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diff --git a/37754-h/37754-h.htm b/37754-h/37754-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3189e60 --- /dev/null +++ b/37754-h/37754-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,6747 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> +<head> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" /> +<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of A Narrative of Service with the Third Wisconsin Infantry, by Julian Wisner Hinkley</title> + <style type="text/css"> + +body { + margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; +} + + h1,h2,h3,h5 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; +} + +p { + margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; +} + +.hanging {margin-left: 2em; + text-indent: -2em;} + +hr { + margin: 3em auto 3em auto; + height: 0px; + border-width: 1px 0 0 0; + border-style: solid; + border-color: #dcdcdc; + width: 500px; + clear: both; +} + +hr.hr2 { + width: 250px; + margin: 3em auto 3em auto; +} + +table { + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; +} + +table.toc { + margin: auto; + width: 50%; +} + +td.c1 { + text-align: right; + vertical-align: top; + padding-right: 1em; +} + +td.c2 { + text-align: left; + margin-left: 0em; + padding-left: 2em; + text-indent: -2em; + padding-right: 1em; + vertical-align: top; +} + +td.c3 { + text-align: right; + padding-left: 1em; + vertical-align: bottom; +} + +td { padding: 0em 1em; } +th { padding: 0em 1em; } + + .pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: smaller; + text-align: right; + color: #999; +} /* page numbers */ + + + .blockquot { + margin-left: 5%; + margin-right: 10%; +} + + .bbox {border: solid 2px;} + + .center {text-align: center;} + + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + + .u {text-decoration: underline;} + + .caption {font-weight: bold;} + + .gap { margin-top: 1em; } + +/* Images */ + .figcenter { + margin: auto; + text-align: center; +} + + .bord img { + padding: 1px; + border: 1px solid black; +} + +p.caption { + margin-top: 0; + font-size: 70%; + text-align: left; +} + +p.caption2 { + margin-top: 0; + font-size: 70%; + text-align: center; +} + +/* Transcriber Notes */ +div.tn { + background-color: #EEE; + border: dashed 1px; + color: #000; + margin-left: 20%; + margin-right: 20%; + margin-top: 5em; + margin-bottom: 5em; + padding: 1em; +} + +ul.corrections { + list-style-type: circle; +} + +ins {text-decoration:none; border-bottom: thin dotted gray;} .tnote {border: dashed 1px; margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;padding-bottom: .5em; padding-top: .5em; padding-left: .5em; padding-right: .5em;} + + + +/* Footnotes */ +div.fn { + background-color: #EEE; + border: dashed 1px; + color: #000; + margin-left: 20%; + margin-right: 20%; + margin-top: 5em; + margin-bottom: 5em; + padding: 1em; +} + + .footnote { + margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + font-size: 0.9em; +} + + .footnote .label { + position: absolute; + right: 84%; + text-align: right; +} + + .fnanchor { + vertical-align: super; + font-size: .8em; + text-decoration: none; +} + + + .signature { + text-align: right; + margin-right: 5%; +} + + .signature1 { + text-align: right; + margin-right: 10%; +} + + .signature2 { + text-align: right; + margin-right: 15%; +} + +/* INDEX */ +ul.index { list-style-type: none; + width: 20em; + margin: 2em auto; +} + +ul.index2 { list-style-type: none; } + +li.pad { padding-top: 2.0%; } + + hr.full { width: 100%; + margin-top: 3em; + margin-bottom: 0em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + height: 4px; + border-width: 4px 0 0 0; /* remove all borders except the top one */ + border-style: solid; + border-color: #000000; + clear: both; } + pre {font-size: 85%;} + </style> +</head> +<body> +<h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, A Narrative of Service with the Third +Wisconsin Infantry, by Julian Wisner Hinkley</h1> +<pre> +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at <a href = "http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></pre> +<p>Title: A Narrative of Service with the Third Wisconsin Infantry</p> +<p>Author: Julian Wisner Hinkley</p> +<p>Release Date: October 14, 2011 [eBook #37754]</p> +<p>Language: English</p> +<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p> +<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A NARRATIVE OF SERVICE WITH THE THIRD WISCONSIN INFANTRY***</p> +<p> </p> +<h4 class="center">E-text prepared by Julia Neufeld<br /> + and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br /> + (<a href="http://www.pgdp.net">http://www.pgdp.net</a>)<br /> + from page images generously made available by<br /> + Internet Archive<br /> + (<a href="http://www.archive.org/">http://www.archive.org</a>)</h4> +<p> </p> +<table border="0" style="background-color: #ccccff;margin: 0 auto;" cellpadding="10"> + <tr> + <td valign="top"> + Note: + </td> + <td> + Images of the original pages are available through + Internet Archive. See + <a href="http://www.archive.org/details/narrativeserv05hinkrich"> + http://www.archive.org/details/narrativeserv05hinkrich</a> + </td> + </tr> +</table> +<p> </p> +<hr class="full" /> +<p> </p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>SERVICE WITH THE THIRD WISCONSIN<br /> +INFANTRY</h2> + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 396px;"> +<img src="images/i004.jpg" width="396" height="600" alt="Julian Wisner Hinkley +From a photograph taken in July, 1864"" title="Julian Wisner Hinkley" /> +<span class="caption">Julian Wisner Hinkley<br /> +From a photograph taken in July, 1864</span> +</div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h5><span class="smcap">Wisconsin History Commission: Original Papers, No. 7</span></h5> +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<h1>A NARRATIVE OF SERVICE<br /> + +WITH THE THIRD WISCONSIN INFANTRY</h1> + +<h2>BY JULIAN WISNER HINKLEY</h2> + +<div class="center"><span class="smcap">Captain of Company E, and sometime Acting Major<br /> +of said Regiment</span><br /> +<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> + +WISCONSIN HISTORY COMMISSION<br /> + +SEPTEMBER, 1912<br /> +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> +TWENTY-FIVE HUNDRED COPIES PRINTED<br /> +<br /><br /><br /> +Copyright, 1912<br /> + +THE WISCONSIN HISTORY COMMISSION<br /> + +(in behalf of the State of Wisconsin)<br /> +</div> + +<p>Opinions or errors of fact on the part of the respective authors of the Commission's +publications (whether Reprints or Original Narratives) have not been modified or +corrected by the Commission. For all statements, of whatever character, the Author +alone is responsible</p> + +<div class="center">DEMOCRAT PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTER</div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">[v]</a></span></p> +<h2>Contents</h2> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="right">PAGE</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Wisconsin History Commission</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_viii">viii</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Editor's Preface</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_ix">ix</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Service with the Third Wisconsin Infantry:</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> Enlistment and training</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> Departure for the front</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_7">7</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> Service in Maryland</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_9">9</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> On the trail of Stonewall Jackson</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_15">15</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> The tables turned</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_22">22</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> At Cedar Mountain</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_32">32</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> The Army retreats northward</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_38">38</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> Moving toward the enemy</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_47">47</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> Battle of South Mountain</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_49">49</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> Battle of Antietam</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> In winter quarters</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_63">63</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> Chancellorsville</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> A cavalry expedition</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_78">78</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> Gettysburg</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_80">80</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> On draft riot duty</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_92">92</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> With the Army of the Cumberland</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> The Third veteranizes</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_102">102</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> Reorganizing Lincoln County</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_106">106</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">[vi]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> Opening of the Atlanta campaign</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_116">116</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> Wounded and in hospital</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_124">124</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> The siege of Atlanta</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_129">129</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> The march to the sea</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_146">146</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> In front of Savannah</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_153">153</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> In Savannah</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_163">163</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> Marching northward</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_166">166</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> Peace</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_173">173</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> Homeward</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_176">176</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Index</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_183">183</a></td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[vii]</a></span></p> +<h2><span class="smcap">Illustration</span></h2> + + +<div class="center">Portrait of the Author <i>Frontispiece</i></div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">[viii]</a></span></p> +<h2><span class="smcap">Wisconsin History Commission</span></h2> + + +<p class="hanging"> +(Organized under the provisions of Chapter 298,<br /> +Laws of 1905, as amended by Chapter 378,<br /> +Laws of 1907, Chapter 445, Laws of 1909,<br /> +and Chapter 628, Laws of 1911)<br /></p> + +<p>FRANCIS E. McGOVERN<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><i>Governor of Wisconsin</i></span> +</p> + +<p> +CHARLES E. ESTABROOK<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><i>Representing Department of Wisconsin, Grand</i></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;"><i>Army of the Republic</i></span> +</p> + +<p> +REUBEN G. THWAITES<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><i>Superintendent of the State Historical Society of</i></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;"><i>Wisconsin</i></span> +</p> + +<p> +CARL RUSSELL FISH<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><i>Professor of American History in the University of</i></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;"><i>Wisconsin</i></span> +</p> + +<p> +MATTHEW S. DUDGEON<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><i>Secretary of the Wisconsin Library Commission</i></span> +</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p> +<i>Chairman</i>, <span class="smcap">Commissioner Estabrook</span><br /> +<i>Secretary and Editor</i>, <span class="smcap">Commissioner Thwaites</span><br /> +<i>Committee on Publications</i>, <span class="smcap">Commissioners Thwaites<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">and Fish</span></span> +</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">[ix]</a></span></p> +<h2>EDITOR'S PREFACE</h2> + + +<p>The author of this volume was born at Vernon, +Connecticut, on March 12, 1838, of a long line of +New England ancestry; he was sixth in order of +descent from Governor Thomas Hinkley of Plymouth +Colony. Coming to Wisconsin in his eleventh +year, Julian grew to young manhood on his +father's farm at Waupun and in Portage County. +In 1858, our author left the farm and started life +for himself—teaching school in winter, and working +as a carpenter each summer.</p> + +<p>On April 19, 1861, Mr. Hinkley enlisted in the +Waupun Light Guard for three months. But the +services of the organization were not accepted for +that short term by the State military authorities, so +on May 8 they were proffered and accepted for the +war, and the organization became Company E of +the Third Wisconsin Infantry. Hinkley was at +the organization appointed First-Sergeant; but on +February 6, 1862, he was commissioned Second-Lieutenant +of his company, became First-Lieutenant +on November 1 following, and on May 4,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">[x]</a></span> +1863, took command of the Company as Captain. +He continued to serve the Third Wisconsin until +its final discharge and payment in Madison on August +26, 1865, but during the last few months of +this period was the acting Major of the Regiment. +Since the war, Major Hinkley has been largely +engaged in erecting public buildings, and has a +wide acquaintance throughout Northeast Wisconsin.</p> + +<p>The Commission is much pleased at this opportunity +to publish Major Hinkley's <i>Narrative</i>. +The book has only in part been written from memory. +It has been made up from several excellent +sources: (1) A manuscript diary kept from day +to day, or week to week, by Mr. Hinkley during +the years of his service; (2) several contemporary +letters written by him, either to the local press of +his section of the State, or to relatives and friends at +home; and lastly (3), a manuscript narrative written +by the author several years after the war, for +the edification of his children. The work of amalgamating +these diverse materials has fallen to the +lot of the editorial department of the Commission; +the result, however, has been passed upon in detail<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi">[xi]</a></span> +by Major Hinkley, and in its present continuous +form accepted by him as his final narrative. This +method of compilation has secured a manuscript +possessing a contemporaneous flavor and accuracy, +not usual with reminiscences. The Commissioners +feel that the book is an interesting and valuable +contribution to the literature of the war, being the +view-point of a company commander in one of the +most active of Wisconsin regiments, throughout +the entire period of the struggle.</p> + +<div class="signature">R. G. T.</div> +<p> +<span class="smcap">Wisconsin Historical Library</span><br /> +<br /> + September, 1912</p> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[1]</a></span></p> +<h2>SERVICE <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'IN'">WITH</ins> THE THIRD WISCONSIN<br /> +INFANTRY</h2> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><i>Enlistment and Training</i></h2> + + +<p>The presidential election of 1860 found me +just become of age. I exercised my newly-acquired +rights of citizenship, in the then little village +of Waupun, Wisconsin, by participating in the +hurrahing and torchlight processions that in those +days characterized a political campaign. I was +a carpenter by trade, but immediately after the +election went to teach a country school in the +backwoods town of Buena Vista, in Portage +County. Daily papers in that sparsely settled +community were of course an unknown luxury, +and it was only through the weeklies that we +heard of the gathering storm in the Nation. From +them we learned how State after State in the +South were holding conventions, that they were +passing ordinances of secession, and that the delegates +were gathering at Montgomery, Alabama, +to organize the Confederate States of America.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[2]</a></span>In the North, few people seemed as yet to +realize that a great war was impending. The +Southern newspapers boastfully asserted that secession +might be accomplished in peace, for the +Northerners were a nation of shopkeepers and +mechanics, who would never fight to prevent it. +And these statements, reprinted in the Northern +papers, were far from soothing, for there is nothing +that so quickly arouses the combativeness of men, +and especially of young men, as the intimation +that they are cowards. Thus were the younger +and more hot-headed men on both sides being +stirred to warlike feeling by newspaper writers, +until such hostile sentiment was aroused that war +was inevitable.</p> + +<p>Immediately after the secession of South Carolina, +I had expressed my intention, in conversation +with my friends, that should war follow, I +would have a hand in it. This determination +grew as events drifted on from bad to worse. I +cannot say that I was very strongly animated by a +love for the Union in the abstract, or that I considered +the abolition of slavery worth fighting for; +but I felt that the dismemberment of the Union by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span> +armed force, submitted to without a struggle, +would be a disgrace to the whole North.</p> + +<p>The events of the following winter and spring +are a part of the history of the Nation. Abraham +Lincoln was inaugurated on March 4, 1861. On +April 12, Fort Sumter was fired upon, and surrendered +on the 14th. On April 15 Lincoln issued +his call for troops, and the war had burst +upon the Nation in all its fury.</p> + +<p>Waupun for a number of years maintained +an independent military company, called the +Waupun Light Guard. This organization had +in its possession forty stand of arms belonging to +the State, and uniforms for about twenty of its +members. On the morning of April 19, I had +gone down to the main street of the village to buy +a paper. While discussing with Captain Clark +of the military company, the events of the day, an +agent of the State, who had just arrived on the +morning train, approached us. He read to the +Captain a notice that his company must at once be +filled up to the regulation standard and reported +for active duty, or surrender its arms, to be used by +other companies going into service.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span>I had not heretofore belonged to this company, +but at once told the Captain that I would enlist, +and aid him to fill his command to the required +standard. A meeting was called for that night, +and with the assistance of the patriotic people of +the village and surrounding country, the company +was filled up by nine o'clock of the next morning. +A telegram was immediately sent to Madison, +tendering service for the ninety-day call. We had +acted promptly and swiftly, yet not quite swiftly +enough. Twenty-three other companies had filed +notice before us, and the quota of Wisconsin was +full.</p> + +<p>Enthusiasm among the men ran high, however, +and when on May 8 it was learned that no more +ninety-day men could be accepted, it was determined +by vote to tender service for the entire war, +however long that might be. Those whose business +was such that they could not leave home for +longer than ninety days retired, but their places +were quickly taken by others who were anxious to +go. We were now accepted, and assigned to the +Third Wisconsin Volunteers and ordered to rendevouz<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span> +at Fond du Lac as soon as camp equipage +could be furnished.</p> + +<p>The former officers of the company were retained, +with the consent of the newly-enlisted men, +and additional non-commissioned officers were +elected. Among the latter I was chosen First +Sergeant, which position I held until promoted +to a Second-Lieutenancy.</p> + +<p>We boarded at the best hotels in the village, +until ordered into camp. We were drilled several +hours each day, and prepared for the work in store +for us by the study of tactics and army regulations. +At length, after what seemed to us in our impatience +an interminable delay, we went into +camp at Fond du Lac on June 15, and for the first +time lived in tents. We now had daily company +and battalion drill, together with officers' school in +tactics and sword exercise. Colonel Thomas H. +Ruger, our commander, was a West Point graduate, +and under his efficient direction we became, +before we had been very long in the service, as +thoroughly drilled and disciplined as any regiment +of regulars. Indeed we all felt sure, while we<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span> +were still at Fond du Lac, that we were already +veterans.</p> + +<p>On June 28 appeared Captain McIntyre of the +regular army to inspect us and muster us into the +service of the United States. And here occurred a +difficulty which illustrates how confidently the +people of the North expected that the war would +be of only short duration. Many of the best men +in the company, who had been entirely willing to +enlist "for the war," objected to being mustered +in for a three-years' term of service as required by +the instructions of the Federal Government. It was +only after considerable persuasion that they were +all finally induced to do so. Probably not one of +them had the slightest idea that he would serve for +three years, and then enlist again for another three +years, before the great struggle would be ended.</p> + +<p>On the day after mustering in, uniforms were +issued to us, consisting of light-grey trousers, +mixed-grey blouse, and light-coloured hat. At +first, they looked bright and fine, but they were of +such poor quality, especially the trousers, that +within ten days it was necessary to furnish the entire +regiment with common blue workingmen's<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span> +overalls, in order that we might with decency be +seen upon the streets. Some money-loving patriot +contractor had gathered in his reward from the +State of Wisconsin by providing us with shoddy +clothes; and in the end it came out of the pay of +the Regiment.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><i>Departure for the Front</i></h2> + + +<p>The preparations for departure were soon completed, +and on July 12, 1861, we shouldered our +knapsacks, strapped on our haversacks, containing +several days' rations, and boarded the railroad +cars for the seat of war in Virginia. The train of +twenty-four coaches pulled out of the station amid +the cheers and farewells of our many friends, who +had gathered to see us off. All were in the best of +spirits. It seemed to us as though we were setting +out on a grand pleasure excursion. No thought of +death or disaster appeared to cross the mind of +anyone. And yet how many were saying farewell, +never to return!</p> + +<p>Our route took us through Chicago, Toledo, +Cleveland, and Erie. Everywhere we were +feasted and toasted by the enthusiastic people<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span> +along the line. At Buffalo the entire population +seemed to have turned out to welcome the wild +woodsmen of the Northwest. The local military +companies of that city escorted us through the principal +streets; speeches were made by the mayor +and prominent citizens. We were very soon convinced +that we were, indeed, heroes in embryo. +At Williamsport, Pennsylvania, we were given +a reception surpassing anything that had gone +before; even now, more than fifty years after, its +pleasant recollections still linger in my mind. +Tables were set along the sidewalk in the shade +of magnificent trees, and these tables were literally +loaded with all the good things that could tempt +an epicure. There were, besides, fair ladies without +number to welcome us, and wait upon our +needs.</p> + +<p>On July 16 we reached Hagerstown, Maryland, +where we went into camp, and where on the +next day we were equipped with a complete outfit +of muskets, ammunition, and camp utensils. The +degree of preparation of the Federal Government +for war at this time, may be judged from the fact +that the muskets issued to us were old-time smooth-bore<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span> +Springfields, that had been rifled for a minie-ball; +they were so light, that their barrels would +spring after the rapid firing of a dozen shots.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><i>Service in Maryland</i></h2> + + +<p>On the morning of July 17 we broke camp and +started for Harpers Ferry, thirty miles distant. +Now for the first time I began to realize what it +was to be a soldier. I carried a knapsack laden +with the various things that kind friends at home +had thought necessary for a soldier's comfort, a +haversack containing two days' rations, a musket +with accoutrements, and forty rounds of ammunition, +altogether weighing not less than fifty +pounds. The weather was extremely hot and the +roads very muddy, so that by the time we had gone +fifteen miles I was entirely ready to go into camp.</p> + +<p>Our camp was pitched on the side of a hill. +Our mess, in order to find as level a sleeping place +as possible, pitched the tent in a low place, and in +our ignorance of camp life we neglected to dig a +ditch around it. A sudden shower came up soon +after we had gone to sleep, and in a short time we +found ourselves lying in a pool of water. And as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span> +if this were not misfortune enough, our tent pins, +loosened by the soaking of the ground, suddenly +pulled out, and down came our canvas shelter. +Subsequent experience enabled me to sleep in wet +blankets, or in no blankets at all, just as well as +in the best bed; but at this time it was impossible. +So gathering a rubber blanket around my shoulders, +I found a large stone, and remained upon it +for the rest of the night. In the morning we continued +the march toward Harpers Ferry. Our +camp for the next night was pitched on a bit of +comparatively level ground on the east side of +Maryland Heights, overlooking the little village +of Sandy Hook, and about a mile distant from +Harpers Ferry. A more thoroughly used-up lot +of men than ours that night, it would be hard to +find.</p> + +<p>My first military duty was to guard the ford at +Harpers Ferry and the bridges across the canal. +The region was historic ground, and I took this +opportunity to visit the old arsenal, then in ruins, +and the old engine-house where John Brown had +battled so bravely for his life. I made it a point +also to visit Jefferson's Rock, the view from which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span> +Jefferson, in his <i>Notes on Virginia</i>, says is worth a +voyage across the Atlantic to see.</p> + +<p>On September 15, while encamped in the vicinity +of Darnestown, we were ordered, late in the +day, to break camp and take the road toward the +west. Our destination was not disclosed to us, +and there was a great deal of speculation among +the men as to the object of this secret and hurried +march. The next day we found out from citizens +along the road that we were on the way to Frederick +City, the capital of Maryland. We arrived +there late on the afternoon of the 16th, and received +an enthusiastic welcome from the citizens +of that loyal town. Early the next morning, guards +were stationed on all roads leading out of town, +and detachments of men, accompanied by detectives, +proceeded to arrest the members of the +Maryland Legislature, who had assembled there +for the purpose of passing an ordinance of secession. +It was thus that Maryland was saved to the +Union by the promptness of General McClellan. +Her secessionist legislators found themselves, +shortly after, assembled at Fort McHenry, with +leisure to meditate upon their schemes.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span>The Regiment remained in camp at Frederick +City until late in October. The usual monotony +of camp life, with its drills, dress parades, and +guard mountings, was broken only by the arrival +of the paymaster with crisp new greenbacks of the +first issue, and by the appearance of new blue uniforms +in exchange for our tattered array. To the +old grey we bade adieu without a sigh of regret, +and proudly donned the blue of United States +soldiers.</p> + +<p>One interesting incident occurred during our +stay here, which gave us a subject for discussion +for several days. News had been brought to us of +a large quantity of wheat, stored in a mill in Harpers +Ferry, which was about to be ground into +flour for the use of the Confederate army. An +expedition to capture it was soon organized under +command of Colonel John W. Geary of the +Twenty-Eighth Pennsylvania. It was composed +of a detachment of two hundred men from our regiment +under command of Captain Bertram, with +similar detachments from the Twelfth Massachusetts +and Twenty-Eighth Pennsylvania, besides a +section of artillery. The expedition was successful;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span> +the wheat was safely removed to the north +side of the river, and the command was ready to +return, when a large force of the enemy appeared, +seemingly disposed for a fight. Our men were +quite willing to accommodate them, and moved +up the hill toward Bolivar Heights, where the +enemy was already strongly posted with artillery. +Skirmishing immediately commenced. But this +soon proved too slow for our impatient men; they +charged the Confederate position, and soon had +the satisfaction of seeing the last of the Southerners +disappear in the direction of Charlestown, +leaving their artillery in our hands.</p> + +<p>In this engagement the heaviest fighting fell to +the detachment of the Third Wisconsin; the piece +of artillery was brought off by them as a trophy. +This command also sustained all of the loss, having +had six men killed and four wounded. The +dead were brought back and buried with military +honors in the cemetery at Frederick City. The +fight had in a large measure been unnecessary, for +the entire object of the expedition had been accomplished +before the enemy appeared in force; yet<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span> +the moral effect on the men was good, since it +increased their self-confidence.</p> + +<p>On November 1 we rejoined the Division of +General Banks, near Darnestown, where we remained +until the beginning of the next month. +The whole Division then moved to the vicinity of +Frederick City, our Regiment being detailed in the +city as provost guard. We built our barracks in +the old barrack yard, and settled down for the +winter to the regular routine of guard duty. Two +companies were detailed each day—one for the +guard-house, the other to patrol the city and preserve +order. The snow, rain, and mud kept the +ground in such condition that drilling was impossible; +thus we had little to do but kill time with +chess, checkers, cards, and dominoes. The winter +wore slowly away in this uneventful manner. In +January news was received of the victory of General +Thomas at Somerset, Kentucky; also the capture +of Roanoke Island, by General Burnside, and +immediately after this, in February, the great victories +of General Grant at Forts Henry and Donelson. +The enthusiasm of the command over these<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span> +successes knew no bounds, and our impatience to +be on the move could scarcely be restrained.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><i>On the trail of Stonewall Jackson</i></h2> + + +<p>At length the long-wished-for came. On the +morning of February 25, 1862, we bade adieu to +the barracks that had sheltered us so long, and +boarding the cars moved to Sandy Hook, where +we went into camp on the ground that we had left +six months before. During the night there arrived +a train of cars with a pontoon bridge, in charge of +a detachment of United States engineers; and +General McClellan came from Washington by +special train, personally to supervise the movement. +Our Regiment being largely composed of lumbermen +and raftsmen from northern Wisconsin, who +were accustomed to running rafts on the rivers of +our State, readily made up a detail of a hundred +experienced fellows to assist the engineers in laying +the bridge. By noon it was constructed, 1300 +feet long, in a swift current and our Regiment, the +advance of the army, was on its way into Dixie.</p> + +<p>We moved rapidly on to Bolivar Heights without +seeing anything of the enemy, and halted there<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span> +for the night, happy in the thought that at last we +were doing something. On February 28 a strong +reconnoitering party of infantry, artillery, and cavalry, +moved forward, and without opposition occupied +Charlestown. It was a village of national +reputation at that time, for there John Brown was +tried and hung. It was one of the hottest secessionist +spots in the State, any Union sentiment that +might have existed, being carefully concealed. +We remained there for several days quartered in +the various churches and public buildings, while I +improved the opportunity to visit the many points +of interest. On March 2 came my commission as +Second Lieutenant of Company D.</p> + +<p>On March 11 we once more moved forward in +the direction of Winchester, the advance guard +skirmishing with the enemy occasionally, but meeting +no serious resistance. The next morning we +turned out at four o'clock, and advancing through +fields and woods for about an hour, came at length +in sight of the entrenchments of Winchester, about +a mile to the front. Our right and left companies +were thrown forward as skirmishers, in preparation +for a fight, but met with no resistance, and were<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span> +soon clambering over the parapet of the deserted +fort. They pushed on into the town, the remainder +of the Regiment following closely after, and received +from the mayor the formal surrender of the +municipality. It was the first surrender of this interesting +city, which is said to have been captured +and recaptured more than thirty times during the +war. We found here an apparently strong Union +sentiment. As our Regiment marched in with +colors flying and band playing, the citizens were +rejoicing everywhere over their deliverance from +the Confederates. Innumerable handkerchiefs +were waving to welcome us, and in some instances +the stars and stripes were displayed. We +learned from citizens that General Stonewall +Jackson had with 6,000 men, retreated the night +before toward Strasburgh, taking with him quite +a number of the Union citizens of the town.</p> + +<p>We now went into camp a short distance south +of Winchester, where we remained until March +22. Continually we were hearing of the glorious +successes of the Western Army, and becoming +more and more anxious that our Army of the Potomac +should be given an opportunity to rival its<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span> +achievements. A number of changes in the organization +of the Division were made while we were +here in camp. The only one of importance to us +was the transfer of the Second Massachusetts to +our Brigade in place of the Ninth New York, giving +us Colonel Gordon of the Second Massachusetts +as brigade commander in place of General +Hamilton, our old leader. This circumstance was +little liked at the time; but it was the beginning of +our friendship with the Second Massachusetts, +that remained very close throughout the war.</p> + +<p>On March 22 our Division left Winchester to +proceed, as we believed, to Manassas Junction. At +the end of a two days' march we were camping +for the night about three miles east of Snicker's +Gap, in the Blue Ridge. Rumors here began to +circulate, that there had in our absence been considerable +fighting at Winchester. It was reported +that the Confederates had been defeated, but that +General Shields had been wounded in the battle. +We were not, therefore, surprised, the next morning, +to be ordered to march back over the identical +road upon which we had come. We reached +Winchester the same night after a hard march of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span> +twenty-five miles, and learned from its citizens +that there certainly had been a fight. We were +informed that General Jackson had learned of our +departure from Winchester, but had not heard that +Shields was still encamped north of the city. +Jackson had made a hasty move to recapture Winchester, +but had been confronted by Shields near +Kernstown. Here the Confederates had been +completely routed and driven beyond Strasburgh, +with heavy loss in killed and prisoners.</p> + +<p>On the morning after our arrival at Winchester, +I went out to take a view of the battle-field, and +was able to gain some idea of what the future held +in store for us. The wounded had already been +cared for, and some of the dead had been buried; +but sixteen of our dead remained on the field, and +something over three hundred of the enemy's. In +one part of the battle-ground, covered with small +timber and underbrush, where the enemy had for +a time made a stubborn resistance, scarcely a bush +or a tree but showed the marks of bullets at a +height of from three to six feet from the ground. +In my inexperience, I then wondered how any man +could have lived in that thicket; and in truth, not<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span> +many did live there long, for the ground was +strewn with the dead.</p> + +<p>Returning to camp at noon, I found that we +were again under orders to march. We started +out near sundown, moving that night to Strasburgh, +and found the bridge over Cedar Creek, two miles +this side of Strasburgh, destroyed. It had been +burned by Jackson at the time of his first retreat +from Winchester. This precaution had in the recent +fight proved to be his undoing, for in his hasty +flight before Shield's Division, his army, which +up to that place had preserved good order, was +completely disorganized and suffered a loss of two +hundred prisoners.</p> + +<p>We remained at Strasburgh for several days. +During that time I was detailed on a general court +martial to try some soldiers who had been arrested +for depredations on private property. Their offence, +as I was informed, consisted in stealing +chickens and honey, against which stringent orders +were at that time in force. The court convened in +all dignity, and sent word to the General that it +was ready to try the culprits. In a few minutes +Adjutant Wilkins appeared, presented the compliments<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span> +of the General and informed us that the +prisoners had escaped. We were requested to adjourn +until they had been recaptured. As that +court was never reconvened, it may be taken for +granted that the prisoners were never recaptured.</p> + +<p>On the first day of April we again moved forward, +driving the enemy in such haste that they +left their dinners cooking on the fires. Several +times during the day, they opened on us with artillery, +but a few shots from our battery would +quickly send them on again. On the 17th we +made another attempt to get at Jackson's army, +by moving one Division up the Shenandoah River +on the west side, and the other into New Market +from the southwest. Our Regiment was with the +latter Division. After fording a river up to our +armpits, and finding it as cold as melting snow +from the mountains could make it, we found that +the enemy had again shown his heels and once +more was away to the south.</p> + +<p>During the next month we followed the retreating +army of General Jackson to Harrisonburg, +and then came back to Strasburgh. Here we +made some little show of fortifying; but in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span> +main, we were as easy and unconcerned as though +the war was over. And in fact, the good news +received from all quarters, and the orders from the +War Department to stop all recruiting, led us to +believe that the contest was nearly ended. In +camp, bets were freely offered, with no takers, +that the Regiment would be back in Wisconsin by +September. I remember writing to a friend, about +this time, that my part of the work of suppressing +the Rebellion seemed to be about done. How +sadly were we mistaken!</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><i>The Tables Turned</i></h2> + + +<p>We had a rude awakening from our dream of +peace. While we had been idling in fancied security, +General Jackson had gathered a large force +with which to overwhelm us. Our first intimation +of trouble came on the night of May 23, when we +were hastily called to defend our railroad bridge +toward Front Royal against the attack of the enemy. +The next day we were in full retreat toward +Winchester.</p> + +<p>When about half way to Winchester, the enemy, +who had crossed from Front Royal, attacked<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span> +our train in the front. The Fifth Connecticut and +Twenty-Eighth New York were hurried forward, +with the rest of the command following, and the +road was soon cleared. But this had hardly been +accomplished, when the enemy attacked in the +rear, and cut off about fifty wagons. At this new +danger a halt was called, and with two regiments +and a battery, General Banks hastened to the rear. +The lost wagons were recovered, but the animals +having all been driven off or killed, it was necessary +to burn the vehicles. Among the wagons +destroyed was one containing all the rations and +cooking utensils of my Company. We succeeded +at night in securing a few crackers from some of +the more fortunate companies, but most of my men +went supperless to bed. Moreover, there were +prospects for a lively fight in the morning.</p> + +<p>I was awakened early by the picket-firing, +which commenced at daybreak, and found myself +thoroughly chilled from sleeping on the bare +ground, without blankets or shelter. However, +both hunger and cold were soon forgotten in the +more pressing demands upon our attention. The +position chosen by General Banks for the night's<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span> +bivouac was probably the worst that could have +been found between Strasburgh and the Potomac +River. With seven regiments of infantry we occupied +a small field lying between the outskirts of +the city and the hills on the south. The enemy +were in possession of the hills, where they had +erected considerable fortifications. Colonel +Gordon's Brigade was on the right of the road; +that of Colonel Donnelly was on the left—all facing +the enemy.</p> + +<p>Our skirmishers were promptly advanced, and +commenced firing on the enemy in their entrenchments. +Supported by a battery in our rear, which +fired over our heads into their position, we were +maintaining a lively fire, when suddenly it was +discovered that the enemy was passing around +upon our right, with the evident intention of getting +in our rear. The Twenty-Seventh Indiana and +Twenty-Ninth Pennsylvania were hurriedly +moved to the right, but had hardly reached their +position when they were furiously assailed both +in front and flank by the advancing Confederates. +The Twenty-Ninth Pennsylvania received the first +brunt of the attack, and soon was in full retreat.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span> +The Twenty-Seventh Indiana came in for the +next attack, and they also fell back about a quarter +of a mile to some stone walls on the outskirts of +the city. Our Regiment and the Second Massachusetts, +which as yet had scarcely been engaged, +were now faced about and marched to the rear, +until we reached the fenced lots on the outskirts of +the town. Here we were halted, and opened fire +on the enemy, who had appeared in large numbers +upon our front.</p> + +<p>We had soon checked the Confederates immediately +before us. I was looking around to see +how things were going with the others, when I became +aware that Company F and a portion of my +Company were entirely alone. It appears that +orders had been sent around by General Banks to +fall back to the north side of the city; but we, being +separated from the rest of the Regiment by an +intervening street, had not heard them. There we +were, fighting the whole Southern army by ourselves! +I hastened to Captain Limbocker to call his +attention to our position. He saw the situation at a +glance, and left-facing the companies, marched +double-quick through the back streets toward the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span> +main road of the city. By this time our men had +discovered that they were in a close place, and +moved rapidly. Just as we reached the main street +and turned north, I stopped to speak to the Captain, +who was in the rear. As I did so, I saw that +the whole street behind us to the south was swarming +with Confederate soldiers, not fifty feet away. +They were in such confusion, however, that it was +impossible for them to fire, and in fact they did not +seem to try. From that point until we were clear +of the street, it was simply a foot race, in which we +were the winners. They evidently soon tired of +the race, for before we were clear of the street they +had some artillery in position, and shot and shell +were flying harmlessly over our heads.</p> + +<p>We afterwards learned that Colonel Donnelly's +Brigade, which at the beginning of the +fight had been posted out of our sight on the left +of the road, had also, like our Brigade, been assailed +in front and in the flank; and that they also, +had soon been forced back in full retreat.</p> + +<p>We rejoined our Regiment in the line, without +further trouble. From our position we could see +the enemy on the hills west of us, endeavoring by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span> +rapid marching to reach the road in our rear. We +stopped only long enough to gather up our men, +who had become scattered in coming through the +streets of the city, and then moved on toward +Martinsburg. We did no more fighting and no +more running. All of General Banks's command +was ahead of us except two sections of artillery, +and detachments of the First Vermont and First +Michigan Cavalry, which protected our rear and +kept the enemy at a respectful distance. During +the retreat, General Banks did all that lay in the +power of any man to bring off his men without +loss, giving personal attention to the posting of the +rear guard.</p> + +<p>I suppose it was about eight o'clock in the morning +when our Regiment began its march to Martinsburg, +twenty-three miles distant. We arrived +there at about five in the afternoon, without having +stopped for dinner, and without rest. Indeed, +we had no dinner to stop for, and the pursuing +enemy were not inclined to let us rest. We expected +to stop at Martinsburg, but General Banks +did not deem it safe, so after a rest of a half hour<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span> +we were ordered to proceed to Williamsport, +Maryland, twelve miles farther on.</p> + +<p>We arrived at the Potomac, opposite Williamsport, +about ten o'clock that night, tired, hungry, +and in no very good humor over the results of our +two days' work. We managed to secure some +salt pork and a few crackers for supper, after +which we wrapped ourselves in our overcoats, and +took such rest as could be obtained, amid the noise +of men and teams crossing the ferry, and the calls +of stragglers who were coming in and seeking their +regiments. At three o'clock in the morning we +were aroused, and ordered to the ferry. About +an hour later we were across the Potomac on the +Maryland side, drawn up in line of battle and +waiting for the enemy.</p> + +<p>General Banks was untiring in his efforts to +bring our train over safely, even riding into the +water to save mules that had lost their footing, and +were in danger of drowning. He made a speech +to the men, telling them that the enemy had advanced +no farther than Martinsburg, and that +20,000 men had been sent to cut off their retreat.</p> + +<p>The roll call taken at this time showed that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span> +eleven men of Company D were missing. Four of +these came in the next day, having taken a different +route than ours through the mountains. +Four others turned up in Libby prison. Most of +our men had thrown away their knapsacks, some +their haversacks and canteens, and sixteen had lost +their guns.</p> + +<p>We remained at Williamsport until June 10, +receiving new supplies of camp and garrison equipage +to replace those that had been lost or destroyed.</p> + +<p>We were rejoiced during this time to hear that +the Confederates had had the tables turned on +them; that they were being severely pressed between +Shields's and Frémont's armies; and that +all the baggage and prisoners that they had captured +from us had been retaken, with a good deal +more besides.</p> + +<p>On the morning of June 10 we again crossed +into Virginia, and marched to Front Royal without +interruption. We passed through Winchester +on the 12th without stopping, however, for the +General seemed to fear that our men would burn<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span> +the town in return for the treachery of its citizens +during our retreat. Both men and women had +fired on us from the windows, and had poured +down scalding water as we passed through the +streets. It was even reported to us that women +had entered the hospitals, and shot sick men in +their beds; but this last was later contradicted.</p> + +<p>We remained at Front Royal until July 6, during +which time important changes were made in +commanding officers. All the troops in northern +and western Virginia were united under General +John Pope—the three army corps being commanded +by McDowell, Sigel, and Banks. A +movement was made to concentrate the three corps +in one locality east of the Blue Ridge, in the accomplishment +of which we were marched over the +mountains at Chester Gap on the hottest day I ever +experienced. Eight men of my company were sun-struck +that afternoon, resulting fatally in one case, +and in permanent disability in the others. We +camped at night on the headwaters of the Rappahannock, +in a country described as naturally poor, +and entirely ruined by cultivation. There was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span> +one exception to this, however, in the abundance +of fruit. There were cherries and blackberries in +plenty for everybody.</p> + +<p>While in camp near Little Washington, the unfortunate, +bombastic orders of General Pope were +published to the army; unfortunate, because they +incited a degree of contempt for him which +greatly impaired his usefulness. Many of his +highflown phrases, such as "shame and disaster +lurking in the rear," afforded a fine opportunity +for the wits of the army, when, not three weeks +later, his headquarters wagon and his personal +baggage were captured by the enemy. About +the first of August he arrived at the front, and on +the next Sunday reviewed General Banks's corps. +Pope's fine appearance, soldierly bearing, and evident +knowledge of his business did much to inspire +respect, and might even have made him +popular, if we could only have forgotten that fool +address to the army. He inaugurated, also, many +real reforms. I don't know whether he was entirely +responsible for it; but under his command +the cavalry began to be of real service to the army,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span> +and the men could no longer ask, "Who ever saw +a dead cavalryman?"</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><i>At Cedar Mountain</i></h2> + + +<p>On August 7 we broke camp again and +marched to Culpeper Court House. Here we +learned that the enemy had been seen in considerable +force near Cedar Mountain. We were not +surprised, therefore, on the morning after our arrival, +to be hastily formed and ordered off toward +Cedar Mountain. We arrived at Cedar Run in +the early afternoon, and found Crawford's +Brigade of our Division already skirmishing with +the enemy. Our Brigade immediately formed in +line of battle on the right of the road, and threw +out its skirmish line. At about four o'clock, my +Company and four others were moved forward to +reënforce the skirmishers.</p> + +<p>We had crossed Cedar Run Creek, and were +waiting for further orders in a heavy stand of timber, +when Captain Wilkins of General Williams's +staff rode up, enquiring for General Banks. Lieutenant-Colonel +Crane informed him that we had +seen nothing of General Banks since we entered<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span> +the woods. Captain Wilkins then explained to us +that General Augur was meeting with considerable +success on the left, and that General Crawford +desired our Brigade to join his in a charge +upon the right. The movement required the sanction +of General Banks, who was, however, nowhere +to be found, and time was so pressing that +he almost felt justified in giving the order himself, +as coming from General Banks. Captain Wilkins +then turned and rode off, but had not been gone two +minutes, and had not, I am confident, seen General +Banks, when he returned, and gave Colonel Ruger +orders to assemble the Regiment on the right of +Crawford's Brigade and charge the enemy's lines.</p> + +<p>Our skirmish line was now called in; we +formed in line of battle, and marched through the +woods as rapidly as the nature of the ground +would permit. We had soon come to its edge, +and found before us an open field about a hundred +and twenty-five yards across, separated from us +by a rail fence. Immediately beyond the field, +rose the thickly-timbered slope of the mountain; +and there too, stationed directly in our front, was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span> +a battery of artillery. Of infantry, there were +none to be seen.</p> + +<p>We hurried forward, pushed down the fence, +and without stopping to reform our line started on +a run for that battery. I noticed as we went, that +Crawford's Brigade had not yet arrived, and that +we were alone in the field. Suddenly, from the +side of the slope and from the bushes and rocks on +our front, arose the Confederate infantry, and +poured into our ranks the most destructive musketry +fire that I have ever experienced. Lieutenant-Colonel +Crane was killed, and fell from his horse +at the first volley. Major Scott was wounded, +being carried off by his horse. Captain Hawley, +of the company on our right, was wounded, and a +third of his men were killed or wounded at the +same time. The right began to fall back, some of +the men helping off wounded comrades, others +loading and firing at the enemy as they slowly retreated +to the woods. On the left, all three of my +companies were standing up to their work without +flinching. My Company, though suffering severely, +were fighting like veterans. We did not +seem to be gaining any advantage, however, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span> +shortly the order came to fall back to the woods. +My Company, and that of Captain O'Brien on the +left, were the last to leave the field.</p> + +<p>Under the shelter of the woods we reformed our +companies. I still had about twenty-five men, +Captain O'Brien about as many more, and a number +of men from Company F had joined me on the +right. We at once returned to the edge of the +woods, the Colonel leading back the two left companies, +and opened fire on the enemy, who was +preparing to cross the open field. We soon were +sent to the right, however, in order to make room +for the Tenth Maine, and saw no more active +fighting for that day. At twilight, when we were +threatened upon our right flank, we returned across +Cedar Run to the ground from which we had +started.</p> + +<p>Of the 8,000 men that were engaged in this +battle, we lost about 2,000 in killed and wounded.</p> + +<p>The loss in our Regiment was 117, mostly from +the six companies that started in the charge on the +battery. Lieutenant-Colonel Crane was killed, +and Captain O'Brien mortally wounded. O'Brien +had at the first charge been severely wounded in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span> +the thigh. When we retreated to the woods, he +had showed me that his shoe was full of blood. +He had, however, returned to the fight after binding +up his wound with his handkerchief, and had +been killed at the edge of the woods. My Company +had, out of forty-five men engaged, lost two +killed and fourteen wounded. Of these all but +two of the wounded had been struck in the field +where we first drew the enemy's fire, and in a +space of time which I am confident did not exceed +three minutes.</p> + +<p>As some 30,000 or 40,000 troops were in the +vicinity, who had not fired a shot, I supposed that +the battle would be renewed in the morning; but it +was not. The corps of General Sigel and McDowell +were moved to the front, but occupied +themselves only with gathering up the wounded. +On the 11th the enemy sent in a flag of truce, +asking for an armistice to bury the dead. This +was readily granted, for we also had still on the +battle-field many dead and severely wounded. On +the 12th it was found that the Confederates had +taken advantage of the truce to retreat during the +night. Indeed, they retired in such haste that they<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span> +left large numbers of their wounded in our hands. +General Sigel pursued them to the Rapidan, +while our Corps returned to Culpeper for a much-needed +rest.</p> + +<p>A great deal of criticism has been heaped upon +all those who were prominently connected with +this battle. Banks has been assailed for fighting +the battle at all. It has seemed to many, an inexcusable +piece of folly that he should have ordered +the attack in such apparent ignorance of the position +and strength of the enemy, and so near sundown +that even if he had been successful, he could +not have reaped any advantage. I have, however, +doubted whether he ever made the order; but +when once it had been made, he was obliged to +put in his whole command or abandon everything +that had been gained. Captain Wilkins who +brought the order for our charge, later wandered +into the Confederate lines while carrying orders, +and I never heard of him again.</p> + +<p>Pope has been criticized for not seeing that +Banks was properly supported; but all the evidence +obtainable shows that Pope did not wish or +expect to fight a battle at that time. McDowell<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span> +has been criticized with particular bitterness for not +going to the aid of Banks, and charges of treachery +were freely made against him. It was quite generally +believed, even in his own command, that +McDowell had no heart in the cause; and this +belief—which later gained public expression in +the dying statement of Colonel Brodhead of the +First Michigan Cavalry, that he "died a victim to +the incompetency of Pope and the treachery of +McDowell"—caused his retirement as a corps +commander.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><i>The Army retreats Northward</i></h2> + + +<p>We remained at Culpeper until August 18, +when we were aroused at midnight and started +on the road to the Rappahannock. We crossed +over on the next day and went into camp about +half a mile from the river. During all that day +and night the army of General Pope was streaming +across the Rappahannock to the north side, only a +portion of his cavalry still remaining to the south. +There was a great deal of speculation among the +men as to the reason for this unexpected retrograde +movement. It was rumored that General McClellan<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span> +had been compelled to withdraw his army +from the Peninsula, and that General Lee, released +from the defence of Richmond, was marching +our way. For once, rumor was correct. It +was not many days before the whole of Lee's army +was hunting to find an unguarded point at which +to cross the river.</p> + +<p>About noon on the day after our crossing, I was +watching the movements of some of our cavalry +who still remained on the other side of the river. +I was standing on the top of one of the highest +knolls in the vicinity, from which I had a splendid +view of the country for a long distance southward. +For nearly two miles the land was clear of timber +or fences or any obstacle which could impede the +movements of cavalry. Observing that our cavalry +seemed to be coming back at rather a livelier +pace than usual, I noticed what appeared to be +either a large regiment or a small brigade of Confederate +cavalry emerge from the woods to the +south of the plain. They formed their lines and +moved to the attack.</p> + +<p>Our men, also, were soon in motion. As they +approached each other the two bodies increased<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span> +their pace, until both seemed to be moving at full +speed. They met with a jar, and for some moments +it was impossible to distinguish friend from foe. +There could only be distinctly seen the flashing of +sabres in the sunlight as blows were struck and +parried, and the puffs of smoke from revolvers and +carbines. For ten minutes or more the stirring +fight went on without any apparent advantage to +either side. But now another regiment of our +cavalry, which had been out of sight up the river +at the beginning of the fight, came down upon the +Confederates at a hard gallop. It was but a +minute before the latter were retreating back to the +timber, perhaps hurried a little by a few shells +from one of our shore batteries. A little later, I +learned that our cavalry had taken about sixty +prisoners.</p> + +<p>On the night of August 22 the enemy were expected +to make an attempt to cross the Rappahannock +at Beverly Ford, where I was stationed on +picket duty. During the night, however, the river +rose almost ten feet as the result of heavy rains in +the mountains. By morning, it was so raging a torrent +that crossing was impossible. As soon as it was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span> +light, the enemy opened fire on us with fourteen +pieces of artillery. I had already withdrawn my +men from the river bank and stationed them where +they could pour a heavy fire upon the Confederates, +should they attempt to lay a bridge. I was +therefore in a good position to watch at leisure the +artillery duel which ensued. For two hours the +shot flew back and forth across the stream, without, +however, great damage to our side. At the +end of that time the Confederates apparently had +had enough and withdrew from their position.</p> + +<p>The succeeding days were passed in hard +marching, with hot weather, no tents or blankets, +short rations, and a poor country to forage in. The +enemy occasionally made demonstration as though +to cross at the fords of the Rappahannock, but all +the while moving up toward the mountains. On +the evening of August 27, while we were in camp +near Warrenton Junction, rumors began to circulate +that they had appeared in large force at +Manassas Junction, and were threatening to cut +off our retreat to Washington. The next morning +we were called out at three o'clock, and soon after +were on the road to the Junction. The corps of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span> +Generals Heintzelman and Fitz-John Porter, +which had been marching toward Warrenton, had +also been turned back and were directly in our advance. +We marched rapidly to Kettle River, a +small stream about five miles from the Junction, +where we were detailed to guard a train of ninety +cars loaded with ammunition and provisions for our +army. Here we learned that the enemy had on +the previous day captured and destroyed at the +Junction over a hundred and fifty cars loaded with +supplies, but had in the morning encountered +Hooker's advance division near Kettle Run, and +had been driven with considerable loss beyond the +Junction. We found on our arrival at Kettle +Run, tangible evidence of the morning's fight, for +a good many of the dead were still lying around.</p> + +<p>Cannonading commenced early on the morning +after our arrival, in the direction of Manassas, and +continued all day. It was evident that a severe battle +was in progress. Reports of our successes were +continually coming in; we appeared to be driving +the enemy at all points. It was said that the Confederates +were surrounded on three sides, and +hopes were strong that they would be captured before<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span> +the main body of their army came up. The +next morning, the battle was still in progress although +it seemed to be farther away than it had +been before. The most encouraging reports continued +to reach us, and at night General Pope was +credited with having said that our troops had won +a complete victory.</p> + +<p>While the battle was in progress, we had been +occupied in rebuilding the bridge across Kettle +Run, which the enemy had destroyed on the first +day of their raid. We had it completed, and our +train of cars moved across to Bristoe Station by the +morning of the second day of the battle. We +bivouacked that night north of Broad Run, happy +in the thought that our troops had indeed vanquished +the foe.</p> + +<p>The next morning we were ordered to return to +Bristoe. As we approached the station, dense +clouds of smoke were rolling upwards from the +place where we had left our cars. This gave us +notice that the reports of victory had been false. +The fact was, that the left wing of Pope's army +had been driven back the night before, and it had +been necessary to burn the cars in order to prevent<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span> +their falling into the hands of the enemy. It had +been possible to save only the supplies with which +they were loaded. Our Corps, moreover, having +received no notice of the reverse, was now in grave +danger of being cut off from the remainder of the +army. We managed, however, by rapid marching +over a circuitous route to reach the north side of +Bull Run in safety.</p> + +<p>The next day we marched to a short distance +beyond Centerville. Here we were halted, and +stood in the road on our arms during a driving rain, +while the battle of Chantilly was being fought +only a short distance to the north. We remained +standing in the road—or at least were supposed to +be standing—all that night, the rain pouring down +in torrents most of the time. After darkness had +set in, however, the men quietly began to disappear +into the neighboring woods, and soon I alone +of all my Company was actually standing in the +road. I was not greatly troubled over the breach +of orders, for I knew that at the first intimation of +danger every man would be in his place. I too +found for myself as dry a place as possible, and +wrapping my rubber coat about me, tried to secure<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span> +a snatch of much-needed sleep. But I soon awoke +so thoroughly wet and cold that further slumber +was out of the question. I thereupon sought a fire +that some soldiers had built, and endeavored to +extract a bit of comfort from its friendly heat. +Just as I was beginning to feel its warmth, a number +of staff officers came along and ordered the +blaze extinguished, for, said they, it was against +the orders of General Banks. I stepped back into +the darkness so as not to be recognized, concluding +that if General Banks wanted that fire put out, he +would get no help from me. The men standing +near, however, kicked the burning brands apart as +though to put it out, and the officers passed on. +But they were not fifty feet away before the fire +had been rekindled and was again dispensing +cheer. This scene was repeated at frequent intervals +until daylight, the fire continuing to burn in +spite of all orders.</p> + +<p>That morning we took the road about nine, and +marched until midnight. On the morning after, +we found that we were within the fortifications of +Alexandria. Two days later we crossed the +Potomac at Georgetown, and went into camp at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span> +Tennalleytown, D. C. Our wagons and camp +equipage had preceded us. A mail also was +awaiting us, the first that we had received since +leaving Culpeper Court House.</p> + +<p>We now had leisure to reflect upon our situation. +It was indeed humiliating. Here we were, +after six months of campaigning, back again at the +point where we had started. The Grand Army +of the Potomac forced to seek the shelter of the +fortifications of Washington! The actual fighting +had usually been in our favor. Why was it, +then, that we had been forced back? We believed +that the answer lay entirely in the fact that +we had been outgeneralled. We felt that Pope +and McDowell were the Jonahs who should go +overboard. And overboard they went, not to be +heard of again during the war. The reappointment +of McClellan to command was everywhere +received with pleasure. So far as my acquaintance +went, the feeling was unanimous in his favor.</p> + +<p>For several days we remained in camp enjoying +the luxury of tents and beds after our strenuous +experiences on the march. New regiments were +in the meantime assigned to the old brigades.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span> +Ours received the Thirteenth New Jersey and the +One Hundred Seventh New York, with a new +corps commander in the person of General Mansfield.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><i>Moving Toward the Enemy</i></h2> + + +<p>On September 5 it was definitely rumored in +camp that the enemy had crossed into Maryland +by way of Edward's Ferry. All of the Army of +the Potomac were soon after moving up the river +toward Darnestown, where a defensive position +was taken and the enemy's movements awaited. +There were no further developments until the +10th, when an order came from General McClellan +to store in Washington all of the officers' baggage +and the company tents and property, and +turn over the teams to be used in hauling provisions +and ammunition. This looked more like business +than anything we had yet seen.</p> + +<p>The next morning we began to move in earnest, +passing through Darnestown, and on toward Frederick +City. On the 12th we made a long march +to Ijamsville, where we heard from one party of +citizens that the enemy were evacuating Frederick<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span> +City, and from another that they were preparing to +fight us at the crossing of the Monocacy River. +In the morning, we were early on the road, marching +rapidly to the ford of the Monocacy, and +crossing without trouble. As we approached +Frederick, we could hear the firing of the advance +of Burnside's Corps, as they were driving the rear +guard of the retreating enemy from the passes of +the Catoctin Mountains, about five miles west of +the city. Over 800 prisoners were sent back that +day, mostly stragglers and deserters, who had +soldiered as long as they wished.</p> + +<p>That night we camped near Frederick City, a +large portion of our Regiment taking advantage of +the opportunity to visit old friends and acquaintances +in that place. We had been there so long +during the past year that it seemed to us almost +like home. The Confederates had been in possession +for nearly a week, and many stories were +told of the good people who had displayed their +loyalty under adverse circumstances. The real +heroine of the town was old Barbara Fritchie, who +had kept a Union flag waving from her window +during all the time of the Confederate occupation.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span> +Her name has been immortalized by Whittier. I +know that in recent years it has been said that no +such person ever lived, and that the flag was not +displayed. But I heard the story told within +twenty-four hours after the Confederate army had +left Frederick, from persons who knew the circumstances, +and I am going to believe it until there is +more positive proof than I have yet seen, that it is +not true.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><i>Battle of South Mountain</i></h2> + + +<p>We were ready to march by four o'clock on the +morning of the 14th. But we might as well have +stayed in camp until seven. The road west from +Frederick was a fine, broad turnpike, wide enough +for two or three wagons abreast, but it was now +completely choked with the ammunition and provision +wagons of the troops in advance. Even +after we did finally get started, and were clear of +the town, we had to march through the fields and +woods on either side of the road.</p> + +<p>When we reached the top of the Catoctin Mountains, +we could hear the sound of artillery and +musketry fire on the next mountain ridge beyond.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></span> +Occasionally we could even catch a glimpse of the +lines of our troops as they moved up the slopes to +assault the position of the enemy. We were now +rapidly marched down the mountain and turned +off by a circuitous route to the right, in order to +strike the enemy on the left flank. Before we +could reach their position, however, it had already +been carried by assault, and the enemy had taken +advantage of the darkness to make good their retreat. +Such was the battle of South Mountain.</p> + +<p>We now countermarched to the turnpike near +Middletown, where we went into camp at one +o'clock in the morning. We had been on the road +for twenty-two consecutive hours, most of the time +climbing over rocks and through brush on the +mountain side. Again we were on the march, at +eight o'clock the next morning, crossing South +Mountain as we had crossed the Catoctin Mountains, +with the wagon train occupying the road and +the troops in the woods along the side. We passed +through Boonsborough in the afternoon, and by +night had reached nearly to Keedysville.</p> + +<p>The road was strewn with the muskets and +other accoutrements of the enemy fleeing from<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span> +South Mountain, together with a great deal of +plunder that they had gathered in Maryland. +There was every indication that they had retreated +in a state of demoralization. The houses in Boonsborough +and the vicinity were filled with their +wounded, and we were constantly meeting squads +of from twenty to one hundred prisoners who were +being sent back from the front. Occasional artillery +firing in the front seemed to indicate that we +were being waited for not far ahead.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><i>Battle of Antietam</i></h2> + + +<p>On the morning of the 16th we moved forward +to a position behind a range of low hills near Antietam +Creek, and there we remained until night, +undisturbed save by occasional shots from the +enemy's batteries, posted in the hills on the opposite +side of the creek. The remainder of our +army kept coming up all day, taking position as +they arrived, until at night it was understood that +they were all at hand with the exception of Franklin's +Corps, which had gone to the relief of Harpers +Ferry. At about nine o'clock we were +called up and moved across Antietam Creek, close<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span> +to the enemy's lines, where we lay down to secure +such rest as we might in preparation for the next +day's fight. General Hooker's Corps lay in position, +just in front of us.</p> + +<p>It was reported that night that Harpers Ferry +had been surrendered by Colonel Miles without a +struggle, and when the relieving force of General +Franklin was within three miles. It was rumored +also that Miles had been shot by the men of his +own command when they learned that they had +been surrendered.</p> + +<p>We were awakened soon after daylight by the +sound of heavy cannonading in the front. It had +been raining during the night, but now the sky +was clear and the sun shining. The men hurried +into the ranks, and the Corps formed in close column +by companies. We moved a short distance to +the right, then sat down to await developments. +As battery after battery came into action, the artillery +firing continually increased in rapidity, until +for a few minutes the roar would be continuous. +Then there would be a lull, and the sharp crack +of the musketry would be heard, as the skirmishers +pushed forward through the timber. Now the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span> +scattering musketry fire increased into crashing volleys; +as more and more troops became engaged, +the volleys developed into one continuous roar, like +the roll of distant thunder.</p> + +<p>Within a few minutes we became aware by +sight, as well as by sound, that a bloody battle was +in progress; a constant stream of wounded men was +coming back to the field hospital in the rear. +Many were but slightly wounded and still clung to +their muskets as they hurried back to have their +wounds dressed. They would stop on their way, +for a moment, hastily to tell how they were "driving +the Johnnies" in the front. Others, more seriously +hurt, were being helped along by comrades; +while others, still more unfortunate, lay silent on +stretchers as they were borne back by ambulance +men and musicians. Soon, a number of ammunition +wagons which had ventured too close to the +front, came dashing by us to seek shelter behind a +neighboring hill. They were followed shortly +after by a dismounted cannon being dragged back +for repairs. Now came a temporary lull in the +musketry. The thunder of the artillery increased +as if in compensation; but rising above all came<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span> +the cheers of our comrades in the front, announcing +that the opening engagement had ended in victory.</p> + +<p>The pause in the musketry was of short duration. +The enemy, largely reënforced, soon attacked +in their turn, making desperate efforts to regain +the ground that they had lost. Upon our +side, more troops to the right and left came into +action, and the battle was soon raging again with +redoubled fury. The enemy in our immediate +front seemed to have largely increased their artillery, +and scattering shot and shell were dropping +around us.</p> + +<p>At length our First Brigade was sent into action. +We soon followed, at double-quick, in close column +by companies. Passing rapidly through the +woods, we emerged upon the field a little northeast +of the old Dunkard church, and our Regiment +deployed in line. The manœuvre was executed +as though we had been on a parade ground instead +of a battle-field. I have seldom seen it better done.</p> + +<p>Immediately on our right and about one hundred +yards to the front, was posted one of our batteries +of twelve-pound brass guns. It had evidently +been in action for some time. All of its<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span> +horses were killed or crippled, and the gunners +were just falling back before the advancing Confederate +line of battle. To the left of the battery, +and stretching off to the woods directly in our +front, stood the remnants of a brigade, still stubbornly +contesting the advance of the enemy's infantry. +Our Regiment moved forward to the battery, +the artillerymen at the same time returning to +their guns. The Second Massachusetts took +position to the right; the Twenty-Seventh Indiana +came up on the left.</p> + +<p>The Confederate infantry moved steadily +across the corn-field, while the decimated brigade +in its path fell back, step by step. We were +obliged to wait before commencing fire, until they +could be moved out of the way. Then we opened +fire from one end of the line to the other. The +enemy were handicapped by the fact that they +were moving diagonally across our front, instead +of directly toward us, and our fire was terribly +severe, so it was not long before they broke and +ran back to the woods. Immediately, however, +another line was coming up, this time confronting<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span> +us squarely. And now commenced the work in +earnest.</p> + +<p>Our position was in a stubble-field. The ground +in front of us sloped gently downward, so that we +were fifteen or twenty feet higher than the enemy. +About a hundred yards in our front was a rail +fence, beyond which lay another open field. The +previous day, that field had contained a luxuriant +growth of ripening corn; now it was cut by bullets +and trampled by men and horses, until scarce a +vestige of the crop remained.</p> + +<p>For a time, the enemy came on rapidly, without +firing a shot. Their right, like our left, was "in +the air" and about even with us. They were as +gallant fellows as ever moved to an assault. One +could but admire the steady courage with which +they approached us; great gaps being made in +their lines at every discharge of our grape- and +canister-laden twelve-pounders, and our bullets +also wore them away at every step. A portion of +these stern fighters reached the fence; none came +farther. They there stopped and opened fire on +our lines. From our higher ground we could see +the steady stream of their wounded being helped<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[57]</a></span> +to the rear. Still they held on, returning fire for +fire; and we too were suffering terribly. At +length the Confederates had been reduced to a +mere handful; it was hopeless to hold on any +longer, and they fell back toward the woods. But +before they had reached there, another of their +brigades was coming up behind them. The newcomers, +however, halted and opened fire at nearly +double the distance that their predecessors +had taken. Soon they also began to waver, then +suddenly broke, and joined their comrades in the +flight to the woods.</p> + +<p>As they all disappeared toward the timber, +General Hooker rode up and ordered us to fix +bayonets and pursue. With a whoop and hurrah +our Regiment and the Twenty-Seventh Indiana +started down through the corn-field, General +Hooker himself leading like a captain. It was +such traits as this that made him popular, even +with those who did not think him fit for high command. +We had passed fairly into the corn-field, +which was literally strewn with the dead bodies +of Confederates, when a staff officer rode up, and +ordered us to get out of the way, for General Sumner<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[58]</a></span> +wished to put in a division at that point. This +was all that prevented us from assaulting a position +with about a hundred and fifty men, which a few +minutes later Sedgwick's Division, with five or +six thousand, failed to carry.</p> + +<p>We moved back out of the corn-field to our +old position, and immediately after Sedgwick's +Division came in from the northeast. As they +moved forward in perfect line to the attack, they +presented a splendid sight, even to old soldiers, +and we had little doubt that they would sweep +everything before them. They marched in three +parallel lines, one behind the other, and about +seventy-five yards apart. The brigade and field +officers, aware of the peculiar danger of being on +horseback in such a place, all marched with their +men on foot. The only mounted officer in the entire +division was old General Sumner himself, +who rode a little in the rear of his first line. He +was then nearly seventy years of age, perfectly +grey but still proudly erect. As he stretched his +tall form to its full height on his horse, in order to +see what might be in front of his men, he was the +most conspicuous object on the field, and undoubtedly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[59]</a></span> +was the target for every Confederate sharpshooter +in sight.</p> + +<p>No resistance of consequence was met until the +advance brigade was out of sight in the woods, and +the Second Brigade was just at the edge. Then +a heavy musketry fire showed that the enemy had +reformed their lines and were making a stubborn +fight. Their artillery also now opened fire, and +shells and round shot began to fall in our neighborhood. +It soon became evident to us, who were +spectators of the fight, that General Sumner's formation +had been a serious mistake. His second +and third brigades were exposed to a heavy fire +from the enemy, yet they could not reply on account +of the line in front of them. They soon +broke up in confusion, therefore, and fell back out +of range. The leading brigade held on for over +half an hour, to the position that it had gained in +the woods, when it also fell back, with but a +small portion of the magnificent line which a short +time before had so gallantly gone forward to the +attack.</p> + +<p>The remnant of our Regiment, together with +portions of several other like commands, were now<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[60]</a></span> +stationed at the edge of the woods behind a battery +of artillery. There was little more active +fighting, however, in that part of the field during +the remainder of the day. At one time the enemy +made an attempt to recover the lost ground in the +corn-field, but the batteries easily drove them back +to the woods. Soon after twelve o'clock we were +relieved by fresh troops and moved a short distance +to the rear. With the friendly aid of a rail fence +we now built a fire, and prepared our dinner of +hardtack and coffee, and remained quiet for the +rest of the day. To the left the firing continued +until late in the afternoon.</p> + +<p>Many of our gallant boys laid down their lives +that bloody day on the battle-field of Antietam. +In the morning, our Regiment had taken into the +fight twelve officers and not quite 300 enlisted +men. The number was thus small because our +wounded from Cedar Mountain had not yet rejoined +us, and hard marching had sent others to +the hospital. Of the twelve officers, we lost one +killed and seven severely wounded. The Colonel +had been hit in the head by a bullet, which had +cut just deep enough to draw blood; while I had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[61]</a></span> +received a severe bruise from a spent ball. Of +our 300 privates, we lost 194 in killed and +wounded. The Twenty-Seventh Indiana on our +left, had lost about half of its men; the Second +Massachusetts on the right, had suffered in about +the same proportion.</p> + +<p>In my Company, of the thirty men whom I took +into the field, two had been killed, two mortally +wounded, and sixteen so severely hurt, that they +were ordered to the hospital. Of all that Company, +only one had escaped without the mark of +a bullet upon his person or his clothes. Every one +of our color-guard, composed of a corporal from +each company, had been shot down before the +battle was over. As its bearers fell, the flag had +been passed along the line until it had come into +the hands of one of my privates, Joseph Collins, +who carried it the remainder of the day. The +color-bearers of the enemy had been even more unfortunate. +On our charge into the corn-field, our +men picked up several of their banners that had +fallen with their bearers.</p> + +<p>When night at length put a merciful end to the +battle, all along the line, both thoroughly-worn-out<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[62]</a></span> +armies were, I am sure, glad for the chance to +rest. I know that I, for one, was completely exhausted. +The sun had scarcely set before I had +wrapped myself in my overcoat, and with my haversack +for a pillow, was sound asleep, quite oblivious +of the fact that the field of the dead was +only a few steps away. In the morning we were +early astir expecting a renewal of the fight. Our +men threw away all of their old muskets, and +armed themselves with the new Springfield rifles of +the improved pattern, picked up on the battle-field. +Ammunition and rations were issued, and every +preparation made to receive the enemy. All was +quiet, however, and so remained for the rest of the +day. At about noon, General Franklin's Corps +came up from Harpers Ferry and took position on +our right.</p> + +<p>During that afternoon I went over the corn-field +that had been the scene of the hardest fighting +the previous day. It was a sight which once seen +could never be forgotten. The dead lay as they +had fallen, and in such dreadful numbers! Several +times had the ground been fought over; the +bodies of brave men were so thickly strewn over it,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[63]</a></span> +that one might for rods have walked on corpses +without touching the ground.</p> + +<p>When we advanced our lines, the morning of +the 19th, the enemy had disappeared. Only his +picket line still remained, and that surrendered +without resistance. These prisoners appeared to +be dazed with discouragement; many of them +seemed glad to have been taken. Like the thousands +whom we had captured during the heat of +the battle, they were destitute of clothing, and their +haversacks contained nothing but raw corn.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><i>In Winter Quarters</i></h2> + + +<p>So far as we were concerned, the battle of Antietam +ended active campaigning for the winter of +1862. During the next two months we moved +about between Harpers Ferry and the mouth of +Antietam Creek, doing occasional guard duty, and +for the most part passing the time uneventfully. +On October 1 President Lincoln visited our camp +at Maryland Heights. It seemed to me that he +did full justice to his reputation for homeliness. +He came entirely unannounced, but we hurriedly +turned out the Regiment and presented arms. For<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[64]</a></span> +a time, on account of their greenness, the new regiments +in camp furnished a source of amusement. +Most of them had received large bounties on enlistment, +and the old soldiers taunted them as +bounty-bought; they were told that the Government +could have secured mules much cheaper.</p> + +<p>On November 13 came my commission as First +Lieutenant of Company E. This did not materially +change my position, for I had been in command +of a company ever since the battle of Antietam. +On November 17 we went into winter +camp at Fairfax Station, but sometime in January +removed to Stafford Court House. In the meantime +McClellan had been finally removed from +the command of the Army of the Potomac; and +Burnside, who had followed him, had in his turn, +been relieved after the battle of Fredericksburg, +by General Joe Hooker.</p> + +<p>Hooker was evidently determined to build up +a thoroughly efficient army, and spent the winter +in constant efforts toward improving the condition +and effectiveness of his troops. Inspections became +extremely rigid; they extended not only to +arms and equipment, but to camp and garrison<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[65]</a></span> +equipage, policing, and sanitation. Regiments +reaching the highest standard for general efficiency +and appearance were awarded leaves of absence +for two officers at a time for fifteen days each, and +furloughs for two men at a time, in each company, +for the same period. Regiments that at first were +not up to standard, were in the course of the winter +given their furloughs as they attained efficiency.</p> + +<p>Our Regiment was one of the eleven in the entire +army which, when the first inspection was +made, proved to be in the highest degree of efficiency. +Leaves of absence and furloughs commenced +at once, and before spring all who cared +to go had a chance to visit their homes. The distance +to Wisconsin was too great to make it profitable +for me to return; so I visited a sister in New +York State, taking advantage of this opportunity +to see the sights of New York City and Washington.</p> + +<p>During the winter the army was gradually +strengthened by the return of convalescents. +Thus our Regiment was able by spring once more +to muster about 400 muskets. Many of the permanently +disabled officers were transferred to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[66]</a></span> +invalid corps, and those who were sick were discharged, +thus giving way to more vigorous and +able-bodied men. The army was now in the best +condition that it had ever been in, and we all +looked forward to a successful campaign.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><i>Chancellorsville</i></h2> + + +<p>On the morning of April 27, 1863, we left our +winter camp at Stafford Court House and marched +to Kelly's Ford on the Rappahannock. Pontoon +bridges had been laid ahead of us, and the +Eleventh Corps had already crossed. Early on +the morning of the 29th, we followed, and started +at once for Germanna Ford on the Rapidan, twelve +miles off. Three corps of the Army of the Potomac +were engaged in the expedition—the Fifth, +Eleventh and Twelfth. Our Corps, the Twelfth, +after crossing, pushed on to the head of the column, +and our Brigade was given the position of honor +in the advance. We carried eight days' rations +and a hundred rounds of ammunition. In addition, +several pack mules laden with boxes of cartridges +followed each regiment, so that we felt sure +we were out for business. The men were in good<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[67]</a></span> +spirits, however, and notwithstanding the heavy +loads marched rapidly.</p> + +<p>We arrived at the ford in about four hours, without +alarming the enemy. A portion of the Regiment +were deployed as skirmishers under cover +of the woods, three or four hundred yards from the +river bank. At the word of command they moved +on the run down to the river. Here each man +hastily found for himself such shelter as he could, +behind trees and brush, and opened fire on the +enemy who were occupying some buildings on the +opposite side. As we approached the river about +a dozen Confederates started to run up the hill +back of their position, in an attempt to escape. +Our men were excellent marksmen, however, and +after two had been killed and several others +wounded, the rest of the enemy hastened back to +the shelter of the buildings. Occasionally some +fellow would fire at us from a window, but the +puff of smoke from his gun would make him immediately +the target for every musket within range, +and that practice was soon discouraged. In less +than ten minutes from the time when the skirmish +commenced, the Southerners had hung out a white<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[68]</a></span> +rag and surrendered. The swift-flowing Rapidan, +nearly three hundred feet wide, separated +them from us, but we compelled them to wade +over. In this way, without a casualty to ourselves, +we bagged 101 prisoners, and not a man +escaped to the enemy to give warning of our approach.</p> + +<p>We had just secured our prisoners when General +Slocum came up. He immediately took in +the situation, and ordered us to cross the river and +secure the heights on the other side. We had had +a good time laughing at our prisoners as we made +them cross over to us, with the water up to their +armpits; but when we had to go in ourselves, it did +not seem so funny. It was still early in the spring, +and the water was icy cold from the melting snow +in the mountains. Moreover, the current was so +swift that some mounted officers and cavalry who +went in ahead of us could scarcely keep a footing. +If a horse stumbled, he was washed off his feet in +an instant and carried down stream. In fact, one +man was drowned in such an accident, and several +others had narrow escapes. We prepared for +crossing by placing our ammunition and provisions,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[69]</a></span> +and such valuables as would be injured by the +water, on the ends of the muskets or on our heads, +and plunged in. We had the small men distributed +among the large ones, and in this way +crossed without serious trouble. We were followed +in the same manner by the Second Massachusetts. +Once across we pushed rapidly for the +hill overlooking the ford, where we took a strong +position and threw out our pickets.</p> + +<p>The pontoon train had by this time come up, +and a bridge was soon built. The remainder of +our Corps and the Eleventh Corps then crossed +and went into camp ahead of us. We now gathered +about our fires, and dried out our clothes in +order to have them once more in comfortable shape +by bed-time.</p> + +<p>The next morning we moved to Chancellorsville, +where we arrived early in the day. It is a +very big name for a very small place; at that time +it contained only one house. The position which +we had thus gained uncovered the road to United +States Ford, on the Rappahannock. Here another +pontoon bridge was laid, and General +Hooker crossed it with his force. We were all in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[70]</a></span> +the best of spirits, for in securing this advantage of +position we thought that the victory had already +been gained.</p> + +<p>On the morning of May 1 our Brigade engaged +in a successful reconnoissance toward Fredericksburg, +in which we captured a number of prisoners. +On our return to Chancellorsville we were sent to +occupy a slight rise of ground at Hazel Grove, +about a mile southwest of Chancellor House. +Here, in a sharp skirmish with the enemy, Lieutenant-Colonel +Scott was shot through the head by a +chance ball and instantly killed. During the afternoon, +General Hooker rode around the lines, +jubilant over the success of his movements. Several +times he remarked that now he had got the +Confederates where he wanted them, and they +would have to fight us on our own ground or be +destroyed. At that time the army still had unbounded +confidence in him; but it seemed to me a +bit curious that the man who was ready at Antietam +to lead 150 men to a charge on the whole +Southern army, should now get into entrenchment +when he had at his command 150,000 soldiers.</p> + +<p>The night passed off without incident. At<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[71]</a></span> +about ten o'clock the next morning it was discovered +that the enemy were moving wagon trains +toward the southwest. Birney's Division of the +Fifth Corps, which had been in position somewhere +in our rear, was sent out at about noon to +stop them. A sharp musketry fire for a minute or +two indicated to us that the attack had been made, +and soon after several hundred Southern prisoners +were sent back to us under guard. At about +four in the afternoon, our Regiment was ordered to +deploy as skirmishers through the woods upon the +left of Birney, to capture Confederate stragglers +who were believed to be lurking there in large +numbers. Obedient to these orders we piled up +our knapsacks, overcoats, and other baggage, behind +the breastworks we had built, and moved +forward into the woods. We had advanced +about half a mile from our entrenchments, when +the storm broke loose in the rear. The army of +Stonewall Jackson had struck the Eleventh Corps +in the flank and rear, and had brushed it away +like a swarm of flies before a hurricane. I was +afterward told that the defeated Corps came +tumbling along through the woods, an indiscriminate<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[72]</a></span> +mass of flying men, pack mules with their +packs turned, and stray artillery horses. Nor did +they bring up until they were stopped at Chancellorsville +by three regiments of Hooker's cavalry. +However, the best troops in the world could not, +if struck in the same way, have stood against such +an attack.</p> + +<p>Our line was now halted to await developments. +Very soon a Confederate battery was in position +on the hill which we had just left, and was throwing +shells over toward Chancellor House. Directly +in our front, to the south, another battery was +firing in the same direction. We were hidden from +this second battery by timber and underbrush, but +were so close to it that in the intervals of the firing +we could distinctly hear the strokes of swabs and +rammers as the guns were swabbed out, and the +charges rammed home. From my position I could +see the battery near our old entrenchments, as it +came up and commenced firing. However, it did +not remain there long. The fire from our own +batteries, near the Chancellor House, blew up two +caissons or their limber chests, and the rest of the +Southern battery sought a safer place.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[73]</a></span>The roar of artillery and musketry still continued +around the Chancellor House and to the west +of it; but we could tell by the sound of the firing +that the Confederate advance had been stayed. +By seven o'clock darkness had settled over the +field, bringing with it for a time comparative quiet. +We began to look around now, for a way out of +the woods, and back to our Corps. Our scouts +soon found that Geary's Division still held the entrenchments +which they had built the night before, +and that we might return safely through their +lines to the Chancellor House. By nine o'clock, +therefore, we were once more in line of battle +with the rest of the Brigade, in the woods west +of the House.</p> + +<p>Shortly after our return, occurred the confusion +in which Stonewall Jackson was mortally +wounded. Our picket line had been driven in by +the enemy, and we had fired a volley or two into +the woods on our front. At the same time we had +been fired on in the darkness by the Thirteenth +New Jersey. General Jackson was struck just at +this time, in the woods into which we had fired. +It has been presumed that he was hit by his own<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[74]</a></span> +men, but there is a possibility that the bullet came +from the Third Wisconsin.</p> + +<p>We secured but little sleep that night. Our artillery +continued throwing shot and shell over our +heads into the woods fronting us, where the enemy +were supposed to be in force. At midnight the +Confederates again attacked us; but Birney's Division, +which had been cut off from us in the afternoon +by Jackson's attack, struck them with fixed +bayonets in the flank at the same time that we +opened on them in the front—and of course we +made short work of them. We had now regained +the ground where we had left our knapsacks, but +for fear of another attack, the officers would not +let us go up after them. So we shivered miserably +through the night, and in the morning arose thoroughly +chilled.</p> + +<p>The enemy, however, soon gave us enough to do +to warm our blood. Birney's Division had, during +the night, taken a new position in our advance, at +Hazel Grove. It was attacked early Sunday +morning, and in the course of an hour driven back +with the reported loss of one of its batteries. As +Birney's men passed back over us, the enemy came<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[75]</a></span> +on, flushed with victory, and in some disorder. +But in a few minutes we sent them back, in worse +disorder than they had come. We followed +them for a quarter of a mile, but there encountered +a second line. In a short time we had the satisfaction +of seeing their backs, also, dimly in the distance. +Colonel Colgrove of the Twenty-Seventh +Indiana, who was commanding the Brigade, now +ordered a bayonet charge; but before we were +fairly started, General Ruger sent orders not to +advance any farther. Soon the enemy attacked +again; but after a stubborn fight we sent them +back for a third time, their ranks disorganized and +the ground thickly strewn with their dead.</p> + +<p>It was now near nine o'clock. We had been +fighting continuously for three hours, and all of the +ammunition that we carried had been exhausted. +That carried by the pack mules had been distributed, +also, and was nearly all fired away. The +muskets had become so heated and foul that it was +difficult to load them. Some of the pieces were +so hot that the cartridge would explode as soon as +it struck the bottom of the gun, and before the man +had been able to aim. Because of this, we were<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[76]</a></span> +relieved by a fresh brigade, and marched back +about a mile to the rear. From there we were sent +to a position a little northeast of the Chancellor +House, where we built breastworks and remained +until the army was withdrawn across the river.</p> + +<p>All the rest of the day we could hear the firing +to our right, and the next day, off in the direction +of Fredericksburg, where Sedgwick's Corps was +engaged; but we made no move. We only sat +around, wearily watching the time pass away, +until the night of the 5th, when preparations began +to be made for the withdrawal of the army to the +north bank of the river. The night was cold and +rainy. Our blankets and overcoats had been lost, +for we had left them on the second night of the +battle to pick up stragglers, and fires were not permitted, +lest they reveal our movement. As we +shivered through the long, dark hours, all the admiration +vanished that we had previously felt for +Fighting Joe Hooker.</p> + +<p>Toward day we silently withdrew from the entrenchments +we had made, and marched off to the +river. We found when we came near, however, +that the approaches to the bridge were still<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[77]</a></span> +crowded with the moving troops; we had, therefore, +to double-quick back to the entrenchments, +and wait until the bridge was cleared. Then we +crossed over, the last of the army, entirely unmolested +except for a few shells thrown by a Confederate +battery.</p> + +<p>We now returned to Stafford Court House, and +at night pitched our tents on the very ground we +had left ten days before. We were all thoroughly +discouraged over the outcome of our expedition, +and feeling, as one of our officers expressed it, +"that we had gone out for wool, and come back +shorn." The old soldiers who took part in that +movement cannot think of it, to this day, but with +the strongest feelings of disgust.</p> + +<p>The camp that we occupied on our return to +Stafford Court House was one of the best we ever +had. It was an old orchard, with a vacant field +near by for a drill and parade ground. Our +friends, the Second Massachusetts, occupied one +end of the orchard and we the other. Between us +was a good baseball ground, where we amused +ourselves at playing ball or pitching quoits. Every +night after supper, the officers of the two regiments<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[78]</a></span> +would get together for a big game, while the +rank and file would follow suit, and our drill +ground would present an animated sight. Thus +we whiled away the time with considerable comfort, +often speculating on the possibility of the enemy +coming across the river to attack us. So many +regiments of two-year men and nine-months men +were being mustered out of the service, that we +did not consider it at all likely that we would cross +the river until our ranks were filled by the conscription +which had then been ordered.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><i>A Cavalry Expedition</i></h2> + + +<p>On June 6 this easy life came to an end. The +company commanders of our Regiment were summoned +to the Colonel's tent, and informed that the +Regiment had been selected to accompany a cavalry +expedition. We were instructed to leave behind +all baggage not carried on the persons of the +men, and to take only those who could march thirty +miles a day. The expedition was to be composed +of the two best regiments in each corps—the Second +Massachusetts and ourselves having been selected +from the Twelfth.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[79]</a></span>We left our camp at about six o'clock and +marched that night to Spott Tavern, fifteen miles +away. The next day we reached Bealeton Station, +where we bivouacked in the woods until the +night of the 8th, awaiting the arrival of our cavalry. +We were joined here by a number of other +regiments, the whole force being under command +of General Ames. Our State pride was highly +gratified to find four Wisconsin regiments in this +detail of picked commands from every corps.</p> + +<p>On the night of the 8th, our whole force, infantry, +artillery, and cavalry, moved down to the +Rappahannock at Beverly Ford. The next +morning, a portion of the Third Wisconsin was +deployed to cover the crossing; but the enemy had +not discovered us, and we passed over without +trouble. The cavalry now pushed on to Brandy +Station, on the railroad; the infantry following, +with our detachment in the lead. The cavalry +were soon briskly engaged, and in a little while +Colonel Davis, their commanding officer, was +brought back mortally wounded. The infantry +was now disposed on the flanks, to guard the cavalry +from being taken at a disadvantage. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[80]</a></span> +fighting soon became general, being mostly by detached +companies deployed as skirmishers. At +one time, in advancing with my Company to clear +out a piece of woods, I had a lively fight for a +short time; five men out of the twenty with me +were severely wounded before we drove the enemy +from their shelter. At another time, Company +D succeeded in getting on the flank and rear +of a North Carolina regiment, and captured over +a hundred prisoners. Some of our cavalry regiments +were pretty severely handled at the beginning +of the fight, especially before the infantry +came up. On the whole, however, the expedition +was a success, resulting in the capture of the headquarters +of the Confederate cavalry leader, General +J. E. B. Stuart, together with many valuable +papers and orders relating to the contemplated invasion +of the North.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><i>Gettysburg</i></h2> + + +<p>We now recrossed Beverly Ford and went into +camp until the 12th. Then we learned that the +Confederate army was on the move toward the +North, and that our army was marching to Manassas<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[81]</a></span> +Junction and Centerville. We therefore +marched in the same direction, and on the 16th +rejoined our Corps near Centerville. Reaching +Leesburg on the 18th, we went into camp. We +had no definite information as to the location of +the Confederate army, but rather suspected that it +was moving into the Shenandoah Valley. This +suspicion was confirmed when we learned that +they had occupied Winchester and Martinsburg. +We heard of them next as crossing the Potomac at +Williamsport and marching into Pennsylvania.</p> + +<p>During our stay at Leesburg, several men from +a New York regiment were shot for desertion. +They were the first executions for that crime in our +army, and for a time, they produced a great sensation. +On the 26th we crossed the Potomac at +Edward's Ferry, and proceeded up the river to the +mouth of the Monocacy; thence we moved across +to Frederick City, where we went into camp early +on the afternoon of the 28th.</p> + +<p>During the night I learned that our Division +was under marching orders to strike for Williamsport +in the morning, and destroy the bridge on +which the enemy had crossed the Potomac. We<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[82]</a></span> +were to destroy, also, all boats and ferries that +might be used by the Confederates in a retreat. +Then we were to rejoin the army if we could; if +not, to move west to Cumberland, and rejoin as +opportunity offered. With morning, however, +came a change of commanders, and with it also, +a change of orders. General Hooker had been +superseded by General Meade, and now we were +ordered northward to follow the army that had +gone ahead.</p> + +<p>At noon on July 1, while we were preparing +our dinner at Two Taverns, some eight miles +south of Gettysburg, the distant rumbling of artillery +to the north announced to us the opening +of a great battle. The cannonading became more +and more furious as the minutes passed, until in +the distance it sounded like one continual roll of +thunder. At length came the order to march, and +in five minutes we were on the road to the front +as fast as our strength could take us. As we +trudged along, we met hundreds of Confederate +prisoners being sent to the rear, as well as a good +many of our own wounded, on their way to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[83]</a></span> +field hospitals. Of stragglers, there were exceptionally +few.</p> + +<p>On the run we reached Cemetery Ridge, where +we learned that the First and Eleventh corps had +been compelled to fall back through the town of +Gettysburg. They had taken a new position on a +ridge east of the city. A portion of our Brigade +now filed off to the right, across Rock Creek, +thence north about half a mile; and then, having +deployed about half of our Regiment as skirmishers, +advanced toward the west until we were +sharply engaged with the enemy's skirmishers. +Only a little over two hours had passed from the +time when we received the order to march eight +miles distant, before we were in position on the +extreme right of the line of battle, checking the advance +of the enemy in that direction. There we +remained until sunset, when we were relieved by +the cavalry, and recrossed Rock Creek to the +west side.</p> + +<p>As the remainder of our Corps had come up, +they took position on the right of the First Corps. +We now rejoined them there, our own right resting +on Rock Creek. Immediately we began to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[84]</a></span> +throw up breastworks, and by evening had built +for ourselves quite respectable entrenchments. It +rained during most of the night; but in spite of +that and the enemy, we secured a good rest for the +next day's work.</p> + +<p>Early the next morning we were stirring, in anticipation +of an attack; but until noon there was +nothing but skirmishing in our vicinity. Then +the storm broke loose on the extreme left of the +line, near Little Round Top, where Sickles's +Corps was situated. The place was entirely hidden +from our sight, and from the sounds we could +form no opinion as to how things were going; +but we were constantly receiving reports that +Sickles was either holding his own or driving the +enemy before him. In the light of subsequent +events, these reports seem to have been purposely +colored, in order to keep up our spirits. Occasional +demonstrations along our front kept us in constant +expectation of being attacked, but nothing of the +sort occurred.</p> + +<p>About six o'clock we were hurried out of our +entrenchments at a double-quick toward Little +Round Top, where it was understood that Sickles's<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[85]</a></span> +Third Corps had been driven back with severe +loss. But before we arrived, the enemy had been +repulsed, and the firing ceased. We were now +started back to our entrenchments. We found, however, +upon our arrival, that the enemy had in our +absence taken possession of them. It was exasperating +to see them benefitting by our labors, but we +were somewhat consoled by the capture of a picket +of twenty Confederates, who in the darkness had +wandered into our line as we approached. We +were now obliged to form a new line, connecting +with our forces on the left as before, but swinging +back at an angle on the right to Rock Creek. We +thus presented to the enemy a semi-circular front, +which they could not penetrate without being +subjected to a cross fire from both sides.</p> + +<p>During the night we remained unmolested. At +daylight the firing commenced. The ground occupied +by the enemy's skirmishers was a rocky bit +of woodland which furnished abundant cover for +sharpshooters. For a while they annoyed us, but +by nine o'clock we had dislodged them, and +driven them back to the cover of their breastworks. +On our left the enemy were making desperate<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[86]</a></span> +efforts to dislodge from their entrenchments +Greene's Brigade and the troops of the First +Corps. Six times they came up to the assault, and +six times were repulsed, leaving the ground over +which they advanced literally covered with their +dead. At about eleven o'clock a portion of our +Division followed up these successes by charging +the Confederates in our front and sweeping them +entirely out of our entrenchments. They retired +only a short distance, however, showing that they +had not abandoned the contest.</p> + +<p>For nearly two hours, complete quiet now succeeded +the roar and din of the battle. Not a +cannon was fired. Only an occasional musket shot +disturbed the silence that prevailed from one end +of the field to the other. We all felt, however, +that this was but a lull before the final burst +of the storm. The losses in our Regiment had thus +far been light, and our spirits ran high. We felt +entire confidence that no force that the Southerners +could bring against us could by direct assault +break our line at any point.</p> + +<p>About one o'clock, the first shot was fired in the +tremendous artillery duel that preceded the last<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[87]</a></span> +desperate attempt to penetrate our center at Cemetery +Ridge. In five minutes three hundred guns +were pouring into one another, their deadly showers +of shot and shell, and making fearful havoc of +every thing that was not sheltered. From our position +in the woods we could see nothing of what +was going on in other parts of the line; but the air +above was filled with screaming shells, as they +flew back and forth on their deadly errand. In +some instances, shells from the Confederate batteries +in front of the Second Corps would pass entirely +over our lines, and land near the enemy in +our front; a great many of them fell in the open +space in our rear.</p> + +<p>At one time during the progress of the cannonade, +a battery was placed in position on a hill +across Rock Creek directly in front of our Regiment, +and began to drop shells unpleasantly close +to us. But our friends of Battery M, of the First +New York Artillery, who had been with us since +the Brigade was organized, seemed to get their +range at once, and promptly silenced them. On a +trip over the field, the next day, I found the position<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[88]</a></span> +where they had been stationed marked by a +dozen dead horses and two exploded caissons.</p> + +<p>During the cannonading, I took occasion to go +back into the woods a short distance in order to +get a view of what was going on. Everything in +sight gave evidence of the severity of the fire. All +those who were not actively engaged had sought +the shelter of rocks and trees or the inequalities of +the ground. Here and there mounted officers and +orderlies were riding across the field, although at +first sight it seemed as though a bird could scarcely +fly over it unharmed.</p> + +<p>In the course of an hour the terrific artillery fire +slackened. Then for a few minutes it nearly +ceased. In the interval of silence, Pickett's Division +of Confederates was marching to the +charge. From my position I could not see them +coming on, but I knew that they were charging by +the old familiar Southern yell. Soon that was +drowned in the roar of musketry and artillery. +For a time all was turmoil and confusion. At +length the hearty cheers of our comrades rang out, +and we knew that the Confederate tide of invasion +had been safely rolled back.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[89]</a></span>While this assault was being made on the center, +constant demonstrations were being made on +our front, and we momentarily expected an attack. +None came, however, although during all the rest +of the day the enemy presented an unshaken line. +At night they silently withdrew, and on the morning +of the 4th our reconnoitering parties could find +nothing of them east of Seminary Ridge, save +their dead and severely wounded, whom they had +left on the field.</p> + +<p>I spent some time that day going over the +ground occupied by the enemy in front of the +Twelfth Corps, and that over which Pickett had +made his now famous charge. From what I saw, I +felt certain that the enemy's losses were double our +own. Where they had assaulted Geary's Division +on the evening of the 2nd and on the morning +of the 3rd, the ground was so strewn with +their dead that it would have been possible to +walk for rods on dead bodies.</p> + +<p>On the morning of the 5th the enemy was on +the road back to Virginia. We started the same +day following hard after them, on parallel roads +to the east. When they reached Williamsport,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[90]</a></span> +however, they turned on us with a bold front. It +had been raining almost constantly for several +weeks and the Potomac was a raging torrent, +which could not be forded. We were in hopes that +it might thus continue until our forces could be +concentrated to overwhelm them. On the morning +of the 13th, however, when we were ready to +move forward to the attack, they were gone. The +river had fallen during the night, and they had +made good their retreat.</p> + +<p>For a time our Regiment led in the pursuit to the +ford at Falling Waters. Then we were filed out +to the side of the road to make way for General +Kilpatrick's Cavalry Brigade. They had scarcely +passed out of sight through a patch of woods, +when the roar of artillery and the sharp crack of +musketry announced that the enemy had been +found. We moved forward as rapidly as possible, +but were not in time to take any part in the +conflict. It appeared that when the cavalry had +emerged from the woods they had found a brigade +of Confederate infantry posted as a rear guard, on +a ridge overlooking the ford at Falling Waters. +They had immediately charged the enemy's<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[91]</a></span> +breastworks and had captured over a thousand +prisoners. They had won, besides, as trophies of +their skirmish, two pieces of artillery and four or +five colors inscribed with all the battles of the +Army of Northern Virginia. No further pursuit +was made. All of Lee's army, save only this rear +guard, had escaped safely to the south side of the +Potomac.</p> + +<p>At about this time I sent to my home in Wisconsin +the following letter concerning Lee's invasion:</p> + +<blockquote><p>I have wished a good many times that the rebs could +have had a month more among the people of Pennsylvania. +What little sympathy I had for them is gone now. +I cannot appreciate that disposition which will swindle a +friend to compensate for what an enemy has stolen from +you. In some cases the farmers would sell our men provisions +at reasonable rates and even give them something, +but the majority would ask from $.60 to $1.00 a loaf for +bread, and $.25 a quart for milk, and all such things in +proportion.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Our Corps now moved down the river to Harpers +Ferry, and crossing into Virginia, marched<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[92]</a></span> +leisurely along the eastern side of the Blue Ridge. +We found the abandoned fields through which +we passed overgrown with blackberry bushes, and +literally black with the ripened fruit. Every night +the men would go out from camp, and within easy +range find as many berries as they could eat. And +they were the best medicine we ever used. I +knew of cases of diarrhea that had become almost +chronic, soon cured by this diet.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><i>On Draft Riot duty</i></h2> + + +<p>On July 31 we went into camp near Kelly's +Ferry on the Rappahannock, where for the next +two weeks we did guard duty along the river and +rested from the fatigue of the long marches we +had made since leaving Stafford Court House. +On August 15 came orders to move. The next +morning we marched down to Rappahannock +Station in company with two other old regiments +of the Brigade, and boarded the cars for Alexandria, +on our way to New York. We were +joined at the station by five other regiments from +the different brigades, all under command of General +Ruger.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[93]</a></span>It seems that during the Confederate invasion +of Pennsylvania, the New York militia regiments +had been called off for duty in Washington, Baltimore, +and other places. A riotous mob in New +York City had taken advantage of this circumstance +to break out in defiance of the authorities, +and in resistance to the execution of the draft. +They had for several days held the city in a reign +of terror, and it had been necessary to stop all proceedings +under the draft.</p> + +<p>After a wait of several days, we embarked +at Alexandria on the steamer "Merrimac," and +proceeded down the Potomac to the ocean, thence +to New York City. We landed at the foot of +Canal Street, and quietly marched to the City +Hall Park, where we arrived at about ten o'clock +on Saturday night. Barracks had been provided +for the enlisted men, but the officers' tents had not +arrived. This did not trouble us much, however, +as we had been without tents much of the time +during the past two months. Wrapped in our rubber +blankets, we lay on the grass and slept, as the +landlady in <i>Rob Roy</i> says, "like a good sword in +its scabbard." We awoke in the morning to find<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[94]</a></span> +the sun well up in the heavens, and the park surrounded +by a crowd of curious people, surprised to +see a number of fairly well-dressed officers, sleeping +on the ground like a lot of vagrants.</p> + +<p>The next day, tents were pitched and cots prepared, +and we were enjoying the delights of camp +life amid all the surroundings of civilization. We +had our dress parades and guard mountings with +all the pomp and show that 300 men can make, to +the delight of the great crowds who had come to +see the veterans of Antietam and Gettysburg. +Soon after our arrival I was detailed for duty in +the provost marshal's office of the Fifth District of +New York, where the rioting had been most desperate. +I had charge of the guard stationed there +to preserve order and see that those who brought +substitutes or recruits were promptly admitted.</p> + +<p>There were no disturbances in the city while +we were there, except such as our men made for +themselves, at the instigation of the police. We +had plenty of bold fellows in the Regiment, who +wanted no better amusement than to raid a saloon +that had been the headquarters of the rioters. +They would get out of camp at night, and gather<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[95]</a></span> +in such a saloon pointed out to them by the police. +Then they would get up a row on some pretext, +and pitch bartenders and bummers out of doors, +and smash everything breakable about the place. +Everyone in the Regiment could find a way to enjoy +himself, and a policeman to help him, and +would have been content to stay in the city much +longer than we did.</p> + +<p>On September 6 came orders to return to our +camp. We marched down to the Battery in the +evening, and were conveyed in small boats to the +steamer "Mississippi." In the morning, when I +awoke, we were rolling and pitching in a manner +that I had never before experienced in my limited +travels by water. A few of the officers had become +seasick on our way up to New York, and +those of us who escaped had enjoyed the fun of +laughing at them. I did not propose therefore to +give up now. So I dressed and started for breakfast. +One smell of the coffee, and I had business +on deck. But after gazing steadily over the side +of the vessel for a time, I felt better, and by noon +had recovered my appetite.</p> + +<p>We arrived at Alexandria on the 9th. On<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[96]</a></span> +the 13th we reached our camp at Kelly's Ferry, +and found the Thirteenth New Jersey drawn up +in line to welcome us back to the old Brigade. +We did not, however, remain long in camp. +Rumors began to float about, that Lee was sending +a part of his army to reënforce Bragg in northwestern +Georgia. Within two days we were +again on the march to the Rapidan, behind which +the enemy had retired. We reached Raccoon +Ford on the 16th, and our Regiment and the +Second Massachusetts were detailed to support +pickets at the Ford.</p> + +<p>We camped in the woods near the river, with +sentinels at night down to the bank, but during the +day they were withdrawn to the most convenient +cover in the neighborhood. The enemy were +camped just behind the hills on the other side. +Just about this time they appeared to be having a +religious revival. While visiting my sentinels +after dark, I could hear them preaching, praying, +and singing, whole regiments apparently being +thus engaged. Under orders from Corps headquarters +we refrained from firing upon their pickets +and they reciprocated the courtesy, which made it<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[97]</a></span> +much pleasanter for the sentinels on both sides of +the river.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><i>With the Army of the Cumberland</i></h2> + + +<p>After two days of this picket duty we were relieved +by a Connecticut regiment and rejoined our +Corps. We found that we were under orders to +march the next day to Brandy Station, on the +railroad. We did not know it at the time, but +we were about to take our leave from the old Army +of the Potomac, with which we had been associated +since its organization. We had fought side +by side in some of the hardest battles in the war; +and had we been consulted in the matter, we +would doubtless have voted to stay where we +were, and help it to finish Lee's army. However, +we were not consulted, and the necessities of war +now called us to the Army of the Cumberland at +Chattanooga.</p> + +<p>On the night of the 24th, we bivouacked at +Brandy Station, where the paymaster worked all +night paying off the troops, and where we saw the +Eleventh Corps being loaded for Alexandria. +The next morning we marched to Bealeton Station,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[98]</a></span> +where, after a wait of a day, we also loaded +up and started. The cars were ordinary freight +trucks, with rough board benches set crosswise, +and the men were crowded in as thick as they +could be seated.</p> + +<p>We pulled out of Washington over the Baltimore +& Ohio Railroad, the trains containing forty +or fifty cars each. As we approached the mountains +the size of the trains was reduced to about +seven cars; but on reaching the western slope, the +old number was restored. We crossed the Ohio +at Benwood, on a pontoon bridge. Another lot +of cars was awaiting us on the opposite side, and +we went on through Columbus, Dayton, Indianapolis, +and Louisville. On this trip through Ohio +and Indiana we were everywhere reminded that +we were among friends. Our train stopped for +a time at Columbus, Xenia, and Dayton, and it +seemed as though the citizens of those towns could +not do enough for us. At every station along the +road great crowds of people were gathered, and +cheered us as we passed along.</p> + +<p>We stopped briefly at Louisville, then went on +again through Nashville, and past the battle-field<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[99]</a></span> +of Murfreesboro. We debarked from the cars at +Stevenson, Alabama, on Sunday morning, just a +week from the time we had started. We certainly +were glad enough to be released after seven +days and nights of railroad travelling, cramped up +so tightly that there was scarce room either to sit +up or lie down. Our arrival was none too soon. +The long line of railroad from Nashville southward, +had been practically unguarded, and the +enemy's cavalry under General Wheeler succeeded +soon after our arrival in tearing it up in several +places.</p> + +<p>We now had several weeks of racing up and +down the railroad line, infantry after cavalry, and +with the usual result. In the end, however, the +road was cleared, with the whole "Red Star" +Division distributed between Murfreesboro and +Stevenson. Our Regiment was stationed at Wartrace, +where there was a junction with a short railroad +running to Shelbyville—the Nashville & +Chattanooga Railroad. It was a curiosity. The +cross-ties were about five feet apart, and the rails +were of wood, surmounted by a running surface of +light iron. Frequently the wooden rails would<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[100]</a></span> +spread, and then there would be a wreck; in fact, +scarcely a day passed on which there would not +be an accident of some kind. Large details of +men from our Regiment were set to work to bring +the road in repair, and by Christmas it was in fairly +good condition.</p> + +<p>Shortly after we were established at Wartrace, +I secured leave of absence to go to Chattanooga in +search of my brother, who had enlisted in the +Tenth Wisconsin. I had not heard of him since +the battle of Chickamauga. My route was by +rail to Bridgeport on the Tennessee River, then in +a small captured Confederate steamer called +"Paint Rock," up the Tennessee to Chattanooga.</p> + +<p>The "Paint Rock" was loaded to its utmost +capacity with hardtack for the starving Union +men who held Chattanooga. The river route to +that town had only recently been opened up by +General Hooker, with the Eleventh Corps and +the Second Division of our Corps. Previously it +had been necessary to wheel all supplies sixty +miles over a mountain road, where teams could +scarcely haul the forage for their own trip. Even<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[101]</a></span> +now the boats could run only to within eight miles +of the city.</p> + +<p>The fifty-mile river trip brought me at the end +of the day to the landing at Kelly's Ferry. Then +I had an eight-mile walk before me to the camps, +where I arrived late in the evening. I soon +found the regiment or the small remnant of it that +I was looking for; but then I learned that my +brother was beyond doubt a prisoner in the hands +of the enemy.</p> + +<p>I spent a day in visiting about Chattanooga. +The enemy occupied a line from the Tennessee +River, above town, to the point of Lookout Mountain +below. At no place were they near enough +to throw shells into the city, save from their heavy +guns on Lookout Mountain. From these, shells +came over all day at intervals of ten or fifteen +minutes and exploded high in the air over either +our camps or the city. So far as I could see, however, +they did little damage.</p> + +<p>Shortly after my return to my Regiment, I was +detailed to investigate the killing of a negro by a +white man, not far from our post. The evidence +showed that it was a most unprovoked murder, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[102]</a></span> +I so reported. The man was thereupon arrested +and sent to the provost marshal at Tullahoma. I +never learned what was finally done with him. +The curious thing about the affair was the frank +astonishment of the man that anyone should take +notice of the killing of a mere "nigger."</p> + +<p>Toward the end of November a large number +of Confederate prisoners, who had been captured +in the battles of Lookout Mountain and Missionary +Ridge, were being sent northward over the +railroad. We often had conversation with them +while the trains were stopping at our station. Some +were still defiant, but most of them were discouraged, +and many predicted that the Confederacy +could not last six months longer. An unusually +large number of deserters of all ranks from colonel +downward, were also coming in, and they likewise +professed to believe that the Confederacy was +tottering.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><i>The Third Veteranizes</i></h2> + + +<p>In December a general order was issued from +the War Department, providing for the reënlistment +of veteran regiments. It provided for a liberal<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[103]</a></span> +bounty for all who reënlisted as veterans after +two years' service; but it offered what was a +greater temptation than anything else, the chance +to go home for thirty days as a regiment, with the +opportunity to recruit up to the full standard. I +explained to my Company all the advantages of +this arrangement. Their term of service would +not expire until the end of June. By that time the +fighting would probably be well over with. By +reënlisting now they would secure the bounty, the +thirty days furlough, and the honorable record of +veteran soldiers, and it would be possible to preserve +our organization from the beginning to the +end of the war.</p> + +<p>Just about this time I was called away from +camp to Tullahoma, to sit on the court martial of +Colonel E. L. Price of the One Hundred Forty-Fifth +New York Regiment, on charges of misbehaviour +in battle. When the court adjourned +over the Christmas holidays and I returned to my +Regiment, I was informed by my First Sergeant +that the men of my Company had been talking over +the matter of reënlisting, and that more than three-fourths +of them were ready to do so if I would<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[104]</a></span> +stay with them. The contagion spread. By +Christmas all but two of the officers, and 240 out +of 300 enlisted men present with the Regiment, +had, in the language of the day, "veteranized."</p> + +<p>On Christmas this surviving remnant of the +thousand men of the Third, who had so gayly left +the State two-and-a-half years before, started on +their return. It was a beautiful day, and for us +one of perfect happiness. We were going home +with a record that none could surpass and few +commands could equal. We were the first regiment +from Wisconsin, and I believe the first in the +army, to reënlist.</p> + +<p>At Madison the arms were stored, and the men +scattered to their homes to enjoy their thirty-days' +furlough. I was just in time to take part in a New +Year's dance, and go home in the morning on the +coldest day ever known in Wisconsin.</p> + +<p>The month of January, 1864, which we spent +in Wisconsin, was a season of continuous festivities. +The only drawback was the extreme cold, +which to us who had just come from the South, +seemed more severe than it had ever been before. +Everyone seemed to be determined to give<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[105]</a></span> +the returned soldiers the best time of their lives. +Some of the croakers thought it too gay for people +who were engaged in a death struggle for the life +of the Nation. Those of us, however, who had +been at the front, were disposed to be merry while +we could, and leave the future to care for itself. +Recruiting was going on all the time. Our veterans +proved the best recruiting officers in the State. +They brought in their brothers and cousins, schoolmates +and friends, so that when we were ready to +return once more to the south, we had added 300 +men to our rolls, picked from the very flower of +Wisconsin's citizenry.</p> + +<p>On February 2 the veterans of the Regiment assembled +at Madison. On the 4th we were again +on our way south, and reached Tullahoma the +night of the 9th. On the 12th we started out for +Fayetteville, the seat of Lincoln County, Tennessee, +where we arrived at noon on the following day. +On our way we passed through Lynchburg, where +there was pointed out to us the house, or rather the +ruins of the house, which was said to have been +the birthplace of Davy Crockett. At Mulberry, +a little farther on, I met a middle-aged citizen who<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[106]</a></span> +said that he had never known what a United +States flag looked like until he had seen one carried +by our soldiers in this war.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><i>Reorganizing Lincoln County</i></h2> + + +<p>Lincoln County was one of the richest, as well +as the most violent of Secession counties in Tennessee. +Its people boasted that it had cast 2,500 +votes for Secession, and not one for the Union; +the few Union men in the county had not dared to +go to the polls. A few months previous to our +coming a small detachment of Northern troops +had been captured there by guerrillas. The +prisoners had been taken to the bank of the Elk +River and three of them deliberately murdered. +A fourth had only escaped by leaping +into the river and swimming off in the confusion. +When he had reported the matter to headquarters, +Colonel Ketcham of the One Hundred Fiftieth +New York had been sent to collect an assessment +of $30,000 from the citizens of the county for the +benefit of the families of the murdered soldiers.</p> + +<p>Our mission in Lincoln County was to hunt +down the guerrillas who infested it, and to care for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[107]</a></span> +the refugees from Chattanooga and other places +in the rear of the army, who had lost their means of +gaining a livelihood. We supported the refugees +by forced levies of corn and bacon from the +wealthy planters of the vicinity, while our +mounted force soon disposed of the guerrillas, +capturing a number and frightening the rest out +of the county. We had a novel way of administering +justice. For instance, about two months +after our arrival a number of these young offenders, +whose parents lived in the vicinity and were substantial +farmers, stole from a citizen mules valued +at $400. The Colonel immediately assessed the +amount on the fathers, and with the money thus +collected paid for the mules. That was our policy +all through—to make the wealthy Confederates +pay for the damage done by their lawless +colleagues. And this method had a good effect, +for it soon put an end to the thievery.</p> + +<p>Shortly after we arrived, our mounted men captured +a Confederate officer named Boone, a grandson +of the famous Daniel. On him was found a +list of all the guerrillas in the county. When I examined +him, he told me that he had been sent to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[108]</a></span> +muster these fellows into the Confederate army; +but his plans were spoiled. Instead he went to +Johnson's Island, a prisoner, and his little memorandum +book remained in my possession.</p> + +<p>Among the names on the list were those of two +Miller boys, whose mother and sister lived in town. +The Captain of our mounted men, and several +other officers, boarded with the family, for the +people in Fayetteville were usually glad to take +in Union officers as boarders, in order that they +might secure from our rations the otherwise unobtainable +luxuries of sugar and coffee. Several +days after the capture of Boone's list, the Captain +brought in both of the young Millers as prisoners. +They were forwarded to Corps headquarters +at Tullahoma. The elder, instead of being sent +North as a prisoner of war, was tried by court +martial and sentenced to be hanged in the public +square of Fayetteville. That did not suit some +of us; so we found means to send Mrs. Miller +to Shelbyville, where she secured Judge Cooper, +a well-known Unionist and former member of +Congress, to go to Washington, and lay the case +before President Lincoln. It was well known<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[109]</a></span> +that no death sentence was ever executed with the +President's consent, if there was any reasonable excuse +for avoiding it. His usual magnanimity did +not fail in this case, and the boy was sent North +as an ordinary prisoner of war.</p> + +<p>When the President's amnesty proclamation +was issued, we were given the duty of reorganizing +Lincoln County under its provisions. I was appointed +provost marshal, and in that position administered +oaths of allegiance to several thousand +repentant and unrepentant Secessionists. When +the election was held, returns were made to me, +and by me tabulated, and sent to the military +governor at Nashville. Commissions were then +issued by him to the officials who had been elected, +so that when we left, the county was ready to resume +civil government.</p> + +<p>In administering the oath of allegiance, the demand +for blanks was so great that the ordinary +sources could not furnish a sufficient supply. It +was necessary, therefore, for me to open a printing +office. So I took possession of an old printing establishment, +and set several men to work. The +press was broken down and the type badly "pi'd";<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[110]</a></span> +but we soon had the machinery repaired, and by +combining the stock of three printing offices, secured +sufficient type to run our establishment with +success.</p> + +<p>In addition to these other duties, I had to listen +to everyone in the county who sought redress for a +grievance of any kind. Some had had horses +taken by our army, or by bushwhackers; some had +been robbed of money or other valuables; some +wanted permits to carry firearms, which were of +course never granted; and others needed assistance +from the Government to keep from starving. One +man came with a case parallel to that of the +woman who wanted a "pass to raise geese." He +wanted a "pass to raise a crup." I told him to go +on and raise his crop, or do whatever he pleased, +so long as he remained loyal to the Government. +He said his neighbors had told him he could not +raise a crop without a permit from the Federals, +and that every man who took the oath of allegiance +was branded in the forehead with the letters +"U. S."</p> + +<p>One day a woman came to me, who said she +had heard that we paid $10,000 to the widows of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[111]</a></span> +men killed by guerrillas. I explained to her that +we had done that only for the widows of three +Union soldiers. I told her, however, that if she +could give me any information about where the +guerrillas could be found, we would capture and +punish them. She said she did not know, but that +she had heard some shots in the woods. She had +not seen her man since, and she was sure they had +killed him. After parleying awhile she started +out of the door. But before she went out, she +turned and called back to me, "That ai'nt the +wust of 't; they stole my old mare, too!"</p> + +<p>When we first arrived at Fayetteville not a person +was to be seen on the streets, although before +the war it had been a place of 2,000 inhabitants. +There was not a vestige of any kind of business +left in the town. Even the stores and taverns were +vacant. The people soon made their appearance, +however, when they found that we had come to +stay, and before very long we had established the +most friendly relations with them. By the time we +were ready to leave, almost every family in town +had its friends among the soldiers. They were +very sociable, and always seemed glad to have the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[112]</a></span> +Federal officers call on them. The young ladies +would sing and play the piano beautifully, and +make things quite homelike for us after the routine +of the day's work. Twenty years later, while +passing through Fayetteville on my way to Atlanta, +I received courtesies from a citizen who only +knew me by reputation as one of the officers of the +Third Wisconsin.</p> + +<p>It was curious to see what a difference slavery +had made in the social life of these people. Everywhere +work was considered disgraceful for a +white man, and as only the occupation of the +"nigger." In order to succeed socially, it was +necessary to own slaves. The idea of hiring +labor, or of being rich without negroes, was apparently +incomprehensible. And in fact it was +true that all of the people who had obtained any +sort of success, intellectually or otherwise, had +owned slaves.</p> + +<p>Most of the men who resided in the vicinity had +served in the Confederate army. Some had been +discharged on account of wounds or sickness, while +others, and probably most of them, had deserted +when they became sure that the fight was hopeless.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[113]</a></span></p> + +<p>My office was a common resort for these people +after they had taken the oath of amnesty. They +would sit around by the hour, and spin their yarns +about the Confederate service. The recent deserters +had to be sent to headquarters at Tullahoma for +examination; and as we could communicate only +with a strong escort, I would sometimes have half +a dozen of them paroled to report to me daily until +I could arrange to send on a party.</p> + +<p>In all my dealings with these people, I found +scarcely any who really desired the success of the +Union cause. There were plenty of them, probably +the majority, who thought the Confederacy a +failure, and wished to get back into the Union on +the best possible terms; but they still clung to their +old ideas. However, that did not interfere with +our friendship and the good time that we had +while we were there. And when the day at +length came when we were obliged to leave, I +think that they really were, as they professed to be, +sorry at our going. And well they might be, for +the regiment of Tennessee Union Cavalry, that +occupied the town after we left, proceeded at once +to kill several of the most prominent men who had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[114]</a></span> +not taken the amnesty oath, and at least one who +had.</p> + +<p>On the morning of April 28, 1864, we said +farewell to our Fayetteville friends and started out +on the campaign which a year later was to end at +Raleigh, North Carolina, with the surrender of +Johnston's army and the end of the war. With us +was a company of Tennessee Union Cavalry, commanded +by Captain Brixey, which had been sent +to Lincoln County to hunt bushwhackers. On +leaving Fayetteville they had taken a horse belonging +to Judge Chilcote, a prominent citizen, +who had been of much assistance to me in the +provost marshal's office in restoring civil government, +and who had at the election been chosen +county clerk. The Judge followed us, and asked +to have his horse restored. Colonel Hawley of +our Regiment at once compelled Captain Brixey to +give it up. He did so with apparent reluctance, +and then secretly sent a number of his men over a +by-road to intercept the Judge on his return and +kill him. This cowardly deed accomplished, the +men rejoined their command. Brixey then pushed +on ahead to Tullahoma, and on the next day left<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[115]</a></span> +for the mountains of East Tennessee. The murder +was reported to us that night. The Colonel +sent back Captain Gardner with his mounted men +to investigate, but the murderers had fled as soon +as their deed became known, and nothing more +could be done. After this outrage, Brixey never +dared to rejoin our army. Some time later he +was killed by Confederates in northwestern +Georgia.</p> + +<p>During our stay at Fayetteville our Corps and +the old Eleventh of the Army of the Potomac +were consolidated, and became known as the +Twentieth Corps of the Army of the Cumberland. +The command was given to General Hooker. +Our portion of the army would very much have +preferred General H. W. Slocum, who was sent +to Vicksburg. In the reorganization we became +the Second Brigade of the First Division, with +General Thomas H. Ruger commanding the +Brigade and General A. S. Williams commanding +the Division. At the suggestion of the officers +of the Eleventh Corps, our old badge, the five-pointed +star, was retained as the badge of the new +corps.</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[116]</a></span></p> +<h2><i>Opening of the Atlanta Campaign</i></h2> + + +<p>Our Regiment reached Tullahoma on April 30, +to find that the rest of our Brigade had already +gone to the front. We started out on the next day +to join them, and on May 4 crossed the Tennessee +River at Bridgeport. On the 7th we passed over +the battle-field of Chickamauga, where signs of the +conflict were still everywhere in evidence. On +the night of the 8th we crossed the mountains by +way of Nickajack Pass, and joined our Brigade +at daylight the next morning. This passage over +the mountains was interesting. The night was extremely +dark and perfectly quiet. The men in +charge of the wagon train had placed lighted +candles on the rocks along the road, at intervals of +about a hundred feet, in order to guide themselves +and those who came after. These were still flickering +when we came along.</p> + +<p>Our march to Atlanta was now well under way. +The enemy continually fell back, and in most +cases without offering serious resistance. The +three armies of General Sherman, marching in +parallel lines, seemed to be able to carry everything<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[117]</a></span> +before them. On the 10th we again +crossed the mountains at Snake Creek Gap, going +into camp on the other side until the 13th. On +the night of the 10th we were visited by a tremendous +wind and rain storm, which blew down +our tents, and raised the water in the creek so high +that we had to move our camp or be drowned. +At about this time, also, an order was read to the +troops announcing the great success of the Army of +the Potomac in the opening battles of the final +campaign against Richmond.</p> + +<p>On the 14th we were moved to the extreme left +to support General Howard, who was there engaged +with the enemy. We arrived at about +sundown, just as the Confederates were driving in +a brigade of the Fourth Corps and threatening to +capture a battery of artillery. As we moved forward +in line of battle, ready to receive the advancing +enemy, General Williams called out to the +fleeing soldiers of the Fourth Corps to get back +out of the way, for he had a division there from +the Army of the Potomac that would protect them. +All of which goes to show that even major-generals +are human, and when they get a chance like<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[118]</a></span> +to exult over their rivals. We checked the advance +of the enemy without much trouble.</p> + +<p>At about noon on the 15th, General Butterfield, +with our Third Division, moved forward to attack +an earthwork and a four-gun battery, which the +enemy held in his front. We moved forward on +the left to support him; and encountering little opposition +at first, advanced somewhat farther than +the Third Division. We took position in the edge +of a woods, where we made use of a rail fence and +some logs to build a breastwork in anticipation of +an attack, which the skirmish firing in front warned +us was coming. We soon had sight of the advancing +enemy. A few volleys from us, however, +and they broke and ran. In a short time +they again came up, with a new line. We disposed +of that almost as quickly as the first. A +third time they repeated the attempt, and again we +beat them back.</p> + +<p>Now came the order to pursue. My Company, +and the companies on my right, moved forward +about two hundred yards in the woods. Suddenly +we found that we were on the flank of a +Brigade that was still stubbornly fighting with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[119]</a></span> +troops of the Twenty-Third Corps and the left +companies of our Regiment. They were in a +peach orchard, the nearest of them not fifty yards +away. I hastily wheeled my Company, and +Company H to the left, and opened fire. At such +short range, and in such a crowd, every shot must +have counted. The Confederates did not wait +for much, but skedaddled as fast as their legs could +carry them.</p> + +<p>Just as the last of them were disappearing from +sight, I saw a man in Confederate uniform come +running toward my Company, hatless, but with gun +in hand. I supposed that he was coming in to +give himself up. He came within twenty yards +of us, then apparently noticed for the first time +that we were Yankees. He immediately started +to run back. I called to him to surrender, but it +only increased his speed. Finding that he did +not stop, two of my men fired at him, and both hit +him. He fell dead almost instantly upon the +field. I went forward then and examined him. +He was a mere boy, not over twenty years of age. +In his pocket we found his order, not two weeks +old, from the conscript officer of his district, notifying<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[120]</a></span> +him to join the army. I have seen fields of +battle in front of our Regiment, covered over with +the dead, without experiencing the pang of regret +that I felt for this poor lad who, scarcely out from +home, and too frightened and confused to know +what to do, thus sadly met his fate.</p> + +<p>The loss of our Regiment in this fight was one +killed and thirty-one wounded. Many of the +wounded subsequently died, among them Reverend +John M. Springer, the Chaplain of the +Regiment. When drafted in 1863, he had been +a Methodist minister in Monroe, Wisconsin. Believing +this to be a call of duty he had refused to +allow his church to secure a substitute, and had reported +at Madison for service. When our Regiment +was about to leave Wisconsin for the front, +after the veteran furlough, we officers had been introduced +to him in the Executive Chamber at the +Capitol, where we had assembled on the invitation +of the Governor. When sent for, Springer had +been found doing sentinel duty before the gate of +Camp Randall. We had elected him Chaplain, +and he had joined us at Fayetteville as soon as he +could secure his discharge as a private. On the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[121]</a></span> +morning of the battle, when the prospects seemed +good for a lively fight, he had come to me and +asked for a musket and some ammunition, for he +did not wish to be lurking in the rear while we +were in danger at the front. At my suggestion, +he had previously posted himself in the tactics, so I +now told him to take the place of a Lieutenant in +my Company. He was the first man hit, and died +in the hospital a few days later.</p> + +<p>By a strange coincidence, our picket found on +the field in our front the dead body of the Chaplain +of the Georgia Regiment with which we had +been engaged. We were told by some of the +wounded prisoners that he had been shot in coming +up to recover the body of his son, a captain in the +Regiment, who had been killed early in the fight.</p> + +<p>In this battle, for the first time in my experience, +Confederate soldiers who might have escaped +came in and gave themselves up as prisoners. I +think as many as forty did this. They were all +thoroughly discouraged, and the same feeling +seems to have run through their whole army, for +they were more quickly and easily beaten than I +had ever seen them before.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[122]</a></span>It was understood on our part that in order to +give the Army of the Tennessee time to get below +Resaca and cut off their retreat, we were not to +push the attack against the enemy. They were +too quick for us, however; the next morning they +had abandoned Resaca, leaving behind them six +heavy guns and large quantities of provisions and +ammunition.</p> + +<p>On the 19th we came up to them again at Cassville, +where we drove them into their entrenched +lines and occupied the town. We expected a +fight in the morning, but once more they were gone, +this time across the Etowah River. After a rest +of four days at Cassville, we again went forward, +crossing the Etowah on a pontoon bridge without +resistance.</p> + +<p>On the 25th we had nearly reached Dallas +when we were turned back to assist General +Geary, who had encountered a division of Hood's +Corps, entrenched on the Marietta road to our left, +at a place called New Hope Church. On our +arrival we found that Geary's Division had already +pushed back the enemy's skirmishers until +the latter were thought to be in their main line of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[123]</a></span> +works, from which position we were ordered to +drive them. The country was heavily timbered, +and underbrush so obscured the view that it was +impossible to see in any direction more than a few +rods. When we came within sight of the enemy +we found that a six-gun battery was posted a little +in front of their line of infantry. The latter +awaited us behind a breastwork, evidently hastily +constructed of logs and earth, nevertheless affording +fairly good shelter. As soon as we came +within range, the battery opened on us with round +shot and shell; then, as we came nearer, with +grape and canister. But we pushed steadily on +until we were less than sixty yards from them, +when we halted; for we had lost so many men, +and had become so disorganized in the march +through the timber and brush that the impetus of +our charge was gone. The regiments on both +sides of us had already done the same. We +sheltered ourselves as well as we could, behind +trees and fallen timber, and opened fire on their +battery, receiving a hot fire in return from their +infantry. We succeeded, however, in driving off +the Confederate gunners, and prevented the cannon<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[124]</a></span> +from being worked for the remainder of the +day.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><i>Wounded and in Hospital</i></h2> + + +<p>When we had first come within range of the +grape-shot, my scabbard had been struck and cut +in two at a point just below where I grasped it +with my left hand. Later, when my men had +sheltered themselves and had commenced firing, +I was again struck. I was at the time resting on +one knee in a position where I could watch the +battery, and direct our fire upon it, for I was determined +that the enemy should not have an opportunity +to take it away so long as we had a +chance to capture it. My attention had just been +called to something on the left, when a bullet +struck the front of my cap, cutting the figure "3" +out of the bugle, and glancing from the bone, cut +a gash across my forehead. For a time I lost all +interest in that battle. When I regained my feet, +Colonel Hawley, who was standing near, told me +to get back to the hospital. I succeeded in finding +my way to a small ravine that we had crossed, +thinking as I got back of the line, that there were<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[125]</a></span> +a thousand bullets flying, to every one nearer +the front. At the small brook in the ravine, I +tried to wash off the blood which was blinding +me, but had such poor success that I concluded +to follow the Colonel's advice and have the wound +dressed. I considered it not much of a clip, and +thought that in three days at the most I would be +back with my company. It was about two months +before I rejoined, and a good many years before I +entirely recovered.</p> + +<p>On my way back to the hospital, I met in succession +General Williams who commanded the +Division, General Hooker who commanded the +Corps, General Thomas who commanded the +Army of the Cumberland, and General Sherman +who commanded the Department. Each +stopped and asked if I was much hurt—when I +told that it was only a scratch, they were eager +for information as to the situation at the front. I +explained that we had driven the artillerymen +from their guns, but that the infantry in their +breastworks had been too much for us. Then each +kindly told me to go to the hospital.</p> + +<p>At the hospital I found Dr. Conley, our Regimental<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[126]</a></span> +Surgeon, who dressed my wound and gave +me a blanket to lie down on. I got away to one +side and tried to sleep, but the Doctor disturbed me +so often to look at my wound that this was impossible. +I finally lost all patience with him and +ordered him to let me alone; but he afterwards explained +that he feared I would go to sleep and +wake up in the next world.</p> + +<p>This fight is known in the North as the Battle +of Dallas, or the Battle of Pumpkinvine Creek, and +in the South as the Battle of New Hope Church. +In the engagement, our Regiment lost eighteen +men killed and ninety-two wounded. This loss +was quite unevenly distributed among the companies. +Mine had sixteen men severely wounded, +two of whom subsequently died. Company A, +on my left, had six men killed and twenty-one +wounded. Captain Hunter of Company F was +wounded by a canister shot, in one of his legs near +the knee-joint, and died shortly after. Captain +Ruger of the Brigade staff also received a severe +wound in the knee, which incapacitated him for +further service during the war.</p> + +<p>On the afternoon of the day following the battle,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[127]</a></span> +I thought I was strong enough to go back to my +Regiment. So I started out, against the protests of +the surgeons; but after going about a quarter of a +mile, my legs gave out, and I was obliged to return +and obey directions. I remained at the field hospital +for about three and a half days. During +most of that time the surgeons were busy at the +amputating table. On the morning of the 29th all +of the slightly wounded were sent off with the +wagon train. The more seriously wounded were +sent off late in the afternoon in the ambulances. +Captains Hunter, Ruger, and I went in the same +ambulance, I was on the seat with the driver.</p> + +<p>At Kingston, where we arrived on the 30th, +a long train of freight cars for the slightly +wounded, and hospitals cars for the severely +wounded was waiting, ready to start for Chattanooga. +Captain Hunter was, however, too ill to +go, and I would not leave him, so we waited over +together until June 2. The ride to Chattanooga +was a very severe one for poor Hunter, and he appeared +to be much the worse for it. He recovered +temporarily under the careful treatment at Chattanooga, +of Doctor Persons of the First Wisconsin<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[128]</a></span> +Cavalry, but on June 8 began to sink rapidly, and +died on the afternoon of the following day.</p> + +<p>My wound was not dangerous, yet it was serious +enough to entitle me to a leave of absence. I +took advantage of it to return for a pleasant week +to my Wisconsin home; then rejoined my Regiment +near the Chattahoochee River on July 17. +During my absence it had followed the fortunes +of the Twentieth Corps, having had no hard fighting +and but few casualties on the picket line. The +term of service of the men who had not reënlisted +had expired on June 29, and they had been mustered +out. The officers in the various regiments, +however, who wished to be mustered out, found +themselves conscripted for a longer term. Their +applications had been approved until they had +reached General Thomas; but he had forwarded +them to Washington with recommendations for +dishonorable discharge. Discovering this danger, +the officers had withdrawn their applications. A +number in the Twenty-Ninth Pennsylvania had, +however, been dishonorably discharged under +such circumstances, and at the time this seemed to +us an injustice.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[129]</a></span></p> +<h2><i>The Siege of Atlanta</i></h2> + + +<p>On the day that I rejoined the Regiment the +army moved forward across the Chattahoochee +River. During the next three days a farther advance +was made across Peach Tree Creek, and +we were now but a few miles from the fortifications +of Atlanta. On the afternoon of the 20th, +General Hood, the new Confederate commander +who had succeeded Johnston, came out of his entrenchments +and made a furious attack on our +lines. The brunt of it fell on our Corps, which +was somewhat in advance of the others. Our +Regiment being in the second line was not engaged, +for the first line repulsed the enemy along +the entire front. The fighting was very severe, +the Confederates coming up to the attack again +and again. The loss in our Corps was about +2,000 killed and wounded; that of the enemy +must have been double that number.</p> + +<p>On the night of the 21st I went on picket duty +with instructions to advance my picket line if possible, +for the enemy's pickets were so close that +their stray bullets were causing much annoyance<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[130]</a></span> +in our camp. We were not very successful during +the night; but in the morning, when the whole +Brigade picket line under Major Smith of the +One Hundred Fiftieth New York, moved forward, +the enemy had disappeared. As was now +becoming quite usual, a number of their men remained +behind to be taken prisoners.</p> + +<p>Major Smith's orders were to advance until he +found the enemy. So we slowly pushed forward +through their strong but abandoned works, and encountered +no serious opposition until within about +a mile of their fortifications immediately surrounding +the city. We met their picket line on a hill, +and drove it back a half mile, but they brought +out against us such a strong force that we in turn +were obliged to fall back, taking our stand on the +hills where we had first met their pickets. From +this position they did not seriously attempt to dislodge +us.</p> + +<p>From our vantage we could see all of their +manœuvers. Apparently there were not more +than 2,000 or 3,000 troops to prevent our entry +into the city. I have always believed that if there +had been someone high enough in command to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[131]</a></span> +have used the troops where I was that day, Atlanta +could have been captured much more easily +than it was six weeks later. At about six o'clock +our Corps came up, and our picket line, once more +moving forward, drove the Confederate skirmishers +to within two hundred yards of their forts.</p> + +<p>The next day a battery of twenty-pound <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'parrot'">Parrott</ins> +guns was planted on the hill and commenced +throwing shells into the city over our heads. The +enemy replied with spirit, and we received many +of their compliments that were intended for the +battery. Our men protected themselves by throwing +up an earthwork in front of the camp, with a +ditch behind it wide enough and deep enough to +shelter all in case of necessity. The officers all +had heavy earth barricades built in front of their +tents, and these furnished fairly good protection.</p> + +<p>I remember to have been one night in the Colonel's +tent when the shells were flying pretty +lively. We were just discussing whether his embankment +would stop a shell, when one came +along and buried itself in the ground a little in +front without exploding. The Colonel went out +and found that it had gone two feet into the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[132]</a></span> +ground. One of the other officers present expressed +the opinion that it would have gone +through the breastwork if it had struck properly. +The words were scarcely out of his mouth when +another shell struck the work, penetrating about +two-thirds of the way, and exploding without +damage.</p> + +<p>At another time we were not so fortunate. A +shell struck the barricade of Captain Orton of +Company K, passed through, and exploded in the +tent, mortally wounding him and seriously wounding +Lieutenants Barager, Blanchard, and +Schweers, who were with him. Lieutenant Barager +served until the end of the war; but a few +years after its close, he became, as a consequence +of that shock, a physical and mental wreck.</p> + +<p>The enemy's sharpshooters were close enough +to us to keep dropping their bullets incessantly +into our camp. It was at first rather annoying to +have them come pattering around whenever anyone +moved, but in time we became so accustomed +to the missiles, that we went about our ordinary +business as though there were no Confederates +within forty miles. On one occasion the Thirteenth<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[133]</a></span> +New Jersey went out in front of the line and +captured thirty-five of the enemy's pickets, and +burned the houses where the marksmen had been +stationed.</p> + +<p>On July 28 General Hooker was at his own +request relieved of the command of our Corps. +He had taken offence at being jumped by General +Howard for the command of the Army of the +Tennessee, after the death of General McPherson +in the battle of July 22. I do not believe that +the highest officers generally sympathized with +Hooker, but the Corps as a whole felt that his loss +was a serious blow. He had large personal influence +on his troops. During an active campaign, +virtually every soldier in his Corps saw him almost +daily. If there was a picket line to be established, +he personally examined it; if an assault was +made on the enemy, he was with the foremost, always +brave to the extreme of recklessness. He +was, moreover, careful of the welfare of his men. +He made his commissaries attend strictly to business, +and his Corps would often be furnished with +the delicacies of army rations when others were +short or had nothing but hardtack and salt pork.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[134]</a></span> +It was a common remark all through the army +that Joe Hooker fed his men the best, and fought +them the best, of any of the corps commanders. +Of course his men worshipped him and under him +were invincible; for the same reason the enemy +dreaded him worse than anything else mortal.</p> + +<p>The newspapers of the day said that the appointment +of General Howard was the work of +President Lincoln. But it was reported in the +Corps, that General Sherman had been the prime +mover. It was freely whispered among us that +Sherman, with all his great talents and acknowledged +ability, was affected with the same weakness +that was said to have troubled Napoleon—the +not being able to look with complacency on the +great personal popularity of a subordinate. Sherman +was reported to have allowed this feeling to +break forth into positive insult of General Hooker +and his Corps in the presence of subordinates. +For instance, on the night after the battle of Peach +Tree Creek, before any returns of casualties had +been made, Hooker told Sherman that he had +lost that day nearly 2,000 men. "Oh pshaw!" +answered Sherman, "that's nothing; they'll all be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[135]</a></span> +back in the morning." Later it was found that +1,700 members of the Corps had been killed or +wounded, and that they had successfully repulsed +the whole Confederate army with a reported loss +to the latter of 6,000.</p> + +<p>Before leaving, General Hooker invited all the +colonels in the Corps to call on him, and told +them frankly his reasons for resigning. He said +that during the whole campaign he had been subjected +to unbearable insults and indignities, and +his Corps and its performances had been underrated +and disparaged. And now, to have promoted +over him a junior officer from this Department, +whose rank and service were far below his, +was the last straw; his reputation as a soldier and +his honor as a man would not, he said, admit of his +remaining.</p> + +<p>The enemy's picket line had been temporarily +quieted by the advance of the Thirteenth New +Jersey, but was now again annoying us. These +pickets were on a ridge about two hundred yards +in front of their main line of works, and not more +than four hundred yards from our camp. They +had lines of pits dug all along their position and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[136]</a></span> +could at any time communicate with their main +line. Our pickets were also located in pits, but +could only be relieved at night. It was determined +to reverse this order of things. So at daylight +on July 30, at a preconcerted signal, our +whole Brigade picket line, under command of +Lieutenant-Colonel Morse of the Second Massachusetts, +jumped out of their pits, crossed the intervening +space at a run, and captured the enemy's +entire line, numbering seven officers and ninety-seven +men.</p> + +<p>A regiment was immediately sent out to reënforce +our men, and breastworks were hastily +thrown up. From their forts and main breastworks, +the enemy poured into us a shower of shot +and shell; but our men held their position all day, +many of them firing as much as two hundred +rounds of ammunition. At night the position was +made impregnable against anything save a movement +in large force; and in the morning the enemy +were compelled to withdraw their artillery +and close the embrasures of their forts.</p> + +<p>For some weeks there was not much change in +the situation, so far as we were concerned. There<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[137]</a></span> +was much hard work for the men in the trenches, +and they were all getting anxious for the capture +of Atlanta. I believe nine-tenths of them would +rather have fought the matter out in an open battle +than to have kept on scraping and shoveling +to dig them out. It seemed to us at the time that +between our army and that of the Confederates, +there had been enough dirt dug, from Louisville +to Atlanta, to have built all the railroads in the +United States.</p> + +<p>For a time in our advanced position, firing on +the picket line was constant, and there were many +casualties. In a week or two, however, a sort of +truce was established, and firing ceased. Just before +I had rejoined my Regiment on the Chattahoochee, +our pickets had been quite friendly with +the pickets of the enemy. They had traded coffee +for tobacco, and had offered to take letters and +send them to Union prisoners in their hands. I +should at this time have liked to send a letter to my +brother. But now they would not go as far as +that; nothing would induce them to meet us between +the picket lines for trading; to all our advances<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[138]</a></span> +they replied that their orders forbade them +to do so.</p> + +<p>On August 25 important changes were made +in the disposition of our troops. Our Corps was +withdrawn from before Atlanta and moved back +to the Chattahoochee River. The rest of the +army was moved around to the south of Atlanta, +temporarily abandoning its communications; this +was in order, by threatening his flank, to compel +Hood to come out of his works and fight us in the +open.</p> + +<p>Throughout that day our heavy guns poured a +constant stream of shot and shell into the city. As +soon as darkness had settled down on the camps, +we silently folded our tents and moved back. I +had been on picket duty that night; it was still and +clear, and the slightest sound could be heard at a +great distance. As I passed along the picket line, +from man to man, and gave them the word to follow +instructions—which were for each man, as I +passed him, to leave his post and go back silently +to the rear—I could hear the Confederates changing +their relief just a little in my front. In one case +I heard the old sentinel tell the new one to "keep<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[139]</a></span> +a sharp watch on those Yanks over there," for +they were up to something and he believed they +were going to attack.</p> + +<p>At the railroad bridge over the Chattahoochee, +where we took position, earthworks had already +been built. We strengthened them and built new +ones, so that by the night of the 26th we were +in condition to fight the whole of Hood's army. +Hood was, however, too busy south of Atlanta, +where Sherman now was, to trouble us; and we +had several days of complete quiet. It was a great +relief, after our experiences in the trenches, to be +able to walk around without hearing the bullets +whistle about our ears. Not the least of our enjoyment +was, to have a good river close at hand to +bathe in.</p> + +<p>During our stay here, General Slocum arrived +and took command of the Corps. When he made +his first tour around the camp, he was given a royal +reception by his old command. They had all +been anxious to have as their leader someone who +had been identified with them in the Army of the +Potomac. With that army they had won their<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[140]</a></span> +laurels, and they wished still to be known as a +part of it.</p> + +<p>Slocum was a very different type of man from +Hooker. The latter was brilliant and dashing, +and in the excitement of battle his ardor and personal +courage carried him where the fire was +hottest. Slocum, on the contrary, reminded one of +the descriptions of Marlborough. Cool and unimpassioned +he directed a battle as he would a review. +Without particularly avoiding danger, he +would not rush recklessly into it. Hooker was an +inveterate boaster. Slocum usually said nothing. +I think most men would have considered Hooker +the better leader, and Slocum the better man.</p> + +<p>Late on the night of September 1, while I was +on picket duty, I heard in the direction of Atlanta +what I at first thought was artillery. The rumbling +kept increasing in intensity until it seemed +like the heaviest firing I had ever heard. Finally, +a number of terrific explosions lit up the air. At +six miles distance they seemed like bright flashes +of lightning. I knew then that the enemy were +blowing up their powder magazines. I supposed,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[141]</a></span> +however, that Sherman was fighting his way into +Atlanta from the south.</p> + +<p>At daylight a reconnoitering party was sent out +toward the city. They found it evacuated, except +for a small rear guard of cavalry which was +soon driven out. The remainder of the Corps +moved up in the afternoon, our Regiment reaching +the city at about dark. Sherman's flanking movement +had been completely successful. He had +met Hood on the Macon Railroad, near Jonesboro, +and had beaten him terribly. The Confederate +commander had been obliged to evacuate Atlanta +at once, blowing up eighty cars of ammunition +which had been cut off by the capture of the +railroad at Jonesboro. He had been compelled to +destroy, also, the large rolling mill of the city, +which was said to have been the only mill in the +South where plating for gunboats could be manufactured.</p> + +<p>We found more Union sentiment in Atlanta +than anywhere else in the South. As our Brigade +entered the city, at about nine o'clock at night, +many of the women brought out buckets of water +for us to drink. They were very bitter against<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[142]</a></span> +Hood's army, which they said had robbed them +of everything that could be carried off, with the +excuse that the Yankees would steal it anyway. +They were agreeably disappointed to find that the +Yankees did not rob them of a thing.</p> + +<p>Immense quantities of tobacco were abandoned +by the Secessionist citizens who left town. This +fact ruined the sutlers' trade in that article. On +the day before Atlanta fell, tobacco sold in our +camps at a dollar a plug, and fifteen cents for cigars. +On the day after, plug tobacco passed about +for five cents, and cigars were twenty-five cents a +hundred. Our men found tobacco in every conceivable +place. One lot of twenty boxes was dug +out from under a big ash-heap. It was, however, +the only plunder obtained, for the most stringent +orders were issued against pillaging occupied +houses.</p> + +<p>The effects of the Union bombardment could +everywhere be seen in the city. Almost every +house had the marks on it of shot and shell. One +man showed me a dozen shells that had struck in +his garden. The families remaining in the city had +all built in their yards bombproofs, to which they<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[143]</a></span> +had fled for safety whenever the shelling was in +progress.</p> + +<p>On September 6 Sherman's army came back +from Jonesboro, and went into camp in the vicinity +of town. For a time we enjoyed the luxury of +complete rest, after our four months of continuous +campaigning. On September 23 our Regiment +received from Wisconsin 200 fresh recruits, who +had just been secured under the draft. Every one +was a substitute, and a splendid lot of men they +were physically, representing almost every nation +in Europe—English, Irish, Scotch, Welsh, Germans, +French, Norwegians, and I don't know +how many others. Some of them could not speak +a word of English. Over a dozen were full-blooded +Chippewa Indians, who until they put on +the uniforms of the United States Army, had +never worn the clothing of civilized people. They +were all excellent raw material, and in the course +of time made good soldiers. I recall only two of +the entire 200 who deserted.</p> + +<p>About the first of October, Hood set out on his +trip to the North, in the attempt to starve us out of +Atlanta. On October 3 Sherman started after him<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[144]</a></span> +with all of the army except our Corps, which was +left to hold the town. Our camps were now +changed around so as to defend the city on a +shorter line. Our Brigade was moved from the +south to the northwest side, and set to work to +build new breastworks, or rather to rebuild the old +ones of the Confederates.</p> + +<p>The enemy succeeded in getting upon our railroad +to the North, and for about twenty days we +were completely cut off without news or provisions. +However, they had left us the whole of the country +southward to forage in; and this, together with +the rice we had captured in the city, and the "beef +dried on the hoof," as the men called the cattle +that were driven in, kept us a long way from starving. +Every week our forage trains would run out +into the country to the south, and gather in from +500 to 700 wagon-loads of corn, besides living, +while they were out, on the best that the land +afforded. Moreover, we had our provisions all to +ourselves; for on September 10 Sherman had ordered +all the citizens of the town to leave either to +the North or to the South.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[145]</a></span>On October 11 our Regiment went out for the +first time on a foraging expedition. There were +2,500 men in the detachment, and a train of about +500 wagons. About fifteen miles south of Atlanta +we found plenty of corn for the animals; +and for the men, abundance of sweet potatoes and +other dainties not laid down in the army menu. +In two days we had our wagons laden with all +that could be hauled away. About a fortnight +later we went out again and brought in over 800 +wagons of corn.</p> + +<p>The forage which we thus gathered was the +salvation of our animals and beef cattle. The +mules had been on half rations of grain all summer, +quite without hay, and the whole country in +the vicinity of Atlanta had been grazed over until +it was as bare as a city street. The beeves that +had been driven down from Louisville, had for +weeks nothing to eat save the leaves and sprouts +on the bushes. It was a standing joke among the +men that the commissary always killed for beef +those animals that could not survive until the next +day.</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[146]</a></span></p> +<h2><i>The March to the Sea</i></h2> + + +<p>On October 29 came the first through trains +from Chattanooga, after the movement of Hood to +the North. On the same day came orders to reduce +baggage and prepare for marching. Soon, +rumors were spreading about the camp that we +were to start on a fifty days' campaign, without +communications. On November 4 we were ready +to move. I wrote numerous letters of good-bye to +friends at home, telling them that they would +hear from me next at Charleston or Savannah. I +hoped that it would be Charleston, for I wanted +the people of South Carolina who started the war +to feel its effects and to reap their share of the horrors.</p> + +<p>On November 5 we started out and marched +three miles from town. The next day, however, +we returned in order to wait until the Army of the +Tennessee might be paid off. This gave us a +chance to vote in the Presidential election, which +we had come very near missing. Our Regiment +gave Lincoln 304 votes and McClellan 21. For +another full week we remained in Atlanta, our<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[147]</a></span> +Regiment being occupied the entire time in tearing +up railroad tracks and destroying everything +of value in the city. By the time we were ready +to leave, Atlanta was worth little more to the Confederates +than any other piece of ground of similar +size. On November 15 we started out in earnest +on the now famous "March to the Sea." Our +last view of Atlanta, the prize for which we had +so long struggled, was a column of dense smoke +from its burning buildings; we had destroyed +everything in town except the churches and private +residences.</p> + +<p>Our expedition numbered about 50,000 men, +under the command of Sherman. Thomas's army +remained behind to look after Hood. We took +with us only about twenty days' rations, for the +country through which we passed was expected +to furnish the remainder of our needs. The army +proceeded in two columns—the right wing under +Howard making for Macon; the left under Slocum +making for Augusta. Each corps, also, +took a different route in order to be able to subsist +more easily on the country.</p> + +<p>Our Corps proceeded along the Augusta railroad,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[148]</a></span> +which we destroyed as we went along by +burning the ties and twisting the heated rails. +Parts of the country were poor and furnished little +forage. Other portions, however, compensated +by giving us an abundance of sweet potatoes and +pork, with occasional lots of corn meal, flour, and +sorghum, and, for the first arrivals on the plantation, +chickens and turkeys. On our route we +found plenty of good horses and mules, and all +the forage that we could carry off. Occasionally, +also the enterprising forager would capture some +apple-jack or corn whiskey.</p> + +<p>At Madison we turned and took the road to +Milledgeville, the capital of Georgia. Geary's +Division, however, followed up the railroad to the +Oconee River, and destroyed the Oconee bridge. +We entered Milledgeville on the 22nd without +opposition, and camped in the state-house yard. +During our stay, our Regiment and the One Hundred +Seventh New York guarded the city. +I took up my quarters with an acquaintance of one +of my Wisconsin friends, and saw to it that his +house and family were not molested. He had +several hundred bales of cotton stored near town,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[149]</a></span> +which Sherman had consented to have bonded; +but some zealous officer or officious "bummer," +had set fire to it before it could be saved.</p> + +<p>Upon our approach to Milledgeville, Governor +Brown of Georgia, had released all of the convicts +in the State Prison at that place. In celebration +of their freedom, their first act was to destroy the +old prison. Our first work was to destroy the +Milledgeville arsenal, in which was stored a large +quantity of Confederate arms and ammunition. +We carried out and threw into the river, all of the +ammunition in the magazine, and burned up all of +the arms and equipment. Besides several thousand +stands of good arms, there were a lot of old-fashioned +rifles and shot-guns, and thousands of +pikes and bowie knives that had been manufactured +by the State for the militia, with which to +repel Yankees. In the state-house were millions +of dollars of Georgia State money, in bills of all +denominations and to these the men helped themselves +without limit. All of the cotton in the vicinity +that could be burned without endangering +good buildings, was destroyed, and that which +was stored in the city was bonded not to be turned<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[150]</a></span> +over to the Confederate Government, or used for its +benefit. I was sent out with a detachment of men +to search the stores for tobacco, and found enough +to load several wagons, which kept the army supplied +with that article until we reached Savannah.</p> + +<p>From Milledgeville we marched eastward +toward Sandersville, through a very poor country. +At Buffalo Creek, a swampy stream about eight +miles from Sandersville, we found that the seven +bridges crossing it had been burned—the negroes +told us that this had been done by the people of +Sandersville. We were delayed about three +hours in repairing the bridges, so did not arrive at +Sandersville until the next morning. For the last +two days we had been on slim rations, and Sandersville +was well supplied. Of course there was +a general rush for eatables, and the town was soon +raided. The citizens hurried to Sherman to make +complaint and get protection.</p> + +<p>He turned on them and asked, "Which of you +was it who set fire to those bridges yesterday?" +They all denied having done it, but admitted that +it had been done by citizens of the town. +"Well," said he, "those that make war must take<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[151]</a></span> +the consequences," which was all the consolation +they got. Later, we found the man who fired the +bridges; he was promptly arrested and his property +burned.</p> + +<p>As we entered Sandersville we had a sharp +skirmish with Wheeler's Confederate Cavalry, in +which two of them were killed. Our Indians +seemed to think it was not exactly right to leave +the dead bodies with their scalps on. They soon +fell into the civilized custom of making war, however, +and did not afterward express any desire to +take scalps.</p> + +<p>From Sandersville we turned south until we +reached the Georgia Central Railroad at Tennille +Station. We burned the railway buildings there, +and proceeded along the line, tearing it up as we +went along.</p> + +<p>On November 28 we passed near the home of +the Honorable Herschel V. Johnson.<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> By prodding<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[152]</a></span> +into the ground with their ramrods, some of +our foragers found there a lot of more or less valuable +papers and letters, which had for safe-keeping +been buried in his cabbage patch. Some of +the letters from his son, who was an officer on +Hood's staff, afforded us much amusement. Our +mess forager found here, also, a stock of flour that +lasted until we reached Savannah.</p> + +<p>Thus far, we had almost always found sufficient +provisions along the line of march to feed +the command fairly well. Now, however, we +were obliged to send out strong parties of foragers +for long distances on our flanks, to search the country +in order to get enough to eat. Wherever we +went we destroyed everything that might be of +value to the enemy. On the 29th, near Bostwick, +we burned up millions of feet of bridge timber, all +got out and framed for bridges, that the Confederates +expected to build when the Yankees were<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[153]</a></span> +driven out. I noticed that some of the timbers +were marked Strawberry Plains and Chattanooga +Creek.</p> + +<p>On December 3 our column crossed the Millen +& Augusta Railroad near Millen, and destroyed +as much of it as we could. We were +now in a level, sandy country, thickly covered +with pine timber, and plantations were few and +scattered. On the 4th we heard cannonading in +the distance, which was said by citizens to be +at Charleston, South Carolina, seventy miles +away. On the 7th we found our road for a distance +obstructed with felled timber, which, however, +so little delayed the march that those in the +rear would not have known of it. On the 8th, +after passing Springfield, the trains and pack-mules +were left behind, with the Third Division +as a guard, while the First and Second Divisions +pushed on rapidly toward Savannah.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><i>In Front of Savannah</i></h2> + + +<p>We encountered the enemy in force for the +first time fourteen miles from Savannah, in Monteith +Swamp, where they had built an earthwork<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[154]</a></span> +across the road and felled trees in front of it. The +First Brigade of our Division was sent around to +their left, and our Brigade to their right, while the +Third Brigade moved forward on the center. Our +plan was to hold their attention to the front, while +we got around on their rear. They discovered us +in time, however, to escape. Captain Kleven of +Company H, who with his skirmishers, was in +advance of our Brigade, made a rapid movement +forward as soon as he saw the enemy falling back, +and succeeded in capturing three prisoners. The +First Brigade opened fire at about the same time, +sending a few bullets over our way, and severely +wounding in the foot, Captain Buck of Company +B. The Third Brigade also came up in time to +claim a share in the honor of capturing the three +prisoners. Finally, to settle the dispute, the prisoners +themselves were brought to Division headquarters, +where they pointed out Captain Kleven +as their captor.</p> + +<p>At Monteith Station we captured the post-office +and a considerable mail. The letters, which +were mostly written by the soldiers whom we<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[155]</a></span> +had tried to capture the day before, afforded the +men an abundance of fun.</p> + +<p>On the 10th we marched to within about four +miles of Savannah, where we were stopped by the +entrenched enemy. While we were getting into +line, a detail of foragers, gathered along the banks +of the Savannah River, spied a small steamer +coming up the stream from the city. They hid +themselves along the shore until the boat was directly +opposite, when they opened a musketry fire +and compelled the craft to surrender. It proved to +be a Confederate dispatch boat on its way up the +river to warn the fleet that Sherman and his army +had arrived. The fleet did not receive the warning, +and interesting developments followed. The +men who had captured the prize did not know its +value, and after stripping it of everything they +wanted, set fire to it.</p> + +<p>The country between our lines and those of the +enemy was a big rice plantation, which overflowed +at every high tide, and which could be kept under +water by closing the flood-gates. The only means +of access to the city were the narrow causeways +built through this swamp. At the point where we<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[156]</a></span> +were located, the Savannah River is divided by +Argyle Island into two channels, the main or navigable +one being near the Georgia shore. The +island is about ten miles long, and at our end something +like a mile wide. It was occupied by a large +rice plantation, which naturally overflowed +about two feet at high tide, but which had been +ditched and diked so that the flow was regulated +at the flood-gates. If we could control these, we +could keep the island passable. The plantation +buildings were situated on the east side, near the +channel, where a number of acres rose high +enough above the general surface to be safe from +overflow.</p> + +<p>On the evening of the 11th our Regiment was +ordered across to Argyle Island. There were on +hand but two or three skiffs, and only a portion of +the men could be brought over that night. In the +morning the crossing was being continued, when +suddenly the discovery was made that three +steamers were coming around the bend of the +river on their way to Savannah. Owing to the +vigilance of our foragers on the previous day, they<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[157]</a></span> +had received no warning of the presence of Sherman's +army.</p> + +<p>Captain Winegar of Battery M, First New +York Artillery, had his rifled guns in position on +a slight elevation along the shore, where he commanded +the river for a stretch of nearly a mile. +As soon as the steamers, which were a part of +Commodore Tattnall's Mosquito Fleet, came +into plain view, he opened on them. They probably +had never before been under fire for their +crews seemed confused. The first craft, which +was a gunboat, commenced immediately backing +and turning. The second, the armed tender +"Resolute," started to do the same, but was run +into by the third, and so badly crippled that she +drifted ashore against Argyle Island. The other +two vessels managed to escape up the river.</p> + +<p>While the miniature naval battle was going on, +our men who were on the island, under command +of Captain Barager, had hastened to the scene. +When the "Resolute" drifted ashore, they were on +hand to prevent the officers and crew from making +their escape in small boats, as they had started to +do. There were twenty prisoners in all. We<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[158]</a></span> +afterwards had a fine lot of fun listening to the +officers as they accused one another of being the +cause of the disaster. The "Resolute" was towed +over to the Georgia shore, near the battery, but +could not be repaired in time to be of any service +in our future operations on the island.</p> + +<p>The question of rations was at this time becoming +vital. One day's allowance had been issued +to us on the day after our arrival in front of Savannah. +We were, therefore, on the lookout for anything +that might serve to supplement our supplies. +As soon as my Company had come across to the +island, we took the shortest route to the plantation +buildings on the east side. Not a thing was +left; those who had come before us had already +absorbed everything. But at the landing I found +a good six-oared boat that would carry about ten +men besides the rowers. Impressing a crew of +negroes to row the boat, I started for a plantation +on the other side of the river, about half a mile up, +thinking that I would be the first man of Sherman's +army to invade South Carolina. On landing, +however, I was told by the blacks that two of +our "bummers" had been there the day before,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[159]</a></span> +and in an altercation with the plantation hands +had killed one of them. The funeral was just +going on when we arrived. Subsequent events +made me believe that Wheeler's Cavalry, and not +our men were responsible for this tragedy.</p> + +<p>I placed a sentinel out on the only road by +which a mounted force could approach, and then +began a search for eatables. We soon were rewarded +by a good supply of sweet potatoes and +sorghum. In the boat-house we found a fine lot +of boats; as these were especially valuable for our +purposes, we shoved them all out into the river to +float down to our landing on the island. We had +just loaded up our supplies, when my sentinel came +running in with the report that a large force of cavalry +were coming. We hastily pulled back to the +island and waited for them; but they did not +come to close quarters and soon retired.</p> + +<p>Three days later I was sent out with Captain +Barager's Company and my own to take possession +of this plantation. We knew that the +enemy now held it in some force, but we did not +know how strong they were. I had secured boats +enough on our first raid to be able to take over both<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[160]</a></span> +of our companies at one time. We started in the +morning, when it was as yet scarcely light, hoping +to come upon the enemy unexpectedly. Their +sentinels discovered us, however, and fired on us +while crossing. We landed about a quarter of a +mile from the plantation buildings and rapidly +pushed forward. I sent Barager with his Company +to the right, while I took the direct course to +the rice mill, in which the enemy were sheltered.</p> + +<p>The country was broken up into a mass of +ditches, dykes, and canals. We found that our +only road was along a narrow dyke, and that we +should either have to return or charge them in +single file. We did not retreat. In less time than +it takes to tell this story, we had the mill. They +gave us one volley and hit nobody. We did not +fire a shot. They escaped with their guns and +ammunition, but we captured all their provisions, +including their breakfast cooking on the fire. For +the first time in three days we had all that we +wanted to eat. Colonel Hawley came over soon +after, with three more companies, but toward night +the Confederates appeared in such force that we +again withdrew to the island.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[161]</a></span>The next morning the enemy brought down a +section of artillery to the Smith Plantation, as it +was called, and commenced shelling our island +camp. I was sent with my Company to get as +close as possible to them on our side of the river, +and either silence them or drive them off. I got +up within about a hundred and fifty yards of +them and opened fire. They immediately turned +their guns on us, and for a few minutes gave it to +us hot. We had good shelter, however, and lost +only one man—John Furlong, a veteran of Company +E. It took me about twenty minutes to +drive off the battery, but their infantry held out +all day.</p> + +<p>On the 19th the whole Brigade crossed over to +the Smith Plantation, with a section of artillery. +Entrenchments were built at all commanding +points, and preparation made to hold the position. +On the 20th Colonel Hawley made a reconnoissance +in force toward Union Causeway, the only +Confederate outlet from Savannah, but found the +enemy in such strength that he could not reach it. +But from our position we could see the lines of +their wagons leaving the city. On the morning of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[162]</a></span> +the 21st it was found that the enemy had evacuated +Savannah, and our troops moved in and took +possession.</p> + +<p>We now received orders to recross the river to +the Georgia side and march to Savannah. We +had nothing but flatboats to cross in, and a strong +wind was against us, so that we made slow progress +while our Regiment covered the crossing. +When all the rest had passed over, and we were +about half embarked, the enemy swarmed down +upon us by the thousand. They had us surrounded +on three sides, with a river behind; and +our chances for seeing Savannah were not brilliant. +Nevertheless, we faced about and prepared to +fight them. Our friends of the Second Massachusetts +came, without orders, back to our assistance, +and placed themselves where they could +cover our flanks. We were sheltered behind a +dyke, and the enemy could not get at us save by +charging across an open rice field; this they did +not have the nerve to do, so that when darkness +settled down we got off safely to the island. I +think there was not a man in our command, but<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[163]</a></span> +thanked his lucky stars that it was not some of +Lee's veterans that had us in that fix that night.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><i>In Savannah</i></h2> + + +<p>The next day, we crossed without interruption +from the island to the Georgia shore, which we +reached by four o'clock, and then marched toward +Savannah. We went into camp on the bank of +the river about two miles from the city, and this +ended on our part the "March to the Sea."</p> + +<p>Just twenty-five days had elapsed from the time +our army left Atlanta until it signalled the fleet off +the coast. During that time our wing had +marched 300 miles, destroyed over 400 miles of +railroad and an amount of cotton that can hardly +be estimated, and most of the time had lived off the +country. Of our immense train of 2,500 wagons +not one had been captured on the route. We had +moreover secured an almost entirely new stock of +mules and horses. And to crown all, we had +won Savannah with an immense amount of the +spoils of war. It was everywhere the opinion that +Sherman had struck the hardest blow at the Rebellion +that it had yet received, and at the least<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[164]</a></span> +cost. The troops were in high spirits over their +continued successes. The feeling prevailed that +they had but to start for a place, and it was theirs. +The confidence in Sherman was unlimited. When +we left Atlanta, on what was considered the most +perilous movement of the war, I never heard a +single expression of doubt as to our ultimate success. +The Confederates whom we encountered +considered him the ablest general that had commanded +troops in the war, and feared him more +than any other.</p> + +<p>We remained at Savannah until January 17, +1865. Our camp was in a beautiful grove of live +oaks and pine, festooned with Spanish moss, and +the weather was delightful. The work was comparatively +light, and the men were confidently +looking forward to the end of the war. We +built new fortifications around the city on nearly +the same lines as the old Revolutionary works. +New roads were constructed across Hutchinson +Island and northward into South Carolina. We +were also busy, in order that supplies might be +brought in as fast as needed, in clearing out the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[165]</a></span> +Savannah River, which the enemy had closed +with obstructions.</p> + +<p>The citizens of Savannah seemed well pleased +with their change of rulers. They uniformly +treated us with courtesy, and displayed a sociability +that we did not usually encounter in the South. +In return, General Sherman showed them every +possible consideration. I was never in a captured +place where private property was respected and +protected as it was here, or where citizens were allowed +so many privileges. Employment was furnished +to those who wanted it, and a large amount +of provisions was placed at the disposal of the +mayor of the city for distribution among the destitute.</p> + +<p>A good story was told on the Episcopal rector +of the town. He had been deputized by the rest +of the clergy to wait on General Sherman, and get +permission to preach. When he stated his business, +Sherman at once replied, "Of course you +can preach; that is just what I want you to do."</p> + +<p>The preacher then stammered out an enquiry +whether he would be compelled to pray for the +President of the United States. "Pray for Jeff.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[166]</a></span> +Davis or the Devil, if you want to," replied Sherman; +"I think you had better pray for them, for +they need it more than Lincoln."</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><i>Marching Northward</i></h2> + + +<p>On January 17 we crossed the Savannah River +on our bridge of flatboats, and started on our new +campaign to the North. We were at the outset +met by such fearful weather that we were virtually +brought to a standstill. Only a portion of our +army had yet crossed to the South Carolina side, +when a freshet of unprecedented height raised the +river so suddenly that it swept away the bridge, +overflowed Hutchinson Island, and carried off a +lot of wagons and mules that were just about to +start. The freshet came before there had been a +drop of rain in our vicinity; but it began to rain +immediately after, and it seemed as though it +would never stop. The country everywhere became +a perfect quagmire, and a dry spot was hard +to find.</p> + +<p>Slowly we proceeded up the east side of +the Savannah River, the remainder of Sherman's +army following on the right side. On the 29th,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[167]</a></span> +at Robertsville, we encountered a strong force of +Wheeler's Cavalry, which delayed our column for +a short time. Our Regiment was sent to the front +to drive them off. The two right companies, under +command of Captain Haskins, deployed as +skirmishers, and soon swept the enemy away like +chaff before the wind. On the 30th we opened +communications with Sherman at Sister's Ferry, +where he had brought the remainder of his army +across into South Carolina.</p> + +<p>We now left Savannah River, marching almost +directly north. Profiting by our previous experiences, +we early organized a foraging party of four +men from each company. They had permission +to mount themselves with captured animals as +soon as possible. In a short time they not only had +mounts, but sufficient pack animals to carry several +days' provisions for the Regiment. The first time +they came into camp they presented a motley appearance, +riding horses and mules, and displaying +every variety of saddle and harness known to man. +But they were soon as well mounted as the cavalry, +and had transportation and equipment for +any service. As we marched northward, the enemy's<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[168]</a></span> +cavalry became more and more active on our +flanks, so that our foragers were compelled to unite +for protection. Our detail and that from the Second +Massachusetts, under Lieutenant Thompson, +were united almost from the start.</p> + +<p>The low ground and the constant rains made +marching so difficult that we rarely covered more +than twelve miles in a day. Much of the way we +were obliged to corduroy the roads for the trains. +For this purpose we used fence rails when they +were to be had; when there were none, we cut +timber and brush. Reaching the Charleston & +Augusta Railroad at Graham Station on February +7, we spent the next four days in destroying +the tracks toward Augusta.</p> + +<p>While we were in camp at Graham Station, +Colonel Hawley, who now commanded our +Brigade, and General Slocum, our Corps commander, +had an argument as to the best method of +tearing up a railroad track. Hawley contended +that it was best to line up the men along the track, +and at the word of command have them pick it +up and turn it over. Slocum protested that this +could not be done. A bet was made of a bottle<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[169]</a></span> +of Apollinaris water, or something else, and Hawley +sent for his old Regiment to try the experiment. +When the order came to fall in without arms, our +men were cooking their supper. Captain Woodford +of Hawley's staff went along the line, while +we were forming, and explained that the Colonel +had made a bet as to what the Regiment could do. +We were soon lined up along the track, and the +command was given to take hold and lift. In the +hands of those brawny men, that railroad was a +plaything. It went over so fast, that some of the +staff officers who had gathered to watch the performance, +had to move lively to escape the flying +rails and ties.<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></p> + +<p>From Graham Station we marched northward +through constant rain and mud, subsisting entirely +on the country, without drawing rations except +coffee or sugar, and generally we had plenty to +eat; corn meal and bacon constituted our usual bill +of fare. The army was in fine spirits. In thus<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[170]</a></span> +picking up a living in such a country, where the +only products of the soil seemed to be tar and rosin, +and pitch pines the only visible vegetation, they +felt confident of their ability to find a living anywhere.</p> + +<p>Our Corps did not enter Columbia, but crossed +the Saluda River about ten miles above. The +Fifteenth and Seventeenth Corps of the Army of +the Tennessee occupied the city, and destroyed +everything in it. They released about sixty Union +officers who were confined there; and between them +and the soldiers and the whiskey that was found +Columbia soon ceased to exist. Scarcely a +private residence, even, was left. The only thing +that would not burn was the new state-house, said +to have been the finest in the Union, and this was +mined and blown up. South Carolina was having +a bitter taste of the horrors of war.</p> + +<p>On February 21 we struck at Winnsboro the +railroad running between Columbia and Charlotteville; +and following this northward for a distance, +destroyed it as we went along. Then +turning toward the northeast, by way of Rocky<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[171]</a></span> +Mount, Hanging Rock, and Chesterfield, we +marched to Fayetteville, North Carolina.</p> + +<p>During the entire march from Columbia to Fayetteville +we had but three pleasant days; the rain +was almost continuous. Our road, most of the +way, was through swamps and creeks, where +bridges had to be built and roads corduroyed. +Frequently, from early morning until midnight, we +worked in rain and mud to get our trains along for +six or eight miles. The rough work soon wore out +our clothing—many of the men were barefooted; +many were wearing citizen's dress; the whole +army looked more like Falstaff's ragged regiment +than soldiers of the United States. But we met +little opposition from the enemy. The spirit of +four years before seemed to have been beaten out +of them. We felt that the only Confederate troops +that would still give us serious fighting, were those +with Lee at Richmond.</p> + +<p>Arriving at Fayetteville on March 12, we once +more opened communication with the fleet, by way +of Wilmington and Cape Fear River. On the +15th we set out on our way to Goldsboro, and +the first night went early into camp, about ten<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[172]</a></span> +miles from Fayetteville. At eight o'clock, however, +we were sent out again into a dark and stormy +night to go to the assistance of General Kilpatrick's +Cavalry, which had met the enemy. For +five miles we waded through mud and water to +the place of danger, and bivouacked for the night +in line, facing the enemy. In the morning we had +some sharp skirmishing, but in the afternoon the +enemy were driven from their position.</p> + +<p>On the 19th General Carlin's Division of the +Fourteenth Corps was attacked and thrown into +confusion by General Joe Johnston's army near +Bentonville. Our Brigade was rapidly pushed +forward with a number of others, and formed +in line of battle near the left of the Corps. +The enemy made several attacks, the brunt of +which fell upon the troops to the right, and then +retreated. This battle, which the Union Army +nicknamed the Battle of Acorn Run, in compliment +to the badge of the Fourteenth Corps, was +the last in which our Regiment was engaged during +the war.</p> + +<p>On the 22nd, we advanced once more, and +found that the enemy was gone. Two days later<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[173]</a></span> +we arrived at Goldsboro, and occupied the city +without opposition. On the 27th, for the first +time since we had left Savannah, rations were issued +to the troops.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><i>Peace</i></h2> + + +<p>We began the last campaign of the war on +April 10, entering Raleigh on the 13th without +resistance. The next day we again began to organize +our foraging parties, and to make preparations +for a campaign back through Georgia. During +the day, however, everything was changed. +General Johnston, following Lee's surrender on +April 9, had sent in asking for terms.</p> + +<p>On April 20 I wrote home the following letter:</p> + +<blockquote> +<div class="signature1"><span class="smcap">Camp of the 3rd Wis. Vet. Infty.</span></div> +<div class="signature"><span class="smcap">Raleigh, N. C., April 20, 1864.</span></div> + +<p>My Dear ——: +</p> + +<p>The Angel of Peace has spread his wings over our +country once more. The glad tidings were announced to +the army last night by General Sherman in general orders. +As soon as the agreement which he had made with General +Johnston and higher authorities could be ratified at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[174]</a></span> +Washington, peace would be restored from the Potomac +to the Rio Grande. It was a glorious day for us who +have seen the thing through from the beginning to the end. +General Sherman also says that he expects "soon to have +the pleasure of conducting this army to its homes," and I +believe that within six weeks you will see me in Chicago +"home from the wars."</p> + +<p>I don't know just exactly what the terms of surrender +are, but it is the opinion of high officers that no troops will +be needed for garrison duty in the South. The rebels +have been so completely whipped that they will never want +to try another rebellion. I understand that Jeff. made no +stipulation for his personal safety, but said he was willing +to take his trial before the courts, and trust to the mercy +of the American people. The only difficulty in the negotiations +was on the question of the confiscation of landed +property, and I have not learned how that was arranged. +But I believe that we have been so completely victorious +that we can afford to be merciful, and that a general +amnesty will do more to cement the Union than the most +rigorous punishment. The punishment that the South has +already endured is like Cain's "greater than they can +bear." The destruction of life in this war in the South +has been terrible.</p> + +<p>The news that Johnston had asked for terms on which to +surrender his army was published on the 16th. On the +morning of the 17th a gloom was thrown over the whole<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[175]</a></span> +army by the announcement of the assassination of the +President, which was reported to have occurred on the +11th. I never saw such a gloomy, sad time since I have +been in the army as that. I don't think we knew how +much we did think of him until then. Many expressed +the opinion that if it had been Andy Johnson and Stanton, +it would not have been much of a calamity. The next +day we had New York papers of the 14th which made no +mention of the murder, and we all thought we had been +hoaxed. Then the explanation was made that the operator +at Morehead City had made an error, and that the +assassination had been on the 14th instead of the 11th, and +now I hardly know what to believe about it. We shall +probably get more news today.</p> + +<p>We are about to move our camp, and now for the first +time comfort instead of safety is considered in the selection. +Just think of it! I can hardly realize it. No more skirmishing, +no more digging trenches and building breastworks, +no more whistling bullets, rattling grape-shot, or +screaming shells, no more friends and comrades to be +killed or wounded.</p> + +<p>I don't know what has become of all my letters lately. +The mail has come in here three times, and I have not had +a letter. My last letters were dated in February, except +one from * * * of March 7. I suppose they will all +come in a heap one of these days. * * * The weather +is very fine though almost too warm. We have occasional<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[176]</a></span> +showers, and vegetation is growing fine. This part of +North Carolina is very fine country and crops look well.</p> + +<p>A great many of Lee's paroled army are coming in here, +and they seem more pleased at being whipped or at getting +home than we do at having gained a victory. Some +of them say they cheered louder when they surrendered +than Grant's army when they captured them.</p></blockquote> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>Our camps were now overrun with citizens and +paroled Confederate soldiers, who were hunting +for horses that they had lost; some of them had +come as far as sixty or seventy miles. We gave +them all the spare horses that we had, for we knew +that the Government would have to help them in +some way to keep them from starvation. We +also issued to them large quantities of rations, for +there was nothing eatable left in all the track of +Sherman's army. On the 29th, general orders +were issued announcing the formal surrender of +Johnston's army.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><i>Homeward</i></h2> + + +<p>On the next day began the march to Washington. +We entered Richmond on May 11, and on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[177]</a></span> +the 15th camped near the old battle-field of Chancellorsville. +On the 24th we marched into +Washington, where the Union army passed in review +before all the dignitaries of our Nation, the +representatives of foreign lands, and the immense +throngs of people who had gathered from far and +near to see Sherman's veterans. For this review, +we selected from our Regiment, eight companies +of thirty-two men each—the best drilled soldiers +that we had. It was my place to ride in the rear +of the Regiment as it marched down Pennsylvania +Avenue, and no command made a better +show than ours. From the Capitol to the reviewing +stand, the marching and wheeling were simply +perfect.</p> + +<p>We now went into camp near Bladensburg, +where all of the men whose terms of service expired +before October 1 were mustered out and sent +home. On June 6, General Hawley issued his +farewell order to the old Brigade. When it was +broken up on the next day, the officers of the Second +Massachusetts sent to the officers of our regiment +the formal expression of the feeling with +which they parted from us. We replied in a similar<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[178]</a></span> +letter. Even now, after a lapse of twenty-six +years, it stirs the blood to read these two messages.<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[179]</a></span></p> +<p>The Western veteran regiments still had work +before them, and were not mustered out. They +were organized as a provisional Brigade under<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[180]</a></span> +Hawley's command, and ordered to Louisville, +Kentucky. Our Regiment left the east on June 11, +travelling by way of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad +to Parkersburg, and then down the Ohio +River to Louisville. Here the Regiment was filled +up with men from other Wisconsin commands, that +were mustered out of service, until we had about +1,500 on our muster rolls. It was rumored, and +in fact intended, that we should go to Mexico to +drive out the French. The programme was entirely +changed, however, when news came of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[181]</a></span> +voluntary withdrawal of the French soldiers, and +orders were issued to muster out our Regiment.</p> + +<p>A considerable number of our old veterans did +not want to go home. A company was made up +of those who wished to enter the services of the +Juarez government in Mexico—at least they +wished to go, if I would go in command. I was not +quite ready, however, to become a soldier of fortune. +When our duty to the Federal Government +had been accomplished, I was as anxious as any +to be mustered out of the army of war, and return +to the army of peace.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182"></a></span></p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">183</a></span></p> +<h2>INDEX</h2> + + +<div> +Agnew, Lieut. John, of Third Wisconsin, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Alexandria (Va.), <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>; Army of Potomac at, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Ames, Gen. Adelbert, commands expedition, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap">Armies</span>—<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cumberland, Third Wisconsin joins, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">reorganized, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">at New Hope Church, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hood's, plunders Atlanta, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jackson's, at Chancellorsville, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Johnston's, at Bentonville, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">surrenders, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Northern Virginia, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">battleflags captured, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">paroled, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Potomac, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">at Washington, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">consolidated, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Third Wisconsin leaves, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sherman's, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">advance, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">at Atlanta, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Savannah, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">in South Carolina, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Georgia, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tennessee, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">destroys Columbia, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas's, opposes Hood, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Western, successful, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Western Virginia, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Atlanta (Ga.), <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">exposed, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">march to, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">besieged, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>-<a href="#Page_141">141</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">evacuated, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Union army near, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">destroyed, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Augur, Gen. Christopher C., at Cedar Mountain, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Augusta (Ga.), <a href="#Page_168">168</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Slocum marches toward, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Augusta Railroad, destroyed, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Babcock, Lieut. Justin D., of Third Wisconsin, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Baltimore (Md.), threatened, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Banks, Gen. Nathaniel P., <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">commands corps <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">retreats, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">protects Winchester, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Cedar Mountain, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">criticized, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Barager, Capt. Charles R., of Third Wisconsin, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>;<br /><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[184]</a></span> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">wounded, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in Sherman's campaign, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap">Battles</span>—<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Acorn Run, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Antietam, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>-<a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bentonville, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bolivar Heights, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cassville, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Catoctin Mountains, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chancellorsville, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>-<a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chantilly, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dallas, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>-<a href="#Page_126">126</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fort Donelson, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fort Henry, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fredericksburg, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gettysburg, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>-<a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jonesboro, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kettle Run, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lookout Mountain, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Manassas, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Missionary Ridge, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Monteith Swamp, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Murfreesboro, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">New Hope Church, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>-<a href="#Page_126">126</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Peach Tree Creek, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pumpkinvine Creek, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Resaca, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>-<a href="#Page_122">122</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Roanoke Island, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Somerset, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">South Mountain, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Winchester, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Bealeton Station (Va.), <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bentonville (N. C.), Sherman at, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Benwood (W. Va.), <a href="#Page_98">98</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bertram, Capt. Henry, at Bolivar Heights, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[185]</a></span>Biers, Lieut. Elon G., of Third Wisconsin, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Birney, Gen. David B., at Chancellorsville, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bladensburg (Md.), army encamped near, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Blanchard, Lieut. Edward L., wounded, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bolivar Heights (Va.), <a href="#Page_15">15</a>. See also Battles.<br /> +<br /> +Boone, ——, Confederate officer, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Boone, Daniel, grandson captured, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Boonsborough (Md.), <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bostwick (Ga.), lumber destroyed, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bragg, Gen. Braxton, reënforced, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Brandy Station (Va.), <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bridgeport (Ala.), <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bristoe Station (Va.), cars burned at, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Brixey, Capt. Calvin, murders citizen, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">killed, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Broad Run (Va.), <a href="#Page_43">43</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Brodhead, Col. Thornton F., death, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Brown, John, at Harpers Ferry, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">hung, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Brown, Gov. Joseph E., releases convicts, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Buck, Capt. Wilson S., wounded, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Buena Vista (Wis.), school at, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Buffalo (N. Y.), reception at, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bull Run (Va.), <a href="#Page_44">44</a>. See also Battles: Manassas.<br /> +<br /> +Butterfield, Gen. Daniel, in skirmish, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Burnside, Gen. Ambrose E., at Roanoke Island, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">removed, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Camp Randall (Wis.), <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Camp Slocum (Washington, D. C.), <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Carlin, Gen. William P., at Bentonville, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cassville (Ga.), occupied, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cemetery Ridge (Pa.), <a href="#Page_83">83</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">charge on, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">See also Battles: Gettysburg.</span><br /> +<br /> +Centerville (Va.), <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<i>Century Magazine</i>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Chancellor House (Va.), <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Charleston (S. C.), <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Charleston & Augusta Railroad, destroyed, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[186]</a></span>Charlestown (Va.), <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Charlotteville (S. C.), railroad destroyed, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Chattanooga (Tenn.), <a href="#Page_101">101</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">campaign at, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Chesterfield (S. C.), <a href="#Page_171">171</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Chicago (Ill.), <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Chilcote, Judge ——, murdered, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Chippewa Indians, in Wisconsin regiment, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Sandersville, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Clark, Capt. Andrew, commands militia, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Clark, Lieut. David B., of Third Wisconsin, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cleveland (Ohio), <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Colby, Lieut. Lewis, of Third Wisconsin, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Colgrove, Col. Silas, at Chancellorsville, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Collins, Joseph, killed, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Columbia (S. C.), <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Columbus (Ohio), reception at, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Comey, Capt. Henry N., of Second Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Conley, Surg. J. Griffin, of Third Wisconsin, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Connecticut, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fifth Regiment, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Cooper, Judge Henry, appeals to Lincoln, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap">Corps</span>—<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">First (Sigel's), <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, at Cedar Mountain, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">(Hooker's), at Antietam, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Gettysburg, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Second, at Gettysburg, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Third (McDowell's), <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">at Cedar Mountain, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">(Heintzelman's), <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">(Sickles's), at Gettysburg, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fourth, defeated, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fifth (Banks's), <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">(Porter's), <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">at Chancellorsville, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sixth (Franklin's), <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">(Sedgwick's), at Fredericksburg, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ninth (Burnside's), at Catoctin Mountains, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Eleventh, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">at Chancellorsville, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Gettysburg, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Twelfth, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">at Chancellorsville, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Gettysburg, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fourteenth, at Bentonville, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>.</span><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[187]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fifteenth, destroys Columbia, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Seventeenth, destroys Columbia, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Twentieth, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">in Atlanta campaign, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Savannah campaign, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">at New Hope Church, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Peach Tree Creek, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Twenty-Third, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">For Confederate Corps, see names of commanders.</span><br /> +<br /> +Crane, Lieut. Col. Louis H., at Cedar Mountain, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">killed, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Crawford, Gen. Samuel W., at Cedar Mountain, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>-<a href="#Page_34">34</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap">Creeks</span>—<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Antietam, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Buffalo, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cedar Run, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chattanooga, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Peach Tree, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rock, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Crowninshield, Capt. Francis W., of Second Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Culpeper (Va.), <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Culpeper Court House (Va.), <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cumberland (Md.), <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cutter, Lieut. George H., of Third Wisconsin, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Dallas, (Ga.), <a href="#Page_122">122</a>. See also Battles.<br /> +<br /> +Daniels, Capt. Nahum, of Third Wisconsin, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Darnestown (Md.), <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Davis, Col. ——, killed, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Davis, Jefferson, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">surrenders, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Dayton (Ohio), <a href="#Page_98">98</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Donnelly, Col. Dudley, commands brigade, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Douglas, Stephen A., presidential candidate, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Du Bois, Lieut. John B., of Third Wisconsin, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Edwards Ferry (Md.), crossed, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Englishmen, in Wisconsin regiment, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[188]</a></span>Erie (Pa.), <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Fairfax Station (Va.), winter camp at, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Falling Waters (Md.), <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fayetteville (Tenn.), <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">county seat, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Fayetteville (N. C.), <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fond du Lac (Wis.), <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap">Fords</span>—<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Beverly, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">crossed, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Germanna, skirmish at, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>-<a href="#Page_69">69</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kelly's, crossed, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Raccoon, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">United States, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap">Forts</span>—<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Donelson, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Henry, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">McHenry, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sumter, surrenders, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Fox, Adj. John A., of Second Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Francis, Maj. James, of Second Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Franklin, Gen. William B., at Harpers Ferry, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Antietam, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Frederick City (Md.), <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>-<a href="#Page_49">49</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">capital, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">cemetery at, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Fredericksburg (Va.), skirmish at, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Freeman, Lieut. William W., of Third Wisconsin, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Frémont, Gen. John C., <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.<br /> +<br /> +French, in Wisconsin regiment, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>; in Mexico, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fritchie, Barbara, displays flag, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Front Royal (Va.), <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Furlong, John, killed, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap">Gaps</span>—<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chester, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Snake Creek, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Snicker's, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Gardner, Capt. Silas E., investigates murder, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Geary, Gen. John W., <a href="#Page_148">148</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Bolivar Heights, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chancellorsville, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gettysburg, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[189]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">New Hope Church, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Georgetown (Md.), <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Georgia, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">secession, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">regiment from, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">campaign in, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">restored, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Georgia Central Railroad, destroyed, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Germans, in Wisconsin regiment, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Giddings, Capt. Ephraim, of Third Wisconsin, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Goldsboro (N. C.), <a href="#Page_171">171</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">occupied, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Goodrich, Lieut. John D., of Third Wisconsin, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Gordon, Col. George H., commands brigade, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Graham Station (S. C.), <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Grant, Gen. Ulysses S., <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Greene, Gen. George S., at Gettysburg, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Hagerstown (Md.), <a href="#Page_8">8</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hamilton, Gen. Charles S., commands brigade, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hanging Rock (S. C.), <a href="#Page_171">171</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Harpers Ferry (Va.), <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">expedition to, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">surrenders, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Harrisonburg (Va.), <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Haskins, Capt. Alexander D., of Third Wisconsin, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Robertsville, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Hawes, Q. M. Edwin A., of Second Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hawley, Gen. William, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">wounded, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">commands brigade, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at New Hope Church, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Atlanta, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Savannah, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in Carolina campaign, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">farewell order, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Hazel Grove (Va.), skirmish at, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hegg, Lieut. Oliver A., of Third Wisconsin, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Heintzelman, Gen. Samuel P., commands corps, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hill, Lieut. Algie S., of Third Wisconsin, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<ins title="Transcriber's Note: Elsewhere spelled Hinkley">Hinckley</ins>, Capt. Julian W., <a href="#Page_180">180</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">early life, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">promoted, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">wounded, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>-<a href="#Page_127">127</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Hood, Gen. John B., <a href="#Page_152">152</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at New Hope Church, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Peach</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tree Creek, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Atlanta, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jonesboro, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[190]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">in Nashville campaign, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Hooker, Gen. Joseph, commands army, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">corps, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">superseded, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Antietam, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chancellorsville, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chattanooga, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">New Hope Church, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">resigns, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">characterized, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>-<a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Howard, Gen. Oliver O., <a href="#Page_117">117</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">commands army wing, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Army of Tennessee, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Hubbell, Lieut. Abner, of Third Wisconsin, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hunter, Capt. James W., wounded, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">death, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Ijamsville (Md.), <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Indiana, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Twenty-Seventh Regiment, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Antietam, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chancellorsville, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Indianapolis (Ind.), <a href="#Page_98">98</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Irish, in Wisconsin regiment, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap">Islands</span>—<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Argyle, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">described, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hutchinson, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Johnson's, military prison on, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Jackson, Gen. Thomas J. (Stonewall), <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>-<a href="#Page_22">22</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Kernstown, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chancellorsville, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">killed, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Jefferson, Thomas, cited, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Jefferson Rock (Va.), visited, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Johnson, Andrew, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Johnson, Hon. Herschel V., sketch, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Johnston, Gen. Joseph E., superseded, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Bentonville, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">surrenders, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Jonesboro (Ga.), <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Juarez, Benito P., service with, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Keedysville (Md.), <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Kelly's Ferry (Tenn.), <a href="#Page_101">101</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Kelly's Ferry (Va.), <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Kernstown (Va.), skirmish at, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Ketcham, Col. John H., assesses damages, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Kettle Run (Va.), <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">skirmish at, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Kilpatrick, Gen. Hugh J., at Falling Waters, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>;<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[191]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">skirmish, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Kingston (Ga.), <a href="#Page_127">127</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Kleven, Capt. John E., <a href="#Page_180">180</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Monteith Swamp, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Kopff, Asst. Surg. Thomas, of Third Wisconsin, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Lee, Gen. Robert E., <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Rappahannock River, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Richmond, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">surrenders, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Leesburg (Va.), executions at, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lewis, Gov. James T., <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Libby prison, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lieurance, Lieut. Stephen, of Third Wisconsin, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Limbocker, Capt. George W., <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lincoln, President Abraham, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">call for troops, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Maryland Heights, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">pardons, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">appoints Howard, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">votes for, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">assassinated, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Lincoln County (Tenn.), <a href="#Page_105">105</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">guerrillas in, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reorganized, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>-<a href="#Page_111">111</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Little Round Top (Pa.), <a href="#Page_84">84</a>. See also Battles: Gettysburg.<br /> +<br /> +Little Washington (Va.), <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Losses: at Bolivar Heights, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Winchester, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in retreat to Martinsburg, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cedar Mountain, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>-<a href="#Page_36">36</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Antietam, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>-<a href="#Page_63">63</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gettysburg, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">New Hope Church, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Peach Tree Creek, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Louisville (Ky.), <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lynchburg (Tenn.), birthplace of David Crockett, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +McAlpine, Lieut. William T., of Second Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.<br /> +<br /> +McClellan, Gen. George B., <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">arrests legislature, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">retreats, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reappointed, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">removed, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">votes for, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +McDowell, Gen. Irvin, commands corps, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Cedar Mountain, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">criticized, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">removed, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +McIntyre, Capt. James B., mustering officer, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Macon (Ga.), march toward, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Macon Railroad, captured, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>.<br /> +<br /> +McPherson, Gen. James B., killed, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Madison (Ga.), <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Madison (Wis.), <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">veterans at, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[192]</a></span>Maine, Tenth Regiment, at Cedar Mountain, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Manassas Junction (Va.), <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>. See also Battles.<br /> +<br /> +Mansfield, Gen. Joseph K., commands corps, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Marietta (Ga.), <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Marvin, Q. M. Joseph T., of Third Wisconsin, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Martinsburg (W. Va.), retreat to, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">confederates at, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Maryland, legislature arrested, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lee enters, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">plundered, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Maryland Heights (Md.), <a href="#Page_10">10</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lincoln at, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Massachusetts, Second Regiment, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">letter of, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>-<a href="#Page_179">179</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">letter to, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Antietam, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Germanna Ford, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Raccoon Ford, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Atlanta, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in South Carolina, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Twelfth Regiment, at Bolivar Heights, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Meade, Gen. George G., commands Army of Potomac, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Mehan, Capt. Dennis, of Second Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.<br /> +<br /> +"Merrimac," Third Wisconsin embarks on, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Mexico, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Michigan, First Cavalry, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Middleton (Md.), <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Miles, Col. Dixon S., surrenders Harpers Ferry, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Milledgeville (Ga.), <a href="#Page_150">150</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">capital city, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">arsenal destroyed at, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Millen (Ga.), railroad destroyed, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Millen & Augusta Railroad, destroyed, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Miller, ——, captured, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Miller, Mrs. ——, secures aid, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.<br /> +<br /> +"Mississippi," Third Wisconsin embarks on, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Monroe (Wis.), <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Monteith Station (Ga.), mail captured, at, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Montgomery (Ala.), confederate capital, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Moran, Lieut. Edward V., of Third Wisconsin, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Morehead City (N. C.), <a href="#Page_175">175</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Morse, Lieut. Col. Charles F., of Second Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Atlanta, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap">Mountains</span>—<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Blue Ridge, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Catoctin, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">skirmish at, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">crossed, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.</span><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[193]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cedar, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lookout, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">South, crossed, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Mulberry (Tenn.), <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Munn, Surg. Curtis E., of Second Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Murfreesboro (Tenn.), <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Nashville (Tenn.), <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">military governor at, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad, described, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.<br /> +<br /> +New Jersey, Thirteenth Regiment, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">transferred, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Chancellorsville, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Atlanta, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +New Market (Va.), manœuver at, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.<br /> +<br /> +New York (City), <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">draft riot, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +New York (State), draft riot, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">regiment, deserters executed, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">First Artillery, at Gettysburg, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Savannah, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ninth Regiment, transferred, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Twenty-Eighth Regiment, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">One Hundred Seventh Regiment, transferred, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">at Milledgeville, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">One Hundred Forty-Fifth Regiment, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">One Hundred Fiftieth Regiment, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Nickajack Pass (Ga.), crossed, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.<br /> +<br /> +North Carolina, described, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Norwegians, in Wisconsin regiment, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Oakey, Capt. Daniel A., of Second Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.<br /> +<br /> +O'Brien, Capt. Moses, killed, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Ohio, trip through, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Orton, Capt. Thomas E., wounded, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +"Paint Rock", captured steamer, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Parker, Capt. Theodore K., of Second Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Parkersburg (W. Va.), <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Parks, Maj. Warham, of Third Wisconsin, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Pennsylvania, invaded, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Twenty-Eighth Regiment, at Bolivar Heights, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Twenty-Ninth Regiment, retreats, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">officers discharged, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Perkins, Capt. William E., of Second Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Persons, Surg. Horace T., of First Wisconsin Cavalry, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[194]</a></span>Phalen, Capt. Edward A., of Second Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Pickett, Gen. George E., charge at Gettysburg, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Pope, Gen. John, commands army, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">criticized, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">retreats, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Manassas, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">removed, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Portage County (Wis.), <a href="#Page_1">1</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Porter, Gen. Fitz John, commands corps, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Price, Col. Edward L., court martialed, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap">Prisons</span>—<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fort McHenry, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Johnson's Island, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Libby, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Proctor, Lieut. Edwin F., of Third Wisconsin, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Raleigh (N. C.), campaign, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Rappahannock Station (Va.), <a href="#Page_92">92</a>.<br /> +<br /> +"Red Star" Division, guards railroad track, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Resaca (Ga.), enemy abandon, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.<br /> +<br /> +"Resolute", armed tender, captured, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Richardson, Lieut. Moses P., of Second Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Richardson, Lieut. Jesse, of Second Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Richmond (Va.), campaign against, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lee at, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Union army, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap">Rivers</span>—<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cape Fear, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chattahoochee, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>-<a href="#Page_139">139</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">crossed, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elk, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Etowah, crossed, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Monocacy, enemy at, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Oconee, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ohio, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">crossed, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Potomac, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">crossed, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rapidan, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rappahannock, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">crossed, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rio Grande, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Saluda, crossed, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Savannah, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">naval battle in, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>-<a href="#Page_157">157</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">described, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">cleared, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">crossed, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Shenandoah, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tennessee, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[195]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 2em;">crossed, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Robertsville (S. C.), skirmish at, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Rocky Mount (S. C.), <a href="#Page_170">170</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Ruger, Gen. Thomas H., West Point graduate, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Cedar Mountain, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chancellorsville, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">commands expedition, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">brigade, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Ruger, Capt. William, wounded, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Sandersville (Ga.), plundered, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">skirmish at, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Sandy Hook (Md.), <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Savannah (Ga.), <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sherman at, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">skirmish, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">evacuated, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>-<a href="#Page_166">166</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Schweers, Capt. John M., of Third Wisconsin, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Scotch, in Wisconsin regiment, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Scott, Lieut. Col. John W., wounded, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">killed, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Secession, conventions, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in Georgia, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lincoln County, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maryland, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">South Carolina, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Sedgwick, Gen. John, at Antietam, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fredericksburg, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Seminary Ridge (Pa.), <a href="#Page_89">89</a>. See also Battles: Gettysburg.<br /> +<br /> +Shelbyville (Tenn.), <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Shenandoah Valley, campaign in, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sherman, Gen. William T., <a href="#Page_169">169</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Georgia campaign, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Carolina campaign, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at New Hope Church, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Atlanta, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jonesboro, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Milledgeville, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Savannah, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sister's Ferry, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">announces peace, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">grand review, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">characterized, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Shields, Gen. James, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Kernstown, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">wounded, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Sigel, Gen. Franz, commands corps, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Cedar Mountain, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Sister's Ferry (S. C.), Sherman at, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Slocum, Gen. Henry W., at Germanna Ford, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vicksburg, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Graham Station, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">commands corps, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">army wing, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on "Sherman's March", <a href="#Page_169">169</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">characterized, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Smith, Maj. Alfred B., commands brigade picket line, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Smith Plantation, in South Carolina, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>-<a href="#Page_161">161</a>.<br /> +<br /> +South Carolina, secedes, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">begins war, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[196]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">campaign in, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Springer, Rev. Isaac E., of Third Wisconsin, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Springer, Rev. John M., killed, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Springfield (Ga.), <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Spott Tavern (Va.), <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Stafford Court House (Va.), <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">winter camp, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Stanton, Edwin M., <a href="#Page_175">175</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Stevenson, Lieut. Col. George W., of Third Wisconsin, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Stevenson (Ala.), <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Strasburg (Va.), <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Strawberry Plains (Tenn.), <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Stuart, Gen. James E. B., headquarters captured, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sumner, Gen. Edwin V., at Antietam, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>-<a href="#Page_59">59</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Tattnall, Commodore Josiah, commands fleet, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Taylor, Adj. Asher C., of Third Wisconsin, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Tennalleytown (D. C.), Army of Potomac at, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Tennessee, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Union Cavalry Regiment, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Tennille Station (Ga.), railroad buildings destroyed, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Thayer, Capt. George A., of Second Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Thomas, Gen. George H., at Somerset, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">New Hope Church, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">disapproves resignations, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">opposes Hood, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Thompson, Lieut. George J., of Second Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Thompson, Lieut. Jed C., of Second Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Toledo (Ohio), <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Toombs, Lieut. William D., of Second Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Tullahoma (Tenn.), <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">corps headquarters, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Two Taverns (Pa.), <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Van Brunt, Capt. Ralph, of Third Wisconsin, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Vermont, First Regiment, rear guard, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Vicksburg (Miss.), <a href="#Page_115">115</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[197]</a></span>Virginia, departure for, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Warrenton Junction (Va.), <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Wartrace (Tenn.), <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Washington (D. C.), <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Army of Potomac in, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">threatened, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">peace ratified at, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">march to, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">grand review, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Waupun (Wis.), campaign of 1860 at, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Light Guard, organized, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>-<a href="#Page_5">5</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Welsh, in Wisconsin regiment, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.<br /> +<br /> +West Point (N. Y.), Military Academy, graduates, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Wheeler, Gen. Joseph, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Sandersville, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Robertsville, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Whittier, John G., poem, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Williams, Gen. Alpheus S., <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Cedar Mountain, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">New Hope Church, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Williamsport (Md.), <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Confederates at, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Williamsport (Pa.), reception at, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Wilkins, Capt. William D., <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Cedar Mountain, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Wilmington (N. C.), fleet at, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Winchester (Va.), <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">skirmish at, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">captured, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">retreat to, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">threatened, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Confederates at, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Winegar, Capt. Charles E., captures steamer, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Winnsboro (S. C.), railroad track destroyed, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Wisconsin, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">quota filled, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tenth Regiment, at Chattanooga, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Woodford, Capt. Jasper, of Third Wisconsin, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Xenia (Ohio), reception at, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>. +</div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[198]</a></span></p> +<h2>PUBLICATIONS OF WISCONSIN HISTORY COMMISSION</h2> + +<h3><i>Series of Original Narratives</i></h3> + + +<p>1. <span class="smcap">A View of the Vicksburg Campaign.</span> By William Freeman Vilas, +LL. D., Lieutenant-Colonel of Twenty-Third Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry. +With two appendices: I, Wisconsin Soldiers in the Vicksburg +Campaign, by Colonel Vilas; II, Selected Bibliography of the Vicksburg +Campaign (material thereon in the Wisconsin Historical Library), by +Minnie Myrtle Oakley. Illustrated by a portrait of Colonel Vilas and +a map of the campaign. 8vo., pp. xiii+104. Published August, 1908.</p> + +<p>2. <span class="smcap">Capture and Escape: a Narrative of Army and Prison Life.</span> By +John Azor Kellogg, Colonel of Sixth Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry and +Brevet Brigadier-General. Illustrated by a portrait of the author. 8vo., +pp. xvi+201. Published November, 1908.</p> + +<p>3. <span class="smcap">Three Wisconsin Cushings: a Sketch of the Lives of Howard B., +Alonzo H., and William B. Cushing, children of a Pioneer Family of +Waukesha County.</span> By Theron Wilber Haight, First-Lieutenant, +U. S. V. Illustrated by a wartime group of officers, three portraits, and +three facsimiles. 8vo., pp. xiv+109. Index. Published April, 1910.</p> + +<p>4. <span class="smcap">The Chattanooga Campaign: with especial reference to Wisconsin's +participation therein.</span> By Michael Hendrick Fitch, Lieutenant-Colonel +of Twenty-first Wisconsin Infantry. Illustrated by six maps. +8vo., pp. xiii+255. Index. Published March, 1911.</p> + +<p>5. <span class="smcap">A Bibliography of Wisconsin's participation in the War between +the States: based on material in the Wisconsin Historical Library.</span> +By Isaac Samuel Bradley, Assistant Superintendent of said Library. +8vo., pp. ix+42. Index. Published May, 1911.</p> + +<p>6. <span class="smcap">Wisconsin Women in the War between the States.</span> By Ethel +Alice Hurn, B. A. Illustrated by a portrait and six views. 8vo., pp. +xix+190. Index. Published May, 1911.</p> + +<p>7. <span class="smcap">A Narrative of Service with the Third Wisconsin Infantry.</span> By +Julian Wisner Hinkley, sometime acting Major of said Regiment. Illustrated +by a portrait of the author. 8vo., pp. xiii+197. Index. Published +November, 1912.</p> + +<p>8. <span class="smcap">The Diary of an Artillery Private.</span> By Rev. Jenkin Lloyd-Jones. +<i>In preparation.</i></p> + + +<h3><i>Series of Reprints</i></h3> + +<p>1. <span class="smcap">The Battle of Gettysburg.</span> By Frank Aretas Haskell, Colonel of +Thirty-sixth Wisconsin Infantry. Illustrated by a portrait of the author +and two maps. 8vo. First edition: pp. xxiii+185; published +November, 1908. Second edition (with "Tribute to Adjutant Haskell" +by Col. J. A. Watrous): pp. xxviii+192; Index; published April, 1910.</p> + +<p>2. <span class="smcap">Civil War Messages and Proclamations of Wisconsin War Governors.</span> +With explanatory notes by Asa C. Tilton and Frederick Merk, +of the staff of the Wisconsin Historical Library. <i>In press.</i></p> + + +<h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> H. V. Johnson was born in Burke County, Georgia, in 1812. +He served his State as Federal Senator from 1848 to 1849, and as +Governor from 1853 to 1857. In 1860 he was nominated for the +Vice-Presidency on the ticket of Stephen A. Douglas. He opposed +to the last the secession of Georgia, but ultimately cast his lot with +his State, and was elected to the Confederate Senate. After the +war he was active in securing the restoration of Georgia to her +political rights in the Union. In 1866 he was again chosen to the +Federal Senate, but was unable to serve under the reconstruction +acts of Congress. He died in Jefferson County, Georgia, in 1880.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> A detailed description of the manner of destroying railroad track +during Sherman's Campaign is given by Gen. H. W. Slocum, "Sherman's +March from Savannah to Bentonville," in <i>Century Magazine</i> +Old Series, xxxiv, p. 930.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> This correspondence was as follows:</p> + +<blockquote><div class="signature2">Second Massachusetts Infantry,</div> +<div class="signature1">Camp Slocum, Washington, D. C,</div> +<div class="signature2">June 4, 1865.</div> + +<p>We, the undersigned, officers of the Second Massachusetts Infantry, wish to express +to the officers of the Third Wisconsin Infantry our heartfelt regret that the +fortunes of the service are about to separate our respective organizations. +</p> + +<p>From the campaign of 1862, in the Shenandoah Valley to the present glorious +close of this bloody war, we have fought and marched side by side with you in +almost every rebellious state. To have been brigaded together for so long a time +is in itself remarkable; no less so is it that between our two regiments there should +always have existed such strong feelings of friendship and mutual regard, untinged +by the slightest shadow of jealousy. +</p><p> +As we recall now, some of the hard positions we have been in, we cannot help +remembering how often our anxiety was lessened by the knowledge that the old +Third Wisconsin was close at hand to support us. We know that you have had +the same thoughts about us. Nothing in this whole war will be pleasanter for us +to look back upon than this feeling of mutual respect and reliance. It not only +elevated the tone of both our regiments, but we honestly believe, it went a great +way toward making our brigade and division what they are now acknowledged to +be—among the very best organizations of the army. +</p><p> +We assure you that in our own State, wherever the Second Massachusetts is +known, its brother regiment is also famous. Whenever any of us have been at +home, among the first inquiries would be, "How is the Third Wisconsin?" It +has been with pride that we have answered, "It is the same staunch old regiment +that fought at Antietam and Chancellorsville." +</p><p> +These are not compliments but expressions of plain, honest feelings. We have +been knit together by deeds not words; deeds, which, as time goes on, we shall look +back upon with continually increasing pride. +</p><p> +Together we have shared dangers and hardships, victories and defeats; and it is +hard now for us to part; but in the natural order of things, the war being over, you +go towards your homes in the west, we stay near ours in the east. Let us not, +however, though separated by thousands of miles, forget these old associations. Let +us rather cherish them with the fondest recollections: let it be a story to hand down +to our children and children's children, how the Second Massachusetts and Third +Wisconsin fought shoulder to shoulder through the great rebellion, and achieved +together glory and renown. We ask you to accept this testimonial as a slight evidence +of our affection and esteem. We bid you farewell, and God bless you, one +and all, +</p> + +<p class="hanging"> +C. F. Morse, Lieutenant Colonel, Com.; James Francis, Major; C. E. Munn, +Surgeon; John A. Fox, Adjutant; E. A. Hawes, Quartermaster; Captains—Daniel +Oakey, F. W. Crowninshield, E. A. Phalen, George A. Thayer, +Theodore K. Parker, Dennis Mehan, Henry N. Comey, William E. +Perkins; First Lieutenants—George J. Thompson, Jesse Richardson, Moses P. +Richardson, William T. McAlpine, Jed C. Thompson, William D. Toombs. +</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<div class="signature2">Third Wisconsin V. V. Infantry,</div> +<div class="signature">Camp Slocum, near Washington, D. C.</div> +<div class="signature2">June 7, 1865.</div> + +<p> To the officers of the Second Massachusetts Veteran Volunteer Infantry:</p> + +<p>The undersigned, officers of the Third Wisconsin Veteran Volunteer Infantry, +tender their heartfelt thanks for your friendly communication of the 4th inst. It +was with mingled feelings of pride and pleasure, not, however, unmixed with pain, +that we perused it—pride at being thus associated with a regiment, which by patient +endurance, good discipline, and unflinching bravery, has won for itself so honorable +a name as the Second Massachusetts; pleasure at the thought that, even +amid the stirring scenes of active war, the finer attributes of humanity are not forgotten, +and that friendship, one of the noblest sentiments of the soul, still asserts +her claims; pain at the recollection of the many gallant and brave, whose names +have been associated with yours in the great struggle now happily terminated, but +who have given their lives for a country they loved so well. +</p><p> +That "every rose has its thorn" was never more apparent to us than now. While +in the toil and suffering of our active campaigns, we have looked forward with unmixed +joy to the time when the angel of peace should once more spread her wings +over the land, and we should return home to enjoy the sweets of social and civil +life, but now that the hour is at hand when we must say farewell to those with +whom we have been associated in the service of our common country, when we +must join the parting hand with you, our companions and brothers in arms, our joy +is mingled with sadness and our smiles with tears. +</p><p> +We accept your communication, not only as a manifestation of personal regard, +but also as a fraternal greeting from the east to the west, which rising superior to +local jealousies and factional strife, and remembering only the mingled dust of our +dead on many battlefields, and the common country for which they sacrificed their +all, proclaims us, in heart and in country, one and inseparable. +</p><p> +In parting, we assure you that, highly as we prize this expression of sentiment +toward us, and sacredly as we will preserve it as the highest honor yet received, it +is not needed to secure remembrance. The ineffaceable pictures of the past deeply +engraven in our hearts, and lit up by the eternal flame of friendship will ever keep +the Second Massachusetts Veteran Volunteer Infantry prominent among our pleasing +memories in the future. +</p> + +<p> +Wishing you all success and happiness and Heaven's best blessing, we bid you +farewell. We are, brothers, yours fraternally, +</p> + +<p class="hanging"> +George W. Stevenson, Lieutenant-Colonel; Warham Parks, Major; J. G. Conley, +Surgeon; T. J. Kopff, Assistant Surgeon; A. C. Taylor, Adjutant; J. T. +Marvin, Quartermaster; I. E. Springer, Chaplain. Captains—Ralph Van +Brunt, Julian W. <ins title="Transcriber's Note: Elsewhere spelling is Hinkley">Hinckley</ins>, N. Daniels, E. Giddings, A. D. Haskins, C. +R. Barager, J. Woodford, John M. Schweers, John E. Kleven. First +Lieutenants—Stephen Lieurance, Oliver A. Hegg, J. D. Goodrich, John +Agnew, John B. Du Bois, Abner Hubbell, J. D. Babcock, W. W. +Freeman, George H. Cutter. Second Lieutenants—E. V. Moran, Lewis +Colby, Edwin F. Proctor, Elon G. Biers, David Clark, A. S. Hill.</p></blockquote></div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<div class="tn"><h3>Transcriber's Note:</h3> + +<p>Archaic and variable spellings such as "rendevouz", "reconnoissance" and +"reënforce" were retained.</p> + +<p>The book title on page 1 of the original reads "SERVICE IN" but +elsewhere reads "A NARRATIVE OF SERVICE WITH THE THIRD WISCONSIN INFANTRY".</p> + +<p>Page 131, "The next day a battery of twenty-pound parrot guns was planted +on the hill ..." Changed to "Parrott guns".</p> + +<p>Only Footnote 3 on page 180 and the index give spelling as Hinckley, elsewhere Hinkley.</p> + +<p>Corrections made are indicated by dotted lines under the corrected text. +Move the cursor over the word and the original text +will <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'apprear'">appear</ins>.</p> + +</div> + +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<hr class="full" /> +<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A NARRATIVE OF SERVICE WITH THE THIRD WISCONSIN INFANTRY***</p> +<p>******* This file should be named 37754-h.txt or 37754-h.zip *******</p> +<p>This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:<br /> +<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/3/7/7/5/37754">http://www.gutenberg.org/3/7/7/5/37754</a></p> +<p>Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed.</p> + +<p>Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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