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diff --git a/37753.txt b/37753.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..73fa847 --- /dev/null +++ b/37753.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1939 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes on the Mammals of Gogebic and +Ontonagon Counties, Michigan, 1920, by L. R. Dice and H. B. Sherman + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Notes on the Mammals of Gogebic and Ontonagon Counties, Michigan, 1920 + Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology, Number 109 + +Author: L. R. Dice + H. B. Sherman + +Release Date: October 14, 2011 [EBook #37753] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MAMMALS OF GOGEBIC AND ONTONAGON *** + + + + +Produced by Larry B. Harrison, Diane Monico, and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + + + + +NUMBER 109 FEBRUARY 25, 1922 + +OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF +ZOOLOGY + +UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN + +ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY + + + + +NOTES ON THE MAMMALS OF GOGEBIC AND +ONTONAGON COUNTIES, MICHIGAN, 1920 + +BY L. R. DICE AND H. B. SHERMAN + + +The authors of this paper spent the summer of 1920 in western Michigan +studying the mammals of the region for the Michigan Geological and +Biological Survey. From June 25 to August 4 was spent in the Cisco Lake +Region with headquarters on Lindsley Lake; August 6 to August 20 a camp +was maintained in the woods four miles southeast of Little Girl's +Point; and from August 20 to September 6 was spent working from a camp +on the western shore of Lake Gogebic, about three miles south of Lake +Gogebic Station. The first two camps were in Gogebic County, the third +in Ontonagon County. + +The field work was performed jointly by the two authors, under the +direction of the senior author, who is responsible for the +identification of the species, the descriptions of the general areas +and of the habitats, and is jointly concerned in writing the annotated +list. + +In addition to our own records, we have secured many valuable notes on +the distribution of the larger species from J. E. Fischer, of +Merriweather, Ontonagon County, a trapper of many years' experience; +and from Benjamin J. Twombley, of Bent's Resort, Wisconsin, who has +made many observations on the mammals of the Cisco Lake Region. We have +also added a number of records from J. E. Marshall, who trapped for +many years, beginning 1884, in Ontonagon and Gogebic counties, and from +Ole Petersen, at one time a trapper at Gogebic Lake. + +The habitats in which records of occurrence have been obtained for the +region under consideration are listed under each species; and the +number of individuals taken, or seen and positively identified, in each +habitat are given. From the figures a rough estimate of the relative +abundance of the various species in the different habitats can be +obtained, but the various habitats were not trapped or studied equally +intensively, and for the larger and the rarer forms the numbers give +little dependable data on relative abundance. + + + + +DESCRIPTIONS OF THE REGIONS STUDIED + + +_Cisco Lake Region._ In the Cisco Lake Region there are many lakes, +mostly small, but several of a length of one to three miles. The +water-level in the Cisco Lake chain has been raised six or ten feet by +a dam across the outlet, and this change in water-level has killed the +trees along the lake borders, so that the lakes are fringed by a narrow +line of dead trees. The habitats of emerging vegetation and of aquatic +vegetation have been much altered by the change in water-level, and +these habitats cannot be well studied in these lakes. However, the +neighboring lakes in which the water-level has not been changed show +that the forests of the region originally came down to the water's +edge, and that there was little normal development of marsh or swamp. + +The ridges between the lakes rise in general to heights of twenty-five +feet or more, though bluffs are not formed. These ridges are mostly +covered by mixed hardwood forest in which the hard maple, yellow birch, +hemlock, and linden are the dominant trees. There are numerous small +wet depressions, some of them containing small black spruce bogs, while +others include a few arbor-vitae mixed with linden and other typical +trees of the wet hardwood forest. Small areas of nearly pure hemlock +occur on some slopes near the lake shores. A few large tamarack bogs +are present. + +Though the pines formerly occurring have been taken out, the region +otherwise is in nearly its native condition. A few former clearings +along the lake shores have grown up to brush or to white birch saplings +or small trees. + +_Little Girl's Point Region._ Much of the region in the near vicinity +of Little Girl's Point has been cleared or burned, but a few miles to +the east and southeast there are still considerable areas of native +forest. The high ridge running through the region bears a splendid +forest of maple, yellow birch, and linden, with little if any hemlock. +However, on the steeper lower slopes hemlock occurs in nearly a pure +stand. At one place was found a nice grove of large white pines, mixed, +on the lower edge of the slope, with a few hemlocks. Black +spruce-tamarack bogs are extensive and arbor-vitae swamps occur +commonly. The extensive burned areas south of the point have grown up +to a thicket of aspen, birch, and various shrubs and saplings. A few +small areas are under cultivation. + +_Region at the north end of Gogebic Lake._ Most of the region about the +north end of Gogebic Lake is low and wet. A number of small black ash +swamps occur near the lake, and further back there are extensive black +spruce bogs. The main forest is of a much mixed wet hardwood type, +sugar maple, linden, yellow birch, elm, and hemlock, being the dominant +species. The forest in most places reaches the edge of the lake, though +a few sandy beaches occur. However, the level of the water in the lake +has been raised a few feet by a dam across the outlet, and beaches were +probably more abundant before this occurred. The lake is so large, +about 13 miles long by 1 to 2 miles broad, that wave action is quite +pronounced. + +One beaver meadow was studied, this meadow including areas of grasses +and of sedges, traversed by ditches, small mud-flats covered with low +rushes, and alder thickets. + +Just north of Lake Gogebic Station there are some high hills having +bluffs on the southern exposures. These hills were visited, but they +had been extensively logged and burned over and no attempt was made to +trap for mammals on them. + +Some large burned areas have grown up to sapling forests of aspens. +Near the towns of Lake Gogebic and Merriweather nearly all the forests +have been cleared away, but farther south on the sides of the lake the +woods are still in their natural condition. + + + + +HABITATS + + +The habitats studied in Gogebic and Ontonagon counties may be listed as +follows: + + Exposed shores: + Open-water + Beach + Dirt-bluff + Forest--shore + + Protected shores: + Water lily + Pondweed + Rush + Submerged-sedge + Cat-tail + Willow-thicket + Mud-flat + + Meadow: + Ditch-border + Tall-sedge + Grassy-meadow + Alder-thicket + + Swamps: + Black ash swamp + Arbor-vitae swamp + + Bogs: + Leather leaf bog + Sphagnum bog + Black spruce--tamarack bog + + Forests: + Hemlock forest + White pine forest + Wet hardwood forest + Dry hardwood forest + + Mountains: + Rock-bluff + Mountain-heath + + Air: + Aerial + + Burns and clearings: + Herbaceous stage + Shrub stage + Paper birch--aspen stage + Young hardwood forest stage + + Artificial conditions: + Overflow swamp + Cultivated-field + Edificarian + +This list of habitats is admittedly not complete for the regions +visited, but is intended to include those which we studied. We had no +opportunity of studying either the shores of a large river or jack pine +ridges, both of which situations will undoubtedly have habitats not +here recognized. + +The habitats studied in Gogebic and Ontonagon counties but every +habitat has been listed which seems to form a distinct type of mammal +environment. We are firmly convinced that it is better to describe a +great number of habitats rather than to lump different kinds of +environments together. It is infinitely easier for a later worker to +combine several habitats, which have been split too finely, than it is +to separate the component habitats which may have been lumped together +under one name. + +No attempt is made to give complete lists of the plants found in each +habitat, but only the more conspicuous plants or those of special +importance to the mammals are mentioned. The plant names used are +mostly taken from Darlington's list of Gogebic County plants.[1] + + +_Exposed Shores_ + +_Open-water habitat:_ This habitat includes the areas of open water +with no rooted vegetation in the deeper parts of the lakes and rivers. +On Lake Superior at Little Girl's Point this habitat comes directly to +the beach, for the wave action on this exposed point is sufficient to +prevent the growth of plants along the shore. In Gogebic Lake and in +the smaller lakes of the Cisco Lake Region there are also many parts +where there is no rooted vegetation along shore. This habitat, +therefore, covers by far the larger part of the aquatic conditions of +northwestern Michigan. We secured no records of mammals for this +habitat, and, though some aquatic species must occasionally occur in +the open water along lake shores, they are rare there, and are +practically absent from the areas of open water farther out in the +lakes. + +_Beach habitat:_ The shore of Lake Superior at Little Girl's Point is +subjected to heavy pounding by the lake waves, leading to the formation +of a well-developed beach. To the east of the point the beach for some +distance is five to ten yards wide, mostly of small gravel, with sand +on the upper part; it ends abruptly against a steep dirt bluff. On the +beach no vegetation grows and only a few scattered drift logs occur. To +the west of Little Girl's Point undetached masses of solid rock are +more prominent, though small patches of gravel occur in partially +protected places. The beach here in general is narrow and rises +steeply, so that the different beach zones, lower, middle, and upper, +are not well marked. On the shores of Lake Gogebic are a few small sand +beaches; but around this lake, as well as around the smaller lakes of +the region, the forest comes, in general, directly to the edge of the +water. There was no opportunity to trap for mammals on a beach, and no +records for the habitat were obtained. + +_Dirt-bluff habitat:_ To the east of Little Girl's Point the beach of +Lake Superior runs along the base of a dirt bluff about 35 feet high. +The storm waves of winter evidently wash against this bluff, eroding +it away and destroying the forest, which is of the hemlock type, +growing on the level above. The bluff is quite steep, and along with +small exposures of bare clay bears a number of scattered herbs and a +few shrubs and small trees, such as alder, willow, arbor-vitae, yellow +birch, paper birch, and red maple. No collecting was done in this +habitat and no records of mammals were obtained from it. + +_Forest--shore habitat:_ Along all the lakes of the region, except Lake +Superior, the forests in general come down to the water's edge. The +marginal forests are frequently dominated by hemlock, though often a +wet hardwood forest occurs along the shores, and in a number of places +along Gogebic Lake black ash swamps border the water. Red maple (_Acer +rubrum_) and mountain ash (_Sorbus americana_) frequently occur along +the exposed shores of Gogebic Lake. Frequently young forests of paper +birch or quaking aspen have replaced the original forests in the +clearings and burned areas along the lake borders. The shore beside a +forest commonly rises abruptly a few inches to a foot or more in a firm +bank, and in most cases the trees overhang the water to some extent. +These shores are the favorite promenade of the porcupine; and the mink, +muskrat, and otter are typical of the habitat. + + +_Protected Shores_ + +_Water lily habitat:_ In shallow, protected parts of the lakes and +channels of the Cisco Lake chain there are extensive growths of white +and yellow water lilies (_Castalia tuberosa_ and _Nymphaea advena_). +Water lilies also occur in many places as a narrow border at the edge +of deep water. Muskrats were the only mammals noted in this habitat, +but mink and otter probably occur also. + +_Pondweed habitat:_ A thick growth of pondweeds (Potamogeton spp.) +occurs in protected places along the shores in many parts of the lakes +of the Cisco Lake chain. Muskrats were noted in this habitat. In +Gogebic Lake the exposure to wave action is in most places too great +for a good development of pondweeds, though in the northern end of the +lake there are a number of widely scattered plants of this type, but +not forming a very well marked habitat. + +_Rush habitat:_ On somewhat protected shoals, both in the lakes of the +Cisco Lake Region and in Gogebic Lake, there is sometimes a growth of +rushes (Juncus sp.). Along the lower course of the Merriweather River, +just before it enters Gogebic Lake, rushes thickly cover numerous small +areas. The plants in both cases grow partly submerged in the water. No +records for mammals were obtained from this type of habitat, though +doubtless some of the amphibious forms frequently occur here. + +_Submerged-sedge habitat:_ Sedges in general do not occur as a definite +belt about the margins of the lakes in the region studied. The only +place where any considerable growth of sedges was noted at the edge of +the water was along the lower course of Merriweather River, just before +it enters Gogebic Lake. Here there are considerable areas of sedges +partially submerged by the water. No records of mammals were obtained +from this habitat. + +_Cat-tail habitat:_ Under native conditions cat-tails (_Typha +latifolia_) apparently do not often form extensive habitats in the +region. Along the marshy borders of the lower Merriweather River at +Gogebic Lake a few small patches were seen. Small patches were seen in +other places along railroad tracks where embankments had produced small +areas of marshy ground. + +In the Cisco Lake Region a few of the areas of timber killed by the +raising of the water-level have grown up to cat-tail swamps. In these +swamps there are many standing dead trees and fallen logs as well as +some areas of open water. The cat-tails seem to occur mostly in those +swamps having only a small connection with the main body of the lake. +In these places the cat-tail is dominant, though numerous sedges occur, +and there is some sphagnum growing on the fallen logs and along the +shore. A few small black spruces are starting. Along the edge of such a +swamp a few deer-mice were taken, but these were evidently stragglers +from the adjacent forest. + +_Willow-thicket habitat:_ Willows do not occur commonly along the water +margins of the lakes of the region. The only place, except in +clearings, where willows were noted as a definite growth is along the +lower course of the Merriweather River at Gogebic Lake. Along this part +of the river there are extensive growths of shrubby willows, growing +(in early September) in a foot or more of water. The indications were +that earlier in the summer the water about these plants must have been +at least a foot higher. Signs of muskrat were noted at the edge of +these willows. + +_Mud-flat habitat:_ Around the margin of a pond formed by an old +deserted beaver dam near Gogebic Lake, two miles southwest of +Merriweather, is a narrow strip of mud, very wet and sparsely covered +with a growth of low rushes. The strip of muddy ground varies from +about 1 to 4 meters in width and extends a short distance up along the +edge of the small ditch draining into the pond. At the upper border of +the strip of muddy shore is a thick growth of sedges, meeting the muddy +shore at a fairly sharp line. + +In this habitat meadow mice are common and four jumping mice (_Zapus +hudsonius_) were taken. + + +_Meadows_ + +_Ditch-border habitat:_ A number of small ditches run through an old +beaver meadow of considerable size near Gogebic Lake, about two miles +southwest of Merriweather. The borders of the ditches are muddy and the +banks are from 6 to 18 inches high; in places the ditch borders are +closely encroached upon by the tall sedges of the adjacent meadow. A +small amount of water was present (in early September) in most of the +ditches. In mouse traps set at the edges of these ditches, partly in +the water, star-nosed moles and navigator shrews were taken. In a +larger trap a skunk was taken. + +_Tall-sedge habitat:_ In the beaver meadow studied near Gogebic Lake, +an area about 200 meters by 100 meters or more is occupied by a heavy +growth of high, coarse sedges, reaching a height of about .75 to 1.00 +meter. A few grasses and some low herbs occur sparingly among the +sedges. The habitat had not been burned over and the ground is covered +with a thick mat of the decaying leaves and stems of the sedges and +grasses. In most places the ground is quite wet, sometimes soggy to +walk upon, and in a few places low hummocks are numerous. A similar +habitat was found in rather a narrow strip at the edge of Mud Lake, +one-fourth mile southwest of Thousand Island Lake, Gogebic County. Here +a small area of meadow occurs along the inlet of a tiny stream. This +area apparently had been artificially cleared of its forest, but the +level of the lake had not been raised. + +The habitat differs from the submerged-sedge habitat of protected lake +shores in being higher above the water and in not being covered with +water from July to September; probably water does not stand to any +depth on it at any time. The Richardson shrew is apparently a +characteristic mammal of this habitat, though other shrews and mice +were taken here also. + +_Grassy-meadow habitat:_ Part of the beaver meadow studied near Gogebic +Lake is covered by a thick growth of grasses and sedges of a number of +species. The ground of the habitat was rather dry and had been burned +over the previous year. Grasses are also dominant over a few small +areas near Mud Lake in Gogebic County. On a small area of the clearing +near this lake a thick stand of bluegrass (Poa) is almost the only +plant present. This occurs on an area of fairly moist mud. On the drier +slope near the forest Poa also is abundant, forming the dominant +species over a strip about 5 to 10 meters wide. Jumping mice are common +in this habitat. + +_Alder-thicket habitat:_ On very wet ground just below an old beaver +dam near Gogebic Lake there is a heavy growth of alder (_Alnus incana_) +about 20 feet high. No other shrubs were noted in the thicket. The +ground under the alders is mostly bare, there being only a few ferns, +grasses, and other herbs. On the ground are many dead sticks fallen +from the alders. This situation contained few mammals, only one Blarina +being taken in four days' trapping with 25 traps. At the south end of +the beaver meadow willows and alders are invading the sedges in very +wet ground. No trapping was done in this situation. + + +_Swamps_ + +_Black ash swamp habitat:_ A number of black ash swamps occur along the +shores of Gogebic Lake, being apparently partially flooded during +periods of heavy rains and during stages of high water. In a swamp of +this type near the north end of Gogebic Lake on the west side, black +ash (_Fraxinus nigra_) is the dominant tree, the trunks reaching +diameters up to 2 feet. Elms (_Ulmus americana_) sometimes reaching a +trunk diameter of 3 feet are common, and yellow birches and hard maples +are common also. Black maples are rare, and lindens are few. The trees +are high and the forest crown nearly closed. Underbrush is common in +the more open places, this being mostly mountain maple (_Acer +spicatum_) with a few young firs, young arbor-vitae, and Virginia +creepers (_Parthenocissus quinquefolia_). There are numerous ferns, and +herbs are abundant. Under the more closed parts of the forest canopy +the ground is mostly bare, underbrush and herbs being scanty. Smaller +black ash swamps occur in the Cisco Lake Region, and in the vicinity of +Little Girl's Point a number of small black ashes were noted in a swamp +of mixed arbor-vitae and black spruce. + +_Arbor-vitae swamp habitat:_ In the Cisco Lake Region arbor-vitae +(_Thuja occidentalis_) occurs commonly near the edges of the lakes and +in the wet depressions in the forest. Near Gogebic Lake also the +arbor-vitae grows commonly near the shores of the lake and in wet +places in the woods, especially at the edges of swamps. But the trees +in both these areas, so far as seen, were small, and the arbor-vitae +did not form a dominant species, but occurred in a small percentage +mixed with the other types of forest. However, in part of the region +near Gogebic Lake extensive arbor-vitae swamps are reported to occur. +In the vicinity of Little Girl's Point arbor-vitae swamps are common, +occupying the wet lower northern slopes of the high ridge. + +In a swamp of this type three miles southeast of the point arbor-vitae +is the dominant tree, reaching trunk diameters of two feet and more. +Under the dense shade of the high forest crown there are many young +trees of the same species, and the forest has evidently reached a +temporary climax. Of other trees, a few small yellow birch, a few young +firs and hemlocks, and one fallen white spruce (_Picea canadensis_) +were noted. The ground is very wet and there are numerous tiny +streams, which frequently disappear under the ground. Fallen trees and +decaying logs on the ground make a thick tangle, very difficult to +penetrate. The underbrush is scanty; mountain maple is rather common, +and there are a few young black ashes. Much moss grows on the ground +and on the decaying logs. + +In a depression two miles south of Little Girl's Point is a mixed +growth of arbor-vitae, black spruce, with a few black ashes. The trees +are mostly small, none of them exceeding about eight inches in trunk +diameter. In August the ground was very wet, there being standing water +in some places, and the ground was heavily covered with sphagnum. This +situation may be considered transitional between the black spruce bog +and the arbor-vitae swamp. No traps for mammals were set in this +situation. + + +_Bogs_ + +_Leather leaf bog habitat:_ In the northwestern corner of Fish-hawk +Lake and at several places along the channel connecting Lindsley and +Cisco lakes a heavy growth of leather leaf (_Chamaedaphne calyculata_) +adjoins and overhangs the water, a considerable portion of the growth +actually floating on the water. With the leather leaf is associated +much sweet gale (_Myrica gale_) and alders, and these plants form +almost the entire mat in some of the wetter areas. At other places +sphagnum becomes abundant and the conditions approach those of a +sphagnum bog. Other plants commonly found in the leather leaf bog in +the Cisco Lake Region are the Labrador tea (_Ledum groenlandicum_), +swamp laurel (_Kalmia potifolia_), wild rosemary (_Andromeda +glaucophylla_), small cranberry (_Oxycoccus oxycoccus_), pitcher-plant +(_Sarracenia purpurea_), and small trees of black spruce and tamarack. +In a typical leather leaf bog on the Ontonagon River near the outlet +from Thousand Island Lake a large beaver house is located. + +_Sphagnum bog habitat:_ In a restricted sense the name is here applied +to the part of a bog which is free from trees. It differs from the +leather leaf bog in having a greater amount of sphagnum, for while the +leather leaf bog when first developed over the water has little or no +sphagnum, the sphagnum bog, as here considered, is almost entirely +covered by sphagnum. The shrubs found in the two situations are +apparently identical, except that the leather leaf is less abundant. A +small bog of this type borders the edge of Mud Lake in the Cisco Lake +Region, and small parts of many bogs are free from trees. So far as was +determined, the mammal fauna is the same as that for the black +spruce--tamarack bog, from which the only difference is the absence of +trees. + +_Black Spruce--Tamarack Bog habitat:_ The dominant bog tree in this +region is the black spruce (_Picea mariana_), which is usually small +and stunted. With the black spruces are a lesser number of small +tamaracks (_Larix larcina_), which in places may be dominant. The +ground is heavily covered with sphagnum, which is normally soaked with +water. Shrubs are abundant, though usually not forming a closed mat. Of +the shrubs the leather leaf is the most abundant, though Kalmia, +Andromeda, Ledum, and blueberries are common. A few young white pines +and red maples were noted. Sedges occur frequently, and the pitcher +plant is very characteristic. + + +_Forests_ + +_Hemlock forest habitat:_ In the Cisco Lake Region groves of hemlock +(_Tsuga canadensis_) frequently occupy the lower parts of steep slopes +adjoining the lakes. One such area studied is made up of practically a +pure stand of hemlocks, the trunks being from about 6 to 18 inches in +diameter. A few very old yellow birches are present, and also a few +young sugar maples and arbor-vitae, the latter chiefly near the +water's edge. Shrubs and herbs are nearly absent, and the forest floor +is covered by a thick carpet of dead needles. There are many decaying +logs, usually covered by a thin coat of moss. In the Little Girl's +Point Region nearly pure stands of large hemlocks cover many of the +lower parts of steep slopes and also occur commonly on well-drained +soil elsewhere. In the vicinity of the north end of Gogebic Lake a few +small groves of hemlocks were noted, but the ground in general is so +low and swampy that the species mostly occurs as a part of the mixed +forest of the region. Animals are rare in the habitat. + +_White pine forest habitat:_ White pine (_Pinus strobus_), which +formerly was a common forest tree in northern Michigan, has now been +mostly removed for lumber. Near Little Girl's Point a small natural +grove of this species was studied, occupying a moderate southerly slope +above a black spruce bog. The area is about 50 by 150 meters in size. +White pines are by far the most numerous and dominant tree, the trunks +measuring up to about five feet in diameter. In the grove yellow birch, +some of large size, are common; toward the bottom of the slope hemlocks +are also common; and near the edge of the bog there are a few +arbor-vitae. Shrubs are almost absent, there being merely a few small +seedlings of arbor-vitae, hemlock, and fir, mostly toward the bottom of +the slope. A few scattered clumps of grass appear, but the forest floor +is mostly covered only by a thick carpet of dry pine needles. Numerous +dead limbs and sticks have fallen from the pines. + +_Wet hardwood forest habitat:_ The land adjoining much of Gogebic Lake +is low and poorly drained. Here is found a mixed forest dominated by +sugar maple (_Acer saccharum_), black maple, hemlock, yellow birch +(_Betula lutea_), linden, elm (_Ulmus americana_), ash (not black ash), +and ironwood (_Ostrya virginiana_). The hardwoods are decidedly +dominant over the conifers. The forest crown is high and closed, and +the trees are large. The underbrush in general is scanty, though in +some places there is a thick growth of mountain maple (_Acer spicatum_) +and of sugar maple seedlings. Leatherwood (_Dirca palustris_), hazel, +ferns, and a few young firs (_Abies balsamea_) also occur. + +Some of the lower forests in the Cisco Lake Region approach the wet +hardwood forest type, though none are extensive in area, and they are +usually surrounded and dominated by the dry forest condition. + +_Dry hardwood forest habitat:_ The highest development of the dry +hardwood type of forest was found on the upper parts of the moderately +high ridge near Little Girl's Point. The slopes in general are very +gentle, but well drained. The forest here is dominated by the sugar +maple (_Acer saccharum_), yellow birch (_Betula lutea_), and linden +(_Tilia americana_). Hemlocks are rare, and only one elm was seen. The +trees are large, the trunks frequently reaching diameters of two feet +or more. The forest crown is high and heavy. Underbrush is scanty and +low, being mostly young seedlings of sugar maple, though seedlings of +linden are numerous. Other shrubs and herbs noted were the leatherwood +(_Dirca palustris_), hazel (_Corylus rostrata_), yew (_Taxus +canadensis_), gooseberry, ferns, false Solomon's seal, and grass. On +the ground are many decaying leaves, these usually forming a heavy +carpet; decaying logs and freshly fallen sticks are common. + +In the Cisco Lake Region the drainage is not so good as in the vicinity +of Little Girl's Point, and the forests of that district are of a type +somewhat intermediate between the wet hardwood forest and the dry +hardwood forest. In the Cisco Lake Region the topography is much +broken, there being many small hills and ridges, and many small +depressions, often poorly drained. In the damp depressions, if not wet +enough for a bog, arbor-vitae and hemlock are common, while on the +ridges sugar maple and linden are characteristic, though hemlock occurs +here sparingly also. There is accordingly much local variation in tree +forms, but the whole forest is decidedly of a hardwood type. + +The dry hardwood forests of the Little Girl's Point Region are +inhabited by many deer-mice, while only a few of this species are found +in the wet hardwood forests near Gogebic Lake, bob-tailed shrews being +there the most abundant mammal and red-backed voles being common, both +of which are rare in the other districts. In the dry hardwood forest +near Little Girl's Point four woodland jumping mice (Napaeozapus) were +taken, while in the Cisco Lake Region only two were taken in a period +twice as long, and at Gogebic Lake none were secured. These +observations indicate that moisture conditions in hardwood forests have +an important influence on the mammal fauna. + + +_Mountains_ + +_Rock-bluff habitat:_ Rock exposures are rare in the region studied. +However there are several high hills with steep exposures of rock a +short distance north of Ironwood and Bessemer. These hills could not be +studied in the time available, and the only cliff examined was on a +small range of hills northeast of the station of Lake Gogebic. On one +of these hills is a nearly perpendicular rock cliff about 200 feet high +and facing to the southward. The small talus slope at the bottom is +overgrown with shrubs and trees, and on the small ledges and gullies of +the face of the cliff a few small trees, shrubs, and herbs are also +growing. The most conspicuous plants of the rock habitat are scrub +oaks, aspens, and heaths. No trapping was done in the habitat, and no +notes on mammals were secured. Probably the mammal fauna is not very +large. + +_Mountain-heath habitat:_ A narrow, poorly developed belt of heath +fringes the upper edge of the rock cliff examined north of Lake +Gogebic. Characteristic plants are the blueberry and bearberry, mixed +with creeping juniper and a few scattered grasses. The habitat is very +narrow and is closely encroached upon by shrubs and trees, such as +sumac, cherry, white pine, jack pine, oaks, aspens, and paper birch. +Signs of fox were noted at the edge of the cliff, but no trapping was +carried on here. + + +_Air_ + +_Aerial habitat:_ The only aerial mammals are the bats, of which four +species were taken during the summer. The flying squirrel is not +considered to be a true aerial form. + + +_Burns and Clearings_ + +Fires have been numerous throughout northern Michigan and a large part +of the region is covered by various stages in the succession following +fires or clearings. The areas studied were selected as representative +of the natural conditions of the peninsula, but even in these districts +there are many burned areas. + +Many large areas have been heavily logged over, sometimes followed by +fire, with a result similar to that of a fire. In the region studied +there are numerous small clearings, some of which are in use as the +residences of settlers, but most have been allowed to revert to a wild +condition. The stages in succession on an abandoned clearing seem to be +similar to those following a fire, and they are here considered +together. + +_Herbaceous stage:_ After a fire in a forest in this region the first +vegetation to spring up seems to be the herbs, of which the fireweed +(_Chamaenerion angustifolium_) is most prominent. A number of areas +dominated by this type of vegetation were seen, but the type seems to +be short-lived, and is probably quickly replaced by shrubs and tree +seedlings. The stages in succession following a fire in swampy areas +may be somewhat different from that in a hardwood region, but no data +was obtained. No opportunity presented itself to study the mammals of +the herbaceous stage, and I have no records for the species found +there. + +_Shrub stage:_ Following a fire or clearing in a hardwood area the +herbaceous stage is apparently quickly followed by a thick growth of +shrubs and young trees. The characters of the shrub growth vary +considerably with the texture of the soil, amount of soil moisture, +slope, and completeness of burning. The growth is usually quite thick, +though in some clearings where the growth has been kept down for some +time there may be open grassy patches. In small clearings near +Fish-hawk Lake the raspberry (_Rubus strigosus_) is a characteristic +species, but near Little Girl's Point it is much less common. A large +area of shrub studied near Little Girl's Point is on a rather steep +slope facing to the north, though part is at the bottom of the hill on +a very gentle slope. There are no large trees, but saplings up to +2-1/2-inch trunks occur; most, however, are smaller. The quaking and +large-toothed aspens (_Populus tremuloides_ and _P. grandidentata_), +paper and yellow birches (_Betula papyrifera_ and _B. lutea_), sugar +maple, and linden are common seedlings. Shrubs, such as the sumac +(_Rhus hirta_), wild cherry (_Prunus pennsylvanica_), raspberry, +willows (Salix spp.), mountain maple, red-berried elder (_Sambucus +racemosa_), and hazel are common. A few herbs, like the fireweed, +golden-rod, and pearly everlasting, occur in open places. + +A number of mammals are found in the shrub stage, but they are far less +abundant than in mature hardwood forest. + +_Paper birch--aspen stage:_ The continued growth of the young trees in +the shrub stage leads to the production of a sapling forest of the more +quickly growing species, the paper birches and aspens. Often one or +other of these species becomes dominant to the practical exclusion of +the other, but sometimes both occur together. On the slopes near the +lakes of the Cisco Lake chain aspens are rare, and the sapling forests +on the clearings and burns are almost a pure stand of paper birch. Near +Watersmeet, however, the aspen seems to be the dominant form, and few +paper birches were seen. Near Gogebic Lake, also, the quaking aspen is +the dominant form, though paper birches are common in the sapling +forests. The growth in these sapling forests is very thick, and the +ground is nearly bare of vegetation, though it is heavily covered with +dead sticks and small logs. In a thick growth of quaking aspens, on wet +ground studied near Gogebic Lake, a number of alders and paper birches, +a few young trees of sugar maple and arbor-vitae, and a rare elm occur. +A scanty undergrowth of mountain maple and numerous sugar maple +seedlings is present. Few mammals are found in this stage of the +forest. + +On the western slope of Birch Point on Cisco Lake there is a good stand +of paper birches, growing in an open stand with much grass in the +spaces between the trees. This place has been much used for camping and +it may be that the development of the grass is the result of opening +the forest by clearing out some of the trees. Among the birches are +numerous young firs and white pines, with a few young sugar maples, and +a rare arbor-vitae. The birches show many signs of age, and would +evidently, if undisturbed, soon give way to a forest dominated by the +pines and firs. In the grass among these trees deer-mice, red-backed +voles, and jumping mice (Zapus) were taken. Signs of snowshoe hare were +seen. + +_Young hardwood forest stage:_ On the eastern slope of a low ridge at +Birch Point, Cisco Lake, a young hardwood forest is rapidly replacing a +former growth of paper birches which has followed a fire. In this +growth numerous old paper birches still persist, but they are being +strongly crowded by a thick growth of vigorous young sugar maples, some +of which have trunk diameters up to about eight inches, and which form +a dense shade. Among the maples are numerous young firs and a few young +hemlocks and arbor-vitae. The ground is mostly bare, being scantily +covered by leaves. The soil is moist, but there is no grass and little +brush. In this habitat deer-mice were taken, and one red squirrel was +seen. + + +_Artificial Conditions_ + +_Overflow swamp habitat:_ Due to the rise in water-level of the lakes +of the Cisco Lake chain many low areas of forest have been flooded and +killed. Many of the dead trunks of these trees still remain standing, +mixed with fallen and decaying logs in the water. Locally these +habitats are called "overflow swamps," a name here adopted for the +habitat. There is little living vegetation in these swamps, an +occasional water lily being almost the only plant present. Porcupines +commonly walk out on the logs of the swamp to secure the water lily +leaves, and probably the mink occasionally runs over the logs in its +movements along the waterways. + +_Cultivated-field habitat:_ Cleared fields occur only sparingly in the +regions visited, and these fields are small in size. No study of their +inhabitants was made, though silver-haired bats were collected while +they were flying over a small clearing in the Little Girl's Point +Region. + +_Edificarian habitat:_ Towns and buildings are not very common in +northern Michigan. In and around a cabin on Lindsley Lake a number of +deer-mice were trapped, and signs that porcupines had invaded the cabin +were noted. + + + + +ANNOTATED LIST OF MAMMALS + +_Condylura cristata._ Star-nosed Mole. + + Tall-sedge, 2. +Two were trapped September 3 and 5, 1920, in a short, open runway in +very moist soil at the edge of a small ditch running through tall +sedges in a beaver meadow near Gogebic Lake, Ontonagon County. + +_Sorex personatus personatus._ Masked Shrew. + + Grassy-meadow, 2. + Black spruce--tamarack bog, 2. + Wet hardwood forest, 3. + Dry hardwood forest, 3. + Shrub stage, 2. + +In the Cisco Lake Region in July, one was taken in a small black spruce +bog, two in a narrow tongue of grass between tall sedges and sphagnum +bordering Mud Lake, three in the wetter parts of the hardwood forest, +and three in the upland, well-drained hardwood forest. Near Little +Girl's Point in August, two were taken in a growth of shrubs in a burn. +Near Gogebic Lake, Ontonagon County, one was taken September 4 in a +black spruce bog. + +_Sorex richardsonii._ Richardson Shrew. + + Tall-sedge, 15. + Grassy-meadow, 1. + Sphagnum bog, 1. + +This species was found only in or near tall sedges growing in moist or +marshy situations. In the Cisco Lake Region six were taken near Mud +Lake in July. Four of these were taken in tall sedges, one in grass +alongside the sedges, and one in sphagnum between the sedges and the +lake. August 30 to September 5, eleven were taken in tall sedges in a +beaver meadow near Gogebic Lake, Ontonagon County. + +An adult female trapped at Mud Lake, July 30, contained five large +embryos. There were two pairs of inguinal and one pair of abdominal +mammae. Another adult female trapped in the same place, July 22, had +two pairs of inguinal mammae, but no abdominal mammae were found. + +The latter individual was moulting, patches of new fur having replaced +the old on the top of the head midway between the ears and eyes, +between the shoulders, and on the rump. The other female mentioned +above, taken July 30, had nearly completed her moult. + +Only two specimens have been previously recorded from Michigan, one +from Alger County and the other from Chippewa County.[2] + +_Neosorex palustris palustris._ Marsh Shrew, Water Shrew. + + Tall-sedge, 1. + Ditch-border, 3. + +September 1 a marsh shrew was trapped in the tall sedges of a beaver +meadow near Gogebic Lake, Ontonagon County. Most of the body had been +eaten by some carnivore. Other specimens were taken on each of the two +succeeding days, and a fourth on September 5. + +The first specimen taken was trapped eight feet from a tiny stream +which flowed through the marshy sedges. Two of the others were taken on +the muddy bank of the stream near the water's edge, and the fourth +about 35 feet from the water. All were secured within a radius of 35 +feet. + +This species has been recorded but once previously from Michigan, from +Chippewa County.[3] + +_Microsorex hoyi._ Hoy Shrew. + + Black spruce-tamarack bog, 1. + Wet hardwood forest, 1. + +One specimen was taken July 17 at Fish-hawk Lake in a moderately wet +part of the hardwood forest. Another was taken July 29 at the edge of a +small black spruce bog. + +_Blarina brevicauda talpoides._ Bob-tailed Shrew. + + Tall-sedge, 8. + Grassy-meadow, 6. + Alder-thicket, 1. + Black ash swamp, 6. + Arbor-vitae swamp, 4. + Black spruce--tamarack bog, 1. + Wet hardwood forest, 32. + Dry hardwood forest, 8. + Shrub stage, 1. + Paper birch--aspen stage, 6. + +The species is rather generally distributed, but is by far the most +common in moist woods. In the Cisco Lake Region 11 were secured; in the +Little Girl's Point district, 10; and near Gogebic Lake in Ontonagon +County, 52. In the latter district it was the most abundant mammal +species, even exceeding Peromyscus in numbers; indeed, Peromyscus was +relatively uncommon in the partly swampy woods of the region, and it +might be that the abundance of the bob-tailed shrews accounts for the +scarcity of the deer-mice, for the shrews undoubtedly at times prey +upon the mice. The specimen recorded above from the black +spruce-tamarack bog was taken near Gogebic Lake in a boggy swamp, +which, while dominated by black spruces, yet contained a considerable +number of arbor-vitae and hemlocks. + +In the wet hardwood forest near Gogebic Lake Blarina runways are +exceedingly abundant, usually running along or under sticks or logs. +Commonly they are just under the leaves, but sometimes for a short +distance are without covering. One old log examined was found to be +honey-combed with these tunnels. The deeper runways nearly always +follow down just under a tree root. + +The uterus of a female taken July 10, at Fish-hawk Lake, showed a few +small swellings which were identified in the field as embryos. +Unfortunately, the uterus was not preserved. No embryos were found in +26 other females taken between July 15 and September 4. In the latter +part of the season fewer immature specimens were taken than earlier in +the summer. These facts show that in this region the species breeds in +the spring or early summer and does not usually breed again during July +and August. + +_Myotis lucifugus lucifugus._ Little Brown Bat. + + Aerial, 15. + +Nine individuals were shot while they were flying over the lakes in the +Cisco Lake Region. These were taken between 8:00 and 9:00 p. m. from +July 1 to August 2; but on moonlight nights bats, believed to be of +this species, were seen flying as late as 10:00 p. m. At the camp near +Little Girl's Point one was shot at 7:55 p. m., August 11, as it flew +about over the road through the dry hardwood forest. Five others were +shot at the Gogebic Lake camp as they flitted through an opening in the +wet hardwood forest. These were taken between 7:30 and 7:55 p. m., +August 23 to September 2; but bats almost certainly of this species +appeared regularly in the evenings about 7:10 p. m. + +_Lasionycteris noctivagans._ Silver-haired Bat. + + Aerial, 3. + +Near the Little Girl's Point camp one was shot at 7:50 p. m., August 9, +and two more in the same region about 7:45 p. m., August 17. One was +flying along a road through the dry hardwood forest at a height about +equal to that of the tree-tops, and the others were taken in a small +clearing in the same forest. + +_Nycteris borealis borealis._ Red Bat. + + Aerial, 2. + +Two were secured near the Little Girl's Point camp at about 7:45 p. m., +one August 9 and the other August 14, as they flew about over the road +through the dry hardwood forest. + +_Nycteris cinerea._ Hoary Bat. + + Aerial, 1. + +The only specimen secured was shot at 7:55 p. m., August 9, while it +was flying over the road through the dry hardwood forest near Little +Girl's Point. + +_Ursus americanus americanus._ Black Bear. + + Wet hardwood forest, 1. + Dry hardwood forest, 1. + +Reported by residents as being rather common. July 10 a large black +bear was seen to cross the railroad track and enter the hardwood forest +not over a quarter-mile from Cisco Lake Station. Tracks of a large +individual were seen in the mud bordering a small brook in +maple-birch-hemlock forest about three miles southeast of the station +July 17 and August 15. At dusk, August 28, while Mr. Sherman was +setting up a camera and flashgun along a deer trail about 100 yards +from the camp on Gogebic Lake, a small bear passed within twenty-five +paces of him, apparently but little concerned with his presence or that +of the nearby camp and fire, except that it sniffed the air +occasionally. + +_Canis lycaon._ Timber Wolf. + + Mud-flat, signs. + Tall-sedge, tracks. + Dry hardwood forest, reported. + +Residents reported it common in all the districts visited by us. We saw +signs and tracks in several habitats; and residents saw a wolf in the +dry hardwood forest near our camp in the Little Girl's Point district. + +_Canis latrans._ Coyote. + +J. E. Fischer reported in 1920 that coyotes had appeared and become +numerous in the region at the north end of Lake Gogebic within the last +few years. We have secured several skulls and skeletons taken by him in +1920-21. + +_Vulpes fulva._ Red Fox. + + Mountain-heath, signs. + +Signs of fox were found in late August in a narrow growth of heath at +the top of a cliff about a mile north of Lake Gogebic Station. J. E. +Fischer has sent us a fox taken in January, 1921, in Gogebic County +near Gogebic Lake. Benjamin J. Twombley reports that a few occur in the +Cisco Lake Region. J. E. Marshall, in 1911, reported that a few +occurred around Gogebic Lake. + +_Urocyon cinereoargenteus._ Gray Fox. + +J. E. Marshall reported in 1911 that it was rare, but that he had +trapped two near Gogebic Lake. + +_Martes americanus americanus._ Marten. + +J. E. Marshall reported in 1911 that it was getting scarce in Gogebic +and Ontonagon counties. He trapped a number near Gogebic Lake in the +winter of 1884-1885, and took 15 in the winter of 1889-90. In 1920 J. +E. Fischer reported marten rare near Gogebic Lake. + +_Martes pennantii pennantii._ Fisher. + +In 1911 J. E. Marshall reported that it was getting scarce near Gogebic +Lake; he trapped four in the winter of 1889-90 and two in 1890-91. J. +E. Fischer took one in Ontonagon County near Gogebic Lake in the winter +of 1919-20. Ole Petersen in 1911 reported it rare near Gogebic Lake. + +_Mustela cicognanii cicognanii._ Bonaparte Weasel. + + Black spruce--tamarack bog, 1. + Dry hardwood forest, 4. + +Trappers report it common throughout the areas visited. We took five +specimens near Little Girl's Point. Several specimens taken in the +Cisco Lake Region during the winter of 1920-21 were presented to us by +Benjamin J. Twombley, and J. E. Fischer sent us a specimen taken in +December, 1920, near Gogebic Lake. + +_Mustela vison letifera._ Mink. + + Forest--shore, 6. + Wet hardwood forest, den. + +Reported by trappers as common throughout the area studied. In the +Cisco Lake Region two were trapped at the water's edge beside a growth +of paper birch saplings; and another was shot as it was running along +the bank of the Ontonagon River at the edge of a stand of hemlocks. +Three others were seen swimming near the latter locality July 29. Upon +the approach of the canoe they swam rapidly to an old hollow log in wet +hardwood forest on shore. Around and through the log well-worn runways +showed evidence of the presence of a den. + +_Mephitis hudsonica._ Skunk. + + Ditch-border, 1. + Dry hardwood forest, 5. + +Four skunks were taken in the dry hardwood forest of the Cisco Lake +Region, one in the same type of habitat near the Little Girl's Point +camp, and another in a trap set in the bottom of a muddy ditch in the +beaver meadow near Gogebic Lake. + +An adult male, trapped July 14 in the Cisco Lake Region, was badly +infested with tapeworms in the middle part of the small intestine. An +adult female, taken July 19, was found to have many tapeworms in the +intestine, many nematodes in the lung tissue, an infested liver, and a +large number of nematodes in a cavity in the top of the skull. + +While we were photographing a captive juvenile August 2 at Lindsley +Lake a horsefly (identified as _Tabanus atratus_ by J. S. Rogers) +burrowed into the fur on the rump of the skunk and began sucking blood. + +_Taxidea taxus taxus._ Badger. + +J. E. Marshall reports that he trapped one in the winter of 1889-90 +between Gogebic Lake and Lake Superior. + +_Lutra canadensis canadensis._ Otter. + +In 1911 J. E. Marshall reported that quite a few remained around +Gogebic Lake; he took quite a number in the winter of 1884 and several +in the winters of 1889 to 1891. J. E. Fischer took two in Ontonagon +County in January, 1921. + +_Lynx canadensis._ Canada Lynx. + +J. E. Marshall reports that it was not very plentiful near Gogebic Lake +in 1884. He took one in the winter of 1890-91; in 1911 it had almost or +entirely disappeared. + +_Lynx ruffus ruffus._ Bob-cat. + +J. E. Marshall reports that he took three or four near Gogebic Lake in +the winter of 1890-91; in 1891-92 it had become quite numerous; and it +continued to increase until 1911 at least. In 1920 residents reported +that a few occurred in all the regions visited by us. + +_Peromyscus maniculatus gracilis._ Deer-mouse. + + Tall-sedge, 4. + Black ash swamp, 5. + Arbor-vitae swamp, 11. + Black spruce--tamarack bog, 4. + Hemlock forest, 16. + White pine forest, 5. + Wet hardwood forest, 78. + Dry hardwood forest, 143. + Shrub stage, 19. + Paper birch--aspen, 15. + Young hardwood forest stage, 2. + Edificarian, 6. + +In the Cisco Lake Region and in the vicinity of Little Girl's Point +this species is the most abundant mammal, but in the wet woods at the +Gogebic Lake camp it is much less abundant, being exceeded in numbers +by the bob-tailed shrew. A total of 308 deer-mice were taken during the +summer. It was found in a variety of forest habitats, but it is most +abundant in the dry upland woods of the Little Girl's Point Region. The +individuals taken in the tall sedges at Mud Lake were probably +stragglers from the nearby shrubs and forest, for no deer-mice were +taken in the extensive sedges of the large beaver meadow studied near +Gogebic Lake. Probably most of those taken in the black spruce bogs +were stragglers also, though one individual taken in a large black +spruce bog was 50 yards from the nearest deciduous woods. + +When we arrived in the Cisco Lake Region in late June young and +subadults were abundant, many of the female subadults, as well as the +adults, carrying embryos. Embryos were found throughout the summer up +to August 25. Of females containing embryos, five had 4 embryos each, +ten females 5 embryos each, nine females 6 embryos each, and one female +8 embryos. + +_Synaptomys cooperi fatuus._ Lemming-vole. + + Tall-sedge, 1. + Black spruce--tamarack bog, 2. + Wet hardwood forest, 1. + Dry hardwood forest, 1. + +In the Cisco Lake Region an adult female was taken in dry hardwood +forest near Fish-hawk Lake June 28, 1920. It contained 6 embryos each +21 mm. long. A juvenile was trapped July 26 on top a log in the tall +sedges at Mud Lake. The log bridged over a particularly wet part of the +marshy sedges and was at the edge of the hardwood forest. Two other +juveniles were taken the next day, one in a small black spruce log, and +the other in wet hardwood forest at the edge of the same bog. In +Ontonagon County near Gogebic Lake a subadult male was taken September +5 in a large black spruce bog. + +_Evotomys gapperi gapperi._ Red-backed vole. + + Black ash swamp, 2. + Black spruce--tamarack bog, 6. + Arbor-vitae swamp, 2. + Hemlock forest, 5. + White pine forest, 2. + Wet hardwood forest, 18. + Dry hardwood forest, 17. + Shrub stage, 5. + Paper birch--aspen stage, 3. + +Thirty were taken in the Cisco Lake Region, 10 at the Little Girl's +Point camp, and 20 near Gogebic Lake in Ontonagon County. It was most +common in the forests. Two individuals recorded from the arbor-vitae +swamp were taken in a mixed swamp of small arbor-vitae, black spruce, +and hemlock with many alders, this situation probably forming a stage +in the succession following a beaver meadow. Also, one of the specimens +recorded from the paper birch--aspen stage was taken in an open stand +of old paper birches with a forest floor of grass, conditions not +typical of the stage. + +Of 13 females examined from June to August, two contained 4 embryos +each, two 5 embryos each, and two 6 embryos each. August 14, at Little +Girl's Point, was the last date on which embryos were found. + +The species is somewhat diurnal. Several times one was seen in daylight +about the camp in the Cisco Lake Region, and several were trapped +during daylight hours. + +A captive was fond of tender grass blades, but refused the harder +stems. In eating he sat up on the hind feet and handled the food with +the fore feet. + +An immature male taken August 8 near Little Girl's Point had a +considerable infestation of seed ticks on the posterior lobes of both +ears. + +_Microtus pennsylvanicus pennsylvanicus._ Meadow vole. + + Mud-flat, 6. + Tall-sedge, 28. + Grassy-meadow, 6. + Black ash swamp, 1. + Arbor-vitae swamp, 1. + Leather leaf bog, 15. + Sphagnum bog, 9. + Black spruce--tamarack bog, 1. + Shrub stage, 17. + +Sixty-five were taken in the Cisco Lake Region and 19 in Ontonagon +County, near Gogebic Lake. It is most abundant in grassy and sedgy +meadows and in open bogs, though it is found rarely in swamps and +tree-covered bogs. The individual listed from the arbor-vitae swamp was +taken in a young growth of arbor-vitae, black spruce, hemlock, and many +alders, and not in typical arbor-vitae swamp habitat. Of the 17 listed +from the shrub stage, one was taken in a wet, sedgy part of a +shrub-covered burn at Poor Lake, and the others were secured in the +shrub and grass clearing around the camp house on Lindsley Lake. + +Of ten females examined, July 10 to September 5, one contained 3 +embryos, one 4 embryos, and two 5 embryos each. September 5 was the +last date on which embryos were found. The three embryos found on the +last date were each 23 mm. in length and together they weighed 8.5 +grams, which was 26 per cent of the weight of the mother with the +embryos removed. + +Both adults and immature young were seen moving about, and were also +trapped in broad daylight, but it is more active in the evening just +before sunset. + +A captive juvenile was placed July 19 in a large tub with an adult +female, which might have been its mother, for both were taken on +succeeding days in the same trap. The young one immediately tried to +nurse, but was severely bitten and driven away, though it made numerous +unsuccessful attempts later. When approaching the old female the baby +frequently gave a high-pitched squeak, and the old female replied by a +hoarse squeak, evidently of warning, for the young one was bitten when +it approached in defiance of the warning note and threatening attitude +of the adult. The baby evidently had been weaned, and the old female +was found to contain five large embryos. + +_Ondatra zibethica zibethica._ Muskrat. + + Forest--shore, 5. + Water lily, 1. + Pondweed, 2. + Willow-thicket, signs. + +Muskrats are numerous in the Cisco Lake Region, and five specimens were +taken. Near Little Girl's Point one was seen swimming in a small +stream. At the mouth of Merriweather Creek on Gogebic Lake signs were +noted in a willow thicket, and muskrats were reported numerous in the +region. + +An adult female trapped July 6 at Fish-hawk Lake contained six large +embryos; another female taken July 10 contained no embryos, but the +mammae were filled with milk; and two females taken July 26 contained +no embryos. + +In the Cisco Lake Region broken mussel shells were abundant in the +muskrat runways along the shores. Remains of pondweeds were also +frequently found in the runways, and a quantity of leaves with a few +heads containing flowers and seeds collected July 8 were identified by +E. A. Bessey as _Potamogeton richardsonii_. + +_Zapus hudsonius hudsonius._ Jumping-mouse. + + Mud-flat, 4. + Tall-sedge, 12. + Grassy-meadow, 8, + Arbor-vitae swamp, 1. + Sphagnum bog, 1. + Black spruce--tamarack bog, 1. + Wet hardwood forest, 2. + Dry hardwood forest, 1. + Shrub stage, 10. + Paper birch--aspen stage, 2. + +Numerous in suitable habitats in the Cisco Lake Region, at Little +Girl's Point, and at Gogebic Lake. Most common in open grasses and +sedges. Five of those recorded above from the shrub stage were taken +in open shrubs and grass in the clearing around the camp house on +Lindsley Lake; and the two recorded from the paper birch--aspen stage +were taken at Cisco Lake in an open stand of old paper birch with a +forest floor of grass. + +Juveniles were taken throughout the summer, but no one of seven adult +or nearly adult females examined between July 7 and September 4 +contained embryos. + +A captive taken July 18, after feeding ravenously on a cooky, retired +to a corner and went to sleep. The position taken in this case was a +sitting one, the animal resting on the widely spread feet as far as the +heels, and on the tail. The head was bent far over, the nose extending +between the hind legs. The long tail was curled around the body, it +resting on the ground for its whole length. The operation of cleaning +the tail was observed two days later. The animal worked from the base +of the tail toward the tip, using the fore feet to present the tail to +the mouth, where it was licked off. During the process the head was +held over on one side, nearly touching the ground. + +_Napaeozapus insignis fructectanus._ Woodland Jumping Mouse. + + Wet hardwood forest, 1. + Dry hardwood forest, 6. + +Three were taken in the Cisco Lake Region and four in the Little Girl's +Point Region, all in heavy forest. + +Neither of two adult females taken August 8 and 10 contained embryos. + +_Erethizon dorsatum dorsatum._ Porcupine. + + Forest--shore, 13. + Wet hardwood forest, 10. + Dry hardwood forest, 17. + Shrub stage, 5. + Paper birch--aspen stage, 10. + Overflow swamp, 5. + Edificarian, 1. + +Common at all camps. Many were taken in traps set for carnivores. +Well-marked trails at the edges of lakes and streams through the +forests are evidently made mostly by these animals. It is detested by +the inhabitants of the region, chiefly for the damage done to any +woodwork which contains the least amount of salt. + +Porcupines spend a considerable amount of time inside hollow linden, +yellow birch, and hemlock trees, as shown by the large piles of +droppings noted at the lower openings of numerous such hollow trees. + +June 30, and again on July 2, young individuals were closely observed +while feeding on the leaves of the yellow water lily. These individuals +were on the logs in an overflow swamp, and they reached down with a +fore foot into the water to secure the food, which was then presented +to the mouth with the same foot. One of these porcupines seemed to be +very disinclined to wet his feet, except the fore feet in reaching for +food; the other individual waded out on a log which was submerged +several inches, but he showed a ludicrous determination to hold the +tail up out of the water. + +A juvenile weighing only 914 grams was taken as late as July 21 at +Fish-hawk Lake, but no embryos were found in the period between June 29 +and September 3. It is often active throughout the day as well as in +the night. + +A young individual taken in a trap July 3 was found surrounded by a +swarm of mosquitoes, which seemed to annoy him considerably, for he +shook his skin frequently to dislodge them. One mosquito settled on a +lower eyelid as we watched, and others kept alighting on his nose. When +he raised his quills on our approach many mosquitoes attacked the skin +exposed on the back. + +_Marmota monax canadensis._ Canada Woodchuck. + + Hemlock forest, 5. + Shrub stage, 9. + +A few occur in the Cisco Lake Region, where they are most common in +the shrubby clearings. Several adults fed commonly on the refuse from +the camp. The stomach of a captured individual contained a considerable +quantity of cooked corn, spaghetti, and boiled ham. Three woodchucks +were noted at different times in hemlock forest along the lake shores. + +A half-grown juvenile was seen to swim the Ontonagon River near its +entrance to Cisco Lake. This was on July 10, near noon, with bright +sunshine. The river here is at least 75 yards in width, but has no +perceptible current. + +Juveniles taken in traps were observed to extrude scent glands from the +anus when approached. These glands are three in number, one on each +side of the anus and one beneath. They are small, whitish, and +cup-shaped. Normally they lie just inside the anus, but on excitement +they are everted and the fold of skin forming the edge of the anus is +rolled outward so that the glands lie outside. We detected a faint +musky odor which might have come from these glands. + +In the Little Girl's Point district several inhabited a woodpile in +hemlock forest at the edge of a wide road. None were found near Gogebic +Lake. + +_Eutamias borealis neglectus._ Lake Superior Chipmunk. + + Tall-sedge, 1. + Grassy-meadow, 3. + Black spruce--tamarack bog, 1. + Hemlock forest, 1. + Wet hardwood forest, 1. + Shrub stage, 20. + Paper birch--aspen stage, 2. + +Common in shrubby clearings and burns in the Cisco Lake and Little +Girl's Point regions. A few were taken in tall sedges and grass not far +from shrubs; one was taken in a small black spruce bog, about five +yards from the surrounding wet hardwood forest; one was taken in +hemlock forest near the lake shore; and one was seen in wet hardwood +forest near the lake shore. Not seen near Gogebic Lake. + +These chipmunks were several times observed feeding on ripe +raspberries. August 5, near Watersmeet, one was seen sitting on a rail +fence beside a pasture, eating a grasshopper, the remains of which have +been identified by T. H. Hubbell as _Melanoplus_ sp. probably +_bivittatus_. + +_Tamias striatus griseus._ Gray Chipmunk. + + Black ash swamp, 1. + Hemlock forest, 1. + Wet hardwood forest, 10. + Dry hardwood forest, 8. + Shrub stage, 2. + +Five records were obtained in the Cisco Lake Region; 9 near Little +Girl's Point, and 8 near Gogebic Lake. It is most numerous in hardwood +forest. + +An adult male taken July 5 had in its cheek-pouches numerous seeds of +Carex and a fruit capsule of Viola, the identification being by E. A. +Bessey. Of eight adult or nearly adult females examined between July 5 +and September 1, one taken July 15 in the Cisco Lake Region contained +eight large embryos. + +_Sciurus hudsonicus loquax._ Southeastern Red-squirrel. + + Black ash swamp, 1. + Arbor-vitae swamp, 3. + Black spruce--tamarack bog, 2. + Hemlock forest, 1. + White pine forest, 1. + Wet hardwood forest, 9. + Dry hardwood forest, 7. + Shrub stage, 1. + Paper birch--aspen stage, 3. + Early hardwood forest stage, 1. + Edificarian, 1. + +Seventeen records from the Cisco Lake Region; 6 from Little Girl's +Point; and 7 from Gogebic Lake. None were noted more than a few yards +from the protection of a forest. + +In a grove of white pines near Little Girl's Point cut pine scales were +numerous August 13 on the ground and on logs, and one red-squirrel +taken had much pitch on the fur around the mouth. August 24, cut-open +fir cones were numerous around the small fir trees in a paper +birch--aspen growth near Gogebic Lake, and were certainly the work of +this species. July 2 a young red-squirrel which had frequently been +seen around the camp in the Cisco Lake Region was found ravenously +feeding on the kidney of a recently skinned woodchuck. After feeding it +showed no fear, and allowed itself to be picked up; it seemed very +sleepy and slept for about a half-hour before running away. This +individual was badly infested with fleas. Another juvenile taken July 1 +in the same region was infested with small patches of red seed ticks +around the anus, anterior to the genital opening, on the belly, on the +thigh, and at the base of one ear. + +Six small embryos were found in an adult female taken in the Cisco Lake +Region July 16. + +_Sciurus carolinensis leucotis._ Gray-squirrel. + +In 1911, J. E. Marshall reported that a few occurred near Gogebic Lake. + +_Glaucomys sabrinus macrotis._ Mearns Flying-squirrel. + + Black ash swamp, 1. + Hemlock forest, 1. + Wet hardwood forest, 2. + Dry hardwood forest, 1. + +Two were taken in the Cisco Lake Region and three near Gogebic Lake in +Ontonagon County. A female taken July 4 near Fish-hawk Lake was still +suckling young, and contained no embryos, but a female taken July 6 in +the same region contained five small embryos. An immature female taken +August 27 near Gogebic Lake was without embryos. + +_Castor canadensis michiganensis._ Woods Beaver. + + Leather leaf bog, house. + +Two houses were found in the Cisco Lake Region, both being in leather +leaf bogs near deep water. Around the house studied there was an +incomplete moat connected with a channel leading to deep water, and +canals and tunnels radiated out through the bog. No beavers were +observed nor secured, but fresh cuttings were noted at the edges of +some of the "forms" in the bog. + +A few beaver are reported to occur near Little Girl's Point and near +Gogebic Lake. E. E. Brewster in 1895 wrote Dr. Gibbs that it was not +uncommon in Gogebic County and in probably all the counties of the +Upper Peninsula where trapping and lumbering had been discontinued; he +stated that beaver were appearing again even in localities where +formerly most sought. In 1911, J. E. Marshall reported it scarce near +Gogebic Lake. + +_Lepus americanus phaeonotus._ Snowshoe Hare. + + Forest--shore, 1. + Arbor-vitae swamp, signs. + Leather leaf bog, signs. + Black spruce--tamarack bog, 1. + Wet hardwood forest, signs. + Dry hardwood forest, 1. + Shrub stage, 7. + Paper birch--aspen stage, 1. + Cultivated-field, 1. + Edificarian, 1. + +Rare during the season of 1920 in the areas visited. In the Cisco Lake +Region an adult female was taken in a trap set for muskrat under water +on a brushy point. Other hares were occasionally seen in the evenings +in the shrubby clearing around the camp house; and one was even seen on +the porch. Droppings were found in a leather leaf bog, and a hare was +seen at the edge of a black spruce--tamarack bog. Near Little Girl's +Point a juvenile was taken August 13 in the upland hardwood forest, but +was partly eaten in the trap by some carnivore; several were seen in +shrubby clearings; and a young one was reported captured in an oat +field by a farmer. Droppings were found in an arbor-vitae swamp. Near +Gogebic Lake in Ontonagon County droppings were found in wet hardwood +forest, in a thick growth of aspen and white birch saplings, and in an +extensive tamarack bog. + +An adult female taken July 4 at Fish-hawk Lake had much milk in the +mammae. At the camp on Lindsley Lake June 27 one was seen to eat some +wood ashes; and June 30 one was seen to feed on the blades of quack +grass (_Agropyron repens_), which was identified by E. A. Bessey. + +_Odocoileus virginianus borealis._ Northern White-tailed Deer. + + Forest--shore, 1. + Mud-flat, signs. + Tall-sedge, 1. + Grassy-meadow, 1. + Alder-thicket, signs. + Black ash swamp, signs. + Arbor-vitae swamp, signs. + Black spruce--tamarack bog, signs. + Hemlock forest, signs. + Wet hardwood forest, 10. + Dry hardwood forest, 7. + Shrub stage, 8. + Paper birch--aspen stage, 1. + +Deer are abundant in the Cisco Lake Region; they are less common near +Lake Gogebic; and only a few were seen near Little Girl's Point. Most +of those seen were in the hardwood forest and in the brushy clearings, +but trails and signs were common in many habitats. + +Wolves were reported to prey extensively on deer in the region, and +wolf dung examined August 7 near Little Girl's Point contained much +deer hair and some deer bones. + +_Alces americanus._ Moose. + +J. E. Marshall reports that a moose was seen near Gogebic Lake in the +winter of 1885, and an individual, perhaps the same one, was killed on +Flambeau Reservation that year. + + +NORTHERN MICHIGAN MAMMALS PLATE I + +[Illustration: Fig. 1. Beach of Lake Superior just east of Little +Girl's Point. A dirt bluff at the right of the picture. August 10, +1920.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 2. Tall-sedge habitat in a beaver meadow on the +west side of Gogebic Lake, Ontonagon County. September 1, 1920.] + + +NORTHERN MICHIGAN MAMMALS PLATE II + +[Illustration: Fig. 1. Leather leaf bog invaded by tamaracks, Ontonagon +River near Cisco Lake. August 3, 1920.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 2. Arbor-vitae swamp four miles southeast of Little +Girl's Point. The ground is very moist. August 16, 1920.] + + +NORTHERN MICHIGAN MAMMALS PLATE III + +[Illustration: Fig. 1. Dry hardwood on a ridge four miles southeast of +Little Girl's Point. Sugar maple, yellow birch, and linden are +dominant. Undergrowth low. August 16, 1920.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 2. Virgin white pine grove, Gogebic County. Trunks +up to four feet in diameter. Little undergrowth. August 17, 1920.] + + + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[Footnote 1: H. T. Darlington, _Mich. Acad. Sci._, 22nd Ann. Rept., +1921.] + +[Footnote 2: 1914. N. A. Wood, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool., No. 6.] + +[Footnote 3: N. A. Wood, _op. cit._] + + + * * * * * + + +Transcriber's Notes + +Page 35: Changed "porcppines" to "porcupines". + Originally: One of these porcppines seemed to be very disinclined + +Pages 42-47: Combined figure captions and images. + Originally: Images were on pages following their captions. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes on the Mammals of Gogebic and +Ontonagon Counties, Michigan, 1920, by L. R. Dice and H. B. 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