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diff --git a/old/3772-h/files/geolind.html b/old/3772-h/files/geolind.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..061c3db --- /dev/null +++ b/old/3772-h/files/geolind.html @@ -0,0 +1,4827 @@ +<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN"> +<html> +<head> +<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org"> +<title>The Student’s Elements of Geology: Title</title> +<meta content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" http-equiv= +"Content-Type"> +<meta content="MSHTML 5.00.2919.6307" name="GENERATOR"> +<link rel="stylesheet" href="geology.css" type="text/css"> +</head> +<body> +<p><b>The Student’s Elements of Geology</b></p> + +<hr> +<br> +<center> +<h2>INDEX</h2> + +<br> +——::——<br> +<br> +<br> +<i>The Fossils, the names of which appear in Italics, are figured +in the Text.</i></center> + +<p class="index">A<small>BBEVILLE</small>, flint tools of, <a href= +"ch10.html#page 152">152</a><br> +Aberdeenshire, granite of, <a href="ch31.html#page 558">558</a><br> +Abich, M., on trachytic rocks, <a href="ch28.html#page 504"> +504</a><br> +<i>Acer trilobatum,</i> Miocene, <a href="ch14.html#page 220"> +220</a>, <a href="ch14.html#page 221">221</a><br> +<i>Acrodus nobilis,</i> Lias, <a href="ch20.html#page 359"> +359</a><br> +Acrogens, term explained, <a href="ch17.html#page 303">303</a><br> +<i>Acrolepis Sedgwickii,</i> Permian, <a href="ch22.html#page 390"> +390</a><br> + <i>Actæon acutus,</i> Great Oolite, <a href= +"ch19.html#page 345">345</a><br> +<i>Actinocyclas,</i> in Atlantic mud, <a href="ch17.html#page 288"> +288</a><br> +Actinolite, <a href="ch28.html#page 499">499</a>, <a href= +"ch28.html#page 502">502</a><br> +—— schist, <a href="ch33.html#page 578">578</a><br> +<i>Æchmodus Leachii,</i> Lias, <a href="ch20.html#page 358"> +358</a><br> +<i>Adiantites Hibernica,</i> Old Red, <a href="ch25.html#page 441"> +441</a><br> +Agassiz on fish of Sheppey, <a href="ch16.html#page 267"> +267</a><br> +—— on fish of the Brown-Coal, <a href= +"ch30.html#page 540">540</a><br> +—— on fish of Monte Bolca, <a href= +"ch30.html#page 544">544</a><br> +—— on Old Red fossil fish, <a href= +"ch25.html#page 443">443</a>, <a href="ch25.html#page 447"> +447</a><br> +—— on Silurian fish, <a href="ch26.html#page 460"> +460</a><br> +Age of metamorphic rocks, <a href="ch35.html#page 597">597</a><br> +—— of Plutonic rocks, <a href="ch32.html#page 564"> +564</a><br> +—— of strata, tests of, <a href="ch8.html#page 123"> +123</a><br> +—— of volcanic rocks, <a href="ch29.html#page 520"> +520</a><br> +Agglomerate described, <a href="ch28.html#page 509">509</a><br> +<i>Agnostus integer. A. Rex</i>, <a href="ch27.html#page 488"> +488</a><br> +Air-breathers of the Coal, <a href="ch23.html#page 413">413</a><br> +Aix-la-Chapelle, Cretaceous flora of, <a href="ch17.html#page 302"> +302</a><br> +Alabaster defined, <a href="ch2.html#page 39">39</a><br> +Alberti on Keuper, <a href="ch21.html#page 376">376</a><br> +Albite, <a href="ch28.html#page 499">499</a>, <a href= +"ch28.html#page 500">500</a><br> +Aldeby and Chillesford beds, <a href="ch13.html#page 192"> +192</a><br> +Alkali, present in the Palæozoic strata, <a href= +"ch33.html#page 587">587</a><br> +Alpine blocks on the Jura, <a href="ch11.html#page 169">169</a><br> +Alps, age of metamorphic rocks in, <a href="ch35.html#page 599"> +599</a><br> +——, nummulitic limestone and flysch of, <a href= +"ch5.html#page 77">77</a><br> +Alum schists of Norway and Sweden, <a href="ch27.html#page 489"> +489</a><br> +Alluvial deposits, Recent and Post-pliocene, <a href= +"ch10.html#page 151">151</a><br> +Alluvium, term explained, <a href="ch6.html#page 99">99</a><br> +—— in Auvergne, <a href="ch6.html#page 100">100</a><br> +Alternations of marine and fresh-water strata, <a href= +"ch5.html#page 72">72</a><br> +Alum Bay beds, plants of the, <a href="ch16.html#page 262"> +262</a><br> +Amblyrhynchus cristatus, a living marine saurian, <a href= +"ch20.html#page 362">362</a><br> +America. <i>See</i> United States, Canada, Nova Scotia.<br> +——, North, Glacial formations of, <a href= +"ch12.html#page 182">182</a><br> +——, South, gradual rise of land in, <a href= +"ch5.html#page 72">72</a><br> +——, Silurian strata of, <a href="ch26.html#page 478"> +478</a><br> + American character of Lower Miocene flora, <a href= +"ch15.html#page 238">238</a><br> +—— forms in Swiss Miocene flora, <a href= +"ch14.html#page 223">223</a><br> +Amiens, flint tools of, <a href="ch10.html#page 152">152</a><br> +<i>Ammonites bifrons,</i> Lias, <a href="ch20.html#page 356"> +356</a><br> +—— <i>Braikenridgii,</i> Oolite, <a href= +"ch19.html#page 351">351</a><br> +—— <i>Bucklandi,</i> Lias, <a href= +"ch20.html#page 356">356</a><br> +—— <i>Deshayesii,</i> Neocomian, <a href= +"ch18.html#page 311">311</a><br> +—— <i>Humphresianus,</i> Inferior Oolite, <a href= +"ch19.html#page 351">351</a><br> +—— <i>Jason,</i> Oxford Clay, <a href= +"ch19.html#page 340">340</a><br> +—— <i>Noricus,</i> Speeton, <a href= +"ch18.html#page 312">312</a><br> +—— <i>macrocephalus,</i> Oolite, <a href= +"ch19.html#page 352">352</a><br> +—— <i>margaritatus,</i> Lias, <a href= +"ch20.html#page 357">357</a><br> +—— <i>planorbis,</i> Lias, <a href= +"ch20.html#page 356">356</a><br> +—— <i>rhotomagensis,</i> Chalk marl, <a href= +"ch17.html#page 298">298</a><br> +Amphibole group of minerals, <a href="ch28.html#page 499">499</a>, +<a href="ch28.html#page 502">502</a><br> +<i>Amphistegina Hauerina,</i> Vienna basin, <a href= +"ch14.html#page 225">225</a><br> +<i>Amphitherium Broderipii,</i> in Stonesfield, <a href= +"ch19.html#page 348">348</a><br> +—— <i>Prevostii,</i> Stonesfield slate, <a href= +"ch19.html#page 347">347</a><br> +<i>Ampullaria glauca</i>, <a href="ch3.html#page 56">56</a><br> +<i>Amygdaloid</i>, <a href="ch28.html#page 507">507</a><br> +Analcime, <a href="ch28.html#page 500">500</a><br> +Anamesite, a variety of basalt, <a href="ch28.html#page 504"> +504</a><br> +<i>Ananchytes ovatus,</i> White chalk, <a href= +"ch17.html#page 293">293</a><br> +——, with crania attached, <a href="ch3.html#page 49"> +49</a><br> +<i>Ancillaria subulata,</i> Eocene, <a href="ch3.html#page 57"> +57</a><br> +<i>Ancyloceras gigas</i>, <a href="ch18.html#page 309">309</a><br> +—— <i>spinigerum,</i> Gault, <a href= +"ch17.html#page 301">301</a><br> +—— <i>Duvallei,</i> Neocomian, <a href= +"ch18.html#page 312">312</a><br> +<i>Ancylus velletia (A. elegans)</i>, <a href="ch3.html#page 55"> +55</a><br> +Andalusite, <a href="ch28.html#page 500">500</a><br> +Andes, Plutonic rocks of the, <a href="ch32.html#page 569"> +569</a><br> +Andreasburg, metalliferous vein of, <a href="ch36.html#page 611"> +611</a><br> +Angelin, on Cambrian of Sweden, <a href="ch27.html#page 489"> +489</a><br> +Angiosperms, <a href="ch17.html#page 303">303</a><br> +—— of the Coal, <a href="ch24.html#page 429"> +429</a><br> +Anglesea, dike cutting through shale in, <a href= +"ch28.html#page 514">514</a><br> +<i>Anodonta Cordierii</i>, <a href="ch3.html#page 54">54</a><br> +—— <i>Jukesii,</i> Upper Old Red, <a href= +"ch25.html#page 441">441</a><br> +—— <i>latimarginata</i>, <a href="ch3.html#page 54"> +54</a><br> +<i>Anoplotherium commune,</i> Binstead, <a href= +"ch16.html#page 254">254</a><br> +—— <i>gracile,</i> Paris basin, <a href= +"ch16.html#page 271">271</a><br> +Anorthite, <a href="ch28.html#page 499">499</a>, <a href= +"ch28.html#page 501">501</a><br> +<i>Annularia sphenophylloides,</i> Coal, <a href= +"ch24.html#page 425">425</a><br> +<i>Antholithes,</i> coal-measures, <a href="ch24.html#page 429"> +429</a><br> +Anthracite, conversion of coal into, <a href="ch23.html#page 408"> +408</a><br> +Anticlinal and synclinal curves, <a href="ch5.html#page 74">74</a>, +<a href="ch5.html#page 85">85</a><br> + Antrim, Chalk altered by a dike in, <a href="ch28.html#page 516"> +516</a><br> +——, Lower Miocene, volcanic rocks of, <a href= +"ch30.html#page 539">539</a><br> +Antwerp Crag, <a href="ch13.html#page 204">204</a><br> +Apateon pedestris, a carboniferous reptile, <a href= +"ch23.html#page 406">406</a><br> +Apatite, <a href="ch28.html#page 500">500</a><br> +Apennines, Northern, metamorphic rocks of, <a href= +"ch35.html#page 599">599</a><br> +Apes, fossil of the Upper Miocene, <a href="ch14.html#page 215"> +215</a><br> +<i>Apiocrinites rotundus,</i> Bradford, <a href= +"ch19.html#page 343">343</a><br> +Appalachians, long lines of flexures in, <a href= +"ch5.html#page 92">92</a>, <a href="ch5.html#page 93">93</a><br> +——, vast thickness of successive strata in, <a href= +"ch7.html#page 110">110</a><br> +<i>Aptychus,</i> part of ammonite, <a href="ch19.html#page 336"> +336</a><br> +Aqueous rocks defined, <a href="ch1.html#page 27">27</a>, <a href= +"ch2.html#page 35">35</a><br> +<i>Araucaria sphærocarpa,</i> Inferior Oolite, <a href= +"ch19.html#page 348">348</a><br> +Arbroath, section of Old Red at, <a href="ch5.html#page 74"> +74</a><br> +<i>Archæopteryx macrura,</i> Solenhofen, <a href= +"ch19.html#page 338">338</a><br> +<i>Archegosaurus minor and A. medius,</i> coal measures, <a href= +"ch23.html#page 406">406</a>, <a href="ch23.html#page 407"> +407</a><br> +Archiac, M. de, on nummulites, <a href="ch16.html#page 277"> +277</a><br> +——, on chalk of France, <a href="ch17.html#page 306"> +306</a><br> +Arctic Miocene Flora, <a href="ch15.html#page 239">239</a><br> +Area of the Wealden, <a href="ch18.html#page 319">319</a><br> +Areas, permanence of continental, <a href="ch7.html#page 117"> +117</a><br> +Arenaceous rocks described, <a href="ch2.html#page 35">35</a><br> +<i>Arenicolites linearis,</i> Arenig beds, <a href= +"ch26.html#page 475">475</a><br> +Arenig or Stiper-Stones group, <a href="ch26.html#page 474"> +474</a><br> +——, volcanic formations of, <a href= +"ch30.html#page 549">549</a><br> +Argile plastique, <a href="ch16.html#page 276">276</a><br> +Argillaceous rocks described, <a href="ch2.html#page 36">36</a><br> +Argillite, Argillaceous schist, <a href="ch33.html#page 579"> +579</a><br> +Argyll, Duke of, on Isle of Mull leaf-beds, <a href= +"ch15.html#page 247">247</a><br> +Armagh, bone-beds in Mountain Limestone at, <a href= +"ch24.html#page 437">437</a><br> +Arran, amygdaloid filled with spar near, <a href= +"ch28.html#page 518">518</a><br> +——, erect trees in volcanic ash of, <a href= +"ch30.html#page 546">546</a><br> +——, Greenstone dike in, <a href="ch28.html#page 514"> +514</a><br> +Arthur’s seat, trap rocks of, <a href="ch30.html#page 545"> +545</a><br> +<i>Arvicola,</i> tooth of, <a href="ch10.html#page 165">165</a><br> +<i>Asaphus caudatus,</i> Silurian, <a href="ch26.html#page 467"> +467</a><br> +—— <i>tyrannus, A. Buchii</i>, <a href= +"ch26.html#page 474">474</a><br> +Ascension, lamination of volcanic rocks in, <a href= +"ch34.html#page 595">595</a><br> +Ash, Mr., on fossils of Tremadoc beds, <a href= +"ch27.html#page 483">483</a><br> +Ashby-de-la-Zouch, fault in coal field of, <a href= +"ch5.html#page 91">91</a><br> +<i>Aspidura loricata,</i> Muschelkalk, <a href= +"ch21.html#page 379">379</a><br> +<i>Astarte borealis</i> (=<i>A. arctica=A. compressa</i>), <a href= +"ch12.html#page 176">176</a><br> +—— <i>Omalii,</i> Crag, <a href="ch13.html#page 199"> +199</a><br> +<i>Asterophyllites foliosus,</i> Coal, <a href= +"ch24.html#page 425">425</a><br> +<i>Astrangia lineata (Anthophyllum lineatum)</i>, <a href= +"ch14.html#page 229">229</a><br> +<i>Astræa basaltiforme,</i> Carboniferous, <a href= +"ch24.html#page 432">432</a><br> +<i>Astropecten crispatus,</i> London clay, <a href= +"ch16.html#page 266">266</a><br> +Atherfield clay, <a href="ch18.html#page 309">309</a><br> +Atlantic mud, composition of, <a href="ch17.html#page 287"> +287</a><br> +<i>Atrypa reticularis,</i> Aymestry, <a href="ch26.html#page 462"> +462</a><br> +<i>Aturia ziczac (Nautilus ziczac)</i>, <a href= +"ch16.html#page 266">266</a><br> +Augite, <a href="ch28.html#page 499">499</a>, <a href= +"ch28.html#page 502">502</a><br> +<i>Auricula,</i> recent, <a href="ch3.html#page 55">55</a><br> +Austen, Mr. Godwin, on marine deposit of Selsea Bill, <a href= +"ch12.html#page 182">182</a><br> +——, on boulders in chalk, <a href="ch17.html#page 292"> +292</a><br> +Australian cave breccias, <a href="ch10.html#page 158">158</a><br> +Australia, auriferous gravel of, <a href="ch36.html#page 617"> +617</a><br> + Auvergne, alluvium in, <a href="ch6.html#page 100">100</a><br> +——, chain of extinct volcanoes in, <a href= +"ch28.html#page 495">495</a><br> +——, granite veins in, <a href="ch36.html#page 610"> +610</a><br> +——, Lower Miocene of, <a href="ch15.html#page 233"> +233</a><br> +——, Miocene volcanic rocks of, <a href= +"ch30.html#page 540">540</a><br> +——, Post-pliocene volcanic eruptions in, <a href= +"ch29.html#page 527">527</a><br> +——, springs from spent volcanoes in, <a href= +"ch35.html#page 604">604</a><br> +Aveline Mr., on Tarannon shales, <a href="ch26.html#page 468"> +468</a><br> +<i>Avicula contorta,</i> Rhætic beds, <a href= +"ch21.html#page 366">366</a><br> +—— <i>cygnipes,</i> Lias, <a href="ch20.html#page 355"> +355</a><br> +—— <i>inæquivalvis,</i> Lias, <a href= +"ch20.html#page 355">355</a><br> +—— <i>socialis,</i> Muschelkalk, <a href= +"ch21.html#page 379">379</a><br> +<i>Aviculopecten papyraceus,</i> coal measures, <a href= +"ch23.html#page 405">405</a><br> +—— <i>sublobatus,</i> mountain limestone, <a href= +"ch24.html#page 434">434</a><br> +Aymestry Limestone, <a href="ch26.html#page 461">461</a><br> +Azoic period, supposed, <a href="ch35.html#page 603">603</a><br> +Azores, Miocene lavas with shells, <a href="ch30.html#page 539"> +539</a><br> +</p> + +<p class="index"><i>B<small>ACILLARIA</small> paradoxa</i>, <a +href="ch3.html#page 51">51</a><br> +<i>Baculites anceps,</i> Lower Chalk, <a href="ch17.html#page 298"> +298</a><br> +—— <i>Fauiasii,</i> chalk, <a href= +"ch17.html#page 286">286</a><br> +Baffin’s Bay, formation of drift in, <a href= +"ch11.html#page 171">171</a>, <a href="ch11.html#page 173"> +173</a><br> +Bagshot sands, <a href="ch16.html#page 258">258</a>, <a href= +"ch16.html#page 259">259</a>, <a href="ch16.html#page 262"> +262</a><br> +Baiæ, Bay of, subterranean igneous action in, <a href= +"ch32.html#page 569">569</a><br> +Bakewell, Mr., on cleavage in Swiss Alps, <a href= +"ch34.html#page 590">590</a><br> +Bala and Caradoc beds, <a href="ch26.html#page 470">470</a><br> +<i>Balistidæ,</i> defensive spine of, <a href= +"ch16.html#page 261">261</a><br> +Bangor, or Longmynd group, <a href="ch27.html#page 485">485</a><br> +<i>Banksia,</i> seed and fruit of, Lower Miocene, <a href= +"ch15.html#page 238">238</a><br> +Barmouth sandstones, <a href="ch27.html#page 486">486</a><br> +Barnes, Mr. J., on insects in American coal, <a href= +"ch23.html#page 416">416</a><br> +Barnstaple, Upper Devonian of, <a href="ch25.html#page 450"> +450</a><br> +Barrande, M. Joachim, his "Primordial Zone," <a href= +"ch26.html#page 471">471</a>, <a href="ch27.html#page 482">482</a>, +<a href="ch27.html#page 487">487</a><br> +——, on metamorphosis of trilobites, <a href= +"ch26.html#page 471">471</a><br> +Barrett, Mr., on bird in Blackdown beds, <a href= +"ch17.html#page 299">299</a><br> +Barton series sands and clays, <a href="ch16.html#page 258"> +258</a><br> +—— shells, percentage of, common to London clay, <a +href="ch16.html#page 258">258</a><br> +Basalt, columnar, <a href="ch28.html#page 511">511</a><br> +——, composition of, <a href="ch28.html#page 504"> +504</a><br> +Basaltic rocks, poor in silica, <a href="ch28.html#page 504"> +504</a><br> +——, specific gravity of minerals in, <a href= +"ch28.html#page 504">504</a><br> +<i>Basilosaurus,</i> Eocene, United States, <a href= +"ch16.html#page 280">280</a><br> +Basset, term explained, <a href="ch5.html#page 83">83</a><br> +Basterot, M. de, on Bordeaux tertiary strata, <a href= +"ch9.html#page 141">141</a><br> +Bath Oolite, <a href="ch19.html#page 342">342</a><br> +Batrachian reptiles in coal, <a href="ch23.html#page 406"> +406</a><br> +Bay of Fundy, denudation in coalfield in, <a href= +"ch23.html#page 418">418</a><br> +Bean, Mr., on Yorkshire Oolite, <a href="ch19.html#page 350"> +350</a><br> +Bear Island carboniferous flora, <a href="ch25.html#page 441"> +441</a><br> +Beaumont, M. E. de, on island in Cretaceous sea, <a href= +"ch17.html#page 305">305</a><br> +——, on mineral veins, <a href="ch36.html#page 613"> +613</a><br> +——, on Jurassic plutonic rocks, <a href= +"ch32.html#page 571">571</a><br> +——, on formation of granite, <a href= +"ch31.html#page 553">553</a><br> +Beckles, Mr. S. H., on footprints in Hastings sands, <a href= +"ch18.html#page 315">315</a>, <a href="ch19.html#page 330"> +330</a><br> +—— on Mammalia of Purbeck, <a href= +"ch19.html#page 326">326</a><br> +<i>Belemnitella mucronata,</i> Chalk, <a href="ch17.html#page 283"> +283</a><br> +<i>Belemnites hastatus,</i> Oxford clay, <a href= +"ch19.html#page 340">340</a><br> +—— <i>Puzosianus,</i> Oxford clay, <a href= +"ch19.html#page 341">341</a><br> + Belgium, Lower Miocene of, <a href="ch15.html#page 241"> +241</a><br> +<i>Bellerophon costatus,</i> Mountain Limestone, <a href= +"ch24.html#page 436">436</a><br> +<i>Belosepia sepioidea,</i> Sheppey, <a href="ch16.html#page 266"> +266</a><br> +Belt, Mr., on subdivision of Lingula Flags, <a href= +"ch27.html#page 484">484</a><br> +Bembridge beds, Yarmouth, <a href="ch16.html#page 252">252</a><br> +Berger, Dr., on rocks altered by dikes, <a href= +"ch28.html#page 515">515</a><br> +Berlin, Miocene strata near, <a href="ch15.html#page 242"> +242</a><br> +Bernese Alps, gneiss in the, <a href="ch35.html#page 599"> +599</a><br> +Berthier on isomorphism, <a href="ch28.html#page 502">502</a><br> +Bertrich-Baden, columnar basalt of, <a href="ch28.html#page 512"> +512</a><br> +Beyrich on term Oligocene for Lower Miocene, <a href= +"ch15.html#page 244">244</a><br> +Billings, Mr., on trilobites, <a href="ch26.html#page 471"> +471</a><br> +Binney, Mr., on Sigillariæ in volcanic ash, <a href= +"ch30.html#page 546">546</a><br> +——, on Stigmaria, the root of Sigillaria, <a href= +"ch24.html#page 426">426</a><br> +Biotite, <a href="ch28.html#page 499">499</a>, <a href= +"ch28.html#page 501">501</a><br> +Bird in argile plastique, <a href="ch16.html#page 276">276</a><br> +Bischoff, Professor, on Nile and Rhine mud, <a href= +"ch10.html#page 154">154</a><br> +——, on conversion of coal into anthracite, <a href= +"ch23.html#page 403">403</a><br> +——, on hydrothermal action, <a href= +"ch33.html#page 586">586</a><br> +Blackdown beds, <a href="ch17.html#page 301">301</a><br> +Blacklead of Borrowdale, <a href="ch4.html#page 65">65</a><br> +Bog-iron-ore, <a href="ch3.html#page 52">52</a><br> +Bohemia, Cambrian rocks of, <a href="ch27.html#page 487"> +487</a><br> +——, silver veins in, <a href="ch36.html#page 616"> +616</a><br> +Bolderberg, in Belgium, Upper Miocene of, <a href= +"ch14.html#page 224">224</a><br> +Bone-bed of fish remains, Armagh, <a href="ch24.html#page 437"> +437</a><br> +—— of Upper Ludlow, <a href="ch25.html#page 450"> +450</a><br> +—— of the Trias, <a href="ch21.html#page 367"> +367</a><br> +Boom, Lower Miocene of, <a href="ch15.html#page 241">241</a><br> +Bordeaux, Upper Miocene of, <a href="ch14.html#page 214"> +214</a><br> +Borrowdale, blacklead of, <a href="ch4.html#page 65">65</a><br> +Bosquet, M. on chalk fossils, <a href="ch17.html#page 283"> +283</a><br> +——, on Maestricht beds, <a href="ch17.html#page 283"> +283</a><br> +Botanical nomenclature, <a href="ch17.html#page 303">303</a><br> +Boucher de Perthes on Abbeville alluvium, <a href= +"ch10.html#page 152">152</a><br> +Boulder-clay, whether formed by icebergs or land-ice, <a href= +"ch11.html#page 166">166-73</a>, <a href="ch12.html#page 178"> +178</a><br> +Boulder-clay of Canada, <a href="ch12.html#page 182">182</a><br> +—— fauna of, <a href="ch12.html#page 176">176</a>, <a +href="ch13.html#page 189">189</a><br> +Boulders and pebbles in chalk, <a href="ch17.html#page 292"> +292</a><br> +Bournemouth beds (Lower Bagshot), <a href="ch16.html#page 262"> +262</a><br> +Bovey Tracey, lignites and clays of, <a href="ch15.html#page 246"> +246</a><br> +Bowerbank, Mr., on fossil fruits of London Clay, <a href= +"ch16.html#page 265">265</a><br> +——, on fossil fruits of Sheppey, <a href= +"ch16.html#page 265">265</a><br> +Bowman, Mr., on uniting of distinct coal-seams, <a href= +"ch23.html#page 401">401</a><br> +Brachiopoda, preponderance of, in older rocks, <a href= +"ch26.html#page 470">470</a><br> +——, mode of recognising shells of, <a href= +"ch26.html#page 471">471</a><br> +Bracklesham beds and Bagshot Sands, <a href="ch16.html#page 259"> +259</a><br> +Bradford encrinites, <a href="ch19.html#page 342">342</a><br> +Breccias of Lower Permian, <a href="ch22.html#page 391">391</a><br> +Brick-earth or fluviatile loam, <a href="ch10.html#page 153"> +153</a><br> +Bridlington drift, <a href="ch13.html#page 189">189</a><br> +Bristol, dolomitic conglomerate of, <a href="ch21.html#page 373"> +373</a><br> +Bristow, Mr., on volcanic minerals, <a href="ch28.html#page 500"> +500</a><br> +Brixham cave near Torquay, <a href="ch10.html#page 158">158</a><br> +Brocchi on Italian tertiary strata, <a href="ch9.html#page 141"> +141</a><br> +—— on subapennine strata, <a href="ch13.html#page 208"> +208</a><br> +Brockenhurst, corals and shells of, <a href="ch16.html#page 257"> +257</a><br> +Brodie, Rev. P. B., on Lias insects, <a href="ch20.html#page 363"> +363</a><br> +Brodie, Mr. W. R., on Purbeck mammalia, <a href= +"ch19.html#page 326">326</a><br> +Brongniart, M. Adolphe, on botanical nomenclature, <a href= +"ch17.html#page 303">303</a><br> +——, on Lias plants, <a href="ch20.html#page 364"> +364</a><br> +——, on flora of the Bunter, <a href= +"ch21.html#page 380">380</a><br> +——, on flora of the coal, <a href="ch24.html#page 420"> +420</a><br> +——, on fruit of Lepidodendron, <a href= +"ch24.html#page 424">424</a><br> +——, M. Alex., on Tertiary series, <a href= +"ch9.html#page 141">141</a><br> +<i>Bronteus flabellifer</i>, Devonian, <a href= +"ch25.html#page 453">453</a><br> +Brora, oolitic coal formation of, <a href="ch19.html#page 350"> +350</a><br> +Brown, Mr. Richard, on Stigmaria, <a href="ch24.html#page 426"> +426</a><br> +——, on carboniferous rain-prints, <a href= +"ch23.html#page 416">416</a><br> +Brown, Robert, on Eocene protaceous fruit, <a href= +"ch16.html#page 264">264</a><br> +Brown, Reverend T., on marine shells in Scotch drift, <a href= +"ch12.html#page 177">177</a><br> +Brown-coal of Germany, <a href="ch30.html#page 540">540</a><br> +Bryce, Mr., on Scotch till, <a href="ch12.html#page 176"> +176</a><br> +Bryozoa of Mountain Limestone, <a href="ch24.html#page 433"> +433</a><br> +—— and polyzoa, terms explained, <a href= +"ch13.html#page 197">197</a><br> +Buch, von. <i>See</i> Von Buch.<br> +Buckland, Dr., on Kirkdale cave, <a href="ch10.html#page 158"> +158</a><br> +——, on violent death of saurians, <a href= +"ch20.html#page 362">362</a><br> +——, on spines of fish, <a href="ch20.html#page 359"> +359</a><br> +——, on Eocene oysters, <a href="ch16.html#page 268"> +268</a><br> +——, on pot-stones in chalk, <a href= +"ch17.html#page 291">291</a><br> +Buddle, Mr., on creeps in coal-mines, <a href="ch5.html#page 78"> +78</a><br> +<i>Bulimus ellipticus</i>, Bembridge, <a href="ch16.html#page 253"> +253</a><br> +—— <i>lubricus</i>, Loess, <a href="ch3.html#page 56"> +56</a><br> +Bullock, Capt., <small>R.N.</small>, on Atlantic mud, <a href= +"ch17.html#page 287">287</a><br> +Bunbury, Sir C., on leaf-bed of Madeira, <a href= +"ch29.html#page 532">532</a><br> +——, on ferns of the Maryland coal, <a href= +"ch24.html#page 421">421</a><br> +Bunter of Germany, <a href="ch21.html#page 380">380</a><br> +—— or Lower Trias of England, <a href= +"ch21.html#page 372">372</a><br> +<i>Buprestis? Elytron of</i>, Stonesfield, <a href= +"ch19.html#page 346">346</a><br> +Burmeister on trilobites, <a href="ch26.html#page 471">471</a><br> +</p> + +<p class="index">C<small>AINOZOIC</small>, term defined, <a href= +"ch8.html#page 123">123</a><br> +Caithness, fish beds of, <a href="ch25.html#page 443">443</a><br> +<i>Calamite</i>, root of, <a href="ch24.html#page 425">425</a><br> +<i>Calamites Sucowii</i>, coal, and restored stem, <a href= +"ch24.html#page 424">424</a><br> +<i>Calamophyllia radiata</i>, Bath Oolite, <a href= +"ch19.html#page 342">342</a><br> +Calcaire de la Beauce, age of the, <a href="ch15.html#page 230"> +230</a><br> +—— grossier, fossils of the, <a href= +"ch16.html#page 274">274</a><br> +—— siliceux of France, <a href="ch16.html#page 273"> +273</a><br> +Calcareous matter poured out by springs, <a href= +"ch35.html#page 604">604</a><br> +—— rocks described, <a href="ch2.html#page 36"> +36</a><br> +—— nodules in Lias, <a href="ch4.html#page 63"> +63</a><br> +<i>Calcarina rarispina</i>, Eocene, <a href="ch16.html#page 275"> +275</a><br> +<i>Calceola sandalina</i>, Devonian, <a href="ch25.html#page 453"> +453</a><br> +——, schiefer of Germany, <a href="ch25.html#page 453"> +453</a><br> +California, aurifrous gravel of, <a href="ch36.html#page 671"> +671</a><br> +——, gold in petrified wood of age of alluvium, <a href= +"ch35.html#page 601">601</a><br> +<i>Calymene Blumenbachii</i>, Silurian, <a href= +"ch26.html#page 466">466</a><br> +Cambrian Group, classification of the, <a href= +"ch27.html#page 481">481</a><br> +Cambrian, Upper, <a href="ch27.html#page 482">482</a><br> +——, Lower, <a href="ch27.html#page 484">484</a><br> +——, of Sweden and Norway, <a href="ch27.html#page 489"> +489</a><br> +——, strata of Bohemia, <a href="ch27.html#page 487"> +487</a><br> +——, of North America, <a href="ch27.html#page 489"> +489</a><br> +——, volcanic rocks, <a href="ch30.html#page 549"> +549</a><br> +<i>Campophyllum flexuosum</i>, <a href="ch24.html#page 431"> +431</a><br> +Canada, Cambrian of, <a href="ch27.html#page 489">489</a><br> +——, Devonian of, <a href="ch25.html#page 455"> +455</a><br> +——, trap-rocks of, <a href="ch30.html#page 549"> +549</a><br> +Canadian drift, <a href="ch12.html#page 182">182</a><br> +Canary, Grand, shelly tuffs of, <a href="ch30.html#page 538"> +538</a><br> +Cantal, Lower Miocene of the, <a href="ch15.html#page 231"> +231</a><br> +Cape Breton, rain-prints in coal-measures of, <a href= +"ch23.html#page 416">416</a><br> +Cape Wrath, granite veins in gneiss at, <a href= +"ch31.html#page 560">560</a><br> +Caradoc and Bala beds, <a href="ch26.html#page 470">470</a><br> +Carbonate of lime in rocks, how tested, <a href="ch2.html#page 37"> +37</a><br> +Carboniferous Group, subdivisions of the, <a href= +"ch23.html#page 394">394</a><br> +—— flora, <a href="ch24.html#page 420">420-30</a><br> +—— limestone, thickness of, <a href= +"ch23.html#page 396">396</a><br> +——, marine fauna of the, <a href="ch24.html#page 432"> +432</a><br> +—— Period, trap-rocks of, <a href="ch30.html#page 545"> +545</a><br> +—— plutonic rocks, <a href="ch32.html#page 572"> +572</a><br> +—— reptiles, <a href="ch23.html#page 406">406</a><br> +—— insects, <a href="ch23.html#page 405">405</a><br> +<i>Carcharodon angustidens</i>, Bracklesham, <a href= +"ch16.html#page 262">262</a><br> +Cardiganshire, section of slaty cleavage in, <a href= +"ch34.html#page 589">589</a><br> +<i>Cardiocarpon Ottonis</i>, Permian, <a href="ch22.html#page 393"> +393</a><br> +<i>Cardita (Venericardia) planicosta</i>, <a href= +"ch16.html#page 260">260</a><br> +—— <i>sulcata</i>, Barton, <a href= +"ch16.html#page 259">259</a><br> +<i>Cardium dissimile</i>, Portland Stone, <a href= +"ch19.html#page 336">336</a><br> +—— <i>rhæticum</i>, Rhætic Beds, <a href= +"ch21.html#page 366">366</a><br> +—— <i>striatulum</i>, Kimmeridge clay, <a href= +"ch19.html#page 336">336</a><br> +Carne, Mr. N., on Cornish lodes, <a href="ch36.html#page 607"> +607</a><br> +Carpenter, Dr., on Atlantic mud, <a href="ch17.html#page 288"> +288</a><br> +——, on Eozoon Canadense, <a href="ch27.html#page 491"> +491</a><br> +Carrara, marble of, <a href="ch35.html#page 599">599</a><br> +Carruthers, Mr., on Eocene proteaceous fruit, <a href= +"ch16.html#page 265">265</a><br> +——, on cycads of the Purbeck, <a href= +"ch19.html#page 332">332</a><br> +——, on leaves of calamite, <a href= +"ch24.html#page 425">425</a><br> +——, on spores of carboniferous Lycopodiaceæ, <a +href="ch24.html#page 422">422</a><br> +——, on structure of sigillaria, <a href= +"ch24.html#page 426">426</a><br> +——, on trees in volcanic ash, <a href= +"ch30.html#page 547">547</a><br> +Cashmere, recent formations in, <a href="ch10.html#page 146"> +146</a><br> +Cassian, St., Triassic strata of, <a href="ch21.html#page 376"> +376</a><br> +Castrogiovanni, curved strata near, <a href="ch5.html#page 86"> +86</a><br> +Catania, laterite formed in, <a href="ch28.html#page 510"> +510</a><br> +——, Tertiary beds in, <a href="ch13.html#page 206"> +206</a><br> +<i>Catillus Lamarckii</i>, White Chalk, <a href= +"ch17.html#page 295">295</a><br> +Caucasus, absence of lakes in the, <a href="ch12.html#page 187"> +187</a><br> +<i>Caulopteris primæva</i>, Coal, <a href= +"ch24.html#page 421">421</a><br> +Cave-breccias of Australia, <a href="ch10.html#page 158"> +158</a><br> +Cavern deposits with human and animal remains, <a href= +"ch10.html#page 156">156</a><br> +Caves of Kirkdale and Brixham, <a href="ch10.html#page 157"> +157</a><br> +Celts described, <a href="ch10.html#page 152">152</a><br> +Cementing of strata, <a href="ch4.html#page 61">61</a><br> +<i>Cephalaspis Lyelli</i>, Old Red, <a href="ch25.html#page 446"> +446</a><br> +<i>Ceratites nodosus</i>, Muschelkalk, <a href= +"ch21.html#page 379">379</a><br> +<i>Cerithium concavum</i>, Headon, <a href="ch16.html#page 256"> +256</a><br> +—— <i>elegans</i>, Hempstead beds, <a href= +"ch15.html#page 245">245</a><br> +—— (<i>Terebra</i>) Portlandicum, <a href= +"ch19.html#page 335">335</a><br> +—— <i>plicatum</i>, Hempstead beds, <a href= +"ch15.html#page 245">245</a><br> +—— <i>melanoides</i>, <a href="ch16.html#page 268"> +268</a><br> +<i>Cervus alces</i>, tooth of, <a href="ch10.html#page 164"> +164</a><br> +<i>Cestracion Phillippi</i>, Recent, <a href="ch17.html#page 297"> +297</a><br> +Chabasite, <a href="ch28.html#page 500">500</a><br> +Chalk, composition, extent, and origin of, <a href= +"ch17.html#page 286">286</a><br> +—— of Faxoe, <a href="ch17.html#page 286">286</a><br> +—— flints, origin of, <a href="ch17.html#page 290"> +290</a><br> +—— fossils of the White, <a href="ch17.html#page 293"> +293-6</a><br> +——, iceborne boulders in the, <a href= +"ch17.html#page 292">292</a><br> +—— of North and South Europe, <a href= +"ch17.html#page 305">305</a><br> +——, Lower White, without flints, <a href= +"ch17.html#page 298">298</a><br> +—— marl, fossils of the, <a href="ch17.html#page 298"> +298</a><br> +—— Period, popular error concerning, <a href= +"ch17.html#page 288">288</a><br> +Chalk-pit with pot-stones, view of, <a href="ch17.html#page 291"> +291</a><br> +<i>Chama squamosa</i>, Barton, <a href="ch16.html#page 258"> +258</a><br> +Champoleon, junction of granite with Jurassic strata near, <a href= +"ch32.html#page 571">571</a><br> +<i>Chara elastica, C. medicaginula</i>, <a href="ch3.html#page 58"> +58</a><br> +—— <i>tuberculata</i>, Bembridge, <a href= +"ch16.html#page 253">253</a><br> +Charpentier, M., on Alpine glaciers, <a href="ch11.html#page 170"> +170</a><br> +——, on depression of Alps in Glacial Period, <a href= +"ch12.html#page 185">185</a><br> +Chatham coal-field, <a href="ch21.html#page 383">383</a><br> +<i>Cheirotherium</i>, footprints of, <a href="ch21.html#page 372"> +372</a><br> +Chemical deposits in veins, <a href="ch36.html#page 612"> +612</a><br> +—— and mechanical deposits, <a href="ch4.html#page 60"> +60</a><br> +Chiapa, fall of volcanic dust at, <a href="ch29.html#page 523"> +523</a><br> +Chichester, erratics near, <a href="ch12.html#page 181">181</a><br> +Chili, copper pyrites with gold in, <a href="ch36.html#page 616"> +616</a><br> +——, walls cracked by earthquake in, <a href= +"ch5.html#page 87">87</a><br> +Chillesford and Aldeby beds, <a href="ch13.html#page 192"> +192</a><br> +<i>Chimæra monstrosa</i>, Lias, <a href="ch20.html#page 359"> +359</a><br> +Chlorite-schist, <a href="ch33.html#page 579">579</a><br> +Chloritic series, or Upper Greensand, <a href="ch17.html#page 298"> +298</a><br> +Christiania, Euritic porphyry at, <a href="ch31.html#page 562"> +562</a><br> +——, granite veins in Silurian strata of, <a href= +"ch32.html#page 572">572</a><br> +——, quartz vein in gneiss at, <a href= +"ch31.html#page 561">561</a><br> +Chronological groups of formations, <a href="ch8.html#page 129"> +129</a><br> +Chronology, test of, in rocks, <a href="ch8.html#page 121"> +121</a><br> +Cinder-bed of the Purbeck, <a href="ch19.html#page 325">325</a><br> +<i>Cinnamomum polymorphum</i>, Miocene, <a href= +"ch14.html#page 219">219</a><br> +—— <i>Rossmässleri</i>, Miocene, <a href= +"ch15.html#page 239">239</a><br> +Claiborne beds, Eocene fossils of, <a href="ch16.html#page 279"> +279</a><br> +Clarke County, United States, Zeuglodon of, <a href= +"ch16.html#page 279">279</a><br> +Classification of Tertiary formations, <a href="ch9.html#page 137"> +137</a>, <a href="ch9.html#page 143">143</a><br> +——, value of shells in, <a href="ch9.html#page 142"> +142</a><br> +<i>Clausilia bidens</i>, Loess, <a href="ch3.html#page 56"> +56</a><br> +Clay defined, <a href="ch2.html#page 36">36</a><br> +—— iron-stone defined, <a href="ch23.html#page 404"> +404</a><br> +——, plastic, <a href="ch16.html#page 267">267</a><br> +—— slate, <a href="ch33.html#page 579">579</a><br> +——, Weald, <a href="ch18.html#page 313">313</a><br> +Cleavage explained, <a href="ch28.html#page 502">502</a><br> +——, crystalline theory of, <a href= +"ch34.html#page 591">591</a><br> +——, mechanical theory of, <a href="ch34.html#page 592"> +592</a><br> +—— of metamorphic rocks, <a href="ch34.html#page 588"> +588</a><br> +<i>Cleidotheca operculata</i>, <a href="ch27.html#page 483"> +483</a><br> +Clermont, metalliferous gneiss near, <a href="ch33.html#page 586"> +586</a><br> +Climate of the Crags, <a href="ch13.html#page 200">200</a><br> +—— of the Coal, <a href="ch24.html#page 430"> +430</a><br> +—— of the Miocene in the Arctic regions, <a href= +"ch15.html#page 240">240</a><br> +—— of the Post-pliocene period, <a href= +"ch10.html#page 161">161</a><br> +Clinkstone, <a href="ch28.html#page 506">506</a><br> +Clinton group, fossils of the, <a href="ch26.html#page 479"> +479</a><br> +Clyde, buried canoes in estuary of, <a href="ch10.html#page 146"> +146</a><br> +——, arctic marine shells in drifts of, <a href= +"ch12.html#page 176">176</a><br> +<i>Clymenia linearis</i>, Devonian, <a href="ch25.html#page 451"> +451</a><br> +Clymenien-Kalk of Germany, <a href="ch25.html#page 450">450</a><br> +Coal, conversion into anthracite of, <a href="ch23.html#page 403"> +403</a><br> +—— a land and swamp formation, <a href= +"ch23.html#page 397">397</a><br> +——, cause of the purity of, <a href= +"ch23.html#page 402">402</a><br> +——, conversion of lignite into, <a href= +"ch23.html#page 403">403</a><br> +——, erect trees in, <a href="ch23.html#page 411"> +411</a><br> +——, structure of the, <a href="ch23.html#page 412"> +412</a><br> +——, vegetation of the, <a href="ch24.html#page 420"> +420</a><br> +——, air-breathers in the, <a href="ch23.html#page 405"> +405</a>, <a href="ch23.html#page 413">413</a><br> +Coal Period, climate of the, <a href="ch24.html#page 430"> +430</a><br> +—— field of Virginia, <a href="ch21.html#page 382"> +382</a><br> +—— measures of Nova Scotia, <a href= +"ch23.html#page 408">408</a><br> +—— measures, thickness of, in Wales, <a href= +"ch23.html#page 397">397</a><br> +—— pipes, danger of, <a href="ch22.html#page 390"> +390</a><br> +——, rainprints in, <a href="ch23.html#page 416"> +416</a><br> +—— seams, uniting of, <a href="ch23.html#page 400"> +400</a><br> +Coalbrook-Dale, faults in, <a href="ch5.html#page 88">88</a><br> +<i>Cochliodus contortus</i>, <a href="ch24.html#page 437"> +437</a><br> +Cockfield Fell rocks, altered by dikes, <a href= +"ch28.html#page 516">516</a><br> +<i>Coelacanthus granulatus,</i> Permian, <a href= +"ch22.html#page 390">390</a><br> +Coleoptera of Œningen beds, <a href="ch14.html#page 223"> +223</a><br> +<i>Collyrites ringens,</i> Inferior Oolite, <a href= +"ch19.html#page 351">351</a><br> +Columnar structure of volcanic rocks, <a href="ch28.html#page 510"> +510</a><br> +—— basalt in the Vicentin, <a href= +"ch28.html#page 511">511</a><br> +Compact feldspar, <a href="ch28.html#page 501">501</a><br> +Concretionary structure, <a href="ch4.html#page 63">63</a><br> +Cone of Tartaret, <a href="ch29.html#page 527">527</a>, <a href= +"ch30.html#page 542">542</a><br> +—— of Côme, <a href="ch1.html#page 28">28</a><br> +Cones and craters described, <a href="ch28.html#page 495"> +495</a><br> +——, absence of, in England, <a href="ch1.html#page 30"> +30</a><br> +Conformable stratification, <a href="ch2.html#page 39">39</a><br> +Conglomerate or pudding-stone, <a href="ch2.html#page 36"> +36</a><br> +——, Dolomitic, of Bristol, <a href= +"ch21.html#page 373">373</a><br> +Coniferæ of the coal-measures, <a href="ch24.html#page 427"> +427</a><br> +Connecticut Valley, New Red Sandstone of, <a href= +"ch21.html#page 381">381</a><br> +<i>Conocephalus striatus</i>, <a href="ch27.html#page 488"> +488</a><br> +<i>Conocoryphe striata</i>, <a href="ch27.html#page 488"> +488</a><br> +Conrad, Mr., on age of American cretaceous rocks, <a href= +"ch17.html#page 307">307</a><br> +Consolidation of strata, <a href="ch4.html#page 61">61</a><br> +Continents and oceans, permanence of, <a href="ch7.html#page 117"> +117</a><br> +Contorted strata, in drift, <a href="ch12.html#page 178"> +178</a><br> +<i>Conularia ornata,</i> Devonian, <a href="ch25.html#page 453"> +453</a><br> +<i>Conulus priscus,</i> Coal, <a href="ch23.html#page 415"> +415</a><br> +<i>Conus deperditus,</i> Bracklesham, <a href="ch16.html#page 262"> +262</a><br> +Conybeare and Phillips on ninety-fathom dike, <a href= +"ch5.html#page 90">90</a><br> +Conybeare, Mr., on reptiles of the Lias, <a href= +"ch20.html#page 360">360</a><br> +Copper lode near Redruth, <a href="ch36.html#page 607">607</a><br> +Coprolite bed of Chloritic Series, <a href="ch17.html#page 299"> +299</a><br> +—— beds of Red and Coralline crags, <a href= +"ch13.html#page 197">197</a>, <a href="ch13.html#page 198"> +198</a><br> +<i>Coprolites of fish from the chalk</i>, <a href= +"ch17.html#page 298">298</a><br> +Coral Rag, fossils of the, <a href="ch19.html#page 339">339</a><br> +Coralline of White Crag, <a href="ch13.html#page 197">197</a><br> +Corals of the Devonian, <a href="ch25.html#page 451">451</a><br> +—— of the Mountain Limestone, <a href= +"ch24.html#page 433">433</a><br> +——, <i>Neozoic type of</i>, <a href= +"ch24.html#page 431">431</a><br> +——, <i>Palæozoic type of</i>, <a href= +"ch24.html#page 431">431</a><br> +<i>Corbicella (Cyrena) fluminalis</i>, <a href="ch3.html#page 54"> +54</a><br> +<i>Corbula pisum,</i> Hempstead beds, <a href="ch15.html#page 245"> +245</a><br> +Corinth, corrosion of rocks by gases near, <a href= +"ch33.html#page 586">586</a><br> +Cornbrash or Forest Marble, <a href="ch19.html#page 341"> +341</a><br> +Cornwall, granite veins in, <a href="ch31.html#page 561">561</a>, +<a href="ch33.html#page 582">582</a><br> +——, lodes in, <a href="ch36.html#page 615">615</a><br> +——, mass of granite in, <a href="ch31.html#page 552"> +552</a><br> +——, vertical sections of veins in mine, <a href= +"ch36.html#page 607">607</a><br> +Cosequina volcano, burying of organic remains by, <a href= +"ch29.html#page 523">523</a><br> +Crag, term defined, <a href="ch13.html#page 192">192</a><br> +—— of Antwerp, <a href="ch13.html#page 204">204</a><br> +——, fauna of, its relation to that of present seas, <a +href="ch13.html#page 201">201</a><br> +——, Norwich, <a href="ch13.html#page 193">193</a><br> +——, Coralline or White, <a href="ch13.html#page 197"> +197</a><br> +——, Red, <a href="ch13.html#page 194">194</a><br> +——, tables of marine testacea in, <a href= +"ch13.html#page 202">202</a><br> +—— deposits, climate of, <a href="ch13.html#page 200"> +200</a><br> +<i>Crania</i> attached to a sea-urchin, <a href="ch3.html#page 49"> +49</a><br> +—— <i>Parisiensis,</i> White Chalk, <a href= +"ch17.html#page 294">294</a><br> +<i>Crassatella sulcata,</i> Barton, <a href="ch16.html#page 259"> +259</a><br> +Craters and cones described, <a href="ch28.html#page 495"> +495</a><br> +——, Theory of Elevation, <a href="ch28.html#page 496"> +496</a><br> +Craven fault, <a href="ch5.html#page 90">90</a><br> +Creeps in coal-mines, <a href="ch5.html#page 78">78</a><br> +Cretaceous rocks of United States, <a href="ch17.html#page 307"> +307</a><br> +—— Period, error as to continuity of, <a href= +"ch17.html#page 288">288</a><br> +——, flora of the Upper, <a href="ch17.html#page 302"> +302</a><br> +—— volcanic rocks, <a href="ch30.html#page 544"> +544</a><br> +—— plutonic rocks, <a href="ch32.html#page 570"> +570</a><br> +—— Period, distinct mineral character of rocks in, <a +href="ch17.html#page 292">292</a><br> +—— rocks, classification of, <a href= +"ch17.html#page 282">282</a><br> +—— strata, connection between Upper and Lower, <a href= +"ch17.html#page 301">301</a><br> +Crinoidea of Mountain Limestone, <a href="ch24.html#page 433"> +433</a><br> +Croatia, Lower Miocene beds of, <a href="ch15.html#page 242"> +242</a><br> +Croll, Mr., on amount of subaërial denudation, <a href= +"ch7.html#page 114">114</a><br> +Cromer forest-bed, <a href="ch13.html#page 191">191</a><br> +Crop out, term explained, <a href="ch5.html#page 83">83</a><br> +Crossopterygidæ, or fringe-finned fish, <a href= +"ch25.html#page 443">443</a><br> +Crowfoot, Mr., on shells of Aldeby beds, <a href= +"ch13.html#page 192">192</a><br> +Crust of the earth defined, <a href="ch1.html#page 26">26</a><br> +Crustaceans of Old Red Sandstone, <a href="ch25.html#page 446"> +446</a><br> +<i>Cryptodon angulatum,</i> London Clay, <a href= +"ch16.html#page 266">266</a><br> +Crystalline Limestone, <a href="ch33.html#page 579">579</a><br> +—— rocks defined, <a href="ch1.html#page 32">32</a><br> +—— schists, much alkali in the, <a href= +"ch33.html#page 587">587</a><br> +—— theory of cleavage, <a href="ch34.html#page 591"> +591</a><br> +Cup and Star corals, <a href="ch24.html#page 431">431</a><br> +Curved strata, <a href="ch5.html#page 73">73-76</a><br> +Cutch, salt-layers in the Runn of, <a href="ch21.html#page 375"> +375</a><br> +Cuvier, M., on fauna of the Paris basin, <a href= +"ch16.html#page 271">271</a><br> +——, on Mammalia of Paris gypsum, <a href= +"ch15.html#page 231">231</a><br> +——, on Tertiary series, <a href="ch9.html#page 141"> +141</a><br> +<i>Cyathocrinus caryocrinoides</i>, <a href="ch24.html#page 433"> +433</a><br> +—— <i>planus</i>, <a href="ch24.html#page 433"> +433</a><br> +<i>Cyathophyllum cæspitosum</i>, <a href= +"ch25.html#page 451">451</a><br> +Cyclopean isles, beds of tuff and clay in, <a href= +"ch29.html#page 529">529</a><br> +——, contorted strata in, <a href="ch29.html#page 530"> +530</a><br> +<i>Cyclopteris Hibernica,</i> Old Red, <a href= +"ch25.html#page 441">441</a><br> +<i>Cyclostigma (Lepidodendron),</i> Old Red, <a href= +"ch25.html#page 441">441</a><br> +<i>Cyclostoma elegans,</i> Loess, <a href="ch3.html#page 56"> +56</a><br> +<i>Cylindrites acutus,</i> Great Oolite, <a href= +"ch19.html#page 345">345</a><br> +Cypress swamps of the Mississippi, <a href="ch23.html#page 402"> +402</a><br> +Cyprides in the Weald Clay, <a href="ch18.html#page 315"> +315</a><br> +<i>Cypridina serrato-striata</i>, <a href="ch25.html#page 451"> +451</a><br> +Cypris in fresh-water deposits, <a href="ch3.html#page 57"> +57</a><br> +—— <i>gibbosa, C. tuberculata, C. leguminella</i>, <a +href="ch19.html#page 324">324</a><br> +—— <i>striato-punctata, C. fasciculata, C. +granulata</i>, <a href="ch29.html#page 325">325</a><br> +—— <i>Purbeckensis, Cypris punctata</i>, <a href= +"ch19.html#page 331">331</a><br> +—— <i>spinigera,</i> Weald Clay, <a href= +"ch18.html#page 315">315</a><br> +<i>Cyrena (Corbicella) fluminalis</i>, <a href="ch3.html#page 54"> +54</a><br> +—— <i>cuneiformis,</i> Woolwich Clays, <a href= +"ch16.html#page 268">268</a><br> +—— <i>obovata</i>, <a href="ch3.html#page 54"> +54</a><br> +—— <i>semistriata,</i> Hempstead beds, <a href= +"ch15.html#page 245">245</a><br> +Cystideæ of Silurian rocks, <a href="ch26.html#page 466"> +466</a><br> +<i>Cythere inflata,</i> coal-measures, <a href= +"ch23.html#page 405">405</a><br> +</p> + +<p class="index">D<small>ADOXYLON</small>, fragment of coniferous +wood, <a href="ch24.html#page 428">428</a><br> + Dana, on volcanic minerals, <a href="ch28.html#page 500"> +500</a><br> +Danish kitchen-middens, <a href="ch10.html#page 146">146</a><br> +<i>Dapedius monilifer</i>, Lias, <a href="ch20.html#page 358"> +358</a><br> +Darbishire on shells of Moel Tryfaen, <a href="ch12.html#page 180"> +180</a><br> +Dartmoor, post-carboniferous granite of, <a href= +"ch32.html#page 572">572</a><br> +—— intrusive granite at, <a href="ch32.html#page 572"> +572</a><br> +Darwin, Mr., on foliation and lamination, <a href= +"ch34.html#page 595">595</a><br> +——, on mammalia of South America, <a href= +"ch10.html#page 160">160</a><br> +——, on marine saurian, <a href="ch20.html#page 362"> +362</a><br> +——, on rise of part of South America, <a href= +"ch5.html#page 72">72</a><br> +——, on sinking of coral reefs, <a href= +"ch5.html#page 72">72</a><br> +——, on plutonic rocks of the Andes, <a href= +"ch32.html#page 569">569</a><br> +——, on relationship of extinct to living types, <a +href="ch10.html#page 160">160</a><br> +Dates of discovery of fossil vertebrata, <a href= +"ch26.html#page 464">464</a><br> +Daubeny, Dr., on decomposition of trachytic rocks, <a href= +"ch33.html#page 586">586</a><br> +Daubrée, on formation of zeolites, <a href= +"ch29.html#page 521">521</a><br> +——, on alkaline waters of Plombières, <a href= +"ch33.html#page 584">584</a><br> +Davidson, Mr., on Spiriferina, <a href="ch20.html#page 355"> +355</a><br> +Davis, Mr. E., on fossils of Lingula Flags, <a href= +"ch27.html#page 484">484</a><br> +Dawkins, Mr. Boyd, on Hyæna spelæa, <a href= +"ch10.html#page 158">158</a><br> +——, on mammalia of Cromer Forest-bed, <a href= +"ch13.html#page 191">191</a><br> +——, on Triassic mammifer, <a href="ch21.html#page 369"> +369</a><br> +Dawson, Dr., on Devonian flora and insects, <a href= +"ch25.html#page 456">456</a>, <a href="ch25.html#page 457"> +457</a><br> +——, on Eozoon Canadense, <a href="ch27.html#page 491"> +491</a><br> +——, on Nova Scotia coal-measures, <a href= +"ch23.html#page 409">409</a><br> +——, on Nova Scotia coal-plants, <a href= +"ch23.html#page 410">410</a>, <a href="ch23.html#page 412"> +412</a><br> +——, on Pupa vetusta, <a href="ch23.html#page 415"> +415</a><br> +——, on reptiles and shells in Nova Scotia coal, <a +href="ch23.html#page 413">413</a><br> +——, on structure of calamite, <a href= +"ch24.html#page 425">425</a><br> +——, on structure of sigillaria, <a href= +"ch24.html#page 426">426</a><br> +Deane, Dr., on footprints in Trias, <a href="ch21.html#page 382"> +382</a><br> +Debey, Dr., on flora and fauna of Aix, <a href= +"ch17.html#page 302">302-04</a><br> +Dechen, M. von, on organic remains of the brown coal, <a href= +"ch30.html#page 540">540</a><br> +——, on Cornish granite veins, <a href= +"ch31.html#page 560">560</a><br> +De la Beche, Sir H., on granite of Dartmoor, <a href= +"ch33.html#page 582">582</a><br> +——, on Carrara marble, <a href="ch35.html#page 599"> +599</a><br> +——, on mineral veins, <a href="ch36.html#page 616"> +616</a><br> +——, on Redruth copper-mine, <a href= +"ch36.html#page 610">610</a><br> +——, on saurians of the Lias, <a href= +"ch20.html#page 362">362</a><br> +——, on trap-rocks of New Red, <a href= +"ch30.html#page 545">545</a><br> +——, on Welsh coal-measures, <a href= +"ch23.html#page 397">397</a><br> +Delesse, on action of water in metamorphism, <a href= +"ch33.html#page 585">585</a><br> +Deltas, strata accumulated in, <a href="ch1.html#page 28"> +28</a><br> +Dendrerpeton in Coal, <a href="ch23.html#page 413">413</a><br> +Denudation defined, <a href="ch6.html#page 96">96</a><br> +——, subaërial, <a href="ch6.html#page 97"> +97</a><br> +——, littoral, <a href="ch6.html#page 102">102</a><br> +——, submarine, <a href="ch6.html#page 105">105</a><br> +——, average annual amount of subaërial, <a href= +"ch7.html#page 113">113</a><br> +—— of carboniferous strata, <a href= +"ch23.html#page 396">396</a><br> +—— counteracting upheaval, <a href="ch6.html#page 106"> +106-15</a>, <a href="ch7.html#page 108">108-15</a><br> +—— a means of exposing crystalline rocks, <a href= +"ch31.html#page 563">563</a><br> +——, trap-dikes cut off by, <a href= +"ch28.html#page 518">518</a><br> +—— and volcanic force antagonistic powers, <a href= +"ch7.html#page 115">115</a><br> +Deposition, rate of, shown by fossils, <a href="ch3.html#page 47"> +47</a><br> +Derbyshire, veins in Mountain Limestone, <a href= +"ch36.html#page 608">608</a><br> +Derivative shells of the Red Crag, <a href="ch13.html#page 195"> +195-203</a><br> +Desnoyers, M., on age of Faluns, <a href="ch9.html#page 142"> +142</a><br> +——, on Eocene fossil footprints, <a href= +"ch16.html#page 272">272</a><br> +Desor, M., on Celtic coins in lake-dwellings, <a href= +"ch10.html#page 149">149</a><br> +Devonian Period, Upper, <a href="ch25.html#page 450">450</a><br> + Middle, <a href="ch25.html#page 450">450</a><br> + Lower, <a href="ch25.html#page 453">453</a><br> +—— fossils of the Eifel, <a href="ch29.html#page 534"> +534</a><br> +—— of Russia, <a href="ch25.html#page 454">454</a><br> +—— of United States and Canada, <a href= +"ch25.html#page 455">455</a><br> +—— insects of Canada, <a href="ch25.html#page 457"> +457</a><br> +—— strata, classification of, <a href= +"ch25.html#page 439">439-50</a><br> +Devonshire, cleavage of slate rocks in, <a href= +"ch34.html#page 593">593</a><br> +Diabase, <a href="ch28.html#page 505">505</a><br> +Diagonal, or cross-stratification, <a href="ch2.html#page 42"> +42</a><br> +Diagram of fossiliferous rocks, <a href="ch9.html#page 137"> +137</a><br> +—— of plutonic and sedimentary formations, <a href= +"ch32.html#page 567">567</a><br> +Diallage, <a href="ch28.html#page 500">500</a>, <a href= +"ch28.html#page 502">502</a><br> +<i>Diastopora diluviana</i>, Bath Oolite, <a href= +"ch19.html#page 343">343</a><br> +Diatomaceæ forming tripoli, <a href="ch3.html#page 51"> +51</a><br> +<i>Diceras Lonsdalii</i>, Neocomian, <a href="ch18.html#page 310"> +310</a><br> +<i>Didelphys Azaræ</i>, Recent, <a href="ch19.html#page 347"> +347</a><br> +<i>Didymograpsus geminus</i>, <a href="ch26.html#page 476"> +476</a><br> +—— <i>Murchisonii</i>, <a href="ch26.html#page 473"> +473</a><br> +Dike cutting through shale, Anglesea, <a href="ch28.html#page 515"> +515</a><br> +—— cutting through chalk, Antrim, <a href= +"ch28.html#page 515">515</a>, <a href="ch28.html#page 516"> +516</a><br> +<i>Dikelocephalus Minnesotensis</i>, <a href="ch27.html#page 490"> +490</a><br> +Dikes defined, <a href="ch1.html#page 30">30</a><br> +—— of Monte Somma, <a href="ch29.html#page 526"> +526</a><br> +—— in Palagonia, ground-plan of, <a href= +"ch29.html#page 532">532</a><br> +——, volcanic or trap, <a href="ch28.html#page 513"> +513-7</a><br> +Diluvium, origin of term, <a href="ch11.html#page 167">167</a><br> +Dinornis Palapteryx, of New Zealand, <a href="ch10.html#page 160"> +160</a><br> +<i>Dinotherium giganteum</i>, <a href="ch14.html#page 212"> +212</a><br> +Diorite, <a href="ch28.html#page 505">505</a><br> +Dip and strike, terms explained, <a href="ch5.html#page 80"> +80</a><br> +<i>Diplograpsus folium</i>, Llandeilo Flags, <a href= +"ch26.html#page 474">474</a><br> +—— <i>pristis</i>, Llandeilo beds, <a href= +"ch26.html#page 473">473</a><br> +Dirt-bed of the Purbeck, <a href="ch19.html#page 331">331</a><br> +Dogger-bank described, <a href="ch6.html#page 105">105</a><br> +Dolerite, a variety of basalt, <a href="ch28.html#page 504"> +504</a><br> +Dolomite defined, <a href="ch2.html#page 38">38</a><br> +Dolomitic conglomerate of Bristol, <a href="ch21.html#page 373"> +373</a><br> +Downs, escarpments of North and South, <a href="ch6.html#page 104"> +104</a><br> +Downton Sandstone, <a href="ch26.html#page 459">459</a><br> +Dowson, Mr., on shells of Aldeby beds, <a href= +"ch13.html#page 192">192</a><br> +Drew, Mr., on Hastings Sands, <a href="ch18.html#page 316"> +316</a><br> +Drift of Ireland, <a href="ch13.html#page 190">190</a><br> +—— of Norfolk cliffs, <a href="ch13.html#page 190"> +190</a><br> +—— of Scandinavia, <a href="ch12.html#page 174"> +174</a><br> +—— of Bridlington, <a href="ch13.html#page 189"> +189</a><br> +—— carried by icebergs, <a href="ch11.html#page 172"> +172</a><br> +—— shells in Canada, <a href="ch12.html#page 183"> +183</a><br> +——, contorted strata in, <a href="ch12.html#page 178"> +178</a><br> +——, marine shells in Scotch, <a href= +"ch12.html#page 175">175</a><br> +Dudley Limestone, <a href="ch26.html#page 465">465</a><br> +Dufrenoy, M., on granite of Pyrenees, <a href="ch33.html#page 582"> +582</a><br> +Dumont, Professor, on Belgian Lower Eocene, <a href= +"ch17.html#page 282">282</a><br> +Duncan, Dr., on Neozoic corals passing down to Devonian, <a href= +"ch24.html#page 432">432</a><br> +Dundry Hill, near Bristol, section of, <a href="ch8.html#page 130"> +130</a><br> +Dunker, Dr., on wealden of Germany, <a href="ch18.html#page 319"> +319</a><br> +Dura Den, yellow sandstone of, <a href="ch25.html#page 440"> +440</a></p> + +<p class="index">E<small>ARTH’S</small> crust defined, <a +href="ch1.html#page 26">26</a><br> +Echinoderms of Suffolk Crag, <a href="ch13.html#page 200"> +200</a><br> +<i>Echinosphæronites balticus</i>, <a href= +"ch26.html#page 472">472</a><br> +Egerton, Sir P., on fish of Headon series, <a href= +"ch16.html#page 256">256</a><br> +——, on fish of the Permian, <a href= +"ch22.html#page 389">389</a><br> +——, on fish of Penarth beds, <a href= +"ch21.html#page 366">366</a><br> +Ehrenberg, Professor, on term Bryozoum, <a href= +"ch13.html#page 197">197</a><br> +——, on Silurian foraminifera, <a href= +"ch26.html#page 478">478</a><br> +——, on infusoria, <a href="ch3.html#page 51">51</a><br> +Eifel Limestone, <a href="ch25.html#page 453">453</a><br> +——, Lake-craters of, <a href="ch29.html#page 534"> +534</a><br> +—— Miocene, volcanic rocks of, <a href= +"ch30.html#page 539">539</a><br> +—— Pliocene, volcanoes of the, <a href= +"ch29.html#page 534">534</a><br> +——, trass of the, <a href="ch29.html#page 535"> +535</a><br> +<i>Elephas antiquus</i>, molar of, <a href="ch10.html#page 163"> +163</a><br> +—— <i>meridionalis</i>, molar of, <a href= +"ch10.html#page 163">163</a><br> +—— <i>primigenius</i>, molar of, <a href= +"ch10.html#page 162">162</a><br> +Elevation craters, theory of, <a href="ch28.html#page 496"> +496</a><br> +Elvans, term explained, <a href="ch32.html#page 572">572</a><br> +—— of Ireland and Cornwall, <a href= +"ch36.html#page 615">615</a><br> +<i>Elytron of Buprestis?</i> Stonesfield, <a href= +"ch19.html#page 346">346</a><br> +Emmons, Professor, on jaws of Triassic quadruped, <a href= +"ch21.html#page 383">383</a><br> +——, on Dromatherium, <a href="ch21.html#page 383"> +383</a><br> +Encrinites of Bradford, <a href="ch19.html#page 342">342</a><br> +<i>Encrinus liliiformis</i>, Muschelkalk, <a href= +"ch21.html#page 379">379</a><br> +Endogens, term explained, <a href="ch17.html#page 303">303</a><br> +Engihoul cave, human and animal remains in, <a href= +"ch10.html#page 157">157</a><br> +England and Wales, glaciation of, <a href="ch12.html#page 180"> +180</a><br> +Enstatite, <a href="ch28.html#page 501">501</a><br> +Eocene areas of Europe, map of, <a href="ch16.html#page 250"> +250</a><br> +—— foraminifera, <a href="ch16.html#page 274"> +274</a><br> +—— formations of France, <a href="ch16.html#page 270"> +270-6</a><br> +—— of England, <a href="ch16.html#page 252">252</a><br> +—— period, volcanic rocks of, <a href= +"ch30.html#page 543">543</a><br> +——, plutonic rocks of the, <a href= +"ch32.html#page 568">568</a><br> +——, metamorphic rocks of the, <a href= +"ch35.html#page 598">598</a><br> +—— of France, footprints in, <a href= +"ch16.html#page 272">272</a><br> +—— and Miocene, line between the, <a href= +"ch15.html#page 230">230</a>, <a href="ch16.html#page 250"> +250</a><br> +——, term defined, <a href="ch9.html#page 143"> +143</a><br> +—— of the United States, <a href="ch16.html#page 278"> +278</a><br> +<i>Eozoon Canadense</i>, oldest known fossil, <a href= +"ch27.html#page 492">492</a><br> +Epidote, <a href="ch28.html#page 500">500</a><br> +Eppelsheim, Dinotherium of, <a href="ch14.html#page 225"> +225</a><br> +Equisetaceæ of the Coal, <a href="ch24.html#page 424"> +424</a><br> +<i>Equisetites columnaris</i>, Keuper, <a href= +"ch21.html#page 376">376</a><br> +<i>Equus caballus</i>, tooth of, <a href="ch10.html#page 164"> +164</a><br> +Erratic blocks, nature of, <a href="ch11.html#page 167">167</a><br> +—— of Greenland, <a href="ch11.html#page 171"> +171</a><br> +—— near Chichester, <a href="ch12.html#page 181"> +181</a><br> +—— in the Red Crag, <a href="ch13.html#page 201"> +201</a><br> +Erratics, Alpine, <a href="ch11.html#page 169">169</a><br> +Escarpments explained, <a href="ch6.html#page 104">104</a><br> +<i>Eschara disticha</i>, White Chalk, <a href="ch17.html#page 296"> +296</a><br> +<i>Escharina oceani</i>, White Chalk, <a href="ch17.html#page 296"> +296</a><br> +<i>Estheria minuta</i>, Trias, <a href="ch21.html#page 370"> +370</a><br> +—— <i>ovata</i>, Richmond, Virginia, <a href= +"ch21.html#page 383">383</a><br> +Ethridge, Mr., on Atlantic mud, <a href="ch17.html#page 288"> +288</a><br> +——, on Devonian series, in Devon, <a href= +"ch25.html#page 450">450</a><br> +——, on Devonian fauna, <a href="ch25.html#page 451"> +451</a>, <a href="ch25.html#page 454">454</a><br> +——, on mollusca of Bracklesham, <a href= +"ch16.html#page 260">260</a><br> +——, on St. Cassian fossils, <a href= +"ch21.html#page 377">377</a><br> +Etna, built up since Newer Pliocene, <a href="ch13.html#page 204"> +204</a><br> +——, Pliocene lavas of, <a href="ch29.html#page 529"> +529</a><br> +Ettingshausen on Sheppey Eocene fruit, <a href= +"ch16.html#page 265">265</a><br> +<i>Eunomia radiata</i>, Bath Oolite, <a href="ch19.html#page 342"> +342</a><br> +<i>Eunotia bidens</i>, Atlantic mud, <a href="ch17.html#page 288"> +288</a><br> +<i>Euomphalus pentangulatus</i>, <a href="ch24.html#page 435"> +435</a><br> +Eurite, <a href="ch31.html#page 557">557</a>, <a href= +"ch33.html#page 578">578</a><br> +Euritic porphyry of Norway, <a href="ch31.html#page 562"> +562</a><br> +Evans, Mr., on Archæopteryx, <a href="ch19.html#page 337"> +337</a><br> +Exogens, <a href="ch17.html#page 297">297</a><br> +<i>Exogyra virgula</i>, Kimmeridge Clay, <a href= +"ch19.html#page 336">336</a><br> +<i>Extracrinus (Pentacrinus) Briareus</i>, Lias.</p> + +357<br> +<br> + + +<p class="index">F<small>ALCONER</small>, Dr., on Miocene fauna of +Siwalik Hills, <a href="ch14.html#page 226">226</a><br> +——, on Brixham Cave flint knives, <a href= +"ch10.html#page 157">157</a><br> +——, on Purbeck mammalia, <a href="ch19.html#page 326"> +326</a><br> +Faluns of Loire, recent shells in, <a href="ch14.html#page 214"> +214</a><br> +—— of Touraine, <a href="ch14.html#page 211"> +211</a><br> +Farnham, phosphate of lime near, <a href="ch17.html#page 299"> +299</a><br> +<i>Fascicularia aurantium</i>, Coralline crag, <a href= +"ch13.html#page 199">199</a><br> +Faults in coal-measures of Coalbrook Dale, <a href= +"ch5.html#page 88">88</a><br> +—— described, <a href="ch5.html#page 87">87-92</a><br> +—— often the result of repeated movements, <a href= +"ch5.html#page 90">90</a><br> +Fauna of the crag, its relation to that of our present seas, <a +href="ch13.html#page 201">201</a><br> +—— of the Mountain Limestone, <a href= +"ch24.html#page 430">430</a><br> +—— of the Paris basin, <a href="ch16.html#page 271"> +271</a><br> +<i>Favosites cervicornis</i>, Devonian, <a href= +"ch25.html#page 451">451</a><br> +—— <i>Gothlandica</i>, Silurian, <a href= +"ch26.html#page 465">465</a><br> +Favre, M. E., on glaciers and moraines of the Caucasus, <a href= +"ch12.html#page 187">187</a><br> +Faxoe, chalk of, <a href="ch17.html#page 285">285</a><br> +Feldspar-porphyry, <a href="ch31.html#page 557">557</a><br> +Feldspar, varieties of, <a href="ch28.html#page 499">499</a>, <a +href="ch28.html#page 500">500</a><br> +Feldstone, <a href="ch31.html#page 557">557</a><br> +<i>Felis tigris</i>, tooth of, <a href="ch11.html#page 166"> +166</a><br> +<i>Fenestella retiformis</i>, Magnesian Limestone, <a href= +"ch22.html#page 388">388</a><br> +Ferns of the coal, <a href="ch24.html#page 421">421</a><br> +Fife, trap-dike in, <a href="ch30.html#page 543">543</a><br> +Fish, fossil of the Carboniferous, <a href="ch24.html#page 436"> +436</a><br> +——, Eocene of Monte Bolca, <a href= +"ch30.html#page 544">544</a><br> +——, oldest known fossil, <a href="ch26.html#page 463"> +463</a><br> +——, number of living, <a href="ch25.html#page 445"> +445</a><br> +——, fresh-water and marine, <a href="ch3.html#page 58"> +58</a><br> +—— of the Upper Ludlow, <a href="ch26.html#page 459"> +459</a><br> +—— of the Old Red Sandstone, <a href= +"ch25.html#page 443">443-5</a><br> +—— of the Permian marl slate, <a href= +"ch22.html#page 389">389</a><br> +—— of the brown coal, <a href="ch30.html#page 540"> +540</a><br> +—— of the Lias, <a href="ch20.html#page 358"> +358</a><br> +Fisherton, Greenland lemming in drift of, <a href= +"ch10.html#page 161">161</a><br> +Fissures, filled with metallic matter, <a href= +"ch36.html#page 606">606</a><br> +Fitton, Dr., on the Neocomian strata, <a href="ch18.html#page 314"> +314</a><br> +Fleming, Dr., on Parka decipiens, <a href="ch25.html#page 448"> +448</a><br> +——, on trap-dike in Fife, <a href="ch30.html#page 546"> +546</a><br> +Flints in the Chalk, <a href="ch17.html#page 290">290</a><br> +Flisk dike of Fife, <a href="ch30.html#page 546">546</a><br> +Flora of the Carboniferous, <a href="ch24.html#page 420"> +420</a><br> +——, Devonian, compared to Carboniferous, <a href= +"ch25.html#page 457">457</a><br> +—— of the Subapennines, <a href="ch13.html#page 208"> +208</a><br> +——, Lower Miocene of Switzerland, <a href= +"ch15.html#page 235">235</a><br> +——, Miocene of the Arctic Regions, <a href= +"ch15.html#page 239">239</a><br> +——, Older Pliocene of Italy, <a href= +"ch13.html#page 208">208</a><br> +—— of the Permian, <a href="ch22.html#page 392"> +392</a><br> +—— of the Upper Cretaceous, <a href= +"ch17.html#page 302">302</a><br> +——, Upper Miocene of Switzerland, <a href= +"ch14.html#page 215">215-22</a><br> +—— of the Wealden, <a href="ch18.html#page 320"> +320</a><br> +Fluvio-marine or Norwich Crag, <a href="ch13.html#page 193"> +193</a><br> +Flysch of the Alps, <a href="ch16.html#page 278">278</a><br> +——, plutonic rocks invading, <a href= +"ch32.html#page 568">568</a><br> +Folding and denudation of Nova Scotia Carboniferous rocks, <a href= +"ch23.html#page 417">417</a><br> +Folds of parallel strata, arrangement and direction of, <a href= +"ch5.html#page 93">93</a><br> +Foliation of crystalline rocks, <a href="ch34.html#page 595"> +595</a><br> +——, irregularities in, <a href="ch34.html#page 596"> +596</a><br> +Folkestone and Hythe beds, <a href="ch18.html#page 308">308</a><br> +Fontainebleau, Gres de, <a href="ch15.html#page 230">230</a><br> +Footprints in Potsdam sandstone, <a href="ch27.html#page 490"> +490</a><br> +—— <i>of reptiles in Coal-measures</i>, <a href= +"ch23.html#page 408">408</a><br> +——, <i>fossil in New red</i>, <a href= +"ch21.html#page 381">381</a><br> +—— in Paris gypsum, <a href="ch16.html#page 272"> +272</a><br> +Foraminifera, Eocene, <a href="ch16.html#page 275">275</a><br> +—— of Mountain Limestone, <a href="ch24.html#page 437"> +437</a><br> +—— of the Chalk, <a href="ch22.html#page 287"> +287</a><br> +Forbes, Mr. David, on glass cavities in quartz, <a href= +"ch31.html#page 555">555</a><br> +——, on planes of foliation, <a href= +"ch34.html#page 595">595</a><br> +——, on specific gravity of quartz, <a href= +"ch28.html#page 500">500</a><br> +——, on volcanic minerals, <a href="ch28.html#page 498"> +498</a><br> +Forbes, Professor E., on fossils of Bembridge beds, <a href= +"ch16.html#page 252">252</a><br> +——, on Hempstead beds, <a href="ch15.html#page 244"> +244</a><br> +——, on shells of the crag, <a href= +"ch13.html#page 200">200</a><br> +——, on sphæronites, <a href="ch26.html#page 472"> +472</a><br> +——, on subdivisions of the Purbeck, <a href= +"ch19.html#page 333">333</a><br> +——, on testacea of the Faluns, <a href= +"ch14.html#page 212">212</a><br> +——, on thickness of Upper Neocomian, <a href= +"ch18.html#page 309">309</a><br> +Forest-bed at Cromer, <a href="ch13.html#page 191">191</a><br> +—— marble or cornbrash, <a href="ch19.html#page 341"> +341</a><br> +——, submerged, <a href="ch6.html#page 103">103</a>, <a +href="ch6.html#page 104">104</a><br> +——, fossil in Coal, <a href="ch23.html#page 400"> +400</a><br> +——, fossil of Isle of Portland, <a href= +"ch19.html#page 332">332</a><br> +Forfarshire, Cephalaspis beds of, <a href="ch25.html#page 446"> +446</a><br> +——, contorted strata in, <a href="ch12.html#page 178"> +178</a><br> +Formation, term defined, <a href="ch1.html#page 27">27</a><br> +Fossil, term defined, <a href="ch1.html#page 29">29</a><br> +—— trees erect in coal, <a href="ch23.html#page 410"> +410</a><br> +—— Fish of Old Red Sandstone, <a href= +"ch25.html#page 442">442</a><br> +Fossiliferous groups, table of succession of, <a href= +"ch8.html#page 131">131</a><br> +Fossils, arrangement of, in strata, <a href="ch3.html#page 47"> +47</a><br> +——, destruction of, in older formations, <a href= +"ch9.html#page 139">139</a><br> +——, fresh-water and marine, <a href="ch3.html#page 52"> +52</a><br> +—— obliterated by metamorphic action, <a href= +"ch35.html#page 603">603</a><br> +——, recent, and Post-pliocene, <a href= +"ch10.html#page 154">154-65</a><br> +—— of the drift, <a href="ch12.html#page 176">176</a>, +<a href="ch12.html#page 180">180</a>, <a href="ch13.html#page 192"> +192</a><br> +—— of the Crags, <a href="ch13.html#page 193"> +193-203</a><br> +——, Upper Miocene, <a href="ch14.html#page 214"> +214-29</a><br> +——, Lower Miocene of Switzerland, <a href= +"ch15.html#page 236">236</a><br> +—— of the Hempstead Beds, <a href="ch15.html#page 244"> +244</a><br> +——, Eocene, <a href="ch16.html#page 253">253</a><br> +—— of the Barton Clay, <a href="ch16.html#page 259"> +259</a><br> +—— of the White Chalk, <a href="ch17.html#page 293"> +293</a><br> +—— of the Neocomian, <a href="ch18.html#page 309"> +309</a><br> +—— of the Oolite, <a href="ch19.html#page 324"> +324</a><br> +—— of the Stonesfield Slate, <a href= +"ch19.html#page 347">347</a><br> +—— of the Lias, <a href="ch20.html#page 354"> +354</a><br> +—— of the Trias, <a href="ch21.html#page 370"> +370</a><br> +—— of the Magnesian Limestone, <a href= +"ch22.html#page 387">387</a><br> +—— of the Coal, <a href="ch23.html#page 405"> +405</a><br> +—— plants of the Coal, <a href="ch24.html#page 421"> +421</a><br> +—— of the Mountain Limestone, <a href= +"ch24.html#page 430">430</a><br> +——, Devonian, <a href="ch25.html#page 449">449</a><br> +——, Silurian, <a href="ch26.html#page 460">460</a><br> +——, Cambrian, <a href="ch27.html#page 484">484</a><br> +—— Laurentian, <a href="ch27.html#page 492">492</a><br> +Fournet, M. on metalliferous gneiss, <a href="ch33.html#page 586"> +586</a><br> +——, on veins in granite, <a href="ch36.html#page 610"> +610</a><br> +Fox, Rev. D., on Isle of Wight Eocene fossils, <a href= +"ch16.html#page 254">254</a><br> +Fox, Mr. R., on lodes in Cornwall, <a href="ch36.html#page 614"> +614</a><br> +Fractures of strata, and faults, <a href="ch5.html#page 87"> +87</a><br> +Fragments, included, a test of age of plutonic rocks, <a href= +"ch32.html#page 565">565</a><br> +——, included, a test of age of strata, <a href= +"ch8.html#page 129">129</a><br> +—— a test of age in volcanic rocks, <a href= +"ch29.html#page 524">524</a><br> +France, Eocene formations of, <a href="ch16.html#page 270"> +270-6</a><br> +——, Lower Miocene of, <a href="ch15.html#page 231"> +231</a><br> +——, Upper Miocene of, <a href="ch14.html#page 211"> +211</a><br> +Freshfield, Mr., on absence of lakes in the Caucasus, <a href= +"ch12.html#page 187">187</a><br> +Fresh-water strata, how distinguished from marine, <a href= +"ch3.html#page 53">53-9</a><br> + —— formation of Auvergne, <a href= +"ch15.html#page 233">233</a><br> +Fucoid sandstones of Sweden, <a href="ch27.html#page 489"> +489</a><br> +<i>Fulgur canaliculatus</i>, Maryland, <a href= +"ch14.html#page 228">228</a><br> +Fuller’s earth, fossils of the, <a href="ch19.html#page 348"> +348</a><br> +Fundy, Bay of, fossil trees exposed in cliffs at, <a href= +"ch23.html#page 412">412</a><br> +<i>Fusilina cylindrica</i>, <a href="ch24.html#page 438"> +438</a><br> +Fusion of quartz, <a href="ch28.html#page 500">500</a><br> +<i>Fusus contrarius (Trophon antiquum)</i>, <a href= +"ch13.html#page 196">196</a><br> +—— <i>quadricostatus</i>, Maryland, <a href= +"ch14.html#page 228">228</a></p> + +<p class="index">G<small>ABBRO</small>, <a href= +"ch28.html#page 505">505</a><br> +<i>Gaillonella ferruginea</i>, and <i>G. distans,</i> <a href= +"ch3.html#page 52">52</a><br> +Galapagos Islands, living marine saurian in, <a href= +"ch20.html#page 362">362</a><br> +<i>Galeocerdo latidens</i>, Bracklesham, <a href= +"ch16.html#page 262">262</a><br> +<i>Galerites albogalerus</i>, White Chalk, <a href= +"ch17.html#page 294">294</a><br> +Galestes in Middle Purbeck, <a href="ch19.html#page 328"> +328</a><br> +Ganoids, the type of Old Red Sandstone fish, <a href= +"ch25.html#page 443">443</a><br> +—— of the Wealden, <a href="ch18.html#page 316"> +316</a><br> +—— of the Trias, <a href="ch21.html#page 383"> +383</a><br> +Gaps in the sequence of fossil remains, <a href= +"ch9.html#page 138">138</a><br> +Garnet, <a href="ch28.html#page 500">500</a><br> +Gases, corrosion of rocks by, <a href="ch33.html#page 586"> +586</a><br> +Gaudin on Lower Miocene of Switzerland, <a href= +"ch15.html#page 236">236</a><br> +—— on Pliocene flora of Italy, <a href= +"ch13.html#page 209">209</a><br> +—— on Proteaceæ in Bournemouth Eocene, <a href= +"ch16.html#page 263">263</a><br> +Gault, thickness and fossils of, <a href="ch17.html#page 300"> +300</a><br> +Geikie, Mr. A., on Ayrshire Permian trap-rocks, <a href= +"ch30.html#page 545">545</a><br> +——, on subaërial denudation, <a href= +"ch7.html#page 115">115</a><br> +——, on ice erosion of lake-basins, <a href= +"ch12.html#page 187">187</a><br> +——, on Isle of Mull volcanic rocks, <a href= +"ch30.html#page 539">539</a><br> +——, on Pentland Old Red volcanic rocks, <a href= +"ch30.html#page 548">548</a><br> +——, on Silurian metamorphic rocks, <a href= +"ch35.html#page 602">602</a><br> +——, on syenite of Skye, <a href="ch32.html#page 568"> +568</a><br> +Geinitz, M., on Permian flora, <a href="ch22.html#page 393"> +393</a><br> +Gemunder Maar, volcanic rocks of, <a href="ch29.html#page 534"> +534</a><br> +Geneva, Lower Miocene of, <a href="ch15.html#page 236">236</a><br> +Geology defined, <a href="ch1.html#page 25">25</a><br> +Gergovia, tuffs and associated lacustrine strata of, <a href= +"ch30.html#page 542">542</a><br> +Germany, Lower Miocene of, <a href="ch15.html#page 242">242</a><br> +——, Triassic fauna of, <a href="ch21.html#page 375"> +375</a><br> +Gers, Upper Miocene of, <a href="ch14.html#page 215">215</a><br> +<i>Gervillia anceps</i>, Neocomian, <a href="ch18.html#page 310"> +310</a><br> +—— <i>socialis</i>, Muschelkalk, <a href= +"ch21.html#page 379">379</a><br> +Giant’s Causeway basalt, age of, <a href= +"ch15.html#page 248">248</a><br> +——, laterite of the, <a href="ch28.html#page 509"> +509</a><br> +——, columnar basalt of, <a href="ch28.html#page 510"> +510</a><br> + Girgenti, Newer Pliocene of, <a href="ch13.html#page 207"> +207</a><br> +Glacial drift, distribution and nature of, <a href= +"ch11.html#page 166">166</a><br> +—— epoch in the Post-pliocene, <a href= +"ch11.html#page 166">166</a><br> +—— formations of Pliocene age, <a href= +"ch13.html#page 189">189-92</a><br> +Glaciation of Russia and Scandinavia, <a href="ch12.html#page 174"> +174</a><br> +—— of Scotland, <a href="ch12.html#page 175"> +175</a><br> +—— of Wales and England, <a href="ch12.html#page 180"> +180</a><br> +—— of North America, <a href="ch12.html#page 182"> +182</a><br> +Glaciers, transporting and abrading power of, <a href= +"ch11.html#page 168">168</a><br> +Glasgow, marine strata near, <a href="ch10.html#page 146"> +146</a><br> +Glauconie grossiere, <a href="ch16.html#page 275">275</a><br> +Glen Tilt, junction of granite and schist at, <a href= +"ch31.html#page 559">559</a><br> +Globiform pitchstone, <a href="ch28.html#page 512">512</a><br> +<i>Globigerina bulloides</i>, <a href="ch17.html#page 288"> +288</a><br> +Globular structure of volcanic rocks, <a href="ch28.html#page 510"> +510</a><br> +<i>Glyptostrobus, Europæus,</i> Œningen, <a href= +"ch14.html#page 223">223</a><br> +Gneiss, granite veins traversing, <a href="ch31.html#page 560"> +560</a><br> +—— defined and figured, <a href="ch33.html#page 577"> +577</a><br> +——, fundamental, of Scotland, <a href= +"ch27.html#page 493">493</a><br> +Gold mines of Australia and Chili, <a href="ch36.html#page 616"> +616</a><br> +—— veins of Russia, <a href="ch36.html#page 616"> +616</a><br> +—— of California, of age of alluvium, <a href= +"ch36.html#page 617">617</a><br> +Goldenberg, Professor, on Saarbrück coal insects, <a href= +"ch23.html#page 406">406</a><br> +Goldfuss, Professor, on reptiles in coal, <a href= +"ch23.html#page 406">406</a><br> +<i>Goniatites crenistria</i>, <a href="ch24.html#page 436"> +436</a><br> +—— <i>Listeri,</i> coal-measures, <a href= +"ch23.html#page 405">405</a><br> +Göppert, on American forms in Swiss Miocene flora, <a href= +"ch14.html#page 223">223</a><br> +—— on petrification, <a href="ch4.html#page 68"> +68</a><br> +—— on plants of coal-measures, <a href= +"ch23.html#page 398">398</a><br> +<i>Gorgonia infundibuliformis,</i> Permian, <a href= +"ch22.html#page 388">388</a><br> +Graham’s Island, forming ashy conglomerate, <a href= +"ch30.html#page 549">549</a><br> +Grampians, Old Red conglomerates of, <a href="ch5.html#page 73"> +73</a><br> +——, trap-rocks of the, <a href="ch30.html#page 547"> +547</a><br> +——, former glaciers in the, <a href= +"ch12.html#page 175">175</a><br> +Grand Canary, Upper Miocene, shelly tuffs of, <a href= +"ch31.html#page 558">558</a><br> +Granite, composition of, <a href="ch31.html#page 552">552</a><br> +——, graphic and columnar, <a href="ch31.html#page 553"> +553</a>, <a href="ch31.html#page 554">554</a><br> +——, how far connected with trap-rocks, <a href= +"ch31.html#page 558">558</a><br> +——, hydrothermal action in formation of, <a href= +"ch31.html#page 555">555</a><br> +—— metamorphosing fossiliferous strata, <a href= +"ch33.html#page 581">581</a><br> +——, porphyritic, <a href="ch31.html#page 556"> +556</a><br> +——, oldest, <a href="ch32.html#page 574">574</a><br> +——, protrusion of solid, <a href="ch32.html#page 574"> +574</a><br> +——, passage of, into trap, <a href= +"ch31.html#page 558">558</a><br> +——, schorly, <a href="ch31.html#page 557">557</a><br> +—— veins, <a href="ch31.html#page 559">559</a><br> +—— veins in talcose gneiss, <a href= +"ch31.html#page 560">560</a><br> +Granton, angiosperm found in coal at, <a href="ch24.html#page 429"> +429</a><br> +Graptolites of Llandeilo flags, <a href="ch26.html#page 474"> +474</a><br> +<i>Graptolites Murchisonii.</i> Llandeilo flags, <a href= +"ch26.html#page 473">473</a><br> +<i>Graptolithus priodon,</i> Silurian, <a href= +"ch26.html#page 467">467</a><br> +Gray’s, Essex, pachyderms found at, <a href= +"ch10.html#page 161">161</a><br> +Great (or Bath) Oolite, <a href="ch19.html#page 342">342</a><br> +Greece, Upper Miocene formations of, <a href="ch14.html#page 226"> +226</a><br> +Greenland, continental ice of, <a href="ch11.html#page 170"> +170</a><br> +——, gradual sinking of, <a href="ch5.html#page 72"> +72</a><br> +Greenstone, <a href="ch28.html#page 505">505</a><br> +Gres de Beauchamp, Paris basin, <a href="ch16.html#page 273"> +273</a><br> +Gres de Fontainebleau, age of the, <a href="ch15.html#page 230"> +230</a><br> +Griffiths, Sir R., on yellow sandstone of Ireland, <a href= +"ch25.html#page 441">441</a><br> +Grit defined, <a href="ch2.html#page 36">36</a><br> +Groups, older, rise highest above the sea, <a href= +"ch9.html#page 139">139</a><br> +—— why the newest to be studied first, <a href= +"ch9.html#page 140">140</a><br> +<i>Gryllacris lithanthraca,</i> coal, <a href="ch23.html#page 405"> +405</a><br> +<i>Gryphæa</i> coated with <i>serpulæ</i>, <a href= +"ch3.html#page 48">48</a><br> +—— <i>columba,</i> Chloritic Sand, <a href= +"ch17.html#page 300">300</a><br> +—— <i>convexa,</i> Chalk, <a href="ch17.html#page 295"> +295</a><br> +—— <i>incurva (G. arcuata)</i>, <a href= +"ch3.html#page 54">54</a>, <a href="ch20.html#page 354">354</a><br> +—— <i>virgula,</i> Kimmeridge clay, <a href= +"ch19.html#page 336">336</a><br> +Gryphite Limestone, <a href="ch20.html#page 354">354</a><br> +Guadaloupe, glass cavities in quartz of, <a href= +"ch31.html#page 555">555</a><br> +Gulf-Stream, probable abrading power of, <a href= +"ch6.html#page 105">105</a><br> +Gümbel, M., on Rhætic beds, <a href= +"ch21.html#page 366">366</a><br> +Gunn, Mrs., on pot-stones in the chalk, <a href= +"ch17.html#page 291">291</a><br> +Gutbier, Colonel, on Permian flora, <a href="ch22.html#page 393"> +393</a><br> +Gymnogens, term explained, <a href="ch17.html#page 303">303</a><br> +Gypseous marls of Auvergne, <a href="ch15.html#page 233"> +233</a><br> +Gypsum and gypseous marl defined, <a href="ch2.html#page 38"> +38</a>, <a href="ch2.html#page 39">39</a><br> +<i>Gyrolepis tenuistriatus,</i> Rhætic beds.</p> + +367<br> +<br> + + +<p class="index">H<small>AIME</small>, Mr., on palæozoic +corals, <a href="ch24.html#page 431">431</a><br> +<i>Hakea silicina</i> and <i>Hakea saligna,</i> Œningen, <a +href="ch14.html#page 222">222</a><br> +Hall, Captain Basil, on Cyclopean Isles, <a href= +"ch29.html#page 530">530</a><br> +Hall, Sir James, on curved strata, <a href="ch5.html#page 75"> +75</a><br> +Hall, Mr. J., on Appalachian palæozoic rocks, <a href= +"ch7.html#page 110">110</a><br> +Hallstadt and St. Cassian beds, <a href="ch21.html#page 376"> +376</a><br> +<i>Halysites catenularis,</i> Silurian, <a href= +"ch26.html#page 465">465</a><br> +Hamilton, Sir W., on eruption of Vesuvius, 1779, <a href= +"ch29.html#page 526">526</a><br> +<i>Hamites spiniger,</i> Gault, <a href="ch17.html#page 301"> +301</a><br> +Hancock, Mr., on Protosaurus in Permian, <a href= +"ch22.html#page 390">390</a><br> +Harkness, Professor, on Silurian metamorphic rocks, <a href= +"ch35.html#page 602">602</a><br> +Harlech grits, fossils of the, <a href="ch27.html#page 486"> +486</a><br> +Harris, Major, on the Salt Lakes, <a href="ch21.html#page 374"> +374</a><br> +<i>Harpactor maculipes,</i> Œningen, <a href= +"ch14.html#page 224">224</a><br> +Harpe, M. de la, on Bournemouth Eocene flora, <a href= +"ch16.html#page 263">263</a><br> +Hartung, Mr., cited, <a href="ch28.html#page 496">496</a><br> +Hartz mountains, mineral veins of, <a href="ch36.html#page 608"> +608</a><br> +——, Bunter Sandstein of, <a href="ch21.html#page 380"> +380</a><br> +Hastings Sands, subdivisions of the, <a href="ch18.html#page 316"> +316</a><br> +Hautes Alpes, granite of the, <a href="ch32.html#page 571"> +571</a><br> +Hauy on isomorphism, <a href="ch28.html#page 502">502</a><br> +Headon series, fossils of the, <a href="ch16.html#page 255"> +255</a><br> +Heat, powerful in consolidating rocks, <a href="ch4.html#page 65"> +65</a><br> +——, rocks upraised and folded by, <a href= +"ch5.html#page 92">92</a><br> +Hébert, M., on age of Sables de Bracheux, <a href= +"ch19.html#page 330">330</a><br> +——, comparison of Sables Moyens and Barton shells, <a +href="ch16.html#page 258">258</a><br> +——, on pisolitic limestone, <a href= +"ch17.html#page 285">285</a><br> +Hebrides, dikes in the, <a href="ch28.html#page 514">514</a><br> +Heer, Professor, on American genera in Swiss Miocene, <a href= +"ch15.html#page 239">239</a><br> +——, on age of Madeira leaf-bed, <a href= +"ch29.html#page 532">532</a><br> +——, on Arctic Miocene flora, <a href= +"ch15.html#page 239">239</a><br> +——, on Bear Island flora, <a href="ch25.html#page 441"> +441</a><br> +——, on Bovey Tracey Miocene flora, <a href= +"ch15.html#page 247">247</a><br> +——, on fossil plants of Switzerland, <a href= +"ch14.html#page 215">215</a>, <a href="ch15.html#page 219">219</a>, +<a href="ch14.html#page 221">221</a>, <a href="ch14.html#page 224"> +224</a>, <a href="ch15.html#page 236">236</a><br> +——, on Lower Miocene plants of Mull, <a href= +"ch15.html#page 248">248</a><br> +——, on Monte Bolca Eocene plants, <a href= +"ch16.html#page 263">263</a>, <a href="ch30.html#page 543"> +543</a><br> +——, on Proteas of Lower Miocene, <a href= +"ch15.html#page 237">237</a><br> +——, on plants of Hempstead beds, <a href= +"ch15.html#page 246">246</a><br> +——, on plants of coal-field, Virginia, <a href= +"ch21.html#page 383">383</a><br> +——, on Swiss Miocene insects, <a href= +"ch14.html#page 223">223</a><br> +——, on supposed Proteaceæ of Œningen beds, +<a href="ch14.html#page 221">221</a><br> +——, on Superga fossil plants, <a href= +"ch15.html#page 244">244</a><br> +Heidelberg, varieties of granite near, <a href= +"ch31.html#page 560">560</a><br> +<i>Heliolites porosa</i>, Devonian, <a href="ch25.html#page 451"> +451</a><br> +<i>Helix hispida (plebeia)</i>, <a href="ch10.html#page 155"> +155</a><br> +—— <i>labyrinthica,</i> Headon, <a href= +"ch16.html#page 255">255</a><br> +—— <i>occlusa,</i> Bembridge, <a href= +"ch16.html#page 253">253</a><br> +—— <i>Turonensis,</i> faluns, <a href= +"ch3.html#page 56">56</a><br> +<i>Hemicidaris Purbeckensis,</i> Purbeck, <a href= +"ch19.html#page 324">324</a><br> +<i>Hemipneustes radiatus,</i> Chalk, <a href="ch17.html#page 284"> +284</a><br> +<i>Hemitelites Brownii,</i> Inferior Oolite, <a href= +"ch19.html#page 350">350</a><br> +Hempstead beds, subdivisions of the, <a href="ch15.html#page 244"> +244</a><br> +Henry, on absorption of carbonic acid gas in water, <a href= +"ch33.html#page 585">585</a><br> +Henslow, Professor, on dike in Anglesea, <a href= +"ch28.html#page 515">515</a><br> +——, on Red Crag coprolite bed, <a href= +"ch13.html#page 197">197</a><br> +Herschel, Sir J., on slaty cleavage, <a href="ch34.html#page 590"> +590</a><br> +Hertfordshire pudding-stone, <a href="ch4.html#page 62">62</a><br> +<i>Heterocercal tail of fish</i>, <a href="ch22.html#page 389"> +389</a><br> +Hicks, Dr., on fossils of Arenig beds, <a href= +"ch26.html#page 476">476</a><br> +——, on fossils of Harlech grits, <a href= +"ch27.html#page 486">486</a><br> +——, on Menevian beds, <a href="ch27.html#page 485"> +485</a><br> +Himalaya, shells 18,000 feet high in, <a href="ch1.html#page 29"> +29</a><br> +——, Upper Miocene of, <a href="ch14.html#page 226"> +226</a><br> +<i>Hippopodium ponderosum,</i> Lias, <a href="ch20.html#page 355"> +355</a><br> +<i>Hippopotamus, tooth of</i>, <a href="ch10.html#page 164"> +164</a><br> +Hippurite Limestone, <a href="ch17.html#page 304">304</a><br> +<i>Hippurites organisans,</i> Chalk, <a href="ch17.html#page 306"> +306</a><br> +<i>Histioderma hibernica</i>, <a href="ch27.html#page 486"> +486</a><br> +Hitchcock, Professor, on Trias footprints, <a href= +"ch21.html#page 381">381</a><br> +<i>Holoptychius nobilissimus,</i> scale of, and restoration, <a +href="ch25.html#page 442">442</a><br> +<i>Homalonotus Delphinocephalus</i>, <a href="ch26.html#page 467"> +467</a><br> +—— <i>armatus,</i> Devonian, <a href= +"ch25.html#page 454">454</a><br> +Homfray, Mr., on fossils of Tremadoc beds, <a href= +"ch27.html#page 483">483</a><br> +<i>Homocercal tail of fish</i>, <a href="ch22.html#page 389"> +389</a><br> +Hooghly River, analysis of water, <a href="ch4.html#page 69"> +69</a><br> +Hooker, Dr., on coniferæ, <a href="ch24.html#page 429"> +429</a>, <a href="ch24.html#page 430">430</a><br> +——, on structure of sigillaria, <a href= +"ch24.html#page 426">426</a><br> +——, on sporangia of Silurian plant, <a href= +"ch26.html#page 460">460</a><br> +Horizontality of strata, <a href="ch2.html#page 40">40</a><br> +Horizontal strata, upheaval of, <a href="ch5.html#page 71"> +71</a><br> +Hornblende, <a href="ch28.html#page 499">499</a>, <a href= +"ch28.html#page 502">502</a><br> +Hornblende-schist, <a href="ch33.html#page 578">578</a><br> +Hörnes, Dr., on fossil mollusca of Vienna basin, <a href= +"ch14.html#page 225">225</a><br> +Horstead, pot-stones at, <a href="ch17.html#page 291">291</a><br> +Hour-glass illustrating the destruction and renovation of land, <a +href="ch7.html#page 119">119</a><br> +Howse, Mr., on Protosaurus in Permian, <a href= +"ch22.html#page 390">390</a><br> +Hubbard, Professor, on granite of White Mountains, <a href= +"ch32.html#page 565">565</a><br> +Hudson River Group, fossils of the, <a href="ch26.html#page 479"> +479</a><br> +Hughes, Mr. T. McKenny, cited, <a href="ch25.html#page 450"> +450</a><br> +——, on slaty cleavage, <a href="ch34.html#page 589"> +589</a><br> +——, on protrusion of solid granite, <a href= +"ch32.html#page 575">575</a><br> +Hull, Mr. E., on breccias in Permian, <a href="ch22.html#page 391"> +391</a><br> +——, on carboniferous of Lancashire, <a href= +"ch23.html#page 395">395</a><br> +——, on carboniferous rocks of north of England, <a +href="ch7.html#page 111">111</a><br> +——, on faults in Lancashire coal-field, <a href= +"ch5.html#page 91">91</a><br> +——, on anticlinals and synclinals, Lancashire, <a href= +"ch5.html#page 85">85</a><br> +——, on thickness of the Upper Trias, <a href= +"ch21.html#page 369">369</a><br> +——, on thickness of Permian, <a href= +"ch22.html#page 386">386</a><br> +——, on three lines of flexure since the coal in +Lancashire, <a href="ch5.html#page 94">94</a><br> +Human remains of Recent Period, <a href="ch10.html#page 157"> +157</a><br> +—— in cavern deposits, <a href="ch10.html#page 156"> +156</a><br> +Humboldt, on mineral character of rocks, <a href= +"ch35.html#page 602">602</a><br> +Humphrey and Abbot on Mississippi denudation, <a href= +"ch7.html#page 114">114</a><br> +Hungary, trachyte of, <a href="ch31.html#page 558">558</a><br> +Hunt, Sterry, on action of water in metamorphism, <a href= +"ch33.html#page 585">585</a><br> +Huronian series, thickness of the, <a href="ch27.html#page 490"> +490</a><br> +Huxley, Professor, on Atlantic chalk-mud, <a href= +"ch17.html#page 287">287</a><br> +——, on affinity between reptiles and birds, <a href= +"ch19.html#page 338">338</a><br> +——, on batrachians of the coal, <a href= +"ch23.html#page 407">407</a><br> +——, on fish of Old Red Sandstone, <a href= +"ch25.html#page 443">443-5</a><br> +——, on Pteraspis, <a href="ch26.html#page 463"> +463</a><br> +Hyæna den of Kirkdale cave, <a href="ch10.html#page 157"> +157</a><br> +<i>Hyæna spelæa,</i> tooth of, <a href= +"ch10.html#page 165">165</a><br> +<i>Hybodus plicatilis,</i> Rhætic beds, <a href= +"ch21.html#page 367">367</a><br> +—— <i>reticulatus,</i> Lias, <a href= +"ch20.html#page 359">359</a><br> +Hydrothermal action producing metamorphism, <a href= +"ch33.html#page 584">584</a><br> +—— in formation of granite, <a href= +"ch31.html#page 555">555</a><br> +—— forming granite veins, <a href="ch32.html#page 573"> +573</a><br> +<i>Hymenocaris vermicauda</i>, <a href="ch27.html#page 484"> +484</a><br> +<i>Hyperodapedon Gordoni,</i> Trias, <a href="ch21.html#page 370"> +370</a><br> +Hypersthene, <a href="ch28.html#page 499">499</a>, <a href= +"ch28.html#page 502">502</a><br> +—— rock, <a href="ch28.html#page 505">505</a><br> +—— rocks of Skye, <a href="ch27.html#page 491"> +491</a><br> +Hypogene rocks, uniformity of mineral character in, <a href= +"ch35.html#page 602">602</a><br> +—— rocks, term defined, <a href="ch1.html#page 26"> +26</a><br> +<i>Hypsiprymnus Gaimardi,</i> molar of recent, <a href= +"ch19.html#page 327">327</a><br> +Hythe, Neocomian beds of, <a href="ch18.html#page 308">308</a></p> + +<p class="index">I<small>CE</small>, erosion of lake-basins +considered, <a href="ch12.html#page 184">184</a>, <a href= +"ch12.html#page 188">188</a><br> +——, abrading power of, <a href="ch11.html#page 168"> +168</a><br> +——, continental, of Greenland, <a href= +"ch11.html#page 170">170</a><br> +Icebergs, drift carried by, <a href="ch11.html#page 172"> +172</a><br> +—— stranded in Baffin’s Bay, <a href= +"ch11.html#page 173">173</a><br> +Ice-borne erratics at Chichester, <a href="ch12.html#page 181"> +181</a><br> +Iceland, glass cavities in quartz of, <a href="ch31.html#page 555"> +555</a><br> +——, flow of lava in, <a href="ch29.html#page 523"> +523</a><br> +<i>Ichthyosaurus communis,</i> Lias, <a href="ch20.html#page 361"> +361</a><br> +Idocrase, <a href="ch28.html#page 500">500</a><br> +Ichthyodorulite of the Lias, <a href="ch20.html#page 359"> +359</a><br> +<i>Iguanodon Mantelli,</i> Weald Clay, <a href= +"ch18.html#page 315">315</a><br> +Ilfracombe Group of Devon, <a href="ch25.html#page 449">449</a><br> +Inclined strata, <a href="ch5.html#page 73">73</a><br> +India, Miocene formations of, <a href="ch14.html#page 226"> +226</a><br> +India, Upper Miocene of, <a href="ch14.html#page 226">226</a><br> +Inferior Oolite, thickness and fossils of, <a href= +"ch19.html#page 349">349</a><br> +Infusoria in tripoli, <a href="ch3.html#page 51">51</a><br> +Inland sea-cliffs, <a href="ch6.html#page 103">103</a><br> +<i>Inoceramus Lamarckii,</i> White Chalk, <a href= +"ch17.html#page 295">295</a><br> +Insect in American coal, <a href="ch23.html#page 416">416</a><br> +—— beds of the Lias, <a href="ch20.html#page 363"> +363</a><br> +<i>Insect wing of neuropterous</i>, <a href="ch20.html#page 363"> +363</a><br> +Insects, Devonian, of Canada, <a href="ch25.html#page 457"> +457</a><br> +—— in European coal, <a href="ch23.html#page 405"> +405</a><br> +——, Miocene, of Croatia, <a href="ch15.html#page 243"> +243</a><br> +——, Upper Miocene, at Œningen, <a href= +"ch14.html#page 223">223</a><br> +Intrusion, a test of age of Plutonic rocks, <a href= +"ch32.html#page 565">565</a><br> +——, a test of age of volcanic rocks, <a href= +"ch29.html#page 521">521</a><br> +Inundation mud of rivers, <a href="ch10.html#page 153">153</a><br> +Ireland, glacial drift of, <a href="ch13.html#page 190">190</a><br> +——, yellow sandstone of, <a href="ch25.html#page 441"> +441</a><br> +Iron pyrites, <a href="ch28.html#page 500">500</a><br> +—— weapons of Swiss lake-dwellings, <a href= +"ch10.html#page 148">148</a><br> +<i>Isastræa oblonga,</i> Portland Sand, <a href= +"ch19.html#page 335">335</a><br> +Isle of Bourbon, lava current of the, <a href="ch32.html#page 566"> +566</a><br> +—— Wight, Hempstead beds, <a href="ch15.html#page 244"> +244</a><br> +—— Wight, Eocene beds, <a href="ch16.html#page 255"> +255</a><br> +—— Mull, Miocene leaf-bed of, <a href= +"ch15.html#page 247">247</a><br> +—— Mull, volcanic rocks, <a href="ch15.html#page 248"> +248</a><br> +Isomorphism, theory of, <a href="ch28.html#page 502">502</a><br> +Italy, Lower Miocene of, <a href="ch15.html#page 244">244</a><br> +——, Older Pliocene volcanoes of, <a href= +"ch29.html#page 523">523</a><br> +——, Pliocene of, <a href="ch13.html#page 207"> +207</a><br> +——, Older Pliocene flora of, <a href= +"ch13.html#page 208">208</a><br> +——, Upper Miocene strata of, <a href= +"ch14.html#page 226">226</a></p> + +<p class="index">J<small>AMIESON</small>, Mr. T. F., on Scotch +glacial drift, <a href="ch12.html#page 175">175</a><br> +Jaws of mammalia in Purbeck, <a href="ch19.html#page 327"> +327</a><br> +Jeffreys, Mr. Gwyn, on Atlantic mud, <a href="ch17.html#page 288"> +288</a><br> +Jointed structure of metamorphic rocks, <a href= +"ch34.html#page 589">589</a><br> +Jones, Dr. Rupert, on Eozoon Canadense, <a href= +"ch27.html#page 491">491</a><br> +Jorullo, lava stream of, <a href="ch32.html#page 566">566</a><br> +Judd, Mr., on Speeton clay, <a href="ch18.html#page 311"> +311</a><br> +Jukes, Mr., on Tarannon shales, <a href="ch26.html#page 468"> +468</a><br> +Jura, erratic blocks on the, <a href="ch11.html#page 169"> +169</a><br> +——, structure of the, <a href="ch5.html#page 82"> +82</a></p> + +<p class="index">K<small>ANGAROO</small>, jaws of, <a href= +"ch10.html#page 159">159</a><br> +Käsegrotte, Bertrich Baden, Basaltic pillars of, <a href= +"ch28.html#page 512">512</a><br> +Kaup, Professor, on footprints of the Trias, <a href= +"ch21.html#page 373">373</a><br> +Keilhau, Professor, on granite veins, <a href="ch31.html#page 562"> +562</a><br> +——, on planes of foliation, <a href= +"ch34.html#page 595">595</a><br> +——, on Silurian granite of Norway, <a href= +"ch32.html#page 573">573</a><br> +——, on protrusion of granite, <a href= +"ch33.html#page 581">581</a><br> +Keller, Dr. F., on lake-dwellings, <a href="ch10.html#page 148"> +148</a><br> +Kelloway Rock, percentage of Oxford clay fossils in, <a href= +"ch19.html#page 341">341</a><br> +Kentish Rag, <a href="ch18.html#page 308">308</a><br> +Keuper, of Germany, <a href="ch21.html#page 375">375</a><br> +—— or Upper Trias of England, <a href= +"ch21.html#page 369">369</a><br> +Kilkenny, fossil plants of, <a href="ch25.html#page 441"> +441</a><br> +Killas, altered by granite in Cornwall, <a href= +"ch33.html#page 582">582</a><br> +Kiltorkan, yellow sandstone of, with Anodonta, <a href= +"ch25.html#page 441">441</a><br> +Kimmeridge Clay, <a href="ch19.html#page 335">335</a><br> +King, Dr., on reptile footprints in coal, <a href= +"ch23.html#page 407">407</a><br> +King, Mr., on Permian fossils, <a href="ch22.html#page 388"> +388</a><br> +Kirkdale cave, hyæna’s den of, <a href= +"ch10.html#page 157">157</a><br> +Kitchen-middens of Denmark, <a href="ch10.html#page 146"> +146</a><br> +Kleyn Spawen beds, <a href="ch15.html#page 242">242</a><br> +Könen, Baron von, on Brockenhurst shells, <a href= +"ch16.html#page 257">257</a><br> +Koninck, M. de, on Mountain Limestone fish, <a href= +"ch24.html#page 436">436</a><br> +——, on shells of Mayence basin, <a href= +"ch15.html#page 242">242</a><br> +<i>Koninckia Leonhardi,</i> Hallstadt.</p> + +377<br> +<br> + + +<p class="index">L<small>ABRADOR</small> rock, <a href= +"ch28.html#page 505">505</a><br> +—— series, <a href="ch27.html#page 490">490</a><br> +Labradorite, <a href="ch28.html#page 499">499</a>, <a href= +"ch28.html#page 501">501</a><br> +<i>Labyrinthodon Jægeri, section of tooth</i>, <a href= +"ch21.html#page 371">371</a><br> +——, <i>tooth of</i>, <a href="ch21.html#page 370"> +370</a><br> +Labyrinthodonts of Coal, <a href="ch23.html#page 407">407</a><br> +Lake-craters of the Eifel, <a href="ch29.html#page 534">534</a><br> +Lake districts, southern limits of the, <a href= +"ch12.html#page 184">184</a><br> +Lake-dwellings, scarcity of human remains in, <a href= +"ch10.html#page 149">149</a><br> +—— of Switzerland, <a href="ch10.html#page 148"> +148</a><br> +Lakes, deposits in, <a href="ch1.html#page 27">27</a><br> +——, connection of, with glacial action, <a href= +"ch12.html#page 184">184-8</a><br> +Lamarck on bivalve mollusca, <a href="ch3.html#page 54">54</a><br> +Lamination of clay slate, <a href="ch34.html#page 594">594</a><br> +<i>Lamna elegans,</i> Bracklesham, <a href="ch16.html#page 262"> +262</a><br> +Lancashire, vast thickness of rocks without corresponding altitude +in, <a href="ch7.html#page 111">111</a><br> +Land, balance of dry, how preserved, <a href="ch7.html#page 116"> +116</a>, <a href="ch7.html#page 118">118</a><br> +—— has been raised, not the sea lowered, <a href= +"ch5.html#page 70">70</a><br> +——, mean height of, above the sea, <a href= +"ch7.html#page 115">115</a><br> +——, rise of, in Sweden, <a href="ch5.html#page 72"> +72</a><br> +——, rise and fall of, affecting denudation, <a href= +"ch6.html#page 101">101</a><br> +Land-ice, action of, in Greenland, <a href="ch11.html#page 171"> +171</a><br> +Land’s End, columnar granite at, <a href= +"ch31.html#page 553">553</a><br> +——, porphyritic granite at, <a href= +"ch31.html#page 556">556</a><br> +La Roche, recent deposits in estuary of, <a href= +"ch2.html#page 40">40</a><br> +Lartet, M., on mammalia of Faluns, <a href="ch14.html#page 214"> +214</a><br> +——, on Gastornis Parisiensis, <a href= +"ch16.html#page 276">276</a><br> +——, on reindeer period, <a href="ch10.html#page 150"> +150</a><br> +<i>Lastræa stiriaca,</i> Monod, <a href="ch15.html#page 239"> +239</a><br> +Lateral compression causing curved strata, <a href= +"ch5.html#page 75">75</a><br> +Laterite of Giant’s Causeway, <a href="ch28.html#page 509"> +509</a><br> +Laurentian gneiss of Scotland, <a href="ch27.html#page 493"> +493</a><br> +—— Group, Upper and Lower, <a href= +"ch27.html#page 491">491</a><br> +—— metamorphic rocks, <a href="ch35.html#page 601"> +601</a><br> +—— volcanic rocks, <a href="ch30.html#page 549"> +549</a><br> +Lava, <a href="ch28.html#page 507">507</a><br> +—— consolidating on slopes, <a href= +"ch28.html#page 496">496</a><br> +—— currents of Auvergne, <a href="ch30.html#page 541"> +541</a><br> +—— streams, effect of, <a href="ch1.html#page 30"> +30</a><br> +—— of La Coupe d’Ayzac, <a href= +"ch28.html#page 511">511</a><br> +—— of Jorullo, <a href="ch32.html#page 566">566</a><br> +Lead veins, age of, <a href="ch36.html#page 616">616</a><br> +Leaf-bed of Madeira in basalt and scoriæ, <a href= +"ch29.html#page 532">532</a><br> +——, Isle of Mull Miocene, <a href="ch15.html#page 248"> +248</a><br> +<i>Leda amygdaloides,</i> London Clay, <a href= +"ch16.html#page 266">266</a><br> +—— <i>Deshayesiana (Nucula Deshayesiana)</i>, <a href= +"ch15.html#page 241">241</a><br> +—— <i>lanceolata (L. oblonga),</i> Scotch drift, <a +href="ch12.html#page 176">176</a><br> +—— <i>truncata,</i> Scotch drift, <a href= +"ch12.html#page 177">177</a><br> +Lee, Mr. J.E., on Pteraspis of Lower Ludlow, <a href= +"ch26.html#page 463">463</a><br> +Leidy, Dr., on fossil quadrupeds of Nebraska, <a href= +"ch15.html#page 249">249</a><br> +<i>Leperditia inflata,</i> coal-measures, <a href= +"ch23.html#page 405">405</a><br> +<i>Lepidodendron,</i> Griffithsii, <a href="ch25.html#page 441"> +441</a><br> +—— <i>corrugatum,</i> carboniferous., <a href= +"ch23.html#page 417">417</a><br> +—— <i>Sternbergii,</i> coal-measures, <a href= +"ch24.html#page 423">423</a><br> +Lepidolite, <a href="ch28.html#page 499">499</a>, <a href= +"ch28.html#page 501">501</a><br> +<i>Lepidostrobus ornatus,</i> Coal, <a href="ch24.html#page 424"> +424</a><br> +<i>Lepidotus gigas,</i> Lias, <a href="ch20.html#page 358"> +358</a><br> +—— <i>Mantelli,</i> Wealden, <a href= +"ch18.html#page 317">317</a><br> +<i>Leptæna depressa,</i> Wenlock, <a href= +"ch26.html#page 466">466</a><br> +—— <i>Moorei,</i> Lias, <a href="ch20.html#page 355"> +355</a><br> +Level of surface altered by change of subterranean heat, <a href= +"ch7.html#page 119">119</a><br> +Lewis, hornblendic gneiss of, <a href="ch35.html#page 601"> +601</a><br> +Lias, fishes of the, <a href="ch20.html#page 358">358</a><br> +——, fossils of the, <a href="ch20.html#page 354"> +354</a><br> +—— and Oolite, origin of the, <a href= +"ch20.html#page 364">364</a><br> +——, reptiles of the, <a href="ch20.html#page 360"> +360</a><br> +——, insects of the, <a href="ch20.html#page 363"> +363</a><br> +——, plants of the, <a href="ch20.html#page 364"> +364</a><br> +——, plutonic rocks of the, <a href= +"ch32.html#page 571">571</a><br> +——, subdivisions of the, <a href="ch20.html#page 353"> +353</a><br> +——, volcanic rocks of the, <a href= +"ch30.html#page 544">544</a><br> +Liebig, on conversion of coal into anthracite, <a href= +"ch23.html#page 403">403</a><br> +——, on origin of stalactite, <a href= +"ch10.html#page 156">156</a><br> +Liége, limestone caverns at, <a href="ch10.html#page 156"> +156</a><br> +Lightbody, Mr., on Lower Ludlow shales, <a href= +"ch26.html#page 461">461</a><br> +Lignite, conversion of into coal, <a href="ch23.html#page 403"> +403</a><br> +<i>Lima giganteum</i>, <a href="ch20.html#page 354">354</a><br> +—— <i>Hoperi,</i> Chalk, <a href="ch17.html#page 300"> +300</a><br> +—— <i>spinosa,</i> White Chalk, <a href= +"ch17.html#page 294">294</a><br> +Limagne d’Auvergne, Lower Miocene mammalia of the, <a href= +"ch15.html#page 234">234</a><br> +Limburg beds, <a href="ch15.html#page 242">242</a><br> +Lime, scarcity of, in metamorphic rocks, <a href= +"ch35.html#page 604">604</a><br> +—— in solution, source of, <a href="ch4.html#page 69"> +69</a><br> +Limestone, block of striated, <a href="ch11.html#page 168"> +168</a><br> +——, brecciated, <a href="ch22.html#page 387"> +387</a><br> +—— of chemical and organic origin, <a href= +"ch4.html#page 61">61</a><br> +——, compact, <a href="ch28.html#page 501">501</a><br> +——, Hippurite, <a href="ch17.html#page 304">304</a><br> +——, magnesian, <a href="ch22.html#page 387">387</a><br> +——, metamorphic or crystalline, <a href= +"ch33.html#page 579">579</a><br> +——, Mountain, and its fossils, <a href= +"ch24.html#page 430">430-8</a><br> +——, striated, <a href="ch11.html#page 168">168</a><br> +<i>Limnæa longiscata</i>, <a href="ch3.html#page 55"> +55</a><br> +Lingula beds, volcanic tuffs of the, <a href="ch30.html#page 549"> +549</a><br> +<i>Lingula Credneri</i>, Permian, <a href="ch22.html#page 388"> +388</a><br> +Lingula Flags, fossils of the, <a href="ch27.html#page 484"> +484</a><br> +<i>Lingula Dumortieri,</i> Crag, <a href="ch13.html#page 200"> +200</a><br> +—— <i>Lewisii,</i> Ludlow, <a href= +"ch26.html#page 462">462</a><br> +<i>Lingulella Davisii</i>, <a href="ch27.html#page 484">484</a><br> +Lipari Isles, tufas in, <a href="ch33.html#page 586">586</a><br> +<i>Liquidambar europæum</i>, <a href="ch13.html#page 209"> +209</a><br> +<i>Lithrostrotion basaltiforme,</i> Carboniferous, <a href= +"ch24.html#page 432">432</a><br> +Lits coquilliers, <a href="ch16.html#page 275">275</a><br> +Littoral denudation defined, <a href="ch6.html#page 102"> +102</a><br> +<i>Lituites giganteus,</i> Ludlow, <a href="ch26.html#page 463"> +463</a><br> +Llanberis slates, <a href="ch27.html#page 486">486</a><br> +Llandeilo Flags, fossils of the, <a href="ch26.html#page 473"> +473-5</a><br> +Llandeilo formation, thickness of the, <a href= +"ch26.html#page 475">475</a><br> +——, Lower, <a href="ch26.html#page 475">475</a><br> +Llandovery Group, classification of the, <a href= +"ch26.html#page 468">468</a><br> +—— Rocks, thickness of the Lower, <a href= +"ch26.html#page 469">469</a><br> +Loam defined, <a href="ch2.html#page 38">38</a>, <a href= +"ch10.html#page 153">153</a><br> +Lodes, shells and pebbles in, <a href="ch36.html#page 608"> +608</a><br> +—— <i>See</i> Mineral Veins.<br> +Loess of fluviatile loam described, <a href="ch10.html#page 153"> +153</a><br> +——, fossil shells of the, <a href="ch10.html#page 154"> +154</a><br> +Logan, Sir W., on Eozoon Canadense, <a href="ch27.html#page 490"> +490</a><br> +——, on Gaspe sandstones, <a href="ch25.html#page 455"> +455</a><br> +——, on Huronian and Laurentian, <a href= +"ch27.html#page 490">490</a><br> +——, on stigmaria in under-clays, <a href= +"ch23.html#page 398">398</a><br> +——, on thickness of Nova Scotia coal, <a href= +"ch23.html#page 409">409</a><br> +——, on thickness of Laurentian in Canada, <a href= +"ch7.html#page 113">113</a><br> +Loire, faluns of the, <a href="ch14.html#page 211">211</a><br> +London Clay, fossils of the, <a href="ch16.html#page 264">264</a>, +<a href="ch16.html#page 266">266</a><br> +Longevity, relative, of mammalia and testacea, <a href= +"ch10.html#page 162">162</a><br> +Longmynd Group, fauna of the, <a href="ch27.html#page 486"> +486</a><br> +Lonsdale, Mr., on corals of America, <a href="ch14.html#page 229"> +229</a><br> +——, on Devonian fossils, <a href="ch25.html#page 449"> +449</a><br> +——, on Stonesfield slate, <a href="ch19.html#page 345"> +345</a><br> +——, on United States Miocene corals, <a href= +"ch14.html#page 229">229</a><br> +<i>Lonsdaleia floriformis,</i> Carboniferous, <a href= +"ch24.html#page 432">432</a><br> +Lowe, Reverend R. T., on Mogador shells, <a href= +"ch30.html#page 537">537</a><br> +Lubbock, Sir J., on the two stone-periods, <a href= +"ch10.html#page 147">147</a><br> +<i>Lucina serrata,</i> Bracklesham, <a href="ch16.html#page 262"> +262</a><br> +Ludlow formation, Upper, <a href="ch26.html#page 459">459</a>; +Lower, <a href="ch26.html#page 461">461</a><br> +——, bone-bed of the Upper, <a href= +"ch26.html#page 459">459</a><br> +Lulworth Cove, dirt-bed of, <a href="ch19.html#page 333"> +333</a><br> +Lycett, Mr., on fossils of the Great Oolite, <a href= +"ch19.html#page 344">344</a><br> +Lycopodiaceæ of Coal, <a href="ch24.html#page 422"> +422</a><br> +<i>Lycopodium densum,</i> living species, <a href= +"ch24.html#page 423">423</a><br> +Lym-fiord, mingled fresh-water and marine strata of, <a href= +"ch3.html#page 59">59</a><br> +<i>Lymnea caudata,</i> Headon, <a href="ch16.html#page 256"> +256</a><br> +—— <i>longiscata,</i> Bembridge, <a href= +"ch16.html#page 253">253</a><br> +Lynton Group of Devon, <a href="ch25.html#page 454">454</a></p> + +<p class="index">M<small>ACLAREN</small>, Mr., on Pentland Hills, +volcanic rocks, <a href="ch30.html#page 548">548</a><br> +Macclesfield, marine shells 1,200 feet high at, <a href= +"ch12.html#page 181">181</a><br> +MacClintock, Sir L., on Atlantic mud, <a href="ch17.html#page 287"> +287</a><br> +MacCulloch, Dr., on Aberdeenshire granite, <a href= +"ch31.html#page 558">558</a><br> +——, on basaltic columns in Skye, <a href= +"ch28.html#page 510">510</a><br> +——, on formation of hornblende-schist, <a href= +"ch33.html#page 582">582</a><br> +——, on trap, <a href="ch28.html#page 519">519</a><br> +MacMullen, Mr. J., on Eozoon Canadense, <a href= +"ch27.html#page 491">491</a><br> +<i>Macropus atlas,</i> lower jaw of, <a href="ch10.html#page 158"> +158</a><br> +—— <i>major</i> (living), lower jaw of, <a href= +"ch10.html#page 159">159</a><br> +Madeira, beds of laterite in, <a href="ch28.html#page 509"> +509</a><br> +——, dike in valley in, <a href="ch28.html#page 513"> +513</a><br> +——, Pliocene leaf-bed and shells in lavas of, <a href= +"ch29.html#page 532">532</a><br> +——, Miocene volcanic rocks of, <a href= +"ch30.html#page 536">536</a><br> +——, wind, removing scoriæ in, <a href= +"ch6.html#page 97">97</a><br> +Maestricht beds and their fossils, <a href="ch17.html#page 283"> +283</a><br> +Maffiotte, Don Pedro, cited, <a href="ch30.html#page 538"> +538</a><br> +<i>Magas pumila,</i> White Chalk, <a href="ch17.html#page 294"> +294</a><br> +Magnesian Limestone defined, <a href="ch2.html#page 38">38</a><br> +—— and marl-slate, <a href="ch22.html#page 387"> +387</a><br> +Magnetite, <a href="ch28.html#page 500">500</a><br> +Maidstone, Upper Cretaceous fossils of, <a href= +"ch17.html#page 297">297</a><br> +Malacolite, <a href="ch28.html#page 502">502</a><br> +Malaise, Professor, on Engihoul cave, <a href="ch10.html#page 157"> +157</a><br> +Mammalia, anterior to Paris gypsum, table of, <a href= +"ch19.html#page 329">329</a><br> +——, extinct, coeval with man, <a href= +"ch10.html#page 152">152</a>, <a href="ch10.html#page 157"> +157</a><br> +——, fossil, of Middle Purbeck, <a href= +"ch19.html#page 325">325</a><br> +——, fossil, in Pliocene in Val d’Arno, <a href= +"ch13.html#page 208">208</a><br> +——, fossil, in the Crag, <a href="ch13.html#page 193"> +193</a>, <a href="ch13.html#page 197">197</a><br> +——, fossil, of Vienna basin, <a href= +"ch14.html#page 225">225</a><br> +—— of the Limagne d’Auvergne, <a href= +"ch15.html#page 234">234</a><br> +—— of Siwalik Hills, <a href="ch14.html#page 227"> +227</a><br> +—— of the Stonesfield slate, <a href= +"ch19.html#page 345">345</a><br> +——, <i>teeth of Post-pliocene</i>, <a href= +"ch10.html#page 165">165</a><br> +Mammalia and testacea, comparative longevity of, <a href= +"ch10.html#page 162">162</a><br> +Mammoth, rude carving of in Perigord cave, <a href= +"ch10.html#page 150">150</a><br> +—— in Scotch till, <a href="ch12.html#page 175"> +175</a><br> +—— <i>See</i> Elephas primigenius.<br> +Man, antiquity of, <a href="ch10.html#page 152">152</a><br> +Manfredi on amount of subaërial denudation, <a href= +"ch7.html#page 114">114</a><br> +Mantell, Dr., on iguanodon of Wealden, <a href= +"ch18.html#page 313">313</a><br> +——, on Oxford Clay belemnites, <a href= +"ch19.html#page 340">340</a><br> +——, on Wealden fossils, <a href="ch18.html#page 316"> +316</a><br> +<i>Mantellia nidiformis,</i> Purbeck, <a href="ch19.html#page 331"> +331</a><br> +Map of Chalk formation in France, <a href="ch17.html#page 305"> +305</a><br> +—— of Eocene tertiary basins, <a href= +"ch16.html#page 250">250</a><br> +—— of Hallstadt and St. Cassian beds, <a href= +"ch21.html#page 376">376</a><br> +Marble defined, <a href="ch2.html#page 37">37</a><br> +—— of Carrara, metamorphic, <a href= +"ch35.html#page 599">599</a><br> +Marcou, M., on age of Wealden beds, <a href="ch18.html#page 319"> +319</a><br> +Margaric acid, <a href="ch34.html#page 591">591</a><br> +Marine fauna of the Carboniferous, <a href="ch24.html#page 432"> +432</a><br> +—— beds underlying the London Clay, <a href= +"ch16.html#page 269">269</a><br> +—— and brackish-water strata in coal, <a href= +"ch23.html#page 404">404</a><br> +—— strata, how distinguished from fresh-water, <a href= +"ch3.html#page 53">53-59</a><br> +Marl from Lake Superior, <a href="ch4.html#page 63">63</a><br> +—— and marl-slate defined, <a href="ch2.html#page 38"> +38</a><br> +——, red, green, and white, of Auvergne, <a href= +"ch15.html#page 233">233</a><br> +—— slate of Middle Permian, <a href= +"ch22.html#page 387">387</a><br> +Marsupials, extinct, of Australia, <a href="ch10.html#page 159"> +159</a><br> +<i>Marsupites Milleri,</i> White Chalk, <a href= +"ch17.html#page 294">294</a><br> +Massachusetts, plumbago of, <a href="ch33.html#page 583"> +583</a><br> +<i>Mastodon arvernensis,</i> molar of, Norwich crag, <a href= +"ch13.html#page 193">193</a><br> +—— <i>giganteus,</i> in United States after the drift, +<a href="ch12.html#page 183">183</a><br> +Mayence basin tertiaries, <a href="ch15.html#page 242">242</a><br> +May-Hill Sandstone, <a href="ch26.html#page 468">468</a><br> +Mechanical and chemical deposits, <a href="ch4.html#page 60"> +60</a><br> +—— theory of cleavage, <a href="ch34.html#page 592"> +592</a><br> +Mediterranean, one zoological province, <a href= +"ch8.html#page 127">127</a><br> +<i>Megalodon cucullatus,</i> Devonian, <a href= +"ch25.html#page 452">452</a><br> +<i>Melania inquinata (Cerithium melanoides)</i>, <a href= +"ch3.html#page 55">55</a>, <a href="ch16.html#page 268">268</a><br> +<i>Melania turritissima,</i> Bembridge, <a href= +"ch16.html#page 253">253</a><br> +<i>Melanopsis buccinoidea</i>, <a href="ch3.html#page 55"> +55</a><br> +Melaphyre, a variety of basalt, <a href="ch28.html#page 504"> +504</a><br> +Menevian beds and their fossils, <a href="ch27.html#page 484"> +484</a><br> +Mesozoic, term explained, <a href="ch8.html#page 123">123</a><br> +—— and Cainozoic periods, gap between the, <a href= +"ch17.html#page 282">282</a><br> +—— and Palæozoic rocks, limits of the, <a href= +"ch22.html#page 385">385</a><br> +Metals, relative age of different, <a href="ch36.html#page 614"> +614</a><br> +Metamorphic limestone, <a href="ch33.html#page 579">579</a><br> +—— strata, origin of, <a href="ch33.html#page 579"> +579</a><br> +—— theory, objections to, considered, <a href= +"ch33.html#page 587">587</a><br> +—— rocks defined, <a href="ch1.html#page 32">32</a><br> +Metamorphic rocks, <a href="ch33.html#page 576">576</a><br> +——, cleavage of, <a href="ch34.html#page 588"> +588</a><br> +——, scarcity of lime in, <a href="ch35.html#page 604"> +604</a><br> +——, ages of, <a href="ch35.html#page 597">597</a><br> +——, order of succession of, <a href= +"ch35.html#page 602">602</a><br> +——, uniformity of mineral character in, <a href= +"ch35.html#page 602">602</a><br> +Metamorphism, hydrothermal action producing, <a href= +"ch33.html#page 584">584</a><br> +Metamorphosis of trilobites, <a href="ch26.html#page 471">471</a>, +<a href="ch27.html#page 487">487</a><br> +Meteorites, minerals in, <a href="ch28.html#page 501">501</a><br> +Mexico, Gulf of, terrestrial remains washed into, <a href= +"ch8.html#page 128">128</a><br> +Meyer, Mr. Karl, on fossil shells of Madeira, <a href= +"ch30.html#page 537">537</a><br> +——, M. H. von, on reptiles in coal, <a href= +"ch23.html#page 407">407</a><br> +——, on Wealden of Germany, <a href= +"ch18.html#page 319">319</a><br> +Miascite, <a href="ch31.html#page 558">558</a><br> +Mica and its varieties, <a href="ch28.html#page 499">499</a>, <a +href="ch28.html#page 501">501</a><br> +——, how deposited, <a href="ch2.html#page 40"> +40</a><br> +—— schist or micaceous schist, <a href= +"ch33.html#page 578">578</a><br> +Micaceous sandstone, origin of, <a href="ch2.html#page 36"> +36</a><br> +<i>Micraster cor-anguinum</i>, <a href="ch17.html#page 294"> +294</a><br> +<i>Microconchus carbonarius,</i> coal-measures, <a href= +"ch23.html#page 405">405</a><br> +<i>Microlestes antiquus,</i> Upper Trias, <a href= +"ch21.html#page 368">368</a><br> +Migrations of quadrupeds, <a href="ch10.html#page 161">161</a><br> +Miliolite limestone, <a href="ch16.html#page 274">274</a><br> +Miller, Hugh, on Old Red Sandstone fish, <a href= +"ch25.html#page 443">443</a><br> +——, on salt lakes, <a href="ch21.html#page 375"> +375</a><br> +Milne Edwards, Mr., on Palæozoic corals, <a href= +"ch24.html#page 432">432</a><br> +Minchinhampton, Great Oolite of, <a href="ch19.html#page 344"> +344</a><br> +Mineral composition a test of age of volcanic rocks, <a href= +"ch29.html#page 523">523</a><br> +—— a test of age of plutonic rocks, <a href= +"ch32.html#page 565">565</a><br> +—— a test of age of strata, <a href= +"ch8.html#page 124">124</a><br> +—— character of hypogene rocks, <a href= +"ch35.html#page 602">602</a><br> +—— springs of Auvergne, <a href="ch35.html#page 604"> +604</a><br> +Mineral veins, <a href="ch36.html#page 605">605</a><br> +—— formed in fissures, <a href="ch36.html#page 606"> +606</a><br> +——, successive formation of, <a href= +"ch36.html#page 609">609</a><br> +——, swelling and contraction of, <a href= +"ch36.html#page 611">611</a><br> +——, relative age of, <a href="ch36.html#page 614"> +614</a><br> +——, pebbles in, <a href="ch36.html#page 608"> +608</a><br> +Mineralisation of organic remains, <a href="ch4.html#page 65"> +65</a><br> +Minerals in meteorites, <a href="ch28.html#page 501">501</a><br> +——, table of the most abundant in hypogene rocks, <a +href="ch28.html#page 499">499</a><br> +Miocene of Bordeaux and south of France, <a href= +"ch14.html#page 214">214</a><br> +—— and Eocene, line between the, <a href= +"ch15.html#page 230">230</a>, <a href="ch16.html#page 251"> +251</a><br> +——, Lower, of England, <a href="ch15.html#page 244"> +244</a><br> +——, Lower, of Germany and Croatia, <a href= +"ch15.html#page 242">242</a><br> +——, Lower, of Central France, <a href= +"ch15.html#page 231">231</a><br> +——, Lower, of Italy, <a href="ch15.html#page 244"> +244</a><br> +——, Lower, of Nebraska, United States, <a href= +"ch15.html#page 248">248</a><br> +——, term defined, <a href="ch9.html#page 143"> +143</a><br> +——, Upper, of the Bolderberg, <a href= +"ch14.html#page 224">224</a><br> +——, Upper, of France, <a href="ch14.html#page 211"> +211</a><br> +——, Upper, of Italy, <a href="ch14.html#page 226"> +226</a><br> +——, Upper, of Greece, <a href="ch14.html#page 226"> +226</a><br> +——, Upper, of India, <a href="ch14.html#page 226"> +226</a><br> +——, Upper, of Vienna basin, <a href= +"ch14.html#page 224">224</a><br> +Mississippi, sediment of, used as a test of denudation by rivers, +<a href="ch7.html#page 114">114</a><br> +—— valley, deposition and denudation in the, <a href= +"ch6.html#page 102">102</a><br> +Mitchell, Mr., on Aralia fruit in Alum Bay, Eocene, <a href= +"ch16.html#page 263">263</a><br> +Mitchell, Sir T., on Wellington caves, <a href= +"ch10.html#page 158">158</a><br> +Mitchell, Rev. Hugh, on Pteraspis, <a href="ch25.html#page 446"> +446</a><br> +<i>Mitra Scabra,</i> Barton clay, <a href="ch16.html#page 259"> +259</a><br> +Mitscherlich, on Isomorphism, <a href="ch28.html#page 502"> +502</a><br> +<i>Modiola acuminata,</i> Permian, <a href="ch22.html#page 387"> +387</a><br> +Moel Tryfaen, shells found at, <a href="ch12.html#page 181"> +181</a><br> +Mohs on isomorphism, <a href="ch28.html#page 502">502</a><br> +Molasse, Lower, of Switzerland, <a href="ch15.html#page 235"> +235</a><br> +——, Middle, or Marine, of Switzerland, <a href= +"ch14.html#page 223">223</a><br> +——, Upper, fresh-water, of Switzerland, <a href= +"ch14.html#page 217">217</a><br> +——, term explained, <a href="ch14.html#page 217"> +217</a><br> +Mollusca. <i>See</i> Shells.<br> +——, longevity of species of, <a href= +"ch10.html#page 162">162</a><br> +—— of Hallstadt beds, <a href="ch21.html#page 377"> +377</a><br> +——, value of, in classification, <a href= +"ch9.html#page 142">142</a><br> +—— of the Carboniferous, <a href="ch24.html#page 435"> +435</a><br> +Monitor of Thuringia, <a href="ch26.html#page 463">463</a><br> +Monoclinic feldspars, <a href="ch28.html#page 501">501</a><br> +Monod, flora of the Lower Molasse at, <a href="ch15.html#page 236"> +236</a><br> +Mons, unconformable strata near, <a href="ch5.html#page 95"> +95</a><br> +Montblanc, talcose granite of, <a href="ch32.html#page 568"> +568</a><br> +—— Dor, Auvergne, extinct volcanoes of, <a href= +"ch15.html#page 232">232</a><br> +——, age of volcano of, <a href="ch30.html#page 541"> +541</a><br> +Monte Bolca, fossil fish of, <a href="ch30.html#page 543"> +543</a><br> +—— Calvo, section of cross stratification, <a href= +"ch2.html#page 44">44</a><br> +—— Mario, age of volcanic deposits of, <a href= +"ch29.html#page 533">533</a><br> +—— Nuovo, formed 1538, <a href="ch29.html#page 525"> +525</a><br> +Montmartre, gypseous series of, <a href="ch16.html#page 270"> +270</a><br> +Monts Dome, Auvergne, extinct volcanoes, <a href= +"ch28.html#page 495">495</a><br> +Moore, Mr. C., on Rhætic beds, <a href="ch21.html#page 366"> +366</a><br> +——, on Upper Trias quadrupeds, <a href= +"ch21.html#page 369">369</a><br> +Moraines described, <a href="ch11.html#page 169">169</a><br> +Morea, cretaceous volcanic rocks of, <a href="ch30.html#page 544"> +544</a><br> +Mortillet, M. de, on ice-erosion of lake-basins, <a href= +"ch12.html#page 184">184</a><br> +Morton, Dr., on age of American cretaceous rocks, <a href= +"ch17.html#page 307">307</a><br> +<i>Mosasaurus Camperi,</i> Chalk, <a href="ch17.html#page 284"> +284</a><br> +Mountain Limestone, fossils of the, <a href="ch24.html#page 433"> +433-8</a><br> +Mull, Isle of, leaf-bed, <a href="ch15.html#page 247">247</a><br> +Münster, Count, on fossils of Solenhofen, <a href= +"ch19.html#page 337">337</a><br> +Murchison, Sir R., on brackish-water strata in coal, <a href= +"ch23.html#page 404">404</a><br> +——, on Devonian series, <a href="ch25.html#page 439"> +439</a>, <a href="ch25.html#page 449">449</a>, <a href= +"ch25.html#page 454">454</a><br> +——, on Devonian ichthyolites, <a href= +"ch25.html#page 453">453</a><br> +——, on Eocene igneous rocks, <a href= +"ch16.html#page 278">278</a><br> +——, on Llandovery beds, <a href="ch26.html#page 468"> +468</a><br> +——, on Laurentian gneiss of Scotland, <a href= +"ch27.html#page 492">492</a><br> +——, on metamorphic rocks of North Highlands, <a href= +"ch35.html#page 601">601</a><br> +——, on Monte Bolca fish-beds, <a href= +"ch30.html#page 543">543</a><br> +——, on name Permian, <a href="ch22.html#page 385"> +385</a><br> +——, on Old Red Sandstone, <a href="ch25.html#page 449"> +449</a><br> +——, on Palæozoic strata, Queenaig, <a href= +"ch7.html#page 112">112</a>, <a href="ch7.html#page 113"> +113</a><br> +——, on protrusion of solid granite, <a href= +"ch32.html#page 574">574</a><br> +——, on Silurian, <a href="ch26.html#page 458">458</a>, +<a href="ch26.html#page 459">459</a>, <a href="ch26.html#page 461"> +461</a>, <a href="ch26.html#page 467">467</a>, <a href= +"ch26.html#page 470">470</a>, <a href="ch26.html#page 473">473</a>, +<a href="ch26.html#page 475">475</a><br> +——, on Tertiary volcanic rocks of Italy, <a href= +"ch29.html#page 533">533</a><br> +——, on thickness of chalk in Russia, <a href= +"ch17.html#page 287">287</a><br> +——, on thickness of the Trias, <a href= +"ch21.html#page 369">369</a><br> +——, on the Upper “Old Red”, <a href= +"ch26.html#page 468">468</a><br> +<i>Murchisonia gracilis</i>, <a href="ch26.html#page 479"> +479</a><br> +<i>Murex vaginatus</i>, <a href="ch13.html#page 204">204</a><br> +Muschelkalk, fossils of the, <a href="ch21.html#page 378"> +378</a><br> +Muscovite, or common mica, <a href="ch28.html#page 499">499</a>, <a +href="ch28.html#page 501">501</a><br> +Musk-ox, fossil, in Thames valley, <a href="ch10.html#page 161"> +161</a><br> +<i>Myliobates Edwardsi,</i> Bracklesham, <a href= +"ch16.html#page 261">261</a><br> +<i>Mytilus septifer,</i> Permian.</p> + +387<br> +<br> + + +<p class="index">N<small>APLES</small>, Post-pliocene volcanic +rocks of, <a href="ch29.html#page 525">525</a><br> +——, escape of carbonic acid near, <a href= +"ch35.html#page 604">604</a><br> +<i>Natica clausa,</i> Scotch drift, <a href="ch12.html#page 176"> +176</a><br> +—— <i>helicoides,</i> Chillesford beds, <a href= +"ch13.html#page 192">192</a><br> +Natrolite, <a href="ch28.html#page 500">500</a><br> +<i>Nautilus centralis,</i> London Clay, <a href= +"ch16.html#page 266">266</a><br> +—— <i>Danicus,</i> Faxoe Chalk, <a href= +"ch17.html#page 286">286</a><br> +—— <i>plicatus,</i> Hythe beds, <a href= +"ch18.html#page 309">309</a><br> +—— <i>truncatus,</i> Lias, <a href= +"ch20.html#page 356">356</a><br> +—— <i>ziczac (Aturia ziczac)</i>, <a href= +"ch16.html#page 266">266</a><br> +Nebraska, Miocene strata of, <a href="ch15.html#page 248"> +248</a><br> +Necker, M., on "underlying" igneous rocks, <a href= +"ch31.html#page 562">562</a><br> +——, on dikes in Vesuvius, <a href="ch29.html#page 526"> +526</a><br> +Neocomian, Upper, <a href="ch18.html#page 308">308</a><br> +——, Middle, <a href="ch18.html#page 312">312</a><br> +——, Lower, <a href="ch18.html#page 312">312</a><br> +——, use of the term, <a href="ch17.html#page 282"> +282</a><br> +Neolithic era, <a href="ch10.html#page 147">147</a><br> +Neozoic type of corals, <a href="ch24.html#page 431">431</a><br> +<i>Nerinæa Goodhallii,</i> Coral Rag, <a href= +"ch19.html#page 339">339</a><br> +Nerinæan limestone, <a href="ch19.html#page 340">340</a><br> +<i>Nerita conoidea (N. Schmidelliana)</i>, <a href= +"ch16.html#page 275">275</a><br> +—— <i>costulata,</i> Great Oolite, <a href= +"ch19.html#page 345">345</a><br> +—— <i>granulosa</i>, <a href="ch3.html#page 55"> +55</a><br> +<i>Neritina concava,</i> Headon, <a href="ch16.html#page 255"> +255</a><br> +—— <i>globulus</i>, <a href="ch3.html#page 55"> +55</a><br> +Neufchâtel, coins and iron tools in lake of, <a href= +"ch10.html#page 149">149</a><br> +Newberry, Dr., on flora of American cretaceous rocks, <a href= +"ch17.html#page 307">307</a><br> +Newcastle coal-field, faults in, <a href="ch5.html#page 90"> +90</a><br> +Newfoundland bank described, <a href="ch6.html#page 106"> +106</a><br> +New Jersey, mastodon in, <a href="ch12.html#page 183">183</a><br> +New Madrid, "Sunk Country" in, <a href="ch23.html#page 402"> +402</a><br> +New Red sandstone of Connecticut Valley, <a href= +"ch21.html#page 381">381</a><br> +——, trappean rocks of the, <a href= +"ch30.html#page 545">545</a><br> +New York, Devonian strata of, <a href="ch25.html#page 456"> +456</a><br> +——, Cambrian strata of, <a href="ch27.html#page 490"> +490</a><br> +——, Silurian strata of, <a href="ch26.html#page 478"> +478</a><br> +——, Laurentian strata of, <a href="ch27.html#page 491"> +491</a><br> +Niagara Limestone, fossils of the, <a href="ch26.html#page 479"> +479</a><br> +Nidau, iron tools in lake of, <a href="ch10.html#page 148"> +148</a><br> +Nile, homogeneous mud of the, <a href="ch10.html#page 154"> +154</a><br> +Ninety-fathom dike in coal, <a href="ch5.html#page 90">90</a><br> +<i>Nipadites ellipticus,</i> Sheppey, <a href="ch16.html#page 264"> +264</a><br> +Nodules in strata, how formed, <a href="ch4.html#page 63"> +63</a><br> +<i>Noeggerathia cuneifolia,</i> Permian, <a href= +"ch22.html#page 393">393</a><br> +Nomenclature of rocks, <a href="ch9.html#page 140">140</a><br> +—— of volcanic minerals, <a href="ch28.html#page 499"> +499</a><br> +Norfolk cliffs, drift of, <a href="ch13.html#page 190">190</a><br> +North America. <i>See</i> America.<br> +Norway, Cambrian of, <a href="ch27.html#page 489">489</a><br> +——, foliation of crystalline schists in, <a href= +"ch34.html#page 595">595</a><br> +——, granite veins in gneiss of, <a href= +"ch32.html#page 573">573</a><br> +——, granite altering fossiliferous strata in, <a href= +"ch33.html#page 581">581</a><br> +Norwich, or Fluvio-marine crag, <a href="ch13.html#page 193"> +193</a><br> +Nova Scotia coal-measures, <a href="ch23.html#page 409">409</a><br> +—— coal, reptiles and shells in, <a href= +"ch23.html#page 414">414</a><br> +——, folding and denudation of beds in, <a href= +"ch23.html#page 417">417</a><br> +<i>Nucula Cobboldiæ,</i> Crag, <a href="ch13.html#page 194"> +194</a><br> +<i>Nummulites lævigata,</i> Bracklesham, <a href= +"ch16.html#page 260">260</a><br> +—— <i>Puschi,</i> Pyrenees, <a href= +"ch16.html#page 278">278</a><br> +—— <i>variolaria,</i> Bracklesham, <a href= +"ch16.html#page 259">259</a><br> +Nummulitic formations, <a href="ch16.html#page 277">277</a></p> + +<p class="index"><i>O<small>BOLUS</small> +A<small>POLLINIS</small>,</i> in Russian grit, <a href= +"ch26.html#page 478">478</a><br> +Obsidian, <a href="ch28.html#page 505">505</a><br> +Oceanic areas, permanence of, <a href="ch7.html#page 117"> +117</a><br> +Œningen, Upper Miocene beds of, <a href="ch14.html#page 215"> +215</a><br> +Oeynhausen, M. von, on Cornish granite veins, <a href= +"ch31.html#page 560">560</a><br> +<i>Ogygia Buchii</i>, <a href="ch26.html#page 474">474</a><br> +<i>Oldhamia radiata: O. antiqua</i>, <a href="ch27.html#page 487"> +487</a><br> +Old Red Sandstone, Upper, <a href="ch25.html#page 440">440</a><br> +——, Middle, with fish, <a href="ch25.html#page 443"> +443</a><br> +——, Lower, <a href="ch25.html#page 446">446</a><br> +——, trap of the, <a href="ch30.html#page 547"> +547</a><br> +——, classification of, <a href="ch25.html#page 439"> +439</a><br> +<i>Olenus micrurus</i>, <a href="ch27.html#page 484">484</a><br> +Oligocene, term for Lower Miocene, <a href="ch15.html#page 230"> +230</a>, <a href="ch15.html#page 244">244</a><br> +Oligoclase, <a href="ch28.html#page 499">499</a>, <a href= +"ch28.html#page 500">500</a><br> +<i>Oliva Dufresnii,</i> Bolderberg, Belgium, <a href= +"ch14.html#page 224">224</a><br> +Olivine, <a href="ch28.html#page 499">499</a><br> +<i>Omphyma turbinatum,</i> Silurian, <a href="ch26.html#page 466"> +466</a><br> +<i>Onchus tenuistriatus,</i> Silurian, <a href= +"ch26.html#page 460">460</a><br> +Oolite, classification and physical geography of the, <a href= +"ch19.html#page 321">321</a><br> +——, defined, <a href="ch2.html#page 37">37</a><br> +——, Inferior, fossils of the, <a href= +"ch19.html#page 349">349</a>, <a href="ch19.html#page 350"> +350</a><br> +—— and Lias, origin of the, <a href= +"ch20.html#page 364">364</a><br> +—— and Chalk, Palæontological break between, <a +href="ch19.html#page 338">338</a><br> +Oolitic strata, palæontological relations of, <a href= +"ch19.html#page 351">351</a><br> +—— volcanic rocks, <a href="ch30.html#page 545"> +545</a><br> +<i>Ophioderma tenuibrachiata,</i> Lias, <a href= +"ch20.html#page 357">357</a><br> +Oppel on zones of Lias, <a href="ch20.html#page 353">353</a><br> +Orbigny, Alcide de, on foraminifera of Vienna basin, <a href= +"ch14.html#page 225">225</a><br> +——, on orbitoidal limestone, <a href= +"ch16.html#page 279">279</a><br> +——, on Pisolitic limestone, <a href= +"ch17.html#page 285">285</a><br> +——, on Sénonian, <a href="ch17.html#page 302"> +302</a><br> +<i>Oreodaphne Heerii,</i> Italian Pliocene, <a href= +"ch13.html#page 209">209</a><br> +Organic remains, mineralisation of, <a href="ch4.html#page 65"> +65</a><br> +——, tests of age of strata, <a href= +"ch8.html#page 125">125</a><br> +——, tests of age of volcanic rocks, <a href= +"ch29.html#page 522">522</a><br> +——, geological provinces of, <a href= +"ch8.html#page 127">127</a><br> +Oriskany Sandstone, <a href="ch26.html#page 478">478</a><br> +<i>Orthis elegantula,</i> Ludlow, <a href="ch2.html#page 46"> +46</a><br> +—— <i>grandis,</i> Caradoc beds, <a href= +"ch26.html#page 470">470</a><br> +—— <i>tricenaria,</i> Bala beds, <a href= +"ch26.html#page 470">470</a><br> +—— <i>vespertilio,</i> Bala beds, <a href= +"ch26.html#page 470">470</a><br> +<i>Orthoceras duplex,</i> <a href="ch26.html#page 474">474</a><br> +—— <i>Ludense,</i> Silurian, <a href= +"ch26.html#page 463">463</a><br> +—— <i>laterale</i>, <a href="ch24.html#page 436"> +436</a><br> +—— <i>ventricosum,</i> Silurian, <a href= +"ch26.html#page 462">462</a><br> +Orthoclase, <a href="ch28.html#page 499">499</a>, <a href= +"ch28.html#page 500">500</a><br> +Orthoclastic feldspars, <a href="ch28.html#page 501">501</a><br> +Osborne or St. Helen’s series, Eocene, <a href= +"ch16.html#page 255">255</a><br> +<i>Osteolepis,</i> Old Red Sandstone, <a href="ch25.html#page 444"> +444</a><br> +<i>Ostraceon,</i> spine of, Bracklesham, <a href= +"ch16.html#page 261">261</a><br> +<i>Ostrea acuminata,</i> Fuller’s earth, <a href= +"ch19.html#page 349">349</a><br> +—— <i>carinata,</i> Chalk marl, <a href= +"ch17.html#page 300">300</a><br> +—— <i>columba,</i> Chloritic sand, <a href= +"ch17.html#page 300">300</a><br> +—— <i>gregarea,</i> Coral Rag, <a href= +"ch19.html#page 339">339</a><br> +—— <i>deltoidea,</i> Kimmeridge clay, <a href= +"ch17.html#page 336">336</a><br> +—— <i>distorta,</i> Middle Purbeck, <a href= +"ch19.html#page 324">324</a><br> +—— <i>expansa,</i> Portland sand, <a href= +"ch19.html#page 336">336</a><br> +—— <i>Marshii,</i> Oolite, <a href= +"ch19.html#page 351">351</a><br> +—— <i>vesicularis,</i> Chalk, <a href= +"ch17.html#page 295">295</a><br> +<i>Otodus obliquus,</i> Bracklesham, <a href="ch16.html#page 262"> +262</a><br> +Outcrop of strata, <a href="ch5.html#page 83">83</a><br> +Overlapping strata, <a href="ch5.html#page 95">95</a><br> +Owen, Professor on Archæopteryx, <a href= +"ch19.html#page 337">337</a><br> +——, on Eocene Zeuglodon, <a href="ch16.html#page 279"> +279</a><br> +——, on footprints in Trias, <a href= +"ch21.html#page 382">382</a><br> +——, on fauna of Sheppey, <a href="ch16.html#page 265"> +265</a>, <a href="ch16.html#page 267">267</a><br> +——, on Gastornis Parisiensis, <a href= +"ch16.html#page 276">276</a><br> +——, on Labyrinthodon, <a href="ch21.html#page 370"> +370</a><br> +——, on mammalia of Stonesfield, <a href= +"ch19.html#page 347">347</a><br> +——, on Purbeck mammalia, <a href="ch19.html#page 326"> +326</a>, <a href="ch19.html#page 328">328</a><br> +——, on reptiles of coal, <a href="ch23.html#page 407"> +407</a>, <a href="ch23.html#page 414">414</a><br> +——, on zoological provinces of extinct animals, <a +href="ch10.html#page 160">160</a><br> +<i>Ox, tooth of</i> (recent), <a href="ch10.html#page 165"> +165</a><br> +Oxford Clay, thickness and fossils of, <a href= +"ch19.html#page 340">340</a></p> + +<p class="index">P<small>AGHAM</small>, erratic block at, <a href= +"ch12.html#page 182">182</a><br> +<i>Palæaster asperimus,</i> <a href="ch26.html#page 472"> +472</a><br> +<i>Palæchinus gigas,</i> Mountain Limestone, <a href= +"ch2.html#page 43">43</a><br> +<i>Palæocoma tenuibrachiata,</i> Lias, <a href= +"ch20.html#page 357">357</a><br> +<i>Palæoniscus,</i> Permian fish, <a href= +"ch22.html#page 389">389</a><br> +—— <i>comptus, P. elegans, P. glaphyrus</i>, <a href= +"ch22.html#page 390">390</a><br> +<i>Palæotherium magnum</i>, <a href="ch16.html#page 254"> +254</a><br> +<i>Palæophis typhoeus,</i> Bracklesham, <a href= +"ch16.html#page 261">261</a><br> +Palæozoic or Paleozoic, term defined, <a href= +"ch8.html#page 123">123</a><br> +—— Plutonic rocks, <a href="ch32.html#page 572"> +572</a><br> +—— rocks, <a href="ch26.html#page 458">458</a><br> +—— type of corals, <a href="ch24.html#page 431"> +431</a><br> +Palagonia, dikes of lava in, <a href="ch29.html#page 531"> +531</a><br> +Paleolithic era, <a href="ch10.html#page 147">147</a>, <a href= +"ch10.html#page 149">149</a><br> +——, alluvial deposits of, <a href="ch10.html#page 150"> +150</a><br> +Palm in Swiss Miocene, <a href="ch15.html#page 237">237</a><br> +Palma, volcanic crater of, <a href="ch28.html#page 497">497</a><br> +<i>Paludina lenta,</i> Hempstead beds, <a href="ch3.html#page 55"> +55</a><br> +—— <i>orbicularis,</i> Bembridge, <a href= +"ch16.html#page 253">253</a><br> +<i>Paradoxides Bohemicus</i>, <a href="ch27.html#page 488"> +488</a><br> +—— <i>Davidis,</i> Lower Cambrian, <a href= +"ch27.html#page 485">485</a><br> +Parallelism of folded strata for long distances, <a href= +"ch5.html#page 93">93</a><br> +Paris basin, Tertiary group first studied in, <a href= +"ch9.html#page 141">141</a><br> +——, Tertiaries of the, <a href="ch16.html#page 270"> +270</a><br> +<i>Parka decipiens,</i> “Old Red,” <a href= +"ch25.html#page 448">448</a><br> +Parkfield Colliery, ground-plan of, <a href="ch23.html#page 400"> +400</a><br> +Patagonia, strata of, rich in soda, <a href="ch33.html#page 587"> +587</a><br> +<i>Patella rugosa,</i> Great Oolite, <a href="ch19.html#page 345"> +345</a><br> +Paterson, Dr., on angiosperm of the Coal, <a href= +"ch24.html#page 429">429</a><br> +Peach, Mr. C, cited, <a href="ch35.html#page 601">601</a><br> +——, Pteraspis, found by, <a href="ch25.html#page 443"> +443</a><br> +Pearlstone, <a href="ch28.html#page 505">505</a><br> +Pebbles in mineral veins, <a href="ch36.html#page 608">608</a><br> +—— in chalk, <a href="ch17.html#page 292">292</a><br> +<i>Pecopteris elliptica,</i> Coal, <a href="ch24.html#page 421"> +421</a><br> +<i>Pecten Beaveri,</i> White Chalk, <a href="ch17.html#page 294"> +294</a><br> +—— <i>cinctus,</i> Neocomian, <a href= +"ch18.html#page 312">312</a><br> +—— <i>islandicus,</i> Scotch Drift, <a href= +"ch12.html#page 176">176</a><br> +—— <i>jacobæus,</i> in tertiary of Sicily, <a +href="ch13.html#page 206">206</a><br> +—— <i>quinque-costatus</i>, <a href= +"ch17.html#page 300">300</a><br> +—— <i>Valoniensis,</i> Rhætic beds, <a href= +"ch21.html#page 366">366</a><br> +Pegmatite, <a href="ch31.html#page 553">553</a><br> +Penarth beds, <a href="ch21.html#page 366">366</a><br> +Pengelly, Mr., on Bovey Tracey lignite, <a href= +"ch15.html#page 246">246</a><br> +——, on flint-knives of Brixham Cave, <a href= +"ch10.html#page 157">157</a><br> +<i>Pentacrinus Briareus,</i> Lias, <a href="ch20.html#page 357"> +357</a><br> +<i>Pentamerus Knightii,</i> Aymestry, <a href="ch26.html#page 461"> +461</a><br> +—— <i>oblongus,</i> and <i>P. lirata</i>, <a href= +"ch26.html#page 469">469</a><br> +Pentland Hills, volcanic rocks of the, <a href= +"ch30.html#page 548">548</a><br> +Perigord cave, carving of mammoth in, <a href="ch10.html#page 150"> +150</a><br> +Permanence of continents and oceans, <a href="ch7.html#page 117"> +117</a><br> +Permian Flora, <a href="ch22.html#page 392">392</a><br> +—— of Germany, <a href="ch22.html#page 393">393</a><br> +—— strata, thickness of, in north of England, <a href= +"ch22.html#page 386">386</a><br> +——, Upper and Middle, <a href="ch22.html#page 386"> +386</a>, <a href="ch22.html#page 387">387</a><br> +——, Lower, <a href="ch22.html#page 390">390</a><br> +<i>Perna Mulleti,</i> Neocomian, <a href="ch18.html#page 310"> +310</a><br> +Petherwyn, Devonian fossils of, <a href="ch25.html#page 450"> +450</a><br> +Petrifaction, process of, <a href="ch4.html#page 67">67</a><br> +<i>Petrophiloides Richardsoni,</i> Sheppey, <a href= +"ch16.html#page 265">25</a><br> +<i>Pahcops caudatus,</i> Silurian, <a href="ch26.html#page 467"> +467</a><br> +—— <i>latifrons,</i> Devonian, <a href= +"ch25.html#page 450">450</a><br> +<i>Phascolotherium Bucklandi</i>, <a href="ch19.html#page 348"> +348</a><br> +<i>Phasianella Heddingtonensis,</i> and cast, <a href= +"ch4.html#page 66">66</a><br> +Phillippi, on tertiary shells of Sicily, <a href= +"ch13.html#page 205">205</a><br> +Phillips, Professor, on fossils distorted by cleavage, <a href= +"ch34.html#page 592">592</a><br> +——, on ninety fathom dike, <a href="ch5.html#page 90"> +90</a><br> +——, on Wenlock limestone and shale, <a href= +"ch26.html#page 465">465</a>, <a href="ch26.html#page 467"> +467</a><br> +——, on Yoredale series, <a href="ch23.html#page 395"> +395</a><br> +Phillips, Mr. J. Arthur, on origin of gold of California, <a href= +"ch36.html#page 617">617</a><br> +<i>Phlebopteris contigua,</i> Inferior Oolite, <a href= +"ch19.html#page 350">350</a><br> +Phlogopite, <a href="ch28.html#page 499">499</a>, <a href= +"ch28.html#page 501">501</a><br> +<i>Pholadomya fidicula,</i> Inferior Oolite, <a href= +"ch19.html#page 350">350</a><br> +Phonolite, <a href="ch28.html#page 506">506</a><br> +<i>Phorus extensus,</i> London Clay, <a href="ch16.html#page 266"> +266</a><br> +<i>Phragmoceras ventricosum,</i> Silurian, <a href= +"ch26.html#page 463">463</a><br> +<i>Physa Bristovii,</i> Middle Purbeck, <a href= +"ch19.html#page 325">325</a><br> +—— <i>columnaris</i>, <a href="ch3.html#page 55"> +55</a><br> +—— <i>hypnorum</i>, <a href="ch3.html#page 55"> +55</a><br> +Piedmont, absence of lakes in, <a href="ch12.html#page 186"> +186</a><br> +Pile dwellings of Switzerland, <a href="ch10.html#page 148"> +148</a><br> +Pilton, group of, Devon, <a href="ch25.html#page 449">449</a><br> +<i>Pinnularia in Atlantic mud</i>, <a href="ch17.html#page 288"> +288</a><br> +Pinus sylvestris in peat, <a href="ch10.html#page 147">147</a><br> +Pisolitic limestone of France, <a href="ch17.html#page 285"> +285</a><br> +Pitchstone, <a href="ch28.html#page 505">505</a><br> +<i>Placodus gigas,</i> Muschelkalk, <a href="ch21.html#page 380"> +380</a><br> +Placoids, rare in Old Red Sandstone, <a href="ch25.html#page 443"> +443</a><br> +<i>Plagiaulax Becklesii, jaw and molar of</i>, <a href= +"ch19.html#page 327">327</a><br> +Plagioclastic feldspars, <a href="ch28.html#page 501">501</a><br> +<i>Plagiostoma giganteum,</i> Lias, <a href="ch20.html#page 354"> +354</a><br> +—— <i>Hoperi,</i> Chalk, <a href="ch17.html#page 300"> +300</a><br> +<i>Planorbis discus,</i> Bembridge, <a href="ch16.html#page 253"> +253</a><br> +—— <i>euomphalus</i>, <a href="ch3.html#page 55"> +55</a>, <a href="ch16.html#page 255">255</a><br> +Plants of Bovey Tracey, Miocene, <a href="ch15.html#page 247"> +247</a><br> +——, fossil fresh-water, <a href="ch3.html#page 57"> +57</a><br> +—— of the Coal, <a href="ch24.html#page 420"> +420</a><br> +—— of the Lias, <a href="ch20.html#page 364"> +364</a><br> +—— of the Swiss Upper Miocene, <a href= +"ch14.html#page 219">219</a><br> +Plas Newydd, rock altered by dike near, <a href= +"ch28.html#page 515">515</a><br> +Plastic Clay, Eocene, <a href="ch16.html#page 267">267</a><br> +<i>Platanus aceroides,</i> Miocene, <a href="ch14.html#page 221"> +221</a><br> +<i>Platystoma Suessii,</i> Hallstadt, <a href="ch21.html#page 377"> +377</a><br> +Playfair, on amount of subaërial denudation, <a href= +"ch7.html#page 114">114</a><br> +—— on faults, <a href="ch5.html#page 87">87</a><br> +<i>Plectrodus mirabilis,</i> Ludlow, <a href="ch26.html#page 460"> +460</a><br> +<i>Plesiosaurus dolichodeirus,</i> Lias, <a href= +"ch20.html#page 361">361</a><br> +<i>Pleurotoma attenuata,</i> Bracklesham, <a href= +"ch16.html#page 262">262</a><br> +—— <i>exorta,</i> Eocene, <a href="ch3.html#page 57"> +57</a><br> +<i>Pleurotomaria anglica,</i> and cast, <a href="ch4.html#page 66"> +66</a><br> +—— <i>carinata (flammigera)</i>, <a href= +"ch24.html#page 434">434</a><br> +—— <i>granulata,</i> Inferior Oolite, <a href= +"ch19.html#page 351">351</a><br> +—— <i>ornata,</i> Inferior Oolite, <a href= +"ch19.html#page 351">351</a><br> +Plieninger, Professor, on Triassic mammifer, <a href= +"ch21.html#page 368">368</a><br> +Pliocene glacial formations, <a href="ch13.html#page 189"> +189-92</a><br> +—— Period, <a href="ch13.html#page 189">189</a><br> +—— plutonic rocks, <a href="ch32.html#page 565"> +565</a><br> +—— strata of Sicily, <a href="ch13.html#page 204"> +204</a><br> +——, term defined, <a href="ch9.html#page 143"> +143</a><br> +—— volcanic rocks, <a href="ch29.html#page 529"> +529</a><br> +Plombières, alkaline waters of, <a href= +"ch33.html#page 585">585</a><br> +Plumbago of Massachusetts, <a href="ch33.html#page 583">583</a><br> +Plutonic and sedimentary formations, diagram of, <a href= +"ch32.html#page 567">567</a><br> +——, origin of the term, <a href="ch31.html#page 551"> +551</a><br> +—— rocks, Mesozoic, <a href="ch32.html#page 570"> +570</a><br> +——, Recent and Pliocene, <a href="ch32.html#page 565"> +565</a><br> +——, Miocene and Eocene, <a href="ch32.html#page 568"> +568</a><br> +——, uncertain tests of age of, <a href= +"ch32.html#page 564">564</a><br> +—— defined, <a href="ch1.html#page 31">31</a><br> +<i>Podocarya Bucklandi,</i> Oolite, <a href="ch19.html#page 348"> +348</a><br> +<i>Polypterus</i> of the Nile, <a href="ch25.html#page 444"> +444</a><br> +Polyzoa and Bryozoa, terms explained, <a href="ch13.html#page 197"> +197</a><br> +Pomel, M., on fossil mammalia of the Limagne, <a href= +"ch15.html#page 235">235</a><br> +Ponza Islands, globiform pitchstone of, <a href= +"ch28.html#page 512">512</a><br> +<i>Porites pyriformis,</i> Devonian, <a href="ch25.html#page 451"> +451</a><br> +Porphyritic granite, <a href="ch31.html#page 556">556</a><br> +Porphyry, <a href="ch28.html#page 506">506</a><br> +Portland, Cycads in dirt-bed of, <a href="ch19.html#page 331"> +331</a><br> +—— oolite and sand, <a href="ch19.html#page 334"> +334</a><br> +“<i>Portland screw,</i>” a cast of a shell, <a href= +"ch19.html#page 335">335</a><br> +Porto Santo, marine shells in volcanic tuff of, <a href= +"ch30.html#page 536">536</a><br> +Post-pliocene period, climate of the, <a href="ch10.html#page 161"> +161</a><br> +—— mammalia, teeth of, <a href="ch10.html#page 163"> +163</a><br> +——, term defined, <a href="ch10.html#page 145"> +145</a><br> +—— lakes of Switzerland, <a href="ch12.html#page 185"> +185</a><br> +—— volcanic rocks, <a href="ch29.html#page 524"> +524</a><br> +<i>Potamides cinctus</i>, <a href="ch3.html#page 56">56</a><br> +<i>Pothocites Grantonii,</i> coal-measures, <a href= +"ch24.html#page 429">429</a><br> +Potsdam Sandstone, <a href="ch26.html#page 480">480</a>, <a href= +"ch27.html#page 489">489</a><br> +Pot-stones in the Chalk, <a href="ch17.html#page 290">290</a><br> +Pottsville, coal seams of, <a href="ch23.html#page 400">400</a><br> +Powrie, Mr., on Cephalaspis beds, <a href="ch25.html#page 446"> +446</a><br> +——, on Parka decipiens, <a href="ch25.html#page 448"> +448</a><br> +Pratt, Mr., on Eocene Isle of Wight mammalia, <a href= +"ch16.html#page 254">254</a><br> +Predazzo, altered rocks at, <a href="ch32.html#page 571"> +571</a><br> +Pressure, solidifying rocks, <a href="ch4.html#page 65">65</a><br> +Prestwich, Mr., on age of Sables inferieurs, <a href= +"ch16.html#page 276">276</a><br> +——, on Chillesford beds, <a href="ch13.html#page 192"> +192</a><br> +——, on Coalbrook Dale insects, <a href= +"ch23.html#page 405">405</a><br> +——, on Eocene strata, <a href="ch16.html#page 267"> +267</a>, <a href="ch16.html#page 269">269</a><br> +——, on faults in coal-measure of Coalbrook Dale, <a +href="ch5.html#page 88">88</a><br> +——, on shells of London clay, <a href= +"ch16.html#page 264">264</a><br> +——, on thickness of Coralline Crag, <a href= +"ch13.html#page 198">198</a><br> +Prévost, M. Constant, on Paris basin, <a href= +"ch16.html#page 270">270</a><br> +Primary Limestone, <a href="ch33.html#page 579">579</a><br> +—— rocks, <a href="ch26.html#page 458">458</a><br> +——, term defined, <a href="ch8.html#page 123"> +123</a><br> +“Primordial Zone” of Bohemia, <a href= +"ch27.html#page 481">481</a>, <a href="ch27.html#page 482"> +482</a><br> +<i>Productus horridus,</i> Permian, <a href="ch22.html#page 388"> +388</a><br> +—— <i>semireticulatus (antiquatus)</i>, <a href= +"ch24.html#page 434">434</a><br> +Progressive development indicated by low grade of early mammals, <a +href="ch21.html#page 384">384</a><br> +Proteaceæ of Aix-la-Chapelle flora, <a href= +"ch17.html#page 304">304</a><br> +—— of Lower Molasse, Switzerland, <a href= +"ch15.html#page 237">237</a><br> +—— of Œningen beds, <a href="ch14.html#page 221"> +221</a><br> +Protogine, <a href="ch33.html#page 578">578</a><br> +Protosaurus of Thuringia, <a href="ch22.html#page 390">390</a>, <a +href="ch26.html#page 464">464</a><br> +Protrusion of solid granite, <a href="ch32.html#page 574"> +574</a><br> +Provinces of animals and plants, <a href="ch8.html#page 126"> +126</a><br> +<i>Psammodus porosus</i>, <a href="ch24.html#page 437">437</a><br> +<i>Pseudocrinites bifasciatus,</i> Silurian, <a href= +"ch26.html#page 466">466</a><br> +<i>Psilophyton princeps,</i> Devonian, <a href= +"ch25.html#page 455">455</a><br> +Pteraspis in Lower Ludlow shale, <a href="ch26.html#page 463"> +463</a><br> +<i>Pterichthys,</i> Old Red Sandstone, <a href= +"ch25.html#page 445">445</a><br> +Pterodactyl of Kentish chalk, <a href="ch17.html#page 297"> +297</a><br> +<i>Pterodactylus anglicus,</i> Old Red, <a href= +"ch25.html#page 447">447</a><br> +—— <i>crassirostris,</i> Solenhofen, <a href= +"ch19.html#page 337">337</a><br> +<i>Ptychodus decurrens,</i> White Chalk, <a href= +"ch17.html#page 297">297</a><br> +Pudding-stone or conglomerate, <a href="ch2.html#page 36"> +36</a><br> +——, formation of, <a href="ch4.html#page 62">62</a><br> +Pumice, <a href="ch28.html#page 508">508</a><br> +Punfield beds, brackish and marine, <a href="ch18.html#page 318"> +318</a><br> +<i>Pupa muscorum</i>, <a href="ch10.html#page 155">155</a><br> +—— <i>tridens,</i> Loess, <a href="ch3.html#page 56"> +56</a><br> +—— <i>vetusta,</i> Coal, <a href="ch23.html#page 415"> +415</a><br> +Purbeck beds, Upper, Middle, and Lower, <a href= +"ch19.html#page 323">323</a>, <a href="ch19.html#page 324">324</a>, +<a href="ch19.html#page 336">336</a><br> +——, fossil mammalia of the Middle, <a href= +"ch19.html#page 325">325</a><br> +—— marble, <a href="ch19.html#page 324">324</a><br> +——, subdivisions of the, <a href="ch19.html#page 333"> +333</a><br> +Purity of coal, cause of, <a href="ch23.html#page 402">402</a><br> +<i>Purpura tetragona,</i> Red Crag, <a href="ch13.html#page 196"> +196</a><br> +<i>Purpuroidea nodulata,</i> Great Oolite, <a href= +"ch19.html#page 345">345</a><br> +Puy de Côme, cone and lava-current of, <a href= +"ch29.html#page 528">528</a><br> +—— de Tartaret, lava-current and cone of, <a href= +"ch29.html#page 527">527</a>, <a href="ch30.html#page 542"> +542</a><br> +—— de Pariou, crater of the, <a href= +"ch29.html#page 529">529</a><br> +Puzzuoli, elevation of land at, <a href="ch29.html#page 525"> +525</a><br> +<i>Pygopterus mandibularis,</i> Permian, <a href= +"ch22.html#page 390">390</a><br> +Pyrenees, chalk altered by granite in the, <a href= +"ch32.html#page 570">570</a><br> +——, curved strata in, <a href="ch5.html#page 86"> +86</a><br> +——, lamination of clay-slate in, <a href= +"ch34.html#page 596">596</a><br> +Pyroxene group of minerals, <a href="ch28.html#page 499">499</a>, +<a href="ch28.html#page 502">502</a><br> +<i>Pyrula reticulata,</i> Crag.</p> + +200<br> +<br> + + +<p class="index">Q<small>UADER</small>-S<small>ANDSTEIN</small>, +Cretaceous age of the, <a href="ch17.html#page 293">293</a><br> +Quadrumana of Gers, <a href="ch14.html#page 215">215</a><br> +Quadrupeds, extinct, in Paleolithic gravels, <a href= +"ch10.html#page 152">152</a><br> +Quartz, specific gravity of, <a href="ch28.html#page 499">499</a>, +<a href="ch28.html#page 500">500</a>, <a href="ch31.html#page 555"> +555</a><br> +Quartzite or Quartz Rock, <a href="ch33.html#page 579">579</a><br> +Queenaig, unconformable Palæozoic strata at, <a href= +"ch7.html#page 112">112</a><br> +Quenstedt on zones of Lias.</p> + +353<br> +<br> + + +<p class="index">R<small>ADABOJ</small> Miocene, brown coal of, <a +href="ch15.html#page 242">242</a><br> +<i>Radiolites foliaceus,</i> White Chalk, <a href= +"ch17.html#page 306">306</a><br> +—— <i>Mortoni,</i> White Chalk, <a href= +"ch17.html#page 295">295</a><br> +—— <i>radiosa,</i> White Chalk, <a href= +"ch17.html#page 306">306</a><br> +Radnorshire, stratified trap in, <a href="ch30.html#page 549"> +549</a><br> +Rain-prints with worm tracks in Coal, <a href="ch23.html#page 416"> +416</a><br> +——, carboniferous, <a href="ch23.html#page 416"> +416</a><br> +Ramsay, Professor, on break between Upper and Lower Cretaceous, <a +href="ch17.html#page 301">301</a><br> +——, on breccias in Permian, <a href= +"ch22.html#page 391">391</a><br> +——, on escarpments, <a href="ch6.html#page 104"> +104</a><br> +——, on denudation, <a href="ch6.html#page 98"> +98</a><br> +——, on ice-erosion of lake-basins, <a href= +"ch12.html#page 184">184</a><br> +——, on Lingula Flags, <a href="ch27.html#page 484"> +484</a><br> +——, on position of Tremadoc beds, <a href= +"ch27.html#page 483">483</a><br> +——, on Silurian metamorphic rocks, <a href= +"ch35.html#page 602">602</a><br> +——, on submergence in glacial period, <a href= +"ch12.html#page 181">181</a><br> +——, on thickness of the Lower Trias, <a href= +"ch21.html#page 372">372</a><br> +——, on thickness of Llandeilo beds, <a href= +"ch26.html#page 475">475</a><br> +——, on thickness of the Bala beds, <a href= +"ch26.html#page 473">473</a><br> +——, on volcanic tuffs of Snowdon, <a href= +"ch30.html#page 549">549</a><br> +——, on zones of the Lias, <a href="ch20.html#page 353"> +353</a><br> +<i>Rastrites peregrinus,</i> Llandeilo Flags, <a href= +"ch26.html#page 473">473</a><br> +Rath, Von, on Tridymite, <a href="ch28.html#page 500">500</a><br> +Recent Period defined, <a href="ch10.html#page 145">145</a><br> +—— volcanic rocks, <a href="ch29.html#page 524"> +524</a><br> +Record, imperfection of, in the earth’s crust, <a href= +"ch9.html#page 138">138</a><br> +Red Crag, older Pliocene, <a href="ch13.html#page 194">194</a><br> +—— Sandstone, Origin of, <a href="ch21.html#page 374"> +374</a><br> +—— Sea and Mediterranean, distinct species in, <a href= +"ch8.html#page 127">127</a><br> +Redruth, Cornwall, section of veins in mine, <a href= +"ch36.html#page 607">607</a><br> +Reindeer Period in South of France, <a href="ch10.html#page 149"> +149</a><br> +Relistran mine, pebbles in tin of, <a href="ch36.html#page 609"> +609</a><br> +Reptiles of the Coal, <a href="ch23.html#page 406">406</a>, <a +href="ch23.html#page 413">413</a><br> +Reptiles of the Lias, <a href="ch20.html#page 360">360</a><br> +<i>Retepora flustracea,</i> Permian, <a href="ch22.html#page 388"> +388</a><br> +Rhætic beds between Lias and Trias, <a href= +"ch21.html#page 366">366</a><br> +Rhine, fresh-water strata of the, <a href="ch3.html#page 53"> +53</a><br> +——, loess of the, <a href="ch10.html#page 154"> +154</a><br> +Rhinoceros in drift of Abbeville, <a href="ch10.html#page 153"> +153</a><br> +—— <i>leptorhinus (megarhinus),</i> molar of, <a href= +"ch10.html#page 164">164</a><br> +—— <i>tichorhinus,</i> molar of, <a href= +"ch10.html#page 164">164</a><br> +Rhode Island, metamorphic rocks of, <a href="ch33.html#page 583"> +583</a><br> +<i>Rhynchonella navicula,</i> Ludlow, <a href="ch26.html#page 460"> +460</a><br> +—— <i>octoplicata,</i> White Chalk, <a href= +"ch17.html#page 294">294</a><br> +—— <i>spinosa,</i> Inferior Oolite, <a href= +"ch19.html#page 350">350</a><br> +—— <i>Wilsoni,</i> Aymestry, <a href= +"ch26.html#page 462">462</a><br> +Richmond, Virginia, Triassic coal-field of, <a href= +"ch21.html#page 382">382</a><br> +Rigi and Speer, Lower Miocene of the, <a href="ch15.html#page 235"> +235</a><br> +<i>Rimula clathrata,</i> Great Oolite, <a href= +"ch19.html#page 345">345</a><br> +Rink, Mr., on Greenland land-ice, <a href="ch11.html#page 171"> +171</a><br> +Ripple-marked sandstone, how formed, <a href="ch2.html#page 46"> +46</a><br> +Rise and fall of land, <a href="ch10.html#page 146">146</a><br> +<i>Rissoa Chastelii,</i> Hempstead beds, <a href= +"ch15.html#page 245">245</a><br> +Rivers, denuding powers of, <a href="ch6.html#page 101">101</a>, <a +href="ch7.html#page 114">114</a><br> +Roches moutonnees described, <a href="ch11.html#page 169"> +169</a><br> +Rock, term defined, <a href="ch1.html#page 26">26</a><br> +Rocks altered by volcanic dikes, <a href="ch28.html#page 514"> +514</a><br> +—— altered by subterranean gases, <a href= +"ch33.html#page 586">586</a><br> +——, analysis of minerals in, <a href= +"ch28.html#page 499">499</a><br> +——, aqueous or stratified, <a href="ch1.html#page 27"> +27</a><br> +——, classification of, <a href="ch8.html#page 121"> +121</a><br> +——, great thickness of palæozoic, <a href= +"ch7.html#page 110">110</a><br> +——, glacial scorings on, <a href="ch11.html#page 169"> +169</a><br> +——, metamorphic, age of, <a href="ch35.html#page 597"> +597</a><br> +——, plutonic age of, <a href="ch32.html#page 564"> +564</a><br> +——, volcanic, age of, <a href="ch29.html#page 520"> +520</a><br> +——, trappean, <a href="ch28.html#page 497">497</a><br> +——, metamorphic, defined, <a href="ch1.html#page 32"> +32</a><br> +——, four classes of contemporaneous, <a href= +"ch1.html#page 33">33</a><br> +——, plutonic, defined, <a href="ch1.html#page 31"> +31</a><br> +——, tests of age of, <a href="ch8.html#page 123"> +123</a>, <a href="ch8.html#page 125">125</a>, <a href= +"ch29.html#page 520">520</a>, <a href="ch32.html#page 564">564</a>, +<a href="ch35.html#page 597">597</a><br> + ——, four contemporaneous classes of, <a href= +"ch8.html#page 122">122</a><br> +——, underlying, not always the oldest, <a href= +"ch8.html#page 122">122</a><br> +——, volcanic, defined, <a href="ch1.html#page 29"> +29</a><br> +Rock-salt of Trias, <a href="ch21.html#page 371">371</a><br> +——, origin of, <a href="ch21.html#page 374">374</a><br> +Rogers, Mr. H. D., on blending of coal-seams, <a href= +"ch23.html#page 400">400</a><br> +——, on Virginian fault, <a href="ch5.html#page 92"> +92</a><br> +Rose, Gustavus, on isomorphism, <a href="ch28.html#page 502"> +502</a><br> +——, on Fifeshire dike, <a href="ch30.html#page 546"> +546</a><br> +——, on quartz in granite, <a href="ch31.html#page 555"> +555</a><br> +Rosso antico, red porphyry of Egypt, <a href="ch28.html#page 506"> +506</a><br> +<i>Rostellaria (Hippocrenes) ampla,</i> London Clay, <a href= +"ch16.html#page 266">266</a><br> +Roth, M., on Miocene of Greece, <a href="ch14.html#page 226"> +226</a><br> +Runn of Cutch, salt of, <a href="ch21.html#page 375">375</a><br> +Rupelian beds of Dumont, <a href="ch15.html#page 241">241</a>, <a +href="ch15.html#page 242">242</a><br> +Russia, glaciation of, <a href="ch12.html#page 174">174</a><br> +——, Devonian of, <a href="ch25.html#page 454"> +454</a><br> +——, Silurian strata of, <a href="ch26.html#page 478"> +478</a></p> + +<p class="index">S<small>AARBRUCK</small>, reptiles in coal-field +of, <a href="ch23.html#page 406">406</a><br> +<i>Sabal major,</i> Lower Miocene, <a href="ch15.html#page 237"> +237</a><br> +Sables de Bracheux, <a href="ch16.html#page 276">276</a><br> +—— moyens, Paris basin, <a href="ch16.html#page 273"> +273</a><br> +Sahlite, <a href="ch28.html#page 502">502</a><br> +St. Abb’s Head, curved strata of, <a href="ch5.html#page 76"> +76</a><br> +——, unconformable stratification at, <a href= +"ch5.html#page 94">94</a><br> +St. Andrews, carboniferous trap-rocks of, <a href= +"ch30.html#page 545">545</a><br> +St. Cassian, fossil mollusca of, <a href="ch21.html#page 377"> +377</a><br> +—— and Hallstadt beds, <a href="ch21.html#page 376"> +376</a><br> +St. David’s, Menevian beds of, <a href="ch27.html#page 485"> +485</a><br> +St. Mary’s, shells of, <a href="ch30.html#page 539"> +539</a><br> +Salt, rock, origin of, <a href="ch21.html#page 372">372</a><br> +Salter, Mr., on fossils of Arenig group, <a href= +"ch26.html#page 476">476</a><br> +——, on Menevian beds, <a href="ch27.html#page 485"> +485</a><br> +——, on Tremadoc fossils, <a href="ch27.html#page 483"> +483</a><br> +Sandberger, Dr. F., on Mayence basin, <a href="ch15.html#page 242"> +242</a><br> +Sandstone, New Red, <a href="ch21.html#page 369">369</a><br> +——, Old Red, <a href="ch25.html#page 439">439</a><br> +—— slab with cracks, <a href="ch18.html#page 317"> +317</a><br> +——, slab of ripple-marked, <a href="ch2.html#page 45"> +45</a><br> +—— slab with footprints, <a href="ch23.html#page 408"> +408</a><br> +<i>Sao hirsuta</i>, <a href="ch27.html#page 488">488</a><br> +Saurians of the Lias, <a href="ch20.html#page 361">361</a><br> +——, sudden destruction of, <a href= +"ch20.html#page 362">362</a><br> +<i>Saurichthys apicalis,</i> Rhætic Beds, <a href= +"ch21.html#page 367">367</a><br> +Saussure, on vertical conglomerates, <a href="ch5.html#page 73"> +73</a><br> +<i>Saxicava rugosa,</i> Scotch drift, <a href="ch12.html#page 176"> +176</a><br> +Saxony, beds of minerals in, <a href="ch36.html#page 609"> +609</a><br> +Scandinavia, glaciation of, <a href="ch12.html#page 174"> +174</a><br> +<i>Scaphites æqualis,</i> Chloritic marl, <a href= +"ch17.html#page 299">299</a><br> +Scapolite, <a href="ch28.html#page 506">506</a><br> +Scheerer on action of water in metamorphism, <a href= +"ch33.html#page 585">585</a><br> +Schist, mica, <a href="ch33.html#page 578">578</a><br> +——, argillaceous, <a href="ch33.html#page 579"> +579</a><br> +——, hornblende, <a href="ch33.html#page 578"> +578</a><br> +<i>Schizodus Schlotheimi,</i> Permian, <a href= +"ch22.html#page 387">387</a><br> +—— <i>truncatus,</i> Permian, <a href= +"ch22.html#page 387">387</a><br> +Schmerling, Dr., on Liége caverns, <a href= +"ch10.html#page 157">157</a><br> +Schorl-rock, and schorly granite, <a href="ch31.html#page 557"> +557</a><br> +Schwab, M., on Celtic coins in lake-dwellings, <a href= +"ch10.html#page 149">149</a><br> +<i>Scoliostoma,</i> St. Cassian, <a href="ch21.html#page 377"> +377</a><br> +Scoresby, on Arctic icebergs, <a href="ch11.html#page 172"> +172</a><br> +Scoriaceous lava, <a href="ch28.html#page 507">507</a><br> +Scoriæ, <a href="ch28.html#page 508">508</a><br> +Scotland, “Fundamental gneiss” of, <a href= +"ch27.html#page 493">493</a><br> +——, Old Red Sandstone of, <a href="ch25.html#page 440"> +440</a><br> +——, glaciation of, <a href="ch12.html#page 175"> +175</a><br> +Screws, fossil, internal casts of shells, <a href= +"ch4.html#page 66">66</a><br> +Scrope, Mr., on Isle of Ponza, globiform pitchstone, <a href= +"ch28.html#page 512">512</a><br> +——, on minerals in lava, <a href="ch29.html#page 524"> +524</a><br> +——, on water in lava, <a href="ch31.html#page 555"> +555</a><br> +Scudder, Mr., on Devonian insects of Canada, <a href= +"ch25.html#page 457">457</a><br> +Sea, apparent fall of, caused by rise of land, <a href= +"ch5.html#page 70">70</a><br> +——, denuding power of the, <a href="ch6.html#page 105"> +105</a><br> +——, deep soundings in, <a href="ch17.html#page 287"> +287</a><br> +——, mean depth of the, <a href="ch7.html#page 118"> +118</a><br> +—— cliffs, inland, <a href="ch6.html#page 103"> +103</a><br> +Secondary and Tertiary, gap between the, <a href= +"ch17.html#page 281">281</a><br> +——, term defined, <a href="ch8.html#page 123"> +123</a><br> +Section of Auvergne alluvium, <a href="ch6.html#page 100"> +100</a><br> +—— of carboniferous rocks, Lancashire, <a href= +"ch5.html#page 85">85</a><br> +—— of chalk and greensand, <a href= +"ch17.html#page 287">287</a><br> +—— of crags near Woodbridge, Suffolk, <a href= +"ch13.html#page 198">198</a><br> +—— of cross-stratification, <a href="ch2.html#page 42"> +42-44</a><br> +—— of curved strata of the Jura, <a href= +"ch5.html#page 82">82</a><br> +—— of dirt-bed in Isle of Portland, <a href= +"ch19.html#page 332">332</a><br> +—— of Forfarshire, showing curved strata, <a href= +"ch5.html#page 74">74</a><br> +—— of fossil tree, showing texture, <a href= +"ch4.html#page 67">67</a><br> +—— of folded and denuded carboniferous beds, Nova +Scotia, <a href="ch23.html#page 418">418</a><br> +—— of the Oolitic strata, <a href="ch19.html#page 322"> +322</a><br> +—— of Recent and Post-pliocene alluvial deposits, <a +href="ch10.html#page 151">151</a><br> +—— showing creeps in coal-mines, <a href= +"ch5.html#page 79">79</a><br> +—— of slaty cleavage, <a href="ch34.html#page 589"> +589</a><br> +—— showing valleys of denudation, <a href= +"ch6.html#page 98">98</a><br> +—— showing the Weald formation, <a href= +"ch18.html#page 313">313</a><br> +—— of strata thinning out, <a href="ch2.html#page 41"> +41</a><br> +—— of superimposed groups at Dundry Hill, <a href= +"ch8.html#page 130">130</a><br> +—— of unconformable strata near Mons, <a href= +"ch5.html#page 95">95</a><br> +Sections illustrating faults, <a href="ch5.html#page 88">88</a>, <a +href="ch5.html#page 90">90</a>, <a href="ch5.html#page 91"> +91</a><br> +Sedgwick, Professor, on the Cambrian Group, <a href= +"ch27.html#page 481">481</a>, <a href="ch27.html#page 482">482</a>, +<a href="ch27.html#page 486">486</a><br> +——, on classification of Arenig group, <a href= +"ch26.html#page 476">476</a><br> +——, on Devonian series, <a href="ch25.html#page 439"> +439</a>, <a href="ch25.html#page 449">449</a><br> +——, on position of the May-Hill beds, <a href= +"ch32.html#page 568">568</a><br> +——, on protrusion of solid granite, <a href= +"ch32.html#page 574">574</a><br> +——, on slaty cleavage, <a href="ch34.html#page 588"> +588</a>, <a href="ch34.html#page 591">591</a><br> +——, on garnet in altered rock, <a href= +"ch28.html#page 515">515</a><br> +——, on concretionary structure, <a href= +"ch4.html#page 63">63</a><br> +Sediment, accumulation of, causing a shifting of the subterranean, +<a href="ch7.html#page 117">117</a><br> +isothermals. Sedimentary beds of the Carboniferous, <a href= +"ch23.html#page 396">396</a><br> +Selsea Bill, erratics at, <a href="ch12.html#page 182">182</a><br> +Senarmont on action of water in metamorphism, <a href= +"ch33.html#page 585">585</a><br> +<i>Sequoia Langsdorfii</i>, <a href="ch15.html#page 238"> +238</a><br> +<i>“Seraphim,” head of Pterygotus anglicus</i>, <a +href="ch27.html#page 446">446</a><br> +Serapis, marine littoral deposits of, <a href="ch10.html#page 146"> +146</a><br> +Serpentine, <a href="ch33.html#page 578">578</a><br> +<i>Serpulæ</i> attached to <i>Gryphæa</i>, <a href= +"ch3.html#page 48">48</a><br> +—— attached to <i>Spatangus</i>, <a href= +"ch3.html#page 49">49</a><br> +—— attached to <i>Apiocrinus</i>, <a href= +"ch19.html#page 343">343</a><br> +Shale defined, <a href="ch2.html#page 36">36</a><br> +—— of the Lower Ludlow, <a href="ch26.html#page 461"> +461</a><br> +Sharpe, Mr. D., on American Silurian fossils, <a href= +"ch26.html#page 479">479</a><br> +——, on fossils distorted by cleavage, <a href= +"ch34.html#page 592">592</a><br> +Shell-mounds of Denmark, <a href="ch10.html#page 146">146</a><br> +Shells, Arctic, in Scotch drift, <a href="ch12.html#page 177"> +177</a><br> +——, derivative, in the Crag, <a href= +"ch13.html#page 195">195-203</a><br> +——, marine, found at great heights above the sea, <a +href="ch1.html#page 29">29</a><br> +——, proportion of living, in the Crags, <a href= +"ch13.html#page 194">194</a>, <a href="ch13.html#page 195">195</a>, +<a href="ch13.html#page 199">199</a><br> +——, value of, in classification, <a href= +"ch9.html#page 142">142</a><br> +——, fossil, of Virginia, <a href="ch14.html#page 228"> +228</a><br> +—— of the London clay, <a href="ch16.html#page 266"> +266</a><br> +—— of the mountain limestone, <a href= +"ch24.html#page 433">433</a><br> +—— of the Barton clay, <a href="ch16.html#page 258"> +258</a><br> +—— of the Oolite, <a href="ch19.html#page 335">335</a>, +<a href="ch19.html#page 345">345</a>, <a href="ch19.html#page 350"> +350</a><br> +——, marine, of Moel Tryfaen, <a href= +"ch12.html#page 180">180</a><br> +Sheppey, fauna and flora of, <a href="ch16.html#page 264"> +264</a><br> +——, Eocene fish of, <a href="ch16.html#page 267"> +267</a><br> +Sherringham, erratic block at, <a href="ch13.html#page 191"> +191</a><br> +Shetland, granite of, <a href="ch31.html#page 558">558</a><br> +——, hornblende-schist of, <a href="ch33.html#page 583"> +583</a><br> +Sicily, fauna and flora of, older than the country itself, <a href= +"ch13.html#page 207">207</a><br> +——, newer Pliocene strata of, <a href= +"ch13.html#page 204">204</a><br> +——, subterranean igneous action in, <a href= +"ch32.html#page 569">569</a><br> +——, undulating gypseous marls of, <a href= +"ch5.html#page 86">86</a><br> +——, volcanic dikes of, <a href="ch29.html#page 531"> +531</a><br> +Sidlaw Hills, trap of, <a href="ch30.html#page 548">548</a><br> +Sigillaria in coal-measures, <a href="ch21.html#page 380">380</a>, +<a href="ch23.html#page 411">411</a>, <a href="ch24.html#page 425"> +425</a><br> +<i>Sigillaria lævigata,</i> coal-measures, <a href= +"ch24.html#page 426">426</a><br> +Siliceous limestone defined, <a href="ch2.html#page 37">37</a><br> +Silurian, derivation of the name, <a href="ch26.html#page 458"> +458</a><br> +——, granite of Norway, <a href="ch32.html#page 573"> +573</a><br> +——, metamorphic, of North Highlands, <a href= +"ch35.html#page 601">601</a><br> +—— rocks, classification of, <a href= +"ch26.html#page 458">458</a><br> +—— strata of the continent of Europe, <a href= +"ch26.html#page 477">477</a><br> +—— strata of United States, <a href= +"ch26.html#page 478">478</a><br> +—— volcanic rocks, <a href="ch30.html#page 548"> +548</a><br> +<i>Siphonotreta unguiculata,</i> obolus grits, <a href= +"ch26.html#page 478">478</a><br> +Siwâlik Hills, fresh-water deposits of, <a href= +"ch14.html#page 226">226</a><br> +Skaptar Jokul, flow of lava from, <a href="ch29.html#page 523"> +523</a><br> +Skye, hypersthene rocks of, <a href="ch27.html#page 491"> +491</a><br> +——, Isle of, Miocene syenite of the, <a href= +"ch32.html#page 568">568</a><br> +——, trap dike in, <a href="ch28.html#page 514"> +514</a><br> +Slaty cleavage, <a href="ch34.html#page 588">588</a><br> +Slicken-sides, in opposite walls of veins, <a href= +"ch36.html#page 608">608</a><br> +——, term defined, <a href="ch5.html#page 87">87</a><br> +<i>Smilax sagittifera,</i> Œningen, <a href= +"ch14.html#page 222">222</a><br> +Smith, Mr. W., on White Lias bed, <a href="ch21.html#page 366"> +366</a><br> +Snowdon, volcanic tuffs of, <a href="ch30.html#page 549"> +549</a><br> +Soissonnais sands, <a href="ch16.html#page 275">275</a><br> +<i>Solenastræa cellulosa,</i> Brockenhurst, <a href= +"ch16.html#page 257">257</a><br> +Solenhofen stone, fossils in the, <a href="ch19.html#page 337"> +337</a><br> +Solfatara, decomposition of rocks in the, <a href= +"ch33.html#page 586">586</a><br> +Somma, cone and dikes of, <a href="ch29.html#page 526">526</a><br> +Sopwith, Mr. T., models of outcrop of strata, <a href= +"ch5.html#page 85">85</a><br> +Sorby, Mr., on action of water in metamorphism, <a href= +"ch33.html#page 585">585</a><br> +——, on glass cavities in quartz, <a href= +"ch31.html#page 555">555</a><br> +——, on mechanical theory of cleavage, <a href= +"ch34.html#page 592">592</a><br> +——, on ripple-marks in mica schist, <a href= +"ch34.html#page 596">596</a><br> +South Joggins, section of cliffs at, <a href="ch23.html#page 410"> +410</a><br> +Spalacotherium, Purbeck, <a href="ch19.html#page 346">346</a><br> +<i>Spatangus radiatus,</i> Chalk, <a href="ch17.html#page 284"> +284</a><br> +—— with serpula attached, <a href="ch3.html#page 49"> +49</a><br> +Species, gradual change of, <a href="ch9.html#page 139">139</a><br> +—— older than the land they inhabit, <a href= +"ch13.html#page 207">207</a><br> +——, similarity of conditions causing reappearance of, +<a href="ch18.html#page 311">311</a><br> +Specific gravity of basalt and trachyte, <a href= +"ch28.html#page 504">504</a><br> +Speer and Rigi, Lower Miocene of the, <a href="ch15.html#page 235"> +235</a><br> +Speeton Clay, <a href="ch18.html#page 311">311</a><br> +<i>Sphærexochus mirus,</i> Silurian, <a href= +"ch26.html#page 467">467</a><br> +<i>Sphærulites agariciformis,</i> White Chalk, <a href= +"ch17.html#page 306">306</a><br> +—— of volcanic minerals, <a href="ch28.html#page 499"> +499</a><br> +<i>Sphenophyllum erosum,</i> Coal, <a href="ch24.html#page 425"> +425</a><br> +<i>Sphenopteris gracilis,</i> Hastings sands, <a href= +"ch18.html#page 318">318</a><br> +Spheroidal concretions in limestone, <a href="ch4.html#page 64"> +64</a><br> +<i>Spicula of sponge,</i> Atlantic mud, <a href= +"ch17.html#page 288">288</a><br> +<i>Spirifera disjuncta,</i> Devonian, <a href="ch25.html#page 450"> +450</a><br> +—— <i>alata,</i> Permian, <a href="ch22.html#page 388"> +388</a><br> +—— <i>mucronata</i>, <a href="ch25.html#page 454"> +454</a><br> +—— <i>trigonalis,</i> and <i>S. glabra</i>, <a href= +"ch24.html#page 434">434</a><br> +<i>Spiriferina Walcotti,</i> Lias, <a href="ch20.html#page 355"> +355</a><br> +<i>Spirolina stenostoma,</i> Eocene, <a href="ch16.html#page 275"> +275</a><br> +<i>Spirorbis carbonarius,</i> coal-measures, <a href= +"ch23.html#page 405">405</a><br> +<i>Spondylus spinosus,</i> White Chalk, <a href= +"ch17.html#page 294">294</a><br> +<i>Sponge in flint from White Chalk</i>, <a href= +"ch17.html#page 296">296</a><br> +Sponges, vitreous, in the chalk, <a href="ch17.html#page 291"> +291</a><br> +Springs, mineral of Auvergne, <a href="ch35.html#page 604"> +604</a><br> +Staffa, age of columnar basalt of, <a href="ch30.html#page 539"> +539</a><br> +Stalactite, origin of, explained, <a href="ch10.html#page 156"> +156</a><br> +<i>Starfish</i> in Silurian strata, <a href="ch26.html#page 472"> +472</a><br> +Stations of species affecting distribution of fossils, <a href= +"ch20.html#page 354">354</a><br> +<i>Stauria astræiformis</i>, <a href="ch24.html#page 431"> +431</a><br> +Stereognathus of Stonesfield, <a href="ch19.html#page 348"> +348</a><br> +Sternberg, Count, on insects in coal, <a href="ch28.html#page 495"> +495</a><br> +<i>Stigmaria attached to trunk of Sigillaria</i>, <a href= +"ch24.html#page 427">427</a><br> +—— in coal-measures, <a href="ch23.html#page 398"> +398</a>, <a href="ch23.html#page 411">411</a>, <a href= +"ch24.html#page 426">426</a><br> +—— <i>ficoides</i> and surface showing tubercles, Coal, +<a href="ch24.html#page 427">427</a><br> +Stilbite, <a href="ch28.html#page 500">500</a><br> +Stiper-Stones or Arenig Group, <a href="ch26.html#page 475"> +475</a><br> +Stockwerk, assemblage of veins, <a href="ch36.html#page 605"> +605</a><br> +Stonesfield slate, mammalia of the, <a href="ch19.html#page 345"> +345</a><br> +Strata, term defined, alternations of fresh-water, and shallow and +deep, <a href="ch1.html#page 27">27</a><br> +sea. ——, alternations of marine and fresh-water, <a +href="ch7.html#page 108">108</a><br> +——, curved, inclined, and vertical, <a href= +"ch5.html#page 73">73</a><br> +——, apparent horizontality of inclined, <a href= +"ch5.html#page 81">81</a><br> +——, contorted in drift, <a href="ch12.html#page 178"> +178</a><br> +——, contortion of, in Cyclopean Isles, <a href= +"ch29.html#page 530">530</a><br> +——, general table of fossiliferous, <a href= +"ch8.html#page 131">131</a><br> +——, horizontality of, <a href="ch2.html#page 40"> +40</a><br> +——, origin of metamorphic, <a href= +"ch33.html#page 579>579</a><br> ——, outcrop of, <a href="> +83</a><br> +——, overlapping, <a href="ch5.html#page 95">95</a><br> +—— repeated by being doubled back, <a href= +"ch5.html#page 87">87</a><br> +——, slow growth of, attested by fossils, <a href= +"ch3.html#page 47">47-50</a><br> +—— of organic origin, <a href="ch3.html#page 51"> +51</a><br> +——, tests of age of, <a href="ch8.html#page 123"> +123</a><br> +——, unconformability of, <a href="ch5.html#page 94"> +94</a>, <a href="ch9.html#page 138">138</a><br> +——, vast thickness of, not forming high mountains, <a +href="ch7.html#page 109">109-13</a><br> +Stratification, diagonal or cross, <a href="ch2.html#page 42"> +42</a>, <a href="ch2.html#page 44">44</a><br> +——, different forms described, <a href= +"ch2.html#page 39">39</a><br> +—— of metamorphic rocks considered, <a href= +"ch33.html#page 580">580</a><br> +Stratified rocks, composition of, <a href="ch2.html#page 35"> +35</a><br> +Striæ, production of, <a href="ch11.html#page 168"> +168</a><br> +Strickland, Mr., on thickness of the Trias, <a href= +"ch21.html#page 369">369</a><br> +<i>Stricklandinia lirata</i>, <a href="ch26.html#page 469"> +469</a><br> +Strike, term explained, <a href="ch5.html#page 80">80</a><br> +<i>Stringocephalus Burtini</i>, <a href="ch25.html#page 452"> +452</a><br> +Stromboli, lava of, <a href="ch32.html#page 566">566</a><br> +<i>Strophomena depressa,</i> Wenlock, <a href="ch26.html#page 466"> +466</a><br> +—— <i>grandis</i>, <a href="ch26.html#page 471"> +471</a><br> +Studer, Mr., on gneiss of the Jungfrau, <a href= +"ch35.html#page 599">599</a><br> +subaërial denudation, average annual amount of, <a href= +"ch7.html#page 113">113</a><br> +Subapennine beds, proportion of recent species in, <a href= +"ch9.html#page 143">143</a><br> +—— strata, older Pliocene, <a href= +"ch13.html#page 208">208</a><br> +Submarine denudation, <a href="ch6.html#page 105">105</a><br> +Subsidence of land must preponderate over upheaval, <a href= +"ch7.html#page 116">116</a><br> +<i>Succinea amphibia</i>, <a href="ch3.html#page 55">55</a><br> +—— <i>elongata</i>, <a href="ch10.html#page 155"> +155</a><br> +Suess, M., on fossils of St. Cassian beds, <a href= +"ch21.html#page 376">376</a>, <a href="ch21.html#page 377"> +377</a><br> +——, on Vienna basin, <a href="ch14.html#page 225"> +225</a><br> +Suffolk, Crag of, <a href="ch13.html#page 195">195</a><br> +“Sunk country,” New Madrid, <a href= +"ch23.html#page 402">402</a><br> +Superga, Lower Miocene of the, <a href="ch15.html#page 244"> +244</a><br> +Superior, Lake, marl in, <a href="ch4.html#page 63">63</a><br> +Superposition of deposits, a test of age, <a href= +"ch8.html#page 124">124</a><br> +—— a test of age of volcanic rocks, <a href= +"ch29.html#page 521">521</a><br> +Sutherlandshire, unconformable Palæozoic strata in, <a href= +"ch7.html#page 112">112</a><br> +Swanage, fossil mammalia found at, <a href="ch19.html#page 326"> +326</a><br> +Sweden, Cambrian of, <a href="ch27.html#page 489">489</a><br> +——, slow rise of land in, <a href="ch5.html#page 72"> +72</a><br> +——, small thickness of Silurian strata in, <a href= +"ch26.html#page 477">477</a><br> +Switzerland, lake-dwellings of, <a href="ch10.html#page 148"> +148</a><br> +——, Lower Molasse of, <a href="ch15.html#page 235"> +235</a><br> +——, Middle or Marine Molasse of, <a href= +"ch14.html#page 223">223</a><br> +——, Upper Miocene of, at Œningen, <a href= +"ch14.html#page 215">215</a><br> +Sydney coal-field, rain-prints in, <a href="ch23.html#page 416"> +416</a><br> +Syenite, composition of, <a href="ch31.html#page 552">552</a>, <a +href="ch31.html#page 557">557</a><br> +——, how far connected with trap-rocks, <a href= +"ch31.html#page 558">558</a><br> +Syenitic granite, <a href="ch31.html#page 557">557</a><br> +Symonds, Rev. W. S., on Moel Tryfaen shells, <a href= +"ch12.html#page 180">180</a><br> +Synclinal and anticlinal curves, <a href="ch5.html#page 74">74</a>, +<a href="ch5.html#page 85">85</a></p> + +<p class="index">T<small>ABLE</small> of Botanical Nomenclature, <a +href="ch17.html#page 303">303</a><br> +—— of St. Cassian fossil mollusca, <a href= +"ch21.html#page 377">377</a><br> +—— of Cretaceous formations, <a href= +"ch17.html#page 283">283</a><br> +—— of Devonian series in Devon, <a href= +"ch25.html#page 449">449</a><br> +—— of divisions of Hastings Sand, <a href= +"ch18.html#page 316">316</a><br> +—— of English and French Eocene strata, <a href= +"ch16.html#page 252">252</a><br> +—— of ages of fossil vertebrata, <a href= +"ch26.html#page 464">464</a><br> +—— of Neocomian strata, <a href="ch18.html#page 308"> +308</a><br> +—— of mammalia older than Paris gypsum, <a href= +"ch19.html#page 329">329</a><br> +—— of marine testacea in the Crag, <a href= +"ch13.html#page 202">202</a><br> +—— of Oolitic strata, <a href="ch19.html#page 321"> +321</a><br> +—— of volcanic minerals, <a href="ch28.html#page 499"> +499</a><br> +—— of Silurian strata of United States, <a href= +"ch26.html#page 478">478</a><br> +—— of Silurian rocks, <a href="ch26.html#page 458"> +458</a><br> +—— of Triassic strata, <a href="ch21.html#page 375"> +375</a><br> +—— of Cambrian strata, <a href="ch27.html#page 482"> +482</a><br> +—— of Permian of north of England, <a href= +"ch22.html#page 386">386</a><br> +—— of Welsh coal-measures, <a href= +"ch23.html#page 394">394</a><br> +—— of thicknesses of Carboniferous limestone, <a href= +"ch23.html#page 395">395</a><br> +——, general, of fossiliferous strata, <a href= +"ch8.html#page 131">131</a><br> +Table Mountain, granite veins in clay-slate of, <a href= +"ch31.html#page 560">560</a><br> +Tails of homocercal and heterocercal fish, <a href= +"ch22.html#page 389">389</a><br> +Talcose granite, <a href="ch31.html#page 557">557</a><br> +—— gneiss, <a href="ch33.html#page 578">578</a><br> +Tarannon shales, <a href="ch26.html#page 468">468</a><br> +Tartaret cone, and lava of, <a href="ch29.html#page 527">527</a>, +<a href="ch30.html#page 542">542</a><br> +Tate, Mr., on St Cassian fossils, <a href="ch21.html#page 377"> +377</a><br> +Tealby series, Middle Neocomian, <a href="ch18.html#page 312"> +312</a><br> +Teeth of extinct mammalia, <a href="ch10.html#page 163">163</a>, <a +href="ch10.html#page 164">164</a><br> +<i>Tellina balthica (T. solidula)</i>, <a href= +"ch13.html#page 190">190</a><br> +—— <i>calcarea (T. proxima)</i>, <a href= +"ch12.html#page 177">177</a><br> +—— <i>obliqua,</i> Crag, <a href="ch13.html#page 194"> +194</a><br> +<i>Temnechinus excavatus</i>, <a href="ch13.html#page 200"> +200</a><br> +<i>Temnopleurus excavatus</i>, <a href="ch13.html#page 200"> +200</a><br> +<i>Tentaculites annulatus,</i> Silurian, <a href= +"ch27.html#page 489">489</a><br> +<i>Terebellum fusiforme,</i> Barton, <a href="ch16.html#page 259"> +259</a><br> +—— <i>sopita,</i> Barton, <a href="ch16.html#page 259"> +259</a><br> +<i>Terebratula affinis,</i> Aymestry, <a href="ch26.html#page 462"> +462</a><br> +—— <i>biplicata,</i> White Chalk, <a href= +"ch17.html#page 294">294</a><br> +—— <i>carnea,</i> White Chalk, <a href= +"ch17.html#page 294">294</a><br> +—— <i>digona,</i> Bradford clay, <a href= +"ch19.html#page 345">345</a><br> +—— <i>fimbria,</i> Inferior Oolite, <a href= +"ch19.html#page 350">350</a><br> +—— <i>hastata,</i> Mountain Limestone, <a href= +"ch24.html#page 434">434</a><br> +—— <i>sella,</i> Neocomian, <a href= +"ch18.html#page 310">310</a><br> +—— <i>Wilsoni,</i> Aymestry, <a href= +"ch26.html#page 462">462</a><br> +<i>Terebratulina striata,</i> White Chalk, <a href= +"ch17.html#page 294">294</a><br> +<i>Terebrirostra lyra,</i> Chloritic Sand, <a href= +"ch17.html#page 300">300</a><br> +<i>Teredo navalis,</i> boring wood, <a href="ch3.html#page 50"> +50</a><br> +Tertiary formations, classification of, <a href= +"ch9.html#page 137">137</a>, <a href="ch9.html#page 143"> +143</a><br> +—— strata, subdivisions of, <a href= +"ch9.html#page 143">143</a><br> +——, term defined, <a href="ch8.html#page 123"> +123</a><br> +Testacea. <i>See</i> Shells.<br> +Thallogens, <a href="ch17.html#page 303">303</a><br> +<i>Thamnastræa,</i> Coral Rag, <a href="ch19.html#page 339"> +339</a><br> +Thanet sands, <a href="ch16.html#page 269">269</a><br> +<i>Theca operculata,</i> Tremadoc beds, <a href= +"ch27.html#page 483">483</a><br> +<i>Thecodontosaurus, tooth of,</i> <a href="ch21.html#page 374"> +374</a><br> +<i>Thecodus parvidens,</i> Ludlow, <a href="ch26.html#page 460"> +460</a><br> +<i>Thecosmilia annularis,</i> Coral Rag, <a href= +"ch19.html#page 339">339</a><br> +Thirria, M., on Nerinæan limestone, <a href= +"ch19.html#page 340">340</a><br> +Thompson, Dr., on Nummulites of Thibet, <a href= +"ch16.html#page 277">277</a><br> +Thomson, Wyville, on Atlantic mud, <a href="ch17.html#page 288"> +288</a><br> +——, on sponges in chalk mud, <a href= +"ch17.html#page 292">292</a><br> +Thuringia, monitor of, <a href="ch22.html#page 390">390</a>, <a +href="ch26.html#page 463">463</a><br> +Thurmann, M., on Bernese Jura Oolite, <a href="ch19.html#page 344"> +344</a><br> +——, on structure of the Jura, <a href= +"ch5.html#page 83">83</a><br> +<i>Thylacotherium Prevostii,</i> Stonesfield, <a href= +"ch19.html#page 347">347</a><br> +Tile-stones of the Upper Ludlow, <a href="ch26.html#page 459"> +459</a><br> +Tilgate forest, fossil Iguanodon in, <a href="ch18.html#page 315"> +315</a><br> +Till described, <a href="ch11.html#page 166">166</a><br> +——, mammoth in Scotch, <a href="ch12.html#page 175"> +175</a><br> +—— of North America, <a href="ch12.html#page 182"> +182</a><br> +Tin veins, age of, in Cornwall, <a href="ch36.html#page 615"> +615</a><br> +Titanoferrite, <a href="ch28.html#page 500">500</a><br> +Torell, Dr., on ice-action in Greenland, <a href= +"ch11.html#page 172">172</a><br> +——, on Swedish Cambrian fossils, <a href= +"ch27.html#page 489">489</a><br> +Touraine, faluns of, <a href="ch14.html#page 211">211</a><br> +Tourmaline, <a href="ch28.html#page 500">500</a><br> +Trachytic rocks, <a href="ch28.html#page 505">505</a><br> +—— tuff, <a href="ch28.html#page 506">506</a><br> +—— porphyry, <a href="ch28.html#page 506">506</a><br> +—— lava, age of, <a href="ch29.html#page 523"> +523</a><br> +Trap, term defined, <a href="ch28.html#page 498">498</a><br> +—— dike, intercepting strata, <a href= +"ch28.html#page 518">518</a><br> +—— dikes, <a href="ch28.html#page 513">513-17</a><br> +——, intrusion of, between strata, <a href= +"ch28.html#page 517">517</a><br> +—— rocks, ages of, <a href="ch29.html#page 524"> +524-50</a><br> +—— rocks passing into granite, <a href= +"ch31.html#page 559">559</a><br> +—— tuff described, <a href="ch28.html#page 508"> +508</a><br> +Trappean rocks, nomenclature of, <a href="ch28.html#page 497"> +497</a><br> +—— rocks, their relation to active volcanoes, <a href= +"ch28.html#page 517">517</a><br> +Trass of Lower Eifel, <a href="ch29.html#page 535">535</a><br> +Travertin, how deposited, <a href="ch4.html#page 60">60</a><br> +——, inférieur of Paris basin, <a href= +"ch16.html#page 273">273</a><br> +<i>Tree ferns, living</i>, <a href="ch24.html#page 422">422</a><br> +Trees erect in coal, Nova Scotia, <a href="ch23.html#page 411"> +411</a><br> +Tremadoc slates and their fossils, <a href="ch27.html#page 482"> +482</a><br> +Tremolite, <a href="ch28.html#page 499">499</a>, <a href= +"ch28.html#page 502">502</a><br> +Trenton limestone, fossils of the, <a href="ch26.html#page 479"> +479</a><br> +Trezza, volcanic rocks of, <a href="ch29.html#page 529">529</a><br> +Trias, beds of passage between Lias and, <a href= +"ch21.html#page 366">366</a><br> +—— of England, <a href="ch21.html#page 369"> +369-74</a><br> +—— of Germany, <a href="ch21.html#page 375">375</a><br> +——, Saurians of the, <a href="ch21.html#page 370"> +370</a><br> +—— of the United States, <a href="ch21.html#page 381"> +381</a><br> +Triassic mammifer, North Carolina, <a href="ch21.html#page 383"> +383</a><br> +Triclinic feldspars, <a href="ch28.html#page 501">501</a><br> +Tridymite, crystallised silica, <a href="ch28.html#page 500"> +500</a><br> +<i>Trigonellites latus,</i> Kimmeridge clay, <a href= +"ch19.html#page 336">336</a><br> +<i>Trigonia caudata,</i> Neocomian, <a href="ch18.html#page 310"> +310</a><br> +—— gibbosa, Portland stone, <a href= +"ch19.html#page 335">335</a><br> +<i>Trigonocarpum ovatum,</i> and <i>T. olivæforme,</i> Coal, +<a href="ch24.html#page 429">429</a><br> +<i>Trigonotreta undulata,</i> Permian, <a href= +"ch22.html#page 388">388</a><br> +Trilobites of Bala and Caradoc beds, <a href="ch26.html#page 471"> +471</a><br> +——, metamorphosis of, <a href="ch26.html#page 471"> +471</a>, <a href="ch27.html#page 488">488</a><br> +—— of primordial zone, <a href="ch27.html#page 487"> +487</a><br> +<i>Triloculina inflata,</i> Eocene, <a href="ch16.html#page 275"> +275</a><br> +Trimmer, Mr., on contorted strata, <a href="ch12.html#page 179"> +179</a><br> +——, on shells of Moel Tryfaen, <a href= +"ch12.html#page 186">186</a><br> +<i>Trinucleus concentricus, T. Caractaci</i>, <a href= +"ch26.html#page 472">472</a><br> +<i>Trionyx, carapace of,</i> Bembridge, <a href= +"ch16.html#page 253">253</a><br> +Tripoli composed of diatomaceæ, <a href="ch3.html#page 51"> +51</a><br> +<i>Trochoceras giganteus,</i> Ludlow, <a href="ch26.html#page 463"> +463</a><br> +<i>Trophon antiquum (Fusus contrarius)</i>, <a href= +"ch13.html#page 196">196</a><br> +—— <i>clathratum,</i> Scotch drift, <a href= +"ch12.html#page 176">176</a><br> +Tuff defined, <a href="ch1.html#page 30">30</a><br> +——, shelly, of the Grand Canary, <a href= +"ch30.html#page 538">538</a><br> +——, trappean, of Llandeilo rocks, <a href= +"ch26.html#page 473">473</a><br> +——, shelly, of Gergovia, <a href="ch30.html#page 542"> +542</a><br> +<i>Tupaia Tana,</i> recent, <a href="ch19.html#page 347"> +347</a><br> +Turner, Dr., on chemical decomposition, <a href="ch4.html#page 68"> +68</a><br> +<i>Turrilites costatus,</i> Chalk, <a href="ch17.html#page 299"> +299</a><br> +<i>Turritella multisulcata,</i> Bracklesham, <a href= +"ch16.html#page 262">262</a><br> +Tuscany, mineral springs of, <a href="ch35.html#page 604"> +604</a><br> +Tylor, Mr., on amount of subaërial denudation, <a href= +"ch7.html#page 114">114</a><br> +Tyndall, Dr., on slaty cleavage, <a href="ch34.html#page 594"> +594</a><br> +Tynedale fault, <a href="ch5.html#page 90">90</a><br> +Tynemouth cliff, brecciated limestone of, <a href= +"ch22.html#page 387">387</a><br> +<i>Typhis pungens,</i> Barton clay, <a href="ch16.html#page 259"> +259</a></p> + +<p class="index"><i>U<small>NCITES</small> Gryphus,</i> Devonian, +<a href="ch25.html#page 452">452</a><br> +Unconformability of strata, <a href="ch5.html#page 94">94</a>, <a +href="ch9.html#page 138">138</a><br> +Underlying, term applied to plutonic rocks, <a href= +"ch1.html#page 34">34</a><br> +Unger on American forms in Swiss Miocene flora, <a href= +"ch14.html#page 223">223</a>, <a href="ch15.html#page 239"> +239</a><br> +—— on Miocene plants of Croatia, <a href= +"ch15.html#page 243">243</a><br> +Ungulite, or Obolus grit of Russia, <a href="ch26.html#page 477"> +477</a><br> +<i>Unio littoralis</i>, <a href="ch3.html#page 54">54</a><br> +—— <i>Valdensis,</i> Hastings Sands, <a href= +"ch18.html#page 317">317</a><br> +United States, Cambrian of the, <a href="ch27.html#page 489"> +489</a><br> +——, Cretaceous rocks of, <a href="ch17.html#page 307"> +307</a><br> +——, Devonian of, <a href="ch25.html#page 455"> +455</a><br> +——, Eocene strata in the, <a href="ch16.html#page 278"> +278</a><br> +——, footprints in Carboniferous of, <a href= +"ch23.html#page 407">407</a><br> +——, Lower Miocene of, <a href="ch15.html#page 248"> +248</a><br> +——, older Pliocene and Miocene formations of, <a href= +"ch14.html#page 227">227</a><br> +——, Silurian strata of, <a href="ch26.html#page 478"> +478</a><br> +——, Trias of the, <a href="ch21.html#page 381"> +381</a><br> +Upheaval of land more than counteracted by subsidence, <a href= +"ch7.html#page 116">116</a><br> +——, power of denudation to counteract, <a href= +"ch6.html#page 105">105</a>, <a href="ch7.html#page 115"> +115</a><br> +Upper Greensand, or Chloritic series, <a href="ch17.html#page 298"> +298</a><br> +Upsala, erratics on modern marine drift near, <a href= +"ch12.html#page 174">174</a><br> +Ural Mountains, auriferous alluvium of, <a href= +"ch36.html#page 616">616</a><br> +Uralite, <a href="ch28.html#page 499">499</a><br> +<i>Ursus spelæus, tooth of</i>, <a href="ch10.html#page 165"> +165</a><br> +Urville, Captain de, on size of icebergs, <a href= +"ch11.html#page 172">172</a></p> + +<p class="index">V<small>AL D&RSQUO;ARNO</small>, Newer +Pliocene of, <a href="ch13.html#page 207">207</a><br> +Valleys, origin of, <a href="ch6.html#page 102">102</a><br> +Valorsine, granite veins in talcose gneiss in, <a href= +"ch35.html#page 599">599</a><br> +<i>Valvata piscinalis</i>, <a href="ch3.html#page 55">55</a><br> +<i>Vanessa Pluto,</i> Lower Miocene, Croatia, <a href= +"ch15.html#page 243">243</a><br> +Vegetation of the Coal, <a href="ch24.html#page 420">420</a><br> +—— of the Devonian of America, <a href= +"ch25.html#page 455">455</a><br> +——. <i>See</i> Plants.<br> +Veins, chemical deposits in, <a href="ch36.html#page 612"> +612</a><br> +——, granite rocks altered by, <a href= +"ch31.html#page 559">559</a><br> +——, different kinds of minerals, <a href= +"ch36.html#page 605">605</a><br> +——. <i>See</i> Mineral veins.<br> +Vein-stones, <a href="ch36.html#page 610">610</a><br> +<i>Venericardia planicosta</i>, <a href="ch16.html#page 260"> +260</a><br> +Venetz, M., on Alpine glaciers, <a href="ch11.html#page 170"> +170</a><br> +<i>Ventriculites radiatus,</i> Chalk, <a href="ch17.html#page 292"> +292</a><br> +Verneuil, M. de, on Russian Silurian, <a href="ch26.html#page 462"> +462</a><br> +——, on Permian flora, <a href="ch22.html#page 392"> +392</a><br> +Vertebrata, progress of discovery of fossil, <a href= +"ch26.html#page 464">464</a><br> +Vertical strata, <a href="ch5.html#page 73">73</a><br> +Vesuvius, Recent and Post-pliocene volcanic rocks of, <a href= +"ch29.html#page 525">525</a><br> +——, basaltic lavas of, <a href="ch28.html#page 508"> +508</a><br> +——, tufaceous strata of, <a href="ch29.html#page 522"> +522</a><br> +——, dikes of, <a href="ch29.html#page 527">527</a><br> +<i>Vicarya Lujani,</i> Punfield, <a href="ch18.html#page 319"> +319</a><br> +Vicentin, columnar basalt of the, <a href="ch28.html#page 511"> +511</a><br> +Vienna Basin, Upper Miocene beds of, <a href="ch14.html#page 224"> +224</a><br> +Vine in Upper Miocene beds at Œningen, <a href= +"ch14.html#page 221">221</a><br> +Virginia, eighty miles of fault in, <a href="ch5.html#page 92"> +92</a><br> +——, coal-field of, <a href="ch21.html#page 382"> +382</a><br> +Virlet, M, on corrosion of rocks near Corinth, <a href= +"ch33.html#page 586">586</a><br> +——, on Cretaceous traps of Greece, <a href= +"ch30.html#page 544">544</a><br> +——, on fossils in veins, <a href="ch36.html#page 608"> +608</a><br> +——, on volcanic rocks of the Morea, <a href= +"ch30.html#page 544">544</a><br> +Volcanic ash or tuff, <a href="ch28.html#page 508">508</a><br> +—— breccia, <a href="ch28.html#page 509">509</a><br> +—— dikes, <a href="ch28.html#page 513">513-16</a><br> +—— force and denudation opposing powers, <a href= +"ch7.html#page 117">117</a><br> +—— mountains, structure and origin of, <a href= +"ch28.html#page 494">494</a><br> +Volcanic rocks defined, <a href="ch1.html#page 29">29</a><br> +——, mineral composition of, <a href= +"ch28.html#page 498">498</a><br> +——, Recent and Post-pliocene, <a href= +"ch29.html#page 524">524</a><br> +——, Pliocene, <a href="ch29.html#page 529">529</a><br> +——, Miocene, <a href="ch30.html#page 536"> +536-43</a><br> +——, Eocene, <a href="ch30.html#page 543">543</a><br> +——, Cretaceous and Liassic, <a href= +"ch30.html#page 544">544</a>, <a href="ch30.html#page 545"> +545</a><br> +——, New Red, Permian and Carboniferous, <a href= +"ch30.html#page 545">545</a><br> +——, Old Red Sandstone, <a href="ch30.html#page 547"> +547</a><br> +——, Silurian, Cambrian and Laurentian, <a href= +"ch30.html#page 548">548</a>, <a href="ch30.html#page 549"> +549</a><br> +—— of Auvergne, <a href="ch30.html#page 540"> +540</a><br> +——, columnar and globular, structure of, <a href= +"ch28.html#page 510">510</a><br> +—— of Grand Canary, <a href="ch29.html#page 528"> +528</a><br> +—— of Silurian age, <a href="ch26.html#page 477"> +477</a><br> +——, special forms of structure of, <a href= +"ch28.html#page 506">506</a><br> +——, tests of age of, <a href="ch29.html#page 520"> +520-4</a><br> +Volcanoes, extinct, <a href="ch1.html#page 30">30</a><br> +—— of Auvergne, <a href="ch28.html#page 495"> +495</a><br> +<i>Voltzia heterophylla,</i> Bunter, <a href="ch21.html#page 380"> +380</a><br> +<i>Voluta ambigua,</i> Barton clay, <a href="ch16.html#page 259"> +259</a><br> +—— <i>athleta,</i> Barton, <a href= +"ch16.html#page 259">259</a><br> +—— <i>Lamberti,</i> coralline and Red Crag, <a href= +"ch13.html#page 196">196</a><br> +—— <i>Lamberti,</i> faluns, <a href= +"ch14.html#page 214">214</a><br> +—— <i>nodosa,</i> London clay, <a href= +"ch16.html#page 266">266</a><br> +—— <i>Selseïensis,</i> Bracklesham, <a href= +"ch16.html#page 262">262</a><br> +Von Buch, Leopold, on "elevation craters," <a href= +"ch28.html#page 496">496</a><br> +——, on Silurian plutonic rocks, <a href= +"ch32.html#page 572">572</a></p> + +<p class="index">W<small>ACKE</small> described, <a href= +"ch28.html#page 508">508</a><br> +Wagner, M., on Miocene of Greece, <a href="ch14.html#page 226"> +226</a><br> +<i>Walchia piniformis,</i> Permian, <a href="ch22.html#page 392"> +392</a><br> +Wales and England, glaciation of, <a href="ch12.html#page 180"> +180</a><br> +Wallich, Dr., on Atlantic mud, <a href="ch17.html#page 287"> +287</a><br> +Water, denuding power of running, <a href="ch6.html#page 98"> +98</a>, <a href="ch7.html#page 115">115</a><br> +——, action of, in metamorphism, <a href= +"ch33.html#page 584">584</a><br> +Watt, Gregory, on fusion of rock, <a href="ch33.html#page 584"> +584</a><br> +Weald clay and its fossils, <a href="ch18.html#page 317"> +317</a><br> +Wealden area, thickness of the, <a href="ch18.html#page 319"> +319</a><br> +—— formation, <a href="ch18.html#page 313">313</a><br> +—— flora, <a href="ch18.html#page 320">320</a><br> +Webster, Mr. T., on Tertiary strata, <a href="ch9.html#page 141"> +141</a><br> +Wellington Valley caves, <a href="ch10.html#page 158">158</a><br> +Wenlock formation, fossils of the, <a href="ch26.html#page 465"> +465-8</a><br> +—— limestone, <a href="ch26.html#page 465">465</a><br> +—— shale, <a href="ch26.html#page 467">467</a><br> +Werner on mineral veins in Saxony, <a href="ch36.html#page 609"> +609</a><br> +—— on isomorphism, <a href="ch28.html#page 502"> +502</a><br> +Westwood, Mr., on Lias beetles, <a href="ch20.html#page 363"> +363</a><br> +Wexford, veins of copper at, <a href="ch36.html#page 615"> +615</a><br> +Whitaker, Mr., on subaërial origin of escarpments, <a href= +"ch6.html#page 104">104</a><br> +White or coralline crag, <a href="ch13.html#page 197">197</a><br> +—— sand of Alum Bay, <a href="ch2.html#page 38"> +38</a><br> +Whymper, Mr., on Arctic Miocene plants, <a href= +"ch15.html#page 240">240</a><br> +Williams, Mr., on Cornish lodes, <a href="ch36.html#page 607"> +607</a><br> +Williamson, Professor, on Conifers of the Coal, <a href= +"ch24.html#page 428">428</a><br> +——, on structure of calamite, <a href= +"ch24.html#page 425">425</a><br> +Wind, denuding action of the, <a href="ch6.html#page 97">97</a><br> +Wood, Mr. Searles, on Bridlington shells, <a href= +"ch13.html#page 190">190</a><br> +——, on Chillesford and Aldeby beds, <a href= +"ch13.html#page 192">192</a><br> +——, on shells of the Crags, <a href= +"ch13.html#page 194">194</a>, <a href="ch13.html#page 195">195</a>, +<a href="ch13.html#page 199">199</a><br> +——, on shells of Crag and faluns compared, <a href= +"ch14.html#page 213">213</a><br> +——, on fish of Headon series, <a href= +"ch16.html#page 255">255</a><br> +——, table of marine testacea of the Crag, <a href= +"ch13.html#page 202">202</a><br> +——, on thickness of coralline crag, <a href= +"ch13.html#page 198">198</a><br> +Woodward, Dr., on St. Cassian fossils, <a href= +"ch21.html#page 377">377</a><br> +Woodward, Mr. H., on Pterygotus, <a href="ch25.html#page 447"> +447</a><br> +Woolhope beds, <a href="ch26.html#page 467">467</a><br> +Woolwich and Reading series, <a href="ch16.html#page 267"> +267</a><br> +Wright, Dr., on Barton shells, <a href="ch16.html#page 258"> +258</a><br> +——, on zones of the Lias, <a href="ch20.html#page 353"> +353</a><br> +Wunsch, Mr. E. A., on trees in volcanic ash, <a href= +"ch30.html#page 546">546</a><br> +Wyville Thomson. <i>See</i> Thomson.</p> + +<p class="index"><i>X<small>IPHODON</small> gracile,</i> Paris +basin, <a href="ch16.html#page 271">271</a><br> +<i>Xylobius Sigillariæ,</i> Nova Scotia coal, <a href= +"ch23.html#page 415">415</a></p> + +<p class="index">Y<small>OREDALE</small> beds, thickness of the, <a +href="ch23.html#page 395">395</a><br> +Yorkshire, Oolite of, <a href="ch19.html#page 349">349</a><br> +Young, Mr., on seeds washed out of mammoth tusks, <a href= +"ch12.html#page 176">176</a></p> + +<p class="index">Z<small>ECHSTEIN</small> of Germany, <a href= +"ch22.html#page 392">392</a><br> +Zeolites, secondary volcanic minerals, <a href= +"ch28.html#page 500">500</a><br> +<i>Zeuglodon cetoides,</i> Eocene, United States, <a href= +"ch16.html#page 280">280</a><br> +Zircon-syenite, <a href="ch31.html#page 558">558</a><br> +<i>Zoantharia rugosa</i> and <i>Z. aporosa</i>, <a href= +"ch24.html#page 431">431</a><br> +Zones of the Lias, <a href="ch20.html#page 353">353</a><br> +<i>Zonites priscus,</i> Coal, <a href="ch23.html#page 415"> +415</a><br> +Zoological provinces, great extent of, <a href="ch8.html#page 127"> +127</a><br> +Zoophytes, fossil, <a href="ch3.html#page 48">48</a><br> +——. <i>See</i> Corals, Bryozoa, etc.<br> +Zurich, lake-dwellings in Lake of, <a href="ch10.html#page 148"> +148</a></p> +</body> +</html> + |