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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Forest Trees of Illinois, by
+Fuller George D. and Nuuttila E. E. and Mattoon W. R. and Miller R. B.
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Forest Trees of Illinois
+ How to Know Them
+
+Author: Fuller George D.
+ Nuuttila E. E.
+ Mattoon W. R.
+ Miller R. B.
+
+Release Date: October 6, 2011 [EBook #37646]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FOREST TREES OF ILLINOIS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Mark C. Orton, Turgut Dincer and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ +-----------------------------------------------------------+
+ | Transcriber's note: |
+ | |
+ | Names in bold characters are enclosed within plus signs. |
+ +-----------------------------------------------------------+
+
+[Illustration: Frontcover]
+
+
+
+
+ STATE OF ILLINOIS
+
+ OTTO KERNER, Governor
+
+
+ FOREST TREES
+
+ OF ILLINOIS
+
+
+ HOW TO KNOW THEM
+
+ A POCKET MANUAL DESCRIBING THEIR MOST IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS
+
+ Revised by Dr. George D. Fuller, Professor Emeritus of Botany,
+ University of Chicago, Curator of Botany, Illinois State Museum, and
+ State Forester E. E. Nuuttila.
+
+ (_1st. ed., 1927, by Mattoon, W. R., and Miller, R. B._)
+
+ _Revised 1955_
+
+
+ DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION
+ DIVISION OF FORESTRY
+ SPRINGFIELD
+ WILLIAM T. LODGE,
+ Director
+
+
+(Printed by Authority of the State of Illinois)
+
+
+
+
+TABLE OF CONTENTS
+
+ Page
+
+ Ailanthus 54
+
+ Alder, black 19
+ speckled 19
+
+ Apple, crab 45
+
+ Arbor vitae 7
+
+ Ash, black 65
+ blue 65
+ green 64
+ pumpkin 65
+ red 64
+ white 64
+
+ Aspen, large-tooth 8
+ quaking 8
+
+ Bald cypress 6
+
+ Basswood 60
+ white 60
+
+ Beech 22
+ blue 19
+
+ Birch, black 21
+ river 21
+ white 20
+ yellow 21
+
+ Black locust 53
+
+ Black walnut 11
+
+ Bois d'arc 37
+
+ Box elder 58
+
+ Buckeye, Ohio 59
+
+ Buttonwood 44
+
+ Butternut 2
+
+ Catalpa 66
+
+ Cedar, northern white 7
+ red 7
+
+ Cherry, black 50
+ choke 50
+ wild red 50
+
+ Chestnut 22
+
+ Coffee tree, Kentucky 52
+
+ Cottonwood 9
+ swamp 9
+
+ Crab, apple 45
+ Bechtel's 45
+ prairie 45
+ sweet 45
+
+ Cucumber, magnolia 39
+
+ Cypress, bald 6
+
+ Dogwood, alternate-leaved 61
+ flowering 61
+
+ Elm, American 34
+ cork 34
+ red 35
+ rock 34
+ slippery 35
+ water 35
+ winged 34
+
+ Gum, cotton 62
+ sour 62
+ sweet 43
+ tupelo 62
+
+ Hackberry 36
+ southern 36
+
+ Haw, green 48
+ red 48
+
+ Hawthorn, cock-spur 47
+ dotted 47
+ green 48
+ red 48
+
+ Hedge apple 37
+
+ Hercules' club 63
+
+ Hickories, key of Illinois 13
+
+ Hickory, big shell-bark 16
+ bitternut 14
+ Buckley's 18
+ king-nut 16
+ mockernut 17
+ pecan 15
+ pignut 18
+ shag-bark 16
+ sweet pignut 17
+ water 14
+ white 17
+
+ Honey locust 51
+
+ Hornbeam, American 19
+ hop 20
+
+ Horse-chestnut 59
+
+ Kentucky coffee-tree 52
+
+ Larch, American 6
+ European 6
+
+ Linden, American 60
+
+ Locust, black 53
+ honey 51
+ water 51
+
+ Magnolia, cucumber 39
+
+ Maple, ash-leaved 58
+ black 56
+
+ Norway 58
+ red 57
+ river 57
+ silver 57
+ sugar 56
+ swamp 57
+
+ Mulberry, red 38
+ Russian 38
+ white 38
+
+ Oak, basket 26
+ black 29
+ black jack 32
+ bur 25
+ chinquapin 26
+ jack 29
+ northern pin 29
+ northern red 28
+ overcup 24
+ pin 30
+ post 27
+ red 28
+ rock chestnut 26
+ scarlet 30
+ shingle 33
+ Shumard's 28
+ southern red 31
+ Spanish 31
+ swamp chestnut 26
+ swamp Spanish 31
+ swamp white 25
+ white 24
+ willow 33
+ yellow chestnut 26
+
+ Oaks, of Illinois, a key 23
+
+ Ohio buckeye 59
+
+ Orange, osage 37
+
+ Papaw 41
+
+ Paulownia 66
+
+ Pecan 15
+
+ Persimmon 63
+
+ Pine, Austrian 4
+ jack 5
+ Scotch 5
+ shortleaf 5
+ white 4
+
+ Plane tree 44
+
+ Plum, Canada 49
+ wild 49
+ wild goose 49
+ yellow 49
+
+ Poplar, balsam 9
+ Carolina 9
+ European white 9
+ Lombardy 9
+ yellow 40
+
+ Redbud 52
+
+ Red cedar 7
+
+ Sassafras 42
+
+ Service-berry 46
+ smooth 46
+
+ Shadblow 46
+
+ Sour gum 62
+
+ Spruce, Norway 5
+
+ Sweet gum 43
+
+ Sumac, shining 55
+ smooth 55
+ staghorn 55
+
+ Sycamore 44
+ European 44
+
+ Tamarack 6
+
+ Thorn, cock-spur 47
+ dotted 47
+ pear 47
+ Washington 48
+
+ Tree of Heaven 54
+
+ Tulip tree 40
+
+ Tupelo gum 62
+
+ Walnut, black 11
+ white 12
+
+ Willow, black 10
+ crack 10
+ peach-leaved 10
+ weeping 10
+ white 10
+
+
+See pages 70 and 71 for Index of Scientific Names
+
+
+
+
++WHITE PINE+ _Pinus strobus_ L.
+
+[Illustration: WHITE PINE
+
+Two-thirds natural size.]
+
+THE white pine is found along the bluffs overlooking Lake Michigan in
+Lake and Cook counties and is also scattered along river bluffs in Jo
+Daviess, Carroll, Ogle and LaSalle counties. The only grove of this
+beautiful tree in Illinois is in the White Pines Forest State Park near
+Oregon, Ogle County, where there are trees over 100 years old that have
+attained a height of 90 feet with a diameter of 30 inches. This tree
+formerly formed the most valuable forests in the northeastern United
+States, stretching from Maine through New York to Minnesota. The
+straight stem, regular pyramidal shape and soft gray-green foliage made
+it universally appreciated as an ornamental tree and it has been freely
+planted throughout the State.
+
+The _leaves_, or needles, are 3 to 5 inches in length, bluish-green on
+the upper surface and whitish beneath, and occur in bundles of 5, which
+distinguishes it from all other eastern pines. The pollen-bearing
+_flowers_ are yellow and clustered in cones, about 1/3 inch long at the
+base of the growth of the season. The seed-producing flowers occur on
+other twigs and are bright red in color. The cone, or _fruit_, is 4 to 6
+inches long, cylindrical with thin usually very gummy scales, containing
+small, winged seeds which require two years to mature.
+
+The _wood_ is light, soft, durable, not strong, light brown in color,
+often tinged with red, and easily worked. It was formerly much used in
+old colonial houses where even the shingles were of white pine. It is
+excellent for boxes, pattern making, matches, and many other products.
+
+Its rapid growth and the high quality of the wood make it one of the
+best trees for reforestation on light soils in the northern part of the
+State. The white pine blister rust was introduced into America about 35
+years ago, and has since become widespread and highly destructive of
+both old trees and young growth.
+
+ The Austrian pine, _Pinus nigra_ Arnold, has been naturalized in Lake
+ County and has been planted as an ornamental tree throughout the
+ State. Its leaves in 2's, from 3 to 5 inches long, stiff and dark
+ green. The cone is heavy, 3 inches long with short prickles.
+
+
++SHORTLEAF PINE+ _Pinus echinata_ Mill.
+
+[Illustration: SHORTLEAF PINE
+
+Leaves, one-half natural size. Fruit, natural size.]
+
+THE shortleaf pine, sometimes called yellow pine, occurs in very small
+stands in the "Pine Hills" of Union County, in Jackson County, in Giant
+City State Park, and near "Piney Creek" in Randolph County. It forms
+forests on light sandy soils in Tennessee, Arkansas, Oklahoma and Texas.
+At maturity, the tree has a tall, straight stem and an oval crown,
+reaching a height of about 100 feet and a diameter of about 4 feet.
+
+The _leaves_ are in clusters of two or three, from 3 to 5 inches long,
+slender, flexible, and dark blue-green. The cones are the smallest of
+our pines, 1-1/2 to 2-1/2 inches long, oblong, with small sharp prickles,
+generally clustered, and often holding to the twigs for 3 or 4 years.
+The _bark_ is light brownish-red, broken into rectangular plates on the
+trunk but scaly on the branches.
+
+The _wood_ of old trees is rather heavy and hard, of yellow-brown or
+orange color, fine grained and less resinous than that of other
+important southern pines. It is used largely for interior and exterior
+finishing, general construction, veneers, paper pulp, excelsior,
+cooperage, mine props, and other purposes. The tree transplants readily,
+grows rapidly, succeeds on a variety of soils and has proved valuable
+for reforestation.
+
+ A few trees of jack pine, _Pinus banksiana_ Lamb., are found
+ in Lake County. It is a small northern tree with leaves about
+ an inch long, borne in 2's, with cones about 2 inches long. It
+ is planted for reforestation in the State. The Scots pine,
+ _Pinus sylvestris_ L., has been freely planted in Illinois and
+ may be known by its orange-brown bark and its twisted leaves 2
+ to 3 inches long, arranged in 2's. It has become naturalized
+ on the sand dunes in Lake County.
+
+ The Norway spruce, _Picea abies_ Karst., has been freely
+ planted throughout the State. It forms a dense conical
+ spire-topped crown and reaches a height of 50 to 70 feet. The
+ leaves are needle-shaped, about an inch long, dark green, and
+ persist for about 5 years. The pendulous cones are from 3 to 6
+ inches long. It is desirable for ornamental planting.
+
+
++BALD CYPRESS+ _Taxodium distichum_ Richard
+
+[Illustration: CYPRESS
+
+Natural size.]
+
+THE bald cypress is a tree found exclusively in deep swamps and was
+found in southern Illinois from the Mississippi bottoms to Shawneetown.
+Its straight trunk with numerous ascending branches, and narrow conical
+outline makes the tree one of considerable beauty. In old age, the tree
+generally has a broad fluted or buttressed base, a smooth slowly
+tapering trunk and a broad, open, flat top of a few heavy branches and
+numerous small branchlets. The original-growth timber attained heights
+of 80 to 130 feet and diameters of 5 to 10 feet.
+
+The _bark_ is silvery to cinnamon-red and finely divided by numerous
+longitudinal fissures. The _leaves_ are about 1/2 to 3/4 of an inch in
+length, arranged in feather-like fashion along two sides of small
+branchlets, which fall in the autumn with the leaves still attached.
+
+The _fruit_ is a rounded cone, or "ball", about one inch in diameter,
+consisting of thick irregular scales.
+
+The _wood_ is light, soft, easily worked, varies in color from light to
+dark brown, and is particularly durable in contact with the soil. Hence
+it is in demand for exterior trim of buildings, greenhouse planking,
+boat and shipbuilding, shingles, posts, poles and crossties.
+
+ The tamarack, or American larch, _Larix laricina_ K. Koch, resembles
+ the bald cypress in growing in swamps and in shedding its leaves in
+ autumn. This tree is found in Illinois growing in bogs in Lake and
+ McHenry counties. The leaves are flat, soft, slender, about one inch
+ long and borne in clusters. The cones are only 1/2 to 3/4 inch long.
+ The European larch, _Larix decidua_ Mill., may be distinguished from
+ the native species by having slightly longer leaves and larger cones
+ that are more than an inch long.
+
+
++RED CEDAR+ _Juniperus virginiana_ L.
+
+RED cedar, the most plentiful coniferous tree in the State, is very
+valuable, growing on a great variety of soils, seeming to thrive on
+hills where few other trees are found. It is more common in the southern
+counties.
+
+[Illustration: RED CEDAR
+
+Natural size.]
+
+There are two kinds of _leaves_, often both kinds being found on the
+same tree. The commoner kind is dark green, minute and scale-like,
+clasping the stem in four ranks, so that the stems appear square. The
+other kind, often appearing on young growth or vigorous shoots, is
+awl-shaped, quite sharp-pointed, spreading and whitened beneath. The two
+kinds of _flowers_, appearing in February or March, are at the ends of
+the twigs on separate trees. The staminate trees assume a golden color
+from the small catkins, which, when shaken, shed clouds of yellow
+pollen. The _fruit_, ripening the first season, is pale blue with a
+white bloom, 1/4 inch in diameter, berry-like with sweet flesh. It is a
+favorite winter food for birds.
+
+The _bark_ is very thin, reddish-brown, peeling off in long, shred-like
+strips. The tree is extremely irregular in its growth, so that the trunk
+is usually more or less grooved.
+
+The _heartwood_ is distinctly red, and the sapwood white, this color
+combination making very striking effects when finished for cedar chests,
+closets, and interior woodwork. The wood is aromatic, soft, strong, and
+of even texture, and these qualities make it most desirable for lead
+pencils. It is very durable in contact with the soil, and on that
+account is in great demand for posts, poles and rustic work.
+
+ The arbor vitae or northern white cedar, _Thuja occidentalis_ L., is
+ found occasionally on the bluffs overlooking Lake Michigan, on the
+ cliffs of Starved Rock, in Elgin City Park, and in bogs in Lake
+ County. The leaves are aromatic, scale-like, 1/8 inch long, arranged
+ to give small flat branches. The fruit is a cone 1/2 inch long. The
+ wood is light, soft, durable, fragrant, and pale brown.
+
+
++QUAKING ASPEN+ _Populus tremuloides_ Michx.
+
+THIS is one of the most widely distributed trees in North America. Its
+range goes from Labrador to British Columbia and from New England and
+New York far south in the Rocky Mountains to Arizona. In Illinois it is
+common in the north, but of infrequent occurrence in the south.
+
+[Illustration: ASPEN
+
+Three-fourths natural size.]
+
+The aspen is a small tree, reaching heights of 40 to 60 feet and
+diameters of 10 to 20 inches. The young branches are reddish-brown soon
+turning gray. The _winter buds_ are about 1/4 inch long, pointed and
+shining. The _bark_ is thin, smooth, light gray tinged with green.
+
+The _leaves_ are on slender flat petioles, arranged alternately on the
+twigs, and broadly oval, short pointed and shallowly toothed. They are
+green, shiny above and dull below, ranging from 2 to 4 inches long and
+about the same in breadth.
+
+The _flowers_ are in catkins and appear before the leaves begin to
+expand. The two kinds are borne on separate trees, the staminate catkins
+are about 2 inches long, but the seed-producing flowers form a long
+slender cluster 4 inches in length. The _fruit_ is a conical capsule
+filled with tiny cottony seeds which ripen in late spring before the
+leaves are fully expanded.
+
+The _wood_ is light brown, almost white. It is light, weak and not
+durable, and is used for pulpwood, fruit-crates and berry boxes.
+
+ The large-tooth aspen, _Populus grandidentata_ Michx., is found in the
+ northern half of Illinois and frequently grows alongside the quaking
+ aspen. Its leaves are larger than those of the quaking aspen and the
+ edges are coarsely and irregularly toothed. The winter buds have dull
+ chestnut-brown scales and are somewhat downy. The bark is light gray
+ tinged with reddish-brown.
+
+
++COTTONWOOD+ _Populus deltoides_ Marsh.
+
+THE cottonwood, or Carolina poplar, is one of the largest trees in
+Illinois, growing on flood plains along small streams and in depressions
+in the prairie. It is one of the best trees for forestry purposes for
+planting where quick shade is desired. The wood is soft, light, weak,
+fine-grained but tough. It is good for pulp, boxes and berry baskets.
+
+[Illustration: COTTONWOOD
+
+Leaf, one-third natural size. Twig, one-third natural size.]
+
+The _leaves_ are simple, alternate, broadly triangular, pointed and
+coarse toothed on the edges, 3 to 5 inches across, thick and firm
+supported by flattened slender petioles, 2 to 3 inches long. The _winter
+buds_ are large and covered with chestnut-brown shining resinous scales.
+
+The _flowers_ are in catkins, of two kinds, on different trees and
+appear before the leaves. The _fruit_ ripens in late spring, appearing
+as long drooping strings of ovoid capsules filled with small seeds.
+These strings of fruit, 5 to 8 inches long, give to the tree the name of
+"necklace poplar." The seeds are covered with white cottony hairs.
+
+ The swamp cottonwood, _Populus heterophylla_ L., occurs in swamps in
+ the southern part of Illinois, and may be known by its broadly ovate
+ leaves, 3 to 5 inches wide and 4 to 7 inches long with blunt-apex and
+ cordate base. A few trees of the balsam poplar, _Populus tacamahaca_
+ Mill., are found in Lake County near the shores of Lake Michigan. The
+ leaves are ovate-lanceolate, pointed, and cordate. The large buds are
+ covered with fragrant resin.
+
+ The European white poplar, _Populus alba_ L., with light gray bark and
+ leaves, white wooly beneath, is often found near old houses and along
+ roadsides. The Lombardy poplar, a tall narrow form of the European
+ black poplar, _Populus nigra_ var. _italica_ Du Roi, is often planted
+ and is a striking tree for the roadside.
+
+
++BLACK WILLOW+ _Salix nigra_ Marsh.
+
+THE black willow is not only a denizen of the forest but it is at home
+on the prairies and on the plains and even invades the desert. It grows
+singly or in clumps along the water courses, a tree 40 to 60 feet in
+height with a short trunk.
+
+[Illustration: BLACK WILLOW
+
+Two-thirds natural size.]
+
+The _bark_ is deeply divided into broad flat ridges, often becoming
+shaggy. The twigs, brittle at the base, are glabrous or pubescent,
+bright red-brown becoming darker with age. The _winter buds_ are 1/8
+inch long, covered with a single smooth scale. The _wood_ is soft,
+light, close-grained, light brown and weak. It is often used in the
+manufacture of artificial limbs.
+
+The alternate simple _leaves_ are 3 to 6 inches long, and one-half inch
+wide on very short petioles; the tips are much tapered and the margins
+are finely toothed. They are bright green on both sides, turning pale
+yellow in the early autumn. The _flowers_ are in catkins, appearing with
+the leaves, borne on separate trees. The staminate flowers of the black
+willow have 3 to 5 stamens each, while the white willow has flowers with
+2 stamens.
+
+ The native peach-leaved willow, _Salix amygdaloides_ Anders., is a
+ smaller tree with leaves 2 to 6 inches long, 1/2 to 1-1/2 inches wide,
+ light green and shining above, pale and glaucous beneath, on petioles
+ about 3/4 inch long.
+
+ The white willow, _Salix alba_ L., and the crack willow, _Salix
+ fragilis_ L., with bright yellow twigs, are European species which are
+ often planted for ornamental purposes. Their flowers have only 2
+ stamens each and their leaves are silky, bright green above and
+ glaucous beneath. The latter has twigs that are very brittle at the
+ base. Another European species is the weeping willow, _Salix
+ babylonica_ L., which may be known by its slender drooping branches.
+
+
++BLACK WALNUT+ _Juglans nigra_ L.
+
+[Illustration: BLACK WALNUT
+
+Leaf, one-fifth natural size. Twig, three-quarters natural size.]
+
+THIS valuable forest tree occurs on rich bottom lands and on moist
+fertile hillsides throughout the State. The black walnut is found from
+Massachusetts westward to Minnesota and southward to Florida and Texas.
+In the forest, where it grows singly, it frequently attains a height of
+100 feet with a straight stem, clear of branches for half its height. In
+open-grown trees, the stem is short and the crown broad and spreading.
+
+The _bark_ is thick, dark brown in color, and divided by rather deep
+fissures into rounded ridges. The twigs have cream-colored chambered
+pith and leaf-scars without downy pads above.
+
+The _leaves_ are alternate, compound, 1 to 2 feet long, consisting of
+from 15 to 23 leaflets of yellowish-green color. The leaflets are about
+3 inches long, extremely tapering at the end and toothed along the
+margin.
+
+The _fruit_ is a nut, borne singly or in pairs, and enclosed in a solid
+green husk which does not split open, even after the nut is ripe. The
+nut itself is black with a very hard, thick, finely ridged shell,
+enclosing a rich, oily kernel edible and highly nutritious.
+
+The _heartwood_ is of superior quality and value. It is heavy, hard and
+strong, and its rich chocolate-brown color, freedom from warping and
+checking, susceptibility to a high polish, and durability make it highly
+prized for a great variety of uses, including furniture, cabinet work,
+and gun-stocks. Walnut is easily propagated from the nuts and grows
+rapidly on good soil, where it should be planted and grown for timber
+and nuts. It is the most valuable tree found in the forests of Illinois
+and originally grew extensively throughout the State.
+
+
++BUTTERNUT+ _Juglans cinerea_ L.
+
+THE butternut, sometimes called the white walnut, is a smaller tree than
+the black walnut, although it may reach a height of 70 feet and a
+diameter of 3 feet. It is found all over the State, but the best is in
+the ravines of southern Illinois. The butternut is found from Maine to
+Michigan and southward to Kansas, Tennessee and northern Georgia. The
+trunk is often forked or crooked and this makes it less desirable for
+saw timber.
+
+[Illustration: BUTTERNUT
+
+Twig, one-half natural size. Leaf, one-third natural size.]
+
+The _bark_ differs from that of the black walnut in being light gray on
+branches and on the trunk of small trees, becoming darker on large
+trees. This tree may also be distinguished from black walnut by the
+velvet collars just above the scars left by last year's leaves. The
+twigs have chocolate-brown chambered pith and bear obliquely blunt
+winter buds somewhat flattened, brownish and hairy.
+
+The compound _leaves_ are 15 to 30 inches long, each with 11 to 17
+sharp-pointed, oblong, finely toothed leaflets 2 to 3 inches long.
+
+The staminate and pistillate _flowers_ are on the same tree, the former
+in long yellowish-green drooping catkins and the latter are short with
+red-fringed stigmas.
+
+The _fruit_ is a nut enclosed in an oblong, somewhat pointed,
+yellowish-green husk, about 2 inches long, which is covered with short,
+rusty, clammy, sticky hairs. The nut has a rough, grooved shell and an
+oily, edible kernel.
+
+The _wood_ is light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, light brown, and
+takes a good polish. It is used for interior finish of houses and for
+furniture. A yellow or orange dye can be made from the husks of the
+nuts.
+
+
+A KEY TO THE ILLINOIS HICKORIES
+
+ A. Bud scales opposite; appearing somewhat grooved lengthwise;
+ leaflets usually lanceolate, generally curved backwards;
+ nut-husks usually winged; nut thin-shelled.
+ B. Leaflets 5-9; leaves 6-10 inches long, winter buds
+ bright yellow; nut gray globose, meat bitter C. cordiformis
+ BB. Leaflets 7-13; leaves 9-13 inches long, winter buds
+ dark brown, nut brown, pear-shaped, meat bitter C. aquatica
+ BBB. Leaflets 9-17; leaves 12-20 inches long, winter
+ buds yellow, nut elongated, meat sweet C. illinoensis
+
+ AA. Bud scales not in pairs; more than 6; leaflets not recurved;
+ nut husks usually not winged; nut thick-shelled.
+ B. Buds large; twigs stout; nut angled; kernel sweet.
+ C. Leaflets 5; leaves 8-14 inches long, nut
+ whitish, bark shaggy C. ovata
+ CC. Leaflets 7-9; leaves 15-20 inches long, nut
+ reddish-brown C. laciniosa
+ CCC. Leaflets 7-9; leaves 8-12 inches long,
+ hairy C. tomentosa
+ BB. Buds small; twigs slender; nut angled.
+ C. Leaflets usually 5; leaves 8-12 inches long;
+ fruit pear-shaped; kernel astringent C. glabra
+ CC. Leaflets usually 7; leaves 8-10 inches long;
+ fruit ovoid; shell ridged, thin; kernel
+ sweet C. ovalis
+ CCC. Leaflets usually 7; leaves 10-12 inches
+ long; shell thin, conspicuously veined C. buckleyi
+
+
++BITTERNUT HICKORY+ _Carya cordiformis_ K. Koch
+
+THE bitternut hickory is a tall slender tree with broadly pyramidal
+crown, attaining a height of 100 feet and a diameter of 2 to 3 feet. It
+is found along stream banks and on moist soil, and it is well known by
+its roundish bitter nuts.
+
+[Illustration: BITTERNUT HICKORY
+
+Twig, one-half natural size. Leaf, one-third natural size.]
+
+The _bark_ on the trunk is granite-gray, faintly tinged with yellow and
+smoother than in most of the hickories, yet broken into thin plate-like
+scales. The _winter buds_ are compressed, scurfy, and of a bright yellow
+color.
+
+The _leaves_ are alternate, compound, from 6 to 10 inches long, and
+composed of from 7 to 11 leaflets. The individual leaflets are smaller
+and more slender than those of the other hickories.
+
+The _flowers_ are of two kinds on the same tree; the staminate in long
+pendulous green catkins, the pistillate in 2 to 5 flowered spikes,
+1/2 inch long, brown-hairy. The _fruit_ is about 1 inch long and
+thin-husked, while the nut is usually thin-shelled and brittle, and the
+kernel very bitter.
+
+The _wood_ is hard, strong and heavy, reddish-brown in color. From this
+last fact it gets its local name of red hickory. It is said to be
+somewhat inferior to the other hickories, but is used for the same
+purposes.
+
+
++PECAN+ _Carya illinoensis_ (Wang.) K. Koch
+
+(_Carya pecan_ (Marsh.) E. & G.)
+
+THE pecan is a river-bottom tree found in southern Illinois extending
+its range northward to Adams, Peoria, Fayette and Lawrence counties. The
+tree is the largest of the hickories, attaining heights of over 100 feet
+and, when in the open, forming a large rounded top of symmetrical shape.
+It makes an excellent shade tree and is also planted in orchards for its
+nuts. The outer _bark_ is rough, hard, tight, but broken into scales; on
+the limbs, it is smooth at first but later tends to scale or divide as
+the bark grows old.
+
+[Illustration: PECAN
+
+One-quarter natural size.]
+
+The _leaves_ resemble those of the other hickories and the black walnut.
+They are made up of 9 to 17 leaflets, each oblong, toothed and
+long-pointed, and 4 to 8 inches long by about 2 inches wide.
+
+The _flowers_ appear in early spring and hang in tassels from 2 to 3
+inches long. The _fruit_ is a nut, 4-winged or angled, pointed from 1 to
+2 inches long, and one-half to 1 inch in diameter, borne in a husk which
+divides along its grooved seams when the nut ripens in the fall. The
+nuts, which vary in size and in the thickness of the shell, have been
+greatly improved by selection and cultivation and are sold on the market
+in large quantities.
+
+The _wood_ is strong, tough, heavy and hard and is used occasionally in
+making handles, parts for vehicles, for fuel and for veneers.
+
+ The water hickory, _Carya aquatica_ Nutt., is a smaller tree, found in
+ swamps in southern Illinois, with leaves made up of 7 to 13 leaflets;
+ the nut is thin-shelled, angular and bitter.
+
+
++SHAG-BARK HICKORY+ _Carya ovata_ K. Koch
+
+THE shag-bark hickory is well known for its sweet and delicious nuts. It
+is a large commercial tree, averaging 60 to 100 feet high and 1 to 2
+feet in diameter. It thrives best on rich, damp soil and is common along
+streams, on rich uplands, and on moist hillsides throughout the State.
+
+[Illustration: SHAG-BARK HICKORY
+
+Leaf, one-third natural size. Twig, one-half natural size.]
+
+The _bark_ of the trunk is rougher than other hickories, light gray and
+separating into thick plates which are only slightly attached to the
+tree. The terminal _winter buds_ are egg-shaped, the outer bud-scales
+having narrow tips.
+
+The _leaves_ are alternate, compound, from 8 to 15 inches long, and
+composed of 5, rarely 7 obovate to ovate leaflets. The twigs are smooth
+or clothed with short hairs.
+
+The _fruit_ is borne singly or in pairs and is globular. The husk is
+thick and deeply grooved at the seams. The nut is much compressed and
+pale, the shell thick, and the kernel sweet. The flowers are of two
+kinds, opening after the leaves have attained nearly their full size.
+
+The _wood_ is heavy, hard, tough and strong; it is white largely in the
+manufacture of agricultural implements and tool handles, and the
+building of carriages and wagons. For fuel the hickories are the most
+satisfactory of our native trees.
+
+ The big shell bark or king-nut hickory, _Carya laciniosa_ (Michx. f.)
+ Loud., becomes a tall tree on the rich bottom lands in the southern
+ half of Illinois. It resembles the shag-bark hickory but the leaves
+ are longer with 7 to 9 leaflets, and the nuts are 2 inches long with a
+ thick bony shell and a sweet kernel.
+
+
++MOCKERNUT HICKORY+ _Carya tomentosa_ Nutt.
+
+THE mockernut, or white hickory, is common on well-drained soils
+throughout the State. It is a tall, short-limbed tree often 60 feet high
+and 1 to 2 feet in diameter.
+
+[Illustration: MOCKERNUT HICKORY
+
+Leaf, one-fifth natural size. Twig, two-thirds natural size.]
+
+The _bark_ is dark gray, hard, closely and deeply furrowed often
+apparently cross-furrowed or netted. The winter buds are large, round or
+broadly egg-shaped and covered with a downy growth.
+
+The _leaves_ are large, strong-scented and hairy, composed of 7 to 9
+obovate to oblong, pointed leaflets which turn a beautiful yellow in the
+fall.
+
+The _flowers_, like those of all other hickories, are of two kinds on
+the same tree; the staminate in three-branched catkins, the pistillate
+in clusters of 2 to 5. The _fruit_ is oval, nearly round or slightly
+pear-shaped with a very thick, strong-scented husk which splits nearly
+to the base when ripe. The nut is of various forms, but sometimes 4 to 6
+ridged, light brown, and has a very thick shell and small, sweet kernel.
+
+The _wood_ is heavy, hard, tough and strong; it is white excepting the
+comparatively small, dark-brown heart, hence the name white hickory. It
+is used for vehicle parts and handles. It furnishes the best of fuel.
+This and other hickories are very desirable both for forest and shade
+trees.
+
+ In the southern part of Illinois, the small fruited or sweet pignut,
+ _Carya ovalis_ Sargent, occurs on rich hillsides. The leaves have 7
+ leaflets on reddish-brown twigs, with small yellowish winter buds. The
+ nut is an inch long, enclosed in a very thin hairy husk, the shell is
+ thin and the kernel sweet.
+
+
++PIGNUT HICKORY+ _Carya glabra_ Sweet
+
+THE pignut hickory is rare in the northern part of Illinois but occurs
+plentifully in the rest of the State, growing to a medium sized tree on
+rich uplands. It has a tapering trunk and a narrow oval head with
+drooping branches.
+
+[Illustration: PIGNUT HICKORY
+
+Leaf, one-third natural size. Twig, one-half natural size.]
+
+The _bark_ is close, ridged and grayish, but occasionally rough and
+flaky. The twigs are thin, smooth and glossy brown.
+
+The _leaves_ are smooth, 8 to 12 inches long and composed of 5 to 7
+leaflets. The individual leaflets are rather small and narrow.
+
+The _winter buds_ are 1/2 inch long, egg-shaped, polished, and light
+brown.
+
+The _fruit_ is pear-shaped or rounded, usually with a neck at the base,
+very thin husks splitting only half way to the base or not at all. The
+nut is smooth, light brown in color, rather thick-shelled, and has a
+somewhat astringent edible kernel.
+
+The _wood_ is heavy, hard, strong, tough and flexible. Its uses are the
+same as those of the other hickories.
+
+ Buckley's hickory, _Carya buckleyi_ Durand, occurs on sandy uplands in
+ the southwest. It is a small tree with spreading, contorted branches.
+ The fruit is contained in a hairy husk, the nut is angular, marked
+ with pale veins and has a sweet kernel.
+
+
++BLUE BEECH+ _Carpinus caroliniana_ Walt.
+
+THE blue beech, or American hornbeam, belongs to the birch family rather
+than to the beeches. It is a small slow-growing bushy tree, 20 to 30
+feet tall with a diameter 4 to 8 inches. It is found along streams and
+in low ground through the State.
+
+[Illustration: BLUE BEECH
+
+Leaf, one-half natural size. Twig, one-half natural size.]
+
+The trunk is smooth fluted with irregular ridges extending up and down
+the tree. The _bark_ is light brownish-gray to dark bluish-gray in
+color, sometimes marked with dark bands extending horizontally on the
+trunk.
+
+The _leaves_ are simple, alternate, oval, long-pointed, doubly-toothed
+along the margin, 2 or 3 inches in length. They resemble those of the
+American elm, but are smaller and thinner.
+
+The _flowers_, appearing after the leaves, are borne in catkins
+separately on the same tree; the staminate catkins are about 1-1/2
+inches long, the pistillate being only 3/4 of an inch long with small
+leaf-like green scales each bearing 2 pistils with long scarlet styles.
+
+The _fruit_ ripens in midsummer, but often remains on the tree long
+after the leaves have fallen. It is a nutlet about 1/3 of an inch long,
+attached to a leaf-like halberd-shaped bract which acts as a wing in
+aiding its distribution by the wind.
+
+The _wood_ is tough, close-grained, heavy and strong. It is sometimes
+selected for use for levers, tool handles, wooden cogs, mallets, wedges,
+etc.
+
+ Another small tree of the birch family is the speckled alder, _Alnus
+ incana_ Moench, which is found occasionally in wet places in the
+ northern part of the State. The black alder, _Alnus glutinosa_
+ Gaertn., a European tree, has been planted near ponds. The flowers of
+ the alders are in catkins and among the earliest in the spring. The
+ fruit is a small cone which persists throughout the winter.
+
+
++HOP HORNBEAM+ _Ostrya virginiana_ K. Koch
+
+THIS tree is also called ironwood and gets its common names from the
+quality of its wood and the hop-like fruit. It is a small, slender,
+generally round-topped tree, from 22 to 30 feet high and 7 to 10 inches
+in diameter. The top consists of long, slender branches, commonly
+drooped toward the ends. It is found throughout the State.
+
+[Illustration: HOP HORNBEAM
+
+Twig, one-half natural size. Leaf, one-third natural size.]
+
+The _bark_ is mostly light brown or reddish-brown, and finely divided
+into thin scales by which the tree, after a little acquaintance, can be
+easily recognized.
+
+The _leaves_ are simple, alternate, generally oblong with narrowed tips,
+sharply toothed along the margin, sometimes doubly toothed, from 2 to 3
+inches long.
+
+The _flowers_ are of two kinds on the same tree; the staminate in
+drooping catkins which form the previous summer, the pistillate, in
+erect catkins on the newly formed twigs. The _fruit_, which resembles
+that of common hop vine, consists of a branch of leafy bracts 1 to 2
+inches long containing a number of flattened ribbed nutlets.
+
+The _wood_ is strong, hard, durable, light brown to white, with thick
+pale sapwood. It is often used for fence posts, handles of tools,
+mallets and other small articles.
+
+ The white birch, _Betula papyrifera_ Marsh., of the North Woods is
+ rare in Illinois. It is found in Jo Daviess and Carroll counties and
+ along the shores of Lake Michigan. The white papery bark distinguishes
+ it from all other trees and was used by the northern Indians for
+ covering their canoes and for making baskets, bags and other useful
+ and ornamental things.
+
+
++RIVER BIRCH+ _Betula nigra_ L.
+
+THE river, or back birch, is at home, as the name implies, along water
+courses, and inhabits the deep, rich soils along the borders of the
+larger rivers of the State and in swamps which are sometimes inundated
+for weeks at a time.
+
+[Illustration: RIVER BIRCH
+
+Two-thirds natural size.]
+
+The _bark_ provides a ready means of distinguishing this tree. It varies
+from reddish-brown to cinnamon-red in color, and peels back in tough
+papery layers. These layers persist on the trunk, presenting a very
+ragged and quite distinctive appearance. Unlike the bark of our other
+birches, the thin papery layers are usually covered with a gray powder.
+On older trunks, the bark on the main trunk becomes thick, deeply
+furrowed and of a dark reddish-brown color.
+
+The _leaves_ are simple, alternate, 2 to 3 inches long, more or less
+oval in shape, with double-toothed edges. The upper surface is dark
+green and the lower a pale yellowish-green.
+
+The _flowers_ are in catkins, the two kinds growing on the same tree.
+The _fruit_ is cone-shaped about 1 inch long, and densely crowded with
+little winged nutlets that ripen from May to June.
+
+The _wood_ is strong and fairly close-grained. It has been used to some
+extent in the manufacture of woodenware, in turnery and for wagon hubs.
+
+ The yellow birch, _Betula lutea_ Michx., one of the most valuable
+ hardwood timber trees around the Great Lakes, is represented in
+ Illinois by a few small trees in Lee and Lake counties. It may be
+ known by its bark becoming silvery-gray as the trunk expands and
+ breaking into strips curled at the edges. The wood is strong and hard,
+ close-grained, light brown tinged with red. It is used for interior
+ finish, furniture, woodenware and turnery. It is prized as firewood.
+
+
++BEECH+ _Fagus grandifolia_ Ehrh.
+
+THE beech is found from Maine to Wisconsin south to the Gulf and Texas,
+growing along with maples, oaks and tulip trees. It occurs in the
+ravines of the southern Illinois counties up to Vermilion County. It is
+one of the most beautiful of all trees either in summer or winter.
+
+[Illustration: BEECH
+
+One-half natural size.]
+
+The _bark_ is, perhaps, the most distinctive characteristic, as it
+maintains an unbroken light gray surface throughout its life. So
+tempting is this smooth expanse to the owner of a jack-knife that the
+beech has been well designated the "initial tree."
+
+The simple, oval _leaves_ are 3 to 4 inches long, pointed at the tip and
+coarsely toothed along the margin. When mature, they are almost leathery
+in texture. The beech produces a dense shade. The _winter buds_ are
+long, slender and pointed.
+
+The little, brown, three-sided beech-nuts are almost as well known as
+chestnuts. They form usually in pairs in a prickly bur. The kernel is
+sweet and edible, but so small as to offer insufficient reward for the
+pains of biting open the thin-shelled husk.
+
+The _wood_ of the beech is very hard, strong, and tough, though it will
+not last long on exposure to weather or in the soil. It is used to some
+extent for furniture, flooring, carpenter's tools, and novelty wares and
+extensively in southern Illinois for railroad ties and car stock.
+
+ The American chestnut, _Castanea dentata_ Borkh., extends its range
+ from Maine to Michigan, and southward to Delaware and Tennessee. There
+ is a stand of chestnuts in Pulaski County and some trees have been
+ planted in the southern part of the State. They are easily recognized
+ by their alternate simple, broadly lanceolate coarsely toothed leaves,
+ and their prickly burs about 2 inches in diameter containing 1-3 nuts.
+
+
+A KEY TO THE OAKS OF ILLINOIS
+
+
+ A. Leaves without bristle tips; bark gray; acorns maturing
+ at the end of 1 season; white oaks.
+ B. Leaves lobed.
+ C. Acorn-cup not enclosing the acorn.
+ D. Acorn-cup shallow, warted Q. alba
+ DD. Acorn-cup covering 1/2 of the acorn Q. stellata
+ CC. Acorn-cup enclosing the acorn.
+ D. Acorn-cup not fringed Q. lyrata
+ DD. Acorn-cup fringed Q. macrocarpa
+ BB. Leaves not lobed, coarsely toothed.
+ C. Acorn-stalked.
+ D. Acorn-stalks longer than petioles Q. bicolor
+ DD. Acorn-stalks short
+ E. Acorn-cup flat-bottomed; bark like
+ that of white oak Q. prinus
+ EE. Acorn-cup deep; bark like that of
+ red oak Q. montana
+ CC. Acorns sessile, cup deep Q. muhlenbergii
+
+ AA. Leaves with bristle tips; bark dark; acorns mature
+ at the end of two seasons; black and red oaks.
+ B. Leaves lobed.
+ C. Deeply lobed.
+ D. Leaves deep green on both sides.
+ E. Acorn-cup broad and shallow
+ a. Acorn large Q. rubra
+ aa. Acorn small
+ b. Acorn ovoid Q. shumardii
+ bb. Acorn globose Q. palustris
+ EE. Acorn-cup deep
+ a. Cup-scales loosely imbricated
+ winter buds large and hairy Q. velutina
+ aa. Cup-scales tightly appressed,
+ winter buds small and smooth
+ b. Acorn small Q. ellipsoidalis
+ bb. Acorn large Q. coccinea
+ DD. Leaves pale green beneath Q. falcata
+ CC. Leaves shallowly lobed, winter buds
+ rusty-hairy Q. marilandica
+ BB. Leaves entire.
+ C. Leaves hairy beneath; acorn sessile Q. imbricaria
+ CC. Leaves not hairy; acorn stalked Q. phellos
+
+
++WHITE OAK+ _Quercus alba_ L.
+
+WITHIN its natural range, which includes practically the entire eastern
+half of the United States, the white oak is one of the most important
+timber trees. It commonly reaches a height of 60 to 100 feet and a
+diameter of 2 to 3 feet; sometimes it becomes much larger. It is found
+in a wide variety of upland soils. When grown in a dense stand it has a
+straight continuous trunk, free of side branches for over half its
+height. In the open, however, the tree develops a broad crown with
+far-reaching limbs. Well-grown specimens are strikingly beautiful.
+
+[Illustration: WHITE OAK
+
+Twig, one-third natural size. Leaf, one-quarter natural size.]
+
+The _leaves_ are alternate, simple 5 to 9 inches long and about half as
+broad. They are deeply divided into 5 to 9 rounded, finger-like lobes.
+The young leaves are a soft silvery-gray or yellow or red while
+unfolding, becoming later bright green above and much paler below. The
+_flowers_ appear with the leaves, the staminate are in hairy catkins 2-3
+inches long, the pistillate are sessile in axils of the leaves.
+
+The _fruit_ is an acorn maturing the first year. The nut is 3/4 to 1
+inch long, light brown, about one-quarter enclosed in the warty cup. It
+is relished by hogs and other livestock. The _bark_ is thin, light
+ashy-gray and covered with loose scales or broad plates.
+
+The _wood_ is useful and valuable. It is heavy, strong, hard, tough,
+close-grained, durable, and light brown in color. The uses are many,
+including construction, shipbuilding, tight cooperage, furniture,
+wagons, implements, interior finish, flooring, and fuel. Notwithstanding
+its rather slow growth, white oak is valuable for forest, highway and
+ornamental planting.
+
+ The overcup oak, _Quercus lyrata_ Walt., is similar to the white oak,
+ but may be distinguished by the nearly spherical cup which nearly
+ covers the somewhat flattened acorn. This oak occurs in the river
+ bottoms in southern Illinois.
+
+
++BUR OAK+ _Quercus macrocarpa_ Michx.
+
+THE bur oak, which occurs throughout the State takes its name from the
+fringe around the cup of the acorn. It usually has a broad top of heavy
+spreading branches and a relatively short body. It is one of the largest
+trees in the State. In maturity, it attains a diameter of 5 feet or more
+and a height of over 80 feet. The _bark_ is light gray and is usually
+broken up into small narrow flakes. The bur oak does not often form a
+part of the forest stand, as do some other oaks, but occurs generally
+singly in open stands and in fields. It requires a moist but
+well-drained soil.
+
+[Illustration: BUR OAK
+
+One-third natural size.]
+
+The _leaves_ resemble somewhat those of the common white oak, but have a
+pair of deep indentations on their border near the base, and wavy
+notches on the broad middle and upper portions of the leaf. They range
+from 6 to 12 inches long and 3 to 6 inches wide. The _fruit_, or acorn,
+is a nut set deeply in a fringed cup. It is sometimes 1 inch or more in
+diameter but varies widely in respect to size and the degree to which
+the nut is enclosed in the mossy fringed cup.
+
+The _wood_ is heavy, hard, strong, tough and durable. It is used for
+much the same purposes as the other white oaks, lumber, piling, veneer
+logs, crossties and fuel.
+
+ The swamp white oak, _Quercus bicolor_ Willd., occurs scattered in
+ swamps, through the State. The leaves are obovate, coarsely toothed
+ and wedge-shaped below. They are thick, dark green and shining above,
+ pale and downy beneath. The acorns are borne in a deep rough scaly
+ cup, on stems 2-4 inches long. The wood is like that of the white oak.
+ The bark is gray-brown, separating into large, papery scales which
+ curl back.
+
+
++YELLOW CHESTNUT OAK+ _Quercus muhlenbergii_ Engelm.
+
+THIS oak, also called the chinquapin oak, which is an excellent timber
+tree, occurs throughout the State. It grows on practically all classes
+of soil and in all moisture conditions except in swamps, and is a very
+tenacious tree on shallow, dry soil. The _bark_ is light gray, and
+breaks up into short narrow flakes on the main trunk and old limbs. It
+reaches a height of 70 to 90 feet. The straight shapely trunk bears a
+round-topped head composed of small branches, which makes it an
+attractive shade tree.
+
+[Illustration: YELLOW CHESTNUT OAK
+
+One-third natural size.]
+
+The _leaves_ are oblong, 3 to 6 inches in length, 1-1/2 to 3 inches
+wide, and equally toothed or notched on the edges, resembling the leaves
+of the chestnut oak. The _fruit_, which ripens in the fall of the first
+season, is light to dark brown when ripe, and edible if roasted. This
+acorn is from one-half to nearly an inch long, usually less than one
+inch in diameter, and is set in a shallow cup.
+
+The _wood_ is like that of the white oak, heavy, very hard, tough,
+strong, durable, and takes an excellent polish. It is used in
+manufacturing lumber and timbers, crossties, fence posts and fuel. A
+portion of the lumber no doubt goes into furniture.
+
+ The basket oak, or swamp chestnut oak, _Quercus prinus_ L., is found
+ in the woods in southern Illinois. It resembles the white oak in its
+ bark and branches, but has larger acorns. The leaves resemble those of
+ yellow chestnut oak.
+
+ The rock chestnut oak, _Quercus montana_ Willd., is an eastern oak
+ that is rare on the hills of Union and Alexander counties.
+
+
++POST OAK+ _Quercus stellata_ Wang.
+
+THE post oak is usually a medium-sized tree, with a rounded crown,
+commonly reaching a height of 50 to 80 feet and a diameter of 1 to 2
+feet, but sometimes considerably larger. It occurs from Mason County
+south to the Ohio River being most common in the "Post Oak Flats." The
+soil is a light gray silt loam underlaid by "tight clay."
+
+[Illustration: POST OAK
+
+One-third natural size.]
+
+The _bark_ is rougher and darker than the white oak and broken into
+smaller scales. The stout young twigs and the leaves are coated at first
+with a thick light-colored fuzz which soon becomes darker and later
+drops away entirely.
+
+The _leaves_ are usually 4 to 5 inches long and nearly as broad, deeply
+5-lobed with broad rounded divisions, the lobes broadest at the ends.
+They are thick and somewhat leathery, dark green and shiny on the upper
+surface, lighter green and rough hairy beneath.
+
+The _flowers_, like those of the other oaks, are of two kinds on the
+same tree, the male in drooping, clustered catkins, the female
+inconspicuous. The _fruit_ is an oval acorn, 1/2 to 1 inch long, set in
+a rather small cup which may or may not be stalked.
+
+The _wood_ is very heavy, hard, close-grained, light to dark brown,
+durable in contact with the soil. It is used for crossties and fence
+posts, and along with other oaks of the white oak class for furniture
+and other purposes.
+
+
++NORTHERN RED OAK+ _Quercus rubra_ L.
+
+(_Quercus borealis_ Michx.)
+
+THE red oak of the North occurs throughout the State. It usually attains
+a height of about 70 feet and a diameter ranging from 2 to 3 feet, but
+is sometimes much larger. The forest-grown tree is tall and straight
+with a clear trunk and narrow crown.
+
+[Illustration: NORTHERN RED OAK
+
+Leaf, one-third natural size. Twig, one-half natural size.]
+
+The _bark_ on young stems is smooth, gray to brown on older trees, thick
+and broken by shallow fissures into regular, flat smooth-surfaced
+plates.
+
+The _leaves_ are simple, alternate, 5 to 9 inches long, and 4 to 6
+inches wide, broader toward the tip, divided into 7 to 9 lobes, each
+lobe being somewhat coarsely toothed and bristle-tipped, and firm, dull
+green above, paler below, often turning to a brilliant red after frost.
+The _winter buds_ are small, light reddish-brown and smooth. The
+_flowers_, as in all the oaks, are of two kinds on the same tree, the
+staminate in long drooping, clustered catkins, opening with the leaves,
+the female solitary or slightly clustered. The _fruit_ is a large acorn
+maturing the second year. The nut is from 3/4 to 1-3/4 inches long,
+blunt-topped, flat at base, with only its base enclosed in the very
+shallow dark brown cup.
+
+The _wood_ is hard, strong, coarse-grained, with light, reddish-brown
+heartwood and thin lighter-colored sapwood. It is used for cooperage,
+interior finish, construction, furniture, and crossties. Because of its
+average rapid growth, high-grade wood and general freedom from insect
+and fungus attack, it should be widely planted in the State for timber
+production and as a shade tree.
+
+ This red oak, _Quercus shumardii_ Buckley, is found only in the
+ southern counties along the borders of streams and swamps. Its leaves
+ are dark green and lustrous, paler beneath and have tufts of pale
+ hairs in the angles of the veins. The acorns are long-oval in shape,
+ held in thick saucer-like cups composed of closely appressed hairy
+ scales.
+
+
++BLACK OAK+ _Quercus velutina_ Lam.
+
+THE black oak, sometimes farther north called yellow oak or
+yellow-barked oak, usually grows to be about 80 feet in height and 1 to
+3 feet in diameter. It is found commonly throughout the State. The crown
+is irregularly shaped and wide, with a clear trunk for 20 feet or more
+on large trees. The _bark_ on the very young trees is smooth and dark
+brown but soon becomes thick and black, with deep furrows and rough
+broken ridges. The bright yellow color and bitter taste of the inner
+bark, due to tannic acid, are distinguishing characteristics.
+
+[Illustration: BLACK OAK
+
+Leaf, one-third natural size. Twig, one-half natural size.]
+
+The _leaves_ are alternate, simple, 5 to 10 inches long and 3 to 8
+inches wide, thick leathery shallow or deeply lobed, the shape varying
+greatly. When mature, the leaves are dark green and shiny on the upper
+surface, pale on the lower, more or less covered with down, and with
+conspicuous rusty brown hairs in the forks of the veins.
+
+The _winter buds_ are large, strongly angled, gray and hairy. The
+_fruit_ matures the second season. The light brown nut is from 1/2 to 1
+inch long, more or less hemispherical in shape, and from 1/2 to 3/4
+enclosed in the thin, dark brown, scaly cup. The scales on the upper
+part of the cup are loosely imbricated. The kernel is yellow and
+extremely bitter.
+
+The _wood_ is hard, heavy, strong, coarse-grained and checks easily. It
+is a bright red-brown with a thin outer edge of paler sapwood. It is
+used for the same purposes as red oak, under which name it is put on the
+market. Its growth is rather slow.
+
+ The jack oak, _Quercus ellipsoidalis_ Hill, is a smaller tree found
+ frequently alongside black oak in the northern third of the State. The
+ acorn is ellipsoid, small and enclosed in a deep cup, whose scales are
+ closely appressed. The winter buds are slightly angular, smooth, and
+ red-brown in color. Many small, drooping branches are sent out near
+ the ground, which soon die, and the stubs or "pins" have given this
+ oak the name of northern pin oak.
+
+
++PIN OAK+ _Quercus palustris_ Muench.
+
+PIN oak is rarely found naturally except on the rich moist soil of
+bottom lands and the borders of swamps. It is usually not abundant in
+any locality, but found scattered with other kinds of trees. It more
+commonly attains heights of 50 to 70 feet, with diameters up to 2 feet,
+but sometimes larger. The tree commonly has a single, upright stem with
+numerous long, tough branches, the lower ones drooping, the middle
+horizontal, and the upper ascending. Many of the lower branches soon die
+and their stubs are the "pins" which give the tree its name.
+
+[Illustration: PIN OAK
+
+Leaf, one-third natural size. Twig, one-half natural size.]
+
+The _bark_ on young stems is smooth, shining and light brown; on old
+trunks light gray-brown and covered by small, close scales. Because of
+its beauty, its hardiness, and its fairly rapid growth, pin oak makes an
+exceptionally fine street tree.
+
+The _leaves_ generally resemble those of the northern red oak, but they
+are smaller and much more deeply lobed. They are 3 to 5 inches long and
+2 to 4 inches wide.
+
+The _flowers_ are of two kinds on the same tree, and appear when the
+leaves are about one-third grown. The _fruit_, taking two years to
+mature, is an acorn nearly hemispheric, about one-half inch long, light
+brown, often striped, enclosed only at the base in a thin, shallow,
+saucer-shaped cup.
+
+The _wood_ is heavy, hard, strong, and usually knotty. It is light
+brown, with thin, darker-colored sapwood. It is sold and has the same
+uses as red oak, although it is generally not so good in quality.
+
+ The scarlet oak, _Quercus coccinea_ Muench., has deeply lobed leaves
+ which turn brilliant scarlet in the autumn. The winter buds are
+ reddish-brown and pubescent. The acorns are ovoid, enclosed for about
+ half their length in a thick, deep cup. It is rarely found in the
+ southern half of the State.
+
+
++SPANISH OAK+ _Quercus falcata_ Michx.
+
+THIS oak, one of the common southern red oaks, ranges from Virginia and
+Florida to Texas and Missouri, and appears in a dozen of the southern
+counties in Illinois. It is usually called the Spanish oak, or southern
+red oak, and has been known as _Quercus rubra_ L. or _Quercus digitata_
+Sudw.
+
+[Illustration: SPANISH OAK
+
+Leaf, one-third natural size. Twig, one-half natural size.]
+
+It is a variable species and hence has been known under so many names.
+It grows to a height of 70 to 80 feet, and a diameter of 2 to 3 feet,
+though larger trees are not infrequently found. Its large spreading
+branches form a broad, round, open top.
+
+The _bark_ is rough, though not deeply furrowed and varies from light
+gray on younger trees to dark or almost black on older ones.
+
+The _leaves_ are of two different types: (1) irregular-shaped lobes,
+mostly narrow, bristle-tipped, the central lobe often the longest; or
+(2) pear-shaped with 3 rounded lobes at the outer end. They are dark
+lustrous green above and gray downy beneath, the contrast being
+strikingly seen in a wind or rain storm.
+
+The _flowers_ appear in April while the leaves are unfolding. The
+_fruit_ ripens the second year. The small rounded acorn, about half an
+inch long, is set in a thin saucer-shaped cup which tapers to a short
+stem.
+
+The _wood_ is heavy, hard, strong, coarse-grained and is less subject to
+defects than most other red oaks. It is used for rough lumber and for
+furniture, chairs, tables, etc. It is a desirable timber tree,
+especially on the poorer, drier soils. The bark is rich in tannin.
+
+ _Q. rubra_ var. _pagodaefolia_, called swamp Spanish oak, has been
+ collected in four southern counties of Illinois.
+
+
++BLACK JACK+ _Quercus marilandica_ Muench.
+
+THE black jack oak is a tree of sandy and clayey barren lands where few
+other forest trees thrive. It ranges from New York to Florida and
+westward into Illinois, Arkansas, and Texas. It reaches its largest size
+in southern Arkansas and eastern Texas. It is found as one of the main
+species in the "Post Oak Flats" in the southern half of the State and in
+the sands along the Illinois River, near Havana. The tree sometimes
+reaches a height of 50 to 60 feet and a diameter of 16 inches, but it is
+usually much smaller. Its hard, stiff, drooping branches form a dense
+crown which usually contains many persistent dead twigs. The _bark_ is
+rough, very dark, often nearly black, and broken into small, hard scales
+or flakes.
+
+[Illustration: BLACK JACK OAK
+
+Twig, two-thirds natural size. Leaf, one-third natural size.]
+
+The _leaves_ are of a leathery texture, dark green on the upper surface,
+lighter, hairy, and brown-scurfy below. The leaves are wedge-shaped, 4
+to 10 inches long and about the same in width. There is a considerable
+difference in the leaves of this oak both in size and shape.
+
+The _fruit_ is an acorn about three-quarters of an inch long,
+yellow-brown and often striped, enclosed for half its length or more in
+a thick light brown cup.
+
+The _wood_ is heavy, hard and strong; when used at all, it is used
+mostly for firewood and mine props. It is also used for the manufacture
+of charcoal.
+
+
++SHINGLE OAK+ _Quercus imbricaria_ Michx.
+
+THIS oak is found throughout the State with the exception of the extreme
+north portion. When growing alone, the tree develops a symmetrical
+rounded top, conspicuous on account of the good-sized, regular-shaped,
+oblong leaves which differ in shape from most other native oaks. It
+forms a handsome tree. It is sometimes incorrectly called "laurel" oak.
+
+[Illustration: SHINGLE OAK
+
+Leaf, one-third natural size. Twig, three-fourths natural size.]
+
+The _bark_ is rather thin and divided by shallow fissures into broad
+ridges of a dark brown color.
+
+The _leaves_ are alternate in arrangement along the stem, oblong in
+shape, 4 to 6 inches long by 1 to 2 inches wide, leathery in texture
+with smooth margins sometimes wavy in outline, dark green and shiny
+above, and thick downy or velvety below.
+
+The _fruit_ is an acorn about one-half inch in length, borne singly or
+in pairs on stout stems, full or rounded at the end and faintly
+streaked, enclosed for about one-half its length in a thin-walled cup.
+Like all members of the black oak group, the fruit requires two seasons
+to mature.
+
+The _wood_ is heavy, hard, rather coarse-grained, and used for common
+lumber, shingles (whence it gets its common name), posts and firewood.
+
+ The willow oak, _Quercus phellos_ L., is a river bottom tree rarely
+ found in southern Illinois. It is readily identified by its leaves,
+ which as the name implies, resemble those of the willows. These leaves
+ are from two to four inches long and one-half to one inch wide, light
+ green, shiny above and smooth beneath.
+
+
++AMERICAN ELM+ _Ulmus americana_ L.
+
+THIS is a famous shade tree of New England, whose range, however,
+extends to the Rocky Mountains and southward to Texas. Within this vast
+area, it is generally common except in the high mountains. It reaches an
+average height of 60 to 70 feet and a diameter of 4 to 5 feet. The
+_bark_ is dark gray, divided into irregular, flat-topped thick ridges,
+and is generally firm, though on old trees it tends to come off in
+flakes. An incision into the inner bark will show alternate layers of
+brown and white.
+
+[Illustration: AMERICAN ELM
+
+Twig, one-half natural size. Leaf, one-half natural size.]
+
+The _leaves_ are alternate, simple, 4 to 6 inches long, rather thick,
+somewhat one-sided, doubly toothed on the margin, and generally smooth
+above and downy below. The leaf-veins are very pronounced and run in
+parallel lines from the mid-rib to leaf edge. The _winter buds_ are
+pointed, brown, ovoid and smooth.
+
+The _flowers_ are small, perfect, greenish, on slender stalks sometimes
+an inch long, appearing before the leaves in the early spring. The
+_fruit_ is a light green, oval shaped samara (winged fruit) with the
+seed portion in the center and surrounded entirely by a wing. This wing
+has a conspicuous notch at the end and is hairy on the margin, a mark
+distinctive of the species. The seed ripens in the spring and by its
+wing is widely disseminated by the wind.
+
+The _wood_ is heavy, hard, strong, tough and difficult to split. It is
+used for hubs of wheels, saddle trees, boats, ships, barrel hoops, and
+veneer for baskets and crates.
+
+Because of its spreading fan-shaped form, graceful pendulous branches,
+and long life, the white elm justly holds its place as one of the most
+desirable shade trees.
+
+ The rock or cork elm, _Ulmus thomasi_ Sarg., is found occasionally in
+ northern Illinois. Its excurrent branches are very different from
+ those of other elms. Its twigs often have corky ridges and the winter
+ buds are somewhat hairy.
+
+ The winged elm, _Ulmus alata_ Michx., a small tree, is found in the
+ southern part of the State. The twigs have two thin corky wings.
+
+
++RED OR SLIPPERY ELM+ _Ulmus rubra_ Muhl.
+
+(_Ulmus fulva_ Michx.)
+
+THE red elm, or slippery elm, is a common tree in all sections of the
+State. It is found principally on the banks of streams and on low
+hillsides in rich soil. It is a tree of small to moderate size, but
+noticeably wide-spreading. It is usually less than 50 feet in height and
+16 inches in diameter although trees of larger dimensions are
+occasionally found.
+
+[Illustration: SLIPPERY ELM
+
+Twig, one-half natural size. Leaf, one-half natural size.]
+
+The _bark_ on the trunk is frequently one inch thick, dark
+grayish-brown, and broken by shallow fissures into flat ridges. The
+inner bark is used to some extent for medical purposes, as it is
+fragrant and when chewed, affords a slippery, mucilaginous substance,
+whence the tree gets its name. The _winter buds_ are large and
+conspicuously rusty-hairy.
+
+The _leaves_ are simple, alternate on the stem, 4 to 6 inches in length,
+sharp pointed, their bases unsymmetrical, doubly-toothed on the edges,
+thick, dark green, and rough on both sides.
+
+The _fruit_ consists of a seed surrounded by a thin, broad, greenish
+wing, about one-half an inch in diameter; the _flowers_ appear in early
+spring and the fruit ripens when the leaves are about half-grown.
+
+The _wood_ is close-grained, tough, strong, heavy, hard, moderately
+durable in contact with the soil. It is used for fence posts, crossties,
+agricultural implements, ribs for small boats and for some other
+purposes.
+
+ The water elm, _Planera aquatica_ Gmel., is a small tree with slender
+ branches forming a low broad head and is found in swamps in the valley
+ of the Wabash River in this State. It reaches its best development in
+ Arkansas and Louisiana. It has dull green leaves 2 inches long and 1
+ inch wide. The fruit is an oblong, dark brown drupe.
+
+
++HACKBERRY+ _Celtis occidentalis_ L.
+
+THE rough-leaved hackberry is found sparsely throughout the State. It
+occurs most abundantly and of greatest size in the rich alluvial lands
+in the lower part of the State, but thrives, however, on various types
+of soil, from the poorest to the richest. It is usually a medium-sized
+tree from 30 to 50 feet high and 10 to 20 inches in diameter, but trees
+3 feet in diameter are found in the Wabash bottoms in southern Illinois.
+Its limbs are often crooked and angular and bear a head made of slender,
+pendant branches or short, bristly, stubby twigs. In the open the crown
+is generally very symmetrical. It makes an excellent shade tree.
+
+[Illustration: HACKBERRY
+
+Leaf, one-third natural size. Twig, one-half natural size.]
+
+The _bark_ is grayish and generally rough with scale-like or warty
+projections of dead bark. In some instances the bark is smooth enough on
+the limbs to resemble that of the beech.
+
+The _leaves_ are simple, ovate, alternate, one-sided, 2 to 4 inches
+long, the edges toothed towards the long point.
+
+The _flowers_ are inconspicuous, and the two kinds are borne on the same
+tree. They appear in April or May, and are of a creamy, greenish color.
+The _fruit_ is a round, somewhat oblong drupe, or berry, from 1/4 to 1/3
+of an inch in diameter. It has a thin, purplish skin, and sweet,
+yellowish flesh. From this characteristic it is sometimes called
+sugarberry. The berries frequently hang on the tree most of the winter.
+
+The _wood_ is heavy, rather soft, weak, and decays readily when exposed.
+It is used chiefly for fuel, but occasionally for lumber and railroad
+ties which are given preservative treatment.
+
+ The southern hackberry, _Celtis leavigata_ Willd., having narrow
+ leaves, is found occasionally along the streams in southern Illinois.
+ The fruit hangs from the axils of the leaves on slender stems. It is
+ orange-red in color, changing to purple-black as it matures.
+
+
++OSAGE ORANGE+ _Maclura pomifera_ Schneid.
+
+THE osage orange, hedge apple, or mock orange, although not a native of
+Illinois, is found distributed throughout the State, but does not as a
+rule occur as a forest tree. It grows chiefly in open fields along fence
+rows, and as a pure hedge fence. Occasionally it reaches a height of 60
+feet and a diameter of 30 inches, but more usually it is found from 20
+to 40 feet in height and from 4 to 12 inches in diameter. This tree is
+sometimes used for shade, but mostly for hedges, and as living fence
+posts. The _bark_ is thin, gray, sometimes tinged with yellow, and on
+old trees divided into strips or flakes. The bark of the root is used as
+a yellow dye; that of the trunk has been used for tanning leather.
+
+[Illustration: OSAGE ORANGE
+
+Leaf and fruit, one-quarter natural size. Twig, two-thirds natural
+size.]
+
+The _leaves_ are deciduous, with milky sap and producing stout axillary
+thorns. They are green on the upper surface, 3 to 5 inches long and 2 to
+3 inches wide, and turn bright yellow in the autumn.
+
+The yellowish _flowers_ appear in May. They are of two kinds on the same
+tree--the staminate flowers in a linear cluster and the pistillate
+flowers in a rounded ball. The _fruit_ is globular, from 2 to 5 inches
+in diameter, somewhat resembling a very rough green orange.
+
+The _wood_ is heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong and very durable in
+contact with the soil. The heartwood is bright orange in color, turning
+brown upon exposure. The Indians called it "bois d'arc", or bow-wood,
+and used it for their finest bows. It does not shrink with weather
+changes. It is largely used for posts; sometimes for wheel-stock, lumber
+and fuel.
+
+
++RED MULBERRY+ _Morus rubra_ L.
+
+THE red mulberry occurs throughout the State. It prefers the rich, moist
+soils of the lower and middle districts, but it is nowhere abundant. It
+is a small tree, rarely 50 feet high and 2 feet in diameter, often
+growing in the shade of larger trees.
+
+[Illustration: RED MULBERRY
+
+Twig, two-thirds natural size. Leaf, one-third natural size.]
+
+The _bark_ is rather thin, dark reddish-brown, peeling off in long
+narrow flakes.
+
+The _leaves_ are alternate, thin, rounded or somewhat heart-shaped,
+toothed, pointed, 3 to 5 inches long, rough hairy above and soft hairy
+beneath. Often some of the leaves, especially on the young trees and
+thrifty shoots, are mitten-shaped or variously lobed.
+
+The _flowers_ are of two kinds, on the same or different trees, in
+drooping catkins. The catkins of the staminate flowers are about 2
+inches long; the spikes of the pistillate flowers are about half as long
+and stand on short stalks. The _fruit_ is dark red or black, and
+resembles a blackberry; however, a stalk extends through it centrally,
+and it is longer and narrower. The fruit is sweet and edible and greatly
+relished by birds and various animals.
+
+The _wood_ is rather light, soft, not strong, light orange-yellow, very
+durable in contact with the soil. It is chiefly used for fence posts.
+The tree might be planted for this purpose and to furnish food for
+birds.
+
+ The white mulberry, _Morus alba_ L., is a native of China, where its
+ leaves are the chief food of the silkworm. Several varieties are
+ planted for ornamental purposes. Its leaves are broad and smooth; its
+ fruit is long, white, sweet, and insipid. A variety, under the name of
+ the Russian mulberry, _Morus alba_ var. _tatarica_ Loudon, has been
+ introduced into this country and has been cultivated for its fruit.
+ This fruit varies from creamy white to violet and almost black.
+
+
++CUCUMBER MAGNOLIA+ _Magnolia acuminata_ L.
+
+THE cucumber magnolia attains an average height of 40 to 80 feet and a
+diameter of 1 to 2 feet. It occurs singly among other hardwood trees
+throughout the richer, cooler north slopes and bottom lands of southern
+Illinois, in Union, Johnson, Pope, Alexander and Pulaski counties.
+
+[Illustration: CUCUMBER MAGNOLIA
+
+Leaf, one-third natural size. Twig, two-thirds natural size.]
+
+The _bark_ is aromatic and bitter; that of the young twigs is a lustrous
+red-brown, while the bark of the trunk is rather thin, dark brown,
+furrowed and broken into thin scales.
+
+The _leaves_ are alternate, oblong, short-pointed, rounded at the base,
+silky, hairy when unfolding, later smooth or slightly silky, 6 to 10
+inches long, 4 to 6 inches wide, often with wavy edges, dark green
+above, lighter beneath.
+
+The _flowers_ are single, large--though smaller than those of the other
+magnolias--2-1/2 to 3 inches long. The six upright petals are
+whitish-green tinged with yellow.
+
+The _fruit_ is a smooth, dark red, often crooked "cone", 2-1/2 to 3
+inches long, somewhat resembling, when green, a small cucumber. The
+seeds are 1/2 inch long, and covered with a pulpy, scarlet coat, which
+attracts the birds, particularly as the seeds hang by thin cords from
+the opening "cones."
+
+The _wood_ is light, soft, close-grained, durable, of a light
+yellow-brown color and is used for the same purposes as yellow poplar.
+It is quite desirable for roadside and ornamental planting.
+
+
++TULIP TREE+ _Liriodendron tulipifera_ L.
+
+THE tulip tree, tulip poplar, is one of the tallest trees in the State
+with its straight trunk rising to a height of 125 feet. It is one of the
+largest and most valuable hardwood trees of the United States. It
+reaches its largest size in the deep moist soils along streams and in
+the cool ravines of southern Illinois. Vermilion County on the east and
+Randolph on the west side of the State represent its northern limit. As
+more commonly seen, it has a height of 60 to 100 feet and a diameter of
+3 to 4 feet. Growing with a straight central trunk like the pines, and
+often clear of limbs for 30 to 50 feet, it has a narrow pyramidal head
+which in older age becomes more spreading. The tree has been extensively
+cut, but is reproducing rapidly and remains one of the most abundant and
+valuable trees in our young second-growth forests. It has been planted
+as an ornamental and shade tree.
+
+[Illustration: TULIP TREE
+
+Leaf, one-third natural size. Twig, two-thirds natural size.]
+
+The _leaves_ are simple, 4 to 6 inches in length and breadth, 4-lobed,
+dark green in summer, turning to a clear yellow in fall.
+
+The greenish-yellow tulip-shaped _flowers_ appear in May or June. The
+_fruit_ is a narrow light brown, upright cone, 2 to 3 inches long, made
+up of seeds, each enclosed in a hard bony coat and provided with a wing
+which makes it easily carried by the wind.
+
+The _wood_ is light, soft, easily worked, light yellow or brown, with
+wide cream-colored sapwood. It is extensively cut into lumber for
+interior and exterior trim, vehicle bodies, veneers, turnery and other
+high-grade uses. It is marketed under the name yellow poplar, because of
+the yellow color of the heartwood.
+
+The tulip tree transplants easily, grows rapidly and forms a tall stem.
+It is one of the best trees for forest planting on good moist soil. It
+can be recommended for roadside planting because it grows tall and has a
+deep root system. Where conditions of life are not too severe, it may be
+used for shade tree planting.
+
+
++PAPAW+ _Asimina triloba_ Dunal
+
+THE papaw, which grows as a small tree or large shrub, is very well
+known throughout the State, except in the northern parts, and is
+sometimes called the "wild banana" tree. Most commonly it occurs as an
+undergrowth in the shade of rich forests of the larger hardwood trees.
+Its range extends from New York westward to Iowa and southward to
+Florida and eastern Texas. When growing alone, however, it forms dense
+clumps on deep, moist soils in creek bottoms. The _bark_ is thin, dark
+grayish-brown, and smooth, or slightly fissured on old trees.
+
+[Illustration: PAPAW
+
+Leaf, one-quarter natural size. Twig, two-thirds natural size.]
+
+The _leaves_ are alternate on the stem, pear-shaped with pointed ends
+and tapering bases, smooth and light green above, from 8 to 10 inches
+long, clustered toward the ends of the branches.
+
+The dark purple, attractive _flowers_ appear with the leaves singly or
+in two's along the branch, measure nearly 2 inches across, and produce
+nectar which attracts the bees.
+
+When thoroughly ripe, the _fruit_ is delicious and nutritious. It
+measures from 3 to 5 inches in length, turns from greenish-yellow to
+very dark brown in color, and holds rounded or elongated seeds which
+separate readily from the pulp.
+
+The _wood_ is light, soft or spongy, and weak, greenish to yellowish in
+color, and of no commercial importance.
+
+Because of its handsome foliage, attractive flowers and curious fruit,
+the papaw has been much used in ornamental planting.
+
+
++SASSAFRAS+ _Sassafras albidum_ Nees.
+
+THE sassafras is an aromatic tree, usually not over 40 feet in height or
+a foot in diameter in Illinois. It is common throughout the State on dry
+soils as far north as La Salle County, and is one of the first
+broad-leaf trees to come up on abandoned fields, where the seeds are
+dropped by birds. Its range extends from Maine, southern Ontario to Iowa
+and south to Florida and west to Texas. In parts of its range it attains
+large size.
+
+[Illustration: SASSAFRAS
+
+Twig, one-half natural size. Leaf, one-third natural size.]
+
+The _bark_ of the trunk is thick, red-brown and deeply furrowed and that
+of the twigs is bright green.
+
+The _leaves_ are very characteristic. It is one of the few trees having
+leaves of widely different shape on the same tree, or even on the same
+twig. Some are oval and entire, 4 to 6 inches long; others have one
+lobe, resembling the thumb on a mitten; while still others are divided
+at the outer end into 3 distinct lobes. The young leaves and twigs are
+quite mucilaginous.
+
+The _flowers_ are clustered, greenish, yellow, and open with the first
+unfolding of the leaves. The staminate and pistillate flowers are
+usually on different trees. The _fruit_ is an oblong, dark blue or
+black, lustrous berry, containing one seed and surrounded at the base by
+what appears to be a small orange-red or scarlet cup at the end of a
+scarlet stalk.
+
+The _wood_ is light, soft, weak, brittle, and durable in the soil; the
+heartwood is dull orange-brown. It is used for posts, rails, boat
+building, cooperage and for ox-yokes. The bark of the roots yields the
+very aromatic oil of sassafras much used for flavoring candies and
+various commercial products.
+
+The sassafras deserves more consideration than it has received as a
+shade and ornamental tree. The autumnal coloring of its foliage is
+scarcely surpassed by any tree, and it is very free from insect pests.
+
+
++SWEET GUM+ _Liquidambar styraciflua_ L.
+
+THE sweet or red gum is a very common tree on low lands in southern
+Illinois, but it is seldom found north of Jackson County in the west or
+north of Richland in the east. It is usually abundant in old fields or
+in cut-over woods. The _bark_ is a light gray, roughened by corky
+scales, later becoming deeply furrowed. After the second year the twigs
+often develop 2 to 4 corky projections of the bark, which give them a
+winged appearance.
+
+[Illustration: SWEET GUM
+
+Leaf, one-third natural size. Twig, two-thirds natural size.]
+
+The simple, alternate star-shaped _leaf_, with its 5 to 7 points or
+lobes, is 5 to 7 inches across and very aromatic. In the fall its
+coloring is brilliant, ranging from pale yellow through orange and red
+to a deep bronze.
+
+The _flowers_ are of two kinds on the same tree, unfolding with the
+leaves. The _fruit_ at first glance reminds one of the balls of the
+sycamore, but on closer inspection proves to be a head. It measures an
+inch or more in diameter and is made up of many capsules with projecting
+spines. It frequently hangs on the tree by its long swinging stem late
+into the winter.
+
+The _wood_ is heavy, moderately hard, close-grained, and not durable on
+exposure. The reddish-brown heartwood, which suggests the name, red gum,
+is not present to any appreciable extent in logs under 16 inches in
+diameter. In the South, the wood is extensively used for flooring,
+interior finish, paper pulp and veneers for baskets of all kinds.
+Veneers of the heartwood are largely used in furniture, sometimes as
+imitation mahogany or Circassian walnut. This tree should be more widely
+planted for ornamental use.
+
+
++SYCAMORE+ _Platanus occidentalis_ L.
+
+THE sycamore, also called buttonwood, is considered the largest hardwood
+tree in North America. It occurs throughout the State, but is most
+abundant and reaches its largest size along streams and on rich bottom
+lands. It is one of the more rapidly-growing trees. In maturity it
+occasionally attains a height of 140 to 170 feet and a diameter of 10 to
+11 feet. It often forks into several large secondary trunks, and the
+massive spreading limbs form an open head sometimes 100 feet across.
+
+[Illustration: SYCAMORE
+
+Leaf, one-third natural size. Twig, one-half natural size.]
+
+The _bark_ of the sycamore is a characteristic feature. On the younger
+trunk and large limbs it is very smooth, greenish-gray in color. The
+outer bark yearly flakes off in large patches and exposes the nearly
+white younger bark. Near the base of the old trees the bark becomes
+thick, dark brown and divided by deep furrows. The _flowers_ are very
+small and arranged in dense globular green heads.
+
+The _leaves_ are simple, alternate, 4 to 7 inches long and about as
+broad, light green and smooth above, and paler below. The base of the
+leafstalk is hollow and in falling off exposes the winter bud. The
+_fruit_ is a ball about 1 inch in diameter, conspicuous throughout the
+winter as it hangs on its flexible stem, which is 3 to 5 inches long.
+During early spring, the fruit ball breaks up, and the small seeds are
+widely scattered by the wind.
+
+The _wood_ is hard and moderately strong, but decays rapidly in the
+ground. It is used for butchers' blocks, tobacco boxes, furniture and
+interior finish.
+
+The tree grows rapidly, bears transplanting well and is often planted as
+a shade tree.
+
+ The European sycamore or London plane tree, _Platanus acerifolia_
+ Willd., is less subject to disease than our native species and has
+ been widely planted in this country for ornament and shade. The leaves
+ are more deeply lobed than our sycamore and there are two or three
+ fruit balls on each stem.
+
+
++WILD CRAB APPLE+ _Malus ioensis_ Britton
+
+THE wild crab apple, or prairie crab, is found throughout Illinois
+forming small trees 20 to 30 feet high with trunks from 6 to 12 inches
+in diameter. In the open it develops a broad open crown with rigid,
+contorted branches bearing many short, spur-like branchlets, some of
+which develop into sharp rigid thorns. Under less favorable conditions,
+these crab apples often form bushy shrubs.
+
+[Illustration: WILD CRAB APPLE
+
+Flower, fruit and leaves one-half natural size.]
+
+The _bark_ on the branches is smooth, thin and red-brown in color, while
+on the trunk the thicker bark often breaks into scales. The twigs are at
+first hoary-hairy, but soon become smooth and reddish.
+
+The _leaves_ are alternate, simple, 3 to 4 inches long and almost as
+broad. They are sometimes slightly lobed and sharply and deeply toothed.
+They are dark green and shiny above, but pale and hairy beneath, borne
+on stout, hairy petioles.
+
+The _flowers_, which are from one to two inches broad, are borne in
+clusters of 3 to 8, on wooly pedicels about an inch long. The white or
+rosy petals form a cup which surrounds the numerous stamens and the five
+styles. The calyx is pubescent.
+
+The _fruit_ ripens in October, forming a globose, pale green, very
+fragrant apple with a waxy surface. It is about an inch in diameter,
+flattened at each end.
+
+Like the other crabs, its handsome flowers have a delicious fragrance
+which makes the tree popular for planting for ornamental purposes. The
+fruit is sometimes gathered for jelly. The _wood_ is heavy,
+close-grained and reddish-brown.
+
+ The wild sweet crab, _Malus coronaria_ Mill., differs from the above
+ in having more nearly smooth leaves and calyx. It is rarely found in
+ Illinois but is common in Ohio. A cultivated variety, _Malus ioensis
+ plena_ Rheder, is sold under the name of Bechtel's crab, and has
+ large, double, rosy-pink blossoms.
+
+
++SERVICE BERRY+ _Amelanchier arborea_ (Michx. f.) Fern.
+
+(_Amelanchier canadensis_ Medic.)
+
+THE downy service berry, or shadblow, as it is more commonly called in
+the East, has little economic importance except for its frequency
+throughout the State and the touch of beauty its flowers give to our
+forests early in the spring before the foliage has come out. It is a
+small tree 20 to 50 feet high and seldom over 8 inches in diameter, with
+a rather narrow, rounded top but is often little more than shrub. The
+name shadblow was given by the early settlers who noticed that it
+blossomed when the shad were running up the streams.
+
+[Illustration: SERVICE BERRY One-half natural size.]
+
+The _bark_ is smooth and light gray, and shallowly fissured into scaly
+ridges. The _winter buds_ are long and slender.
+
+The _leaves_ are alternate, slender-stalked, ovate, pointed, finely
+toothed, 2 to 4 inches long, densely white-hairy when young, then
+becoming a light green, and covered with scattered silky hairs.
+
+The white _flowers_ appear in erect or drooping clusters in early
+spring, before the leaves, making the tree quite conspicuous in the
+leafless or budding forest. The petals are slender and rather more than
+a half inch long.
+
+The _fruit_ is sweet, edible, rounded, reddish-purple when ripe, 1/3 to
+1/2 an inch in diameter, ripening early in June. Birds and denizens of
+the forest are very fond of the berries.
+
+The _wood_ is heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained and dark
+brown. It is occasionally used for handles. This is a desirable
+ornamental tree and should be planted for this purpose and to encourage
+the birds.
+
+ The smooth service berry, _Amelanchier leavis_ Wieg., differs from the
+ above species in having smooth leaves, dark green and slightly
+ glaucous when mature, and they are half grown at flowering time. The
+ fruit is sweet, purple or nearly black, glaucous and edible.
+
+
++COCK-SPUR THORN+ _Crataegus crus-galli_ L.
+
+THE hawthorns, or thorn-apples, are small trees or shrubs of the apple
+family which are widely distributed throughout the northeastern United
+States, with fewer species in the South and West. In North America, no
+less than 150 species have been distinguished, but their proper
+identification is a task for the expert. There are about a dozen haws
+that reach tree size in Illinois, attaining a height of 20 to 30 feet
+and a stem diameter of 8 to 12 inches. Of these, perhaps the best known
+is the cock-spur thorn with its many strong straight spines and shining
+leaves. Its _bark_ is pale gray and scaly. Its _winter buds_ are small,
+globose and lustrous brown.
+
+[Illustration: COCK-SPUR THORN Flowers and fruit one-half natural size.]
+
+The _leaves_ are conspicuous because of their dark green glossy surface.
+They are broadest toward the apex tapering to the short petiole. They
+vary in size in different localities, the smaller-leaved varieties seem
+to be more frequently met with in the southern part of the State than in
+the north. These leaves are alternate, wedge-shaped, notched on the
+edges, and from 2 to 3 inches long.
+
+The _flowers_ are rather small, arranged in flat-topped clusters, white
+in color, with about a dozen pink stamens.
+
+The _fruit_ is 1/3 inch thick, greenish-red; the flesh is hard and dry.
+
+This haw is one of the best for planting for ornamental purposes; with
+its spreading branches, it forms a broad, rounded crown. It is hardy and
+succeeds in a great variety of soils.
+
+ The dotted hawthorn, _Crataegus punctata_ Jacq., also has wedge-shaped
+ leaves but they are leathery, dull gray-green in color with
+ conspicuous veins. The tree reaches a height of 25 feet with
+ distinctly horizontal branches forming a broad flat crown. It is often
+ almost without thorns. The fruit is oblong, dull red with pale dots,
+ becoming mellow.
+
+ The pear-thorn, _Crataegus calpodendron_ Med., is a smaller tree, with
+ broader leaves, very few thorns and pear-shaped fruit. The haw is
+ scarlet or orange-red, the flesh is thin and sweet.
+
+
++RED HAW+ _Crataegus mollis_ Scheele
+
+LIKE almost all the hawthorns, the red haw is a tree of the pasture
+lands, the roadside, the open woods and the stream banks. It is the
+largest of our haws, occasionally reaching a height of 30 feet, with
+ascending branches usually forming a low conical crown. The twigs are
+hairy during the first season, but are soon smooth, slender, nearly
+unarmed or occasionally armed with stout, curved thorns.
+
+[Illustration: RED HAW
+
+Flowers one-half natural size.]
+
+The _leaves_ are ovate or nearly orbicular, coarsely toothed nearly to
+the base, usually 3 to 5 pairs of broad, shallow lobes. Both surfaces
+are hairy.
+
+The _flowers_ are often nearly an inch across, in compact clusters. They
+have about 20 cream-colored, densely hairy stamens.
+
+The _fruit_, or the haw, is large, nearly 3/4 inch across, bright
+crimson or scarlet in color. The edible sweet flesh is firm but mellow,
+surrounding 5 bony seeds. It is often used for making jelly.
+
+The _wood_ is strong, tough, heavy and hard, and is used for mallets,
+tool handles and such small articles.
+
+ The Washington thorn, _Crataegus phaenopyrum_ Med., is a smaller tree,
+ with bright red fruit, but its broad leaves are smooth and bright
+ green. The flowers are small, in very large clusters, followed by
+ small bright scarlet edible haws.
+
+ In the southern half of Illinois, growing on moist river bottoms, the
+ green haw, _Crataegus viridis_ L., becomes a tree 20 feet tall. The
+ broad leaves are dark green and quite smooth. The fruit is small but
+ produced in large clusters becoming bright red or orange-red as it
+ ripens.
+
+
++WILD PLUM+ _Prunus americana_ Marsh.
+
+THE common wild plum, or yellow plum, is a small tree which at a height
+usually of 3 to 6 feet divides into many spreading branches, often
+drooping at the ends. Not uncommonly it grows in thickets where it
+attains only large shrub size. The value of the tree lies in its fruit
+from which jelly and preserves are made, and its handsome form, and
+foliage, pure white fragrant flowers, and showy fruit which make it
+desirable for ornamental planting.
+
+[Illustration: WILD PLUM
+
+Three-quarters natural size.]
+
+The _leaves_ are alternate, oval, pointed, sharply toothed, (often
+doubly toothed) along the margin, thick and firm, 3 to 4 inches long by
+1 to 2 inches wide, narrowed or rounded at the base, and prominently
+veined on both surfaces.
+
+The _flowers_ appear in numerous small clusters before, or
+simultaneously with, the leaves, and are white with small bright red
+portions in the center. The _fruit_, or plum, which ripens in late
+summer, is red or orange colored, about an inch in diameter, contains a
+stone or pit that is flattened and about as long as the pulpy part, and
+varies rather widely in its palatability.
+
+The _wood_ is heavy, hard, close-grained, reddish-brown in color and has
+no especial commercial uses.
+
+ The Canada plum, _Prunus nigra_ Ait., is similar to the common wild
+ plum, but the teeth of the leaves are blunt, the leaves are thin and
+ the fruit is orange in color, almost without bloom.
+
+ The wild goose plum, _Prunus hortulana_ Bailey, has thin lance-shaped
+ leaves; its flowers have short petals and it has a rather hard, small
+ globular fruit.
+
+
++BLACK CHERRY+ _Prunus serotina_ Ehrh.
+
+A common tree in Illinois and attaining sizes up to about 70 feet in
+height and 1 to 3 feet in diameter, black cherry as a tree is found all
+over the State. The forest-grown trees have long clear trunks with
+little taper; open-grown trees have spreading crowns. The _bark_ on
+branches and young trees is smooth and bright reddish-brown, marked by
+conspicuous, narrow white, horizontal lines, and has a bitter-almond
+taste. On the older trunks the bark becomes rough and broken into thick,
+irregular plates.
+
+[Illustration: BLACK CHERRY
+
+Twig, two-thirds natural size. Leaf, one-third natural size.]
+
+The _leaves_ are alternate, simple, oval to lance-like in shape, with
+edges broken by many fine incurved teeth, thick and shiny above, and
+paler beneath.
+
+The _fruit_ is dull purplish-black, about as large as a pea, and is
+borne in long hanging clusters. It ripens in late summer, and is edible,
+although it has a slightly bitter taste.
+
+The _wood_ is reddish-brown with yellowish sapwood, moderately heavy,
+hard, strong, fine-grained, and does not warp or split in seasoning. It
+is valuable for its lustre and color and is used for furniture, interior
+finish, tools, and implement handles. With the exception of black
+walnut, black cherry lumber has a greater unit value than any other
+hardwood of the eastern United States.
+
+ The wild cherry, _Prunus pennsylvanica_ L., is a small tree, growing
+ on light soils, in the northern part of the State. The bark is a dark
+ reddish-brown; the leaves are lance-shaped bright green and shiny
+ above, while the fruit is round and bright red in color.
+
+ The choke cherry, _Prunus virginiana_ L., is common along fences and
+ under larger trees in the forest in the northern half of the State. It
+ seldom becomes a tree but it bears a fruit which is sweet but very
+ astringent and is dark purple when ripe.
+
+
++HONEY LOCUST+ _Gleditsia triacanthos_ L.
+
+THE honey locust occurs scattered throughout the State. It grows under a
+wide variety of soil and moisture conditions. It sometimes occurs in the
+forest, but more commonly in corners and waste places beside roads and
+fields. It reaches a diameter of 30 inches and a height of 75 feet. The
+_bark_ on old trees is dark gray and is divided into thin tight scales.
+The strong thorns--straight, brown, branched, sharp and shiny which grow
+on the 1-year-old wood and remain for many years--are sufficient to
+identify the honey locust.
+
+[Illustration: HONEY LOCUST
+
+Twig, three-quarters natural size. Leaf, one-quarter natural size.]
+
+The _leaf_ is pinnate, or feather-like with 18 to 28 leaflets; or it is
+twice-pinnate, consisting of 4 to 7 pairs of pinnae or secondary
+leaflets, each 6 to 8 inches long and somewhat resembling the leaf of
+the black locust.
+
+The _flowers_ which appear when the leaves are nearly full-grown are
+inconspicuous, greenish-yellow and rich in honey. The petals vary from 3
+to 5, the stamens are 3 to 10 and the ovary is wooly and one-celled.
+
+The _fruit_ is a pod, 10 to 18 inches long, often twisted, 1 to 1-1/2
+inches wide, flat, dark brown or black when ripe and containing yellow
+sweetish pulp and seeds. The seeds are very hard and each is separated
+from the others by the pulp. The pods are eaten by many animals, and as
+the seeds are hard to digest, many are thus widely scattered from the
+parent tree.
+
+The _wood_ is coarse-grained, hard, strong and moderately durable in
+contact with the ground. It is used for fence posts and crossties. It
+should not be confused with the very durable wood of the black locust.
+
+ The water locust, _Gleditsia aquatica_ Marsh., is found in river
+ bottoms in southern Illinois, becoming a medium sized tree. It may be
+ known by its short pods, 1 to 2 inches long, with only 2 or 3 seeds.
+
+
++REDBUD+ _Cercis canadensis_ L.
+
+THE redbud is a small tree occurring under taller trees or on the
+borders of fields or hillsides and in valleys throughout the State. It
+ordinarily attains a height of 25 to 50 feet and a diameter of 6 to 12
+inches. Its stout branches usually form a wide flat head.
+
+[Illustration: REDBUD
+
+Leaf, one-fourth natural size. Twig, and flowers, two-thirds natural
+size.]
+
+The _bark_ is bright red-brown, the long narrow plates separating into
+thin scales.
+
+The _leaves_ are alternate, heart-shaped, entire 3 to 5 inches long and
+wide, glossy green turning in autumn to a bright clear yellow.
+
+The conspicuous bright purplish-red, pea-shaped _flowers_ are in
+clusters along the twigs and small branches and appear before or with
+the leaves in early spring.
+
+The _fruit_ is an oblong, flattened, many seeded pod, 2 to 4 inches
+long, reddish during the summer, and often hanging on the tree most of
+the winter.
+
+The _wood_ is heavy, hard, not strong, rich, dark brown in color, and of
+little commercial importance. The redbud is cultivated as an ornamental
+tree and for that purpose might be planted more generally in this State.
+
+ The Kentucky coffee-tree, _Gymnocladus dioicus_ K. Koch, though not
+ anywhere a common tree, is found on rich bottom lands throughout the
+ State. The much-divided leaves are 2 to 3 feet long. The pods are 5 to
+ 8 inches long and 1 to 2 inches wide and contain hard seeds 3/4 inch
+ long. It has few qualities to recommend it for ornamental planting.
+
+
++BLACK LOCUST+ _Robinia pseudoacacia_ L.
+
+THE black locust is a native to the Appalachian Mountains but has been
+introduced into Illinois, and now occurs throughout the entire State
+growing on all soils and under all conditions of moisture except in
+swamps. It is found generally in thickets on clay banks and waste places
+or along fence rows.
+
+[Illustration: BLACK LOCUST
+
+Leaf, one-third natural size. Twig and flower, two-thirds natural size.]
+
+The twigs and branchlets are armed with straight or slightly curved
+sharp, strong spines, sometimes as much as 1 inch in length which remain
+attached to the outer bark for many years. The _bark_ is dark brown and
+divides into strips as the tree grows older.
+
+The _leaves_ are pinnate, or featherlike, from 6 to 10 inches in length,
+consisting of from 7 to 19 oblong thin leaflets.
+
+The _flowers_ are fragrant, white or cream-colored, and appear in early
+spring in graceful pendent racemes. The _fruit_ is a pod from 3 to 5
+inches long containing 4 to 8 small hard seeds which ripen late in the
+fall. The pod splits open during the winter, discharging the seeds. Some
+seeds usually remain attached to each half of the pod; the pod thus acts
+as a wing upon which the seeds are borne to considerable distances
+before the strong spring winds.
+
+The _wood_ is yellow in color, coarse-grained, very heavy, very hard,
+strong, and very durable in contact with the soil. It is used
+extensively for fence posts, poles, tree nails, insulator pins and
+occasionally for lumber and fuel.
+
+The tree is very rapid in growth in youth but short-lived. It spreads by
+underground shoots and is useful for holding and reclaiming badly
+gullied lands. The usefulness of the black locust is, however, very
+greatly limited by the fact that it is subject to great damage from an
+insect known as the locust borer.
+
+
++TREE OF HEAVEN+ _Ailanthus altissima_ Swingle
+
+THIS tree is a native of China but planted in Illinois because of its
+tropical foliage. It has escaped and become naturalized. It is a
+handsome, rapid-growing, short-lived tree, attaining a height of 40 to
+60 feet, and a trunk diameter of 2 to 3 feet. Its crown is spreading,
+rather loose and open. The twigs are smooth and thick with a large
+reddish-brown pith. The _winter buds_ are small, globular and hairy,
+placed just above the large leaf-scars.
+
+[Illustration: TREE OF HEAVEN
+
+Twig, one-half natural size. Leaf and fruit, one-fourth natural size.]
+
+The _leaves_ are alternate, pinnately compound and one to three feet
+long. The leaflets number from 11 to 41, are smooth, dark green above,
+paler beneath, turning a clear yellow in autumn.
+
+The _flowers_ appear soon after the leaves are full grown, on different
+trees, borne in large upright panicles. They are small yellow-green in
+color with 5 petals and 10 stamens. The staminate flowers have a
+disagreeable odor.
+
+The _fruit_, ripening in October but remaining on the tree during the
+winter, is a one-seeded samara, spirally twisted, borne in crowded
+clusters.
+
+The tree of heaven is useful for landscape planting, succeeding in all
+kinds of soils and all kinds of growing conditions. It makes a rapid
+showing and is practically free from all diseases and insect injury.
+
+
++SMOOTH SUMAC+ _Rhus glabra_ L.
+
+THE smooth sumac is usually a tall shrub but occasionally it develops as
+a tree 20 to 25 feet tall with a trunk diameter of 6 to 10 inches. A few
+large spreading branches form a broad, flat, open head. The twigs are
+smooth and glabrous and have a thick, light brown pith with small round
+winter buds.
+
+[Illustration: SMOOTH SUMAC
+
+Twig, one-half natural size. Leaf and fruit, one-fourth natural size.]
+
+The compound _leaves_ are 6 to 18 inches long, composed of 9 to 27
+leaflets with sharply notched margins. They are dark green above,
+whitish beneath, changing to red, purple and yellow early in the autumn.
+
+The _flowers_ are small and green, produced in dense terminal panicles.
+The _fruit_ is a small globose berry, covered with crimson hairs and has
+a pleasant acid taste. The conspicuous deep red panicles of fruit remain
+unchanged on the tree during the winter.
+
+The _wood_ is light and of a golden yellow color. Either as a tree, or
+as a shrub, the smooth sumac is excellent for ornamental planting, being
+particularly desirable on terraces or hillsides, where mass effects are
+desired. It transplants very readily and spreads freely.
+
+ The staghorn sumac, _Rhus typhina_ L., is a slightly taller tree, as
+ it reaches a height of 20 to 35 feet, and a stem diameter of 8 to 12
+ inches. The twigs and leaves are similar to those of the smooth sumac
+ but are conspicuously hairy. Its occurrence is limited to the northern
+ part of the State.
+
+ The shining sumac, _Rhus copallina_ L., usually occurs in shrub form
+ but it occasionally reaches a height of 20 feet with a stem diameter
+ of 6 inches. The leaves are smooth above but somewhat hairy beneath
+ with a winged rachis and about 9 to 21 leaflets that are slightly
+ toothed. Late in the summer its foliage turns a brilliant red. The
+ fruit clusters are much smaller than the preceding species. It is
+ found throughout the State.
+
+
++SUGAR MAPLE+ _Acer saccharum_ Marsh.
+
+THE sugar maple is an important member of the climax forests which
+stretch from Maine to Minnesota and southward to Texas and Florida. It
+is an associate of the hemlocks and the birches in the North, with the
+beeches and chestnuts through the middle states, with the oaks in the
+West and with the tulip and the magnolias in the South. In Illinois it
+is a common and favorite tree throughout the State. In the open it grows
+fairly rapidly and has a very symmetrical, dense crown, affording heavy
+shade. It is, therefore, quite extensively planted as a shade tree. The
+_bark_ on young trees is light gray and brown and rather smooth, but as
+the tree grows older, it breaks up into long, irregular plates or
+scales, which vary from light gray to almost black. The twigs are smooth
+and reddish-brown, and the _winter buds_ are smooth and sharp-pointed.
+The tree attains a height of more than 100 feet and a diameter of 3 feet
+or more. The sap yields maple sugar and maple syrup.
+
+[Illustration: SUGAR MAPLE
+
+Leaf, one-third natural size.
+
+Twig, one-half natural size.]
+
+The _leaves_ are 3 to 5 inches across, simple, opposite, with 3 to 5
+pointed and sparsely-toothed lobes, the divisions between the lobes
+being rounded. The leaves are dark green on the upper surface, lighter
+green beneath, turning in autumn to brilliant shades of dark red,
+scarlet, orange and clear yellow.
+
+The _flowers_ are yellowish-green, on long threadlike stalks, appearing
+with the leaves, the two kinds in separate clusters. The _fruit_, which
+ripens in the fall, consists of a two-winged "samara", or "key", the two
+wings nearly parallel, each about 1 inch in length and containing a
+seed. It is easily carried by the wind.
+
+The _wood_ is hard, heavy, strong, close-grained and light brown in
+color. It is known, commercially as hard maple, and is used in the
+manufacture of flooring, furniture, shoe-lasts and a great variety of
+novelties.
+
+ The black maple, _Acer nigrum_ Michx., occurs with the sugar maple
+ with darker bark. The leaves are usually wider than long, yellow-green
+ and downy beneath, and the base of the petioles enlarged. The two
+ lower lobes are very small; the lobes are undulate or entire.
+
+
++SILVER MAPLE+ _Acer saccharinum_ L.
+
+THE silver or river maple, also called the soft maple, occurs on moist
+land and along streams. It attains heights of 100 feet or more and
+diameters of 3 feet or over. It usually has a short trunk which divides
+into a number of large ascending limbs. These again subdivide, and the
+branches droop but turn upward at the tips. The _bark_ on the old stems
+is dark gray and broken into long flakes or scales; on the young shoots
+it is smooth and varies in color from reddish to a yellowish-gray. The
+silver maple grows rapidly and has been much planted as a shade tree.
+Because of the brittleness of its wood, it is often damaged by summer
+storms and winter sleet.
+
+[Illustration: SILVER MAPLE
+
+Twig, one-half natural size. Leaf, one-third natural size.]
+
+The _leaves_ are opposite on the stem, have from 3 to 5 lobes ending in
+long points with toothed edges and are separated by deep angular sinuses
+or openings; they are pale green on the upper surface and silvery-white
+underneath. The buds are rounded, red or reddish-brown, blunt-pointed;
+generally like those of red maple.
+
+The _flowers_ appear in the spring before the leaves, in dense clusters,
+and are of a greenish-yellow color. The _fruit_ ripens in late spring.
+It consists of a pair of winged seeds or "keys" with wings 1 to 2 inches
+long on slender, flexible, threadlike stems about an inch long.
+
+The _wood_ is soft, weak, even-textured, rather brittle, easily worked,
+and decays readily when exposed. It is considerably used for boxboards,
+furniture, veneers and fuel.
+
+ The red maple, or swamp maple, _Acer rubrum_ L., has leaves deeply
+ lobed with the lobes sharply toothed. The autumn color is deep red.
+ The flowers also are red and the fruit is small reddish, maturing late
+ in spring.
+
+
++BOX ELDER+ _Acer negundo_ L.
+
+THE box elder is a fairly rapidly growing tree, found commonly along
+streams rather generally over the State. It is a tree of medium size,
+rarely reaching over 24 inches in diameter and 60 to 70 feet in height.
+It has been considerably planted for shade because in good soil its
+growth is rapid. Its limbs and branches, however, are fragile, and the
+tree as a whole is rather subject to disease. It is not long-lived or
+generally satisfactory for any purpose. It is prolific in reproduction
+but is largely destroyed by grazing and cultivation.
+
+[Illustration: BOX ELDER
+
+Twig, two-thirds natural size. Leaf, one-third natural size.]
+
+The _bark_ on young branches is smooth and green to purple in color; on
+old trees it is thin, grayish to light brown and deeply divided.
+
+The _leaves_ are compound, with usually 3 leaflets (rarely 5 or 7),
+opposite, smooth and lustrous, green, and borne on a leaf stem or
+petiole 2 to 3 inches long. The leaflets are 2 to 4 inches long by 1 to
+2 inches wide, making the whole leaf 5 to 8 inches in length.
+
+The _fruit_ is a samara, or key, winged similarly to that of a sugar
+maple, but smaller. It ripens in late summer or early fall, and so is
+like its close relative, the sugar maple, but unlike its close
+relatives, the red maple and silver maple.
+
+The _wood_ is soft, light, weak, close-grained and decays readily in
+contact with heat and moisture. It is used occasionally for fuel.
+
+ The Norway maple, _Acer platanoides_ L., is a European species which
+ has been extensively planted. It forms a round, spreading crown of
+ stout branches with coarse twigs. The leaves resemble those of the
+ sugar maple but somewhat broader and the petioles exude a milky juice
+ when cut. The flowers are larger than those of our native maples and
+ fruit is large with diverging wings. It holds its leaves longer in the
+ fall and the autumn coloring is pale yellow. It succeeds well as a
+ city shade tree.
+
+
++OHIO BUCKEYE+ _Aesculus glabra_ Willd.
+
+THE buckeye is rare in the northern fourth of Illinois, but is known in
+the rest of the State, forming no considerable part of the forest stand.
+It reaches a height of 60 to 70 feet and a diameter of 18 to 24 inches.
+The trunk is usually short, limby, and knotty. The crown or head, is
+generally open and made up of small spreading branches and twigs
+orange-brown to reddish-brown in color. The _bark_ is light gray and, on
+old trees, divided or broken into flat scales, which make the stem of
+the tree rough; the bark is ill-smelling when bruised.
+
+[Illustration: OHIO BUCKEYE
+
+Twig, two-thirds natural size. Nut, one-third natural size.
+
+Leaf, one-quarter natural size.]
+
+The _leaves_ are opposite on the twigs, compound and consisting of 5
+long-oval, rarely 7, pointed, toothed, yellow-green leaflets, set like
+the fingers of a hand at the top of slender petioles 4 to 6 inches long.
+They usually turn yellow and then fall early in the autumn.
+
+The _flowers_ appear after the leaves unfold; are cream-colored; in
+terminal panicles 5 to 7 inches long and 2 to 3 inches broad, quite
+downy.
+
+The _fruit_ is a thick, leathery, prickly capsule about an inch in
+diameter, and, breaking into 2 or 3 valves, discloses the bright, shiny,
+mahogany colored seeds, or nuts.
+
+The _wood_ is light, soft and weak, and decays rapidly when exposed. It
+is used for woodenware, artificial limbs, paper pulp, and for lumber and
+fuel.
+
+ The horse-chestnut, _Aesculus hippocastanum_ L., is a handsome
+ European tree with a very symmetrical crown. The flowers are larger
+ than those of our native species and add beauty to the foliage. It
+ forms a desirable shade tree.
+
+
++BASSWOOD+ _Tilia americana_ L.
+
+THE basswood, or American linden, is a rather tall tree with a broad,
+round-topped crown. It ranges throughout Illinois and may be found
+wherever rich, wooded slopes, moist stream banks and cool ravines occur.
+It grows best in river bottoms, where it is common and forms a valuable
+timber tree, attaining a height of 80 feet and a diameter of 4 feet. The
+_bark_ is light brown, deeply furrowed and the inner bark furnishes bast
+for making mats.
+
+[Illustration: BASSWOOD
+
+Leaf, one-third natural size. Twig, one-half natural size.]
+
+The _leaves_ are broadly heart-shaped, 3 to 6 inches long, coarsely
+saw-toothed, smooth on both sides, except for some hairs on the axils of
+the veins. They are dark above but light green beneath.
+
+The _flowers_ are yellowish-white, in drooping clusters opening in early
+summer, and flower stem is united to the middle of a long narrow
+leaf-like bract. They are very fragrant and from them the bees make a
+large amount of choice grade honey.
+
+The _fruit_ is a berry-like, dry, 1 or 2 seeded, rounded nutlet 1/4 to
+1/2 an inch in diameter, covered with short, thick and brownish wool. It
+remains attached in clusters to the leafy bract, which later acts as a
+wing to bear it away on the wind.
+
+The _wood_ is light, soft, tough, not durable, light brown in color. It
+is used in the manufacture of pulp, woodenware, furniture, trunks,
+excelsior and many other articles.
+
+It makes a fine shade tree, grows rapidly and is easily transplanted.
+
+ The white basswood, _Tilia heterophylla_ Vent., is similar to the
+ preceding species, but with somewhat lighter bark. The leaves are
+ larger, dark yellow-green above, the under surface being generally
+ densely covered with short, silvery or gray hairs with tufts of brown
+ hairs in the axils of the veins. It is more plentiful in the southern
+ part of the State.
+
+
++FLOWERING DOGWOOD+ _Cornus florida_ L.
+
+THE flowering dogwood is rare in the northern third of the State. It is
+a small tree, growing under the larger forest trees, usually 15 to 30
+feet in height and 6 to 12 inches in diameter, with a rather flat and
+spreading crown and short, often crooked trunk. The _bark_ is
+reddish-brown to black and broken up into small 4-sided scaly blocks.
+
+[Illustration: FLOWERING DOGWOOD
+
+Leaf and flowers, one-half natural size. Twig, two-thirds natural size.]
+
+The _leaves_ are opposite, ovate, 3 to 5 inches long, 2 to 3 inches
+wide, pointed, entire or wavy on the margin, bright green above, pale
+green or grayish beneath.
+
+The _flowers_, which unfold from the conspicuous round, grayish, winter
+flower buds before the leaves come out, are small greenish-yellow,
+arranged in dense heads surrounded by large white or rarely pinkish
+petal-like bracts, which give the appearance of large spreading flowers
+2 to 4 inches across.
+
+The _fruit_ is a bright scarlet "berry", 1/2 inch long and containing a
+hard nutlet in which are 1 or 2 seeds. Usually several fruits, or
+"berries", are contained in one head. They are relished by birds,
+squirrels and other animals.
+
+The _wood_ is hard, heavy, strong, very close-grained, brown to red in
+color. It is in great demand for cotton-mill machinery, turnery handles
+and forms. One other tree has quite similar wood--the persimmon.
+
+The dogwood, with its masses of early spring flowers, its dark red
+autumn foliage and its bright red berries, is probably our most
+ornamental native tree. It should be used much more extensively in
+roadside and ornamental planting.
+
+ The alternate-leaved dogwood, _Cornus alternifolia_ L., occasionally
+ reaches tree size with long slender branches arranged in irregular
+ whorls giving the tree a storied effect. The flowers are small,
+ followed by blue-black fruit borne in loose red-stemmed clusters.
+
+
++SOUR GUM+ _Nyssa sylvatica_ Marsh.
+
+THE sour gum, often called black gum, is found in many types of soil and
+in most conditions of soil moisture in southern Illinois, but it becomes
+rare in the northern half of the State. In lowlands, it is occasionally
+found in year-round swamps with cypress, and in the hills on dry slopes
+with oaks and hickories.
+
+[Illustration: SOUR GUM
+
+One-half natural size.]
+
+The _leaves_ are simple, 2 to 3 inches long, entire, often broader near
+the apex, shiny, dark green in color. In the fall the leaves turn a most
+brilliant red.
+
+The _bark_ on younger trees is furrowed between flat ridges, and
+gradually develops into quadrangular blocks that are dense, hard and
+nearly black. Most of the branches are nearly horizontal.
+
+The greenish _flowers_ on long slender stems appear in early spring when
+the leaves are about one-third grown. They are usually of two kinds, the
+male in many-flowered heads and the female in two to several-flowered
+clusters on different trees. The _fruit_ is a dark blue, fleshy berry,
+2/3 of an inch long, containing a single hard-shelled seed, and is borne
+on long stems, 2 to 3 in a cluster.
+
+The _wood_ is very tough, cross-grained, not durable in contact with the
+soil, hard to work, and warps easily. It is used for crate and basket
+veneers, box shooks, rollers, mallets, rough floors, mine trams,
+pulpwood and fuel.
+
+ The tupelo gum, or cotton gum, _Nyssa aquatica_ L., is found in deep
+ river swamps which are flooded during a part of the year. It occurs in
+ 4 or 5 of the southern counties of Illinois in cypress swamps. The
+ enlarged base and the larger fruit serve to distinguish it from the
+ sour gum. This fruit or "plum" is about an inch long, dark purple and
+ has a tough skin enclosing a flattened stone. The wood is light, soft,
+ and not strong and is used for woodenware, handles, fruit and
+ vegetable packages.
+
+
++PERSIMMON+ _Diospyros virginiana_ L.
+
+THE persimmon, often called "simmon", is well known throughout its
+range. It is a small tree, rarely exceeding 50 feet in height and 1 inch
+in diameter, occurring throughout the State from the southern part north
+to Peoria County. It seems to prefer dry, open situations, and is most
+abundant in the old fields, though it also occurs on rich bottom lands.
+The _bark_ of old trees is almost black and separated into thick nearly
+square blocks, much like the black gum.
+
+[Illustration: PERSIMMON
+
+Leaf, one-half natural size. Twig, three-quarters natural size.]
+
+The _leaves_ are alternate, oval, entire, 4 to 6 inches long, dark green
+and shining above, paler beneath.
+
+The small _flowers_, which appear in May, are yellowish or creamy white,
+somewhat bell-shaped, the two kinds occurring on separate trees; the
+male in clusters of 2 or 3, the female solitary. They are visited by
+many insects.
+
+The _fruit_ is a pulpy, round, orange-colored or brown berry, an inch or
+more in diameter and containing several flattened, hard, smooth seeds.
+It is strongly astringent while green, but quite sweet and delicious
+when thoroughly ripe.
+
+The _wood_ is hard, dense, heavy, strong, the heartwood brown or black,
+the wide sapwood white or yellowish. It is particularly valued for
+shuttles, golf-stick heads, and similar special uses, but is not of
+sufficient commercial use to warrant its general encouragement as a
+timber tree.
+
+ The Hercules' club, _Aralia spinosa_ L., grows to tree size in
+ southern Illinois, with a spiny stem 25 to 30 feet tall and a
+ flat-topped head. The doubly compound leaves are often more than 3
+ feet long. Its small greenish-white flowers are followed by large
+ clusters of purple juicy berries. It is desirable for ornamental
+ planting.
+
+
++WHITE ASH+ _Fraxinus americana_ L.
+
+THE white ash is found throughout the State, but grows to best advantage
+in the rich moist soils of bottom lands. It reaches an average height of
+50 to 80 feet and a diameter of 2 to 3 feet, though much larger trees
+are found in virgin forests. The _bark_ varies in color from a light
+gray to a gray-brown. The rather narrow ridges are separated with marked
+regularity by deep, diamond-shaped fissures.
+
+[Illustration: WHITE ASH
+
+Twig, one-half natural size. Leaf, one-third natural size.]
+
+The opposite _leaves_ of the white ash are from 8 to 12 inches long and
+have from 5 to 9 plainly stalked, sharp-pointed leaflets, dark green and
+smooth above, pale green beneath.
+
+The _flowers_ are of two kinds on different trees, the staminate in
+dense reddish-purple clusters and the pistillate in more open bunches.
+The _fruit_ of the ash is winged, 1 to 1-1/2 inches long, resembling the
+blade of a canoe paddle in outline, with the seed at the handle end. The
+fruits mature in late summer and are distributed effectively by the
+winds.
+
+The _wood_ of the white ash is extremely valuable on account of its
+toughness and elasticity. It is preferred to all other native woods for
+small tool handles, such athletic implements as rackets, bats, and oars,
+and agricultural implements. It is also used extensively for furniture
+and interior finish.
+
+ The green ash, _Fraxinus pennsylvanica lanceolata_ Sarg., is common in
+ stream valleys throughout the State. The hairy form of this tree is
+ known as the red ash. This species differs from the white ash in
+ having the leaves bright green or yellow-green on both sides. The
+ fruit has the wing portion extending well down past the middle of the
+ seed-bearing part, and with the wing sometimes square or slightly
+ notched at the outer end. The wood is similar to that of the white
+ ash, but is not quite so tough.
+
+
++BLUE ASH+ _Fraxinus quadrangulata_ Michx.
+
+THE blue ash is not very common but widely distributed in the upland
+portions of the State, where it is limited to limestone bluffs,
+occasionally descending to the adjacent bottom lands. It becomes a large
+tree 60 feet or more in height with a trunk 2 feet in diameter. The
+young twigs are usually square, sometimes winged or 4-ridged between the
+leaf bases.
+
+[Illustration: BLUE ASH
+
+Leaf, one-third natural size. Fruit and twig, two-thirds natural size.]
+
+The _bark_ is light gray tinged with red, 1/2 to 2/3 inch thick,
+irregularly divided into large plate-like scales. Macerating the inner
+bark in water yields a blue dye.
+
+The _leaves_ are 8 to 12 inches long, having 7 to 11 stalked leaflets,
+long pointed and coarsely toothed, thick and firm, smooth and
+yellowish-green above, paler beneath.
+
+The _flowers_ are without petals and appear in clusters when the buds
+begin to expand.
+
+The _fruit_ is flattened and oblong, 1 to 2 inches long and less than
+1/2 inch wide and usually notched at the outer end. The wing is about
+twice the length of the seed-bearing portion and extends down the sides
+past the middle.
+
+The _wood_ is heavy, hard, and close-grained, light yellow, streaked
+with brown, with a very broad zone of lighter sapwood. It is not usually
+distinguished commercially from the wood of other ashes.
+
+ The pumpkin ash, _Fraxinus tomentosa_ Michx., grows in deep river
+ swamps in southern Illinois. It is a tall slender tree, usually with a
+ much enlarged base. The twigs are light gray. The leaves, with 7 to 9
+ leaflets, smooth above and soft downy below, are from 10 to 18 inches
+ long.
+
+ The black ash, _Fraxinus nigra_ Marsh., appears occasionally on the
+ flood plains in the northern part of the State. It may be known by its
+ ashy light gray bark, its very thick twigs and sessile, long-pointed
+ sharply serrate leaflets.
+
+
++CATALPA+ _Catalpa speciosa_ Warder
+
+THIS is a native to the Wabash Valley of Illinois, but has been widely
+planted and has spread somewhat farther as a result of cultivation. It
+is a medium sized tree with a short trunk and broad head with spreading
+branches. Because of its attractive flowers and conspicuous heart-shaped
+leaves, it is considerably used for shade and ornament. The _bark_
+varies from dark gray to brown, slightly rough, being divided in narrow
+shallow strips or flakes. The _leaves_ are simple, opposite, oval,
+long-pointed, 6 to 10 inches long, and heart-shaped at the base.
+
+[Illustration: CATALPA
+
+Leaf, one-third natural size. Twig, two-thirds natural size.]
+
+The _flowers_ appear in clusters or panicles in May or June. They are
+white with purple and yellow markings, and this makes them decidedly
+showy and attractive. The _fruit_ consists of a bean-like pod, 8 to 16
+inches long. It hangs on the tree over winter and gradually splits into
+2 parts, or valves. The seeds are about 1 inch long and terminate in
+wings that are rounded and short-fringed at the ends. They are freely
+carried by the wind.
+
+The _wood_ is rather soft, light, coarse-grained and durable in contact
+with the soil. It is used for fence posts, poles and fuel, and
+occasionally for railroad ties.
+
+ The paulownia, _Paulownia tomentosa_ (Thumb). Steud., is a large tree
+ native of China with the aspect of the catalpa with broad opposite
+ leaves. Its upright pyramidal clusters of pale violet flowers which
+ appear with the unfolding of the leaves are strikingly handsome. The
+ individual flowers are bell-shaped, two inches long and spotted with
+ darker purple.
+
+
+
+
+DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION
+
+
+Division of Forestry
+
+THE State Division of Forestry was organized in 1926 as a division of
+the Department of Conservation. It was organized at that time as a
+result of an increased need for proper forestry practices within the
+State on the part of the owners of timber land and potential timber
+lands.
+
+The objectives of the Division are as follows:
+
+ 1. To promote and assist in the reforestation of idle lands unfit for
+ agriculture.
+
+ 2. To prevent and control woods fires.
+
+ 3. To control erosion by the planting of trees.
+
+ 4. To establish State forests to act as demonstration areas in timber
+ land management.
+
+ 5. To assist Illinois farmers, landowners, and corporations in
+ woodland management practices.
+
+ 6. To assist in the establishment of county and community forests.
+
+ 7. To disseminate forestry knowledge through the publication of
+ forestry literature.
+
+
+Reforestation
+
+Illinois has within its total land area of approximately 35,800,000
+acres, 2,500,000 acres of land that should be reforested. These lands
+are lying idle at present due to the fact that they are too poor for
+agricultural purposes. As such they provide an economic burden to their
+owners and to the State because they are unproductive. These same lands
+will grow trees profitably, therefore, it is necessary that they be
+planted to trees for a future timber crop which ultimately will bring a
+revenue to the landowners and community.
+
+To meet this situation, the Department of Conservation, Division of
+Forestry has developed two large forest tree nurseries capable of
+producing 15,000,000 trees annually for reforestation and erosion
+control purposes. These trees are available to farmers and landowners at
+prices varying from $5.00 to $15.00 per thousand, dependent upon the
+species of trees desired. Trees secured from the State must be used only
+for reforestation and erosion control and cannot be used for landscape
+or ornamental plantings.
+
+Definite progress has been made in the State reforestation program of
+idle lands. The first major distribution of trees took place in 1936 at
+which time 300,000 trees were planted in the State. Since 1936 the
+State's reforestation program has steadily been enlarged to the extent
+that in 1940, 6,250,000 trees were distributed from State nurseries and
+in 1954, 9,996,000 trees left the Division's nurseries to be planted by
+farmers and public agencies in the State.
+
+Considerable progress has been made, however, it is hoped that the
+reforestation program in Illinois will continue to expand until all idle
+lands in Illinois are growing a useful timber crop.
+
+
+Forest Fire Protection
+
+Woodland fires in Illinois always present a serious problem to the
+future growth and quality of our forests. Thousands of dollars worth of
+damage is done annually to our existing woodlands by fires which not
+only destroy our merchantable timber but also cause severe mortality to
+young forest seedlings. Fires seriously affect the soil, destroy
+wildlife and disrupt the entire biological balance of the forest. Every
+effort should be made, therefore, to prevent woods fires.
+
+In 1938 the State Division of Forestry inaugurated a program in forest
+fire protection. Since that time ten fire protection districts and a
+forest fire protection headquarters have been established in southern
+Illinois. Fire fighting personnel has been hired, radio communication
+established, and ten State forest fire towers have been erected. Fire
+protection has been established on all State forests. Necessary tools
+and equipment for use by both forestry personnel and volunteer groups
+have been purchased. As a result, 3,674,000 acres of State and private
+land are now receiving fire protection. This program will be enlarged as
+funds permit until all woodland acreage in need of protection will
+receive necessary fire protection.
+
+Our forest resources are a valuable asset to Illinois and one of the
+most valuable renewable resources that we have. They can only be so,
+however, if adequate forest fire protection is afforded them.
+
+
+Woodland Management
+
+Illinois' total forest acreage, when our first settlers came to the
+State, included 15,273,000 acres of the finest timber to be found in the
+Middle West. This represented 42 per cent of the total acreage. Although
+Illinois today is considered strictly an agricultural State, at one time
+we were rich in forest resources and they were the State's most valuable
+asset. Today Illinois has but 3,996,000 acres of woodlands of which 92%
+is in private ownership. The trained foresters of the Division of
+Forestry are making every effort to assist farmers and landowners in
+their woodland management problems. It is vitally necessary that proper
+forestry practices be conducted on our woodlands today in order that the
+landowners realize an income from their forest lands and thereby make
+them an asset rather than a liability. Advice on woodland management is
+available free of charge from the Division.
+
+The marketing and proper utilization of our existing forest resources is
+the concern of the Division of Forestry. Approximately 1,000 small
+sawmills are operating in the State and, of course, much timber is
+needed annually to keep such mills in operation. Every effort is being
+made to advise timber landowners as to proper cutting practices and
+disposal of merchantable timber.
+
+
+State Forests
+
+The State at present has 10,110 acres in State forests. It is hoped that
+this acreage can be enlarged in future years as State appropriations
+permit. The above acreage includes three State forests located in Union,
+Mason and Henderson counties. Illinois State forests will always be
+smaller than those of other states because of the unavailability of low
+valued land. The Division's proposed State forest plan provides for a
+large number of small State forests throughout the State which would
+serve as ideal examples of proper woodland management and reforestation
+practices. As funds permit these will be acquired in the future.
+
+Our State forests provide ideal recreational areas at present and
+thousands of visitors use them annually. In addition, as the timber
+matures on them, they will provide a revenue from timber sales and
+become self-sustaining.
+
+
+Community Forests
+
+Community forests are the oldest type of forest lands in public
+ownership. Some have been in existence for 200 years in the eastern
+states and records of older community forests have been found in some of
+the European countries. The Division of Forestry is cooperating with
+counties and communities in an effort to get a large scale community
+forest program in Illinois. To date there are 58 community forests
+having a total acreage of 52,296 acres. Up to the present time 700,000
+trees have been planted on these areas in cooperation with the Division
+of Forestry.
+
+Nine counties in the State have County Forest Preserve Districts at
+present. The ratio of ten acres for each 1,000 population within the
+county appears to be a fair goal for county forest preserve systems in
+accordance with the Illinois State Planning Commission. On this basis 19
+counties in Illinois should have forest preserves.
+
+
+Summary
+
+As a result of increased appropriations for forestry in recent years a
+definite well-planned forestry program is in effect in Illinois. For
+additional information on the Division's activities, write the State
+Forester, Springfield.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC NAMES
+
+
+ Page
+
+ Acer
+ negundo, 58
+ nigrum, 56
+ platanoides, 58
+ rubrum, 57
+ saccharum, 56
+ saccharinum, 57
+
+ Aesculus
+ hippocastanum, 59
+ glabra, 59
+
+ Ailanthus
+ altissima, 54
+
+ Alnus
+ glutinosa, 19
+ incana, 19
+
+ Amelanchier
+ arborea, 46
+ canadensis, 46
+ laevis, 46
+
+ Aralia
+ spinosa, 63
+
+ Asimina
+ tribola, 41
+
+
+ Betula
+ lutea, 21
+ nigra, 21
+ papyrifera, 20
+
+
+ Carpinus
+ caroliniana, 19
+
+ Carya
+ aquatica, 13, 15
+ buckleyi, 13, 18
+ cordiformis, 13, 14
+ glabra, 13, 18
+ illinoensis, 13, 15
+ laciniosa, 13, 16
+ ovalis, 13, 17
+ ovata, 13, 16
+ pecan, 15
+ tomentosa, 13, 17
+
+ Castanea
+ dentata, 22
+
+ Catalpa
+ speciosa, 66
+
+ Celtis
+ leavigata, 36
+ occidentalis, 36
+
+ Cercis
+ canadensis, 52
+
+ Cornus
+ alternifolia, 61
+ florida, 61
+
+ Crataegus
+ calpodendron, 47
+ crus-galli, 47
+ mollis, 48
+ phoenopyrum, 48
+ punctata, 47
+ viridis, 48
+
+
+ Diospyros
+ virginiana, 63
+
+
+ Fagus
+ grandifolia, 22
+
+ Fraxinus
+ americana, 64
+ nigra, 65
+ pennsylvanica, 64
+ quadrangulata, 65
+ tomentosa, 65
+
+
+ Gleditsia
+ aquatica, 51
+ triacanthos, 51
+
+ Gymnocladus
+ dioicus, 52
+
+
+ Juglans
+ cinerea, 12
+ nigra, 11
+
+ Juniperus
+ virginiana, 7
+
+
+ Larix
+ decidua, 6
+ laricina, 6
+
+ Liquidambar
+ styraciflua, 43
+
+ Liriodendron
+ tulipifera, 40
+
+
+ Maclura
+ pomifera, 37
+
+ Magnolia
+ acuminata, 39
+
+ Malus
+ coronaria, 45
+ iensis, 45
+
+
+
+ Morus
+ alba, 38
+ rubra, 38
+
+
+ Nyssa
+ aquatica, 62
+ sylvatica, 62
+
+
+ Ostrya
+ virginiana, 20
+
+
+ Paulownia
+ tomentosa, 66
+
+ Picea
+ abies, 5
+
+ Pinus
+ banksiana, 5
+ echinata, 5
+ nigra, 4
+ strobus, 4
+ sylvestris, 5
+
+ Planera
+ aquatica, 35
+
+ Platanus
+ acerifolia, 44
+ occidentalis, 44
+
+ Populus
+ alba, 9
+ deltoides, 9
+ grandidenta, 8
+ nigra, 9
+ heterophylla, 9
+ tacamahaca, 9
+ tremuloides, 8
+
+ Prunus
+ americana, 49
+ hortulana, 49
+ nigra, 49
+ pennsylvanica, 50
+ serotina, 50
+ virginiana, 50
+
+
+ Quercus
+ alba, 23, 24
+ borealis, 28
+ bicolor, 23, 25
+ coccinea, 23, 30
+ digitata, 31
+ ellipsoidalis, 23, 29
+ falcata, 23, 31
+ imbricaria, 23, 33
+ lyrata, 23, 24
+ macrocarpa, 23, 25
+ marilandica, 23, 32
+ montana, 26
+ muhlenbergii, 23, 26
+ pagodaefolia, 31
+ palustris, 23, 30
+ phellos, 23, 33
+ prinus, 23, 26
+ rubra, 28, 31
+ shumardii, 23, 28
+ stellata, 23, 27
+ velutina, 23, 29
+
+
+ Rhus
+ copallina, 55
+ glabra, 55
+ typhina, 55
+
+ Robinia
+ pseudoacacia, 53
+
+
+ Sassafras
+ albidum, 42
+
+ Salix
+ alba, 10
+ amygdaloides, 10
+ babylonica, 10
+ nigra, 10
+ fragilis, 10
+
+
+ Taxodium
+ distichum, 6
+
+ Thuja
+ occidentalis, 7
+
+ Tilia
+ americana, 60
+ heterophylla, 60
+
+
+ Ulmus
+ alata, 34
+ americana, 34
+ fulva, 35
+ rubra, 35
+ thomasi, 34
+
+[Illustration: Backcover]
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Forest Trees of Illinois, by
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