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diff --git a/37753-h/37753-h.htm b/37753-h/37753-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d449fb0 --- /dev/null +++ b/37753-h/37753-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,2277 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> +<!-- $Id: header.txt 236 2009-12-07 18:57:00Z vlsimpson $ --> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of Notes on the Mammals of Gogebic +and Ontonagon Counties, Michigan, by L. R. Dice and H. B. Sherman. + </title> + <style type="text/css"> + +body { + margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; } + + h1,h2,h3 { + text-align: center; + clear: both;} + +p { + margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; +} + + p.title { text-align: center; text-indent: 0; + font-weight: bold; + line-height: 1.4; margin-bottom: 3em; } + +hr { + width: 33%; + margin-top: 3em; + margin-bottom: 3em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both;} + +.pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: smaller; + text-align: right;} + +.left {float: left; text-align: left; font-variant: small-caps;} + +.right {float: right; text-align: right; font-variant: small-caps;} + +.center {text-align: center;} + +.smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + +.u {text-decoration: underline;} + +.caption {font-weight: bold;} + +.figcenter { + margin: auto; + text-align: center;} + +.footnotes {border: dashed 1px;} + +.footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} + +.footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} + +.fnanchor { + vertical-align: super; + font-size: .8em; + text-decoration: + none; +} + + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes on the Mammals of Gogebic and +Ontonagon Counties, Michigan, 1920, by L. R. Dice and H. B. Sherman + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Notes on the Mammals of Gogebic and Ontonagon Counties, Michigan, 1920 + Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology, Number 109 + +Author: L. R. Dice + H. B. Sherman + +Release Date: October 14, 2011 [EBook #37753] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MAMMALS OF GOGEBIC AND ONTONAGON *** + + + + +Produced by Larry B. Harrison, Diane Monico, and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p> + + + + +<p><span class="left">Number 109</span><span class="right">February 25, 1922</span></p> + +<h2>OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF +ZOOLOGY</h2> + +<h3>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN</h3> + +<div><span class="left">Ann Arbor, Michigan</span><span class="right">Published by the University</span> +</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h1>NOTES ON THE MAMMALS OF GOGEBIC AND<br /> +ONTONAGON COUNTIES, MICHIGAN, 1920</h1> + +<p class="title"><span class="smcap">By L. R. Dice and H. B. Sherman</span></p> + + +<p>The authors of this paper spent the summer of 1920 in +western Michigan studying the mammals of the region for +the Michigan Geological and Biological Survey. From June +25 to August 4 was spent in the Cisco Lake Region with +headquarters on Lindsley Lake; August 6 to August 20 a +camp was maintained in the woods four miles southeast of +Little Girl's Point; and from August 20 to September 6 was +spent working from a camp on the western shore of Lake +Gogebic, about three miles south of Lake Gogebic Station. +The first two camps were in Gogebic County, the third in +Ontonagon County.</p> + +<p>The field work was performed jointly by the two authors, +under the direction of the senior author, who is responsible +for the identification of the species, the descriptions of the +general areas and of the habitats, and is jointly concerned in +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span> +writing the annotated list.</p> + +<p>In addition to our own records, we have secured many valuable +notes on the distribution of the larger species from J. +E. Fischer, of Merriweather, Ontonagon County, a trapper +of many years' experience; and from Benjamin J. Twombley, +of Bent's Resort, Wisconsin, who has made many observations +on the mammals of the Cisco Lake Region. We have also +added a number of records from J. E. Marshall, who trapped +for many years, beginning 1884, in Ontonagon and Gogebic +counties, and from Ole Petersen, at one time a trapper at +Gogebic Lake.</p> + +<p>The habitats in which records of occurrence have been +obtained for the region under consideration are listed under +each species; and the number of individuals taken, or seen and +positively identified, in each habitat are given. From the +figures a rough estimate of the relative abundance of the +various species in the different habitats can be obtained, but +the various habitats were not trapped or studied equally intensively, +and for the larger and the rarer forms the numbers +give little dependable data on relative abundance.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="Descriptions_of_the_Regions_Studied" id="Descriptions_of_the_Regions_Studied"></a><span class="smcap">Descriptions of the Regions Studied</span></h2> + + +<p><i>Cisco Lake Region.</i> In the Cisco Lake Region there are +many lakes, mostly small, but several of a length of one to +three miles. The water-level in the Cisco Lake chain has been +raised six or ten feet by a dam across the outlet, and this +change in water-level has killed the trees along the lake borders, +so that the lakes are fringed by a narrow line of dead +trees. The habitats of emerging vegetation and of aquatic +vegetation have been much altered by the change in water-level, +and these habitats cannot be well studied in these lakes. +However, the neighboring lakes in which the water-level has +not been changed show that the forests of the region originally +came down to the water's edge, and that there was little normal +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span>development of marsh or swamp.</p> + +<p>The ridges between the lakes rise in general to heights of +twenty-five feet or more, though bluffs are not formed. These +ridges are mostly covered by mixed hardwood forest in which +the hard maple, yellow birch, hemlock, and linden are the +dominant trees. There are numerous small wet depressions, +some of them containing small black spruce bogs, while others +include a few arbor-vitae mixed with linden and other typical +trees of the wet hardwood forest. Small areas of nearly pure +hemlock occur on some slopes near the lake shores. A few +large tamarack bogs are present.</p> + +<p>Though the pines formerly occurring have been taken out, +the region otherwise is in nearly its native condition. A few +former clearings along the lake shores have grown up to +brush or to white birch saplings or small trees.</p> + +<p><i>Little Girl's Point Region.</i> Much of the region in the near +vicinity of Little Girl's Point has been cleared or burned, but +a few miles to the east and southeast there are still considerable +areas of native forest. The high ridge running through +the region bears a splendid forest of maple, yellow birch, and +linden, with little if any hemlock. However, on the steeper +lower slopes hemlock occurs in nearly a pure stand. At one +place was found a nice grove of large white pines, mixed, on +the lower edge of the slope, with a few hemlocks. Black spruce-tamarack +bogs are extensive and arbor-vitae swamps occur +commonly. The extensive burned areas south of the point +have grown up to a thicket of aspen, birch, and various shrubs +and saplings. A few small areas are under cultivation.</p> + +<p><i>Region at the north end of Gogebic Lake.</i> Most of the +region about the north end of Gogebic Lake is low and wet. +A number of small black ash swamps occur near the lake, and +further back there are extensive black spruce bogs. The main<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span> +forest is of a much mixed wet hardwood type, sugar maple, +linden, yellow birch, elm, and hemlock, being the dominant +species. The forest in most places reaches the edge of the +lake, though a few sandy beaches occur. However, the level +of the water in the lake has been raised a few feet by a dam +across the outlet, and beaches were probably more abundant +before this occurred. The lake is so large, about 13 miles long +by 1 to 2 miles broad, that wave action is quite pronounced.</p> + +<p>One beaver meadow was studied, this meadow including +areas of grasses and of sedges, traversed by ditches, small +mud-flats covered with low rushes, and alder thickets.</p> + +<p>Just north of Lake Gogebic Station there are some high hills +having bluffs on the southern exposures. These hills were +visited, but they had been extensively logged and burned over +and no attempt was made to trap for mammals on them.</p> + +<p>Some large burned areas have grown up to sapling forests +of aspens. Near the towns of Lake Gogebic and Merriweather +nearly all the forests have been cleared away, but farther south +on the sides of the lake the woods are still in their natural +condition.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="Habitats" id="Habitats"></a><span class="smcap">Habitats</span></h2> + + +<p>The habitats studied in Gogebic and Ontonagon counties +may be listed as follows:</p> + +<p style="margin-left: 2em;"> +Exposed shores:<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Open-water</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Beach</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Dirt-bluff</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Forest—shore</span><br /> +<br /> +Protected shores:<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Water lily</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Pondweed</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Rush</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Submerged-sedge</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Cat-tail</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Willow-thicket</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Mud-flat</span><br /> +<br /> +Meadow:<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Ditch-border</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Tall-sedge</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Grassy-meadow</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Alder-thicket</span><br /> +<br /> +Swamps:<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Black ash swamp</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Arbor-vitae swamp</span><br /> +<br /> +Bogs:<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Leather leaf bog</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Sphagnum bog</span><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Black spruce—tamarack bog</span><br /> +<br /> +Forests:<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Hemlock forest</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">White pine forest</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Wet hardwood forest</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Dry hardwood forest</span><br /> +<br /> +Mountains:<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Rock-bluff</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Mountain-heath</span><br /> +<br /> +Air:<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Aerial</span><br /> +<br /> +Burns and clearings:<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Herbaceous stage</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Shrub stage</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Paper birch—aspen stage</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Young hardwood forest stage</span><br /> +<br /> +Artificial conditions:<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Overflow swamp</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Cultivated-field</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Edificarian</span><br /> +</p> + +<p>This list of habitats is admittedly not complete for the +regions visited, but is intended to include those which we +studied. We had no opportunity of studying either the shores +of a large river or jack pine ridges, both of which situations +will undoubtedly have habitats not here recognized.</p> + +<p>The habitats studied in Gogebic and Ontonagon counties +but every habitat has been listed which seems to form a distinct +type of mammal environment. We are firmly convinced +that it is better to describe a great number of habitats rather +than to lump different kinds of environments together. It is +infinitely easier for a later worker to combine several habitats, +which have been split too finely, than it is to separate the component +habitats which may have been lumped together under +one name.</p> + +<p>No attempt is made to give complete lists of the plants +found in each habitat, but only the more conspicuous plants +or those of special importance to the mammals are mentioned. +The plant names used are mostly taken from Darlington's list +of Gogebic County plants.<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></p> + + +<h3><i>Exposed Shores</i></h3> + +<p><i>Open-water habitat:</i> This habitat includes the areas of open +water with no rooted vegetation in the deeper parts of the +lakes and rivers. On Lake Superior at Little Girl's Point this<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span> +habitat comes directly to the beach, for the wave action on this +exposed point is sufficient to prevent the growth of plants +along the shore. In Gogebic Lake and in the smaller lakes of +the Cisco Lake Region there are also many parts where there +is no rooted vegetation along shore. This habitat, therefore, +covers by far the larger part of the aquatic conditions of +northwestern Michigan. We secured no records of mammals +for this habitat, and, though some aquatic species must occasionally +occur in the open water along lake shores, they are +rare there, and are practically absent from the areas of open +water farther out in the lakes.</p> + +<p><i>Beach habitat:</i> The shore of Lake Superior at Little Girl's +Point is subjected to heavy pounding by the lake waves, leading +to the formation of a well-developed beach. To the east +of the point the beach for some distance is five to ten yards +wide, mostly of small gravel, with sand on the upper part; it +ends abruptly against a steep dirt bluff. On the beach no +vegetation grows and only a few scattered drift logs occur. +To the west of Little Girl's Point undetached masses of solid +rock are more prominent, though small patches of gravel occur +in partially protected places. The beach here in general is +narrow and rises steeply, so that the different beach zones, +lower, middle, and upper, are not well marked. On the shores +of Lake Gogebic are a few small sand beaches; but around this +lake, as well as around the smaller lakes of the region, the +forest comes, in general, directly to the edge of the water. +There was no opportunity to trap for mammals on a beach, +and no records for the habitat were obtained.</p> + +<p><i>Dirt-bluff habitat:</i> To the east of Little Girl's Point the +beach of Lake Superior runs along the base of a dirt bluff +about 35 feet high. The storm waves of winter evidently<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span> +wash against this bluff, eroding it away and destroying the +forest, which is of the hemlock type, growing on the level +above. The bluff is quite steep, and along with small exposures +of bare clay bears a number of scattered herbs and a few +shrubs and small trees, such as alder, willow, arbor-vitae, yellow +birch, paper birch, and red maple. No collecting was +done in this habitat and no records of mammals were obtained +from it.</p> + +<p><i>Forest—shore habitat:</i> Along all the lakes of the region, +except Lake Superior, the forests in general come down to +the water's edge. The marginal forests are frequently dominated +by hemlock, though often a wet hardwood forest occurs +along the shores, and in a number of places along Gogebic +Lake black ash swamps border the water. Red maple (<i>Acer +rubrum</i>) and mountain ash (<i>Sorbus americana</i>) frequently +occur along the exposed shores of Gogebic Lake. Frequently +young forests of paper birch or quaking aspen have replaced +the original forests in the clearings and burned areas along the +lake borders. The shore beside a forest commonly rises +abruptly a few inches to a foot or more in a firm bank, and +in most cases the trees overhang the water to some extent. +These shores are the favorite promenade of the porcupine; +and the mink, muskrat, and otter are typical of the habitat.</p> + + +<h3><i>Protected Shores</i></h3> + +<p><i>Water lily habitat:</i> In shallow, protected parts of the lakes +and channels of the Cisco Lake chain there are extensive +growths of white and yellow water lilies (<i>Castalia tuberosa</i> +and <i>Nymphaea advena</i>). Water lilies also occur in many +places as a narrow border at the edge of deep water. Muskrats +were the only mammals noted in this habitat, but mink +and otter probably occur also.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span></p> + +<p><i>Pondweed habitat:</i> A thick growth of pondweeds (Potamogeton +spp.) occurs in protected places along the shores in +many parts of the lakes of the Cisco Lake chain. Muskrats +were noted in this habitat. In Gogebic Lake the exposure to +wave action is in most places too great for a good development +of pondweeds, though in the northern end of the lake +there are a number of widely scattered plants of this type, but +not forming a very well marked habitat.</p> + +<p><i>Rush habitat:</i> On somewhat protected shoals, both in the +lakes of the Cisco Lake Region and in Gogebic Lake, there is +sometimes a growth of rushes (Juncus sp.). Along the lower +course of the Merriweather River, just before it enters Gogebic +Lake, rushes thickly cover numerous small areas. The plants +in both cases grow partly submerged in the water. No records +for mammals were obtained from this type of habitat, though +doubtless some of the amphibious forms frequently occur here.</p> + +<p><i>Submerged-sedge habitat:</i> Sedges in general do not occur +as a definite belt about the margins of the lakes in the region +studied. The only place where any considerable growth of +sedges was noted at the edge of the water was along the lower +course of Merriweather River, just before it enters Gogebic +Lake. Here there are considerable areas of sedges partially +submerged by the water. No records of mammals were +obtained from this habitat.</p> + +<p><i>Cat-tail habitat:</i> Under native conditions cat-tails (<i>Typha +latifolia</i>) apparently do not often form extensive habitats in +the region. Along the marshy borders of the lower Merriweather +River at Gogebic Lake a few small patches were seen. +Small patches were seen in other places along railroad tracks +where embankments had produced small areas of marshy +ground.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span></p> + +<p>In the Cisco Lake Region a few of the areas of timber +killed by the raising of the water-level have grown up to cat-tail +swamps. In these swamps there are many standing dead +trees and fallen logs as well as some areas of open water. The +cat-tails seem to occur mostly in those swamps having only +a small connection with the main body of the lake. In these +places the cat-tail is dominant, though numerous sedges occur, +and there is some sphagnum growing on the fallen logs and +along the shore. A few small black spruces are starting. +Along the edge of such a swamp a few deer-mice were taken, +but these were evidently stragglers from the adjacent forest.</p> + +<p><i>Willow-thicket habitat:</i> Willows do not occur commonly +along the water margins of the lakes of the region. The only +place, except in clearings, where willows were noted as a definite +growth is along the lower course of the Merriweather +River at Gogebic Lake. Along this part of the river there +are extensive growths of shrubby willows, growing (in early +September) in a foot or more of water. The indications were +that earlier in the summer the water about these plants must +have been at least a foot higher. Signs of muskrat were noted +at the edge of these willows.</p> + +<p><i>Mud-flat habitat:</i> Around the margin of a pond formed by +an old deserted beaver dam near Gogebic Lake, two miles +southwest of Merriweather, is a narrow strip of mud, very +wet and sparsely covered with a growth of low rushes. The +strip of muddy ground varies from about 1 to 4 meters in +width and extends a short distance up along the edge of the +small ditch draining into the pond. At the upper border of +the strip of muddy shore is a thick growth of sedges, meeting +the muddy shore at a fairly sharp line.</p> + +<p>In this habitat meadow mice are common and four jumping +mice (<i>Zapus hudsonius</i>) were taken.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span></p> + + +<h3><i>Meadows</i></h3> + +<p><i>Ditch-border habitat:</i> A number of small ditches run through +an old beaver meadow of considerable size near Gogebic Lake, +about two miles southwest of Merriweather. The borders of +the ditches are muddy and the banks are from 6 to 18 inches +high; in places the ditch borders are closely encroached upon +by the tall sedges of the adjacent meadow. A small amount +of water was present (in early September) in most of the +ditches. In mouse traps set at the edges of these ditches, +partly in the water, star-nosed moles and navigator shrews +were taken. In a larger trap a skunk was taken.</p> + +<p><i>Tall-sedge habitat:</i> In the beaver meadow studied near +Gogebic Lake, an area about 200 meters by 100 meters or +more is occupied by a heavy growth of high, coarse sedges, +reaching a height of about .75 to 1.00 meter. A few grasses +and some low herbs occur sparingly among the sedges. The +habitat had not been burned over and the ground is covered +with a thick mat of the decaying leaves and stems of the +sedges and grasses. In most places the ground is quite wet, +sometimes soggy to walk upon, and in a few places low hummocks +are numerous. A similar habitat was found in rather +a narrow strip at the edge of Mud Lake, one-fourth mile southwest +of Thousand Island Lake, Gogebic County. Here a small +area of meadow occurs along the inlet of a tiny stream. This +area apparently had been artificially cleared of its forest, but +the level of the lake had not been raised.</p> + +<p>The habitat differs from the submerged-sedge habitat of +protected lake shores in being higher above the water and in +not being covered with water from July to September; probably +water does not stand to any depth on it at any time. The +Richardson shrew is apparently a characteristic mammal of +this habitat, though other shrews and mice were taken here +also.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span></p> + +<p><i>Grassy-meadow habitat:</i> Part of the beaver meadow studied +near Gogebic Lake is covered by a thick growth of grasses +and sedges of a number of species. The ground of the habitat +was rather dry and had been burned over the previous year. +Grasses are also dominant over a few small areas near Mud +Lake in Gogebic County. On a small area of the clearing +near this lake a thick stand of bluegrass (Poa) is almost the +only plant present. This occurs on an area of fairly moist +mud. On the drier slope near the forest Poa also is abundant, +forming the dominant species over a strip about 5 to 10 meters +wide. Jumping mice are common in this habitat.</p> + +<p><i>Alder-thicket habitat:</i> On very wet ground just below an +old beaver dam near Gogebic Lake there is a heavy growth +of alder (<i>Alnus incana</i>) about 20 feet high. No other shrubs +were noted in the thicket. The ground under the alders is +mostly bare, there being only a few ferns, grasses, and other +herbs. On the ground are many dead sticks fallen from the +alders. This situation contained few mammals, only one +Blarina being taken in four days' trapping with 25 traps. At +the south end of the beaver meadow willows and alders are +invading the sedges in very wet ground. No trapping was +done in this situation.</p> + + +<h3><i>Swamps</i></h3> + +<p><i>Black ash swamp habitat:</i> A number of black ash swamps +occur along the shores of Gogebic Lake, being apparently partially +flooded during periods of heavy rains and during stages +of high water. In a swamp of this type near the north end +of Gogebic Lake on the west side, black ash (<i>Fraxinus nigra</i>) +is the dominant tree, the trunks reaching diameters up to 2 +feet. Elms (<i>Ulmus americana</i>) sometimes reaching a trunk +diameter of 3 feet are common, and yellow birches and hard +maples are common also. Black maples are rare, and lindens<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> +are few. The trees are high and the forest crown nearly +closed. Underbrush is common in the more open places, this +being mostly mountain maple (<i>Acer spicatum</i>) with a few +young firs, young arbor-vitae, and Virginia creepers (<i>Parthenocissus +quinquefolia</i>). There are numerous ferns, and herbs +are abundant. Under the more closed parts of the forest +canopy the ground is mostly bare, underbrush and herbs being +scanty. Smaller black ash swamps occur in the Cisco Lake +Region, and in the vicinity of Little Girl's Point a number of +small black ashes were noted in a swamp of mixed arbor-vitae +and black spruce.</p> + +<p><i>Arbor-vitae swamp habitat:</i> In the Cisco Lake Region +arbor-vitae (<i>Thuja occidentalis</i>) occurs commonly near the +edges of the lakes and in the wet depressions in the forest. +Near Gogebic Lake also the arbor-vitae grows commonly near +the shores of the lake and in wet places in the woods, especially +at the edges of swamps. But the trees in both these +areas, so far as seen, were small, and the arbor-vitae did not +form a dominant species, but occurred in a small percentage +mixed with the other types of forest. However, in part of +the region near Gogebic Lake extensive arbor-vitae swamps +are reported to occur. In the vicinity of Little Girl's Point +arbor-vitae swamps are common, occupying the wet lower +northern slopes of the high ridge.</p> + +<p>In a swamp of this type three miles southeast of the point +arbor-vitae is the dominant tree, reaching trunk diameters of +two feet and more. Under the dense shade of the high forest +crown there are many young trees of the same species, and +the forest has evidently reached a temporary climax. Of other +trees, a few small yellow birch, a few young firs and hemlocks, +and one fallen white spruce (<i>Picea canadensis</i>) were noted. +The ground is very wet and there are numerous tiny streams,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span> +which frequently disappear under the ground. Fallen trees +and decaying logs on the ground make a thick tangle, very +difficult to penetrate. The underbrush is scanty; mountain +maple is rather common, and there are a few young black +ashes. Much moss grows on the ground and on the decaying +logs.</p> + +<p>In a depression two miles south of Little Girl's Point is a +mixed growth of arbor-vitae, black spruce, with a few black +ashes. The trees are mostly small, none of them exceeding +about eight inches in trunk diameter. In August the ground +was very wet, there being standing water in some places, and +the ground was heavily covered with sphagnum. This situation +may be considered transitional between the black spruce +bog and the arbor-vitae swamp. No traps for mammals were +set in this situation.</p> + + +<h3><i>Bogs</i></h3> + +<p><i>Leather leaf bog habitat:</i> In the northwestern corner of +Fish-hawk Lake and at several places along the channel connecting +Lindsley and Cisco lakes a heavy growth of leather +leaf (<i>Chamaedaphne calyculata</i>) adjoins and overhangs the +water, a considerable portion of the growth actually floating +on the water. With the leather leaf is associated much sweet +gale (<i>Myrica gale</i>) and alders, and these plants form almost +the entire mat in some of the wetter areas. At other places +sphagnum becomes abundant and the conditions approach +those of a sphagnum bog. Other plants commonly found in +the leather leaf bog in the Cisco Lake Region are the Labrador +tea (<i>Ledum groenlandicum</i>), swamp laurel (<i>Kalmia potifolia</i>), +wild rosemary (<i>Andromeda glaucophylla</i>), small cranberry +(<i>Oxycoccus oxycoccus</i>), pitcher-plant (<i>Sarracenia purpurea</i>), +and small trees of black spruce and tamarack. In a +typical leather leaf bog on the Ontonagon River near the outlet<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> +from Thousand Island Lake a large beaver house is located.</p> + +<p><i>Sphagnum bog habitat:</i> In a restricted sense the name is +here applied to the part of a bog which is free from trees. It +differs from the leather leaf bog in having a greater amount +of sphagnum, for while the leather leaf bog when first developed +over the water has little or no sphagnum, the sphagnum +bog, as here considered, is almost entirely covered by sphagnum. +The shrubs found in the two situations are apparently +identical, except that the leather leaf is less abundant. A small +bog of this type borders the edge of Mud Lake in the Cisco +Lake Region, and small parts of many bogs are free from +trees. So far as was determined, the mammal fauna is the +same as that for the black spruce—tamarack bog, from which +the only difference is the absence of trees.</p> + +<p><i>Black Spruce—Tamarack Bog habitat:</i> The dominant bog +tree in this region is the black spruce (<i>Picea mariana</i>), which +is usually small and stunted. With the black spruces are a +lesser number of small tamaracks (<i>Larix larcina</i>), which in +places may be dominant. The ground is heavily covered with +sphagnum, which is normally soaked with water. Shrubs are +abundant, though usually not forming a closed mat. Of the +shrubs the leather leaf is the most abundant, though Kalmia, +Andromeda, Ledum, and blueberries are common. A few +young white pines and red maples were noted. Sedges occur +frequently, and the pitcher plant is very characteristic.</p> + + +<h3><i>Forests</i></h3> + +<p><i>Hemlock forest habitat:</i> In the Cisco Lake Region groves +of hemlock (<i>Tsuga canadensis</i>) frequently occupy the lower +parts of steep slopes adjoining the lakes. One such area studied +is made up of practically a pure stand of hemlocks, the trunks +being from about 6 to 18 inches in diameter. A few very old +yellow birches are present, and also a few young sugar maples<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span> +and arbor-vitae, the latter chiefly near the water's edge. +Shrubs and herbs are nearly absent, and the forest floor is +covered by a thick carpet of dead needles. There are many +decaying logs, usually covered by a thin coat of moss. In the +Little Girl's Point Region nearly pure stands of large hemlocks +cover many of the lower parts of steep slopes and also +occur commonly on well-drained soil elsewhere. In the vicinity +of the north end of Gogebic Lake a few small groves of +hemlocks were noted, but the ground in general is so low and +swampy that the species mostly occurs as a part of the mixed +forest of the region. Animals are rare in the habitat.</p> + +<p><i>White pine forest habitat:</i> White pine (<i>Pinus strobus</i>), +which formerly was a common forest tree in northern Michigan, +has now been mostly removed for lumber. Near Little +Girl's Point a small natural grove of this species was studied, +occupying a moderate southerly slope above a black spruce +bog. The area is about 50 by 150 meters in size. White pines +are by far the most numerous and dominant tree, the trunks +measuring up to about five feet in diameter. In the grove +yellow birch, some of large size, are common; toward the +bottom of the slope hemlocks are also common; and near the +edge of the bog there are a few arbor-vitae. Shrubs are almost +absent, there being merely a few small seedlings of arbor-vitae, +hemlock, and fir, mostly toward the bottom of the slope. +A few scattered clumps of grass appear, but the forest floor +is mostly covered only by a thick carpet of dry pine needles. +Numerous dead limbs and sticks have fallen from the pines.</p> + +<p><i>Wet hardwood forest habitat:</i> The land adjoining much +of Gogebic Lake is low and poorly drained. Here is found +a mixed forest dominated by sugar maple (<i>Acer saccharum</i>), +black maple, hemlock, yellow birch (<i>Betula lutea</i>), linden, +elm (<i>Ulmus americana</i>), ash (not black ash), and ironwood<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> +(<i>Ostrya virginiana</i>). The hardwoods are decidedly dominant +over the conifers. The forest crown is high and closed, and +the trees are large. The underbrush in general is scanty, +though in some places there is a thick growth of mountain +maple (<i>Acer spicatum</i>) and of sugar maple seedlings. Leatherwood +(<i>Dirca palustris</i>), hazel, ferns, and a few young firs +(<i>Abies balsamea</i>) also occur.</p> + +<p>Some of the lower forests in the Cisco Lake Region approach +the wet hardwood forest type, though none are extensive in +area, and they are usually surrounded and dominated by the +dry forest condition.</p> + +<p><i>Dry hardwood forest habitat:</i> The highest development of +the dry hardwood type of forest was found on the upper parts +of the moderately high ridge near Little Girl's Point. The +slopes in general are very gentle, but well drained. The forest +here is dominated by the sugar maple (<i>Acer saccharum</i>), yellow +birch (<i>Betula lutea</i>), and linden (<i>Tilia americana</i>). Hemlocks +are rare, and only one elm was seen. The trees are +large, the trunks frequently reaching diameters of two feet +or more. The forest crown is high and heavy. Underbrush +is scanty and low, being mostly young seedlings of sugar +maple, though seedlings of linden are numerous. Other shrubs +and herbs noted were the leatherwood (<i>Dirca palustris</i>), hazel +(<i>Corylus rostrata</i>), yew (<i>Taxus canadensis</i>), gooseberry, ferns, +false Solomon's seal, and grass. On the ground are many +decaying leaves, these usually forming a heavy carpet; decaying +logs and freshly fallen sticks are common.</p> + +<p>In the Cisco Lake Region the drainage is not so good as in +the vicinity of Little Girl's Point, and the forests of that district +are of a type somewhat intermediate between the wet +hardwood forest and the dry hardwood forest. In the Cisco +Lake Region the topography is much broken, there being many<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span> +small hills and ridges, and many small depressions, often poorly +drained. In the damp depressions, if not wet enough for a +bog, arbor-vitae and hemlock are common, while on the ridges +sugar maple and linden are characteristic, though hemlock +occurs here sparingly also. There is accordingly much local +variation in tree forms, but the whole forest is decidedly of a +hardwood type.</p> + +<p>The dry hardwood forests of the Little Girl's Point Region +are inhabited by many deer-mice, while only a few of this +species are found in the wet hardwood forests near Gogebic +Lake, bob-tailed shrews being there the most abundant mammal +and red-backed voles being common, both of which are +rare in the other districts. In the dry hardwood forest near +Little Girl's Point four woodland jumping mice (Napaeozapus) +were taken, while in the Cisco Lake Region only two were +taken in a period twice as long, and at Gogebic Lake none were +secured. These observations indicate that moisture conditions +in hardwood forests have an important influence on the mammal +fauna.</p> + + +<h3><i>Mountains</i></h3> + +<p><i>Rock-bluff habitat:</i> Rock exposures are rare in the region +studied. However there are several high hills with steep +exposures of rock a short distance north of Ironwood and +Bessemer. These hills could not be studied in the time available, +and the only cliff examined was on a small range of hills +northeast of the station of Lake Gogebic. On one of these +hills is a nearly perpendicular rock cliff about 200 feet high +and facing to the southward. The small talus slope at the +bottom is overgrown with shrubs and trees, and on the small +ledges and gullies of the face of the cliff a few small trees, +shrubs, and herbs are also growing. The most conspicuous +plants of the rock habitat are scrub oaks, aspens, and heaths.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> +No trapping was done in the habitat, and no notes on mammals +were secured. Probably the mammal fauna is not very large.</p> + +<p><i>Mountain-heath habitat:</i> A narrow, poorly developed belt +of heath fringes the upper edge of the rock cliff examined +north of Lake Gogebic. Characteristic plants are the blueberry +and bearberry, mixed with creeping juniper and a few +scattered grasses. The habitat is very narrow and is closely +encroached upon by shrubs and trees, such as sumac, cherry, +white pine, jack pine, oaks, aspens, and paper birch. Signs +of fox were noted at the edge of the cliff, but no trapping was +carried on here.</p> + + +<h3><i>Air</i></h3> + +<p><i>Aerial habitat:</i> The only aerial mammals are the bats, of +which four species were taken during the summer. The flying +squirrel is not considered to be a true aerial form.</p> + + +<h3><i>Burns and Clearings</i></h3> + +<p>Fires have been numerous throughout northern Michigan +and a large part of the region is covered by various stages +in the succession following fires or clearings. The areas +studied were selected as representative of the natural conditions +of the peninsula, but even in these districts there are +many burned areas.</p> + +<p>Many large areas have been heavily logged over, sometimes +followed by fire, with a result similar to that of a fire. In the +region studied there are numerous small clearings, some of +which are in use as the residences of settlers, but most have +been allowed to revert to a wild condition. The stages in succession +on an abandoned clearing seem to be similar to those +following a fire, and they are here considered together.</p> + +<p><i>Herbaceous stage:</i> After a fire in a forest in this region +the first vegetation to spring up seems to be the herbs, of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> +which the fireweed (<i>Chamaenerion angustifolium</i>) is most +prominent. A number of areas dominated by this type of +vegetation were seen, but the type seems to be short-lived, and +is probably quickly replaced by shrubs and tree seedlings. The +stages in succession following a fire in swampy areas may be +somewhat different from that in a hardwood region, but no +data was obtained. No opportunity presented itself to study +the mammals of the herbaceous stage, and I have no records +for the species found there.</p> + +<p><i>Shrub stage:</i> Following a fire or clearing in a hardwood +area the herbaceous stage is apparently quickly followed by +a thick growth of shrubs and young trees. The characters of +the shrub growth vary considerably with the texture of the +soil, amount of soil moisture, slope, and completeness of +burning. The growth is usually quite thick, though in some +clearings where the growth has been kept down for some time +there may be open grassy patches. In small clearings near +Fish-hawk Lake the raspberry (<i>Rubus strigosus</i>) is a characteristic +species, but near Little Girl's Point it is much less +common. A large area of shrub studied near Little Girl's +Point is on a rather steep slope facing to the north, though +part is at the bottom of the hill on a very gentle slope. There +are no large trees, but saplings up to 2-1/2-inch trunks occur; +most, however, are smaller. The quaking and large-toothed +aspens (<i>Populus tremuloides</i> and <i>P. grandidentata</i>), paper +and yellow birches (<i>Betula papyrifera</i> and <i>B. lutea</i>), sugar +maple, and linden are common seedlings. Shrubs, such as the +sumac (<i>Rhus hirta</i>), wild cherry (<i>Prunus pennsylvanica</i>), +raspberry, willows (Salix spp.), mountain maple, red-berried +elder (<i>Sambucus racemosa</i>), and hazel are common. A few +herbs, like the fireweed, golden-rod, and pearly everlasting, +occur in open places.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span></p> + +<p>A number of mammals are found in the shrub stage, but +they are far less abundant than in mature hardwood forest.</p> + +<p><i>Paper birch—aspen stage:</i> The continued growth of the +young trees in the shrub stage leads to the production of a +sapling forest of the more quickly growing species, the paper +birches and aspens. Often one or other of these species +becomes dominant to the practical exclusion of the other, but +sometimes both occur together. On the slopes near the lakes +of the Cisco Lake chain aspens are rare, and the sapling forests +on the clearings and burns are almost a pure stand of +paper birch. Near Watersmeet, however, the aspen seems to +be the dominant form, and few paper birches were seen. Near +Gogebic Lake, also, the quaking aspen is the dominant form, +though paper birches are common in the sapling forests. The +growth in these sapling forests is very thick, and the ground +is nearly bare of vegetation, though it is heavily covered with +dead sticks and small logs. In a thick growth of quaking +aspens, on wet ground studied near Gogebic Lake, a number +of alders and paper birches, a few young trees of sugar maple +and arbor-vitae, and a rare elm occur. A scanty undergrowth +of mountain maple and numerous sugar maple seedlings is +present. Few mammals are found in this stage of the forest.</p> + +<p>On the western slope of Birch Point on Cisco Lake there is +a good stand of paper birches, growing in an open stand with +much grass in the spaces between the trees. This place has +been much used for camping and it may be that the development +of the grass is the result of opening the forest by clearing +out some of the trees. Among the birches are numerous +young firs and white pines, with a few young sugar maples, +and a rare arbor-vitae. The birches show many signs of age, +and would evidently, if undisturbed, soon give way to a forest +dominated by the pines and firs. In the grass among these<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span> +trees deer-mice, red-backed voles, and jumping mice (Zapus) +were taken. Signs of snowshoe hare were seen.</p> + +<p><i>Young hardwood forest stage:</i> On the eastern slope of a +low ridge at Birch Point, Cisco Lake, a young hardwood forest +is rapidly replacing a former growth of paper birches which +has followed a fire. In this growth numerous old paper +birches still persist, but they are being strongly crowded by a +thick growth of vigorous young sugar maples, some of which +have trunk diameters up to about eight inches, and which +form a dense shade. Among the maples are numerous young +firs and a few young hemlocks and arbor-vitae. The ground +is mostly bare, being scantily covered by leaves. The soil is +moist, but there is no grass and little brush. In this habitat +deer-mice were taken, and one red squirrel was seen.</p> + + +<h3><i>Artificial Conditions</i></h3> + +<p><i>Overflow swamp habitat:</i> Due to the rise in water-level +of the lakes of the Cisco Lake chain many low areas of forest +have been flooded and killed. Many of the dead trunks of +these trees still remain standing, mixed with fallen and decaying +logs in the water. Locally these habitats are called "overflow +swamps," a name here adopted for the habitat. There +is little living vegetation in these swamps, an occasional water +lily being almost the only plant present. Porcupines commonly +walk out on the logs of the swamp to secure the water lily +leaves, and probably the mink occasionally runs over the logs +in its movements along the waterways.</p> + +<p><i>Cultivated-field habitat:</i> Cleared fields occur only sparingly +in the regions visited, and these fields are small in size. No +study of their inhabitants was made, though silver-haired bats +were collected while they were flying over a small clearing in +the Little Girl's Point Region.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span></p> + +<p><i>Edificarian habitat:</i> Towns and buildings are not very common +in northern Michigan. In and around a cabin on Lindsley +Lake a number of deer-mice were trapped, and signs that porcupines +had invaded the cabin were noted.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="Annotated_List_of_Mammals" id="Annotated_List_of_Mammals"></a><span class="smcap">Annotated List of Mammals</span></h2> + +<p><i>Condylura cristata.</i> Star-nosed Mole.</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Tall-sedge, 2.</span></p> + +<p>Two were trapped September 3 and 5, 1920, in a short, +open runway in very moist soil at the edge of a small ditch +running through tall sedges in a beaver meadow near Gogebic +Lake, Ontonagon County.</p> + +<p><i>Sorex personatus personatus.</i> Masked Shrew.</p> + +<p style="margin-left: 2em;"> +Grassy-meadow, 2.<br /> +Black spruce—tamarack bog, 2.<br /> +Wet hardwood forest, 3.<br /> +Dry hardwood forest, 3.<br /> +Shrub stage, 2.<br /> +</p> + +<p>In the Cisco Lake Region in July, one was taken in a small +black spruce bog, two in a narrow tongue of grass between +tall sedges and sphagnum bordering Mud Lake, three in the +wetter parts of the hardwood forest, and three in the upland, +well-drained hardwood forest. Near Little Girl's Point in +August, two were taken in a growth of shrubs in a burn. +Near Gogebic Lake, Ontonagon County, one was taken September +4 in a black spruce bog.</p> + +<p><i>Sorex richardsonii.</i> Richardson Shrew.</p> + +<p style="margin-left: 2em;"> +Tall-sedge, 15.<br /> +Grassy-meadow, 1.<br /> +Sphagnum bog, 1.<br /> +</p> + +<p>This species was found only in or near tall sedges growing +in moist or marshy situations. In the Cisco Lake Region six +were taken near Mud Lake in July. Four of these were taken +in tall sedges, one in grass alongside the sedges, and one in +sphagnum between the sedges and the lake. August 30 to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> +September 5, eleven were taken in tall sedges in a beaver +meadow near Gogebic Lake, Ontonagon County.</p> + +<p>An adult female trapped at Mud Lake, July 30, contained +five large embryos. There were two pairs of inguinal and one +pair of abdominal mammae. Another adult female trapped in +the same place, July 22, had two pairs of inguinal mammae, +but no abdominal mammae were found.</p> + +<p>The latter individual was moulting, patches of new fur +having replaced the old on the top of the head midway between +the ears and eyes, between the shoulders, and on the rump. +The other female mentioned above, taken July 30, had nearly +completed her moult.</p> + +<p>Only two specimens have been previously recorded from +Michigan, one from Alger County and the other from Chippewa +County.<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></p> + +<p><i>Neosorex palustris palustris.</i> Marsh Shrew, Water Shrew.</p> + +<p style="margin-left: 2em;"> +Tall-sedge, 1.<br /> +Ditch-border, 3.<br /> +</p> + +<p>September 1 a marsh shrew was trapped in the tall sedges +of a beaver meadow near Gogebic Lake, Ontonagon County. +Most of the body had been eaten by some carnivore. Other +specimens were taken on each of the two succeeding days, +and a fourth on September 5.</p> + +<p>The first specimen taken was trapped eight feet from a tiny +stream which flowed through the marshy sedges. Two of the +others were taken on the muddy bank of the stream near the +water's edge, and the fourth about 35 feet from the water. +All were secured within a radius of 35 feet.</p> + +<p>This species has been recorded but once previously from +Michigan, from Chippewa County.<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span></p> + +<p><i>Microsorex hoyi.</i> Hoy Shrew.</p> + +<p style="margin-left: 2em;"> +Black spruce-tamarack bog, 1.<br /> +Wet hardwood forest, 1.<br /> +</p> + +<p>One specimen was taken July 17 at Fish-hawk Lake in a +moderately wet part of the hardwood forest. Another was +taken July 29 at the edge of a small black spruce bog.</p> + +<p><i>Blarina brevicauda talpoides.</i> Bob-tailed Shrew.</p> + +<p style="margin-left: 2em;"> +Tall-sedge, 8.<br /> +Grassy-meadow, 6.<br /> +Alder-thicket, 1.<br /> +Black ash swamp, 6.<br /> +Arbor-vitae swamp, 4.<br /> +Black spruce—tamarack bog, 1.<br /> +Wet hardwood forest, 32.<br /> +Dry hardwood forest, 8.<br /> +Shrub stage, 1.<br /> +Paper birch—aspen stage, 6.<br /> +</p> + +<p>The species is rather generally distributed, but is by far +the most common in moist woods. In the Cisco Lake Region +11 were secured; in the Little Girl's Point district, 10; and +near Gogebic Lake in Ontonagon County, 52. In the latter +district it was the most abundant mammal species, even exceeding +Peromyscus in numbers; indeed, Peromyscus was relatively +uncommon in the partly swampy woods of the region, +and it might be that the abundance of the bob-tailed shrews +accounts for the scarcity of the deer-mice, for the shrews +undoubtedly at times prey upon the mice. The specimen +recorded above from the black spruce-tamarack bog was +taken near Gogebic Lake in a boggy swamp, which, while +dominated by black spruces, yet contained a considerable number +of arbor-vitae and hemlocks.</p> + +<p>In the wet hardwood forest near Gogebic Lake Blarina runways +are exceedingly abundant, usually running along or +under sticks or logs. Commonly they are just under the +leaves, but sometimes for a short distance are without covering. +One old log examined was found to be honey-combed +with these tunnels. The deeper runways nearly always follow +down just under a tree root.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span></p> + +<p>The uterus of a female taken July 10, at Fish-hawk Lake, +showed a few small swellings which were identified in the +field as embryos. Unfortunately, the uterus was not preserved. +No embryos were found in 26 other females taken between +July 15 and September 4. In the latter part of the season +fewer immature specimens were taken than earlier in the +summer. These facts show that in this region the species +breeds in the spring or early summer and does not usually +breed again during July and August.</p> + +<p><i>Myotis lucifugus lucifugus.</i> Little Brown Bat.</p> + +<p style="margin-left: 2em;"> +Aerial, 15.</p> + +<p>Nine individuals were shot while they were flying over the +lakes in the Cisco Lake Region. These were taken between +8:00 and 9:00 p. m. from July 1 to August 2; but on moonlight +nights bats, believed to be of this species, were seen +flying as late as 10:00 p. m. At the camp near Little Girl's +Point one was shot at 7:55 p. m., August 11, as it flew about +over the road through the dry hardwood forest. Five others +were shot at the Gogebic Lake camp as they flitted through +an opening in the wet hardwood forest. These were taken +between 7:30 and 7:55 p. m., August 23 to September 2; but +bats almost certainly of this species appeared regularly in the +evenings about 7:10 p. m.</p> + +<p><i>Lasionycteris noctivagans.</i> Silver-haired Bat.</p> + +<p style="margin-left: 2em;"> +Aerial, 3.</p> + +<p>Near the Little Girl's Point camp one was shot at 7:50 p. m., +August 9, and two more in the same region about 7:45 p. m., +August 17. One was flying along a road through the dry +hardwood forest at a height about equal to that of the tree-tops, +and the others were taken in a small clearing in the same +forest.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span></p> + +<p><i>Nycteris borealis borealis.</i> Red Bat.</p> + +<p style="margin-left: 2em;"> +Aerial, 2.</p> + +<p>Two were secured near the Little Girl's Point camp at +about 7:45 p. m., one August 9 and the other August 14, as +they flew about over the road through the dry hardwood forest.</p> + +<p><i>Nycteris cinerea.</i> Hoary Bat.</p> + +<p style="margin-left: 2em;"> +Aerial, 1.</p> + +<p>The only specimen secured was shot at 7:55 p. m., August +9, while it was flying over the road through the dry hardwood +forest near Little Girl's Point.</p> + +<p><i>Ursus americanus americanus.</i> Black Bear.</p> + +<p style="margin-left: 2em;"> +Wet hardwood forest, 1.<br /> +Dry hardwood forest, 1.<br /> +</p> + +<p>Reported by residents as being rather common. July 10 a +large black bear was seen to cross the railroad track and enter +the hardwood forest not over a quarter-mile from Cisco Lake +Station. Tracks of a large individual were seen in the mud +bordering a small brook in maple-birch-hemlock forest about +three miles southeast of the station July 17 and August 15. +At dusk, August 28, while Mr. Sherman was setting up a +camera and flashgun along a deer trail about 100 yards from +the camp on Gogebic Lake, a small bear passed within twenty-five +paces of him, apparently but little concerned with his +presence or that of the nearby camp and fire, except that it +sniffed the air occasionally.</p> + +<p><i>Canis lycaon.</i> Timber Wolf.</p> + +<p style="margin-left: 2em;"> +Mud-flat, signs.<br /> +Tall-sedge, tracks.<br /> +Dry hardwood forest, reported.<br /> +</p> + +<p>Residents reported it common in all the districts visited +by us. We saw signs and tracks in several habitats; and residents +saw a wolf in the dry hardwood forest near our camp +in the Little Girl's Point district.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span></p> + +<p><i>Canis latrans.</i> Coyote.</p> + +<p>J. E. Fischer reported in 1920 that coyotes had appeared +and become numerous in the region at the north end of Lake +Gogebic within the last few years. We have secured several +skulls and skeletons taken by him in 1920-21.</p> + +<p><i>Vulpes fulva.</i> Red Fox.</p> + +<p style="margin-left: 2em;">Mountain-heath, signs.</p> + +<p>Signs of fox were found in late August in a narrow growth +of heath at the top of a cliff about a mile north of Lake +Gogebic Station. J. E. Fischer has sent us a fox taken in +January, 1921, in Gogebic County near Gogebic Lake. Benjamin +J. Twombley reports that a few occur in the Cisco Lake +Region. J. E. Marshall, in 1911, reported that a few occurred +around Gogebic Lake.</p> + +<p><i>Urocyon cinereoargenteus.</i> Gray Fox.</p> + +<p>J. E. Marshall reported in 1911 that it was rare, but that +he had trapped two near Gogebic Lake.</p> + +<p><i>Martes americanus americanus.</i> Marten.</p> + +<p>J. E. Marshall reported in 1911 that it was getting scarce +in Gogebic and Ontonagon counties. He trapped a number +near Gogebic Lake in the winter of 1884-1885, and took 15 +in the winter of 1889-90. In 1920 J. E. Fischer reported +marten rare near Gogebic Lake.</p> + +<p><i>Martes pennantii pennantii.</i> Fisher.</p> + +<p>In 1911 J. E. Marshall reported that it was getting scarce +near Gogebic Lake; he trapped four in the winter of 1889-90 +and two in 1890-91. J. E. Fischer took one in Ontonagon +County near Gogebic Lake in the winter of 1919-20. Ole +Petersen in 1911 reported it rare near Gogebic Lake.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span></p> + +<p><i>Mustela cicognanii cicognanii.</i> Bonaparte Weasel.</p> + +<p style="margin-left: 2em;"> +Black spruce—tamarack bog, 1.<br /> +Dry hardwood forest, 4.<br /> +</p> + +<p>Trappers report it common throughout the areas visited. +We took five specimens near Little Girl's Point. Several +specimens taken in the Cisco Lake Region during the winter +of 1920-21 were presented to us by Benjamin J. Twombley, +and J. E. Fischer sent us a specimen taken in December, 1920, +near Gogebic Lake.</p> + +<p><i>Mustela vison letifera.</i> Mink.</p> + +<p style="margin-left: 2em;"> +Forest—shore, 6.<br /> +Wet hardwood forest, den.<br /> +</p> + +<p>Reported by trappers as common throughout the area +studied. In the Cisco Lake Region two were trapped at the +water's edge beside a growth of paper birch saplings; and +another was shot as it was running along the bank of the +Ontonagon River at the edge of a stand of hemlocks. Three +others were seen swimming near the latter locality July 29. +Upon the approach of the canoe they swam rapidly to an old +hollow log in wet hardwood forest on shore. Around and +through the log well-worn runways showed evidence of the +presence of a den.</p> + +<p><i>Mephitis hudsonica.</i> Skunk.</p> + +<p style="margin-left: 2em;"> +Ditch-border, 1.<br /> +Dry hardwood forest, 5.<br /> +</p> + +<p>Four skunks were taken in the dry hardwood forest of the +Cisco Lake Region, one in the same type of habitat near the +Little Girl's Point camp, and another in a trap set in the +bottom of a muddy ditch in the beaver meadow near Gogebic +Lake.</p> + +<p>An adult male, trapped July 14 in the Cisco Lake Region, +was badly infested with tapeworms in the middle part of the +small intestine. An adult female, taken July 19, was found +to have many tapeworms in the intestine, many nematodes in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> +the lung tissue, an infested liver, and a large number of nematodes +in a cavity in the top of the skull.</p> + +<p>While we were photographing a captive juvenile August 2 +at Lindsley Lake a horsefly (identified as <i>Tabanus atratus</i> by +J. S. Rogers) burrowed into the fur on the rump of the skunk +and began sucking blood.</p> + +<p><i>Taxidea taxus taxus.</i> Badger.</p> + +<p>J. E. Marshall reports that he trapped one in the winter of +1889-90 between Gogebic Lake and Lake Superior.</p> + +<p><i>Lutra canadensis canadensis.</i> Otter.</p> + +<p>In 1911 J. E. Marshall reported that quite a few remained +around Gogebic Lake; he took quite a number in the winter +of 1884 and several in the winters of 1889 to 1891. J. E. +Fischer took two in Ontonagon County in January, 1921.</p> + +<p><i>Lynx canadensis.</i> Canada Lynx.</p> + +<p>J. E. Marshall reports that it was not very plentiful near +Gogebic Lake in 1884. He took one in the winter of 1890-91; +in 1911 it had almost or entirely disappeared.</p> + +<p><i>Lynx ruffus ruffus.</i> Bob-cat.</p> + +<p>J. E. Marshall reports that he took three or four near +Gogebic Lake in the winter of 1890-91; in 1891-92 it had +become quite numerous; and it continued to increase until +1911 at least. In 1920 residents reported that a few occurred +in all the regions visited by us.</p> + +<p><i>Peromyscus maniculatus gracilis.</i> Deer-mouse.</p> + +<p style="margin-left: 2em;"> +Tall-sedge, 4.<br /> +Black ash swamp, 5.<br /> +Arbor-vitae swamp, 11.<br /> +Black spruce—tamarack bog, 4.<br /> +Hemlock forest, 16.<br /> +White pine forest, 5.<br /> +Wet hardwood forest, 78.<br /> +Dry hardwood forest, 143.<br /> +Shrub stage, 19.<br /> +Paper birch—aspen, 15.<br /> +Young hardwood forest stage, 2.<br /> +Edificarian, 6.<br /> +</p> + +<p>In the Cisco Lake Region and in the vicinity of Little Girl's<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span> +Point this species is the most abundant mammal, but in the +wet woods at the Gogebic Lake camp it is much less abundant, +being exceeded in numbers by the bob-tailed shrew. A +total of 308 deer-mice were taken during the summer. It was +found in a variety of forest habitats, but it is most abundant +in the dry upland woods of the Little Girl's Point Region. +The individuals taken in the tall sedges at Mud Lake were +probably stragglers from the nearby shrubs and forest, for +no deer-mice were taken in the extensive sedges of the large +beaver meadow studied near Gogebic Lake. Probably most +of those taken in the black spruce bogs were stragglers also, +though one individual taken in a large black spruce bog was +50 yards from the nearest deciduous woods.</p> + +<p>When we arrived in the Cisco Lake Region in late June +young and subadults were abundant, many of the female subadults, +as well as the adults, carrying embryos. Embryos were +found throughout the summer up to August 25. Of females +containing embryos, five had 4 embryos each, ten females 5 +embryos each, nine females 6 embryos each, and one female 8 +embryos.</p> + +<p><i>Synaptomys cooperi fatuus.</i> Lemming-vole.</p> + +<p style="margin-left: 2em;"> +Tall-sedge, 1.<br /> +Black spruce—tamarack bog, 2.<br /> +Wet hardwood forest, 1.<br /> +Dry hardwood forest, 1.<br /> +</p> + +<p>In the Cisco Lake Region an adult female was taken in dry +hardwood forest near Fish-hawk Lake June 28, 1920. It contained +6 embryos each 21 mm. long. A juvenile was trapped +July 26 on top a log in the tall sedges at Mud Lake. The log +bridged over a particularly wet part of the marshy sedges and +was at the edge of the hardwood forest. Two other juveniles +were taken the next day, one in a small black spruce log, and +the other in wet hardwood forest at the edge of the same bog.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span> +In Ontonagon County near Gogebic Lake a subadult male was +taken September 5 in a large black spruce bog.</p> + +<p><i>Evotomys gapperi gapperi.</i> Red-backed vole.</p> + +<p style="margin-left: 2em;"> +Black ash swamp, 2.<br /> +Black spruce—tamarack bog, 6.<br /> +Arbor-vitae swamp, 2.<br /> +Hemlock forest, 5.<br /> +White pine forest, 2.<br /> +Wet hardwood forest, 18.<br /> +Dry hardwood forest, 17.<br /> +Shrub stage, 5.<br /> +Paper birch—aspen stage, 3.<br /> +</p> + +<p>Thirty were taken in the Cisco Lake Region, 10 at the Little +Girl's Point camp, and 20 near Gogebic Lake in Ontonagon +County. It was most common in the forests. Two individuals +recorded from the arbor-vitae swamp were taken in a mixed +swamp of small arbor-vitae, black spruce, and hemlock with +many alders, this situation probably forming a stage in the +succession following a beaver meadow. Also, one of the specimens +recorded from the paper birch—aspen stage was taken in +an open stand of old paper birches with a forest floor of grass, +conditions not typical of the stage.</p> + +<p>Of 13 females examined from June to August, two contained +4 embryos each, two 5 embryos each, and two 6 embryos +each. August 14, at Little Girl's Point, was the last date on +which embryos were found.</p> + +<p>The species is somewhat diurnal. Several times one was +seen in daylight about the camp in the Cisco Lake Region, and +several were trapped during daylight hours.</p> + +<p>A captive was fond of tender grass blades, but refused the +harder stems. In eating he sat up on the hind feet and handled +the food with the fore feet.</p> + +<p>An immature male taken August 8 near Little Girl's Point +had a considerable infestation of seed ticks on the posterior +lobes of both ears.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span></p> + +<p><i>Microtus pennsylvanicus pennsylvanicus.</i> Meadow vole.</p> + +<p style="margin-left: 2em;"> +Mud-flat, 6.<br /> +Tall-sedge, 28.<br /> +Grassy-meadow, 6.<br /> +Black ash swamp, 1.<br /> +Arbor-vitae swamp, 1.<br /> +Leather leaf bog, 15.<br /> +Sphagnum bog, 9.<br /> +Black spruce—tamarack bog, 1.<br /> +Shrub stage, 17.<br /> +</p> + +<p>Sixty-five were taken in the Cisco Lake Region and 19 in +Ontonagon County, near Gogebic Lake. It is most abundant +in grassy and sedgy meadows and in open bogs, though it is +found rarely in swamps and tree-covered bogs. The individual +listed from the arbor-vitae swamp was taken in a young growth +of arbor-vitae, black spruce, hemlock, and many alders, and +not in typical arbor-vitae swamp habitat. Of the 17 listed from +the shrub stage, one was taken in a wet, sedgy part of a shrub-covered +burn at Poor Lake, and the others were secured in +the shrub and grass clearing around the camp house on Lindsley +Lake.</p> + +<p>Of ten females examined, July 10 to September 5, one contained +3 embryos, one 4 embryos, and two 5 embryos each. +September 5 was the last date on which embryos were found. +The three embryos found on the last date were each 23 mm. +in length and together they weighed 8.5 grams, which was +26 per cent of the weight of the mother with the embryos +removed.</p> + +<p>Both adults and immature young were seen moving about, +and were also trapped in broad daylight, but it is more active +in the evening just before sunset.</p> + +<p>A captive juvenile was placed July 19 in a large tub with +an adult female, which might have been its mother, for both +were taken on succeeding days in the same trap. The young +one immediately tried to nurse, but was severely bitten and +driven away, though it made numerous unsuccessful attempts +later. When approaching the old female the baby frequently<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span> +gave a high-pitched squeak, and the old female replied by a +hoarse squeak, evidently of warning, for the young one was +bitten when it approached in defiance of the warning note and +threatening attitude of the adult. The baby evidently had been +weaned, and the old female was found to contain five large +embryos.</p> + +<p><i>Ondatra zibethica zibethica.</i> Muskrat.</p> + +<p style="margin-left: 2em;"> +Forest—shore, 5.<br /> +Water lily, 1.<br /> +Pondweed, 2.<br /> +Willow-thicket, signs.<br /> +</p> + +<p>Muskrats are numerous in the Cisco Lake Region, and five +specimens were taken. Near Little Girl's Point one was seen +swimming in a small stream. At the mouth of Merriweather +Creek on Gogebic Lake signs were noted in a willow thicket, +and muskrats were reported numerous in the region.</p> + +<p>An adult female trapped July 6 at Fish-hawk Lake contained +six large embryos; another female taken July 10 contained no +embryos, but the mammae were filled with milk; and two +females taken July 26 contained no embryos.</p> + +<p>In the Cisco Lake Region broken mussel shells were abundant +in the muskrat runways along the shores. Remains of +pondweeds were also frequently found in the runways, and a +quantity of leaves with a few heads containing flowers and +seeds collected July 8 were identified by E. A. Bessey as <i>Potamogeton +richardsonii</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Zapus hudsonius hudsonius.</i> Jumping-mouse.</p> + +<p style="margin-left: 2em;"> +Mud-flat, 4.<br /> +Tall-sedge, 12.<br /> +Grassy-meadow, 8,<br /> +Arbor-vitae swamp, 1.<br /> +Sphagnum bog, 1.<br /> +Black spruce—tamarack bog, 1.<br /> +Wet hardwood forest, 2.<br /> +Dry hardwood forest, 1.<br /> +Shrub stage, 10.<br /> +Paper birch—aspen stage, 2.<br /> +</p> + +<p>Numerous in suitable habitats in the Cisco Lake Region, +at Little Girl's Point, and at Gogebic Lake. Most common in +open grasses and sedges. Five of those recorded above from<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span> +the shrub stage were taken in open shrubs and grass in the +clearing around the camp house on Lindsley Lake; and the +two recorded from the paper birch—aspen stage were taken +at Cisco Lake in an open stand of old paper birch with a +forest floor of grass.</p> + +<p>Juveniles were taken throughout the summer, but no one +of seven adult or nearly adult females examined between July +7 and September 4 contained embryos.</p> + +<p>A captive taken July 18, after feeding ravenously on a cooky, +retired to a corner and went to sleep. The position taken in +this case was a sitting one, the animal resting on the widely +spread feet as far as the heels, and on the tail. The head was +bent far over, the nose extending between the hind legs. The +long tail was curled around the body, it resting on the ground +for its whole length. The operation of cleaning the tail was +observed two days later. The animal worked from the base +of the tail toward the tip, using the fore feet to present the +tail to the mouth, where it was licked off. During the process +the head was held over on one side, nearly touching the +ground.</p> + +<p><i>Napaeozapus insignis fructectanus.</i> Woodland Jumping Mouse.</p> + +<p style="margin-left: 2em;"> +Wet hardwood forest, 1.<br /> +Dry hardwood forest, 6.<br /> +</p> + +<p>Three were taken in the Cisco Lake Region and four in the +Little Girl's Point Region, all in heavy forest.</p> + +<p>Neither of two adult females taken August 8 and 10 contained +embryos.</p> + +<p><i>Erethizon dorsatum dorsatum.</i> Porcupine.</p> + +<p style="margin-left: 2em;"> +Forest—shore, 13.<br /> +Wet hardwood forest, 10.<br /> +Dry hardwood forest, 17.<br /> +Shrub stage, 5.<br /> +Paper birch—aspen stage, 10.<br /> +Overflow swamp, 5.<br /> +Edificarian, 1.<br /> +</p> + +<p>Common at all camps. Many were taken in traps set for +carnivores. Well-marked trails at the edges of lakes and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span> +streams through the forests are evidently made mostly by +these animals. It is detested by the inhabitants of the region, +chiefly for the damage done to any woodwork which contains +the least amount of salt.</p> + +<p>Porcupines spend a considerable amount of time inside hollow +linden, yellow birch, and hemlock trees, as shown by the +large piles of droppings noted at the lower openings of numerous +such hollow trees.</p> + +<p>June 30, and again on July 2, young individuals were closely +observed while feeding on the leaves of the yellow water lily. +These individuals were on the logs in an overflow swamp, and +they reached down with a fore foot into the water to secure +the food, which was then presented to the mouth with the +same foot. One of these porcupines seemed to be very disinclined +to wet his feet, except the fore feet in reaching for +food; the other individual waded out on a log which was submerged +several inches, but he showed a ludicrous determination +to hold the tail up out of the water.</p> + +<p>A juvenile weighing only 914 grams was taken as late as +July 21 at Fish-hawk Lake, but no embryos were found in +the period between June 29 and September 3. It is often +active throughout the day as well as in the night.</p> + +<p>A young individual taken in a trap July 3 was found surrounded +by a swarm of mosquitoes, which seemed to annoy +him considerably, for he shook his skin frequently to dislodge +them. One mosquito settled on a lower eyelid as we watched, +and others kept alighting on his nose. When he raised his +quills on our approach many mosquitoes attacked the skin +exposed on the back.</p> + +<p><i>Marmota monax canadensis.</i> Canada Woodchuck.</p> + +<p style="margin-left: 2em;"> +Hemlock forest, 5.<br /> +Shrub stage, 9.<br /> +</p> + +<p>A few occur in the Cisco Lake Region, where they are most<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span> +common in the shrubby clearings. Several adults fed commonly +on the refuse from the camp. The stomach of a captured +individual contained a considerable quantity of cooked +corn, spaghetti, and boiled ham. Three woodchucks were +noted at different times in hemlock forest along the lake shores.</p> + +<p>A half-grown juvenile was seen to swim the Ontonagon +River near its entrance to Cisco Lake. This was on July 10, +near noon, with bright sunshine. The river here is at least +75 yards in width, but has no perceptible current.</p> + +<p>Juveniles taken in traps were observed to extrude scent +glands from the anus when approached. These glands are +three in number, one on each side of the anus and one beneath. +They are small, whitish, and cup-shaped. Normally they lie +just inside the anus, but on excitement they are everted and +the fold of skin forming the edge of the anus is rolled outward +so that the glands lie outside. We detected a faint +musky odor which might have come from these glands.</p> + +<p>In the Little Girl's Point district several inhabited a woodpile +in hemlock forest at the edge of a wide road. None were +found near Gogebic Lake.</p> + +<p><i>Eutamias borealis neglectus.</i> Lake Superior Chipmunk.</p> + +<p style="margin-left: 2em;"> +Tall-sedge, 1.<br /> +Grassy-meadow, 3.<br /> +Black spruce—tamarack bog, 1.<br /> +Hemlock forest, 1.<br /> +Wet hardwood forest, 1.<br /> +Shrub stage, 20.<br /> +Paper birch—aspen stage, 2.<br /> +</p> + +<p>Common in shrubby clearings and burns in the Cisco Lake +and Little Girl's Point regions. A few were taken in tall +sedges and grass not far from shrubs; one was taken in a +small black spruce bog, about five yards from the surrounding +wet hardwood forest; one was taken in hemlock forest near +the lake shore; and one was seen in wet hardwood forest near +the lake shore. Not seen near Gogebic Lake.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span></p> + +<p>These chipmunks were several times observed feeding on +ripe raspberries. August 5, near Watersmeet, one was seen +sitting on a rail fence beside a pasture, eating a grasshopper, +the remains of which have been identified by T. H. Hubbell +as <i>Melanoplus</i> sp. probably <i>bivittatus</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Tamias striatus griseus.</i> Gray Chipmunk.</p> + +<p style="margin-left: 2em;"> +Black ash swamp, 1.<br /> +Hemlock forest, 1.<br /> +Wet hardwood forest, 10.<br /> +Dry hardwood forest, 8.<br /> +Shrub stage, 2.<br /> +</p> + +<p>Five records were obtained in the Cisco Lake Region; 9 +near Little Girl's Point, and 8 near Gogebic Lake. It is most +numerous in hardwood forest.</p> + +<p>An adult male taken July 5 had in its cheek-pouches numerous +seeds of Carex and a fruit capsule of Viola, the identification +being by E. A. Bessey. Of eight adult or nearly adult +females examined between July 5 and September 1, one taken +July 15 in the Cisco Lake Region contained eight large +embryos.</p> + +<p><i>Sciurus hudsonicus loquax.</i> Southeastern Red-squirrel.</p> + +<p style="margin-left: 2em;"> +Black ash swamp, 1.<br /> +Arbor-vitae swamp, 3.<br /> +Black spruce—tamarack bog, 2.<br /> +Hemlock forest, 1.<br /> +White pine forest, 1.<br /> +Wet hardwood forest, 9.<br /> +Dry hardwood forest, 7.<br /> +Shrub stage, 1.<br /> +Paper birch—aspen stage, 3.<br /> +Early hardwood forest stage, 1.<br /> +Edificarian, 1.<br /> +</p> + +<p>Seventeen records from the Cisco Lake Region; 6 from +Little Girl's Point; and 7 from Gogebic Lake. None were +noted more than a few yards from the protection of a forest.</p> + +<p>In a grove of white pines near Little Girl's Point cut pine +scales were numerous August 13 on the ground and on logs, +and one red-squirrel taken had much pitch on the fur around +the mouth. August 24, cut-open fir cones were numerous +around the small fir trees in a paper birch—aspen growth near<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span> +Gogebic Lake, and were certainly the work of this species. +July 2 a young red-squirrel which had frequently been seen +around the camp in the Cisco Lake Region was found ravenously +feeding on the kidney of a recently skinned woodchuck. +After feeding it showed no fear, and allowed itself to be +picked up; it seemed very sleepy and slept for about a half-hour +before running away. This individual was badly infested +with fleas. Another juvenile taken July 1 in the same region +was infested with small patches of red seed ticks around the +anus, anterior to the genital opening, on the belly, on the thigh, +and at the base of one ear.</p> + +<p>Six small embryos were found in an adult female taken in +the Cisco Lake Region July 16.</p> + +<p><i>Sciurus carolinensis leucotis.</i> Gray-squirrel.</p> + +<p>In 1911, J. E. Marshall reported that a few occurred near +Gogebic Lake.</p> + +<p><i>Glaucomys sabrinus macrotis.</i> Mearns Flying-squirrel.</p> + +<p style="margin-left: 2em;"> +Black ash swamp, 1.<br /> +Hemlock forest, 1.<br /> +Wet hardwood forest, 2.<br /> +Dry hardwood forest, 1.<br /> +</p> + +<p>Two were taken in the Cisco Lake Region and three near +Gogebic Lake in Ontonagon County. A female taken July 4 +near Fish-hawk Lake was still suckling young, and contained +no embryos, but a female taken July 6 in the same region contained +five small embryos. An immature female taken August +27 near Gogebic Lake was without embryos.</p> + +<p><i>Castor canadensis michiganensis.</i> Woods Beaver.</p> + +<p style="margin-left: 2em;"> +Leather leaf bog, house.</p> + +<p>Two houses were found in the Cisco Lake Region, both +being in leather leaf bogs near deep water. Around the house +studied there was an incomplete moat connected with a channel +leading to deep water, and canals and tunnels radiated out<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span> +through the bog. No beavers were observed nor secured, but +fresh cuttings were noted at the edges of some of the "forms" +in the bog.</p> + +<p>A few beaver are reported to occur near Little Girl's Point +and near Gogebic Lake. E. E. Brewster in 1895 wrote Dr. +Gibbs that it was not uncommon in Gogebic County and in +probably all the counties of the Upper Peninsula where trapping +and lumbering had been discontinued; he stated that +beaver were appearing again even in localities where formerly +most sought. In 1911, J. E. Marshall reported it scarce near +Gogebic Lake.</p> + +<p><i>Lepus americanus phæonotus.</i> Snowshoe Hare.</p> + +<p style="margin-left: 2em;"> +Forest—shore, 1.<br /> +Arbor-vitae swamp, signs.<br /> +Leather leaf bog, signs.<br /> +Black spruce—tamarack bog, 1.<br /> +Wet hardwood forest, signs.<br /> +Dry hardwood forest, 1.<br /> +Shrub stage, 7.<br /> +Paper birch—aspen stage, 1.<br /> +Cultivated-field, 1.<br /> +Edificarian, 1.<br /> +</p> + +<p>Rare during the season of 1920 in the areas visited. In the +Cisco Lake Region an adult female was taken in a trap set for +muskrat under water on a brushy point. Other hares were +occasionally seen in the evenings in the shrubby clearing around +the camp house; and one was even seen on the porch. Droppings +were found in a leather leaf bog, and a hare was seen +at the edge of a black spruce—tamarack bog. Near Little Girl's +Point a juvenile was taken August 13 in the upland hardwood +forest, but was partly eaten in the trap by some carnivore; +several were seen in shrubby clearings; and a young one was +reported captured in an oat field by a farmer. Droppings were +found in an arbor-vitae swamp. Near Gogebic Lake in +Ontonagon County droppings were found in wet hardwood +forest, in a thick growth of aspen and white birch saplings, +and in an extensive tamarack bog.</p> + +<p>An adult female taken July 4 at Fish-hawk Lake had much<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span> +milk in the mammae. At the camp on Lindsley Lake June 27 +one was seen to eat some wood ashes; and June 30 one was +seen to feed on the blades of quack grass (<i>Agropyron repens</i>), +which was identified by E. A. Bessey.</p> + +<p><i>Odocoileus virginianus borealis.</i> Northern White-tailed Deer.</p> + +<p style="margin-left: 2em;"> +Forest—shore, 1.<br /> +Mud-flat, signs.<br /> +Tall-sedge, 1.<br /> +Grassy-meadow, 1.<br /> +Alder-thicket, signs.<br /> +Black ash swamp, signs.<br /> +Arbor-vitae swamp, signs.<br /> +Black spruce—tamarack bog, signs.<br /> +Hemlock forest, signs.<br /> +Wet hardwood forest, 10.<br /> +Dry hardwood forest, 7.<br /> +Shrub stage, 8.<br /> +Paper birch—aspen stage, 1.<br /> +</p> + +<p>Deer are abundant in the Cisco Lake Region; they are less +common near Lake Gogebic; and only a few were seen near +Little Girl's Point. Most of those seen were in the hardwood +forest and in the brushy clearings, but trails and signs were +common in many habitats.</p> + +<p>Wolves were reported to prey extensively on deer in the +region, and wolf dung examined August 7 near Little Girl's +Point contained much deer hair and some deer bones.</p> + +<p><i>Alces americanus.</i> Moose.</p> + +<p>J. E. Marshall reports that a moose was seen near Gogebic +Lake in the winter of 1885, and an individual, perhaps the +same one, was killed on Flambeau Reservation that year.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Northern Michigan Mammals Plate I</span><br /> +</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/image001.jpg" width="600" height="344" alt="Fig. 1. Beach of Lake Superior just east of Little +Girl's Point. A dirt bluff at the right of the picture. August 10, +1920." title="Fig. 1. Beach of Lake Superior just east of Little +Girl's Point. A dirt bluff at the right of the picture. August 10, +1920." /> +<span class="caption">Fig. 1. Beach of Lake Superior just east of Little +Girl's Point. A dirt bluff at the right of the picture. August 10, +1920.</span> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/image002.jpg" width="600" height="451" alt="Fig. 2. Tall-sedge habitat in a beaver meadow on the +west side of Gogebic Lake, Ontonagon County. September 1, 1920." title="Fig. 2. Tall-sedge habitat in a beaver meadow on the +west side of Gogebic Lake, Ontonagon County. September 1, 1920." /> +<span class="caption">Fig. 2. Tall-sedge habitat in a beaver meadow on the +west side of Gogebic Lake, Ontonagon County. September 1, 1920.</span> +</div> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span></p> +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Northern Michigan Mammals Plate II</span><br /> +</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/image003.jpg" width="600" height="443" alt="Fig. 1. Leather leaf bog invaded by tamaracks, Ontonagon +River near Cisco Lake. August 3, 1920." title="Fig. 1. Leather leaf bog invaded by tamaracks, Ontonagon +River near Cisco Lake. August 3, 1920." /> +<span class="caption">Fig. 1. Leather leaf bog invaded by tamaracks, Ontonagon +River near Cisco Lake. August 3, 1920.</span> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/image004.jpg" width="600" height="491" alt="Fig. 2. Arbor-vitae swamp four miles southeast of Little +Girl's Point. The ground is very moist. August 16, 1920." title="Fig. 2. Arbor-vitae swamp four miles southeast of Little +Girl's Point. The ground is very moist. August 16, 1920." /> +<span class="caption">Fig. 2. Arbor-vitae swamp four miles southeast of Little +Girl's Point. The ground is very moist. August 16, 1920.</span> +</div> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Northern Michigan Mammals Plate III</span><br /> +</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/image005.jpg" width="600" height="337" alt="Fig. 1. Dry hardwood on a ridge four miles southeast of +Little Girl's Point. Sugar maple, yellow birch, and linden are +dominant. Undergrowth low. August 16, 1920." title="Fig. 1. Dry hardwood on a ridge four miles southeast of +Little Girl's Point. Sugar maple, yellow birch, and linden are +dominant. Undergrowth low. August 16, 1920." /> +<span class="caption">Fig. 1. Dry hardwood on a ridge four miles southeast of +Little Girl's Point. Sugar maple, yellow birch, and linden are +dominant. Undergrowth low. August 16, 1920.</span> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/image006.jpg" width="600" height="477" alt="Fig. 2. Virgin white pine grove, Gogebic County. Trunks +up to four feet in diameter. Little undergrowth. August 17, 1920." title="Fig. 2. Virgin white pine grove, Gogebic County. Trunks +up to four feet in diameter. Little undergrowth. August 17, 1920." /> +<span class="caption">Fig. 2. Virgin white pine grove, Gogebic County. Trunks +up to four feet in diameter. Little undergrowth. August 17, 1920.</span> +</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="FOOTNOTES" id="FOOTNOTES"></a>FOOTNOTES:</h2> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> H. T. Darlington, <i>Mich. Acad. Sci.</i>, 22nd Ann. Rept., 1921.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> 1914. N. A. Wood, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool., No. 6.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> N. A. Wood, <i>op. cit.</i></p></div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + + +<p><b><big>Transcriber's Notes</big></b></p> + +<p> +Page <a href="#Page_35">35</a>: Changed "porcppines" to "porcupines".<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Originally: One of these porcppines seemed to be very disinclined</span><br /> +<br /> +Pages <a href="#Page_42">42</a>-<a href="#Page_47">47</a>: Combined figure captions and images.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Originally: Images were on pages following their captions.</span><br /> +</p> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes on the Mammals of Gogebic and +Ontonagon Counties, Michigan, 1920, by L. R. Dice and H. B. Sherman + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MAMMALS OF GOGEBIC AND ONTONAGON *** + +***** This file should be named 37753-h.htm or 37753-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/3/7/7/5/37753/ + +Produced by Larry B. 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