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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes on the Mammals of Gogebic and
+Ontonagon Counties, Michigan, 1920, by L. R. Dice and H. B. Sherman
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Notes on the Mammals of Gogebic and Ontonagon Counties, Michigan, 1920
+       Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology, Number 109
+
+Author: L. R. Dice
+        H. B. Sherman
+
+Release Date: October 14, 2011 [EBook #37753]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MAMMALS OF GOGEBIC AND ONTONAGON ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Larry B. Harrison, Diane Monico, and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+NUMBER 109       FEBRUARY 25, 1922
+
+OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF
+ZOOLOGY
+
+UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
+
+ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN        PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY
+
+
+
+
+NOTES ON THE MAMMALS OF GOGEBIC AND
+ONTONAGON COUNTIES, MICHIGAN, 1920
+
+BY L. R. DICE AND H. B. SHERMAN
+
+
+The authors of this paper spent the summer of 1920 in western Michigan
+studying the mammals of the region for the Michigan Geological and
+Biological Survey. From June 25 to August 4 was spent in the Cisco Lake
+Region with headquarters on Lindsley Lake; August 6 to August 20 a camp
+was maintained in the woods four miles southeast of Little Girl's
+Point; and from August 20 to September 6 was spent working from a camp
+on the western shore of Lake Gogebic, about three miles south of Lake
+Gogebic Station. The first two camps were in Gogebic County, the third
+in Ontonagon County.
+
+The field work was performed jointly by the two authors, under the
+direction of the senior author, who is responsible for the
+identification of the species, the descriptions of the general areas
+and of the habitats, and is jointly concerned in writing the annotated
+list.
+
+In addition to our own records, we have secured many valuable notes on
+the distribution of the larger species from J. E. Fischer, of
+Merriweather, Ontonagon County, a trapper of many years' experience;
+and from Benjamin J. Twombley, of Bent's Resort, Wisconsin, who has
+made many observations on the mammals of the Cisco Lake Region. We have
+also added a number of records from J. E. Marshall, who trapped for
+many years, beginning 1884, in Ontonagon and Gogebic counties, and from
+Ole Petersen, at one time a trapper at Gogebic Lake.
+
+The habitats in which records of occurrence have been obtained for the
+region under consideration are listed under each species; and the
+number of individuals taken, or seen and positively identified, in each
+habitat are given. From the figures a rough estimate of the relative
+abundance of the various species in the different habitats can be
+obtained, but the various habitats were not trapped or studied equally
+intensively, and for the larger and the rarer forms the numbers give
+little dependable data on relative abundance.
+
+
+
+
+DESCRIPTIONS OF THE REGIONS STUDIED
+
+
+_Cisco Lake Region._ In the Cisco Lake Region there are many lakes,
+mostly small, but several of a length of one to three miles. The
+water-level in the Cisco Lake chain has been raised six or ten feet by
+a dam across the outlet, and this change in water-level has killed the
+trees along the lake borders, so that the lakes are fringed by a narrow
+line of dead trees. The habitats of emerging vegetation and of aquatic
+vegetation have been much altered by the change in water-level, and
+these habitats cannot be well studied in these lakes. However, the
+neighboring lakes in which the water-level has not been changed show
+that the forests of the region originally came down to the water's
+edge, and that there was little normal development of marsh or swamp.
+
+The ridges between the lakes rise in general to heights of twenty-five
+feet or more, though bluffs are not formed. These ridges are mostly
+covered by mixed hardwood forest in which the hard maple, yellow birch,
+hemlock, and linden are the dominant trees. There are numerous small
+wet depressions, some of them containing small black spruce bogs, while
+others include a few arbor-vitae mixed with linden and other typical
+trees of the wet hardwood forest. Small areas of nearly pure hemlock
+occur on some slopes near the lake shores. A few large tamarack bogs
+are present.
+
+Though the pines formerly occurring have been taken out, the region
+otherwise is in nearly its native condition. A few former clearings
+along the lake shores have grown up to brush or to white birch saplings
+or small trees.
+
+_Little Girl's Point Region._ Much of the region in the near vicinity
+of Little Girl's Point has been cleared or burned, but a few miles to
+the east and southeast there are still considerable areas of native
+forest. The high ridge running through the region bears a splendid
+forest of maple, yellow birch, and linden, with little if any hemlock.
+However, on the steeper lower slopes hemlock occurs in nearly a pure
+stand. At one place was found a nice grove of large white pines, mixed,
+on the lower edge of the slope, with a few hemlocks. Black
+spruce-tamarack bogs are extensive and arbor-vitae swamps occur
+commonly. The extensive burned areas south of the point have grown up
+to a thicket of aspen, birch, and various shrubs and saplings. A few
+small areas are under cultivation.
+
+_Region at the north end of Gogebic Lake._ Most of the region about the
+north end of Gogebic Lake is low and wet. A number of small black ash
+swamps occur near the lake, and further back there are extensive black
+spruce bogs. The main forest is of a much mixed wet hardwood type,
+sugar maple, linden, yellow birch, elm, and hemlock, being the dominant
+species. The forest in most places reaches the edge of the lake, though
+a few sandy beaches occur. However, the level of the water in the lake
+has been raised a few feet by a dam across the outlet, and beaches were
+probably more abundant before this occurred. The lake is so large,
+about 13 miles long by 1 to 2 miles broad, that wave action is quite
+pronounced.
+
+One beaver meadow was studied, this meadow including areas of grasses
+and of sedges, traversed by ditches, small mud-flats covered with low
+rushes, and alder thickets.
+
+Just north of Lake Gogebic Station there are some high hills having
+bluffs on the southern exposures. These hills were visited, but they
+had been extensively logged and burned over and no attempt was made to
+trap for mammals on them.
+
+Some large burned areas have grown up to sapling forests of aspens.
+Near the towns of Lake Gogebic and Merriweather nearly all the forests
+have been cleared away, but farther south on the sides of the lake the
+woods are still in their natural condition.
+
+
+
+
+HABITATS
+
+
+The habitats studied in Gogebic and Ontonagon counties may be listed as
+follows:
+
+    Exposed shores:
+        Open-water
+        Beach
+        Dirt-bluff
+        Forest--shore
+
+    Protected shores:
+        Water lily
+        Pondweed
+        Rush
+        Submerged-sedge
+        Cat-tail
+        Willow-thicket
+        Mud-flat
+
+    Meadow:
+        Ditch-border
+        Tall-sedge
+        Grassy-meadow
+        Alder-thicket
+
+    Swamps:
+        Black ash swamp
+        Arbor-vitae swamp
+
+    Bogs:
+        Leather leaf bog
+        Sphagnum bog
+        Black spruce--tamarack bog
+
+    Forests:
+        Hemlock forest
+        White pine forest
+        Wet hardwood forest
+        Dry hardwood forest
+
+    Mountains:
+        Rock-bluff
+        Mountain-heath
+
+    Air:
+        Aerial
+
+    Burns and clearings:
+        Herbaceous stage
+        Shrub stage
+        Paper birch--aspen stage
+        Young hardwood forest stage
+
+    Artificial conditions:
+        Overflow swamp
+        Cultivated-field
+        Edificarian
+
+This list of habitats is admittedly not complete for the regions
+visited, but is intended to include those which we studied. We had no
+opportunity of studying either the shores of a large river or jack pine
+ridges, both of which situations will undoubtedly have habitats not
+here recognized.
+
+The habitats studied in Gogebic and Ontonagon counties but every
+habitat has been listed which seems to form a distinct type of mammal
+environment. We are firmly convinced that it is better to describe a
+great number of habitats rather than to lump different kinds of
+environments together. It is infinitely easier for a later worker to
+combine several habitats, which have been split too finely, than it is
+to separate the component habitats which may have been lumped together
+under one name.
+
+No attempt is made to give complete lists of the plants found in each
+habitat, but only the more conspicuous plants or those of special
+importance to the mammals are mentioned. The plant names used are
+mostly taken from Darlington's list of Gogebic County plants.[1]
+
+
+_Exposed Shores_
+
+_Open-water habitat:_ This habitat includes the areas of open water
+with no rooted vegetation in the deeper parts of the lakes and rivers.
+On Lake Superior at Little Girl's Point this habitat comes directly to
+the beach, for the wave action on this exposed point is sufficient to
+prevent the growth of plants along the shore. In Gogebic Lake and in
+the smaller lakes of the Cisco Lake Region there are also many parts
+where there is no rooted vegetation along shore. This habitat,
+therefore, covers by far the larger part of the aquatic conditions of
+northwestern Michigan. We secured no records of mammals for this
+habitat, and, though some aquatic species must occasionally occur in
+the open water along lake shores, they are rare there, and are
+practically absent from the areas of open water farther out in the
+lakes.
+
+_Beach habitat:_ The shore of Lake Superior at Little Girl's Point is
+subjected to heavy pounding by the lake waves, leading to the formation
+of a well-developed beach. To the east of the point the beach for some
+distance is five to ten yards wide, mostly of small gravel, with sand
+on the upper part; it ends abruptly against a steep dirt bluff. On the
+beach no vegetation grows and only a few scattered drift logs occur. To
+the west of Little Girl's Point undetached masses of solid rock are
+more prominent, though small patches of gravel occur in partially
+protected places. The beach here in general is narrow and rises
+steeply, so that the different beach zones, lower, middle, and upper,
+are not well marked. On the shores of Lake Gogebic are a few small sand
+beaches; but around this lake, as well as around the smaller lakes of
+the region, the forest comes, in general, directly to the edge of the
+water. There was no opportunity to trap for mammals on a beach, and no
+records for the habitat were obtained.
+
+_Dirt-bluff habitat:_ To the east of Little Girl's Point the beach of
+Lake Superior runs along the base of a dirt bluff about 35 feet high.
+The storm waves of winter evidently wash against this bluff, eroding
+it away and destroying the forest, which is of the hemlock type,
+growing on the level above. The bluff is quite steep, and along with
+small exposures of bare clay bears a number of scattered herbs and a
+few shrubs and small trees, such as alder, willow, arbor-vitae, yellow
+birch, paper birch, and red maple. No collecting was done in this
+habitat and no records of mammals were obtained from it.
+
+_Forest--shore habitat:_ Along all the lakes of the region, except Lake
+Superior, the forests in general come down to the water's edge. The
+marginal forests are frequently dominated by hemlock, though often a
+wet hardwood forest occurs along the shores, and in a number of places
+along Gogebic Lake black ash swamps border the water. Red maple (_Acer
+rubrum_) and mountain ash (_Sorbus americana_) frequently occur along
+the exposed shores of Gogebic Lake. Frequently young forests of paper
+birch or quaking aspen have replaced the original forests in the
+clearings and burned areas along the lake borders. The shore beside a
+forest commonly rises abruptly a few inches to a foot or more in a firm
+bank, and in most cases the trees overhang the water to some extent.
+These shores are the favorite promenade of the porcupine; and the mink,
+muskrat, and otter are typical of the habitat.
+
+
+_Protected Shores_
+
+_Water lily habitat:_ In shallow, protected parts of the lakes and
+channels of the Cisco Lake chain there are extensive growths of white
+and yellow water lilies (_Castalia tuberosa_ and _Nymphaea advena_).
+Water lilies also occur in many places as a narrow border at the edge
+of deep water. Muskrats were the only mammals noted in this habitat,
+but mink and otter probably occur also.
+
+_Pondweed habitat:_ A thick growth of pondweeds (Potamogeton spp.)
+occurs in protected places along the shores in many parts of the lakes
+of the Cisco Lake chain. Muskrats were noted in this habitat. In
+Gogebic Lake the exposure to wave action is in most places too great
+for a good development of pondweeds, though in the northern end of the
+lake there are a number of widely scattered plants of this type, but
+not forming a very well marked habitat.
+
+_Rush habitat:_ On somewhat protected shoals, both in the lakes of the
+Cisco Lake Region and in Gogebic Lake, there is sometimes a growth of
+rushes (Juncus sp.). Along the lower course of the Merriweather River,
+just before it enters Gogebic Lake, rushes thickly cover numerous small
+areas. The plants in both cases grow partly submerged in the water. No
+records for mammals were obtained from this type of habitat, though
+doubtless some of the amphibious forms frequently occur here.
+
+_Submerged-sedge habitat:_ Sedges in general do not occur as a definite
+belt about the margins of the lakes in the region studied. The only
+place where any considerable growth of sedges was noted at the edge of
+the water was along the lower course of Merriweather River, just before
+it enters Gogebic Lake. Here there are considerable areas of sedges
+partially submerged by the water. No records of mammals were obtained
+from this habitat.
+
+_Cat-tail habitat:_ Under native conditions cat-tails (_Typha
+latifolia_) apparently do not often form extensive habitats in the
+region. Along the marshy borders of the lower Merriweather River at
+Gogebic Lake a few small patches were seen. Small patches were seen in
+other places along railroad tracks where embankments had produced small
+areas of marshy ground.
+
+In the Cisco Lake Region a few of the areas of timber killed by the
+raising of the water-level have grown up to cat-tail swamps. In these
+swamps there are many standing dead trees and fallen logs as well as
+some areas of open water. The cat-tails seem to occur mostly in those
+swamps having only a small connection with the main body of the lake.
+In these places the cat-tail is dominant, though numerous sedges occur,
+and there is some sphagnum growing on the fallen logs and along the
+shore. A few small black spruces are starting. Along the edge of such a
+swamp a few deer-mice were taken, but these were evidently stragglers
+from the adjacent forest.
+
+_Willow-thicket habitat:_ Willows do not occur commonly along the water
+margins of the lakes of the region. The only place, except in
+clearings, where willows were noted as a definite growth is along the
+lower course of the Merriweather River at Gogebic Lake. Along this part
+of the river there are extensive growths of shrubby willows, growing
+(in early September) in a foot or more of water. The indications were
+that earlier in the summer the water about these plants must have been
+at least a foot higher. Signs of muskrat were noted at the edge of
+these willows.
+
+_Mud-flat habitat:_ Around the margin of a pond formed by an old
+deserted beaver dam near Gogebic Lake, two miles southwest of
+Merriweather, is a narrow strip of mud, very wet and sparsely covered
+with a growth of low rushes. The strip of muddy ground varies from
+about 1 to 4 meters in width and extends a short distance up along the
+edge of the small ditch draining into the pond. At the upper border of
+the strip of muddy shore is a thick growth of sedges, meeting the muddy
+shore at a fairly sharp line.
+
+In this habitat meadow mice are common and four jumping mice (_Zapus
+hudsonius_) were taken.
+
+
+_Meadows_
+
+_Ditch-border habitat:_ A number of small ditches run through an old
+beaver meadow of considerable size near Gogebic Lake, about two miles
+southwest of Merriweather. The borders of the ditches are muddy and the
+banks are from 6 to 18 inches high; in places the ditch borders are
+closely encroached upon by the tall sedges of the adjacent meadow. A
+small amount of water was present (in early September) in most of the
+ditches. In mouse traps set at the edges of these ditches, partly in
+the water, star-nosed moles and navigator shrews were taken. In a
+larger trap a skunk was taken.
+
+_Tall-sedge habitat:_ In the beaver meadow studied near Gogebic Lake,
+an area about 200 meters by 100 meters or more is occupied by a heavy
+growth of high, coarse sedges, reaching a height of about .75 to 1.00
+meter. A few grasses and some low herbs occur sparingly among the
+sedges. The habitat had not been burned over and the ground is covered
+with a thick mat of the decaying leaves and stems of the sedges and
+grasses. In most places the ground is quite wet, sometimes soggy to
+walk upon, and in a few places low hummocks are numerous. A similar
+habitat was found in rather a narrow strip at the edge of Mud Lake,
+one-fourth mile southwest of Thousand Island Lake, Gogebic County. Here
+a small area of meadow occurs along the inlet of a tiny stream. This
+area apparently had been artificially cleared of its forest, but the
+level of the lake had not been raised.
+
+The habitat differs from the submerged-sedge habitat of protected lake
+shores in being higher above the water and in not being covered with
+water from July to September; probably water does not stand to any
+depth on it at any time. The Richardson shrew is apparently a
+characteristic mammal of this habitat, though other shrews and mice
+were taken here also.
+
+_Grassy-meadow habitat:_ Part of the beaver meadow studied near Gogebic
+Lake is covered by a thick growth of grasses and sedges of a number of
+species. The ground of the habitat was rather dry and had been burned
+over the previous year. Grasses are also dominant over a few small
+areas near Mud Lake in Gogebic County. On a small area of the clearing
+near this lake a thick stand of bluegrass (Poa) is almost the only
+plant present. This occurs on an area of fairly moist mud. On the drier
+slope near the forest Poa also is abundant, forming the dominant
+species over a strip about 5 to 10 meters wide. Jumping mice are common
+in this habitat.
+
+_Alder-thicket habitat:_ On very wet ground just below an old beaver
+dam near Gogebic Lake there is a heavy growth of alder (_Alnus incana_)
+about 20 feet high. No other shrubs were noted in the thicket. The
+ground under the alders is mostly bare, there being only a few ferns,
+grasses, and other herbs. On the ground are many dead sticks fallen
+from the alders. This situation contained few mammals, only one Blarina
+being taken in four days' trapping with 25 traps. At the south end of
+the beaver meadow willows and alders are invading the sedges in very
+wet ground. No trapping was done in this situation.
+
+
+_Swamps_
+
+_Black ash swamp habitat:_ A number of black ash swamps occur along the
+shores of Gogebic Lake, being apparently partially flooded during
+periods of heavy rains and during stages of high water. In a swamp of
+this type near the north end of Gogebic Lake on the west side, black
+ash (_Fraxinus nigra_) is the dominant tree, the trunks reaching
+diameters up to 2 feet. Elms (_Ulmus americana_) sometimes reaching a
+trunk diameter of 3 feet are common, and yellow birches and hard maples
+are common also. Black maples are rare, and lindens are few. The trees
+are high and the forest crown nearly closed. Underbrush is common in
+the more open places, this being mostly mountain maple (_Acer
+spicatum_) with a few young firs, young arbor-vitae, and Virginia
+creepers (_Parthenocissus quinquefolia_). There are numerous ferns, and
+herbs are abundant. Under the more closed parts of the forest canopy
+the ground is mostly bare, underbrush and herbs being scanty. Smaller
+black ash swamps occur in the Cisco Lake Region, and in the vicinity of
+Little Girl's Point a number of small black ashes were noted in a swamp
+of mixed arbor-vitae and black spruce.
+
+_Arbor-vitae swamp habitat:_ In the Cisco Lake Region arbor-vitae
+(_Thuja occidentalis_) occurs commonly near the edges of the lakes and
+in the wet depressions in the forest. Near Gogebic Lake also the
+arbor-vitae grows commonly near the shores of the lake and in wet
+places in the woods, especially at the edges of swamps. But the trees
+in both these areas, so far as seen, were small, and the arbor-vitae
+did not form a dominant species, but occurred in a small percentage
+mixed with the other types of forest. However, in part of the region
+near Gogebic Lake extensive arbor-vitae swamps are reported to occur.
+In the vicinity of Little Girl's Point arbor-vitae swamps are common,
+occupying the wet lower northern slopes of the high ridge.
+
+In a swamp of this type three miles southeast of the point arbor-vitae
+is the dominant tree, reaching trunk diameters of two feet and more.
+Under the dense shade of the high forest crown there are many young
+trees of the same species, and the forest has evidently reached a
+temporary climax. Of other trees, a few small yellow birch, a few young
+firs and hemlocks, and one fallen white spruce (_Picea canadensis_)
+were noted. The ground is very wet and there are numerous tiny
+streams, which frequently disappear under the ground. Fallen trees and
+decaying logs on the ground make a thick tangle, very difficult to
+penetrate. The underbrush is scanty; mountain maple is rather common,
+and there are a few young black ashes. Much moss grows on the ground
+and on the decaying logs.
+
+In a depression two miles south of Little Girl's Point is a mixed
+growth of arbor-vitae, black spruce, with a few black ashes. The trees
+are mostly small, none of them exceeding about eight inches in trunk
+diameter. In August the ground was very wet, there being standing water
+in some places, and the ground was heavily covered with sphagnum. This
+situation may be considered transitional between the black spruce bog
+and the arbor-vitae swamp. No traps for mammals were set in this
+situation.
+
+
+_Bogs_
+
+_Leather leaf bog habitat:_ In the northwestern corner of Fish-hawk
+Lake and at several places along the channel connecting Lindsley and
+Cisco lakes a heavy growth of leather leaf (_Chamaedaphne calyculata_)
+adjoins and overhangs the water, a considerable portion of the growth
+actually floating on the water. With the leather leaf is associated
+much sweet gale (_Myrica gale_) and alders, and these plants form
+almost the entire mat in some of the wetter areas. At other places
+sphagnum becomes abundant and the conditions approach those of a
+sphagnum bog. Other plants commonly found in the leather leaf bog in
+the Cisco Lake Region are the Labrador tea (_Ledum groenlandicum_),
+swamp laurel (_Kalmia potifolia_), wild rosemary (_Andromeda
+glaucophylla_), small cranberry (_Oxycoccus oxycoccus_), pitcher-plant
+(_Sarracenia purpurea_), and small trees of black spruce and tamarack.
+In a typical leather leaf bog on the Ontonagon River near the outlet
+from Thousand Island Lake a large beaver house is located.
+
+_Sphagnum bog habitat:_ In a restricted sense the name is here applied
+to the part of a bog which is free from trees. It differs from the
+leather leaf bog in having a greater amount of sphagnum, for while the
+leather leaf bog when first developed over the water has little or no
+sphagnum, the sphagnum bog, as here considered, is almost entirely
+covered by sphagnum. The shrubs found in the two situations are
+apparently identical, except that the leather leaf is less abundant. A
+small bog of this type borders the edge of Mud Lake in the Cisco Lake
+Region, and small parts of many bogs are free from trees. So far as was
+determined, the mammal fauna is the same as that for the black
+spruce--tamarack bog, from which the only difference is the absence of
+trees.
+
+_Black Spruce--Tamarack Bog habitat:_ The dominant bog tree in this
+region is the black spruce (_Picea mariana_), which is usually small
+and stunted. With the black spruces are a lesser number of small
+tamaracks (_Larix larcina_), which in places may be dominant. The
+ground is heavily covered with sphagnum, which is normally soaked with
+water. Shrubs are abundant, though usually not forming a closed mat. Of
+the shrubs the leather leaf is the most abundant, though Kalmia,
+Andromeda, Ledum, and blueberries are common. A few young white pines
+and red maples were noted. Sedges occur frequently, and the pitcher
+plant is very characteristic.
+
+
+_Forests_
+
+_Hemlock forest habitat:_ In the Cisco Lake Region groves of hemlock
+(_Tsuga canadensis_) frequently occupy the lower parts of steep slopes
+adjoining the lakes. One such area studied is made up of practically a
+pure stand of hemlocks, the trunks being from about 6 to 18 inches in
+diameter. A few very old yellow birches are present, and also a few
+young sugar maples and arbor-vitae, the latter chiefly near the
+water's edge. Shrubs and herbs are nearly absent, and the forest floor
+is covered by a thick carpet of dead needles. There are many decaying
+logs, usually covered by a thin coat of moss. In the Little Girl's
+Point Region nearly pure stands of large hemlocks cover many of the
+lower parts of steep slopes and also occur commonly on well-drained
+soil elsewhere. In the vicinity of the north end of Gogebic Lake a few
+small groves of hemlocks were noted, but the ground in general is so
+low and swampy that the species mostly occurs as a part of the mixed
+forest of the region. Animals are rare in the habitat.
+
+_White pine forest habitat:_ White pine (_Pinus strobus_), which
+formerly was a common forest tree in northern Michigan, has now been
+mostly removed for lumber. Near Little Girl's Point a small natural
+grove of this species was studied, occupying a moderate southerly slope
+above a black spruce bog. The area is about 50 by 150 meters in size.
+White pines are by far the most numerous and dominant tree, the trunks
+measuring up to about five feet in diameter. In the grove yellow birch,
+some of large size, are common; toward the bottom of the slope hemlocks
+are also common; and near the edge of the bog there are a few
+arbor-vitae. Shrubs are almost absent, there being merely a few small
+seedlings of arbor-vitae, hemlock, and fir, mostly toward the bottom of
+the slope. A few scattered clumps of grass appear, but the forest floor
+is mostly covered only by a thick carpet of dry pine needles. Numerous
+dead limbs and sticks have fallen from the pines.
+
+_Wet hardwood forest habitat:_ The land adjoining much of Gogebic Lake
+is low and poorly drained. Here is found a mixed forest dominated by
+sugar maple (_Acer saccharum_), black maple, hemlock, yellow birch
+(_Betula lutea_), linden, elm (_Ulmus americana_), ash (not black ash),
+and ironwood (_Ostrya virginiana_). The hardwoods are decidedly
+dominant over the conifers. The forest crown is high and closed, and
+the trees are large. The underbrush in general is scanty, though in
+some places there is a thick growth of mountain maple (_Acer spicatum_)
+and of sugar maple seedlings. Leatherwood (_Dirca palustris_), hazel,
+ferns, and a few young firs (_Abies balsamea_) also occur.
+
+Some of the lower forests in the Cisco Lake Region approach the wet
+hardwood forest type, though none are extensive in area, and they are
+usually surrounded and dominated by the dry forest condition.
+
+_Dry hardwood forest habitat:_ The highest development of the dry
+hardwood type of forest was found on the upper parts of the moderately
+high ridge near Little Girl's Point. The slopes in general are very
+gentle, but well drained. The forest here is dominated by the sugar
+maple (_Acer saccharum_), yellow birch (_Betula lutea_), and linden
+(_Tilia americana_). Hemlocks are rare, and only one elm was seen. The
+trees are large, the trunks frequently reaching diameters of two feet
+or more. The forest crown is high and heavy. Underbrush is scanty and
+low, being mostly young seedlings of sugar maple, though seedlings of
+linden are numerous. Other shrubs and herbs noted were the leatherwood
+(_Dirca palustris_), hazel (_Corylus rostrata_), yew (_Taxus
+canadensis_), gooseberry, ferns, false Solomon's seal, and grass. On
+the ground are many decaying leaves, these usually forming a heavy
+carpet; decaying logs and freshly fallen sticks are common.
+
+In the Cisco Lake Region the drainage is not so good as in the vicinity
+of Little Girl's Point, and the forests of that district are of a type
+somewhat intermediate between the wet hardwood forest and the dry
+hardwood forest. In the Cisco Lake Region the topography is much
+broken, there being many small hills and ridges, and many small
+depressions, often poorly drained. In the damp depressions, if not wet
+enough for a bog, arbor-vitae and hemlock are common, while on the
+ridges sugar maple and linden are characteristic, though hemlock occurs
+here sparingly also. There is accordingly much local variation in tree
+forms, but the whole forest is decidedly of a hardwood type.
+
+The dry hardwood forests of the Little Girl's Point Region are
+inhabited by many deer-mice, while only a few of this species are found
+in the wet hardwood forests near Gogebic Lake, bob-tailed shrews being
+there the most abundant mammal and red-backed voles being common, both
+of which are rare in the other districts. In the dry hardwood forest
+near Little Girl's Point four woodland jumping mice (Napaeozapus) were
+taken, while in the Cisco Lake Region only two were taken in a period
+twice as long, and at Gogebic Lake none were secured. These
+observations indicate that moisture conditions in hardwood forests have
+an important influence on the mammal fauna.
+
+
+_Mountains_
+
+_Rock-bluff habitat:_ Rock exposures are rare in the region studied.
+However there are several high hills with steep exposures of rock a
+short distance north of Ironwood and Bessemer. These hills could not be
+studied in the time available, and the only cliff examined was on a
+small range of hills northeast of the station of Lake Gogebic. On one
+of these hills is a nearly perpendicular rock cliff about 200 feet high
+and facing to the southward. The small talus slope at the bottom is
+overgrown with shrubs and trees, and on the small ledges and gullies of
+the face of the cliff a few small trees, shrubs, and herbs are also
+growing. The most conspicuous plants of the rock habitat are scrub
+oaks, aspens, and heaths. No trapping was done in the habitat, and no
+notes on mammals were secured. Probably the mammal fauna is not very
+large.
+
+_Mountain-heath habitat:_ A narrow, poorly developed belt of heath
+fringes the upper edge of the rock cliff examined north of Lake
+Gogebic. Characteristic plants are the blueberry and bearberry, mixed
+with creeping juniper and a few scattered grasses. The habitat is very
+narrow and is closely encroached upon by shrubs and trees, such as
+sumac, cherry, white pine, jack pine, oaks, aspens, and paper birch.
+Signs of fox were noted at the edge of the cliff, but no trapping was
+carried on here.
+
+
+_Air_
+
+_Aerial habitat:_ The only aerial mammals are the bats, of which four
+species were taken during the summer. The flying squirrel is not
+considered to be a true aerial form.
+
+
+_Burns and Clearings_
+
+Fires have been numerous throughout northern Michigan and a large part
+of the region is covered by various stages in the succession following
+fires or clearings. The areas studied were selected as representative
+of the natural conditions of the peninsula, but even in these districts
+there are many burned areas.
+
+Many large areas have been heavily logged over, sometimes followed by
+fire, with a result similar to that of a fire. In the region studied
+there are numerous small clearings, some of which are in use as the
+residences of settlers, but most have been allowed to revert to a wild
+condition. The stages in succession on an abandoned clearing seem to be
+similar to those following a fire, and they are here considered
+together.
+
+_Herbaceous stage:_ After a fire in a forest in this region the first
+vegetation to spring up seems to be the herbs, of which the fireweed
+(_Chamaenerion angustifolium_) is most prominent. A number of areas
+dominated by this type of vegetation were seen, but the type seems to
+be short-lived, and is probably quickly replaced by shrubs and tree
+seedlings. The stages in succession following a fire in swampy areas
+may be somewhat different from that in a hardwood region, but no data
+was obtained. No opportunity presented itself to study the mammals of
+the herbaceous stage, and I have no records for the species found
+there.
+
+_Shrub stage:_ Following a fire or clearing in a hardwood area the
+herbaceous stage is apparently quickly followed by a thick growth of
+shrubs and young trees. The characters of the shrub growth vary
+considerably with the texture of the soil, amount of soil moisture,
+slope, and completeness of burning. The growth is usually quite thick,
+though in some clearings where the growth has been kept down for some
+time there may be open grassy patches. In small clearings near
+Fish-hawk Lake the raspberry (_Rubus strigosus_) is a characteristic
+species, but near Little Girl's Point it is much less common. A large
+area of shrub studied near Little Girl's Point is on a rather steep
+slope facing to the north, though part is at the bottom of the hill on
+a very gentle slope. There are no large trees, but saplings up to
+2-1/2-inch trunks occur; most, however, are smaller. The quaking and
+large-toothed aspens (_Populus tremuloides_ and _P. grandidentata_),
+paper and yellow birches (_Betula papyrifera_ and _B. lutea_), sugar
+maple, and linden are common seedlings. Shrubs, such as the sumac
+(_Rhus hirta_), wild cherry (_Prunus pennsylvanica_), raspberry,
+willows (Salix spp.), mountain maple, red-berried elder (_Sambucus
+racemosa_), and hazel are common. A few herbs, like the fireweed,
+golden-rod, and pearly everlasting, occur in open places.
+
+A number of mammals are found in the shrub stage, but they are far less
+abundant than in mature hardwood forest.
+
+_Paper birch--aspen stage:_ The continued growth of the young trees in
+the shrub stage leads to the production of a sapling forest of the more
+quickly growing species, the paper birches and aspens. Often one or
+other of these species becomes dominant to the practical exclusion of
+the other, but sometimes both occur together. On the slopes near the
+lakes of the Cisco Lake chain aspens are rare, and the sapling forests
+on the clearings and burns are almost a pure stand of paper birch. Near
+Watersmeet, however, the aspen seems to be the dominant form, and few
+paper birches were seen. Near Gogebic Lake, also, the quaking aspen is
+the dominant form, though paper birches are common in the sapling
+forests. The growth in these sapling forests is very thick, and the
+ground is nearly bare of vegetation, though it is heavily covered with
+dead sticks and small logs. In a thick growth of quaking aspens, on wet
+ground studied near Gogebic Lake, a number of alders and paper birches,
+a few young trees of sugar maple and arbor-vitae, and a rare elm occur.
+A scanty undergrowth of mountain maple and numerous sugar maple
+seedlings is present. Few mammals are found in this stage of the
+forest.
+
+On the western slope of Birch Point on Cisco Lake there is a good stand
+of paper birches, growing in an open stand with much grass in the
+spaces between the trees. This place has been much used for camping and
+it may be that the development of the grass is the result of opening
+the forest by clearing out some of the trees. Among the birches are
+numerous young firs and white pines, with a few young sugar maples, and
+a rare arbor-vitae. The birches show many signs of age, and would
+evidently, if undisturbed, soon give way to a forest dominated by the
+pines and firs. In the grass among these trees deer-mice, red-backed
+voles, and jumping mice (Zapus) were taken. Signs of snowshoe hare were
+seen.
+
+_Young hardwood forest stage:_ On the eastern slope of a low ridge at
+Birch Point, Cisco Lake, a young hardwood forest is rapidly replacing a
+former growth of paper birches which has followed a fire. In this
+growth numerous old paper birches still persist, but they are being
+strongly crowded by a thick growth of vigorous young sugar maples, some
+of which have trunk diameters up to about eight inches, and which form
+a dense shade. Among the maples are numerous young firs and a few young
+hemlocks and arbor-vitae. The ground is mostly bare, being scantily
+covered by leaves. The soil is moist, but there is no grass and little
+brush. In this habitat deer-mice were taken, and one red squirrel was
+seen.
+
+
+_Artificial Conditions_
+
+_Overflow swamp habitat:_ Due to the rise in water-level of the lakes
+of the Cisco Lake chain many low areas of forest have been flooded and
+killed. Many of the dead trunks of these trees still remain standing,
+mixed with fallen and decaying logs in the water. Locally these
+habitats are called "overflow swamps," a name here adopted for the
+habitat. There is little living vegetation in these swamps, an
+occasional water lily being almost the only plant present. Porcupines
+commonly walk out on the logs of the swamp to secure the water lily
+leaves, and probably the mink occasionally runs over the logs in its
+movements along the waterways.
+
+_Cultivated-field habitat:_ Cleared fields occur only sparingly in the
+regions visited, and these fields are small in size. No study of their
+inhabitants was made, though silver-haired bats were collected while
+they were flying over a small clearing in the Little Girl's Point
+Region.
+
+_Edificarian habitat:_ Towns and buildings are not very common in
+northern Michigan. In and around a cabin on Lindsley Lake a number of
+deer-mice were trapped, and signs that porcupines had invaded the cabin
+were noted.
+
+
+
+
+ANNOTATED LIST OF MAMMALS
+
+_Condylura cristata._ Star-nosed Mole.
+
+    Tall-sedge, 2.
+Two were trapped September 3 and 5, 1920, in a short, open runway in
+very moist soil at the edge of a small ditch running through tall
+sedges in a beaver meadow near Gogebic Lake, Ontonagon County.
+
+_Sorex personatus personatus._ Masked Shrew.
+
+    Grassy-meadow, 2.
+    Black spruce--tamarack bog, 2.
+    Wet hardwood forest, 3.
+    Dry hardwood forest, 3.
+    Shrub stage, 2.
+
+In the Cisco Lake Region in July, one was taken in a small black spruce
+bog, two in a narrow tongue of grass between tall sedges and sphagnum
+bordering Mud Lake, three in the wetter parts of the hardwood forest,
+and three in the upland, well-drained hardwood forest. Near Little
+Girl's Point in August, two were taken in a growth of shrubs in a burn.
+Near Gogebic Lake, Ontonagon County, one was taken September 4 in a
+black spruce bog.
+
+_Sorex richardsonii._ Richardson Shrew.
+
+    Tall-sedge, 15.
+    Grassy-meadow, 1.
+    Sphagnum bog, 1.
+
+This species was found only in or near tall sedges growing in moist or
+marshy situations. In the Cisco Lake Region six were taken near Mud
+Lake in July. Four of these were taken in tall sedges, one in grass
+alongside the sedges, and one in sphagnum between the sedges and the
+lake. August 30 to September 5, eleven were taken in tall sedges in a
+beaver meadow near Gogebic Lake, Ontonagon County.
+
+An adult female trapped at Mud Lake, July 30, contained five large
+embryos. There were two pairs of inguinal and one pair of abdominal
+mammae. Another adult female trapped in the same place, July 22, had
+two pairs of inguinal mammae, but no abdominal mammae were found.
+
+The latter individual was moulting, patches of new fur having replaced
+the old on the top of the head midway between the ears and eyes,
+between the shoulders, and on the rump. The other female mentioned
+above, taken July 30, had nearly completed her moult.
+
+Only two specimens have been previously recorded from Michigan, one
+from Alger County and the other from Chippewa County.[2]
+
+_Neosorex palustris palustris._ Marsh Shrew, Water Shrew.
+
+    Tall-sedge, 1.
+    Ditch-border, 3.
+
+September 1 a marsh shrew was trapped in the tall sedges of a beaver
+meadow near Gogebic Lake, Ontonagon County. Most of the body had been
+eaten by some carnivore. Other specimens were taken on each of the two
+succeeding days, and a fourth on September 5.
+
+The first specimen taken was trapped eight feet from a tiny stream
+which flowed through the marshy sedges. Two of the others were taken on
+the muddy bank of the stream near the water's edge, and the fourth
+about 35 feet from the water. All were secured within a radius of 35
+feet.
+
+This species has been recorded but once previously from Michigan, from
+Chippewa County.[3]
+
+_Microsorex hoyi._ Hoy Shrew.
+
+    Black spruce-tamarack bog, 1.
+    Wet hardwood forest, 1.
+
+One specimen was taken July 17 at Fish-hawk Lake in a moderately wet
+part of the hardwood forest. Another was taken July 29 at the edge of a
+small black spruce bog.
+
+_Blarina brevicauda talpoides._ Bob-tailed Shrew.
+
+    Tall-sedge, 8.
+    Grassy-meadow, 6.
+    Alder-thicket, 1.
+    Black ash swamp, 6.
+    Arbor-vitae swamp, 4.
+    Black spruce--tamarack bog, 1.
+    Wet hardwood forest, 32.
+    Dry hardwood forest, 8.
+    Shrub stage, 1.
+    Paper birch--aspen stage, 6.
+
+The species is rather generally distributed, but is by far the most
+common in moist woods. In the Cisco Lake Region 11 were secured; in the
+Little Girl's Point district, 10; and near Gogebic Lake in Ontonagon
+County, 52. In the latter district it was the most abundant mammal
+species, even exceeding Peromyscus in numbers; indeed, Peromyscus was
+relatively uncommon in the partly swampy woods of the region, and it
+might be that the abundance of the bob-tailed shrews accounts for the
+scarcity of the deer-mice, for the shrews undoubtedly at times prey
+upon the mice. The specimen recorded above from the black
+spruce-tamarack bog was taken near Gogebic Lake in a boggy swamp,
+which, while dominated by black spruces, yet contained a considerable
+number of arbor-vitae and hemlocks.
+
+In the wet hardwood forest near Gogebic Lake Blarina runways are
+exceedingly abundant, usually running along or under sticks or logs.
+Commonly they are just under the leaves, but sometimes for a short
+distance are without covering. One old log examined was found to be
+honey-combed with these tunnels. The deeper runways nearly always
+follow down just under a tree root.
+
+The uterus of a female taken July 10, at Fish-hawk Lake, showed a few
+small swellings which were identified in the field as embryos.
+Unfortunately, the uterus was not preserved. No embryos were found in
+26 other females taken between July 15 and September 4. In the latter
+part of the season fewer immature specimens were taken than earlier in
+the summer. These facts show that in this region the species breeds in
+the spring or early summer and does not usually breed again during July
+and August.
+
+_Myotis lucifugus lucifugus._ Little Brown Bat.
+
+    Aerial, 15.
+
+Nine individuals were shot while they were flying over the lakes in the
+Cisco Lake Region. These were taken between 8:00 and 9:00 p. m. from
+July 1 to August 2; but on moonlight nights bats, believed to be of
+this species, were seen flying as late as 10:00 p. m. At the camp near
+Little Girl's Point one was shot at 7:55 p. m., August 11, as it flew
+about over the road through the dry hardwood forest. Five others were
+shot at the Gogebic Lake camp as they flitted through an opening in the
+wet hardwood forest. These were taken between 7:30 and 7:55 p. m.,
+August 23 to September 2; but bats almost certainly of this species
+appeared regularly in the evenings about 7:10 p. m.
+
+_Lasionycteris noctivagans._ Silver-haired Bat.
+
+    Aerial, 3.
+
+Near the Little Girl's Point camp one was shot at 7:50 p. m., August 9,
+and two more in the same region about 7:45 p. m., August 17. One was
+flying along a road through the dry hardwood forest at a height about
+equal to that of the tree-tops, and the others were taken in a small
+clearing in the same forest.
+
+_Nycteris borealis borealis._ Red Bat.
+
+    Aerial, 2.
+
+Two were secured near the Little Girl's Point camp at about 7:45 p. m.,
+one August 9 and the other August 14, as they flew about over the road
+through the dry hardwood forest.
+
+_Nycteris cinerea._ Hoary Bat.
+
+    Aerial, 1.
+
+The only specimen secured was shot at 7:55 p. m., August 9, while it
+was flying over the road through the dry hardwood forest near Little
+Girl's Point.
+
+_Ursus americanus americanus._ Black Bear.
+
+    Wet hardwood forest, 1.
+    Dry hardwood forest, 1.
+
+Reported by residents as being rather common. July 10 a large black
+bear was seen to cross the railroad track and enter the hardwood forest
+not over a quarter-mile from Cisco Lake Station. Tracks of a large
+individual were seen in the mud bordering a small brook in
+maple-birch-hemlock forest about three miles southeast of the station
+July 17 and August 15. At dusk, August 28, while Mr. Sherman was
+setting up a camera and flashgun along a deer trail about 100 yards
+from the camp on Gogebic Lake, a small bear passed within twenty-five
+paces of him, apparently but little concerned with his presence or that
+of the nearby camp and fire, except that it sniffed the air
+occasionally.
+
+_Canis lycaon._ Timber Wolf.
+
+    Mud-flat, signs.
+    Tall-sedge, tracks.
+    Dry hardwood forest, reported.
+
+Residents reported it common in all the districts visited by us. We saw
+signs and tracks in several habitats; and residents saw a wolf in the
+dry hardwood forest near our camp in the Little Girl's Point district.
+
+_Canis latrans._ Coyote.
+
+J. E. Fischer reported in 1920 that coyotes had appeared and become
+numerous in the region at the north end of Lake Gogebic within the last
+few years. We have secured several skulls and skeletons taken by him in
+1920-21.
+
+_Vulpes fulva._ Red Fox.
+
+    Mountain-heath, signs.
+
+Signs of fox were found in late August in a narrow growth of heath at
+the top of a cliff about a mile north of Lake Gogebic Station. J. E.
+Fischer has sent us a fox taken in January, 1921, in Gogebic County
+near Gogebic Lake. Benjamin J. Twombley reports that a few occur in the
+Cisco Lake Region. J. E. Marshall, in 1911, reported that a few
+occurred around Gogebic Lake.
+
+_Urocyon cinereoargenteus._ Gray Fox.
+
+J. E. Marshall reported in 1911 that it was rare, but that he had
+trapped two near Gogebic Lake.
+
+_Martes americanus americanus._ Marten.
+
+J. E. Marshall reported in 1911 that it was getting scarce in Gogebic
+and Ontonagon counties. He trapped a number near Gogebic Lake in the
+winter of 1884-1885, and took 15 in the winter of 1889-90. In 1920 J.
+E. Fischer reported marten rare near Gogebic Lake.
+
+_Martes pennantii pennantii._ Fisher.
+
+In 1911 J. E. Marshall reported that it was getting scarce near Gogebic
+Lake; he trapped four in the winter of 1889-90 and two in 1890-91. J.
+E. Fischer took one in Ontonagon County near Gogebic Lake in the winter
+of 1919-20. Ole Petersen in 1911 reported it rare near Gogebic Lake.
+
+_Mustela cicognanii cicognanii._ Bonaparte Weasel.
+
+    Black spruce--tamarack bog, 1.
+    Dry hardwood forest, 4.
+
+Trappers report it common throughout the areas visited. We took five
+specimens near Little Girl's Point. Several specimens taken in the
+Cisco Lake Region during the winter of 1920-21 were presented to us by
+Benjamin J. Twombley, and J. E. Fischer sent us a specimen taken in
+December, 1920, near Gogebic Lake.
+
+_Mustela vison letifera._ Mink.
+
+    Forest--shore, 6.
+    Wet hardwood forest, den.
+
+Reported by trappers as common throughout the area studied. In the
+Cisco Lake Region two were trapped at the water's edge beside a growth
+of paper birch saplings; and another was shot as it was running along
+the bank of the Ontonagon River at the edge of a stand of hemlocks.
+Three others were seen swimming near the latter locality July 29. Upon
+the approach of the canoe they swam rapidly to an old hollow log in wet
+hardwood forest on shore. Around and through the log well-worn runways
+showed evidence of the presence of a den.
+
+_Mephitis hudsonica._ Skunk.
+
+    Ditch-border, 1.
+    Dry hardwood forest, 5.
+
+Four skunks were taken in the dry hardwood forest of the Cisco Lake
+Region, one in the same type of habitat near the Little Girl's Point
+camp, and another in a trap set in the bottom of a muddy ditch in the
+beaver meadow near Gogebic Lake.
+
+An adult male, trapped July 14 in the Cisco Lake Region, was badly
+infested with tapeworms in the middle part of the small intestine. An
+adult female, taken July 19, was found to have many tapeworms in the
+intestine, many nematodes in the lung tissue, an infested liver, and a
+large number of nematodes in a cavity in the top of the skull.
+
+While we were photographing a captive juvenile August 2 at Lindsley
+Lake a horsefly (identified as _Tabanus atratus_ by J. S. Rogers)
+burrowed into the fur on the rump of the skunk and began sucking blood.
+
+_Taxidea taxus taxus._ Badger.
+
+J. E. Marshall reports that he trapped one in the winter of 1889-90
+between Gogebic Lake and Lake Superior.
+
+_Lutra canadensis canadensis._ Otter.
+
+In 1911 J. E. Marshall reported that quite a few remained around
+Gogebic Lake; he took quite a number in the winter of 1884 and several
+in the winters of 1889 to 1891. J. E. Fischer took two in Ontonagon
+County in January, 1921.
+
+_Lynx canadensis._ Canada Lynx.
+
+J. E. Marshall reports that it was not very plentiful near Gogebic Lake
+in 1884. He took one in the winter of 1890-91; in 1911 it had almost or
+entirely disappeared.
+
+_Lynx ruffus ruffus._ Bob-cat.
+
+J. E. Marshall reports that he took three or four near Gogebic Lake in
+the winter of 1890-91; in 1891-92 it had become quite numerous; and it
+continued to increase until 1911 at least. In 1920 residents reported
+that a few occurred in all the regions visited by us.
+
+_Peromyscus maniculatus gracilis._ Deer-mouse.
+
+    Tall-sedge, 4.
+    Black ash swamp, 5.
+    Arbor-vitae swamp, 11.
+    Black spruce--tamarack bog, 4.
+    Hemlock forest, 16.
+    White pine forest, 5.
+    Wet hardwood forest, 78.
+    Dry hardwood forest, 143.
+    Shrub stage, 19.
+    Paper birch--aspen, 15.
+    Young hardwood forest stage, 2.
+    Edificarian, 6.
+
+In the Cisco Lake Region and in the vicinity of Little Girl's Point
+this species is the most abundant mammal, but in the wet woods at the
+Gogebic Lake camp it is much less abundant, being exceeded in numbers
+by the bob-tailed shrew. A total of 308 deer-mice were taken during the
+summer. It was found in a variety of forest habitats, but it is most
+abundant in the dry upland woods of the Little Girl's Point Region. The
+individuals taken in the tall sedges at Mud Lake were probably
+stragglers from the nearby shrubs and forest, for no deer-mice were
+taken in the extensive sedges of the large beaver meadow studied near
+Gogebic Lake. Probably most of those taken in the black spruce bogs
+were stragglers also, though one individual taken in a large black
+spruce bog was 50 yards from the nearest deciduous woods.
+
+When we arrived in the Cisco Lake Region in late June young and
+subadults were abundant, many of the female subadults, as well as the
+adults, carrying embryos. Embryos were found throughout the summer up
+to August 25. Of females containing embryos, five had 4 embryos each,
+ten females 5 embryos each, nine females 6 embryos each, and one female
+8 embryos.
+
+_Synaptomys cooperi fatuus._ Lemming-vole.
+
+    Tall-sedge, 1.
+    Black spruce--tamarack bog, 2.
+    Wet hardwood forest, 1.
+    Dry hardwood forest, 1.
+
+In the Cisco Lake Region an adult female was taken in dry hardwood
+forest near Fish-hawk Lake June 28, 1920. It contained 6 embryos each
+21 mm. long. A juvenile was trapped July 26 on top a log in the tall
+sedges at Mud Lake. The log bridged over a particularly wet part of the
+marshy sedges and was at the edge of the hardwood forest. Two other
+juveniles were taken the next day, one in a small black spruce log, and
+the other in wet hardwood forest at the edge of the same bog. In
+Ontonagon County near Gogebic Lake a subadult male was taken September
+5 in a large black spruce bog.
+
+_Evotomys gapperi gapperi._ Red-backed vole.
+
+    Black ash swamp, 2.
+    Black spruce--tamarack bog, 6.
+    Arbor-vitae swamp, 2.
+    Hemlock forest, 5.
+    White pine forest, 2.
+    Wet hardwood forest, 18.
+    Dry hardwood forest, 17.
+    Shrub stage, 5.
+    Paper birch--aspen stage, 3.
+
+Thirty were taken in the Cisco Lake Region, 10 at the Little Girl's
+Point camp, and 20 near Gogebic Lake in Ontonagon County. It was most
+common in the forests. Two individuals recorded from the arbor-vitae
+swamp were taken in a mixed swamp of small arbor-vitae, black spruce,
+and hemlock with many alders, this situation probably forming a stage
+in the succession following a beaver meadow. Also, one of the specimens
+recorded from the paper birch--aspen stage was taken in an open stand
+of old paper birches with a forest floor of grass, conditions not
+typical of the stage.
+
+Of 13 females examined from June to August, two contained 4 embryos
+each, two 5 embryos each, and two 6 embryos each. August 14, at Little
+Girl's Point, was the last date on which embryos were found.
+
+The species is somewhat diurnal. Several times one was seen in daylight
+about the camp in the Cisco Lake Region, and several were trapped
+during daylight hours.
+
+A captive was fond of tender grass blades, but refused the harder
+stems. In eating he sat up on the hind feet and handled the food with
+the fore feet.
+
+An immature male taken August 8 near Little Girl's Point had a
+considerable infestation of seed ticks on the posterior lobes of both
+ears.
+
+_Microtus pennsylvanicus pennsylvanicus._ Meadow vole.
+
+    Mud-flat, 6.
+    Tall-sedge, 28.
+    Grassy-meadow, 6.
+    Black ash swamp, 1.
+    Arbor-vitae swamp, 1.
+    Leather leaf bog, 15.
+    Sphagnum bog, 9.
+    Black spruce--tamarack bog, 1.
+    Shrub stage, 17.
+
+Sixty-five were taken in the Cisco Lake Region and 19 in Ontonagon
+County, near Gogebic Lake. It is most abundant in grassy and sedgy
+meadows and in open bogs, though it is found rarely in swamps and
+tree-covered bogs. The individual listed from the arbor-vitae swamp was
+taken in a young growth of arbor-vitae, black spruce, hemlock, and many
+alders, and not in typical arbor-vitae swamp habitat. Of the 17 listed
+from the shrub stage, one was taken in a wet, sedgy part of a
+shrub-covered burn at Poor Lake, and the others were secured in the
+shrub and grass clearing around the camp house on Lindsley Lake.
+
+Of ten females examined, July 10 to September 5, one contained 3
+embryos, one 4 embryos, and two 5 embryos each. September 5 was the
+last date on which embryos were found. The three embryos found on the
+last date were each 23 mm. in length and together they weighed 8.5
+grams, which was 26 per cent of the weight of the mother with the
+embryos removed.
+
+Both adults and immature young were seen moving about, and were also
+trapped in broad daylight, but it is more active in the evening just
+before sunset.
+
+A captive juvenile was placed July 19 in a large tub with an adult
+female, which might have been its mother, for both were taken on
+succeeding days in the same trap. The young one immediately tried to
+nurse, but was severely bitten and driven away, though it made numerous
+unsuccessful attempts later. When approaching the old female the baby
+frequently gave a high-pitched squeak, and the old female replied by a
+hoarse squeak, evidently of warning, for the young one was bitten when
+it approached in defiance of the warning note and threatening attitude
+of the adult. The baby evidently had been weaned, and the old female
+was found to contain five large embryos.
+
+_Ondatra zibethica zibethica._ Muskrat.
+
+    Forest--shore, 5.
+    Water lily, 1.
+    Pondweed, 2.
+    Willow-thicket, signs.
+
+Muskrats are numerous in the Cisco Lake Region, and five specimens were
+taken. Near Little Girl's Point one was seen swimming in a small
+stream. At the mouth of Merriweather Creek on Gogebic Lake signs were
+noted in a willow thicket, and muskrats were reported numerous in the
+region.
+
+An adult female trapped July 6 at Fish-hawk Lake contained six large
+embryos; another female taken July 10 contained no embryos, but the
+mammae were filled with milk; and two females taken July 26 contained
+no embryos.
+
+In the Cisco Lake Region broken mussel shells were abundant in the
+muskrat runways along the shores. Remains of pondweeds were also
+frequently found in the runways, and a quantity of leaves with a few
+heads containing flowers and seeds collected July 8 were identified by
+E. A. Bessey as _Potamogeton richardsonii_.
+
+_Zapus hudsonius hudsonius._ Jumping-mouse.
+
+    Mud-flat, 4.
+    Tall-sedge, 12.
+    Grassy-meadow, 8,
+    Arbor-vitae swamp, 1.
+    Sphagnum bog, 1.
+    Black spruce--tamarack bog, 1.
+    Wet hardwood forest, 2.
+    Dry hardwood forest, 1.
+    Shrub stage, 10.
+    Paper birch--aspen stage, 2.
+
+Numerous in suitable habitats in the Cisco Lake Region, at Little
+Girl's Point, and at Gogebic Lake. Most common in open grasses and
+sedges. Five of those recorded above from the shrub stage were taken
+in open shrubs and grass in the clearing around the camp house on
+Lindsley Lake; and the two recorded from the paper birch--aspen stage
+were taken at Cisco Lake in an open stand of old paper birch with a
+forest floor of grass.
+
+Juveniles were taken throughout the summer, but no one of seven adult
+or nearly adult females examined between July 7 and September 4
+contained embryos.
+
+A captive taken July 18, after feeding ravenously on a cooky, retired
+to a corner and went to sleep. The position taken in this case was a
+sitting one, the animal resting on the widely spread feet as far as the
+heels, and on the tail. The head was bent far over, the nose extending
+between the hind legs. The long tail was curled around the body, it
+resting on the ground for its whole length. The operation of cleaning
+the tail was observed two days later. The animal worked from the base
+of the tail toward the tip, using the fore feet to present the tail to
+the mouth, where it was licked off. During the process the head was
+held over on one side, nearly touching the ground.
+
+_Napaeozapus insignis fructectanus._ Woodland Jumping Mouse.
+
+    Wet hardwood forest, 1.
+    Dry hardwood forest, 6.
+
+Three were taken in the Cisco Lake Region and four in the Little Girl's
+Point Region, all in heavy forest.
+
+Neither of two adult females taken August 8 and 10 contained embryos.
+
+_Erethizon dorsatum dorsatum._ Porcupine.
+
+    Forest--shore, 13.
+    Wet hardwood forest, 10.
+    Dry hardwood forest, 17.
+    Shrub stage, 5.
+    Paper birch--aspen stage, 10.
+    Overflow swamp, 5.
+    Edificarian, 1.
+
+Common at all camps. Many were taken in traps set for carnivores.
+Well-marked trails at the edges of lakes and streams through the
+forests are evidently made mostly by these animals. It is detested by
+the inhabitants of the region, chiefly for the damage done to any
+woodwork which contains the least amount of salt.
+
+Porcupines spend a considerable amount of time inside hollow linden,
+yellow birch, and hemlock trees, as shown by the large piles of
+droppings noted at the lower openings of numerous such hollow trees.
+
+June 30, and again on July 2, young individuals were closely observed
+while feeding on the leaves of the yellow water lily. These individuals
+were on the logs in an overflow swamp, and they reached down with a
+fore foot into the water to secure the food, which was then presented
+to the mouth with the same foot. One of these porcupines seemed to be
+very disinclined to wet his feet, except the fore feet in reaching for
+food; the other individual waded out on a log which was submerged
+several inches, but he showed a ludicrous determination to hold the
+tail up out of the water.
+
+A juvenile weighing only 914 grams was taken as late as July 21 at
+Fish-hawk Lake, but no embryos were found in the period between June 29
+and September 3. It is often active throughout the day as well as in
+the night.
+
+A young individual taken in a trap July 3 was found surrounded by a
+swarm of mosquitoes, which seemed to annoy him considerably, for he
+shook his skin frequently to dislodge them. One mosquito settled on a
+lower eyelid as we watched, and others kept alighting on his nose. When
+he raised his quills on our approach many mosquitoes attacked the skin
+exposed on the back.
+
+_Marmota monax canadensis._ Canada Woodchuck.
+
+    Hemlock forest, 5.
+    Shrub stage, 9.
+
+A few occur in the Cisco Lake Region, where they are most common in
+the shrubby clearings. Several adults fed commonly on the refuse from
+the camp. The stomach of a captured individual contained a considerable
+quantity of cooked corn, spaghetti, and boiled ham. Three woodchucks
+were noted at different times in hemlock forest along the lake shores.
+
+A half-grown juvenile was seen to swim the Ontonagon River near its
+entrance to Cisco Lake. This was on July 10, near noon, with bright
+sunshine. The river here is at least 75 yards in width, but has no
+perceptible current.
+
+Juveniles taken in traps were observed to extrude scent glands from the
+anus when approached. These glands are three in number, one on each
+side of the anus and one beneath. They are small, whitish, and
+cup-shaped. Normally they lie just inside the anus, but on excitement
+they are everted and the fold of skin forming the edge of the anus is
+rolled outward so that the glands lie outside. We detected a faint
+musky odor which might have come from these glands.
+
+In the Little Girl's Point district several inhabited a woodpile in
+hemlock forest at the edge of a wide road. None were found near Gogebic
+Lake.
+
+_Eutamias borealis neglectus._ Lake Superior Chipmunk.
+
+    Tall-sedge, 1.
+    Grassy-meadow, 3.
+    Black spruce--tamarack bog, 1.
+    Hemlock forest, 1.
+    Wet hardwood forest, 1.
+    Shrub stage, 20.
+    Paper birch--aspen stage, 2.
+
+Common in shrubby clearings and burns in the Cisco Lake and Little
+Girl's Point regions. A few were taken in tall sedges and grass not far
+from shrubs; one was taken in a small black spruce bog, about five
+yards from the surrounding wet hardwood forest; one was taken in
+hemlock forest near the lake shore; and one was seen in wet hardwood
+forest near the lake shore. Not seen near Gogebic Lake.
+
+These chipmunks were several times observed feeding on ripe
+raspberries. August 5, near Watersmeet, one was seen sitting on a rail
+fence beside a pasture, eating a grasshopper, the remains of which have
+been identified by T. H. Hubbell as _Melanoplus_ sp. probably
+_bivittatus_.
+
+_Tamias striatus griseus._ Gray Chipmunk.
+
+    Black ash swamp, 1.
+    Hemlock forest, 1.
+    Wet hardwood forest, 10.
+    Dry hardwood forest, 8.
+    Shrub stage, 2.
+
+Five records were obtained in the Cisco Lake Region; 9 near Little
+Girl's Point, and 8 near Gogebic Lake. It is most numerous in hardwood
+forest.
+
+An adult male taken July 5 had in its cheek-pouches numerous seeds of
+Carex and a fruit capsule of Viola, the identification being by E. A.
+Bessey. Of eight adult or nearly adult females examined between July 5
+and September 1, one taken July 15 in the Cisco Lake Region contained
+eight large embryos.
+
+_Sciurus hudsonicus loquax._ Southeastern Red-squirrel.
+
+    Black ash swamp, 1.
+    Arbor-vitae swamp, 3.
+    Black spruce--tamarack bog, 2.
+    Hemlock forest, 1.
+    White pine forest, 1.
+    Wet hardwood forest, 9.
+    Dry hardwood forest, 7.
+    Shrub stage, 1.
+    Paper birch--aspen stage, 3.
+    Early hardwood forest stage, 1.
+    Edificarian, 1.
+
+Seventeen records from the Cisco Lake Region; 6 from Little Girl's
+Point; and 7 from Gogebic Lake. None were noted more than a few yards
+from the protection of a forest.
+
+In a grove of white pines near Little Girl's Point cut pine scales were
+numerous August 13 on the ground and on logs, and one red-squirrel
+taken had much pitch on the fur around the mouth. August 24, cut-open
+fir cones were numerous around the small fir trees in a paper
+birch--aspen growth near Gogebic Lake, and were certainly the work of
+this species. July 2 a young red-squirrel which had frequently been
+seen around the camp in the Cisco Lake Region was found ravenously
+feeding on the kidney of a recently skinned woodchuck. After feeding it
+showed no fear, and allowed itself to be picked up; it seemed very
+sleepy and slept for about a half-hour before running away. This
+individual was badly infested with fleas. Another juvenile taken July 1
+in the same region was infested with small patches of red seed ticks
+around the anus, anterior to the genital opening, on the belly, on the
+thigh, and at the base of one ear.
+
+Six small embryos were found in an adult female taken in the Cisco Lake
+Region July 16.
+
+_Sciurus carolinensis leucotis._ Gray-squirrel.
+
+In 1911, J. E. Marshall reported that a few occurred near Gogebic Lake.
+
+_Glaucomys sabrinus macrotis._ Mearns Flying-squirrel.
+
+    Black ash swamp, 1.
+    Hemlock forest, 1.
+    Wet hardwood forest, 2.
+    Dry hardwood forest, 1.
+
+Two were taken in the Cisco Lake Region and three near Gogebic Lake in
+Ontonagon County. A female taken July 4 near Fish-hawk Lake was still
+suckling young, and contained no embryos, but a female taken July 6 in
+the same region contained five small embryos. An immature female taken
+August 27 near Gogebic Lake was without embryos.
+
+_Castor canadensis michiganensis._ Woods Beaver.
+
+    Leather leaf bog, house.
+
+Two houses were found in the Cisco Lake Region, both being in leather
+leaf bogs near deep water. Around the house studied there was an
+incomplete moat connected with a channel leading to deep water, and
+canals and tunnels radiated out through the bog. No beavers were
+observed nor secured, but fresh cuttings were noted at the edges of
+some of the "forms" in the bog.
+
+A few beaver are reported to occur near Little Girl's Point and near
+Gogebic Lake. E. E. Brewster in 1895 wrote Dr. Gibbs that it was not
+uncommon in Gogebic County and in probably all the counties of the
+Upper Peninsula where trapping and lumbering had been discontinued; he
+stated that beaver were appearing again even in localities where
+formerly most sought. In 1911, J. E. Marshall reported it scarce near
+Gogebic Lake.
+
+_Lepus americanus phæonotus._ Snowshoe Hare.
+
+    Forest--shore, 1.
+    Arbor-vitae swamp, signs.
+    Leather leaf bog, signs.
+    Black spruce--tamarack bog, 1.
+    Wet hardwood forest, signs.
+    Dry hardwood forest, 1.
+    Shrub stage, 7.
+    Paper birch--aspen stage, 1.
+    Cultivated-field, 1.
+    Edificarian, 1.
+
+Rare during the season of 1920 in the areas visited. In the Cisco Lake
+Region an adult female was taken in a trap set for muskrat under water
+on a brushy point. Other hares were occasionally seen in the evenings
+in the shrubby clearing around the camp house; and one was even seen on
+the porch. Droppings were found in a leather leaf bog, and a hare was
+seen at the edge of a black spruce--tamarack bog. Near Little Girl's
+Point a juvenile was taken August 13 in the upland hardwood forest, but
+was partly eaten in the trap by some carnivore; several were seen in
+shrubby clearings; and a young one was reported captured in an oat
+field by a farmer. Droppings were found in an arbor-vitae swamp. Near
+Gogebic Lake in Ontonagon County droppings were found in wet hardwood
+forest, in a thick growth of aspen and white birch saplings, and in an
+extensive tamarack bog.
+
+An adult female taken July 4 at Fish-hawk Lake had much milk in the
+mammae. At the camp on Lindsley Lake June 27 one was seen to eat some
+wood ashes; and June 30 one was seen to feed on the blades of quack
+grass (_Agropyron repens_), which was identified by E. A. Bessey.
+
+_Odocoileus virginianus borealis._ Northern White-tailed Deer.
+
+    Forest--shore, 1.
+    Mud-flat, signs.
+    Tall-sedge, 1.
+    Grassy-meadow, 1.
+    Alder-thicket, signs.
+    Black ash swamp, signs.
+    Arbor-vitae swamp, signs.
+    Black spruce--tamarack bog, signs.
+    Hemlock forest, signs.
+    Wet hardwood forest, 10.
+    Dry hardwood forest, 7.
+    Shrub stage, 8.
+    Paper birch--aspen stage, 1.
+
+Deer are abundant in the Cisco Lake Region; they are less common near
+Lake Gogebic; and only a few were seen near Little Girl's Point. Most
+of those seen were in the hardwood forest and in the brushy clearings,
+but trails and signs were common in many habitats.
+
+Wolves were reported to prey extensively on deer in the region, and
+wolf dung examined August 7 near Little Girl's Point contained much
+deer hair and some deer bones.
+
+_Alces americanus._ Moose.
+
+J. E. Marshall reports that a moose was seen near Gogebic Lake in the
+winter of 1885, and an individual, perhaps the same one, was killed on
+Flambeau Reservation that year.
+
+
+NORTHERN MICHIGAN MAMMALS        PLATE I
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 1. Beach of Lake Superior just east of Little
+Girl's Point. A dirt bluff at the right of the picture. August 10,
+1920.]
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 2. Tall-sedge habitat in a beaver meadow on the
+west side of Gogebic Lake, Ontonagon County. September 1, 1920.]
+
+
+NORTHERN MICHIGAN MAMMALS         PLATE II
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 1. Leather leaf bog invaded by tamaracks, Ontonagon
+River near Cisco Lake. August 3, 1920.]
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 2. Arbor-vitae swamp four miles southeast of Little
+Girl's Point. The ground is very moist. August 16, 1920.]
+
+
+NORTHERN MICHIGAN MAMMALS         PLATE III
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 1. Dry hardwood on a ridge four miles southeast of
+Little Girl's Point. Sugar maple, yellow birch, and linden are
+dominant. Undergrowth low. August 16, 1920.]
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 2. Virgin white pine grove, Gogebic County. Trunks
+up to four feet in diameter. Little undergrowth. August 17, 1920.]
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 1: H. T. Darlington, _Mich. Acad. Sci._, 22nd Ann. Rept.,
+1921.]
+
+[Footnote 2: 1914. N. A. Wood, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool., No. 6.]
+
+[Footnote 3: N. A. Wood, _op. cit._]
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Transcriber's Notes
+
+Page 35: Changed "porcppines" to "porcupines".
+  Originally: One of these porcppines seemed to be very disinclined
+
+Pages 42-47: Combined figure captions and images.
+  Originally: Images were on pages following their captions.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes on the Mammals of Gogebic and
+Ontonagon Counties, Michigan, 1920, by L. R. Dice and H. B. Sherman
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MAMMALS OF GOGEBIC AND ONTONAGON ***
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+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of Notes on the Mammals of Gogebic
+and Ontonagon Counties, Michigan, by L. R. Dice and H. B. Sherman.
+    </title>
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes on the Mammals of Gogebic and
+Ontonagon Counties, Michigan, 1920, by L. R. Dice and H. B. Sherman
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Notes on the Mammals of Gogebic and Ontonagon Counties, Michigan, 1920
+       Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology, Number 109
+
+Author: L. R. Dice
+        H. B. Sherman
+
+Release Date: October 14, 2011 [EBook #37753]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MAMMALS OF GOGEBIC AND ONTONAGON ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Larry B. Harrison, Diane Monico, and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
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+</pre>
+
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<p><span class="left">Number&nbsp;109</span><span class="right">February&nbsp;25,&nbsp;1922</span></p>
+
+<h2>OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF
+ZOOLOGY</h2>
+
+<h3>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN</h3>
+
+<div><span class="left">Ann Arbor, Michigan</span><span class="right">Published by the University</span>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h1>NOTES ON THE MAMMALS OF GOGEBIC AND<br />
+ONTONAGON COUNTIES, MICHIGAN, 1920</h1>
+
+<p class="title"><span class="smcap">By L. R. Dice and H. B. Sherman</span></p>
+
+
+<p>The authors of this paper spent the summer of 1920 in
+western Michigan studying the mammals of the region for
+the Michigan Geological and Biological Survey. From June
+25 to August 4 was spent in the Cisco Lake Region with
+headquarters on Lindsley Lake; August 6 to August 20 a
+camp was maintained in the woods four miles southeast of
+Little Girl's Point; and from August 20 to September 6 was
+spent working from a camp on the western shore of Lake
+Gogebic, about three miles south of Lake Gogebic Station.
+The first two camps were in Gogebic County, the third in
+Ontonagon County.</p>
+
+<p>The field work was performed jointly by the two authors,
+under the direction of the senior author, who is responsible
+for the identification of the species, the descriptions of the
+general areas and of the habitats, and is jointly concerned in
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span>
+writing the annotated list.</p>
+
+<p>In addition to our own records, we have secured many valuable
+notes on the distribution of the larger species from J.
+E. Fischer, of Merriweather, Ontonagon County, a trapper
+of many years' experience; and from Benjamin J. Twombley,
+of Bent's Resort, Wisconsin, who has made many observations
+on the mammals of the Cisco Lake Region. We have also
+added a number of records from J. E. Marshall, who trapped
+for many years, beginning 1884, in Ontonagon and Gogebic
+counties, and from Ole Petersen, at one time a trapper at
+Gogebic Lake.</p>
+
+<p>The habitats in which records of occurrence have been
+obtained for the region under consideration are listed under
+each species; and the number of individuals taken, or seen and
+positively identified, in each habitat are given. From the
+figures a rough estimate of the relative abundance of the
+various species in the different habitats can be obtained, but
+the various habitats were not trapped or studied equally intensively,
+and for the larger and the rarer forms the numbers
+give little dependable data on relative abundance.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Descriptions_of_the_Regions_Studied" id="Descriptions_of_the_Regions_Studied"></a><span class="smcap">Descriptions of the Regions Studied</span></h2>
+
+
+<p><i>Cisco Lake Region.</i> In the Cisco Lake Region there are
+many lakes, mostly small, but several of a length of one to
+three miles. The water-level in the Cisco Lake chain has been
+raised six or ten feet by a dam across the outlet, and this
+change in water-level has killed the trees along the lake borders,
+so that the lakes are fringed by a narrow line of dead
+trees. The habitats of emerging vegetation and of aquatic
+vegetation have been much altered by the change in water-level,
+and these habitats cannot be well studied in these lakes.
+However, the neighboring lakes in which the water-level has
+not been changed show that the forests of the region originally
+came down to the water's edge, and that there was little normal
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span>development of marsh or swamp.</p>
+
+<p>The ridges between the lakes rise in general to heights of
+twenty-five feet or more, though bluffs are not formed. These
+ridges are mostly covered by mixed hardwood forest in which
+the hard maple, yellow birch, hemlock, and linden are the
+dominant trees. There are numerous small wet depressions,
+some of them containing small black spruce bogs, while others
+include a few arbor-vitae mixed with linden and other typical
+trees of the wet hardwood forest. Small areas of nearly pure
+hemlock occur on some slopes near the lake shores. A few
+large tamarack bogs are present.</p>
+
+<p>Though the pines formerly occurring have been taken out,
+the region otherwise is in nearly its native condition. A few
+former clearings along the lake shores have grown up to
+brush or to white birch saplings or small trees.</p>
+
+<p><i>Little Girl's Point Region.</i> Much of the region in the near
+vicinity of Little Girl's Point has been cleared or burned, but
+a few miles to the east and southeast there are still considerable
+areas of native forest. The high ridge running through
+the region bears a splendid forest of maple, yellow birch, and
+linden, with little if any hemlock. However, on the steeper
+lower slopes hemlock occurs in nearly a pure stand. At one
+place was found a nice grove of large white pines, mixed, on
+the lower edge of the slope, with a few hemlocks. Black spruce-tamarack
+bogs are extensive and arbor-vitae swamps occur
+commonly. The extensive burned areas south of the point
+have grown up to a thicket of aspen, birch, and various shrubs
+and saplings. A few small areas are under cultivation.</p>
+
+<p><i>Region at the north end of Gogebic Lake.</i> Most of the
+region about the north end of Gogebic Lake is low and wet.
+A number of small black ash swamps occur near the lake, and
+further back there are extensive black spruce bogs. The main<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span>
+forest is of a much mixed wet hardwood type, sugar maple,
+linden, yellow birch, elm, and hemlock, being the dominant
+species. The forest in most places reaches the edge of the
+lake, though a few sandy beaches occur. However, the level
+of the water in the lake has been raised a few feet by a dam
+across the outlet, and beaches were probably more abundant
+before this occurred. The lake is so large, about 13 miles long
+by 1 to 2 miles broad, that wave action is quite pronounced.</p>
+
+<p>One beaver meadow was studied, this meadow including
+areas of grasses and of sedges, traversed by ditches, small
+mud-flats covered with low rushes, and alder thickets.</p>
+
+<p>Just north of Lake Gogebic Station there are some high hills
+having bluffs on the southern exposures. These hills were
+visited, but they had been extensively logged and burned over
+and no attempt was made to trap for mammals on them.</p>
+
+<p>Some large burned areas have grown up to sapling forests
+of aspens. Near the towns of Lake Gogebic and Merriweather
+nearly all the forests have been cleared away, but farther south
+on the sides of the lake the woods are still in their natural
+condition.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Habitats" id="Habitats"></a><span class="smcap">Habitats</span></h2>
+
+
+<p>The habitats studied in Gogebic and Ontonagon counties
+may be listed as follows:</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 2em;">
+Exposed shores:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Open-water</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Beach</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Dirt-bluff</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Forest&mdash;shore</span><br />
+<br />
+Protected shores:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Water lily</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Pondweed</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Rush</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Submerged-sedge</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Cat-tail</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Willow-thicket</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Mud-flat</span><br />
+<br />
+Meadow:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Ditch-border</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Tall-sedge</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Grassy-meadow</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Alder-thicket</span><br />
+<br />
+Swamps:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Black ash swamp</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Arbor-vitae swamp</span><br />
+<br />
+Bogs:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Leather leaf bog</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Sphagnum bog</span><br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Black spruce&mdash;tamarack bog</span><br />
+<br />
+Forests:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Hemlock forest</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">White pine forest</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Wet hardwood forest</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Dry hardwood forest</span><br />
+<br />
+Mountains:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Rock-bluff</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Mountain-heath</span><br />
+<br />
+Air:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Aerial</span><br />
+<br />
+Burns and clearings:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Herbaceous stage</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Shrub stage</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Paper birch&mdash;aspen stage</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Young hardwood forest stage</span><br />
+<br />
+Artificial conditions:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Overflow swamp</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Cultivated-field</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Edificarian</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>This list of habitats is admittedly not complete for the
+regions visited, but is intended to include those which we
+studied. We had no opportunity of studying either the shores
+of a large river or jack pine ridges, both of which situations
+will undoubtedly have habitats not here recognized.</p>
+
+<p>The habitats studied in Gogebic and Ontonagon counties
+but every habitat has been listed which seems to form a distinct
+type of mammal environment. We are firmly convinced
+that it is better to describe a great number of habitats rather
+than to lump different kinds of environments together. It is
+infinitely easier for a later worker to combine several habitats,
+which have been split too finely, than it is to separate the component
+habitats which may have been lumped together under
+one name.</p>
+
+<p>No attempt is made to give complete lists of the plants
+found in each habitat, but only the more conspicuous plants
+or those of special importance to the mammals are mentioned.
+The plant names used are mostly taken from Darlington's list
+of Gogebic County plants.<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></p>
+
+
+<h3><i>Exposed Shores</i></h3>
+
+<p><i>Open-water habitat:</i> This habitat includes the areas of open
+water with no rooted vegetation in the deeper parts of the
+lakes and rivers. On Lake Superior at Little Girl's Point this<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span>
+habitat comes directly to the beach, for the wave action on this
+exposed point is sufficient to prevent the growth of plants
+along the shore. In Gogebic Lake and in the smaller lakes of
+the Cisco Lake Region there are also many parts where there
+is no rooted vegetation along shore. This habitat, therefore,
+covers by far the larger part of the aquatic conditions of
+northwestern Michigan. We secured no records of mammals
+for this habitat, and, though some aquatic species must occasionally
+occur in the open water along lake shores, they are
+rare there, and are practically absent from the areas of open
+water farther out in the lakes.</p>
+
+<p><i>Beach habitat:</i> The shore of Lake Superior at Little Girl's
+Point is subjected to heavy pounding by the lake waves, leading
+to the formation of a well-developed beach. To the east
+of the point the beach for some distance is five to ten yards
+wide, mostly of small gravel, with sand on the upper part; it
+ends abruptly against a steep dirt bluff. On the beach no
+vegetation grows and only a few scattered drift logs occur.
+To the west of Little Girl's Point undetached masses of solid
+rock are more prominent, though small patches of gravel occur
+in partially protected places. The beach here in general is
+narrow and rises steeply, so that the different beach zones,
+lower, middle, and upper, are not well marked. On the shores
+of Lake Gogebic are a few small sand beaches; but around this
+lake, as well as around the smaller lakes of the region, the
+forest comes, in general, directly to the edge of the water.
+There was no opportunity to trap for mammals on a beach,
+and no records for the habitat were obtained.</p>
+
+<p><i>Dirt-bluff habitat:</i> To the east of Little Girl's Point the
+beach of Lake Superior runs along the base of a dirt bluff
+about 35 feet high. The storm waves of winter evidently<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span>
+wash against this bluff, eroding it away and destroying the
+forest, which is of the hemlock type, growing on the level
+above. The bluff is quite steep, and along with small exposures
+of bare clay bears a number of scattered herbs and a few
+shrubs and small trees, such as alder, willow, arbor-vitae, yellow
+birch, paper birch, and red maple. No collecting was
+done in this habitat and no records of mammals were obtained
+from it.</p>
+
+<p><i>Forest&mdash;shore habitat:</i> Along all the lakes of the region,
+except Lake Superior, the forests in general come down to
+the water's edge. The marginal forests are frequently dominated
+by hemlock, though often a wet hardwood forest occurs
+along the shores, and in a number of places along Gogebic
+Lake black ash swamps border the water. Red maple (<i>Acer
+rubrum</i>) and mountain ash (<i>Sorbus americana</i>) frequently
+occur along the exposed shores of Gogebic Lake. Frequently
+young forests of paper birch or quaking aspen have replaced
+the original forests in the clearings and burned areas along the
+lake borders. The shore beside a forest commonly rises
+abruptly a few inches to a foot or more in a firm bank, and
+in most cases the trees overhang the water to some extent.
+These shores are the favorite promenade of the porcupine;
+and the mink, muskrat, and otter are typical of the habitat.</p>
+
+
+<h3><i>Protected Shores</i></h3>
+
+<p><i>Water lily habitat:</i> In shallow, protected parts of the lakes
+and channels of the Cisco Lake chain there are extensive
+growths of white and yellow water lilies (<i>Castalia tuberosa</i>
+and <i>Nymphaea advena</i>). Water lilies also occur in many
+places as a narrow border at the edge of deep water. Muskrats
+were the only mammals noted in this habitat, but mink
+and otter probably occur also.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><i>Pondweed habitat:</i> A thick growth of pondweeds (Potamogeton
+spp.) occurs in protected places along the shores in
+many parts of the lakes of the Cisco Lake chain. Muskrats
+were noted in this habitat. In Gogebic Lake the exposure to
+wave action is in most places too great for a good development
+of pondweeds, though in the northern end of the lake
+there are a number of widely scattered plants of this type, but
+not forming a very well marked habitat.</p>
+
+<p><i>Rush habitat:</i> On somewhat protected shoals, both in the
+lakes of the Cisco Lake Region and in Gogebic Lake, there is
+sometimes a growth of rushes (Juncus sp.). Along the lower
+course of the Merriweather River, just before it enters Gogebic
+Lake, rushes thickly cover numerous small areas. The plants
+in both cases grow partly submerged in the water. No records
+for mammals were obtained from this type of habitat, though
+doubtless some of the amphibious forms frequently occur here.</p>
+
+<p><i>Submerged-sedge habitat:</i> Sedges in general do not occur
+as a definite belt about the margins of the lakes in the region
+studied. The only place where any considerable growth of
+sedges was noted at the edge of the water was along the lower
+course of Merriweather River, just before it enters Gogebic
+Lake. Here there are considerable areas of sedges partially
+submerged by the water. No records of mammals were
+obtained from this habitat.</p>
+
+<p><i>Cat-tail habitat:</i> Under native conditions cat-tails (<i>Typha
+latifolia</i>) apparently do not often form extensive habitats in
+the region. Along the marshy borders of the lower Merriweather
+River at Gogebic Lake a few small patches were seen.
+Small patches were seen in other places along railroad tracks
+where embankments had produced small areas of marshy
+ground.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In the Cisco Lake Region a few of the areas of timber
+killed by the raising of the water-level have grown up to cat-tail
+swamps. In these swamps there are many standing dead
+trees and fallen logs as well as some areas of open water. The
+cat-tails seem to occur mostly in those swamps having only
+a small connection with the main body of the lake. In these
+places the cat-tail is dominant, though numerous sedges occur,
+and there is some sphagnum growing on the fallen logs and
+along the shore. A few small black spruces are starting.
+Along the edge of such a swamp a few deer-mice were taken,
+but these were evidently stragglers from the adjacent forest.</p>
+
+<p><i>Willow-thicket habitat:</i> Willows do not occur commonly
+along the water margins of the lakes of the region. The only
+place, except in clearings, where willows were noted as a definite
+growth is along the lower course of the Merriweather
+River at Gogebic Lake. Along this part of the river there
+are extensive growths of shrubby willows, growing (in early
+September) in a foot or more of water. The indications were
+that earlier in the summer the water about these plants must
+have been at least a foot higher. Signs of muskrat were noted
+at the edge of these willows.</p>
+
+<p><i>Mud-flat habitat:</i> Around the margin of a pond formed by
+an old deserted beaver dam near Gogebic Lake, two miles
+southwest of Merriweather, is a narrow strip of mud, very
+wet and sparsely covered with a growth of low rushes. The
+strip of muddy ground varies from about 1 to 4 meters in
+width and extends a short distance up along the edge of the
+small ditch draining into the pond. At the upper border of
+the strip of muddy shore is a thick growth of sedges, meeting
+the muddy shore at a fairly sharp line.</p>
+
+<p>In this habitat meadow mice are common and four jumping
+mice (<i>Zapus hudsonius</i>) were taken.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3><i>Meadows</i></h3>
+
+<p><i>Ditch-border habitat:</i> A number of small ditches run through
+an old beaver meadow of considerable size near Gogebic Lake,
+about two miles southwest of Merriweather. The borders of
+the ditches are muddy and the banks are from 6 to 18 inches
+high; in places the ditch borders are closely encroached upon
+by the tall sedges of the adjacent meadow. A small amount
+of water was present (in early September) in most of the
+ditches. In mouse traps set at the edges of these ditches,
+partly in the water, star-nosed moles and navigator shrews
+were taken. In a larger trap a skunk was taken.</p>
+
+<p><i>Tall-sedge habitat:</i> In the beaver meadow studied near
+Gogebic Lake, an area about 200 meters by 100 meters or
+more is occupied by a heavy growth of high, coarse sedges,
+reaching a height of about .75 to 1.00 meter. A few grasses
+and some low herbs occur sparingly among the sedges. The
+habitat had not been burned over and the ground is covered
+with a thick mat of the decaying leaves and stems of the
+sedges and grasses. In most places the ground is quite wet,
+sometimes soggy to walk upon, and in a few places low hummocks
+are numerous. A similar habitat was found in rather
+a narrow strip at the edge of Mud Lake, one-fourth mile southwest
+of Thousand Island Lake, Gogebic County. Here a small
+area of meadow occurs along the inlet of a tiny stream. This
+area apparently had been artificially cleared of its forest, but
+the level of the lake had not been raised.</p>
+
+<p>The habitat differs from the submerged-sedge habitat of
+protected lake shores in being higher above the water and in
+not being covered with water from July to September; probably
+water does not stand to any depth on it at any time. The
+Richardson shrew is apparently a characteristic mammal of
+this habitat, though other shrews and mice were taken here
+also.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><i>Grassy-meadow habitat:</i> Part of the beaver meadow studied
+near Gogebic Lake is covered by a thick growth of grasses
+and sedges of a number of species. The ground of the habitat
+was rather dry and had been burned over the previous year.
+Grasses are also dominant over a few small areas near Mud
+Lake in Gogebic County. On a small area of the clearing
+near this lake a thick stand of bluegrass (Poa) is almost the
+only plant present. This occurs on an area of fairly moist
+mud. On the drier slope near the forest Poa also is abundant,
+forming the dominant species over a strip about 5 to 10 meters
+wide. Jumping mice are common in this habitat.</p>
+
+<p><i>Alder-thicket habitat:</i> On very wet ground just below an
+old beaver dam near Gogebic Lake there is a heavy growth
+of alder (<i>Alnus incana</i>) about 20 feet high. No other shrubs
+were noted in the thicket. The ground under the alders is
+mostly bare, there being only a few ferns, grasses, and other
+herbs. On the ground are many dead sticks fallen from the
+alders. This situation contained few mammals, only one
+Blarina being taken in four days' trapping with 25 traps. At
+the south end of the beaver meadow willows and alders are
+invading the sedges in very wet ground. No trapping was
+done in this situation.</p>
+
+
+<h3><i>Swamps</i></h3>
+
+<p><i>Black ash swamp habitat:</i> A number of black ash swamps
+occur along the shores of Gogebic Lake, being apparently partially
+flooded during periods of heavy rains and during stages
+of high water. In a swamp of this type near the north end
+of Gogebic Lake on the west side, black ash (<i>Fraxinus nigra</i>)
+is the dominant tree, the trunks reaching diameters up to 2
+feet. Elms (<i>Ulmus americana</i>) sometimes reaching a trunk
+diameter of 3 feet are common, and yellow birches and hard
+maples are common also. Black maples are rare, and lindens<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span>
+are few. The trees are high and the forest crown nearly
+closed. Underbrush is common in the more open places, this
+being mostly mountain maple (<i>Acer spicatum</i>) with a few
+young firs, young arbor-vitae, and Virginia creepers (<i>Parthenocissus
+quinquefolia</i>). There are numerous ferns, and herbs
+are abundant. Under the more closed parts of the forest
+canopy the ground is mostly bare, underbrush and herbs being
+scanty. Smaller black ash swamps occur in the Cisco Lake
+Region, and in the vicinity of Little Girl's Point a number of
+small black ashes were noted in a swamp of mixed arbor-vitae
+and black spruce.</p>
+
+<p><i>Arbor-vitae swamp habitat:</i> In the Cisco Lake Region
+arbor-vitae (<i>Thuja occidentalis</i>) occurs commonly near the
+edges of the lakes and in the wet depressions in the forest.
+Near Gogebic Lake also the arbor-vitae grows commonly near
+the shores of the lake and in wet places in the woods, especially
+at the edges of swamps. But the trees in both these
+areas, so far as seen, were small, and the arbor-vitae did not
+form a dominant species, but occurred in a small percentage
+mixed with the other types of forest. However, in part of
+the region near Gogebic Lake extensive arbor-vitae swamps
+are reported to occur. In the vicinity of Little Girl's Point
+arbor-vitae swamps are common, occupying the wet lower
+northern slopes of the high ridge.</p>
+
+<p>In a swamp of this type three miles southeast of the point
+arbor-vitae is the dominant tree, reaching trunk diameters of
+two feet and more. Under the dense shade of the high forest
+crown there are many young trees of the same species, and
+the forest has evidently reached a temporary climax. Of other
+trees, a few small yellow birch, a few young firs and hemlocks,
+and one fallen white spruce (<i>Picea canadensis</i>) were noted.
+The ground is very wet and there are numerous tiny streams,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span>
+which frequently disappear under the ground. Fallen trees
+and decaying logs on the ground make a thick tangle, very
+difficult to penetrate. The underbrush is scanty; mountain
+maple is rather common, and there are a few young black
+ashes. Much moss grows on the ground and on the decaying
+logs.</p>
+
+<p>In a depression two miles south of Little Girl's Point is a
+mixed growth of arbor-vitae, black spruce, with a few black
+ashes. The trees are mostly small, none of them exceeding
+about eight inches in trunk diameter. In August the ground
+was very wet, there being standing water in some places, and
+the ground was heavily covered with sphagnum. This situation
+may be considered transitional between the black spruce
+bog and the arbor-vitae swamp. No traps for mammals were
+set in this situation.</p>
+
+
+<h3><i>Bogs</i></h3>
+
+<p><i>Leather leaf bog habitat:</i> In the northwestern corner of
+Fish-hawk Lake and at several places along the channel connecting
+Lindsley and Cisco lakes a heavy growth of leather
+leaf (<i>Chamaedaphne calyculata</i>) adjoins and overhangs the
+water, a considerable portion of the growth actually floating
+on the water. With the leather leaf is associated much sweet
+gale (<i>Myrica gale</i>) and alders, and these plants form almost
+the entire mat in some of the wetter areas. At other places
+sphagnum becomes abundant and the conditions approach
+those of a sphagnum bog. Other plants commonly found in
+the leather leaf bog in the Cisco Lake Region are the Labrador
+tea (<i>Ledum groenlandicum</i>), swamp laurel (<i>Kalmia potifolia</i>),
+wild rosemary (<i>Andromeda glaucophylla</i>), small cranberry
+(<i>Oxycoccus oxycoccus</i>), pitcher-plant (<i>Sarracenia purpurea</i>),
+and small trees of black spruce and tamarack. In a
+typical leather leaf bog on the Ontonagon River near the outlet<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span>
+from Thousand Island Lake a large beaver house is located.</p>
+
+<p><i>Sphagnum bog habitat:</i> In a restricted sense the name is
+here applied to the part of a bog which is free from trees. It
+differs from the leather leaf bog in having a greater amount
+of sphagnum, for while the leather leaf bog when first developed
+over the water has little or no sphagnum, the sphagnum
+bog, as here considered, is almost entirely covered by sphagnum.
+The shrubs found in the two situations are apparently
+identical, except that the leather leaf is less abundant. A small
+bog of this type borders the edge of Mud Lake in the Cisco
+Lake Region, and small parts of many bogs are free from
+trees. So far as was determined, the mammal fauna is the
+same as that for the black spruce&mdash;tamarack bog, from which
+the only difference is the absence of trees.</p>
+
+<p><i>Black Spruce&mdash;Tamarack Bog habitat:</i> The dominant bog
+tree in this region is the black spruce (<i>Picea mariana</i>), which
+is usually small and stunted. With the black spruces are a
+lesser number of small tamaracks (<i>Larix larcina</i>), which in
+places may be dominant. The ground is heavily covered with
+sphagnum, which is normally soaked with water. Shrubs are
+abundant, though usually not forming a closed mat. Of the
+shrubs the leather leaf is the most abundant, though Kalmia,
+Andromeda, Ledum, and blueberries are common. A few
+young white pines and red maples were noted. Sedges occur
+frequently, and the pitcher plant is very characteristic.</p>
+
+
+<h3><i>Forests</i></h3>
+
+<p><i>Hemlock forest habitat:</i> In the Cisco Lake Region groves
+of hemlock (<i>Tsuga canadensis</i>) frequently occupy the lower
+parts of steep slopes adjoining the lakes. One such area studied
+is made up of practically a pure stand of hemlocks, the trunks
+being from about 6 to 18 inches in diameter. A few very old
+yellow birches are present, and also a few young sugar maples<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span>
+and arbor-vitae, the latter chiefly near the water's edge.
+Shrubs and herbs are nearly absent, and the forest floor is
+covered by a thick carpet of dead needles. There are many
+decaying logs, usually covered by a thin coat of moss. In the
+Little Girl's Point Region nearly pure stands of large hemlocks
+cover many of the lower parts of steep slopes and also
+occur commonly on well-drained soil elsewhere. In the vicinity
+of the north end of Gogebic Lake a few small groves of
+hemlocks were noted, but the ground in general is so low and
+swampy that the species mostly occurs as a part of the mixed
+forest of the region. Animals are rare in the habitat.</p>
+
+<p><i>White pine forest habitat:</i> White pine (<i>Pinus strobus</i>),
+which formerly was a common forest tree in northern Michigan,
+has now been mostly removed for lumber. Near Little
+Girl's Point a small natural grove of this species was studied,
+occupying a moderate southerly slope above a black spruce
+bog. The area is about 50 by 150 meters in size. White pines
+are by far the most numerous and dominant tree, the trunks
+measuring up to about five feet in diameter. In the grove
+yellow birch, some of large size, are common; toward the
+bottom of the slope hemlocks are also common; and near the
+edge of the bog there are a few arbor-vitae. Shrubs are almost
+absent, there being merely a few small seedlings of arbor-vitae,
+hemlock, and fir, mostly toward the bottom of the slope.
+A few scattered clumps of grass appear, but the forest floor
+is mostly covered only by a thick carpet of dry pine needles.
+Numerous dead limbs and sticks have fallen from the pines.</p>
+
+<p><i>Wet hardwood forest habitat:</i> The land adjoining much
+of Gogebic Lake is low and poorly drained. Here is found
+a mixed forest dominated by sugar maple (<i>Acer saccharum</i>),
+black maple, hemlock, yellow birch (<i>Betula lutea</i>), linden,
+elm (<i>Ulmus americana</i>), ash (not black ash), and ironwood<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span>
+(<i>Ostrya virginiana</i>). The hardwoods are decidedly dominant
+over the conifers. The forest crown is high and closed, and
+the trees are large. The underbrush in general is scanty,
+though in some places there is a thick growth of mountain
+maple (<i>Acer spicatum</i>) and of sugar maple seedlings. Leatherwood
+(<i>Dirca palustris</i>), hazel, ferns, and a few young firs
+(<i>Abies balsamea</i>) also occur.</p>
+
+<p>Some of the lower forests in the Cisco Lake Region approach
+the wet hardwood forest type, though none are extensive in
+area, and they are usually surrounded and dominated by the
+dry forest condition.</p>
+
+<p><i>Dry hardwood forest habitat:</i> The highest development of
+the dry hardwood type of forest was found on the upper parts
+of the moderately high ridge near Little Girl's Point. The
+slopes in general are very gentle, but well drained. The forest
+here is dominated by the sugar maple (<i>Acer saccharum</i>), yellow
+birch (<i>Betula lutea</i>), and linden (<i>Tilia americana</i>). Hemlocks
+are rare, and only one elm was seen. The trees are
+large, the trunks frequently reaching diameters of two feet
+or more. The forest crown is high and heavy. Underbrush
+is scanty and low, being mostly young seedlings of sugar
+maple, though seedlings of linden are numerous. Other shrubs
+and herbs noted were the leatherwood (<i>Dirca palustris</i>), hazel
+(<i>Corylus rostrata</i>), yew (<i>Taxus canadensis</i>), gooseberry, ferns,
+false Solomon's seal, and grass. On the ground are many
+decaying leaves, these usually forming a heavy carpet; decaying
+logs and freshly fallen sticks are common.</p>
+
+<p>In the Cisco Lake Region the drainage is not so good as in
+the vicinity of Little Girl's Point, and the forests of that district
+are of a type somewhat intermediate between the wet
+hardwood forest and the dry hardwood forest. In the Cisco
+Lake Region the topography is much broken, there being many<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span>
+small hills and ridges, and many small depressions, often poorly
+drained. In the damp depressions, if not wet enough for a
+bog, arbor-vitae and hemlock are common, while on the ridges
+sugar maple and linden are characteristic, though hemlock
+occurs here sparingly also. There is accordingly much local
+variation in tree forms, but the whole forest is decidedly of a
+hardwood type.</p>
+
+<p>The dry hardwood forests of the Little Girl's Point Region
+are inhabited by many deer-mice, while only a few of this
+species are found in the wet hardwood forests near Gogebic
+Lake, bob-tailed shrews being there the most abundant mammal
+and red-backed voles being common, both of which are
+rare in the other districts. In the dry hardwood forest near
+Little Girl's Point four woodland jumping mice (Napaeozapus)
+were taken, while in the Cisco Lake Region only two were
+taken in a period twice as long, and at Gogebic Lake none were
+secured. These observations indicate that moisture conditions
+in hardwood forests have an important influence on the mammal
+fauna.</p>
+
+
+<h3><i>Mountains</i></h3>
+
+<p><i>Rock-bluff habitat:</i> Rock exposures are rare in the region
+studied. However there are several high hills with steep
+exposures of rock a short distance north of Ironwood and
+Bessemer. These hills could not be studied in the time available,
+and the only cliff examined was on a small range of hills
+northeast of the station of Lake Gogebic. On one of these
+hills is a nearly perpendicular rock cliff about 200 feet high
+and facing to the southward. The small talus slope at the
+bottom is overgrown with shrubs and trees, and on the small
+ledges and gullies of the face of the cliff a few small trees,
+shrubs, and herbs are also growing. The most conspicuous
+plants of the rock habitat are scrub oaks, aspens, and heaths.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span>
+No trapping was done in the habitat, and no notes on mammals
+were secured. Probably the mammal fauna is not very large.</p>
+
+<p><i>Mountain-heath habitat:</i> A narrow, poorly developed belt
+of heath fringes the upper edge of the rock cliff examined
+north of Lake Gogebic. Characteristic plants are the blueberry
+and bearberry, mixed with creeping juniper and a few
+scattered grasses. The habitat is very narrow and is closely
+encroached upon by shrubs and trees, such as sumac, cherry,
+white pine, jack pine, oaks, aspens, and paper birch. Signs
+of fox were noted at the edge of the cliff, but no trapping was
+carried on here.</p>
+
+
+<h3><i>Air</i></h3>
+
+<p><i>Aerial habitat:</i> The only aerial mammals are the bats, of
+which four species were taken during the summer. The flying
+squirrel is not considered to be a true aerial form.</p>
+
+
+<h3><i>Burns and Clearings</i></h3>
+
+<p>Fires have been numerous throughout northern Michigan
+and a large part of the region is covered by various stages
+in the succession following fires or clearings. The areas
+studied were selected as representative of the natural conditions
+of the peninsula, but even in these districts there are
+many burned areas.</p>
+
+<p>Many large areas have been heavily logged over, sometimes
+followed by fire, with a result similar to that of a fire. In the
+region studied there are numerous small clearings, some of
+which are in use as the residences of settlers, but most have
+been allowed to revert to a wild condition. The stages in succession
+on an abandoned clearing seem to be similar to those
+following a fire, and they are here considered together.</p>
+
+<p><i>Herbaceous stage:</i> After a fire in a forest in this region
+the first vegetation to spring up seems to be the herbs, of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span>
+which the fireweed (<i>Chamaenerion angustifolium</i>) is most
+prominent. A number of areas dominated by this type of
+vegetation were seen, but the type seems to be short-lived, and
+is probably quickly replaced by shrubs and tree seedlings. The
+stages in succession following a fire in swampy areas may be
+somewhat different from that in a hardwood region, but no
+data was obtained. No opportunity presented itself to study
+the mammals of the herbaceous stage, and I have no records
+for the species found there.</p>
+
+<p><i>Shrub stage:</i> Following a fire or clearing in a hardwood
+area the herbaceous stage is apparently quickly followed by
+a thick growth of shrubs and young trees. The characters of
+the shrub growth vary considerably with the texture of the
+soil, amount of soil moisture, slope, and completeness of
+burning. The growth is usually quite thick, though in some
+clearings where the growth has been kept down for some time
+there may be open grassy patches. In small clearings near
+Fish-hawk Lake the raspberry (<i>Rubus strigosus</i>) is a characteristic
+species, but near Little Girl's Point it is much less
+common. A large area of shrub studied near Little Girl's
+Point is on a rather steep slope facing to the north, though
+part is at the bottom of the hill on a very gentle slope. There
+are no large trees, but saplings up to 2-1/2-inch trunks occur;
+most, however, are smaller. The quaking and large-toothed
+aspens (<i>Populus tremuloides</i> and <i>P. grandidentata</i>), paper
+and yellow birches (<i>Betula papyrifera</i> and <i>B. lutea</i>), sugar
+maple, and linden are common seedlings. Shrubs, such as the
+sumac (<i>Rhus hirta</i>), wild cherry (<i>Prunus pennsylvanica</i>),
+raspberry, willows (Salix spp.), mountain maple, red-berried
+elder (<i>Sambucus racemosa</i>), and hazel are common. A few
+herbs, like the fireweed, golden-rod, and pearly everlasting,
+occur in open places.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>A number of mammals are found in the shrub stage, but
+they are far less abundant than in mature hardwood forest.</p>
+
+<p><i>Paper birch&mdash;aspen stage:</i> The continued growth of the
+young trees in the shrub stage leads to the production of a
+sapling forest of the more quickly growing species, the paper
+birches and aspens. Often one or other of these species
+becomes dominant to the practical exclusion of the other, but
+sometimes both occur together. On the slopes near the lakes
+of the Cisco Lake chain aspens are rare, and the sapling forests
+on the clearings and burns are almost a pure stand of
+paper birch. Near Watersmeet, however, the aspen seems to
+be the dominant form, and few paper birches were seen. Near
+Gogebic Lake, also, the quaking aspen is the dominant form,
+though paper birches are common in the sapling forests. The
+growth in these sapling forests is very thick, and the ground
+is nearly bare of vegetation, though it is heavily covered with
+dead sticks and small logs. In a thick growth of quaking
+aspens, on wet ground studied near Gogebic Lake, a number
+of alders and paper birches, a few young trees of sugar maple
+and arbor-vitae, and a rare elm occur. A scanty undergrowth
+of mountain maple and numerous sugar maple seedlings is
+present. Few mammals are found in this stage of the forest.</p>
+
+<p>On the western slope of Birch Point on Cisco Lake there is
+a good stand of paper birches, growing in an open stand with
+much grass in the spaces between the trees. This place has
+been much used for camping and it may be that the development
+of the grass is the result of opening the forest by clearing
+out some of the trees. Among the birches are numerous
+young firs and white pines, with a few young sugar maples,
+and a rare arbor-vitae. The birches show many signs of age,
+and would evidently, if undisturbed, soon give way to a forest
+dominated by the pines and firs. In the grass among these<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span>
+trees deer-mice, red-backed voles, and jumping mice (Zapus)
+were taken. Signs of snowshoe hare were seen.</p>
+
+<p><i>Young hardwood forest stage:</i> On the eastern slope of a
+low ridge at Birch Point, Cisco Lake, a young hardwood forest
+is rapidly replacing a former growth of paper birches which
+has followed a fire. In this growth numerous old paper
+birches still persist, but they are being strongly crowded by a
+thick growth of vigorous young sugar maples, some of which
+have trunk diameters up to about eight inches, and which
+form a dense shade. Among the maples are numerous young
+firs and a few young hemlocks and arbor-vitae. The ground
+is mostly bare, being scantily covered by leaves. The soil is
+moist, but there is no grass and little brush. In this habitat
+deer-mice were taken, and one red squirrel was seen.</p>
+
+
+<h3><i>Artificial Conditions</i></h3>
+
+<p><i>Overflow swamp habitat:</i> Due to the rise in water-level
+of the lakes of the Cisco Lake chain many low areas of forest
+have been flooded and killed. Many of the dead trunks of
+these trees still remain standing, mixed with fallen and decaying
+logs in the water. Locally these habitats are called "overflow
+swamps," a name here adopted for the habitat. There
+is little living vegetation in these swamps, an occasional water
+lily being almost the only plant present. Porcupines commonly
+walk out on the logs of the swamp to secure the water lily
+leaves, and probably the mink occasionally runs over the logs
+in its movements along the waterways.</p>
+
+<p><i>Cultivated-field habitat:</i> Cleared fields occur only sparingly
+in the regions visited, and these fields are small in size. No
+study of their inhabitants was made, though silver-haired bats
+were collected while they were flying over a small clearing in
+the Little Girl's Point Region.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><i>Edificarian habitat:</i> Towns and buildings are not very common
+in northern Michigan. In and around a cabin on Lindsley
+Lake a number of deer-mice were trapped, and signs that porcupines
+had invaded the cabin were noted.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Annotated_List_of_Mammals" id="Annotated_List_of_Mammals"></a><span class="smcap">Annotated List of Mammals</span></h2>
+
+<p><i>Condylura cristata.</i> Star-nosed Mole.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Tall-sedge, 2.</span></p>
+
+<p>Two were trapped September 3 and 5, 1920, in a short,
+open runway in very moist soil at the edge of a small ditch
+running through tall sedges in a beaver meadow near Gogebic
+Lake, Ontonagon County.</p>
+
+<p><i>Sorex personatus personatus.</i> Masked Shrew.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 2em;">
+Grassy-meadow, 2.<br />
+Black spruce&mdash;tamarack bog, 2.<br />
+Wet hardwood forest, 3.<br />
+Dry hardwood forest, 3.<br />
+Shrub stage, 2.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>In the Cisco Lake Region in July, one was taken in a small
+black spruce bog, two in a narrow tongue of grass between
+tall sedges and sphagnum bordering Mud Lake, three in the
+wetter parts of the hardwood forest, and three in the upland,
+well-drained hardwood forest. Near Little Girl's Point in
+August, two were taken in a growth of shrubs in a burn.
+Near Gogebic Lake, Ontonagon County, one was taken September
+4 in a black spruce bog.</p>
+
+<p><i>Sorex richardsonii.</i> Richardson Shrew.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 2em;">
+Tall-sedge, 15.<br />
+Grassy-meadow, 1.<br />
+Sphagnum bog, 1.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>This species was found only in or near tall sedges growing
+in moist or marshy situations. In the Cisco Lake Region six
+were taken near Mud Lake in July. Four of these were taken
+in tall sedges, one in grass alongside the sedges, and one in
+sphagnum between the sedges and the lake. August 30 to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span>
+September 5, eleven were taken in tall sedges in a beaver
+meadow near Gogebic Lake, Ontonagon County.</p>
+
+<p>An adult female trapped at Mud Lake, July 30, contained
+five large embryos. There were two pairs of inguinal and one
+pair of abdominal mammae. Another adult female trapped in
+the same place, July 22, had two pairs of inguinal mammae,
+but no abdominal mammae were found.</p>
+
+<p>The latter individual was moulting, patches of new fur
+having replaced the old on the top of the head midway between
+the ears and eyes, between the shoulders, and on the rump.
+The other female mentioned above, taken July 30, had nearly
+completed her moult.</p>
+
+<p>Only two specimens have been previously recorded from
+Michigan, one from Alger County and the other from Chippewa
+County.<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></p>
+
+<p><i>Neosorex palustris palustris.</i> Marsh Shrew, Water Shrew.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 2em;">
+Tall-sedge, 1.<br />
+Ditch-border, 3.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>September 1 a marsh shrew was trapped in the tall sedges
+of a beaver meadow near Gogebic Lake, Ontonagon County.
+Most of the body had been eaten by some carnivore. Other
+specimens were taken on each of the two succeeding days,
+and a fourth on September 5.</p>
+
+<p>The first specimen taken was trapped eight feet from a tiny
+stream which flowed through the marshy sedges. Two of the
+others were taken on the muddy bank of the stream near the
+water's edge, and the fourth about 35 feet from the water.
+All were secured within a radius of 35 feet.</p>
+
+<p>This species has been recorded but once previously from
+Michigan, from Chippewa County.<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><i>Microsorex hoyi.</i> Hoy Shrew.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 2em;">
+Black spruce-tamarack bog, 1.<br />
+Wet hardwood forest, 1.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>One specimen was taken July 17 at Fish-hawk Lake in a
+moderately wet part of the hardwood forest. Another was
+taken July 29 at the edge of a small black spruce bog.</p>
+
+<p><i>Blarina brevicauda talpoides.</i> Bob-tailed Shrew.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 2em;">
+Tall-sedge, 8.<br />
+Grassy-meadow, 6.<br />
+Alder-thicket, 1.<br />
+Black ash swamp, 6.<br />
+Arbor-vitae swamp, 4.<br />
+Black spruce&mdash;tamarack bog, 1.<br />
+Wet hardwood forest, 32.<br />
+Dry hardwood forest, 8.<br />
+Shrub stage, 1.<br />
+Paper birch&mdash;aspen stage, 6.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>The species is rather generally distributed, but is by far
+the most common in moist woods. In the Cisco Lake Region
+11 were secured; in the Little Girl's Point district, 10; and
+near Gogebic Lake in Ontonagon County, 52. In the latter
+district it was the most abundant mammal species, even exceeding
+Peromyscus in numbers; indeed, Peromyscus was relatively
+uncommon in the partly swampy woods of the region,
+and it might be that the abundance of the bob-tailed shrews
+accounts for the scarcity of the deer-mice, for the shrews
+undoubtedly at times prey upon the mice. The specimen
+recorded above from the black spruce-tamarack bog was
+taken near Gogebic Lake in a boggy swamp, which, while
+dominated by black spruces, yet contained a considerable number
+of arbor-vitae and hemlocks.</p>
+
+<p>In the wet hardwood forest near Gogebic Lake Blarina runways
+are exceedingly abundant, usually running along or
+under sticks or logs. Commonly they are just under the
+leaves, but sometimes for a short distance are without covering.
+One old log examined was found to be honey-combed
+with these tunnels. The deeper runways nearly always follow
+down just under a tree root.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The uterus of a female taken July 10, at Fish-hawk Lake,
+showed a few small swellings which were identified in the
+field as embryos. Unfortunately, the uterus was not preserved.
+No embryos were found in 26 other females taken between
+July 15 and September 4. In the latter part of the season
+fewer immature specimens were taken than earlier in the
+summer. These facts show that in this region the species
+breeds in the spring or early summer and does not usually
+breed again during July and August.</p>
+
+<p><i>Myotis lucifugus lucifugus.</i> Little Brown Bat.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 2em;">
+Aerial, 15.</p>
+
+<p>Nine individuals were shot while they were flying over the
+lakes in the Cisco Lake Region. These were taken between
+8:00 and 9:00 p. m. from July 1 to August 2; but on moonlight
+nights bats, believed to be of this species, were seen
+flying as late as 10:00 p. m. At the camp near Little Girl's
+Point one was shot at 7:55 p. m., August 11, as it flew about
+over the road through the dry hardwood forest. Five others
+were shot at the Gogebic Lake camp as they flitted through
+an opening in the wet hardwood forest. These were taken
+between 7:30 and 7:55 p. m., August 23 to September 2; but
+bats almost certainly of this species appeared regularly in the
+evenings about 7:10 p. m.</p>
+
+<p><i>Lasionycteris noctivagans.</i> Silver-haired Bat.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 2em;">
+Aerial, 3.</p>
+
+<p>Near the Little Girl's Point camp one was shot at 7:50 p. m.,
+August 9, and two more in the same region about 7:45 p. m.,
+August 17. One was flying along a road through the dry
+hardwood forest at a height about equal to that of the tree-tops,
+and the others were taken in a small clearing in the same
+forest.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><i>Nycteris borealis borealis.</i> Red Bat.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 2em;">
+Aerial, 2.</p>
+
+<p>Two were secured near the Little Girl's Point camp at
+about 7:45 p. m., one August 9 and the other August 14, as
+they flew about over the road through the dry hardwood forest.</p>
+
+<p><i>Nycteris cinerea.</i> Hoary Bat.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 2em;">
+Aerial, 1.</p>
+
+<p>The only specimen secured was shot at 7:55 p. m., August
+9, while it was flying over the road through the dry hardwood
+forest near Little Girl's Point.</p>
+
+<p><i>Ursus americanus americanus.</i> Black Bear.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 2em;">
+Wet hardwood forest, 1.<br />
+Dry hardwood forest, 1.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Reported by residents as being rather common. July 10 a
+large black bear was seen to cross the railroad track and enter
+the hardwood forest not over a quarter-mile from Cisco Lake
+Station. Tracks of a large individual were seen in the mud
+bordering a small brook in maple-birch-hemlock forest about
+three miles southeast of the station July 17 and August 15.
+At dusk, August 28, while Mr. Sherman was setting up a
+camera and flashgun along a deer trail about 100 yards from
+the camp on Gogebic Lake, a small bear passed within twenty-five
+paces of him, apparently but little concerned with his
+presence or that of the nearby camp and fire, except that it
+sniffed the air occasionally.</p>
+
+<p><i>Canis lycaon.</i> Timber Wolf.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 2em;">
+Mud-flat, signs.<br />
+Tall-sedge, tracks.<br />
+Dry hardwood forest, reported.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Residents reported it common in all the districts visited
+by us. We saw signs and tracks in several habitats; and residents
+saw a wolf in the dry hardwood forest near our camp
+in the Little Girl's Point district.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><i>Canis latrans.</i> Coyote.</p>
+
+<p>J. E. Fischer reported in 1920 that coyotes had appeared
+and become numerous in the region at the north end of Lake
+Gogebic within the last few years. We have secured several
+skulls and skeletons taken by him in 1920-21.</p>
+
+<p><i>Vulpes fulva.</i> Red Fox.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 2em;">Mountain-heath, signs.</p>
+
+<p>Signs of fox were found in late August in a narrow growth
+of heath at the top of a cliff about a mile north of Lake
+Gogebic Station. J. E. Fischer has sent us a fox taken in
+January, 1921, in Gogebic County near Gogebic Lake. Benjamin
+J. Twombley reports that a few occur in the Cisco Lake
+Region. J. E. Marshall, in 1911, reported that a few occurred
+around Gogebic Lake.</p>
+
+<p><i>Urocyon cinereoargenteus.</i> Gray Fox.</p>
+
+<p>J. E. Marshall reported in 1911 that it was rare, but that
+he had trapped two near Gogebic Lake.</p>
+
+<p><i>Martes americanus americanus.</i> Marten.</p>
+
+<p>J. E. Marshall reported in 1911 that it was getting scarce
+in Gogebic and Ontonagon counties. He trapped a number
+near Gogebic Lake in the winter of 1884-1885, and took 15
+in the winter of 1889-90. In 1920 J. E. Fischer reported
+marten rare near Gogebic Lake.</p>
+
+<p><i>Martes pennantii pennantii.</i> Fisher.</p>
+
+<p>In 1911 J. E. Marshall reported that it was getting scarce
+near Gogebic Lake; he trapped four in the winter of 1889-90
+and two in 1890-91. J. E. Fischer took one in Ontonagon
+County near Gogebic Lake in the winter of 1919-20. Ole
+Petersen in 1911 reported it rare near Gogebic Lake.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><i>Mustela cicognanii cicognanii.</i> Bonaparte Weasel.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 2em;">
+Black spruce&mdash;tamarack bog, 1.<br />
+Dry hardwood forest, 4.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Trappers report it common throughout the areas visited.
+We took five specimens near Little Girl's Point. Several
+specimens taken in the Cisco Lake Region during the winter
+of 1920-21 were presented to us by Benjamin J. Twombley,
+and J. E. Fischer sent us a specimen taken in December, 1920,
+near Gogebic Lake.</p>
+
+<p><i>Mustela vison letifera.</i> Mink.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 2em;">
+Forest&mdash;shore, 6.<br />
+Wet hardwood forest, den.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Reported by trappers as common throughout the area
+studied. In the Cisco Lake Region two were trapped at the
+water's edge beside a growth of paper birch saplings; and
+another was shot as it was running along the bank of the
+Ontonagon River at the edge of a stand of hemlocks. Three
+others were seen swimming near the latter locality July 29.
+Upon the approach of the canoe they swam rapidly to an old
+hollow log in wet hardwood forest on shore. Around and
+through the log well-worn runways showed evidence of the
+presence of a den.</p>
+
+<p><i>Mephitis hudsonica.</i> Skunk.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 2em;">
+Ditch-border, 1.<br />
+Dry hardwood forest, 5.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Four skunks were taken in the dry hardwood forest of the
+Cisco Lake Region, one in the same type of habitat near the
+Little Girl's Point camp, and another in a trap set in the
+bottom of a muddy ditch in the beaver meadow near Gogebic
+Lake.</p>
+
+<p>An adult male, trapped July 14 in the Cisco Lake Region,
+was badly infested with tapeworms in the middle part of the
+small intestine. An adult female, taken July 19, was found
+to have many tapeworms in the intestine, many nematodes in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span>
+the lung tissue, an infested liver, and a large number of nematodes
+in a cavity in the top of the skull.</p>
+
+<p>While we were photographing a captive juvenile August 2
+at Lindsley Lake a horsefly (identified as <i>Tabanus atratus</i> by
+J. S. Rogers) burrowed into the fur on the rump of the skunk
+and began sucking blood.</p>
+
+<p><i>Taxidea taxus taxus.</i> Badger.</p>
+
+<p>J. E. Marshall reports that he trapped one in the winter of
+1889-90 between Gogebic Lake and Lake Superior.</p>
+
+<p><i>Lutra canadensis canadensis.</i> Otter.</p>
+
+<p>In 1911 J. E. Marshall reported that quite a few remained
+around Gogebic Lake; he took quite a number in the winter
+of 1884 and several in the winters of 1889 to 1891. J. E.
+Fischer took two in Ontonagon County in January, 1921.</p>
+
+<p><i>Lynx canadensis.</i> Canada Lynx.</p>
+
+<p>J. E. Marshall reports that it was not very plentiful near
+Gogebic Lake in 1884. He took one in the winter of 1890-91;
+in 1911 it had almost or entirely disappeared.</p>
+
+<p><i>Lynx ruffus ruffus.</i> Bob-cat.</p>
+
+<p>J. E. Marshall reports that he took three or four near
+Gogebic Lake in the winter of 1890-91; in 1891-92 it had
+become quite numerous; and it continued to increase until
+1911 at least. In 1920 residents reported that a few occurred
+in all the regions visited by us.</p>
+
+<p><i>Peromyscus maniculatus gracilis.</i> Deer-mouse.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 2em;">
+Tall-sedge, 4.<br />
+Black ash swamp, 5.<br />
+Arbor-vitae swamp, 11.<br />
+Black spruce&mdash;tamarack bog, 4.<br />
+Hemlock forest, 16.<br />
+White pine forest, 5.<br />
+Wet hardwood forest, 78.<br />
+Dry hardwood forest, 143.<br />
+Shrub stage, 19.<br />
+Paper birch&mdash;aspen, 15.<br />
+Young hardwood forest stage, 2.<br />
+Edificarian, 6.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>In the Cisco Lake Region and in the vicinity of Little Girl's<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span>
+Point this species is the most abundant mammal, but in the
+wet woods at the Gogebic Lake camp it is much less abundant,
+being exceeded in numbers by the bob-tailed shrew. A
+total of 308 deer-mice were taken during the summer. It was
+found in a variety of forest habitats, but it is most abundant
+in the dry upland woods of the Little Girl's Point Region.
+The individuals taken in the tall sedges at Mud Lake were
+probably stragglers from the nearby shrubs and forest, for
+no deer-mice were taken in the extensive sedges of the large
+beaver meadow studied near Gogebic Lake. Probably most
+of those taken in the black spruce bogs were stragglers also,
+though one individual taken in a large black spruce bog was
+50 yards from the nearest deciduous woods.</p>
+
+<p>When we arrived in the Cisco Lake Region in late June
+young and subadults were abundant, many of the female subadults,
+as well as the adults, carrying embryos. Embryos were
+found throughout the summer up to August 25. Of females
+containing embryos, five had 4 embryos each, ten females 5
+embryos each, nine females 6 embryos each, and one female 8
+embryos.</p>
+
+<p><i>Synaptomys cooperi fatuus.</i> Lemming-vole.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 2em;">
+Tall-sedge, 1.<br />
+Black spruce&mdash;tamarack bog, 2.<br />
+Wet hardwood forest, 1.<br />
+Dry hardwood forest, 1.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>In the Cisco Lake Region an adult female was taken in dry
+hardwood forest near Fish-hawk Lake June 28, 1920. It contained
+6 embryos each 21 mm. long. A juvenile was trapped
+July 26 on top a log in the tall sedges at Mud Lake. The log
+bridged over a particularly wet part of the marshy sedges and
+was at the edge of the hardwood forest. Two other juveniles
+were taken the next day, one in a small black spruce log, and
+the other in wet hardwood forest at the edge of the same bog.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span>
+In Ontonagon County near Gogebic Lake a subadult male was
+taken September 5 in a large black spruce bog.</p>
+
+<p><i>Evotomys gapperi gapperi.</i> Red-backed vole.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 2em;">
+Black ash swamp, 2.<br />
+Black spruce&mdash;tamarack bog, 6.<br />
+Arbor-vitae swamp, 2.<br />
+Hemlock forest, 5.<br />
+White pine forest, 2.<br />
+Wet hardwood forest, 18.<br />
+Dry hardwood forest, 17.<br />
+Shrub stage, 5.<br />
+Paper birch&mdash;aspen stage, 3.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Thirty were taken in the Cisco Lake Region, 10 at the Little
+Girl's Point camp, and 20 near Gogebic Lake in Ontonagon
+County. It was most common in the forests. Two individuals
+recorded from the arbor-vitae swamp were taken in a mixed
+swamp of small arbor-vitae, black spruce, and hemlock with
+many alders, this situation probably forming a stage in the
+succession following a beaver meadow. Also, one of the specimens
+recorded from the paper birch&mdash;aspen stage was taken in
+an open stand of old paper birches with a forest floor of grass,
+conditions not typical of the stage.</p>
+
+<p>Of 13 females examined from June to August, two contained
+4 embryos each, two 5 embryos each, and two 6 embryos
+each. August 14, at Little Girl's Point, was the last date on
+which embryos were found.</p>
+
+<p>The species is somewhat diurnal. Several times one was
+seen in daylight about the camp in the Cisco Lake Region, and
+several were trapped during daylight hours.</p>
+
+<p>A captive was fond of tender grass blades, but refused the
+harder stems. In eating he sat up on the hind feet and handled
+the food with the fore feet.</p>
+
+<p>An immature male taken August 8 near Little Girl's Point
+had a considerable infestation of seed ticks on the posterior
+lobes of both ears.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><i>Microtus pennsylvanicus pennsylvanicus.</i> Meadow vole.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 2em;">
+Mud-flat, 6.<br />
+Tall-sedge, 28.<br />
+Grassy-meadow, 6.<br />
+Black ash swamp, 1.<br />
+Arbor-vitae swamp, 1.<br />
+Leather leaf bog, 15.<br />
+Sphagnum bog, 9.<br />
+Black spruce&mdash;tamarack bog, 1.<br />
+Shrub stage, 17.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Sixty-five were taken in the Cisco Lake Region and 19 in
+Ontonagon County, near Gogebic Lake. It is most abundant
+in grassy and sedgy meadows and in open bogs, though it is
+found rarely in swamps and tree-covered bogs. The individual
+listed from the arbor-vitae swamp was taken in a young growth
+of arbor-vitae, black spruce, hemlock, and many alders, and
+not in typical arbor-vitae swamp habitat. Of the 17 listed from
+the shrub stage, one was taken in a wet, sedgy part of a shrub-covered
+burn at Poor Lake, and the others were secured in
+the shrub and grass clearing around the camp house on Lindsley
+Lake.</p>
+
+<p>Of ten females examined, July 10 to September 5, one contained
+3 embryos, one 4 embryos, and two 5 embryos each.
+September 5 was the last date on which embryos were found.
+The three embryos found on the last date were each 23 mm.
+in length and together they weighed 8.5 grams, which was
+26 per cent of the weight of the mother with the embryos
+removed.</p>
+
+<p>Both adults and immature young were seen moving about,
+and were also trapped in broad daylight, but it is more active
+in the evening just before sunset.</p>
+
+<p>A captive juvenile was placed July 19 in a large tub with
+an adult female, which might have been its mother, for both
+were taken on succeeding days in the same trap. The young
+one immediately tried to nurse, but was severely bitten and
+driven away, though it made numerous unsuccessful attempts
+later. When approaching the old female the baby frequently<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span>
+gave a high-pitched squeak, and the old female replied by a
+hoarse squeak, evidently of warning, for the young one was
+bitten when it approached in defiance of the warning note and
+threatening attitude of the adult. The baby evidently had been
+weaned, and the old female was found to contain five large
+embryos.</p>
+
+<p><i>Ondatra zibethica zibethica.</i> Muskrat.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 2em;">
+Forest&mdash;shore, 5.<br />
+Water lily, 1.<br />
+Pondweed, 2.<br />
+Willow-thicket, signs.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Muskrats are numerous in the Cisco Lake Region, and five
+specimens were taken. Near Little Girl's Point one was seen
+swimming in a small stream. At the mouth of Merriweather
+Creek on Gogebic Lake signs were noted in a willow thicket,
+and muskrats were reported numerous in the region.</p>
+
+<p>An adult female trapped July 6 at Fish-hawk Lake contained
+six large embryos; another female taken July 10 contained no
+embryos, but the mammae were filled with milk; and two
+females taken July 26 contained no embryos.</p>
+
+<p>In the Cisco Lake Region broken mussel shells were abundant
+in the muskrat runways along the shores. Remains of
+pondweeds were also frequently found in the runways, and a
+quantity of leaves with a few heads containing flowers and
+seeds collected July 8 were identified by E. A. Bessey as <i>Potamogeton
+richardsonii</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Zapus hudsonius hudsonius.</i> Jumping-mouse.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 2em;">
+Mud-flat, 4.<br />
+Tall-sedge, 12.<br />
+Grassy-meadow, 8,<br />
+Arbor-vitae swamp, 1.<br />
+Sphagnum bog, 1.<br />
+Black spruce&mdash;tamarack bog, 1.<br />
+Wet hardwood forest, 2.<br />
+Dry hardwood forest, 1.<br />
+Shrub stage, 10.<br />
+Paper birch&mdash;aspen stage, 2.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Numerous in suitable habitats in the Cisco Lake Region,
+at Little Girl's Point, and at Gogebic Lake. Most common in
+open grasses and sedges. Five of those recorded above from<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span>
+the shrub stage were taken in open shrubs and grass in the
+clearing around the camp house on Lindsley Lake; and the
+two recorded from the paper birch&mdash;aspen stage were taken
+at Cisco Lake in an open stand of old paper birch with a
+forest floor of grass.</p>
+
+<p>Juveniles were taken throughout the summer, but no one
+of seven adult or nearly adult females examined between July
+7 and September 4 contained embryos.</p>
+
+<p>A captive taken July 18, after feeding ravenously on a cooky,
+retired to a corner and went to sleep. The position taken in
+this case was a sitting one, the animal resting on the widely
+spread feet as far as the heels, and on the tail. The head was
+bent far over, the nose extending between the hind legs. The
+long tail was curled around the body, it resting on the ground
+for its whole length. The operation of cleaning the tail was
+observed two days later. The animal worked from the base
+of the tail toward the tip, using the fore feet to present the
+tail to the mouth, where it was licked off. During the process
+the head was held over on one side, nearly touching the
+ground.</p>
+
+<p><i>Napaeozapus insignis fructectanus.</i> Woodland Jumping Mouse.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 2em;">
+Wet hardwood forest, 1.<br />
+Dry hardwood forest, 6.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Three were taken in the Cisco Lake Region and four in the
+Little Girl's Point Region, all in heavy forest.</p>
+
+<p>Neither of two adult females taken August 8 and 10 contained
+embryos.</p>
+
+<p><i>Erethizon dorsatum dorsatum.</i> Porcupine.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 2em;">
+Forest&mdash;shore, 13.<br />
+Wet hardwood forest, 10.<br />
+Dry hardwood forest, 17.<br />
+Shrub stage, 5.<br />
+Paper birch&mdash;aspen stage, 10.<br />
+Overflow swamp, 5.<br />
+Edificarian, 1.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Common at all camps. Many were taken in traps set for
+carnivores. Well-marked trails at the edges of lakes and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span>
+streams through the forests are evidently made mostly by
+these animals. It is detested by the inhabitants of the region,
+chiefly for the damage done to any woodwork which contains
+the least amount of salt.</p>
+
+<p>Porcupines spend a considerable amount of time inside hollow
+linden, yellow birch, and hemlock trees, as shown by the
+large piles of droppings noted at the lower openings of numerous
+such hollow trees.</p>
+
+<p>June 30, and again on July 2, young individuals were closely
+observed while feeding on the leaves of the yellow water lily.
+These individuals were on the logs in an overflow swamp, and
+they reached down with a fore foot into the water to secure
+the food, which was then presented to the mouth with the
+same foot. One of these porcupines seemed to be very disinclined
+to wet his feet, except the fore feet in reaching for
+food; the other individual waded out on a log which was submerged
+several inches, but he showed a ludicrous determination
+to hold the tail up out of the water.</p>
+
+<p>A juvenile weighing only 914 grams was taken as late as
+July 21 at Fish-hawk Lake, but no embryos were found in
+the period between June 29 and September 3. It is often
+active throughout the day as well as in the night.</p>
+
+<p>A young individual taken in a trap July 3 was found surrounded
+by a swarm of mosquitoes, which seemed to annoy
+him considerably, for he shook his skin frequently to dislodge
+them. One mosquito settled on a lower eyelid as we watched,
+and others kept alighting on his nose. When he raised his
+quills on our approach many mosquitoes attacked the skin
+exposed on the back.</p>
+
+<p><i>Marmota monax canadensis.</i> Canada Woodchuck.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 2em;">
+Hemlock forest, 5.<br />
+Shrub stage, 9.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>A few occur in the Cisco Lake Region, where they are most<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span>
+common in the shrubby clearings. Several adults fed commonly
+on the refuse from the camp. The stomach of a captured
+individual contained a considerable quantity of cooked
+corn, spaghetti, and boiled ham. Three woodchucks were
+noted at different times in hemlock forest along the lake shores.</p>
+
+<p>A half-grown juvenile was seen to swim the Ontonagon
+River near its entrance to Cisco Lake. This was on July 10,
+near noon, with bright sunshine. The river here is at least
+75 yards in width, but has no perceptible current.</p>
+
+<p>Juveniles taken in traps were observed to extrude scent
+glands from the anus when approached. These glands are
+three in number, one on each side of the anus and one beneath.
+They are small, whitish, and cup-shaped. Normally they lie
+just inside the anus, but on excitement they are everted and
+the fold of skin forming the edge of the anus is rolled outward
+so that the glands lie outside. We detected a faint
+musky odor which might have come from these glands.</p>
+
+<p>In the Little Girl's Point district several inhabited a woodpile
+in hemlock forest at the edge of a wide road. None were
+found near Gogebic Lake.</p>
+
+<p><i>Eutamias borealis neglectus.</i> Lake Superior Chipmunk.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 2em;">
+Tall-sedge, 1.<br />
+Grassy-meadow, 3.<br />
+Black spruce&mdash;tamarack bog, 1.<br />
+Hemlock forest, 1.<br />
+Wet hardwood forest, 1.<br />
+Shrub stage, 20.<br />
+Paper birch&mdash;aspen stage, 2.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Common in shrubby clearings and burns in the Cisco Lake
+and Little Girl's Point regions. A few were taken in tall
+sedges and grass not far from shrubs; one was taken in a
+small black spruce bog, about five yards from the surrounding
+wet hardwood forest; one was taken in hemlock forest near
+the lake shore; and one was seen in wet hardwood forest near
+the lake shore. Not seen near Gogebic Lake.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>These chipmunks were several times observed feeding on
+ripe raspberries. August 5, near Watersmeet, one was seen
+sitting on a rail fence beside a pasture, eating a grasshopper,
+the remains of which have been identified by T. H. Hubbell
+as <i>Melanoplus</i> sp. probably <i>bivittatus</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Tamias striatus griseus.</i> Gray Chipmunk.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 2em;">
+Black ash swamp, 1.<br />
+Hemlock forest, 1.<br />
+Wet hardwood forest, 10.<br />
+Dry hardwood forest, 8.<br />
+Shrub stage, 2.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Five records were obtained in the Cisco Lake Region; 9
+near Little Girl's Point, and 8 near Gogebic Lake. It is most
+numerous in hardwood forest.</p>
+
+<p>An adult male taken July 5 had in its cheek-pouches numerous
+seeds of Carex and a fruit capsule of Viola, the identification
+being by E. A. Bessey. Of eight adult or nearly adult
+females examined between July 5 and September 1, one taken
+July 15 in the Cisco Lake Region contained eight large
+embryos.</p>
+
+<p><i>Sciurus hudsonicus loquax.</i> Southeastern Red-squirrel.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 2em;">
+Black ash swamp, 1.<br />
+Arbor-vitae swamp, 3.<br />
+Black spruce&mdash;tamarack bog, 2.<br />
+Hemlock forest, 1.<br />
+White pine forest, 1.<br />
+Wet hardwood forest, 9.<br />
+Dry hardwood forest, 7.<br />
+Shrub stage, 1.<br />
+Paper birch&mdash;aspen stage, 3.<br />
+Early hardwood forest stage, 1.<br />
+Edificarian, 1.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Seventeen records from the Cisco Lake Region; 6 from
+Little Girl's Point; and 7 from Gogebic Lake. None were
+noted more than a few yards from the protection of a forest.</p>
+
+<p>In a grove of white pines near Little Girl's Point cut pine
+scales were numerous August 13 on the ground and on logs,
+and one red-squirrel taken had much pitch on the fur around
+the mouth. August 24, cut-open fir cones were numerous
+around the small fir trees in a paper birch&mdash;aspen growth near<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span>
+Gogebic Lake, and were certainly the work of this species.
+July 2 a young red-squirrel which had frequently been seen
+around the camp in the Cisco Lake Region was found ravenously
+feeding on the kidney of a recently skinned woodchuck.
+After feeding it showed no fear, and allowed itself to be
+picked up; it seemed very sleepy and slept for about a half-hour
+before running away. This individual was badly infested
+with fleas. Another juvenile taken July 1 in the same region
+was infested with small patches of red seed ticks around the
+anus, anterior to the genital opening, on the belly, on the thigh,
+and at the base of one ear.</p>
+
+<p>Six small embryos were found in an adult female taken in
+the Cisco Lake Region July 16.</p>
+
+<p><i>Sciurus carolinensis leucotis.</i> Gray-squirrel.</p>
+
+<p>In 1911, J. E. Marshall reported that a few occurred near
+Gogebic Lake.</p>
+
+<p><i>Glaucomys sabrinus macrotis.</i> Mearns Flying-squirrel.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 2em;">
+Black ash swamp, 1.<br />
+Hemlock forest, 1.<br />
+Wet hardwood forest, 2.<br />
+Dry hardwood forest, 1.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Two were taken in the Cisco Lake Region and three near
+Gogebic Lake in Ontonagon County. A female taken July 4
+near Fish-hawk Lake was still suckling young, and contained
+no embryos, but a female taken July 6 in the same region contained
+five small embryos. An immature female taken August
+27 near Gogebic Lake was without embryos.</p>
+
+<p><i>Castor canadensis michiganensis.</i> Woods Beaver.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 2em;">
+Leather leaf bog, house.</p>
+
+<p>Two houses were found in the Cisco Lake Region, both
+being in leather leaf bogs near deep water. Around the house
+studied there was an incomplete moat connected with a channel
+leading to deep water, and canals and tunnels radiated out<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span>
+through the bog. No beavers were observed nor secured, but
+fresh cuttings were noted at the edges of some of the "forms"
+in the bog.</p>
+
+<p>A few beaver are reported to occur near Little Girl's Point
+and near Gogebic Lake. E. E. Brewster in 1895 wrote Dr.
+Gibbs that it was not uncommon in Gogebic County and in
+probably all the counties of the Upper Peninsula where trapping
+and lumbering had been discontinued; he stated that
+beaver were appearing again even in localities where formerly
+most sought. In 1911, J. E. Marshall reported it scarce near
+Gogebic Lake.</p>
+
+<p><i>Lepus americanus phæonotus.</i> Snowshoe Hare.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 2em;">
+Forest&mdash;shore, 1.<br />
+Arbor-vitae swamp, signs.<br />
+Leather leaf bog, signs.<br />
+Black spruce&mdash;tamarack bog, 1.<br />
+Wet hardwood forest, signs.<br />
+Dry hardwood forest, 1.<br />
+Shrub stage, 7.<br />
+Paper birch&mdash;aspen stage, 1.<br />
+Cultivated-field, 1.<br />
+Edificarian, 1.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Rare during the season of 1920 in the areas visited. In the
+Cisco Lake Region an adult female was taken in a trap set for
+muskrat under water on a brushy point. Other hares were
+occasionally seen in the evenings in the shrubby clearing around
+the camp house; and one was even seen on the porch. Droppings
+were found in a leather leaf bog, and a hare was seen
+at the edge of a black spruce&mdash;tamarack bog. Near Little Girl's
+Point a juvenile was taken August 13 in the upland hardwood
+forest, but was partly eaten in the trap by some carnivore;
+several were seen in shrubby clearings; and a young one was
+reported captured in an oat field by a farmer. Droppings were
+found in an arbor-vitae swamp. Near Gogebic Lake in
+Ontonagon County droppings were found in wet hardwood
+forest, in a thick growth of aspen and white birch saplings,
+and in an extensive tamarack bog.</p>
+
+<p>An adult female taken July 4 at Fish-hawk Lake had much<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span>
+milk in the mammae. At the camp on Lindsley Lake June 27
+one was seen to eat some wood ashes; and June 30 one was
+seen to feed on the blades of quack grass (<i>Agropyron repens</i>),
+which was identified by E. A. Bessey.</p>
+
+<p><i>Odocoileus virginianus borealis.</i> Northern White-tailed Deer.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 2em;">
+Forest&mdash;shore, 1.<br />
+Mud-flat, signs.<br />
+Tall-sedge, 1.<br />
+Grassy-meadow, 1.<br />
+Alder-thicket, signs.<br />
+Black ash swamp, signs.<br />
+Arbor-vitae swamp, signs.<br />
+Black spruce&mdash;tamarack bog, signs.<br />
+Hemlock forest, signs.<br />
+Wet hardwood forest, 10.<br />
+Dry hardwood forest, 7.<br />
+Shrub stage, 8.<br />
+Paper birch&mdash;aspen stage, 1.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Deer are abundant in the Cisco Lake Region; they are less
+common near Lake Gogebic; and only a few were seen near
+Little Girl's Point. Most of those seen were in the hardwood
+forest and in the brushy clearings, but trails and signs were
+common in many habitats.</p>
+
+<p>Wolves were reported to prey extensively on deer in the
+region, and wolf dung examined August 7 near Little Girl's
+Point contained much deer hair and some deer bones.</p>
+
+<p><i>Alces americanus.</i> Moose.</p>
+
+<p>J. E. Marshall reports that a moose was seen near Gogebic
+Lake in the winter of 1885, and an individual, perhaps the
+same one, was killed on Flambeau Reservation that year.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" /><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Northern Michigan Mammals &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Plate I</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/image001.jpg" width="600" height="344" alt="Fig. 1. Beach of Lake Superior just east of Little
+Girl&#39;s Point. A dirt bluff at the right of the picture. August 10,
+1920." title="Fig. 1. Beach of Lake Superior just east of Little
+Girl&#39;s Point. A dirt bluff at the right of the picture. August 10,
+1920." />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 1. Beach of Lake Superior just east of Little
+Girl&#39;s Point. A dirt bluff at the right of the picture. August 10,
+1920.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/image002.jpg" width="600" height="451" alt="Fig. 2. Tall-sedge habitat in a beaver meadow on the
+west side of Gogebic Lake, Ontonagon County. September 1, 1920." title="Fig. 2. Tall-sedge habitat in a beaver meadow on the
+west side of Gogebic Lake, Ontonagon County. September 1, 1920." />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 2. Tall-sedge habitat in a beaver meadow on the
+west side of Gogebic Lake, Ontonagon County. September 1, 1920.</span>
+</div>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" /><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Northern Michigan Mammals&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Plate II</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/image003.jpg" width="600" height="443" alt="Fig. 1. Leather leaf bog invaded by tamaracks, Ontonagon
+River near Cisco Lake. August 3, 1920." title="Fig. 1. Leather leaf bog invaded by tamaracks, Ontonagon
+River near Cisco Lake. August 3, 1920." />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 1. Leather leaf bog invaded by tamaracks, Ontonagon
+River near Cisco Lake. August 3, 1920.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/image004.jpg" width="600" height="491" alt="Fig. 2. Arbor-vitae swamp four miles southeast of Little
+Girl&#39;s Point. The ground is very moist. August 16, 1920." title="Fig. 2. Arbor-vitae swamp four miles southeast of Little
+Girl&#39;s Point. The ground is very moist. August 16, 1920." />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 2. Arbor-vitae swamp four miles southeast of Little
+Girl&#39;s Point. The ground is very moist. August 16, 1920.</span>
+</div>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" /><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Northern Michigan Mammals &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Plate III</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/image005.jpg" width="600" height="337" alt="Fig. 1. Dry hardwood on a ridge four miles southeast of
+Little Girl&#39;s Point. Sugar maple, yellow birch, and linden are
+dominant. Undergrowth low. August 16, 1920." title="Fig. 1. Dry hardwood on a ridge four miles southeast of
+Little Girl&#39;s Point. Sugar maple, yellow birch, and linden are
+dominant. Undergrowth low. August 16, 1920." />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 1. Dry hardwood on a ridge four miles southeast of
+Little Girl&#39;s Point. Sugar maple, yellow birch, and linden are
+dominant. Undergrowth low. August 16, 1920.</span>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/image006.jpg" width="600" height="477" alt="Fig. 2. Virgin white pine grove, Gogebic County. Trunks
+up to four feet in diameter. Little undergrowth. August 17, 1920." title="Fig. 2. Virgin white pine grove, Gogebic County. Trunks
+up to four feet in diameter. Little undergrowth. August 17, 1920." />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 2. Virgin white pine grove, Gogebic County. Trunks
+up to four feet in diameter. Little undergrowth. August 17, 1920.</span>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="FOOTNOTES" id="FOOTNOTES"></a>FOOTNOTES:</h2>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> H. T. Darlington, <i>Mich. Acad. Sci.</i>, 22nd Ann. Rept., 1921.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> 1914. N. A. Wood, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool., No. 6.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> N. A. Wood, <i>op. cit.</i></p></div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+
+<p><b><big>Transcriber's Notes</big></b></p>
+
+<p>
+Page <a href="#Page_35">35</a>: Changed "porcppines" to "porcupines".<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Originally: One of these porcppines seemed to be very disinclined</span><br />
+<br />
+Pages <a href="#Page_42">42</a>-<a href="#Page_47">47</a>: Combined figure captions and images.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Originally: Images were on pages following their captions.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes on the Mammals of Gogebic and
+Ontonagon Counties, Michigan, 1920, by L. R. Dice and H. B. Sherman
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MAMMALS OF GOGEBIC AND ONTONAGON ***
+
+***** This file should be named 37753-h.htm or 37753-h.zip *****
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@@ -0,0 +1,1939 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes on the Mammals of Gogebic and
+Ontonagon Counties, Michigan, 1920, by L. R. Dice and H. B. Sherman
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Notes on the Mammals of Gogebic and Ontonagon Counties, Michigan, 1920
+       Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology, Number 109
+
+Author: L. R. Dice
+        H. B. Sherman
+
+Release Date: October 14, 2011 [EBook #37753]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MAMMALS OF GOGEBIC AND ONTONAGON ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Larry B. Harrison, Diane Monico, and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+NUMBER 109       FEBRUARY 25, 1922
+
+OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF
+ZOOLOGY
+
+UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
+
+ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN        PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY
+
+
+
+
+NOTES ON THE MAMMALS OF GOGEBIC AND
+ONTONAGON COUNTIES, MICHIGAN, 1920
+
+BY L. R. DICE AND H. B. SHERMAN
+
+
+The authors of this paper spent the summer of 1920 in western Michigan
+studying the mammals of the region for the Michigan Geological and
+Biological Survey. From June 25 to August 4 was spent in the Cisco Lake
+Region with headquarters on Lindsley Lake; August 6 to August 20 a camp
+was maintained in the woods four miles southeast of Little Girl's
+Point; and from August 20 to September 6 was spent working from a camp
+on the western shore of Lake Gogebic, about three miles south of Lake
+Gogebic Station. The first two camps were in Gogebic County, the third
+in Ontonagon County.
+
+The field work was performed jointly by the two authors, under the
+direction of the senior author, who is responsible for the
+identification of the species, the descriptions of the general areas
+and of the habitats, and is jointly concerned in writing the annotated
+list.
+
+In addition to our own records, we have secured many valuable notes on
+the distribution of the larger species from J. E. Fischer, of
+Merriweather, Ontonagon County, a trapper of many years' experience;
+and from Benjamin J. Twombley, of Bent's Resort, Wisconsin, who has
+made many observations on the mammals of the Cisco Lake Region. We have
+also added a number of records from J. E. Marshall, who trapped for
+many years, beginning 1884, in Ontonagon and Gogebic counties, and from
+Ole Petersen, at one time a trapper at Gogebic Lake.
+
+The habitats in which records of occurrence have been obtained for the
+region under consideration are listed under each species; and the
+number of individuals taken, or seen and positively identified, in each
+habitat are given. From the figures a rough estimate of the relative
+abundance of the various species in the different habitats can be
+obtained, but the various habitats were not trapped or studied equally
+intensively, and for the larger and the rarer forms the numbers give
+little dependable data on relative abundance.
+
+
+
+
+DESCRIPTIONS OF THE REGIONS STUDIED
+
+
+_Cisco Lake Region._ In the Cisco Lake Region there are many lakes,
+mostly small, but several of a length of one to three miles. The
+water-level in the Cisco Lake chain has been raised six or ten feet by
+a dam across the outlet, and this change in water-level has killed the
+trees along the lake borders, so that the lakes are fringed by a narrow
+line of dead trees. The habitats of emerging vegetation and of aquatic
+vegetation have been much altered by the change in water-level, and
+these habitats cannot be well studied in these lakes. However, the
+neighboring lakes in which the water-level has not been changed show
+that the forests of the region originally came down to the water's
+edge, and that there was little normal development of marsh or swamp.
+
+The ridges between the lakes rise in general to heights of twenty-five
+feet or more, though bluffs are not formed. These ridges are mostly
+covered by mixed hardwood forest in which the hard maple, yellow birch,
+hemlock, and linden are the dominant trees. There are numerous small
+wet depressions, some of them containing small black spruce bogs, while
+others include a few arbor-vitae mixed with linden and other typical
+trees of the wet hardwood forest. Small areas of nearly pure hemlock
+occur on some slopes near the lake shores. A few large tamarack bogs
+are present.
+
+Though the pines formerly occurring have been taken out, the region
+otherwise is in nearly its native condition. A few former clearings
+along the lake shores have grown up to brush or to white birch saplings
+or small trees.
+
+_Little Girl's Point Region._ Much of the region in the near vicinity
+of Little Girl's Point has been cleared or burned, but a few miles to
+the east and southeast there are still considerable areas of native
+forest. The high ridge running through the region bears a splendid
+forest of maple, yellow birch, and linden, with little if any hemlock.
+However, on the steeper lower slopes hemlock occurs in nearly a pure
+stand. At one place was found a nice grove of large white pines, mixed,
+on the lower edge of the slope, with a few hemlocks. Black
+spruce-tamarack bogs are extensive and arbor-vitae swamps occur
+commonly. The extensive burned areas south of the point have grown up
+to a thicket of aspen, birch, and various shrubs and saplings. A few
+small areas are under cultivation.
+
+_Region at the north end of Gogebic Lake._ Most of the region about the
+north end of Gogebic Lake is low and wet. A number of small black ash
+swamps occur near the lake, and further back there are extensive black
+spruce bogs. The main forest is of a much mixed wet hardwood type,
+sugar maple, linden, yellow birch, elm, and hemlock, being the dominant
+species. The forest in most places reaches the edge of the lake, though
+a few sandy beaches occur. However, the level of the water in the lake
+has been raised a few feet by a dam across the outlet, and beaches were
+probably more abundant before this occurred. The lake is so large,
+about 13 miles long by 1 to 2 miles broad, that wave action is quite
+pronounced.
+
+One beaver meadow was studied, this meadow including areas of grasses
+and of sedges, traversed by ditches, small mud-flats covered with low
+rushes, and alder thickets.
+
+Just north of Lake Gogebic Station there are some high hills having
+bluffs on the southern exposures. These hills were visited, but they
+had been extensively logged and burned over and no attempt was made to
+trap for mammals on them.
+
+Some large burned areas have grown up to sapling forests of aspens.
+Near the towns of Lake Gogebic and Merriweather nearly all the forests
+have been cleared away, but farther south on the sides of the lake the
+woods are still in their natural condition.
+
+
+
+
+HABITATS
+
+
+The habitats studied in Gogebic and Ontonagon counties may be listed as
+follows:
+
+    Exposed shores:
+        Open-water
+        Beach
+        Dirt-bluff
+        Forest--shore
+
+    Protected shores:
+        Water lily
+        Pondweed
+        Rush
+        Submerged-sedge
+        Cat-tail
+        Willow-thicket
+        Mud-flat
+
+    Meadow:
+        Ditch-border
+        Tall-sedge
+        Grassy-meadow
+        Alder-thicket
+
+    Swamps:
+        Black ash swamp
+        Arbor-vitae swamp
+
+    Bogs:
+        Leather leaf bog
+        Sphagnum bog
+        Black spruce--tamarack bog
+
+    Forests:
+        Hemlock forest
+        White pine forest
+        Wet hardwood forest
+        Dry hardwood forest
+
+    Mountains:
+        Rock-bluff
+        Mountain-heath
+
+    Air:
+        Aerial
+
+    Burns and clearings:
+        Herbaceous stage
+        Shrub stage
+        Paper birch--aspen stage
+        Young hardwood forest stage
+
+    Artificial conditions:
+        Overflow swamp
+        Cultivated-field
+        Edificarian
+
+This list of habitats is admittedly not complete for the regions
+visited, but is intended to include those which we studied. We had no
+opportunity of studying either the shores of a large river or jack pine
+ridges, both of which situations will undoubtedly have habitats not
+here recognized.
+
+The habitats studied in Gogebic and Ontonagon counties but every
+habitat has been listed which seems to form a distinct type of mammal
+environment. We are firmly convinced that it is better to describe a
+great number of habitats rather than to lump different kinds of
+environments together. It is infinitely easier for a later worker to
+combine several habitats, which have been split too finely, than it is
+to separate the component habitats which may have been lumped together
+under one name.
+
+No attempt is made to give complete lists of the plants found in each
+habitat, but only the more conspicuous plants or those of special
+importance to the mammals are mentioned. The plant names used are
+mostly taken from Darlington's list of Gogebic County plants.[1]
+
+
+_Exposed Shores_
+
+_Open-water habitat:_ This habitat includes the areas of open water
+with no rooted vegetation in the deeper parts of the lakes and rivers.
+On Lake Superior at Little Girl's Point this habitat comes directly to
+the beach, for the wave action on this exposed point is sufficient to
+prevent the growth of plants along the shore. In Gogebic Lake and in
+the smaller lakes of the Cisco Lake Region there are also many parts
+where there is no rooted vegetation along shore. This habitat,
+therefore, covers by far the larger part of the aquatic conditions of
+northwestern Michigan. We secured no records of mammals for this
+habitat, and, though some aquatic species must occasionally occur in
+the open water along lake shores, they are rare there, and are
+practically absent from the areas of open water farther out in the
+lakes.
+
+_Beach habitat:_ The shore of Lake Superior at Little Girl's Point is
+subjected to heavy pounding by the lake waves, leading to the formation
+of a well-developed beach. To the east of the point the beach for some
+distance is five to ten yards wide, mostly of small gravel, with sand
+on the upper part; it ends abruptly against a steep dirt bluff. On the
+beach no vegetation grows and only a few scattered drift logs occur. To
+the west of Little Girl's Point undetached masses of solid rock are
+more prominent, though small patches of gravel occur in partially
+protected places. The beach here in general is narrow and rises
+steeply, so that the different beach zones, lower, middle, and upper,
+are not well marked. On the shores of Lake Gogebic are a few small sand
+beaches; but around this lake, as well as around the smaller lakes of
+the region, the forest comes, in general, directly to the edge of the
+water. There was no opportunity to trap for mammals on a beach, and no
+records for the habitat were obtained.
+
+_Dirt-bluff habitat:_ To the east of Little Girl's Point the beach of
+Lake Superior runs along the base of a dirt bluff about 35 feet high.
+The storm waves of winter evidently wash against this bluff, eroding
+it away and destroying the forest, which is of the hemlock type,
+growing on the level above. The bluff is quite steep, and along with
+small exposures of bare clay bears a number of scattered herbs and a
+few shrubs and small trees, such as alder, willow, arbor-vitae, yellow
+birch, paper birch, and red maple. No collecting was done in this
+habitat and no records of mammals were obtained from it.
+
+_Forest--shore habitat:_ Along all the lakes of the region, except Lake
+Superior, the forests in general come down to the water's edge. The
+marginal forests are frequently dominated by hemlock, though often a
+wet hardwood forest occurs along the shores, and in a number of places
+along Gogebic Lake black ash swamps border the water. Red maple (_Acer
+rubrum_) and mountain ash (_Sorbus americana_) frequently occur along
+the exposed shores of Gogebic Lake. Frequently young forests of paper
+birch or quaking aspen have replaced the original forests in the
+clearings and burned areas along the lake borders. The shore beside a
+forest commonly rises abruptly a few inches to a foot or more in a firm
+bank, and in most cases the trees overhang the water to some extent.
+These shores are the favorite promenade of the porcupine; and the mink,
+muskrat, and otter are typical of the habitat.
+
+
+_Protected Shores_
+
+_Water lily habitat:_ In shallow, protected parts of the lakes and
+channels of the Cisco Lake chain there are extensive growths of white
+and yellow water lilies (_Castalia tuberosa_ and _Nymphaea advena_).
+Water lilies also occur in many places as a narrow border at the edge
+of deep water. Muskrats were the only mammals noted in this habitat,
+but mink and otter probably occur also.
+
+_Pondweed habitat:_ A thick growth of pondweeds (Potamogeton spp.)
+occurs in protected places along the shores in many parts of the lakes
+of the Cisco Lake chain. Muskrats were noted in this habitat. In
+Gogebic Lake the exposure to wave action is in most places too great
+for a good development of pondweeds, though in the northern end of the
+lake there are a number of widely scattered plants of this type, but
+not forming a very well marked habitat.
+
+_Rush habitat:_ On somewhat protected shoals, both in the lakes of the
+Cisco Lake Region and in Gogebic Lake, there is sometimes a growth of
+rushes (Juncus sp.). Along the lower course of the Merriweather River,
+just before it enters Gogebic Lake, rushes thickly cover numerous small
+areas. The plants in both cases grow partly submerged in the water. No
+records for mammals were obtained from this type of habitat, though
+doubtless some of the amphibious forms frequently occur here.
+
+_Submerged-sedge habitat:_ Sedges in general do not occur as a definite
+belt about the margins of the lakes in the region studied. The only
+place where any considerable growth of sedges was noted at the edge of
+the water was along the lower course of Merriweather River, just before
+it enters Gogebic Lake. Here there are considerable areas of sedges
+partially submerged by the water. No records of mammals were obtained
+from this habitat.
+
+_Cat-tail habitat:_ Under native conditions cat-tails (_Typha
+latifolia_) apparently do not often form extensive habitats in the
+region. Along the marshy borders of the lower Merriweather River at
+Gogebic Lake a few small patches were seen. Small patches were seen in
+other places along railroad tracks where embankments had produced small
+areas of marshy ground.
+
+In the Cisco Lake Region a few of the areas of timber killed by the
+raising of the water-level have grown up to cat-tail swamps. In these
+swamps there are many standing dead trees and fallen logs as well as
+some areas of open water. The cat-tails seem to occur mostly in those
+swamps having only a small connection with the main body of the lake.
+In these places the cat-tail is dominant, though numerous sedges occur,
+and there is some sphagnum growing on the fallen logs and along the
+shore. A few small black spruces are starting. Along the edge of such a
+swamp a few deer-mice were taken, but these were evidently stragglers
+from the adjacent forest.
+
+_Willow-thicket habitat:_ Willows do not occur commonly along the water
+margins of the lakes of the region. The only place, except in
+clearings, where willows were noted as a definite growth is along the
+lower course of the Merriweather River at Gogebic Lake. Along this part
+of the river there are extensive growths of shrubby willows, growing
+(in early September) in a foot or more of water. The indications were
+that earlier in the summer the water about these plants must have been
+at least a foot higher. Signs of muskrat were noted at the edge of
+these willows.
+
+_Mud-flat habitat:_ Around the margin of a pond formed by an old
+deserted beaver dam near Gogebic Lake, two miles southwest of
+Merriweather, is a narrow strip of mud, very wet and sparsely covered
+with a growth of low rushes. The strip of muddy ground varies from
+about 1 to 4 meters in width and extends a short distance up along the
+edge of the small ditch draining into the pond. At the upper border of
+the strip of muddy shore is a thick growth of sedges, meeting the muddy
+shore at a fairly sharp line.
+
+In this habitat meadow mice are common and four jumping mice (_Zapus
+hudsonius_) were taken.
+
+
+_Meadows_
+
+_Ditch-border habitat:_ A number of small ditches run through an old
+beaver meadow of considerable size near Gogebic Lake, about two miles
+southwest of Merriweather. The borders of the ditches are muddy and the
+banks are from 6 to 18 inches high; in places the ditch borders are
+closely encroached upon by the tall sedges of the adjacent meadow. A
+small amount of water was present (in early September) in most of the
+ditches. In mouse traps set at the edges of these ditches, partly in
+the water, star-nosed moles and navigator shrews were taken. In a
+larger trap a skunk was taken.
+
+_Tall-sedge habitat:_ In the beaver meadow studied near Gogebic Lake,
+an area about 200 meters by 100 meters or more is occupied by a heavy
+growth of high, coarse sedges, reaching a height of about .75 to 1.00
+meter. A few grasses and some low herbs occur sparingly among the
+sedges. The habitat had not been burned over and the ground is covered
+with a thick mat of the decaying leaves and stems of the sedges and
+grasses. In most places the ground is quite wet, sometimes soggy to
+walk upon, and in a few places low hummocks are numerous. A similar
+habitat was found in rather a narrow strip at the edge of Mud Lake,
+one-fourth mile southwest of Thousand Island Lake, Gogebic County. Here
+a small area of meadow occurs along the inlet of a tiny stream. This
+area apparently had been artificially cleared of its forest, but the
+level of the lake had not been raised.
+
+The habitat differs from the submerged-sedge habitat of protected lake
+shores in being higher above the water and in not being covered with
+water from July to September; probably water does not stand to any
+depth on it at any time. The Richardson shrew is apparently a
+characteristic mammal of this habitat, though other shrews and mice
+were taken here also.
+
+_Grassy-meadow habitat:_ Part of the beaver meadow studied near Gogebic
+Lake is covered by a thick growth of grasses and sedges of a number of
+species. The ground of the habitat was rather dry and had been burned
+over the previous year. Grasses are also dominant over a few small
+areas near Mud Lake in Gogebic County. On a small area of the clearing
+near this lake a thick stand of bluegrass (Poa) is almost the only
+plant present. This occurs on an area of fairly moist mud. On the drier
+slope near the forest Poa also is abundant, forming the dominant
+species over a strip about 5 to 10 meters wide. Jumping mice are common
+in this habitat.
+
+_Alder-thicket habitat:_ On very wet ground just below an old beaver
+dam near Gogebic Lake there is a heavy growth of alder (_Alnus incana_)
+about 20 feet high. No other shrubs were noted in the thicket. The
+ground under the alders is mostly bare, there being only a few ferns,
+grasses, and other herbs. On the ground are many dead sticks fallen
+from the alders. This situation contained few mammals, only one Blarina
+being taken in four days' trapping with 25 traps. At the south end of
+the beaver meadow willows and alders are invading the sedges in very
+wet ground. No trapping was done in this situation.
+
+
+_Swamps_
+
+_Black ash swamp habitat:_ A number of black ash swamps occur along the
+shores of Gogebic Lake, being apparently partially flooded during
+periods of heavy rains and during stages of high water. In a swamp of
+this type near the north end of Gogebic Lake on the west side, black
+ash (_Fraxinus nigra_) is the dominant tree, the trunks reaching
+diameters up to 2 feet. Elms (_Ulmus americana_) sometimes reaching a
+trunk diameter of 3 feet are common, and yellow birches and hard maples
+are common also. Black maples are rare, and lindens are few. The trees
+are high and the forest crown nearly closed. Underbrush is common in
+the more open places, this being mostly mountain maple (_Acer
+spicatum_) with a few young firs, young arbor-vitae, and Virginia
+creepers (_Parthenocissus quinquefolia_). There are numerous ferns, and
+herbs are abundant. Under the more closed parts of the forest canopy
+the ground is mostly bare, underbrush and herbs being scanty. Smaller
+black ash swamps occur in the Cisco Lake Region, and in the vicinity of
+Little Girl's Point a number of small black ashes were noted in a swamp
+of mixed arbor-vitae and black spruce.
+
+_Arbor-vitae swamp habitat:_ In the Cisco Lake Region arbor-vitae
+(_Thuja occidentalis_) occurs commonly near the edges of the lakes and
+in the wet depressions in the forest. Near Gogebic Lake also the
+arbor-vitae grows commonly near the shores of the lake and in wet
+places in the woods, especially at the edges of swamps. But the trees
+in both these areas, so far as seen, were small, and the arbor-vitae
+did not form a dominant species, but occurred in a small percentage
+mixed with the other types of forest. However, in part of the region
+near Gogebic Lake extensive arbor-vitae swamps are reported to occur.
+In the vicinity of Little Girl's Point arbor-vitae swamps are common,
+occupying the wet lower northern slopes of the high ridge.
+
+In a swamp of this type three miles southeast of the point arbor-vitae
+is the dominant tree, reaching trunk diameters of two feet and more.
+Under the dense shade of the high forest crown there are many young
+trees of the same species, and the forest has evidently reached a
+temporary climax. Of other trees, a few small yellow birch, a few young
+firs and hemlocks, and one fallen white spruce (_Picea canadensis_)
+were noted. The ground is very wet and there are numerous tiny
+streams, which frequently disappear under the ground. Fallen trees and
+decaying logs on the ground make a thick tangle, very difficult to
+penetrate. The underbrush is scanty; mountain maple is rather common,
+and there are a few young black ashes. Much moss grows on the ground
+and on the decaying logs.
+
+In a depression two miles south of Little Girl's Point is a mixed
+growth of arbor-vitae, black spruce, with a few black ashes. The trees
+are mostly small, none of them exceeding about eight inches in trunk
+diameter. In August the ground was very wet, there being standing water
+in some places, and the ground was heavily covered with sphagnum. This
+situation may be considered transitional between the black spruce bog
+and the arbor-vitae swamp. No traps for mammals were set in this
+situation.
+
+
+_Bogs_
+
+_Leather leaf bog habitat:_ In the northwestern corner of Fish-hawk
+Lake and at several places along the channel connecting Lindsley and
+Cisco lakes a heavy growth of leather leaf (_Chamaedaphne calyculata_)
+adjoins and overhangs the water, a considerable portion of the growth
+actually floating on the water. With the leather leaf is associated
+much sweet gale (_Myrica gale_) and alders, and these plants form
+almost the entire mat in some of the wetter areas. At other places
+sphagnum becomes abundant and the conditions approach those of a
+sphagnum bog. Other plants commonly found in the leather leaf bog in
+the Cisco Lake Region are the Labrador tea (_Ledum groenlandicum_),
+swamp laurel (_Kalmia potifolia_), wild rosemary (_Andromeda
+glaucophylla_), small cranberry (_Oxycoccus oxycoccus_), pitcher-plant
+(_Sarracenia purpurea_), and small trees of black spruce and tamarack.
+In a typical leather leaf bog on the Ontonagon River near the outlet
+from Thousand Island Lake a large beaver house is located.
+
+_Sphagnum bog habitat:_ In a restricted sense the name is here applied
+to the part of a bog which is free from trees. It differs from the
+leather leaf bog in having a greater amount of sphagnum, for while the
+leather leaf bog when first developed over the water has little or no
+sphagnum, the sphagnum bog, as here considered, is almost entirely
+covered by sphagnum. The shrubs found in the two situations are
+apparently identical, except that the leather leaf is less abundant. A
+small bog of this type borders the edge of Mud Lake in the Cisco Lake
+Region, and small parts of many bogs are free from trees. So far as was
+determined, the mammal fauna is the same as that for the black
+spruce--tamarack bog, from which the only difference is the absence of
+trees.
+
+_Black Spruce--Tamarack Bog habitat:_ The dominant bog tree in this
+region is the black spruce (_Picea mariana_), which is usually small
+and stunted. With the black spruces are a lesser number of small
+tamaracks (_Larix larcina_), which in places may be dominant. The
+ground is heavily covered with sphagnum, which is normally soaked with
+water. Shrubs are abundant, though usually not forming a closed mat. Of
+the shrubs the leather leaf is the most abundant, though Kalmia,
+Andromeda, Ledum, and blueberries are common. A few young white pines
+and red maples were noted. Sedges occur frequently, and the pitcher
+plant is very characteristic.
+
+
+_Forests_
+
+_Hemlock forest habitat:_ In the Cisco Lake Region groves of hemlock
+(_Tsuga canadensis_) frequently occupy the lower parts of steep slopes
+adjoining the lakes. One such area studied is made up of practically a
+pure stand of hemlocks, the trunks being from about 6 to 18 inches in
+diameter. A few very old yellow birches are present, and also a few
+young sugar maples and arbor-vitae, the latter chiefly near the
+water's edge. Shrubs and herbs are nearly absent, and the forest floor
+is covered by a thick carpet of dead needles. There are many decaying
+logs, usually covered by a thin coat of moss. In the Little Girl's
+Point Region nearly pure stands of large hemlocks cover many of the
+lower parts of steep slopes and also occur commonly on well-drained
+soil elsewhere. In the vicinity of the north end of Gogebic Lake a few
+small groves of hemlocks were noted, but the ground in general is so
+low and swampy that the species mostly occurs as a part of the mixed
+forest of the region. Animals are rare in the habitat.
+
+_White pine forest habitat:_ White pine (_Pinus strobus_), which
+formerly was a common forest tree in northern Michigan, has now been
+mostly removed for lumber. Near Little Girl's Point a small natural
+grove of this species was studied, occupying a moderate southerly slope
+above a black spruce bog. The area is about 50 by 150 meters in size.
+White pines are by far the most numerous and dominant tree, the trunks
+measuring up to about five feet in diameter. In the grove yellow birch,
+some of large size, are common; toward the bottom of the slope hemlocks
+are also common; and near the edge of the bog there are a few
+arbor-vitae. Shrubs are almost absent, there being merely a few small
+seedlings of arbor-vitae, hemlock, and fir, mostly toward the bottom of
+the slope. A few scattered clumps of grass appear, but the forest floor
+is mostly covered only by a thick carpet of dry pine needles. Numerous
+dead limbs and sticks have fallen from the pines.
+
+_Wet hardwood forest habitat:_ The land adjoining much of Gogebic Lake
+is low and poorly drained. Here is found a mixed forest dominated by
+sugar maple (_Acer saccharum_), black maple, hemlock, yellow birch
+(_Betula lutea_), linden, elm (_Ulmus americana_), ash (not black ash),
+and ironwood (_Ostrya virginiana_). The hardwoods are decidedly
+dominant over the conifers. The forest crown is high and closed, and
+the trees are large. The underbrush in general is scanty, though in
+some places there is a thick growth of mountain maple (_Acer spicatum_)
+and of sugar maple seedlings. Leatherwood (_Dirca palustris_), hazel,
+ferns, and a few young firs (_Abies balsamea_) also occur.
+
+Some of the lower forests in the Cisco Lake Region approach the wet
+hardwood forest type, though none are extensive in area, and they are
+usually surrounded and dominated by the dry forest condition.
+
+_Dry hardwood forest habitat:_ The highest development of the dry
+hardwood type of forest was found on the upper parts of the moderately
+high ridge near Little Girl's Point. The slopes in general are very
+gentle, but well drained. The forest here is dominated by the sugar
+maple (_Acer saccharum_), yellow birch (_Betula lutea_), and linden
+(_Tilia americana_). Hemlocks are rare, and only one elm was seen. The
+trees are large, the trunks frequently reaching diameters of two feet
+or more. The forest crown is high and heavy. Underbrush is scanty and
+low, being mostly young seedlings of sugar maple, though seedlings of
+linden are numerous. Other shrubs and herbs noted were the leatherwood
+(_Dirca palustris_), hazel (_Corylus rostrata_), yew (_Taxus
+canadensis_), gooseberry, ferns, false Solomon's seal, and grass. On
+the ground are many decaying leaves, these usually forming a heavy
+carpet; decaying logs and freshly fallen sticks are common.
+
+In the Cisco Lake Region the drainage is not so good as in the vicinity
+of Little Girl's Point, and the forests of that district are of a type
+somewhat intermediate between the wet hardwood forest and the dry
+hardwood forest. In the Cisco Lake Region the topography is much
+broken, there being many small hills and ridges, and many small
+depressions, often poorly drained. In the damp depressions, if not wet
+enough for a bog, arbor-vitae and hemlock are common, while on the
+ridges sugar maple and linden are characteristic, though hemlock occurs
+here sparingly also. There is accordingly much local variation in tree
+forms, but the whole forest is decidedly of a hardwood type.
+
+The dry hardwood forests of the Little Girl's Point Region are
+inhabited by many deer-mice, while only a few of this species are found
+in the wet hardwood forests near Gogebic Lake, bob-tailed shrews being
+there the most abundant mammal and red-backed voles being common, both
+of which are rare in the other districts. In the dry hardwood forest
+near Little Girl's Point four woodland jumping mice (Napaeozapus) were
+taken, while in the Cisco Lake Region only two were taken in a period
+twice as long, and at Gogebic Lake none were secured. These
+observations indicate that moisture conditions in hardwood forests have
+an important influence on the mammal fauna.
+
+
+_Mountains_
+
+_Rock-bluff habitat:_ Rock exposures are rare in the region studied.
+However there are several high hills with steep exposures of rock a
+short distance north of Ironwood and Bessemer. These hills could not be
+studied in the time available, and the only cliff examined was on a
+small range of hills northeast of the station of Lake Gogebic. On one
+of these hills is a nearly perpendicular rock cliff about 200 feet high
+and facing to the southward. The small talus slope at the bottom is
+overgrown with shrubs and trees, and on the small ledges and gullies of
+the face of the cliff a few small trees, shrubs, and herbs are also
+growing. The most conspicuous plants of the rock habitat are scrub
+oaks, aspens, and heaths. No trapping was done in the habitat, and no
+notes on mammals were secured. Probably the mammal fauna is not very
+large.
+
+_Mountain-heath habitat:_ A narrow, poorly developed belt of heath
+fringes the upper edge of the rock cliff examined north of Lake
+Gogebic. Characteristic plants are the blueberry and bearberry, mixed
+with creeping juniper and a few scattered grasses. The habitat is very
+narrow and is closely encroached upon by shrubs and trees, such as
+sumac, cherry, white pine, jack pine, oaks, aspens, and paper birch.
+Signs of fox were noted at the edge of the cliff, but no trapping was
+carried on here.
+
+
+_Air_
+
+_Aerial habitat:_ The only aerial mammals are the bats, of which four
+species were taken during the summer. The flying squirrel is not
+considered to be a true aerial form.
+
+
+_Burns and Clearings_
+
+Fires have been numerous throughout northern Michigan and a large part
+of the region is covered by various stages in the succession following
+fires or clearings. The areas studied were selected as representative
+of the natural conditions of the peninsula, but even in these districts
+there are many burned areas.
+
+Many large areas have been heavily logged over, sometimes followed by
+fire, with a result similar to that of a fire. In the region studied
+there are numerous small clearings, some of which are in use as the
+residences of settlers, but most have been allowed to revert to a wild
+condition. The stages in succession on an abandoned clearing seem to be
+similar to those following a fire, and they are here considered
+together.
+
+_Herbaceous stage:_ After a fire in a forest in this region the first
+vegetation to spring up seems to be the herbs, of which the fireweed
+(_Chamaenerion angustifolium_) is most prominent. A number of areas
+dominated by this type of vegetation were seen, but the type seems to
+be short-lived, and is probably quickly replaced by shrubs and tree
+seedlings. The stages in succession following a fire in swampy areas
+may be somewhat different from that in a hardwood region, but no data
+was obtained. No opportunity presented itself to study the mammals of
+the herbaceous stage, and I have no records for the species found
+there.
+
+_Shrub stage:_ Following a fire or clearing in a hardwood area the
+herbaceous stage is apparently quickly followed by a thick growth of
+shrubs and young trees. The characters of the shrub growth vary
+considerably with the texture of the soil, amount of soil moisture,
+slope, and completeness of burning. The growth is usually quite thick,
+though in some clearings where the growth has been kept down for some
+time there may be open grassy patches. In small clearings near
+Fish-hawk Lake the raspberry (_Rubus strigosus_) is a characteristic
+species, but near Little Girl's Point it is much less common. A large
+area of shrub studied near Little Girl's Point is on a rather steep
+slope facing to the north, though part is at the bottom of the hill on
+a very gentle slope. There are no large trees, but saplings up to
+2-1/2-inch trunks occur; most, however, are smaller. The quaking and
+large-toothed aspens (_Populus tremuloides_ and _P. grandidentata_),
+paper and yellow birches (_Betula papyrifera_ and _B. lutea_), sugar
+maple, and linden are common seedlings. Shrubs, such as the sumac
+(_Rhus hirta_), wild cherry (_Prunus pennsylvanica_), raspberry,
+willows (Salix spp.), mountain maple, red-berried elder (_Sambucus
+racemosa_), and hazel are common. A few herbs, like the fireweed,
+golden-rod, and pearly everlasting, occur in open places.
+
+A number of mammals are found in the shrub stage, but they are far less
+abundant than in mature hardwood forest.
+
+_Paper birch--aspen stage:_ The continued growth of the young trees in
+the shrub stage leads to the production of a sapling forest of the more
+quickly growing species, the paper birches and aspens. Often one or
+other of these species becomes dominant to the practical exclusion of
+the other, but sometimes both occur together. On the slopes near the
+lakes of the Cisco Lake chain aspens are rare, and the sapling forests
+on the clearings and burns are almost a pure stand of paper birch. Near
+Watersmeet, however, the aspen seems to be the dominant form, and few
+paper birches were seen. Near Gogebic Lake, also, the quaking aspen is
+the dominant form, though paper birches are common in the sapling
+forests. The growth in these sapling forests is very thick, and the
+ground is nearly bare of vegetation, though it is heavily covered with
+dead sticks and small logs. In a thick growth of quaking aspens, on wet
+ground studied near Gogebic Lake, a number of alders and paper birches,
+a few young trees of sugar maple and arbor-vitae, and a rare elm occur.
+A scanty undergrowth of mountain maple and numerous sugar maple
+seedlings is present. Few mammals are found in this stage of the
+forest.
+
+On the western slope of Birch Point on Cisco Lake there is a good stand
+of paper birches, growing in an open stand with much grass in the
+spaces between the trees. This place has been much used for camping and
+it may be that the development of the grass is the result of opening
+the forest by clearing out some of the trees. Among the birches are
+numerous young firs and white pines, with a few young sugar maples, and
+a rare arbor-vitae. The birches show many signs of age, and would
+evidently, if undisturbed, soon give way to a forest dominated by the
+pines and firs. In the grass among these trees deer-mice, red-backed
+voles, and jumping mice (Zapus) were taken. Signs of snowshoe hare were
+seen.
+
+_Young hardwood forest stage:_ On the eastern slope of a low ridge at
+Birch Point, Cisco Lake, a young hardwood forest is rapidly replacing a
+former growth of paper birches which has followed a fire. In this
+growth numerous old paper birches still persist, but they are being
+strongly crowded by a thick growth of vigorous young sugar maples, some
+of which have trunk diameters up to about eight inches, and which form
+a dense shade. Among the maples are numerous young firs and a few young
+hemlocks and arbor-vitae. The ground is mostly bare, being scantily
+covered by leaves. The soil is moist, but there is no grass and little
+brush. In this habitat deer-mice were taken, and one red squirrel was
+seen.
+
+
+_Artificial Conditions_
+
+_Overflow swamp habitat:_ Due to the rise in water-level of the lakes
+of the Cisco Lake chain many low areas of forest have been flooded and
+killed. Many of the dead trunks of these trees still remain standing,
+mixed with fallen and decaying logs in the water. Locally these
+habitats are called "overflow swamps," a name here adopted for the
+habitat. There is little living vegetation in these swamps, an
+occasional water lily being almost the only plant present. Porcupines
+commonly walk out on the logs of the swamp to secure the water lily
+leaves, and probably the mink occasionally runs over the logs in its
+movements along the waterways.
+
+_Cultivated-field habitat:_ Cleared fields occur only sparingly in the
+regions visited, and these fields are small in size. No study of their
+inhabitants was made, though silver-haired bats were collected while
+they were flying over a small clearing in the Little Girl's Point
+Region.
+
+_Edificarian habitat:_ Towns and buildings are not very common in
+northern Michigan. In and around a cabin on Lindsley Lake a number of
+deer-mice were trapped, and signs that porcupines had invaded the cabin
+were noted.
+
+
+
+
+ANNOTATED LIST OF MAMMALS
+
+_Condylura cristata._ Star-nosed Mole.
+
+    Tall-sedge, 2.
+Two were trapped September 3 and 5, 1920, in a short, open runway in
+very moist soil at the edge of a small ditch running through tall
+sedges in a beaver meadow near Gogebic Lake, Ontonagon County.
+
+_Sorex personatus personatus._ Masked Shrew.
+
+    Grassy-meadow, 2.
+    Black spruce--tamarack bog, 2.
+    Wet hardwood forest, 3.
+    Dry hardwood forest, 3.
+    Shrub stage, 2.
+
+In the Cisco Lake Region in July, one was taken in a small black spruce
+bog, two in a narrow tongue of grass between tall sedges and sphagnum
+bordering Mud Lake, three in the wetter parts of the hardwood forest,
+and three in the upland, well-drained hardwood forest. Near Little
+Girl's Point in August, two were taken in a growth of shrubs in a burn.
+Near Gogebic Lake, Ontonagon County, one was taken September 4 in a
+black spruce bog.
+
+_Sorex richardsonii._ Richardson Shrew.
+
+    Tall-sedge, 15.
+    Grassy-meadow, 1.
+    Sphagnum bog, 1.
+
+This species was found only in or near tall sedges growing in moist or
+marshy situations. In the Cisco Lake Region six were taken near Mud
+Lake in July. Four of these were taken in tall sedges, one in grass
+alongside the sedges, and one in sphagnum between the sedges and the
+lake. August 30 to September 5, eleven were taken in tall sedges in a
+beaver meadow near Gogebic Lake, Ontonagon County.
+
+An adult female trapped at Mud Lake, July 30, contained five large
+embryos. There were two pairs of inguinal and one pair of abdominal
+mammae. Another adult female trapped in the same place, July 22, had
+two pairs of inguinal mammae, but no abdominal mammae were found.
+
+The latter individual was moulting, patches of new fur having replaced
+the old on the top of the head midway between the ears and eyes,
+between the shoulders, and on the rump. The other female mentioned
+above, taken July 30, had nearly completed her moult.
+
+Only two specimens have been previously recorded from Michigan, one
+from Alger County and the other from Chippewa County.[2]
+
+_Neosorex palustris palustris._ Marsh Shrew, Water Shrew.
+
+    Tall-sedge, 1.
+    Ditch-border, 3.
+
+September 1 a marsh shrew was trapped in the tall sedges of a beaver
+meadow near Gogebic Lake, Ontonagon County. Most of the body had been
+eaten by some carnivore. Other specimens were taken on each of the two
+succeeding days, and a fourth on September 5.
+
+The first specimen taken was trapped eight feet from a tiny stream
+which flowed through the marshy sedges. Two of the others were taken on
+the muddy bank of the stream near the water's edge, and the fourth
+about 35 feet from the water. All were secured within a radius of 35
+feet.
+
+This species has been recorded but once previously from Michigan, from
+Chippewa County.[3]
+
+_Microsorex hoyi._ Hoy Shrew.
+
+    Black spruce-tamarack bog, 1.
+    Wet hardwood forest, 1.
+
+One specimen was taken July 17 at Fish-hawk Lake in a moderately wet
+part of the hardwood forest. Another was taken July 29 at the edge of a
+small black spruce bog.
+
+_Blarina brevicauda talpoides._ Bob-tailed Shrew.
+
+    Tall-sedge, 8.
+    Grassy-meadow, 6.
+    Alder-thicket, 1.
+    Black ash swamp, 6.
+    Arbor-vitae swamp, 4.
+    Black spruce--tamarack bog, 1.
+    Wet hardwood forest, 32.
+    Dry hardwood forest, 8.
+    Shrub stage, 1.
+    Paper birch--aspen stage, 6.
+
+The species is rather generally distributed, but is by far the most
+common in moist woods. In the Cisco Lake Region 11 were secured; in the
+Little Girl's Point district, 10; and near Gogebic Lake in Ontonagon
+County, 52. In the latter district it was the most abundant mammal
+species, even exceeding Peromyscus in numbers; indeed, Peromyscus was
+relatively uncommon in the partly swampy woods of the region, and it
+might be that the abundance of the bob-tailed shrews accounts for the
+scarcity of the deer-mice, for the shrews undoubtedly at times prey
+upon the mice. The specimen recorded above from the black
+spruce-tamarack bog was taken near Gogebic Lake in a boggy swamp,
+which, while dominated by black spruces, yet contained a considerable
+number of arbor-vitae and hemlocks.
+
+In the wet hardwood forest near Gogebic Lake Blarina runways are
+exceedingly abundant, usually running along or under sticks or logs.
+Commonly they are just under the leaves, but sometimes for a short
+distance are without covering. One old log examined was found to be
+honey-combed with these tunnels. The deeper runways nearly always
+follow down just under a tree root.
+
+The uterus of a female taken July 10, at Fish-hawk Lake, showed a few
+small swellings which were identified in the field as embryos.
+Unfortunately, the uterus was not preserved. No embryos were found in
+26 other females taken between July 15 and September 4. In the latter
+part of the season fewer immature specimens were taken than earlier in
+the summer. These facts show that in this region the species breeds in
+the spring or early summer and does not usually breed again during July
+and August.
+
+_Myotis lucifugus lucifugus._ Little Brown Bat.
+
+    Aerial, 15.
+
+Nine individuals were shot while they were flying over the lakes in the
+Cisco Lake Region. These were taken between 8:00 and 9:00 p. m. from
+July 1 to August 2; but on moonlight nights bats, believed to be of
+this species, were seen flying as late as 10:00 p. m. At the camp near
+Little Girl's Point one was shot at 7:55 p. m., August 11, as it flew
+about over the road through the dry hardwood forest. Five others were
+shot at the Gogebic Lake camp as they flitted through an opening in the
+wet hardwood forest. These were taken between 7:30 and 7:55 p. m.,
+August 23 to September 2; but bats almost certainly of this species
+appeared regularly in the evenings about 7:10 p. m.
+
+_Lasionycteris noctivagans._ Silver-haired Bat.
+
+    Aerial, 3.
+
+Near the Little Girl's Point camp one was shot at 7:50 p. m., August 9,
+and two more in the same region about 7:45 p. m., August 17. One was
+flying along a road through the dry hardwood forest at a height about
+equal to that of the tree-tops, and the others were taken in a small
+clearing in the same forest.
+
+_Nycteris borealis borealis._ Red Bat.
+
+    Aerial, 2.
+
+Two were secured near the Little Girl's Point camp at about 7:45 p. m.,
+one August 9 and the other August 14, as they flew about over the road
+through the dry hardwood forest.
+
+_Nycteris cinerea._ Hoary Bat.
+
+    Aerial, 1.
+
+The only specimen secured was shot at 7:55 p. m., August 9, while it
+was flying over the road through the dry hardwood forest near Little
+Girl's Point.
+
+_Ursus americanus americanus._ Black Bear.
+
+    Wet hardwood forest, 1.
+    Dry hardwood forest, 1.
+
+Reported by residents as being rather common. July 10 a large black
+bear was seen to cross the railroad track and enter the hardwood forest
+not over a quarter-mile from Cisco Lake Station. Tracks of a large
+individual were seen in the mud bordering a small brook in
+maple-birch-hemlock forest about three miles southeast of the station
+July 17 and August 15. At dusk, August 28, while Mr. Sherman was
+setting up a camera and flashgun along a deer trail about 100 yards
+from the camp on Gogebic Lake, a small bear passed within twenty-five
+paces of him, apparently but little concerned with his presence or that
+of the nearby camp and fire, except that it sniffed the air
+occasionally.
+
+_Canis lycaon._ Timber Wolf.
+
+    Mud-flat, signs.
+    Tall-sedge, tracks.
+    Dry hardwood forest, reported.
+
+Residents reported it common in all the districts visited by us. We saw
+signs and tracks in several habitats; and residents saw a wolf in the
+dry hardwood forest near our camp in the Little Girl's Point district.
+
+_Canis latrans._ Coyote.
+
+J. E. Fischer reported in 1920 that coyotes had appeared and become
+numerous in the region at the north end of Lake Gogebic within the last
+few years. We have secured several skulls and skeletons taken by him in
+1920-21.
+
+_Vulpes fulva._ Red Fox.
+
+    Mountain-heath, signs.
+
+Signs of fox were found in late August in a narrow growth of heath at
+the top of a cliff about a mile north of Lake Gogebic Station. J. E.
+Fischer has sent us a fox taken in January, 1921, in Gogebic County
+near Gogebic Lake. Benjamin J. Twombley reports that a few occur in the
+Cisco Lake Region. J. E. Marshall, in 1911, reported that a few
+occurred around Gogebic Lake.
+
+_Urocyon cinereoargenteus._ Gray Fox.
+
+J. E. Marshall reported in 1911 that it was rare, but that he had
+trapped two near Gogebic Lake.
+
+_Martes americanus americanus._ Marten.
+
+J. E. Marshall reported in 1911 that it was getting scarce in Gogebic
+and Ontonagon counties. He trapped a number near Gogebic Lake in the
+winter of 1884-1885, and took 15 in the winter of 1889-90. In 1920 J.
+E. Fischer reported marten rare near Gogebic Lake.
+
+_Martes pennantii pennantii._ Fisher.
+
+In 1911 J. E. Marshall reported that it was getting scarce near Gogebic
+Lake; he trapped four in the winter of 1889-90 and two in 1890-91. J.
+E. Fischer took one in Ontonagon County near Gogebic Lake in the winter
+of 1919-20. Ole Petersen in 1911 reported it rare near Gogebic Lake.
+
+_Mustela cicognanii cicognanii._ Bonaparte Weasel.
+
+    Black spruce--tamarack bog, 1.
+    Dry hardwood forest, 4.
+
+Trappers report it common throughout the areas visited. We took five
+specimens near Little Girl's Point. Several specimens taken in the
+Cisco Lake Region during the winter of 1920-21 were presented to us by
+Benjamin J. Twombley, and J. E. Fischer sent us a specimen taken in
+December, 1920, near Gogebic Lake.
+
+_Mustela vison letifera._ Mink.
+
+    Forest--shore, 6.
+    Wet hardwood forest, den.
+
+Reported by trappers as common throughout the area studied. In the
+Cisco Lake Region two were trapped at the water's edge beside a growth
+of paper birch saplings; and another was shot as it was running along
+the bank of the Ontonagon River at the edge of a stand of hemlocks.
+Three others were seen swimming near the latter locality July 29. Upon
+the approach of the canoe they swam rapidly to an old hollow log in wet
+hardwood forest on shore. Around and through the log well-worn runways
+showed evidence of the presence of a den.
+
+_Mephitis hudsonica._ Skunk.
+
+    Ditch-border, 1.
+    Dry hardwood forest, 5.
+
+Four skunks were taken in the dry hardwood forest of the Cisco Lake
+Region, one in the same type of habitat near the Little Girl's Point
+camp, and another in a trap set in the bottom of a muddy ditch in the
+beaver meadow near Gogebic Lake.
+
+An adult male, trapped July 14 in the Cisco Lake Region, was badly
+infested with tapeworms in the middle part of the small intestine. An
+adult female, taken July 19, was found to have many tapeworms in the
+intestine, many nematodes in the lung tissue, an infested liver, and a
+large number of nematodes in a cavity in the top of the skull.
+
+While we were photographing a captive juvenile August 2 at Lindsley
+Lake a horsefly (identified as _Tabanus atratus_ by J. S. Rogers)
+burrowed into the fur on the rump of the skunk and began sucking blood.
+
+_Taxidea taxus taxus._ Badger.
+
+J. E. Marshall reports that he trapped one in the winter of 1889-90
+between Gogebic Lake and Lake Superior.
+
+_Lutra canadensis canadensis._ Otter.
+
+In 1911 J. E. Marshall reported that quite a few remained around
+Gogebic Lake; he took quite a number in the winter of 1884 and several
+in the winters of 1889 to 1891. J. E. Fischer took two in Ontonagon
+County in January, 1921.
+
+_Lynx canadensis._ Canada Lynx.
+
+J. E. Marshall reports that it was not very plentiful near Gogebic Lake
+in 1884. He took one in the winter of 1890-91; in 1911 it had almost or
+entirely disappeared.
+
+_Lynx ruffus ruffus._ Bob-cat.
+
+J. E. Marshall reports that he took three or four near Gogebic Lake in
+the winter of 1890-91; in 1891-92 it had become quite numerous; and it
+continued to increase until 1911 at least. In 1920 residents reported
+that a few occurred in all the regions visited by us.
+
+_Peromyscus maniculatus gracilis._ Deer-mouse.
+
+    Tall-sedge, 4.
+    Black ash swamp, 5.
+    Arbor-vitae swamp, 11.
+    Black spruce--tamarack bog, 4.
+    Hemlock forest, 16.
+    White pine forest, 5.
+    Wet hardwood forest, 78.
+    Dry hardwood forest, 143.
+    Shrub stage, 19.
+    Paper birch--aspen, 15.
+    Young hardwood forest stage, 2.
+    Edificarian, 6.
+
+In the Cisco Lake Region and in the vicinity of Little Girl's Point
+this species is the most abundant mammal, but in the wet woods at the
+Gogebic Lake camp it is much less abundant, being exceeded in numbers
+by the bob-tailed shrew. A total of 308 deer-mice were taken during the
+summer. It was found in a variety of forest habitats, but it is most
+abundant in the dry upland woods of the Little Girl's Point Region. The
+individuals taken in the tall sedges at Mud Lake were probably
+stragglers from the nearby shrubs and forest, for no deer-mice were
+taken in the extensive sedges of the large beaver meadow studied near
+Gogebic Lake. Probably most of those taken in the black spruce bogs
+were stragglers also, though one individual taken in a large black
+spruce bog was 50 yards from the nearest deciduous woods.
+
+When we arrived in the Cisco Lake Region in late June young and
+subadults were abundant, many of the female subadults, as well as the
+adults, carrying embryos. Embryos were found throughout the summer up
+to August 25. Of females containing embryos, five had 4 embryos each,
+ten females 5 embryos each, nine females 6 embryos each, and one female
+8 embryos.
+
+_Synaptomys cooperi fatuus._ Lemming-vole.
+
+    Tall-sedge, 1.
+    Black spruce--tamarack bog, 2.
+    Wet hardwood forest, 1.
+    Dry hardwood forest, 1.
+
+In the Cisco Lake Region an adult female was taken in dry hardwood
+forest near Fish-hawk Lake June 28, 1920. It contained 6 embryos each
+21 mm. long. A juvenile was trapped July 26 on top a log in the tall
+sedges at Mud Lake. The log bridged over a particularly wet part of the
+marshy sedges and was at the edge of the hardwood forest. Two other
+juveniles were taken the next day, one in a small black spruce log, and
+the other in wet hardwood forest at the edge of the same bog. In
+Ontonagon County near Gogebic Lake a subadult male was taken September
+5 in a large black spruce bog.
+
+_Evotomys gapperi gapperi._ Red-backed vole.
+
+    Black ash swamp, 2.
+    Black spruce--tamarack bog, 6.
+    Arbor-vitae swamp, 2.
+    Hemlock forest, 5.
+    White pine forest, 2.
+    Wet hardwood forest, 18.
+    Dry hardwood forest, 17.
+    Shrub stage, 5.
+    Paper birch--aspen stage, 3.
+
+Thirty were taken in the Cisco Lake Region, 10 at the Little Girl's
+Point camp, and 20 near Gogebic Lake in Ontonagon County. It was most
+common in the forests. Two individuals recorded from the arbor-vitae
+swamp were taken in a mixed swamp of small arbor-vitae, black spruce,
+and hemlock with many alders, this situation probably forming a stage
+in the succession following a beaver meadow. Also, one of the specimens
+recorded from the paper birch--aspen stage was taken in an open stand
+of old paper birches with a forest floor of grass, conditions not
+typical of the stage.
+
+Of 13 females examined from June to August, two contained 4 embryos
+each, two 5 embryos each, and two 6 embryos each. August 14, at Little
+Girl's Point, was the last date on which embryos were found.
+
+The species is somewhat diurnal. Several times one was seen in daylight
+about the camp in the Cisco Lake Region, and several were trapped
+during daylight hours.
+
+A captive was fond of tender grass blades, but refused the harder
+stems. In eating he sat up on the hind feet and handled the food with
+the fore feet.
+
+An immature male taken August 8 near Little Girl's Point had a
+considerable infestation of seed ticks on the posterior lobes of both
+ears.
+
+_Microtus pennsylvanicus pennsylvanicus._ Meadow vole.
+
+    Mud-flat, 6.
+    Tall-sedge, 28.
+    Grassy-meadow, 6.
+    Black ash swamp, 1.
+    Arbor-vitae swamp, 1.
+    Leather leaf bog, 15.
+    Sphagnum bog, 9.
+    Black spruce--tamarack bog, 1.
+    Shrub stage, 17.
+
+Sixty-five were taken in the Cisco Lake Region and 19 in Ontonagon
+County, near Gogebic Lake. It is most abundant in grassy and sedgy
+meadows and in open bogs, though it is found rarely in swamps and
+tree-covered bogs. The individual listed from the arbor-vitae swamp was
+taken in a young growth of arbor-vitae, black spruce, hemlock, and many
+alders, and not in typical arbor-vitae swamp habitat. Of the 17 listed
+from the shrub stage, one was taken in a wet, sedgy part of a
+shrub-covered burn at Poor Lake, and the others were secured in the
+shrub and grass clearing around the camp house on Lindsley Lake.
+
+Of ten females examined, July 10 to September 5, one contained 3
+embryos, one 4 embryos, and two 5 embryos each. September 5 was the
+last date on which embryos were found. The three embryos found on the
+last date were each 23 mm. in length and together they weighed 8.5
+grams, which was 26 per cent of the weight of the mother with the
+embryos removed.
+
+Both adults and immature young were seen moving about, and were also
+trapped in broad daylight, but it is more active in the evening just
+before sunset.
+
+A captive juvenile was placed July 19 in a large tub with an adult
+female, which might have been its mother, for both were taken on
+succeeding days in the same trap. The young one immediately tried to
+nurse, but was severely bitten and driven away, though it made numerous
+unsuccessful attempts later. When approaching the old female the baby
+frequently gave a high-pitched squeak, and the old female replied by a
+hoarse squeak, evidently of warning, for the young one was bitten when
+it approached in defiance of the warning note and threatening attitude
+of the adult. The baby evidently had been weaned, and the old female
+was found to contain five large embryos.
+
+_Ondatra zibethica zibethica._ Muskrat.
+
+    Forest--shore, 5.
+    Water lily, 1.
+    Pondweed, 2.
+    Willow-thicket, signs.
+
+Muskrats are numerous in the Cisco Lake Region, and five specimens were
+taken. Near Little Girl's Point one was seen swimming in a small
+stream. At the mouth of Merriweather Creek on Gogebic Lake signs were
+noted in a willow thicket, and muskrats were reported numerous in the
+region.
+
+An adult female trapped July 6 at Fish-hawk Lake contained six large
+embryos; another female taken July 10 contained no embryos, but the
+mammae were filled with milk; and two females taken July 26 contained
+no embryos.
+
+In the Cisco Lake Region broken mussel shells were abundant in the
+muskrat runways along the shores. Remains of pondweeds were also
+frequently found in the runways, and a quantity of leaves with a few
+heads containing flowers and seeds collected July 8 were identified by
+E. A. Bessey as _Potamogeton richardsonii_.
+
+_Zapus hudsonius hudsonius._ Jumping-mouse.
+
+    Mud-flat, 4.
+    Tall-sedge, 12.
+    Grassy-meadow, 8,
+    Arbor-vitae swamp, 1.
+    Sphagnum bog, 1.
+    Black spruce--tamarack bog, 1.
+    Wet hardwood forest, 2.
+    Dry hardwood forest, 1.
+    Shrub stage, 10.
+    Paper birch--aspen stage, 2.
+
+Numerous in suitable habitats in the Cisco Lake Region, at Little
+Girl's Point, and at Gogebic Lake. Most common in open grasses and
+sedges. Five of those recorded above from the shrub stage were taken
+in open shrubs and grass in the clearing around the camp house on
+Lindsley Lake; and the two recorded from the paper birch--aspen stage
+were taken at Cisco Lake in an open stand of old paper birch with a
+forest floor of grass.
+
+Juveniles were taken throughout the summer, but no one of seven adult
+or nearly adult females examined between July 7 and September 4
+contained embryos.
+
+A captive taken July 18, after feeding ravenously on a cooky, retired
+to a corner and went to sleep. The position taken in this case was a
+sitting one, the animal resting on the widely spread feet as far as the
+heels, and on the tail. The head was bent far over, the nose extending
+between the hind legs. The long tail was curled around the body, it
+resting on the ground for its whole length. The operation of cleaning
+the tail was observed two days later. The animal worked from the base
+of the tail toward the tip, using the fore feet to present the tail to
+the mouth, where it was licked off. During the process the head was
+held over on one side, nearly touching the ground.
+
+_Napaeozapus insignis fructectanus._ Woodland Jumping Mouse.
+
+    Wet hardwood forest, 1.
+    Dry hardwood forest, 6.
+
+Three were taken in the Cisco Lake Region and four in the Little Girl's
+Point Region, all in heavy forest.
+
+Neither of two adult females taken August 8 and 10 contained embryos.
+
+_Erethizon dorsatum dorsatum._ Porcupine.
+
+    Forest--shore, 13.
+    Wet hardwood forest, 10.
+    Dry hardwood forest, 17.
+    Shrub stage, 5.
+    Paper birch--aspen stage, 10.
+    Overflow swamp, 5.
+    Edificarian, 1.
+
+Common at all camps. Many were taken in traps set for carnivores.
+Well-marked trails at the edges of lakes and streams through the
+forests are evidently made mostly by these animals. It is detested by
+the inhabitants of the region, chiefly for the damage done to any
+woodwork which contains the least amount of salt.
+
+Porcupines spend a considerable amount of time inside hollow linden,
+yellow birch, and hemlock trees, as shown by the large piles of
+droppings noted at the lower openings of numerous such hollow trees.
+
+June 30, and again on July 2, young individuals were closely observed
+while feeding on the leaves of the yellow water lily. These individuals
+were on the logs in an overflow swamp, and they reached down with a
+fore foot into the water to secure the food, which was then presented
+to the mouth with the same foot. One of these porcupines seemed to be
+very disinclined to wet his feet, except the fore feet in reaching for
+food; the other individual waded out on a log which was submerged
+several inches, but he showed a ludicrous determination to hold the
+tail up out of the water.
+
+A juvenile weighing only 914 grams was taken as late as July 21 at
+Fish-hawk Lake, but no embryos were found in the period between June 29
+and September 3. It is often active throughout the day as well as in
+the night.
+
+A young individual taken in a trap July 3 was found surrounded by a
+swarm of mosquitoes, which seemed to annoy him considerably, for he
+shook his skin frequently to dislodge them. One mosquito settled on a
+lower eyelid as we watched, and others kept alighting on his nose. When
+he raised his quills on our approach many mosquitoes attacked the skin
+exposed on the back.
+
+_Marmota monax canadensis._ Canada Woodchuck.
+
+    Hemlock forest, 5.
+    Shrub stage, 9.
+
+A few occur in the Cisco Lake Region, where they are most common in
+the shrubby clearings. Several adults fed commonly on the refuse from
+the camp. The stomach of a captured individual contained a considerable
+quantity of cooked corn, spaghetti, and boiled ham. Three woodchucks
+were noted at different times in hemlock forest along the lake shores.
+
+A half-grown juvenile was seen to swim the Ontonagon River near its
+entrance to Cisco Lake. This was on July 10, near noon, with bright
+sunshine. The river here is at least 75 yards in width, but has no
+perceptible current.
+
+Juveniles taken in traps were observed to extrude scent glands from the
+anus when approached. These glands are three in number, one on each
+side of the anus and one beneath. They are small, whitish, and
+cup-shaped. Normally they lie just inside the anus, but on excitement
+they are everted and the fold of skin forming the edge of the anus is
+rolled outward so that the glands lie outside. We detected a faint
+musky odor which might have come from these glands.
+
+In the Little Girl's Point district several inhabited a woodpile in
+hemlock forest at the edge of a wide road. None were found near Gogebic
+Lake.
+
+_Eutamias borealis neglectus._ Lake Superior Chipmunk.
+
+    Tall-sedge, 1.
+    Grassy-meadow, 3.
+    Black spruce--tamarack bog, 1.
+    Hemlock forest, 1.
+    Wet hardwood forest, 1.
+    Shrub stage, 20.
+    Paper birch--aspen stage, 2.
+
+Common in shrubby clearings and burns in the Cisco Lake and Little
+Girl's Point regions. A few were taken in tall sedges and grass not far
+from shrubs; one was taken in a small black spruce bog, about five
+yards from the surrounding wet hardwood forest; one was taken in
+hemlock forest near the lake shore; and one was seen in wet hardwood
+forest near the lake shore. Not seen near Gogebic Lake.
+
+These chipmunks were several times observed feeding on ripe
+raspberries. August 5, near Watersmeet, one was seen sitting on a rail
+fence beside a pasture, eating a grasshopper, the remains of which have
+been identified by T. H. Hubbell as _Melanoplus_ sp. probably
+_bivittatus_.
+
+_Tamias striatus griseus._ Gray Chipmunk.
+
+    Black ash swamp, 1.
+    Hemlock forest, 1.
+    Wet hardwood forest, 10.
+    Dry hardwood forest, 8.
+    Shrub stage, 2.
+
+Five records were obtained in the Cisco Lake Region; 9 near Little
+Girl's Point, and 8 near Gogebic Lake. It is most numerous in hardwood
+forest.
+
+An adult male taken July 5 had in its cheek-pouches numerous seeds of
+Carex and a fruit capsule of Viola, the identification being by E. A.
+Bessey. Of eight adult or nearly adult females examined between July 5
+and September 1, one taken July 15 in the Cisco Lake Region contained
+eight large embryos.
+
+_Sciurus hudsonicus loquax._ Southeastern Red-squirrel.
+
+    Black ash swamp, 1.
+    Arbor-vitae swamp, 3.
+    Black spruce--tamarack bog, 2.
+    Hemlock forest, 1.
+    White pine forest, 1.
+    Wet hardwood forest, 9.
+    Dry hardwood forest, 7.
+    Shrub stage, 1.
+    Paper birch--aspen stage, 3.
+    Early hardwood forest stage, 1.
+    Edificarian, 1.
+
+Seventeen records from the Cisco Lake Region; 6 from Little Girl's
+Point; and 7 from Gogebic Lake. None were noted more than a few yards
+from the protection of a forest.
+
+In a grove of white pines near Little Girl's Point cut pine scales were
+numerous August 13 on the ground and on logs, and one red-squirrel
+taken had much pitch on the fur around the mouth. August 24, cut-open
+fir cones were numerous around the small fir trees in a paper
+birch--aspen growth near Gogebic Lake, and were certainly the work of
+this species. July 2 a young red-squirrel which had frequently been
+seen around the camp in the Cisco Lake Region was found ravenously
+feeding on the kidney of a recently skinned woodchuck. After feeding it
+showed no fear, and allowed itself to be picked up; it seemed very
+sleepy and slept for about a half-hour before running away. This
+individual was badly infested with fleas. Another juvenile taken July 1
+in the same region was infested with small patches of red seed ticks
+around the anus, anterior to the genital opening, on the belly, on the
+thigh, and at the base of one ear.
+
+Six small embryos were found in an adult female taken in the Cisco Lake
+Region July 16.
+
+_Sciurus carolinensis leucotis._ Gray-squirrel.
+
+In 1911, J. E. Marshall reported that a few occurred near Gogebic Lake.
+
+_Glaucomys sabrinus macrotis._ Mearns Flying-squirrel.
+
+    Black ash swamp, 1.
+    Hemlock forest, 1.
+    Wet hardwood forest, 2.
+    Dry hardwood forest, 1.
+
+Two were taken in the Cisco Lake Region and three near Gogebic Lake in
+Ontonagon County. A female taken July 4 near Fish-hawk Lake was still
+suckling young, and contained no embryos, but a female taken July 6 in
+the same region contained five small embryos. An immature female taken
+August 27 near Gogebic Lake was without embryos.
+
+_Castor canadensis michiganensis._ Woods Beaver.
+
+    Leather leaf bog, house.
+
+Two houses were found in the Cisco Lake Region, both being in leather
+leaf bogs near deep water. Around the house studied there was an
+incomplete moat connected with a channel leading to deep water, and
+canals and tunnels radiated out through the bog. No beavers were
+observed nor secured, but fresh cuttings were noted at the edges of
+some of the "forms" in the bog.
+
+A few beaver are reported to occur near Little Girl's Point and near
+Gogebic Lake. E. E. Brewster in 1895 wrote Dr. Gibbs that it was not
+uncommon in Gogebic County and in probably all the counties of the
+Upper Peninsula where trapping and lumbering had been discontinued; he
+stated that beaver were appearing again even in localities where
+formerly most sought. In 1911, J. E. Marshall reported it scarce near
+Gogebic Lake.
+
+_Lepus americanus phaeonotus._ Snowshoe Hare.
+
+    Forest--shore, 1.
+    Arbor-vitae swamp, signs.
+    Leather leaf bog, signs.
+    Black spruce--tamarack bog, 1.
+    Wet hardwood forest, signs.
+    Dry hardwood forest, 1.
+    Shrub stage, 7.
+    Paper birch--aspen stage, 1.
+    Cultivated-field, 1.
+    Edificarian, 1.
+
+Rare during the season of 1920 in the areas visited. In the Cisco Lake
+Region an adult female was taken in a trap set for muskrat under water
+on a brushy point. Other hares were occasionally seen in the evenings
+in the shrubby clearing around the camp house; and one was even seen on
+the porch. Droppings were found in a leather leaf bog, and a hare was
+seen at the edge of a black spruce--tamarack bog. Near Little Girl's
+Point a juvenile was taken August 13 in the upland hardwood forest, but
+was partly eaten in the trap by some carnivore; several were seen in
+shrubby clearings; and a young one was reported captured in an oat
+field by a farmer. Droppings were found in an arbor-vitae swamp. Near
+Gogebic Lake in Ontonagon County droppings were found in wet hardwood
+forest, in a thick growth of aspen and white birch saplings, and in an
+extensive tamarack bog.
+
+An adult female taken July 4 at Fish-hawk Lake had much milk in the
+mammae. At the camp on Lindsley Lake June 27 one was seen to eat some
+wood ashes; and June 30 one was seen to feed on the blades of quack
+grass (_Agropyron repens_), which was identified by E. A. Bessey.
+
+_Odocoileus virginianus borealis._ Northern White-tailed Deer.
+
+    Forest--shore, 1.
+    Mud-flat, signs.
+    Tall-sedge, 1.
+    Grassy-meadow, 1.
+    Alder-thicket, signs.
+    Black ash swamp, signs.
+    Arbor-vitae swamp, signs.
+    Black spruce--tamarack bog, signs.
+    Hemlock forest, signs.
+    Wet hardwood forest, 10.
+    Dry hardwood forest, 7.
+    Shrub stage, 8.
+    Paper birch--aspen stage, 1.
+
+Deer are abundant in the Cisco Lake Region; they are less common near
+Lake Gogebic; and only a few were seen near Little Girl's Point. Most
+of those seen were in the hardwood forest and in the brushy clearings,
+but trails and signs were common in many habitats.
+
+Wolves were reported to prey extensively on deer in the region, and
+wolf dung examined August 7 near Little Girl's Point contained much
+deer hair and some deer bones.
+
+_Alces americanus._ Moose.
+
+J. E. Marshall reports that a moose was seen near Gogebic Lake in the
+winter of 1885, and an individual, perhaps the same one, was killed on
+Flambeau Reservation that year.
+
+
+NORTHERN MICHIGAN MAMMALS        PLATE I
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 1. Beach of Lake Superior just east of Little
+Girl's Point. A dirt bluff at the right of the picture. August 10,
+1920.]
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 2. Tall-sedge habitat in a beaver meadow on the
+west side of Gogebic Lake, Ontonagon County. September 1, 1920.]
+
+
+NORTHERN MICHIGAN MAMMALS         PLATE II
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 1. Leather leaf bog invaded by tamaracks, Ontonagon
+River near Cisco Lake. August 3, 1920.]
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 2. Arbor-vitae swamp four miles southeast of Little
+Girl's Point. The ground is very moist. August 16, 1920.]
+
+
+NORTHERN MICHIGAN MAMMALS         PLATE III
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 1. Dry hardwood on a ridge four miles southeast of
+Little Girl's Point. Sugar maple, yellow birch, and linden are
+dominant. Undergrowth low. August 16, 1920.]
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 2. Virgin white pine grove, Gogebic County. Trunks
+up to four feet in diameter. Little undergrowth. August 17, 1920.]
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 1: H. T. Darlington, _Mich. Acad. Sci._, 22nd Ann. Rept.,
+1921.]
+
+[Footnote 2: 1914. N. A. Wood, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool., No. 6.]
+
+[Footnote 3: N. A. Wood, _op. cit._]
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Transcriber's Notes
+
+Page 35: Changed "porcppines" to "porcupines".
+  Originally: One of these porcppines seemed to be very disinclined
+
+Pages 42-47: Combined figure captions and images.
+  Originally: Images were on pages following their captions.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes on the Mammals of Gogebic and
+Ontonagon Counties, Michigan, 1920, by L. R. Dice and H. B. Sherman
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MAMMALS OF GOGEBIC AND ONTONAGON ***
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