + "#noteref_28">28.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Clearly autobiographical. Nietzsche, + like all great men, passed through a period of modesty and + doubt.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_29" name="note_29" href= + "#noteref_29">29.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Nietzsche here alludes to his own + countrymen.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_30" name="note_30" href= + "#noteref_30">30.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">An allusion to the poem <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Der Wilde”</span> (The Savage) by Säume, which ends + with the line, <span class="tei tei-q">“Sehet, wir wilden sind doch + bessere Menschen”</span> (Behold, after all, we savages are better + men).—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_31" name="note_31" href= + "#noteref_31">31.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Diogenes, founder of the Cynic school, + which derived its name from κυών (dog).—<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span></dd> + </dl> + </div> + <hr class="doublepage" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <div id="pgfooter" class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <pre class="pre tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> +***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HUMAN, ALL-TOO-HUMAN, PART II*** +</pre> + <hr class="doublepage" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> + <a name="rightpageheader11" id="rightpageheader11"></a><a name= + "pgtoc12" id="pgtoc12"></a><a name="pdf13" id="pdf13"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Credits</span></h1> + + <table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <tbody> + <tr> + <th class="tei tei-label tei-label-gloss">October 24, + 2011 </th> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td class="tei tei-item tei-item-gloss"> + <table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" + style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Project Gutenberg TEI + edition 1</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item"><span class= + "tei tei-respStmt"><span class= + "tei tei-name">Produced by Gary Rees, David King, + and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at + <http://www.pgdp.net/>. 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