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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/37646-h.zip b/37646-h.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..9296a36 --- /dev/null +++ b/37646-h.zip diff --git a/37646-h/37646-h.htm b/37646-h/37646-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d6f29d4 --- /dev/null +++ b/37646-h/37646-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,4847 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of Forest Trees of Illinois, by Mattoon, W. R., and Miller, R. B.</title> + <style type="text/css"> + + p { margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; + } + p.center { margin-top: 0em; font-size: .9em; + text-align: center; + margin-bottom: .75em; + } + p.indent { margin-top: .75em; margin-left: 2em; + text-align: left; text-indent: -2em; display: block; + margin-bottom: .75em; font-size: 1em;} + + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { font-weight: normal; margin-top: 2.5em; + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; + } + + table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;} + + td.left90 {padding-top: .4em; padding-bottom: .1em; font-size: 1em; text-align: left; width: 90%;} + td.left90a {padding-top: 1.2em; padding-bottom: .1em; font-size: 1em; text-align: left; width: 90%;} + td.right10a { vertical-align: top; padding-top: 1.2em; padding-bottom: .1em; font-size: 1em; text-align: right; width: 10%;} + + td.left90b {padding-left: 2em; padding-top: .1em; padding-bottom: .1em; font-size: 1em; text-align: left; width: 90%;} + td.right10 { vertical-align: top; padding-top: .1em; padding-bottom: .1em; font-size: 1em; text-align: right; width: 10%;} + td.left20 { vertical-align: bottom; padding-top: .1em; padding-bottom: .1em; font-size: 1em; text-align: left; width: 20%;} + td.left50 { vertical-align: top; padding-top: .1em; padding-right: .5em; padding-bottom: .1em; font-size: 1em; text-align: justify; width: 44%;} + td.left14 { vertical-align: bottom; padding-top: .1em; padding-bottom: .1em; font-size: 1em; text-align: left; width: 20%;} + td.left85 {vertical-align: top; padding-top: .4em; padding-bottom: .1em; font-size: 1em; text-align: left; width: 85%;} + td.left85b { vertical-align: top; padding-left: 2em; padding-top: .1em; padding-bottom: .1em; font-size: 1em; text-align: left; width: 85%;} + td.right15 { vertical-align: top; padding-top: .1em; padding-bottom: .1em; font-size: 1em; text-align: right; width: 15%;} + td.right6 { vertical-align: top; padding-top: .1em; padding-right: .2em; padding-bottom: .1em; font-size: 1em; text-align: right; width: 6%;} + + body{margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + } + + .pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: smaller; + text-align: right; + } /* page numbers */ + + .blockquot {font-size: .9em; margin-bottom: 2em;} + + .blockquot2 {font-size: 1em; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-left: 2em;} + + .small {font-size: .85em;} + + .center {text-align: center;} + + .figcenter {margin: auto; text-align: center; margin-top: + 1em; margin-bottom: 1em;} + + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Forest Trees of Illinois, by +Fuller George D. and Nuuttila E. E. and Mattoon W. R. and Miller R. B. + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Forest Trees of Illinois + How to Know Them + +Author: Fuller George D. + Nuuttila E. E. + Mattoon W. R. + Miller R. B. + +Release Date: October 6, 2011 [EBook #37646] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FOREST TREES OF ILLINOIS *** + + + + +Produced by Mark C. Orton, Turgut Dincer and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="fcover" id="fcover"></a><img src="images/fcover.jpg" width="500" height="783" alt= +"front cover" title="front cover" /></div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">1</a></span></p> + +<h3>STATE OF ILLINOIS<br /> + +OTTO KERNER, Governor</h3> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 131px;"><a name="f1" id="f1"></a><img src="images/illus-001.png" width="131" height="128" alt= +"State of Illinois" title="" /></div> + +<h1>FOREST TREES<br /> + +OF ILLINOIS</h1> + +<h2>HOW TO KNOW THEM</h2> + +<h3>A POCKET MANUAL DESCRIBING THEIR<br /> +MOST IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS</h3> + +<h4>Revised by Dr. George D. Fuller, Professor<br /> +Emeritus of Botany, University of Chicago,<br /> +Curator of Botany, Illinois State Museum, and<br /> +State Forester E. E. Nuuttila.</h4> + +<h5>(<i>1st. ed., 1927, by Mattoon, W. R., and Miller, R. B.</i>)</h5> + +<h5><i>Revised 1955</i></h5> + +<h3> +DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION<br /> +DIVISION OF FORESTRY<br /> +SPRINGFIELD<br /> +WILLIAM T. LODGE,<br /> +Director<br /> +</h3> + +<h5>(Printed by Authority of the State of Illinois)</h5> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"><img src="images/ornament.png" width="400" height="18" alt= +"ornament" title="" /></div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">2</a></span></p> + +<h3>TABLE OF CONTENTS</h3> + +<table width="70%" summary="TOC"> +<tr> +<td class="left90"> </td><td class="right10">Page</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90a">Ailanthus</td><td class="right10a"><a href="#Page_54">54</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90">Alder, black</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">speckled</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90">Apple, crab</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_45">45</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90">Arbor vitae</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_7">7</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90">Ash, black</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_65">65</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">blue</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_65">65</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">green</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_64">64</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">pumpkin</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_65">65</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">red</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_64">64</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">white</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_64">64</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90">Aspen, large-tooth</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_8">8</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">quaking</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_8">8</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90a">Bald cypress</td><td class="right10a"><a href="#Page_6">6</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90">Basswood</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_60">60</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">white</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_60">60</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90">Beech</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_22">22</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">blue</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90">Birch, black</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">river</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">white</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_20">20</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">yellow</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90">Black locust</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_53">53</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90">Black walnut</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_11">11</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90">Bois d’arc</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_37">37</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90">Box elder</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_58">58</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90">Buckeye, Ohio</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_59">59</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90">Buttonwood</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90">Butternut</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_12">12</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90a">Catalpa</td><td class="right10a"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90">Cedar, northern white</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_7">7</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">red</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_7">7</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90">Cherry, black</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_50">50</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">choke</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_50">50</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">wild</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_50">50</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90">Chestnut</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_22">22</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90">Coffee tree, Kentucky</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_52">52</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90">Cottonwood</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_9">9</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">swamp</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_9">9</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90">Crab, apple</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_45">45</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">Bechtel’s</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_45">45</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">prairie</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_45">45</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">sweet</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_45">45</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90">Cucumber, magnolia</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_39">39</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90">Cypress, bald</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_6">6</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90a">Dogwood, alternate-leaved</td><td class="right10a"><a href="#Page_61">61</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">flowering</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_61">61</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90a">Elm, American</td><td class="right10a"><a href="#Page_34">34</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">cork</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_34">34</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">red</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_35">35</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">rock</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_34">34</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">slippery</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_35">35</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">water</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_35">35</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">winged</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_34">34</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90a">Gum, cotton</td><td class="right10a"><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">sour</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">sweet</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_43">43</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">tupelo</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90a">Hackberry</td><td class="right10a"><a href="#Page_36">36</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">southern</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_36">36</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90">Haw, green</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">red</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90">Hawthorn, cock-spur</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_47">47</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">dotted</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_47">47</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">green</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">red</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90">Hedge apple</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_37">37</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90">Hercules’ club</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_63">63</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90">Hickories, key of Illinois</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_13">13</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90">Hickory, big shell-bark</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_16">16</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">bitternut</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_14">14</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">Buckley’s</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_18">18</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">king-nut</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_16">16</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">mockernut</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_17">17</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">pecan</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_15">15</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">pignut</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_18">18</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">shag-bark</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_16">16</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">sweet pignut</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_17">17</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">water</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_14">14</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">white</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_17">17</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90">Honey locust</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90">Hornbeam, American</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">hop</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_20">20</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90">Horse-chestnut</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_59">59</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90a">Kentucky coffee-tree</td><td class="right10a"><a href="#Page_52">52</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90a">Larch, American</td><td class="right10a"><a href="#Page_6">6</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">European</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_6">6</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90">Linden, American</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_60">60</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90">Locust, black</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_53">53</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">honey</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">water</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90a">Magnolia, cucumber</td><td class="right10a"><a href="#Page_39">39</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90">Maple, ash-leaved</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_58">58</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">black</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">3</a></span>Norway</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_58">58</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">red</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_57">57</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">river</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_57">57</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">silver</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_57">57</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">soft</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_57">57</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">sugar</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">swamp</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_57">57</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90">Mulberry, red</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_38">38</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">Russian</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_38">38</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">white</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_38">38</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90a">Oak, basket</td><td class="right10a"><a href="#Page_26">26</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">black</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_29">29</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">black jack</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_32">32</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">bur</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_25">25</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">chinquapin</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_26">26</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">jack</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_29">29</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">northern pin</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_29">29</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">northern red</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_28">28</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">over</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">pin</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_30">30</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">post</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_27">27</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">red</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_28">28</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">rock chestnut</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_26">26</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">scarlet</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_30">30</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">shingle</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_33">33</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">Shumard’s</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_28">28</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">southern red</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_31">31</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">Spanish</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_31">31</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">swamp chestnut</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_26">26</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">swamp Spanish</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_31">31</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">swamp white</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_25">25</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">white</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">willow</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_33">33</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">yellow chestnut</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_26">26</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90">Oaks, of Illinois, a key</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90">Ohio buckeye</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_59">59</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90">Orange, osage</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_37">37</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90a">Papaw</td><td class="right10a"><a href="#Page_41">41</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90">Paulownia</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90">Pecan</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_15">15</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90">Persimmon</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_63">63</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90">Pine, Austrian</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_4">4</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">jack</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_5">5</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">Scotch</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_5">5</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">shortleaf</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_5">5</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">white</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_4">4</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90">Plane tree</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90">Plum, Canada</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_49">49</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">wild</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_49">49</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">wild goose</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_49">49</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">yellow</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_49">49</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90">Poplar, balsam</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_9">9</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">Carolina</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_9">9</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">European white</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_9">9</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">Lombardy</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_9">9</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">yellow</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_40">40</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90a">Redbud</td><td class="right10a"><a href="#Page_52">52</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90">Red cedar</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_7">7</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90a">Sassafras</td><td class="right10a"><a href="#Page_42">42</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90">Service-berry</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_46">46</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">smooth</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_46">46</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90">Shadblow</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_46">46</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90">Sour gum</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90">Spruce, Norway</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_5">5</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90">Sweet gum</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_43">43</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90">Sumac, shining</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">smooth</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">staghorn</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90">Sycamore</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">European</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90a">Tamarack</td><td class="right10a"><a href="#Page_6">6</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90">Thorn, cock-spur</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_47">47</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">dotted</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_47">47</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">pear</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_47">47</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">Washington</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90">Tree of Heaven</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_54">54</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90">Tulip tree</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_40">40</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90">Tupelo gum</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90a">Walnut, black</td><td class="right10a"><a href="#Page_11">11</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">white</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_12">12</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90">Willow, black</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_10">10</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">crack</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_10">10</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">peach-leaved</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_10">10</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">weeping</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_10">10</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="left90b">white</td><td class="right10"><a href="#Page_10">10</a></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>See pages <a href="#Page_70">70</a> and <a href="#Page_71">71</a> for Index of Scientific Names</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"><img src="images/ornament.png" width="400" height="18" alt= +"ornament" title="" /></div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">4</a></span></p> + +<h4><b>WHITE PINE</b> <i>Pinus strobus</i> L.</h4> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 447px;"><a name="f4" id="f4"></a><img src="images/illus-004.png" width="447" height="267" alt= +"WHITE PINE" title="" /> + +<p class="center">WHITE PINE<br /> +Two-thirds natural size.</p></div> + +<p><span style="float: left; font-size: 2.8em; line-height: .8em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 2px; padding-bottom: 0px;">T</span>HE white pine is found along the bluffs overlooking Lake +Michigan in Lake and Cook counties and is also scattered +along river bluffs in Jo Daviess, Carroll, Ogle and LaSalle counties. +The only grove of this beautiful tree in Illinois is in the +White Pines Forest State Park near Oregon, Ogle County, where +there are trees over 100 years old that have attained a height of +90 feet with a diameter of 30 inches. This tree formerly formed +the most valuable forests in the northeastern United States, +stretching from Maine through New York to Minnesota. The +straight stem, regular pyramidal shape and soft gray-green +foliage made it universally appreciated as an ornamental tree and +it has been freely planted throughout the State.</p> + +<p>The <i>leaves</i>, or needles, are 3 to 5 inches in length, bluish-green +on the upper surface and whitish beneath, and occur in +bundles of 5, which distinguishes it from all other eastern pines. +The pollen-bearing <i>flowers</i> are yellow and clustered in cones, +about ⅓ inch long at the base of the growth of the season. The +seed-producing flowers occur on other twigs and are bright red +in color. The cone, or <i>fruit</i>, is 4 to 6 inches long, cylindrical +with thin usually very gummy scales, containing small, winged +seeds which require two years to mature.</p> + +<p>The <i>wood</i> is light, soft, durable, not strong, light brown in +color, often tinged with red, and easily worked. It was formerly +much used in old colonial houses where even the shingles were +of white pine. It is excellent for boxes, pattern making, matches, +and many other products.</p> + +<p>Its rapid growth and the high quality of the wood make it one +of the best trees for reforestation on light soils in the northern +part of the State. The white pine blister rust was introduced into +America about 35 years ago, and has since become widespread +and highly destructive of both old trees and young growth.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The Austrian pine, <i>Pinus nigra</i> Arnold, has been naturalized in Lake +County and has been planted as an ornamental tree throughout the State. +Its leaves in 2’s, from 3 to 5 inches long, stiff and dark green. The cone is +heavy, 3 inches long with short prickles.</p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"><img src="images/ornament.png" width="400" height="18" alt= +"ornament" title="" /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">5</a></span></div> + +<h4><b>SHORTLEAF PINE</b> <i>Pinus echinata</i> Mill.</h4> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 434px;"><a name="f5" id="f5"></a><img src="images/illus-005.png" width="434" height="286" alt= +"Atlante Farnese, ca. 200 B. C." title="" /> + +<p class="center">SHORTLEAF PINE<br /> +Leaves, one-half natural size. Fruit, natural size.</p></div> + +<p><span style="float: left; font-size: 2.8em; line-height: .8em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 2px; padding-bottom: 0px;">T</span>HE shortleaf pine, sometimes called yellow pine, occurs in +very small stands in the “Pine Hills” of Union County, in +Jackson County, in Giant City State Park, and near “Piney +Creek” in Randolph County. It forms forests on light sandy soils +in Tennessee, Arkansas, Oklahoma and Texas. At maturity, the +tree has a tall, straight stem and an oval crown, reaching a +height of about 100 feet and a diameter of about 4 feet.</p> + +<p>The <i>leaves</i> are in clusters of two or three, from 3 to 5 inches +long, slender, flexible, and dark blue-green. The cones are the +smallest of our pines, 1½ to 2½ inches long, oblong, with small +sharp prickles, generally clustered, and often holding to the twigs +for 3 or 4 years. The <i>bark</i> is light brownish-red, broken into +rectangular plates on the trunk but scaly on the branches.</p> + +<p>The <i>wood</i> of old trees is rather heavy and hard, of yellow-brown +or orange color, fine grained and less resinous than that +of other important southern pines. It is used largely for interior +and exterior finishing, general construction, veneers, paper pulp, +excelsior, cooperage, mine props, and other purposes. The tree +transplants readily, grows rapidly, succeeds on a variety of soils +and has proved valuable for reforestation.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>A few trees of jack pine, <i>Pinus banksiana</i> Lamb., are found in Lake +County. It is a small northern tree with leaves about an inch long, borne in +2’s, with cones about 2 inches long. It is planted for reforestation in the +State. The Scots pine, <i>Pinus sylvestris</i> L., has been freely planted in Illinois +and may be known by its orange-brown bark and its twisted leaves 2 to 3 +inches long, arranged in 2’s. It has become naturalized on the sand dunes +in Lake County.</p> + +<p>The Norway spruce, <i>Picea abies</i> Karst., has been freely planted +throughout the State. It forms a dense conical spire-topped crown and +reaches a height of 50 to 70 feet. The leaves are needle-shaped, about an inch +long, dark green, and persist for about 5 years. The pendulous cones are +from 3 to 6 inches long. It is desirable for ornamental planting.</p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"><img src="images/ornament.png" width="400" height="18" alt= +"ornament" title="" /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">6</a></span></div> + +<h4><b>BALD CYPRESS</b> <i>Taxodium distichum</i> Richard</h4> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 413px;"><a name="f6" id="f6"></a><img src="images/illus-006.png" width="413" height="315" alt= +"CYPRESS" title="" /> + +<p class="center">CYPRESS<br /> +Natural size.</p></div> + +<p><span style="float: left; font-size: 2.8em; line-height: .8em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 2px; padding-bottom: 0px;">T</span>HE bald cypress is a tree found exclusively in deep swamps +and was found in southern Illinois from the Mississippi bottoms +to Shawneetown. Its straight trunk with numerous ascending +branches, and narrow conical outline makes the tree one of +considerable beauty. In old age, the tree generally has a broad +fluted or buttressed base, a smooth slowly tapering trunk and a +broad, open, flat top of a few heavy branches and numerous +small branchlets. The original-growth timber attained heights +of 80 to 130 feet and diameters of 5 to 10 feet.</p> + +<p>The <i>bark</i> is silvery to cinnamon-red and finely divided by +numerous longitudinal fissures. The <i>leaves</i> are about ½ to ¾ +of an inch in length, arranged in feather-like fashion along two +sides of small branchlets, which fall in the autumn with the +leaves still attached.</p> + +<p>The <i>fruit</i> is a rounded cone, or “ball”, about one inch in +diameter, consisting of thick irregular scales.</p> + +<p>The <i>wood</i> is light, soft, easily worked, varies in color from +light to dark brown, and is particularly durable in contact with +the soil. Hence it is in demand for exterior trim of buildings, +greenhouse planking, boat and shipbuilding, shingles, posts, poles +and crossties.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The tamarack, or American larch, <i>Larix laricina</i> K. Koch, resembles +the bald cypress in growing in swamps and in shedding its leaves in autumn. +This tree is found in Illinois growing in bogs in Lake and McHenry counties. +The leaves are flat, soft, slender, about one inch long and borne in clusters. +The cones are only ½ to ¾ inch long. The European larch, <i>Larix decidua</i> +Mill., may be distinguished from the native species by having slightly longer +leaves and larger cones that are more than an inch long.</p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"><img src="images/ornament.png" width="400" height="18" alt= +"ornament" title="" /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">7</a></span></div> + +<h4><b>RED CEDAR</b> <i>Juniperus virginiana</i> L.</h4> + +<p><span style="float: left; font-size: 2.8em; line-height: .8em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 2px; padding-bottom: 0px;">R</span>ED cedar, the most plentiful coniferous tree in the State, is +very valuable, growing on a great variety of soils, seeming +to thrive on hills where few other trees are found. It is more +common in the southern counties.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 375px;"><a name="f7" id="f7"></a><img src="images/illus-007.png" width="375" height="295" alt= +"RED CEDAR" title="" /> + +<p class="center">RED CEDAR<br /> +Natural size.</p></div> + +<p>There are two kinds of <i>leaves</i>, often both kinds being found +on the same tree. The commoner kind is dark green, minute and +scale-like, clasping the stem in four ranks, so that the stems +appear square. The other kind, often appearing on young growth +or vigorous shoots, is awl-shaped, quite sharp-pointed, spreading +and whitened beneath. The two kinds of <i>flowers</i>, appearing in +February or March, are at the ends of the twigs on separate +trees. The staminate trees assume a golden color from the small +catkins, which, when shaken, shed clouds of yellow pollen. The +<i>fruit</i>, ripening the first season, is pale blue with a white bloom, +¼ inch in diameter, berry-like with sweet flesh. It is a favorite +winter food for birds.</p> + +<p>The <i>bark</i> is very thin, reddish-brown, peeling off in long, +shred-like strips. The tree is extremely irregular in its growth, +so that the trunk is usually more or less grooved.</p> + +<p>The <i>heartwood</i> is distinctly red, and the sapwood white, this +color combination making very striking effects when finished for +cedar chests, closets, and interior woodwork. The wood is aromatic, +soft, strong, and of even texture, and these qualities make +it most desirable for lead pencils. It is very durable in contact +with the soil, and on that account is in great demand for posts, +poles and rustic work.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The arbor vitae or northern white cedar, <i>Thuja occidentalis</i> L., is found +occasionally on the bluffs overlooking Lake Michigan, on the cliffs of Starved +Rock, in Elgin City Park, and in bogs in Lake County. The leaves are +aromatic, scale-like, ⅛ inch long, arranged to give small flat branches. The +fruit is a cone ½ inch long. The wood is light, soft, durable, fragrant, and +pale brown.</p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/ornament.png" width="500" height="22" alt= +"ornament" title="" /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">8</a></span></div> + +<h4><b>QUAKING ASPEN</b> <i>Populus tremuloides</i> Michx.</h4> + +<p><span style="float: left; font-size: 2.8em; line-height: .8em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 2px; padding-bottom: 0px;">T</span>HIS is one of the most widely distributed trees in North +America. Its range goes from Labrador to British Columbia +and from New England and New York far south in the Rocky +Mountains to Arizona. In Illinois it is common in the north, but +of infrequent occurrence in the south.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 266px;"><a name="f8" id="f8"></a><img src="images/illus-008.png" width="266" height="323" alt= +"ASPEN" title="" /> + +<p class="center">ASPEN<br /> +Three-fourths natural size.</p></div> + +<p>The aspen is a small tree, reaching heights of 40 to 60 feet +and diameters of 10 to 20 inches. The young branches are reddish-brown +soon turning gray. The <i>winter buds</i> are about ¼ +inch long, pointed and shining. The <i>bark</i> is thin, smooth, light +gray tinged with green.</p> + +<p>The <i>leaves</i> are on slender flat petioles, arranged alternately +on the twigs, and broadly oval, short pointed and shallowly +toothed. They are green, shiny above and dull below, ranging +from 2 to 4 inches long and about the same in breadth.</p> + +<p>The <i>flowers</i> are in catkins and appear before the leaves +begin to expand. The two kinds are borne on separate trees, the +staminate catkins are about 2 inches long, but the seed-producing +flowers form a long slender cluster 4 inches in length. The <i>fruit</i> +is a conical capsule filled with tiny cottony seeds which ripen in +late spring before the leaves are fully expanded.</p> + +<p>The <i>wood</i> is light brown, almost white. It is light, weak and +not durable, and is used for pulpwood, fruit-crates and berry +boxes.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The large-tooth aspen, <i>Populus grandidentata</i> Michx., is found in the +northern half of Illinois and frequently grows alongside the quaking aspen. +Its leaves are larger than those of the quaking aspen and the edges are +coarsely and irregularly toothed. The winter buds have dull chestnut-brown +scales and are somewhat downy. The bark is light gray tinged with reddish-brown.</p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/ornament.png" width="500" height="22" alt= +"ornament" title="" /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">9</a></span></div> + +<h4><b>COTTONWOOD</b> <i>Populus deltoides</i> Marsh.</h4> + +<p><span style="float: left; font-size: 2.8em; line-height: .8em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 2px; padding-bottom: 0px;">T</span>HE cottonwood, or Carolina poplar, is one of the largest +trees in Illinois, growing on flood plains along small streams +and in depressions in the prairie. It is one of the best trees for +forestry purposes for planting where quick shade is desired. +The wood is soft, light, weak, fine-grained but tough. It is good +for pulp, boxes and berry baskets.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 401px;"><a name="f9" id="f9"></a><img src="images/illus-009.png" width="401" height="287" alt= +"COTTONWOOD" title="" /></div> + +<p class="center">COTTONWOOD<br /> +Leaf, one-third natural size. Twig, one-third natural size.</p> + +<p>The <i>leaves</i> are simple, alternate, broadly triangular, pointed +and coarse toothed on the edges, 3 to 5 inches across, thick and +firm supported by flattened slender petioles, 2 to 3 inches long. +The <i>winter buds</i> are large and covered with chestnut-brown +shining resinous scales.</p> + +<p>The <i>flowers</i> are in catkins, of two kinds, on different trees +and appear before the leaves. The <i>fruit</i> ripens in late spring, +appearing as long drooping strings of ovoid capsules filled with +small seeds. These strings of fruit, 5 to 8 inches long, give to +the tree the name of “necklace poplar.” The seeds are covered +with white cottony hairs.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The swamp cottonwood, <i>Populus heterophylla</i> L., occurs in swamps in +the southern part of Illinois, and may be known by its broadly ovate leaves, +3 to 5 inches wide and 4 to 7 inches long with blunt-apex and cordate base. +A few trees of the balsam poplar, <i>Populus tacamahaca</i> Mill., are found in +Lake County near the shores of Lake Michigan. The leaves are ovate-lanceolate, +pointed, and cordate. The large buds are covered with fragrant +resin.</p> + +<p>The European white poplar, <i>Populus alba</i> L., with light gray bark and +leaves, white wooly beneath, is often found near old houses and along roadsides. +The Lombardy poplar, a tall narrow form of the European black +poplar, <i>Populus nigra</i> var. <i>italica</i> Du Roi, is often planted and is a striking +tree for the roadside.</p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/ornament.png" width="500" height="22" alt= +"ornament" title="" /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">10</a></span></div> + +<h4><b>BLACK WILLOW</b> <i>Salix nigra</i> Marsh.</h4> + +<p><span style="float: left; font-size: 2.8em; line-height: .8em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 2px; padding-bottom: 0px;">T</span>HE black willow is not only a denizen of the forest but it is +at home on the prairies and on the plains and even invades +the desert. It grows singly or in clumps along the water courses, +a tree 40 to 60 feet in height with a short trunk.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 225px;"><a name="f10" id="f10"></a><img src="images/illus-010.png" width="225" height="412" alt= +"BLACK WILLOW" title="" /> + +<p class="center">BLACK WILLOW<br /> +Two-thirds natural size.</p></div> + +<p>The <i>bark</i> is deeply divided into broad flat ridges, often +becoming shaggy. The twigs, brittle at the base, are glabrous +or pubescent, bright red-brown becoming darker with age. The +<i>winter buds</i> are ⅛ inch long, covered with a single smooth scale. +The <i>wood</i> is soft, light, close-grained, light brown and weak. It +is often used in the manufacture of artificial limbs.</p> + +<p>The alternate simple <i>leaves</i> are 3 to 6 inches long, and one-half +inch wide on very short petioles; the tips are much tapered +and the margins are finely toothed. They are bright green on +both sides, turning pale yellow in the early autumn. The <i>flowers</i> +are in catkins, appearing with the leaves, borne on separate +trees. The staminate flowers of the black willow have 3 to 5 +stamens each, while the white willow has flowers with 2 stamens.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The native peach-leaved willow, <i>Salix amygdaloides</i> Anders., is a +smaller tree with leaves 2 to 6 inches long, ½ to 1½ inches wide, light +green and shining above, pale and glaucous beneath, on petioles about ¾ +inch long.</p> + +<p>The white willow, <i>Salix alba</i>, L., and the crack willow, <i>Salix fragilis</i> L., +with bright yellow twigs, are European species which are often planted for +ornamental purposes. Their flowers have only 2 stamens each and their +leaves are silky, bright green above and glaucous beneath. The latter has +twigs that are very brittle at the base. Another European species is the +weeping willow, <i>Salix babylonica</i> L., which may be known by its slender +drooping branches.</p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/ornament.png" width="500" height="22" alt= +"ornament" title="" /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">11</a></span></div> + +<h4><b>BLACK WALNUT</b> <i>Juglans nigra</i> L.</h4> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 427px;"><a name="f11" id="f11"></a><img src="images/illus-011.png" width="427" height="301" alt= +"BLACK WALNUT" title="" /></div> + +<p class="center">BLACK WALNUT<br /> +Leaf, one-fifth natural size. Twig, three-quarters natural size.</p> + +<p><span style="float: left; font-size: 2.8em; line-height: .8em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 2px; padding-bottom: 0px;">T</span>HIS valuable forest tree occurs on rich bottom lands and on +moist fertile hillsides throughout the State. The black walnut +is found from Massachusetts westward to Minnesota and +southward to Florida and Texas. In the forest, where it grows +singly, it frequently attains a height of 100 feet with a straight +stem, clear of branches for half its height. In open-grown trees, +the stem is short and the crown broad and spreading.</p> + +<p>The <i>bark</i> is thick, dark brown in color, and divided by rather +deep fissures into rounded ridges. The twigs have cream-colored +chambered pith and leaf-scars without downy pads above.</p> + +<p>The <i>leaves</i> are alternate, compound, 1 to 2 feet long, consisting +of from 15 to 23 leaflets of yellowish-green color. The +leaflets are about 3 inches long, extremely tapering at the end +and toothed along the margin.</p> + +<p>The <i>fruit</i> is a nut, borne singly or in pairs, and enclosed in +a solid green husk which does not split open, even after the nut +is ripe. The nut itself is black with a very hard, thick, finely +ridged shell, enclosing a rich, oily kernel edible and highly nutritious.</p> + +<p>The <i>heartwood</i> is of superior quality and value. It is heavy, +hard and strong, and its rich chocolate-brown color, freedom +from warping and checking, susceptibility to a high polish, and +durability make it highly prized for a great variety of uses, +including furniture, cabinet work, and gun-stocks. Walnut is +easily propagated from the nuts and grows rapidly on good soil, +where it should be planted and grown for timber and nuts. It is +the most valuable tree found in the forests of Illinois and originally +grew extensively throughout the State.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/ornament.png" width="500" height="22" alt= +"ornament" title="" /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">12</a></span></div> + +<h4><b>BUTTERNUT</b> <i>Juglans cinerea</i> L.</h4> + +<p><span style="float: left; font-size: 2.8em; line-height: .8em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 2px; padding-bottom: 0px;">T</span>HE butternut, sometimes called the white walnut, is a +smaller tree than the black walnut, although it may reach a +height of 70 feet and a diameter of 3 feet. It is found all over +the State, but the best is in the ravines of southern Illinois. +The butternut is found from Maine to Michigan and southward +to Kansas, Tennessee and northern Georgia. The trunk is often +forked or crooked and this makes it less desirable for saw timber.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 539px;"><a name="f12" id="f12"></a><img src="images/illus-012.png" width="439" height="316" alt= +"BUTTERNUT" title="" /></div> + +<p class="center">BUTTERNUT<br /> +Twig, one-half natural size. Leaf, one-third natural size.</p> + +<p>The <i>bark</i> differs from that of the black walnut in being +light gray on branches and on the trunk of small trees, becoming +darker on large trees. This tree may also be distinguished from +black walnut by the velvet collars just above the scars left by +last year’s leaves. The twigs have chocolate-brown chambered +pith and bear obliquely blunt winter buds somewhat flattened, +brownish and hairy.</p> + +<p>The compound <i>leaves</i> are 15 to 30 inches long, each with +11 to 17 sharp-pointed, oblong, finely toothed leaflets 2 to 3 inches +long.</p> + +<p>The staminate and pistillate <i>flowers</i> are on the same tree, +the former in long yellowish-green drooping catkins and the +latter are short with red-fringed stigmas.</p> + +<p>The <i>fruit</i> is a nut enclosed in an oblong, somewhat pointed, +yellowish-green husk, about 2 inches long, which is covered with +short, rusty, clammy, sticky hairs. The nut has a rough, grooved +shell and an oily, edible kernel.</p> + +<p>The <i>wood</i> is light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, light +brown, and takes a good polish. It is used for interior finish of +houses and for furniture. A yellow or orange dye can be made +from the husks of the nuts.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/ornament.png" width="500" height="22" alt= +"ornament" title="" /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">13</a></span></div> + +<h4>A KEY TO THE ILLINOIS HICKORIES</h4> + +<table width="100%" summary="HICKORIES" border="0"> +<tr> +<td class="right6">A.</td> +<td class="left50" colspan="3">Bud scales opposite; appearing somewhat grooved lengthwise; +leaflets usually lanceolate, generally curved backwards; +nut-husks usually winged; nut thin-shelled.</td> +<td class="left20"> </td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6">B.</td> +<td class="left50" colspan="2">Leaflets 5-9; leaves 6-10 inches long, winter buds +bright yellow; nut gray globose, meat bitter</td> +<td class="left20">C. cordiformis</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6">BB.</td> +<td class="left50" colspan="2">Leaflets 7-13; leaves 9-13 inches long, winter buds +dark brown, nut brown, pear-shaped, meat bitter</td> +<td class="left20">C. aquatica</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6">BBB.</td> +<td class="left50" colspan="2">Leaflets 9-17; leaves 12-20 inches long, winter +buds yellow, nut elongated, meat sweet</td> +<td class="left20">C. illinoensis</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right10">AA.</td> +<td class="left50" colspan="3">Bud scales not in pairs; more than 6; leaflets not recurved; +nut husks usually not winged; nut thick-shelled.</td> +<td class="left20"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right10"> </td> +<td class="right10">B.</td> +<td class="left50" colspan="2">Buds large; twigs stout; nut angled; kernel sweet.</td> +<td class="left20"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right10"> </td> +<td class="right10"> </td> +<td class="right10">C.</td> +<td class="left50">Leaflets 5; leaves 8-14 inches long, nut +whitish, bark shaggy</td> +<td class="left20">C. ovata</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right10"> </td> +<td class="right10"> </td> +<td class="right10">CC.</td> +<td class="left50">Leaflets 7-9; leaves 15-20 inches long, nut +reddish-brown</td> +<td class="left20">C. laciniosa</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right10"> </td> +<td class="right10"> </td> +<td class="right10">CCC.</td> +<td class="left50">Leaflets 7-9; leaves 8-12 inches long, +hairy</td> +<td class="left20">C. tomentosa</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right10"> </td> +<td class="right10">BB.</td> +<td class="left50" colspan="2">Buds small; twigs slender; nut angled.</td> +<td class="left20">C. tomentosa</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right10"> </td> +<td class="right10"> </td> +<td class="right10">C.</td> +<td class="left50">Leaflets usually 5; leaves 8-12 inches long; +fruit pear-shaped; kernel astringent</td> +<td class="left20">C. glabra</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right10"> </td> +<td class="right10"> </td> +<td class="right10">CC.</td> +<td class="left50">Leaflets usually 7; leaves 8-10 inches long; +fruit ovoid; shell ridged, thin; kernel +sweet</td> +<td class="left20">C. ovalis</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right10"> </td> +<td class="right10"> </td> +<td class="right10">CCC.</td> +<td class="left50">Leaflets usually 7; leaves 10-12 inches +long; shell thin, conspicuously veined</td> +<td class="left20">C. buckleyi</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/ornament.png" width="500" height="22" alt= +"ornament" title="" /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">14</a></span></div> + +<h4><b>BITTERNUT HICKORY</b> <i>Carya cordiformis</i> K. Koch</h4> + +<p><span style="float: left; font-size: 2.8em; line-height: .8em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 2px; padding-bottom: 0px;">T</span>HE bitternut hickory is a tall slender tree with broadly +pyramidal crown, attaining a height of 100 feet and a diameter +of 2 to 3 feet. It is found along stream banks and on moist +soil, and it is well known by its roundish bitter nuts.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 401px;"><a name="f14" id="f14"></a><img src="images/illus-014.png" width="401" height="369" alt= +"BITTERNUT HICKORY" title="" /></div> + +<p class="center">BITTERNUT HICKORY<br /> +Twig, one-half natural size. Leaf, one-third natural size.</p> + +<p>The <i>bark</i> on the trunk is granite-gray, faintly tinged with +yellow and smoother than in most of the hickories, yet broken +into thin plate-like scales. The <i>winter buds</i> are compressed, +scurfy, and of a bright yellow color.</p> + +<p>The <i>leaves</i> are alternate, compound, from 6 to 10 inches +long, and composed of from 7 to 11 leaflets. The individual +leaflets are smaller and more slender than those of the other +hickories.</p> + +<p>The <i>flowers</i> are of two kinds on the same tree; the staminate +in long pendulous green catkins, the pistillate in 2 to 5 +flowered spikes, ½ inch long, brown-hairy. The <i>fruit</i> is about +1 inch long and thin-husked, while the nut is usually thin-shelled +and brittle, and the kernel very bitter.</p> + +<p>The <i>wood</i> is hard, strong and heavy, reddish-brown in color. +From this last fact it gets its local name of red hickory. It is +said to be somewhat inferior to the other hickories, but is used +for the same purposes.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/ornament.png" width="500" height="22" alt= +"ornament" title="" /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">15</a></span></div> + +<h4><b>PECAN</b> <i>Carya illinoensis</i> (Wang.) K. Koch<br /> +<small>(<i>Carya pecan</i> (Marsh.) E. & G.)</small></h4> + +<p><span style="float: left; font-size: 2.8em; line-height: .8em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 2px; padding-bottom: 0px;">T</span>HE pecan is a river-bottom tree found in southern Illinois extending +its range northward to Adams, Peoria, Fayette and +Lawrence counties. The tree is the largest of the hickories, attaining +heights of over 100 feet and, when in the open, forming +a large rounded top of symmetrical shape. It makes an excellent +shade tree and is also planted in orchards for its nuts. The outer +<i>bark</i> is rough, hard, tight, but broken into scales; on the limbs, +it is smooth at first but later tends to scale or divide as the bark +grows old.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 281px;"><a name="f15" id="f15"></a><img src="images/illus-015.png" width="281" height="377" alt= +"PECAN" title="" /></div> + +<p class="center">PECAN<br /> +One-quarter natural size.</p> + +<p>The <i>leaves</i> resemble those of the other hickories and the black +walnut. They are made up of 9 to 17 leaflets, each oblong, toothed +and long-pointed, and 4 to 8 inches long by about 2 inches wide.</p> + +<p>The <i>flowers</i> appear in early spring and hang in tassels from +2 to 3 inches long. The <i>fruit</i> is a nut, 4-winged or angled, pointed +from 1 to 2 inches long, and one-half to 1 inch in diameter, borne +in a husk which divides along its grooved seams when the nut +ripens in the fall. The nuts, which vary in size and in the thickness +of the shell, have been greatly improved by selection and +cultivation and are sold on the market in large quantities.</p> + +<p>The <i>wood</i> is strong, tough, heavy and hard and is used +occasionally in making handles, parts for vehicles, for fuel and +for veneers.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The water hickory, <i>Carya aquatica</i> Nutt., is a smaller tree, found in +swamps in southern Illinois, with leaves made up of 7 to 13 leaflets; the nut +is thin-shelled, angular and bitter.</p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/ornament.png" width="500" height="22" alt= +"ornament" title="" /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">16</a></span></div> + +<h4><b>SHAG-BARK HICKORY</b> <i>Carya ovata</i> K. Koch</h4> + +<p><span style="float: left; font-size: 2.8em; line-height: .8em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 2px; padding-bottom: 0px;">T</span>HE shag-bark hickory is well known for its sweet and delicious +nuts. It is a large commercial tree, averaging 60 to +100 feet high and 1 to 2 feet in diameter. It thrives best on rich, +damp soil and is common along streams, on rich uplands, and on +moist hillsides throughout the State.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 386px;"><a name="f16" id="f16"></a><img src="images/illus-016.png" width="386" height="335" alt= +"SHAG-BARK HICKORY" title="" /></div> + +<p class="center">SHAG-BARK HICKORY<br /> +Leaf, one-third natural size. Twig, one-half natural size.</p> + +<p>The <i>bark</i> of the trunk is rougher than other hickories, light +gray and separating into thick plates which are only slightly +attached to the tree. The terminal <i>winter buds</i> are egg-shaped, +the outer bud-scales having narrow tips.</p> + +<p>The <i>leaves</i> are alternate, compound, from 8 to 15 inches long, +and composed of 5, rarely 7 obovate to ovate leaflets. The twigs +are smooth or clothed with short hairs.</p> + +<p>The <i>fruit</i> is borne singly or in pairs and is globular. The +husk is thick and deeply grooved at the seams. The nut is much +compressed and pale, the shell thick, and the kernel sweet. The +flowers are of two kinds, opening after the leaves have attained +nearly their full size.</p> + +<p>The <i>wood</i> is heavy, hard, tough and strong; it is white +largely in the manufacture of agricultural implements and tool +handles, and the building of carriages and wagons. For fuel +the hickories are the most satisfactory of our native trees.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The big shell bark or king-nut hickory, <i>Carya laciniosa</i> (Michx. f.) +Loud., becomes a tall tree on the rich bottom lands in the southern half of +Illinois. It resembles the shag-bark hickory but the leaves are longer with +7 to 9 leaflets, and the nuts are 2 inches long with a thick bony shell and +a sweet kernel.</p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/ornament.png" width="500" height="22" alt= +"ornament" title="" /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">17</a></span></div> + +<h4><b>MOCKERNUT HICKORY</b> <i>Carya tomentosa</i> Nutt.</h4> + +<p><span style="float: left; font-size: 2.8em; line-height: .8em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 2px; padding-bottom: 0px;">T</span>HE mockernut, or white hickory, is common on well-drained +soils throughout the State. It is a tall, short-limbed tree +often 60 feet high and 1 to 2 feet in diameter.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 390px;"><a name="f17" id="f17"></a><img src="images/illus-017.png" width="390" height="337" alt= +"MOCKERNUT HICKORY" title="" /></div> + +<p class="center">MOCKERNUT HICKORY<br /> +Leaf, one-fifth natural size. Twig, two-thirds natural size.</p> + +<p>The <i>bark</i> is dark gray, hard, closely and deeply furrowed +often apparently cross-furrowed or netted. The winter buds are +large, round or broadly egg-shaped and covered with a downy +growth.</p> + +<p>The <i>leaves</i> are large, strong-scented and hairy, composed of +7 to 9 obovate to oblong, pointed leaflets which turn a beautiful +yellow in the fall.</p> + +<p>The <i>flowers</i>, like those of all other hickories, are of two +kinds on the same tree; the staminate in three-branched catkins, +the pistillate in clusters of 2 to 5. The <i>fruit</i> is oval, nearly round +or slightly pear-shaped with a very thick, strong-scented husk +which splits nearly to the base when ripe. The nut is of various +forms, but sometimes 4 to 6 ridged, light brown, and has a very +thick shell and small, sweet kernel.</p> + +<p>The <i>wood</i> is heavy, hard, tough and strong; it is white +excepting the comparatively small, dark-brown heart, hence the +name white hickory. It is used for vehicle parts and handles. +It furnishes the best of fuel. This and other hickories are very +desirable both for forest and shade trees.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>In the southern part of Illinois, the small fruited or sweet pignut, +<i>Carya ovalis</i> Sargent, occurs on rich hillsides. The leaves have 7 leaflets on +reddish-brown twigs, with small yellowish winter buds. The nut is an inch +long, enclosed in a very thin hairy husk, the shell is thin and the kernel +sweet.</p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/ornament.png" width="500" height="22" alt= +"ornament" title="" /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">18</a></span></div> + +<h4><b>PIGNUT HICKORY</b> <i>Carya glabra</i> Sweet</h4> + +<p><span style="float: left; font-size: 2.8em; line-height: .8em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 2px; padding-bottom: 0px;">T</span>HE pignut hickory is rare in the northern part of Illinois +but occurs plentifully in the rest of the State, growing to a +medium sized tree on rich uplands. It has a tapering trunk and +a narrow oval head with drooping branches.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 448px;"><a name="f18" id="f18"></a><img src="images/illus-018.png" width="448" height="361" alt= +"PIGNUT HICKORY" title="" /></div> + +<p class="center">PIGNUT HICKORY<br /> +Leaf, one-third natural size. Twig, one-half natural size.</p> + +<p>The <i>bark</i> is close, ridged and grayish, but occasionally rough +and flaky. The twigs are thin, smooth and glossy brown.</p> + +<p>The <i>leaves</i> are smooth, 8 to 12 inches long and composed of +5 to 7 leaflets. The individual leaflets are rather small and +narrow.</p> + +<p>The <i>winter buds</i> are ½ inch long, egg-shaped, polished, and +light brown.</p> + +<p>The <i>fruit</i> is pear-shaped or rounded, usually with a neck at +the base, very thin husks splitting only half way to the base or +not at all. The nut is smooth, light brown in color, rather thick-shelled, +and has a somewhat astringent edible kernel.</p> + +<p>The <i>wood</i> is heavy, hard, strong, tough and flexible. Its +uses are the same as those of the other hickories.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Buckley’s hickory, <i>Carya buckleyi</i> Durand, occurs on sandy uplands +in the southwest. It is a small tree with spreading, contorted branches. The +fruit is contained in a hairy husk, the nut is angular, marked with pale +veins and has a sweet kernel.</p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/ornament.png" width="500" height="22" alt= +"ornament" title="" /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">19</a></span></div> + +<h4><b>BLUE BEECH</b> <i>Carpinus caroliniana</i> Walt.</h4> + +<p><span style="float: left; font-size: 2.8em; line-height: .8em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 2px; padding-bottom: 0px;">T</span>HE blue beech, or American hornbeam, belongs to the birch +family rather than to the beeches. It is a small slow-growing +bushy tree, 20 to 30 feet tall with a diameter 4 to 8 inches. It is +found along streams and in low ground through the State.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 386px;"><a name="f19" id="f19"></a><img src="images/illus-019.png" width="386" height="309" alt= +"BLUE BEECH" title="" /></div> + +<p class="center">BLUE BEECH<br /> +Leaf, one-half natural size. Twig, one-half natural size.</p> + +<p>The trunk is smooth fluted with irregular ridges extending +up and down the tree. The <i>bark</i> is light brownish-gray to dark +bluish-gray in color, sometimes marked with dark bands extending +horizontally on the trunk.</p> + +<p>The <i>leaves</i> are simple, alternate, oval, long-pointed, doubly-toothed +along the margin, 2 or 3 inches in length. They resemble +those of the American elm, but are smaller and thinner.</p> + +<p>The <i>flowers</i>, appearing after the leaves, are borne in catkins +separately on the same tree; the staminate catkins are about +1½ inches long, the pistillate being only ¾ of an inch long with +small leaf-like green scales each bearing 2 pistils with long +scarlet styles.</p> + +<p>The <i>fruit</i> ripens in midsummer, but often remains on the +tree long after the leaves have fallen. It is a nutlet about ⅓ +of an inch long, attached to a leaf-like halberd-shaped bract +which acts as a wing in aiding its distribution by the wind.</p> + +<p>The <i>wood</i> is tough, close-grained, heavy and strong. It is +sometimes selected for use for levers, tool handles, wooden cogs, +mallets, wedges, etc.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Another small tree of the birch family is the speckled alder, <i>Alnus +incana</i> Moench, which is found occasionally in wet places in the northern +part of the State. The black alder, <i>Alnus glutinosa</i> Gaertn., a European +tree, has been planted near ponds. The flowers of the alders are in catkins +and among the earliest in the spring. The fruit is a small cone which persists +throughout the winter.</p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/ornament.png" width="500" height="22" alt= +"ornament" title="" /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">20</a></span></div> + +<h4><b>HOP HORNBEAM</b> <i>Ostrya virginiana</i> K. Koch</h4> + +<p><span style="float: left; font-size: 2.8em; line-height: .8em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 2px; padding-bottom: 0px;">T</span>HIS tree is also called ironwood and gets its common names +from the quality of its wood and the hop-like fruit. It is a +small, slender, generally round-topped tree, from 22 to 30 feet +high and 7 to 10 inches in diameter. The top consists of long, +slender branches, commonly drooped toward the ends. It is +found throughout the State.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 386px;"><a name="f20" id="f20"></a><img src="images/illus-020.png" width="386" height="289" alt= +"HOP HORNBEAM" title="" /></div> + +<p class="center">HOP HORNBEAM<br /> +Twig, one-half natural size. Leaf, one-third natural size.</p> + +<p>The <i>bark</i> is mostly light brown or reddish-brown, and finely +divided into thin scales by which the tree, after a little acquaintance, +can be easily recognized.</p> + +<p>The <i>leaves</i> are simple, alternate, generally oblong with narrowed +tips, sharply toothed along the margin, sometimes doubly +toothed, from 2 to 3 inches long.</p> + +<p>The <i>flowers</i> are of two kinds on the same tree; the staminate +in drooping catkins which form the previous summer, the pistillate, +in erect catkins on the newly formed twigs. The <i>fruit</i>, which +resembles that of common hop vine, consists of a branch of leafy +bracts 1 to 2 inches long containing a number of flattened ribbed +nutlets.</p> + +<p>The <i>wood</i> is strong, hard, durable, light brown to white, +with thick pale sapwood. It is often used for fence posts, handles +of tools, mallets and other small articles.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The white birch, <i>Betula papyrifera</i> Marsh., of the North Woods is +rare in Illinois. It is found in Jo Daviess and Carroll counties and along +the shores of Lake Michigan. The white papery bark distinguishes it from +all other trees and was used by the northern Indians for covering their +canoes and for making baskets, bags and other useful and ornamental +things.</p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/ornament.png" width="500" height="22" alt= +"ornament" title="" /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">21</a></span></div> + +<h4><b>RIVER BIRCH</b> <i>Betula nigra</i> L.</h4> + +<p><span style="float: left; font-size: 2.8em; line-height: .8em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 2px; padding-bottom: 0px;">T</span>HE river, or back birch, is at home, as the name implies, +along water courses, and inhabits the deep, rich soils along +the borders of the larger rivers of the State and in swamps which +are sometimes inundated for weeks at a time.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 284px;"><a name="f21" id="f21"></a><img src="images/illus-021.png" width="284" height="293" alt= +"RIVER BIRCH" title="" /></div> + +<p class="center">RIVER BIRCH<br /> +Two-thirds natural size.</p> + +<p>The <i>bark</i> provides a ready means of distinguishing this +tree. It varies from reddish-brown to cinnamon-red in color, and +peels back in tough papery layers. These layers persist on the +trunk, presenting a very ragged and quite distinctive appearance. +Unlike the bark of our other birches, the thin papery +layers are usually covered with a gray powder. On older trunks, +the bark on the main trunk becomes thick, deeply furrowed and +of a dark reddish-brown color.</p> + +<p>The <i>leaves</i> are simple, alternate, 2 to 3 inches long, more or +less oval in shape, with double-toothed edges. The upper surface +is dark green and the lower a pale yellowish-green.</p> + +<p>The <i>flowers</i> are in catkins, the two kinds growing on the +same tree. The <i>fruit</i> is cone-shaped about 1 inch long, and +densely crowded with little winged nutlets that ripen from May +to June.</p> + +<p>The <i>wood</i> is strong and fairly close-grained. It has been +used to some extent in the manufacture of woodenware, in +turnery and for wagon hubs.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The yellow birch, <i>Betula lutea</i> Michx., one of the most valuable hardwood +timber trees around the Great Lakes, is represented in Illinois by a +few small trees in Lee and Lake counties. It may be known by its bark becoming +silvery-gray as the trunk expands and breaking into strips curled at +the edges. The wood is strong and hard, close-grained, light brown tinged +with red. It is used for interior finish, furniture, woodenware and turnery. +It is prized as firewood.</p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/ornament.png" width="500" height="22" alt= +"ornament" title="" /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">22</a></span></div> + +<h4><b>BEECH</b> <i>Fagus grandifolia</i> Ehrh.</h4> + +<p><span style="float: left; font-size: 2.8em; line-height: .8em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 2px; padding-bottom: 0px;">T</span>HE beech is found from Maine to Wisconsin south to the +Gulf and Texas, growing along with maples, oaks and tulip +trees. It occurs in the ravines of the southern Illinois counties +up to Vermilion County. It is one of the most beautiful of all +trees either in summer or winter.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 430px;"><a name="f22" id="f22"></a><img src="images/illus-022.png" width="430" height="289" alt= +"BEECH" title="" /></div> + +<p class="center">BEECH<br /> +One-half natural size.</p> + +<p>The <i>bark</i> is, perhaps, the most distinctive characteristic, +as it maintains an unbroken light gray surface throughout its +life. So tempting is this smooth expanse to the owner of a jack-knife +that the beech has been well designated the “initial tree.”</p> + +<p>The simple, oval <i>leaves</i> are 3 to 4 inches long, pointed at the +tip and coarsely toothed along the margin. When mature, they +are almost leathery in texture. The beech produces a dense shade. +The <i>winter buds</i> are long, slender and pointed.</p> + +<p>The little, brown, three-sided beech-nuts are almost as well +known as chestnuts. They form usually in pairs in a prickly +bur. The kernel is sweet and edible, but so small as to offer +insufficient reward for the pains of biting open the thin-shelled +husk.</p> + +<p>The <i>wood</i> of the beech is very hard, strong, and tough, +though it will not last long on exposure to weather or in the soil. +It is used to some extent for furniture, flooring, carpenter’s tools, +and novelty wares and extensively in southern Illinois for railroad +ties and car stock.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The American chestnut, <i>Castanea dentata</i> Borkh., extends its range +from Maine to Michigan, and southward to Delaware and Tennessee. There +is a stand of chestnuts in Pulaski County and some trees have been planted +in the southern part of the State. They are easily recognized by their alternate +simple, broadly lanceolate coarsely toothed leaves, and their prickly +burs about 2 inches in diameter containing 1-3 nuts.</p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/ornament.png" width="500" height="22" alt= +"ornament" title="" /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">23</a></span></div> + +<h4>A KEY TO THE OAKS OF ILLINOIS</h4> + +<table width="100%" summary="OAKS" border="0"> +<tr> +<td class="right6">A.</td> +<td class="left50" colspan="7">Leaves without bristle tips; bark gray; acorns maturing +at the end of 1 season; white oaks.</td> +<td class="left14"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6">B.</td> +<td class="left50" colspan="6">Leaves lobed.</td> +<td class="left14"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6">C.</td> +<td class="left50" colspan="5">Acorn-cup not enclosing the acorn.</td> +<td class="left14"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6">D.</td> +<td class="left50" colspan="4">Acorn-cup shallow, warted.</td> +<td class="left14">Q. alba</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6">DD.</td> +<td class="left50" colspan="4">Acorn-cup covering ½ of the acorn.</td> +<td class="left14">Q. stellata</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6">CC.</td> +<td class="left50" colspan="5">Acorn-cup enclosing the acorn.</td> +<td class="left14">Q. stellata</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6">D.</td> +<td class="left50" colspan="4">Acorn-cup not fringed.</td> +<td class="left14">Q. lyrata</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6">DD.</td> +<td class="left50" colspan="4">Acorn-cup fringed.</td> +<td class="left14">Q. macrocarpa</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6">BB.</td> +<td class="left50" colspan="6">Leaves not lobed, coarsely toothed.</td> +<td class="left14"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6">C.</td> +<td class="left50" colspan="5">Acorn-stalked.</td> +<td class="left14"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6">D.</td> +<td class="left50" colspan="4">Acorn-stalks longer than petioles.</td> +<td class="left14">Q. bicolor</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6">DD.</td> +<td class="left50" colspan="4">Acorn-stalks short.</td> +<td class="left14">Q. bicolor</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6">E.</td> +<td class="left50" colspan="3">Acorn-cup flat-bottomed; bark like +that of white oak.</td> +<td class="left14">Q. bicolor</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6">CC.</td> +<td class="left50" colspan="5">Acorn-cup enclosing the acorn.</td> +<td class="left14">Q. stellata</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6">D.</td> +<td class="left50" colspan="4">Acorn-cup not fringed.</td> +<td class="left14">Q. lyrata</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6">DD.</td> +<td class="left50" colspan="4">Acorn-cup fringed.</td> +<td class="left14">Q. macrocarpa</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6">BB.</td> +<td class="left50" colspan="6">Leaves not lobed, coarsely toothed.</td> +<td class="left14"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6">C.</td> +<td class="left50" colspan="5">Acorn-stalked.</td> +<td class="left14"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6">D.</td> +<td class="left50" colspan="4">Acorn-stalks longer than petioles.</td> +<td class="left14">Q. bicolor</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6">DD.</td> +<td class="left50" colspan="4">Acorn-stalks short.</td> +<td class="left14"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6">E.</td> +<td class="left50" colspan="3">Acorn-cup flat-bottomed; bark like +that of white oak.</td> +<td class="left14">Q. prinus</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6">CC.</td> +<td class="left50" colspan="5">Acorns sessile, cup deep</td> +<td class="left14">Q. muhlenbergii</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right6">AA.</td> +<td class="left50" colspan="7">Leaves with bristle tips; bark dark; acorns mature +at the end of two seasons; black and red oaks.</td> +<td class="left14"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6">B.</td> +<td class="left50" colspan="6">Leaves lobed.</td> +<td class="left14"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6">C.</td> +<td class="left50" colspan="5">Deeply lobed.</td> +<td class="left14"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6">D.</td> +<td class="left50" colspan="4">Leaves deep green on both sides.</td> +<td class="left14"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6">E.</td> +<td class="left50" colspan="3">Acorn-cup broad and shallow.</td> +<td class="left14"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6">a.</td> +<td class="left50" colspan="2">Acorn large.</td> +<td class="left14">Q. rubra</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6">aa.</td> +<td class="left50" colspan="2">Acorn small.</td> +<td class="left14"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6">b.</td> +<td class="left50">Acorn ovoid.</td> +<td class="left14">Q. shumardii</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6">bb.</td> +<td class="left50">Acorn globose.</td> +<td class="left14">Q. palustris</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6">EE.</td> +<td class="left50" colspan="3">Acorn-cup deep.</td> +<td class="left14"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6">a.</td> +<td class="left50" colspan="2">Cup-scales loosely imbricated, +winter buds large and hairy.</td> +<td class="left14">Q. velutina</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6">aa.</td> +<td class="left50" colspan="2">Cup-scales tightly appressed, +winter buds small and smooth.</td> +<td class="left14"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6">b.</td> +<td class="left50">Acorn small.</td> +<td class="left14">Q. ellipsoidalis</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6">bb.</td> +<td class="left50">Acorn large.</td> +<td class="left14">Q. coccinea</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6">DD.</td> +<td class="left50" colspan="4">Leaves pale green beneath.</td> +<td class="left14">Q. falcata</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6">CC.</td> +<td class="left50" colspan="5">Leaves shallowly lobed, winter buds rusty-hairy.</td> +<td class="left14">Q. marilandica</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6">BB.</td> +<td class="left50" colspan="6">Leaves entire.</td> +<td class="left14"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6">C.</td> +<td class="left50" colspan="5">Leaves hairy beneath; acorn sessile.</td> +<td class="left14">Q. imbricaria</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6"> </td> +<td class="right6">CC.</td> +<td class="left50" colspan="5">Leaves not hairy; acorn stalked.</td> +<td class="left14">Q. phellos</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/ornament.png" width="500" height="22" alt= +"ornament" title="" /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">24</a></span></div> + +<h4><b>WHITE OAK</b> <i>Quercus alba</i> L.</h4> + +<p><span style="float: left; font-size: 2.8em; line-height: .8em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 2px; padding-bottom: 0px;">W</span>ITHIN its natural range, which includes practically the +entire eastern half of the United States, the white oak is +one of the most important timber trees. It commonly reaches a +height of 60 to 100 feet and a diameter of 2 to 3 feet; sometimes +it becomes much larger. It is found in a wide variety of upland +soils. When grown in a dense stand it has a straight continuous +trunk, free of side branches for over half its height. In the open, +however, the tree develops a broad crown with far-reaching +limbs. Well-grown specimens are strikingly beautiful.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 430px;"><a name="f24" id="f24"></a><img src="images/illus-024.png" width="430" height="271" alt= +"WHITE OAK" title="" /></div> + +<p class="center">WHITE OAK<br /> +Twig, one-third natural size. Leaf, one-quarter natural size.</p> + +<p>The <i>leaves</i> are alternate, simple 5 to 9 inches long and about +half as broad. They are deeply divided into 5 to 9 rounded, +finger-like lobes. The young leaves are a soft silvery-gray or +yellow or red while unfolding, becoming later bright green above +and much paler below. The <i>flowers</i> appear with the leaves, the +staminate are in hairy catkins 2-3 inches long, the pistillate are +sessile in axils of the leaves.</p> + +<p>The <i>fruit</i> is an acorn maturing the first year. The nut is +¾ to 1 inch long, light brown, about one-quarter enclosed in the +warty cup. It is relished by hogs and other livestock. The <i>bark</i> +is thin, light ashy-gray and covered with loose scales or broad +plates.</p> + +<p>The <i>wood</i> is useful and valuable. It is heavy, strong, hard, +tough, close-grained, durable, and light brown in color. The uses +are many, including construction, shipbuilding, tight cooperage, +furniture, wagons, implements, interior finish, flooring, and fuel. +Notwithstanding its rather slow growth, white oak is valuable +for forest, highway and ornamental planting.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The overcup oak, <i>Quercus lyrata</i> Walt., is similar to the white oak, +but may be distinguished by the nearly spherical cup which nearly covers +the somewhat flattened acorn. This oak occurs in the river bottoms in +southern Illinois.</p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/ornament.png" width="500" height="22" alt= +"ornament" title="" /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">25</a></span></div> + +<h4><b>BUR OAK</b> <i>Quercus macrocarpa</i> Michx.</h4> + +<p><span style="float: left; font-size: 2.8em; line-height: .8em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 2px; padding-bottom: 0px;">T</span>HE bur oak, which occurs throughout the State takes its +name from the fringe around the cup of the acorn. It usually +has a broad top of heavy spreading branches and a relatively +short body. It is one of the largest trees in the State. In maturity, +it attains a diameter of 5 feet or more and a height of over +80 feet. The <i>bark</i> is light gray and is usually broken up into +small narrow flakes. The bur oak does not often form a part of +the forest stand, as do some other oaks, but occurs generally +singly in open stands and in fields. It requires a moist but well-drained +soil.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 246px;"><a name="f25" id="f25"></a><img src="images/illus-025.png" width="246" height="339" alt= +"BUR OAK" title="" /></div> + +<p class="center">BUR OAK<br /> +One-third natural size.</p> + +<p>The <i>leaves</i> resemble somewhat those of the common white +oak, but have a pair of deep indentations on their border near +the base, and wavy notches on the broad middle and upper portions +of the leaf. They range from 6 to 12 inches long and 3 to 6 +inches wide. The <i>fruit</i>, or acorn, is a nut set deeply in a fringed +cup. It is sometimes 1 inch or more in diameter but varies +widely in respect to size and the degree to which the nut is +enclosed in the mossy fringed cup.</p> + +<p>The <i>wood</i> is heavy, hard, strong, tough and durable. It is +used for much the same purposes as the other white oaks, lumber, +piling, veneer logs, crossties and fuel.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The swamp white oak, <i>Quercus bicolor</i> Willd., occurs scattered in +swamps, through the State. The leaves are obovate, coarsely toothed and +wedge-shaped below. They are thick, dark green and shining above, pale +and downy beneath. The acorns are borne in a deep rough scaly cup, on +stems 2-4 inches long. The wood is like that of the white oak. The bark is +gray-brown, separating into large, papery scales which curl back.</p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/ornament.png" width="500" height="22" alt= +"ornament" title="" /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">26</a></span></div> + +<h4><b>YELLOW CHESTNUT OAK</b> <i>Quercus muhlenbergii</i> Engelm.</h4> + +<p><span style="float: left; font-size: 2.8em; line-height: .8em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 2px; padding-bottom: 0px;">T</span>HIS oak, also called the chinquapin oak, which is an excellent +timber tree, occurs throughout the State. It grows on practically +all classes of soil and in all moisture conditions except in +swamps, and is a very tenacious tree on shallow, dry soil. The +<i>bark</i> is light gray, and breaks up into short narrow flakes on the +main trunk and old limbs. It reaches a height of 70 to 90 feet. +The straight shapely trunk bears a round-topped head composed +of small branches, which makes it an attractive shade tree.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 319px;"><a name="f26" id="f26"></a><img src="images/illus-026.png" width="319" height="365" alt= +"YELLOW CHESTNUT OAK" title="" /></div> + +<p class="center">YELLOW CHESTNUT OAK<br /> +One-third natural size.</p> + +<p>The <i>leaves</i> are oblong, 3 to 6 inches in length, 1½ to 3 inches +wide, and equally toothed or notched on the edges, resembling +the leaves of the chestnut oak. The <i>fruit</i>, which ripens in the fall +of the first season, is light to dark brown when ripe, and edible if +roasted. This acorn is from one-half to nearly an inch long, +usually less than one inch in diameter, and is set in a shallow cup.</p> + +<p>The <i>wood</i> is like that of the white oak, heavy, very hard, +tough, strong, durable, and takes an excellent polish. It is used +in manufacturing lumber and timbers, crossties, fence posts and +fuel. A portion of the lumber no doubt goes into furniture.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The basket oak, or swamp chestnut oak, <i>Quercus prinus</i> L., is found +in the woods in southern Illinois. It resembles the white oak in its bark +and branches, but has larger acorns. The leaves resemble those of yellow +chestnut oak.</p> + +<p>The rock chestnut oak, <i>Quercus montana</i> Willd., is an eastern oak that +is rare on the hills of Union and Alexander counties.</p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/ornament.png" width="500" height="22" alt= +"ornament" title="" /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">27</a></span></div> + +<h4><b>POST OAK</b> <i>Quercus stellata</i> Wang.</h4> + +<p><span style="float: left; font-size: 2.8em; line-height: .8em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 2px; padding-bottom: 0px;">T</span>HE post oak is usually a medium-sized tree, with a rounded +crown, commonly reaching a height of 50 to 80 feet and a +diameter of 1 to 2 feet, but sometimes considerably larger. It +occurs from Mason County south to the Ohio River being most +common in the “Post Oak Flats.” The soil is a light gray silt +loam underlaid by “tight clay.”</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 366px;"><a name="f27" id="f27"></a><img src="images/illus-027.png" width="366" height="323" alt= +"POST OAK" title="" /></div> + +<p class="center">POST OAK<br /> +One-third natural size.</p> + +<p>The <i>bark</i> is rougher and darker than the white oak and +broken into smaller scales. The stout young twigs and the leaves +are coated at first with a thick light-colored fuzz which soon +becomes darker and later drops away entirely.</p> + +<p>The <i>leaves</i> are usually 4 to 5 inches long and nearly as broad, +deeply 5-lobed with broad rounded divisions, the lobes broadest +at the ends. They are thick and somewhat leathery, dark green +and shiny on the upper surface, lighter green and rough hairy +beneath.</p> + +<p>The <i>flowers</i>, like those of the other oaks, are of two kinds +on the same tree, the male in drooping, clustered catkins, the +female inconspicuous. The <i>fruit</i> is an oval acorn, ½ to 1 inch +long, set in a rather small cup which may or may not be stalked.</p> + +<p>The <i>wood</i> is very heavy, hard, close-grained, light to dark +brown, durable in contact with the soil. It is used for crossties +and fence posts, and along with other oaks of the white oak class +for furniture and other purposes.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/ornament.png" width="500" height="22" alt= +"ornament" title="" /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">28</a></span></div> + +<h4><b>NORTHERN RED OAK</b> <i>Quercus rubra</i> L.<br /> +<small>(<i>Quercus borealis</i> Michx.)</small></h4> + +<p><span style="float: left; font-size: 2.8em; line-height: .8em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 2px; padding-bottom: 0px;">T</span>HE red oak of the North occurs throughout the State. It +usually attains a height of about 70 feet and a diameter +ranging from 2 to 3 feet, but is sometimes much larger. The +forest-grown tree is tall and straight with a clear trunk and +narrow crown.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 389px;"><a name="f28" id="f28"></a><img src="images/illus-028.png" width="389" height="295" alt= +"NORTHERN RED OAK" title="" /></div> + +<p class="center">NORTHERN RED OAK<br /> +Leaf, one-third natural size. Twig, one-half natural size.</p> + +<p>The <i>bark</i> on young stems is smooth, gray to brown on older +trees, thick and broken by shallow fissures into regular, flat +smooth-surfaced plates.</p> + +<p>The <i>leaves</i> are simple, alternate, 5 to 9 inches long, and 4 +to 6 inches wide, broader toward the tip, divided into 7 to 9 lobes, +each lobe being somewhat coarsely toothed and bristle-tipped, +and firm, dull green above, paler below, often turning to a brilliant +red after frost. The <i>winter buds</i> are small, light reddish-brown +and smooth. The <i>flowers</i>, as in all the oaks, are of two +kinds on the same tree, the staminate in long drooping, clustered +catkins, opening with the leaves, the female solitary or slightly +clustered. The <i>fruit</i> is a large acorn maturing the second year. +The nut is from ¾ to 1¾ inches long, blunt-topped, flat at base, +with only its base enclosed in the very shallow dark brown cup.</p> + +<p>The <i>wood</i> is hard, strong, coarse-grained, with light, reddish-brown +heartwood and thin lighter-colored sapwood. It is +used for cooperage, interior finish, construction, furniture, and +crossties. Because of its average rapid growth, high-grade wood +and general freedom from insect and fungus attack, it should +be widely planted in the State for timber production and as a +shade tree.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>This red oak, <i>Quercus shumardii</i> Buckley, is found only in the southern +counties along the borders of streams and swamps. Its leaves are dark +green and lustrous, paler beneath and have tufts of pale hairs in the angles +of the veins. The acorns are long-oval in shape, held in thick saucer-like +cups composed of closely appressed hairy scales.</p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/ornament.png" width="500" height="22" alt= +"ornament" title="" /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">29</a></span></div> + +<h4><b>BLACK OAK</b> <i>Quercus velutina</i> Lam.</h4> + +<p><span style="float: left; font-size: 2.8em; line-height: .8em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 2px; padding-bottom: 0px;">T</span>HE black oak, sometimes farther north called yellow oak or +yellow-barked oak, usually grows to be about 80 feet in +height and 1 to 3 feet in diameter. It is found commonly throughout +the State. The crown is irregularly shaped and wide, with +a clear trunk for 20 feet or more on large trees. The <i>bark</i> on the +very young trees is smooth and dark brown but soon becomes +thick and black, with deep furrows and rough broken ridges. +The bright yellow color and bitter taste of the inner bark, due +to tannic acid, are distinguishing characteristics.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 389px;"><a name="f29" id="f29"></a><img src="images/illus-029.png" width="389" height="283" alt= +"BEECH" title="" /></div> + +<p class="center">BLACK OAK<br /> +Leaf, one-third natural size. Twig, one-half natural size.</p> + +<p>The <i>leaves</i> are alternate, simple, 5 to 10 inches long and 3 +to 8 inches wide, thick leathery shallow or deeply lobed, the shape +varying greatly. When mature, the leaves are dark green and +shiny on the upper surface, pale on the lower, more or less covered +with down, and with conspicuous rusty brown hairs in the +forks of the veins.</p> + +<p>The <i>winter buds</i> are large, strongly angled, gray and hairy. +The <i>fruit</i> matures the second season. The light brown nut is +from ½ to 1 inch long, more or less hemispherical in shape, and +from ½ to ¾ enclosed in the thin, dark brown, scaly cup. The +scales on the upper part of the cup are loosely imbricated. The +kernel is yellow and extremely bitter.</p> + +<p>The <i>wood</i> is hard, heavy, strong, coarse-grained and checks +easily. It is a bright red-brown with a thin outer edge of paler +sapwood. It is used for the same purposes as red oak, under +which name it is put on the market. Its growth is rather slow.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The jack oak, <i>Quercus ellipsoidalis</i> Hill, is a smaller tree found frequently +alongside black oak in the northern third of the State. The acorn +is ellipsoid, small and enclosed in a deep cup, whose scales are closely appressed. +The winter buds are slightly angular, smooth, and red-brown in +color. Many small, drooping branches are sent out near the ground, which +soon die, and the stubs or “pins” have given this oak the name of northern +pin oak.</p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/ornament.png" width="500" height="22" alt= +"ornament" title="" /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">30</a></span></div> + +<h4><b>PIN OAK</b> <i>Quercus palustris</i> Muench.</h4> + +<p><span style="float: left; font-size: 2.8em; line-height: .8em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 2px; padding-bottom: 0px;">P</span>IN oak is rarely found naturally except on the rich moist soil +of bottom lands and the borders of swamps. It is usually not +abundant in any locality, but found scattered with other kinds +of trees. It more commonly attains heights of 50 to 70 feet, with +diameters up to 2 feet, but sometimes larger. The tree commonly +has a single, upright stem with numerous long, tough branches, +the lower ones drooping, the middle horizontal, and the upper +ascending. Many of the lower branches soon die and their stubs +are the “pins” which give the tree its name.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 389px;"><a name="f30" id="f30"></a><img src="images/illus-030.png" width="389" height="253" alt= +"PIN OAK" title="" /></div> + +<p class="center">PIN OAK<br /> +Leaf, one-third natural size. Twig, one-half natural size.</p> + +<p>The <i>bark</i> on young stems is smooth, shining and light +brown; on old trunks light gray-brown and covered by small, +close scales. Because of its beauty, its hardiness, and its fairly +rapid growth, pin oak makes an exceptionally fine street tree.</p> + +<p>The <i>leaves</i> generally resemble those of the northern red oak, +but they are smaller and much more deeply lobed. They are 3 to +5 inches long and 2 to 4 inches wide.</p> + +<p>The <i>flowers</i> are of two kinds on the same tree, and appear +when the leaves are about one-third grown. The <i>fruit</i>, taking +two years to mature, is an acorn nearly hemispheric, about one-half +inch long, light brown, often striped, enclosed only at the +base in a thin, shallow, saucer-shaped cup.</p> + +<p>The <i>wood</i> is heavy, hard, strong, and usually knotty. It is +light brown, with thin, darker-colored sapwood. It is sold and +has the same uses as red oak, although it is generally not so good +in quality.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The scarlet oak, <i>Quercus coccinea</i> Muench., has deeply lobed leaves +which turn brilliant scarlet in the autumn. The winter buds are reddish-brown +and pubescent. The acorns are ovoid, enclosed for about half their +length in a thick, deep cup. It is rarely found in the southern half of the +State.</p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/ornament.png" width="500" height="22" alt= +"ornament" title="" /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">31</a></span></div> + +<h4><b>SPANISH OAK</b> <i>Quercus falcata</i> Michx.</h4> + +<p><span style="float: left; font-size: 2.8em; line-height: .8em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 2px; padding-bottom: 0px;">T</span>HIS oak, one of the common southern red oaks, ranges from +Virginia and Florida to Texas and Missouri, and appears in +a dozen of the southern counties in Illinois. It is usually called +the Spanish oak, or southern red oak, and has been known as +<i>Quercus rubra</i> L. or <i>Quercus digitata</i> Sudw.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 398px;"><a name="f31" id="f31"></a><img src="images/illus-031.png" width="398" height="277" alt= +"SPANISH OAK" title="" /></div> + +<p class="center">SPANISH OAK<br /> +Leaf, one-third natural size. Twig, one-half natural size.</p> + +<p>It is a variable species and hence has been known under so +many names. It grows to a height of 70 to 80 feet, and a diameter +of 2 to 3 feet, though larger trees are not infrequently found. +Its large spreading branches form a broad, round, open top.</p> + +<p>The <i>bark</i> is rough, though not deeply furrowed and varies +from light gray on younger trees to dark or almost black on older +ones.</p> + +<p>The <i>leaves</i> are of two different types: (1) irregular-shaped +lobes, mostly narrow, bristle-tipped, the central lobe often the +longest; or (2) pear-shaped with 3 rounded lobes at the outer +end. They are dark lustrous green above and gray downy beneath, +the contrast being strikingly seen in a wind or rain storm.</p> + +<p>The <i>flowers</i> appear in April while the leaves are unfolding. +The <i>fruit</i> ripens the second year. The small rounded acorn, +about half an inch long, is set in a thin saucer-shaped cup which +tapers to a short stem.</p> + +<p>The <i>wood</i> is heavy, hard, strong, coarse-grained and is less +subject to defects than most other red oaks. It is used for rough +lumber and for furniture, chairs, tables, etc. It is a desirable +timber tree, especially on the poorer, drier soils. The bark is +rich in tannin.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Q. rubra</i> var. <i>pagodaefolia</i>, called swamp Spanish oak, has been collected +in four southern counties of Illinois.</p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/ornament.png" width="500" height="22" alt= +"ornament" title="" /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">32</a></span></div> + +<h4><b>BLACK JACK</b> <i>Quercus marilandica</i> Muench.</h4> + +<p><span style="float: left; font-size: 2.8em; line-height: .8em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 2px; padding-bottom: 0px;">T</span>HE black jack oak is a tree of sandy and clayey barren lands +where few other forest trees thrive. It ranges from New +York to Florida and westward into Illinois, Arkansas, and Texas. +It reaches its largest size in southern Arkansas and eastern +Texas. It is found as one of the main species in the “Post Oak +Flats” in the southern half of the State and in the sands along +the Illinois River, near Havana. The tree sometimes reaches +a height of 50 to 60 feet and a diameter of 16 inches, but it is +usually much smaller. Its hard, stiff, drooping branches form +a dense crown which usually contains many persistent dead +twigs. The <i>bark</i> is rough, very dark, often nearly black, and +broken into small, hard scales or flakes.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 398px;"><a name="f32" id="f32"></a><img src="images/illus-032.png" width="398" height="279" alt= +"BLACK JACK OAK" title="" /></div> + +<p class="center">BLACK JACK OAK<br /> +Twig, two-thirds natural size. Leaf, one-third natural size.</p> + +<p>The <i>leaves</i> are of a leathery texture, dark green on the +upper surface, lighter, hairy, and brown-scurfy below. The +leaves are wedge-shaped, 4 to 10 inches long and about the same +in width. There is a considerable difference in the leaves of this +oak both in size and shape.</p> + +<p>The <i>fruit</i> is an acorn about three-quarters of an inch long, +yellow-brown and often striped, enclosed for half its length or +more in a thick light brown cup.</p> + +<p>The <i>wood</i> is heavy, hard and strong; when used at all, it is +used mostly for firewood and mine props. It is also used for the +manufacture of charcoal.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/ornament.png" width="500" height="22" alt= +"ornament" title="" /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">33</a></span></div> + +<h4><b>SHINGLE OAK</b> <i>Quercus imbricaria</i> Michx.</h4> + +<p><span style="float: left; font-size: 2.8em; line-height: .8em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 2px; padding-bottom: 0px;">T</span>HIS oak is found throughout the State with the exception of +the extreme north portion. When growing alone, the tree +develops a symmetrical rounded top, conspicuous on account of +the good-sized, regular-shaped, oblong leaves which differ in +shape from most other native oaks. It forms a handsome tree. +It is sometimes incorrectly called “laurel” oak.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 424px;"><a name="f33" id="f33"></a><img src="images/illus-033.png" width="424" height="309" alt= +"SHINGLE OAK" title="" /></div> + +<p class="center">SHINGLE OAK<br /> +Leaf, one-third natural size. Twig, three-fourths natural size.</p> + +<p>The <i>bark</i> is rather thin and divided by shallow fissures into +broad ridges of a dark brown color.</p> + +<p>The <i>leaves</i> are alternate in arrangement along the stem, +oblong in shape, 4 to 6 inches long by 1 to 2 inches wide, leathery +in texture with smooth margins sometimes wavy in outline, dark +green and shiny above, and thick downy or velvety below.</p> + +<p>The <i>fruit</i> is an acorn about one-half inch in length, borne +singly or in pairs on stout stems, full or rounded at the end and +faintly streaked, enclosed for about one-half its length in a thin-walled +cup. Like all members of the black oak group, the fruit +requires two seasons to mature.</p> + +<p>The <i>wood</i> is heavy, hard, rather coarse-grained, and used +for common lumber, shingles (whence it gets its common name), +posts and firewood.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The willow oak, <i>Quercus phellos</i> L., is a river bottom tree rarely found +in southern Illinois. It is readily identified by its leaves, which as the name +implies, resemble those of the willows. These leaves are from two to four +inches long and one-half to one inch wide, light green, shiny above and +smooth beneath.</p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/ornament.png" width="500" height="22" alt= +"ornament" title="" /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">34</a></span></div> + +<h4><b>AMERICAN ELM</b> <i>Ulmus americana</i> L.</h4> + +<p><span style="float: left; font-size: 2.8em; line-height: .8em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 2px; padding-bottom: 0px;">T</span>HIS is a famous shade tree of New England, whose range, +however, extends to the Rocky Mountains and southward to +Texas. Within this vast area, it is generally common except in +the high mountains. It reaches an average height of 60 to 70 +feet and a diameter of 4 to 5 feet. The <i>bark</i> is dark gray, divided +into irregular, flat-topped thick ridges, and is generally firm, +though on old trees it tends to come off in flakes. An incision into +the inner bark will show alternate layers of brown and white.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 372px;"><a name="f34" id="f34"></a><img src="images/illus-034.png" width="372" height="265" alt= +"AMERICAN ELM" title="" /></div> + +<p class="center">AMERICAN ELM<br /> +Twig, one-half natural size. Leaf, one-half natural size.</p> + +<p>The <i>leaves</i> are alternate, simple, 4 to 6 inches long, rather +thick, somewhat one-sided, doubly toothed on the margin, and +generally smooth above and downy below. The leaf-veins are +very pronounced and run in parallel lines from the mid-rib to +leaf edge. The <i>winter buds</i> are pointed, brown, ovoid and smooth.</p> + +<p>The <i>flowers</i> are small, perfect, greenish, on slender stalks +sometimes an inch long, appearing before the leaves in the early +spring. The <i>fruit</i> is a light green, oval shaped samara (winged +fruit) with the seed portion in the center and surrounded entirely +by a wing. This wing has a conspicuous notch at the end and +is hairy on the margin, a mark distinctive of the species. The +seed ripens in the spring and by its wing is widely disseminated +by the wind.</p> + +<p>The <i>wood</i> is heavy, hard, strong, tough and difficult to split. +It is used for hubs of wheels, saddle trees, boats, ships, barrel +hoops, and veneer for baskets and crates.</p> + +<p>Because of its spreading fan-shaped form, graceful pendulous +branches, and long life, the white elm justly holds its place +as one of the most desirable shade trees.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The rock or cork elm, <i>Ulmus thomasi</i> Sarg., is found occasionally in +northern Illinois. Its excurrent branches are very different from those of +other elms. Its twigs often have corky ridges and the winter buds are +somewhat hairy.</p> + +<p>The winged elm, <i>Ulmus alata</i> Michx., a small tree, is found in the +southern part of the State. The twigs have two thin corky wings.</p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/ornament.png" width="500" height="22" alt= +"ornament" title="" /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">35</a></span></div> + +<h4><b>RED OR SLIPPERY ELM</b> <i>Ulmus rubra</i> Muhl. (<i>Ulmus fulva</i> Michx.)</h4> + +<p><span style="float: left; font-size: 2.8em; line-height: .8em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 2px; padding-bottom: 0px;">T</span>HE red elm, or slippery elm, is a common tree in all sections +of the State. It is found principally on the banks of streams +and on low hillsides in rich soil. It is a tree of small to moderate +size, but noticeably wide-spreading. It is usually less than 50 +feet in height and 16 inches in diameter although trees of larger +dimensions are occasionally found.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 386px;"><a name="f35" id="f35"></a><img src="images/illus-035.png" width="386" height="267" alt= +"SLIPPERY ELM" title="" /></div> + +<p class="center">SLIPPERY ELM<br /> +Twig, one-half natural size. Leaf, one-half natural size.</p> + +<p>The <i>bark</i> on the trunk is frequently one inch thick, dark +grayish-brown, and broken by shallow fissures into flat ridges. +The inner bark is used to some extent for medical purposes, +as it is fragrant and when chewed, affords a slippery, mucilaginous +substance, whence the tree gets its name. The <i>winter buds</i> +are large and conspicuously rusty-hairy.</p> + +<p>The <i>leaves</i> are simple, alternate on the stem, 4 to 6 inches +in length, sharp pointed, their bases unsymmetrical, doubly-toothed +on the edges, thick, dark green, and rough on both sides.</p> + +<p>The <i>fruit</i> consists of a seed surrounded by a thin, broad, +greenish wing, about one-half an inch in diameter; the <i>flowers</i> +appear in early spring and the fruit ripens when the leaves are +about half-grown.</p> + +<p>The <i>wood</i> is close-grained, tough, strong, heavy, hard, moderately +durable in contact with the soil. It is used for fence posts, +crossties, agricultural implements, ribs for small boats and for +some other purposes.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The water elm, <i>Planera aquatica</i> Gmel., is a small tree with slender +branches forming a low broad head and is found in swamps in the valley of +the Wabash River in this State. It reaches its best development in Arkansas +and Louisiana. It has dull green leaves 2 inches long and 1 inch wide. The +fruit is an oblong, dark brown drupe.</p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/ornament.png" width="500" height="22" alt= +"ornament" title="" /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">36</a></span></div> + +<h4><b>HACKBERRY</b> <i>Celtis occidentalis</i> L.</h4> + +<p><span style="float: left; font-size: 2.8em; line-height: .8em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 2px; padding-bottom: 0px;">T</span>HE rough-leaved hackberry is found sparsely throughout the +State. It occurs most abundantly and of greatest size in the +rich alluvial lands in the lower part of the State, but thrives, +however, on various types of soil, from the poorest to the richest. +It is usually a medium-sized tree from 30 to 50 feet high and 10 +to 20 inches in diameter, but trees 3 feet in diameter are found +in the Wabash bottoms in southern Illinois. Its limbs are often +crooked and angular and bear a head made of slender, pendant +branches or short, bristly, stubby twigs. In the open the crown +is generally very symmetrical. It makes an excellent shade tree.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 383px;"><a name="f36" id="f36"></a><img src="images/illus-036.png" width="383" height="341" alt= +"HACKBERRY" title="" /></div> + +<p class="center">HACKBERRY<br /> +Leaf, one-third natural size. Twig, one-half natural size.</p> + +<p>The <i>bark</i> is grayish and generally rough with scale-like or +warty projections of dead bark. In some instances the bark is +smooth enough on the limbs to resemble that of the beech.</p> + +<p>The <i>leaves</i> are simple, ovate, alternate, one-sided, 2 to 4 +inches long, the edges toothed towards the long point.</p> + +<p>The <i>flowers</i> are inconspicuous, and the two kinds are borne +on the same tree. They appear in April or May, and are of a +creamy, greenish color. The <i>fruit</i> is a round, somewhat oblong +drupe, or berry, from ¼ to ⅓ of an inch in diameter. It has a +thin, purplish skin, and sweet, yellowish flesh. From this characteristic +it is sometimes called sugarberry. The berries frequently +hang on the tree most of the winter.</p> + +<p>The <i>wood</i> is heavy, rather soft, weak, and decays readily +when exposed. It is used chiefly for fuel, but occasionally for +lumber and railroad ties which are given preservative treatment.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The southern hackberry, <i>Celtis leavigata</i> Willd., having narrow leaves, +is found occasionally along the streams in southern Illinois. The fruit +hangs from the axils of the leaves on slender stems. It is orange-red in +color, changing to purple-black as it matures.</p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/ornament.png" width="500" height="22" alt= +"ornament" title="" /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">37</a></span></div> + +<h4><b>OSAGE ORANGE</b> <i>Maclura pomifera</i> Schneid.</h4> + +<p><span style="float: left; font-size: 2.8em; line-height: .8em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 2px; padding-bottom: 0px;">T</span>HE osage orange, hedge apple, or mock orange, although not +a native of Illinois, is found distributed throughout the State, +but does not as a rule occur as a forest tree. It grows chiefly in +open fields along fence rows, and as a pure hedge fence. Occasionally +it reaches a height of 60 feet and a diameter of 30 +inches, but more usually it is found from 20 to 40 feet in height +and from 4 to 12 inches in diameter. This tree is sometimes used +for shade, but mostly for hedges, and as living fence posts. The +<i>bark</i> is thin, gray, sometimes tinged with yellow, and on old +trees divided into strips or flakes. The bark of the root is used as +a yellow dye; that of the trunk has been used for tanning leather.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 483px;"><a name="f37" id="f37"></a><img src="images/illus-037.png" width="483" height="265" alt= +"OSAGE ORANGE" title="" /></div> + +<p class="center">OSAGE ORANGE<br /> +Leaf and fruit, one-quarter natural size. Twig, two-thirds natural size.</p> + +<p>The <i>leaves</i> are deciduous, with milky sap and producing +stout axillary thorns. They are green on the upper surface, 3 to +5 inches long and 2 to 3 inches wide, and turn bright yellow +in the autumn.</p> + +<p>The yellowish <i>flowers</i> appear in May. They are of two kinds +on the same tree—the staminate flowers in a linear cluster and +the pistillate flowers in a rounded ball. The <i>fruit</i> is globular, +from 2 to 5 inches in diameter, somewhat resembling a very +rough green orange.</p> + +<p>The <i>wood</i> is heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong and very +durable in contact with the soil. The heartwood is bright orange +in color, turning brown upon exposure. The Indians called it +“bois d’arc”, or bow-wood, and used it for their finest bows. It +does not shrink with weather changes. It is largely used for +posts; sometimes for wheel-stock, lumber and fuel.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/ornament.png" width="500" height="22" alt= +"ornament" title="" /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">38</a></span></div> + +<h4><b>RED MULBERRY</b> <i>Morus rubra</i> L.</h4> + +<p><span style="float: left; font-size: 2.8em; line-height: .8em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 2px; padding-bottom: 0px;">T</span>HE red mulberry occurs throughout the State. It prefers +the rich, moist soils of the lower and middle districts, but it +is nowhere abundant. It is a small tree, rarely 50 feet high and +2 feet in diameter, often growing in the shade of larger trees.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 407px;"><a name="f38" id="f38"></a><img src="images/illus-038.png" width="407" height="279" alt= +"RED MULBERRY" title="" /></div> + +<p class="center">RED MULBERRY<br /> +Twig, two-thirds natural size. Leaf, one-third natural size.</p> + +<p>The <i>bark</i> is rather thin, dark reddish-brown, peeling off in +long narrow flakes.</p> + +<p>The <i>leaves</i> are alternate, thin, rounded or somewhat heart-shaped, +toothed, pointed, 3 to 5 inches long, rough hairy above +and soft hairy beneath. Often some of the leaves, especially on +the young trees and thrifty shoots, are mitten-shaped or variously +lobed.</p> + +<p>The <i>flowers</i> are of two kinds, on the same or different trees, +in drooping catkins. The catkins of the staminate flowers are +about 2 inches long; the spikes of the pistillate flowers are about +half as long and stand on short stalks. The <i>fruit</i> is dark red or +black, and resembles a blackberry; however, a stalk extends +through it centrally, and it is longer and narrower. The fruit +is sweet and edible and greatly relished by birds and various +animals.</p> + +<p>The <i>wood</i> is rather light, soft, not strong, light orange-yellow, +very durable in contact with the soil. It is chiefly used +for fence posts. The tree might be planted for this purpose and +to furnish food for birds.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The white mulberry, <i>Morus alba</i> L., is a native of China, where its +leaves are the chief food of the silkworm. Several varieties are planted for +ornamental purposes. Its leaves are broad and smooth; its fruit is long, +white, sweet, and insipid. A variety, under the name of the Russian mulberry, +<i>Morus alba</i> var. <i>tatarica</i> Loudon, has been introduced into this country +and has been cultivated for its fruit. This fruit varies from creamy white +to violet and almost black.</p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/ornament.png" width="500" height="22" alt= +"ornament" title="" /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">39</a></span></div> + +<h4><b>CUCUMBER MAGNOLIA</b> <i>Magnolia acuminata</i> L.</h4> + +<p><span style="float: left; font-size: 2.8em; line-height: .8em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 2px; padding-bottom: 0px;">T</span>HE cucumber magnolia attains an average height of 40 to 80 +feet and a diameter of 1 to 2 feet. It occurs singly among +other hardwood trees throughout the richer, cooler north slopes +and bottom lands of southern Illinois, in Union, Johnson, Pope, +Alexander and Pulaski counties.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 407px;"><a name="f39" id="f39"></a><img src="images/illus-039.png" width="407" height="343" alt= +"CUCUMBER MAGNOLIA" title="" /></div> + +<p class="center">CUCUMBER MAGNOLIA<br /> +Leaf, one-third natural size. Twig, two-thirds natural size.</p> + +<p>The <i>bark</i> is aromatic and bitter; that of the young twigs +is a lustrous red-brown, while the bark of the trunk is rather +thin, dark brown, furrowed and broken into thin scales.</p> + +<p>The <i>leaves</i> are alternate, oblong, short-pointed, rounded at +the base, silky, hairy when unfolding, later smooth or slightly +silky, 6 to 10 inches long, 4 to 6 inches wide, often with wavy +edges, dark green above, lighter beneath.</p> + +<p>The <i>flowers</i> are single, large—though smaller than those +of the other magnolias—2½ to 3 inches long. The six upright +petals are whitish-green tinged with yellow.</p> + +<p>The <i>fruit</i> is a smooth, dark red, often crooked “cone”, 2½ +to 3 inches long, somewhat resembling, when green, a small +cucumber. The seeds are ½ inch long, and covered with a pulpy, +scarlet coat, which attracts the birds, particularly as the seeds +hang by thin cords from the opening “cones.”</p> + +<p>The <i>wood</i> is light, soft, close-grained, durable, of a light +yellow-brown color and is used for the same purposes as yellow +poplar. It is quite desirable for roadside and ornamental planting.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/ornament.png" width="500" height="22" alt= +"ornament" title="" /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">40</a></span></div> + +<h4><b>TULIP TREE</b> <i>Liriodendron tulipifera</i> L.</h4> + +<p><span style="float: left; font-size: 2.8em; line-height: .8em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 2px; padding-bottom: 0px;">T</span>HE tulip tree, tulip poplar, is one of the tallest trees in the +State with its straight trunk rising to a height of 125 feet. +It is one of the largest and most valuable hardwood trees of the +United States. It reaches its largest size in the deep moist soils +along streams and in the cool ravines of southern Illinois. Vermilion +County on the east and Randolph on the west side of the +State represent its northern limit. As more commonly seen, it +has a height of 60 to 100 feet and a diameter of 3 to 4 feet. Growing +with a straight central trunk like the pines, and often clear +of limbs for 30 to 50 feet, it has a narrow pyramidal head which +in older age becomes more spreading. The tree has been extensively +cut, but is reproducing rapidly and remains one of the most +abundant and valuable trees in our young second-growth forests. +It has been planted as an ornamental and shade tree.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 416px;"><a name="f40" id="f40"></a><img src="images/illus-040.png" width="416" height="289" alt= +"TULIP TREE" title="" /></div> + +<p class="center">TULIP TREE<br /> +Leaf, one-third natural size. Twig, two-thirds natural size.</p> + +<p>The <i>leaves</i> are simple, 4 to 6 inches in length and breadth, +4-lobed, dark green in summer, turning to a clear yellow in fall.</p> + +<p>The greenish-yellow tulip-shaped <i>flowers</i> appear in May or +June. The <i>fruit</i> is a narrow light brown, upright cone, 2 to 3 +inches long, made up of seeds, each enclosed in a hard bony coat +and provided with a wing which makes it easily carried by the +wind.</p> + +<p>The <i>wood</i> is light, soft, easily worked, light yellow or brown, +with wide cream-colored sapwood. It is extensively cut into +lumber for interior and exterior trim, vehicle bodies, veneers, +turnery and other high-grade uses. It is marketed under the +name yellow poplar, because of the yellow color of the heartwood.</p> + +<p>The tulip tree transplants easily, grows rapidly and forms +a tall stem. It is one of the best trees for forest planting on good +moist soil. It can be recommended for roadside planting because +it grows tall and has a deep root system. Where conditions of +life are not too severe, it may be used for shade tree planting.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/ornament.png" width="500" height="22" alt= +"ornament" title="" /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">41</a></span></div> + +<h4><b>PAPAW</b> <i>Asimina triloba</i> Dunal</h4> + +<p><span style="float: left; font-size: 2.8em; line-height: .8em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 2px; padding-bottom: 0px;">T</span>HE papaw, which grows as a small tree or large shrub, is +very well known throughout the State, except in the northern +parts, and is sometimes called the “wild banana” tree. Most +commonly it occurs as an undergrowth in the shade of rich +forests of the larger hardwood trees. Its range extends from +New York westward to Iowa and southward to Florida and +eastern Texas. When growing alone, however, it forms dense +clumps on deep, moist soils in creek bottoms. The <i>bark</i> is thin, +dark grayish-brown, and smooth, or slightly fissured on old trees.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 430px;"><a name="f41" id="f41"></a><img src="images/illus-041.png" width="430" height="319" alt= +"PAPAW" title="" /></div> + +<p class="center">PAPAW<br /> +Leaf, one-quarter natural size. Twig, two-thirds natural size.</p> + +<p>The <i>leaves</i> are alternate on the stem, pear-shaped with +pointed ends and tapering bases, smooth and light green above, +from 8 to 10 inches long, clustered toward the ends of the +branches.</p> + +<p>The dark purple, attractive <i>flowers</i> appear with the leaves +singly or in two’s along the branch, measure nearly 2 inches +across, and produce nectar which attracts the bees.</p> + +<p>When thoroughly ripe, the <i>fruit</i> is delicious and nutritious. +It measures from 3 to 5 inches in length, turns from greenish-yellow +to very dark brown in color, and holds rounded or elongated +seeds which separate readily from the pulp.</p> + +<p>The <i>wood</i> is light, soft or spongy, and weak, greenish to +yellowish in color, and of no commercial importance.</p> + +<p>Because of its handsome foliage, attractive flowers and +curious fruit, the papaw has been much used in ornamental +planting.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/ornament.png" width="500" height="22" alt= +"ornament" title="" /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">42</a></span></div> + +<h4><b>SASSAFRAS</b> <i>Sassafras albidum</i> Nees.</h4> + +<p><span style="float: left; font-size: 2.8em; line-height: .8em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 2px; padding-bottom: 0px;">T</span>HE sassafras is an aromatic tree, usually not over 40 feet in +height or a foot in diameter in Illinois. It is common throughout +the State on dry soils as far north as La Salle County, and is +one of the first broad-leaf trees to come up on abandoned fields, +where the seeds are dropped by birds. Its range extends from +Maine, southern Ontario to Iowa and south to Florida and west +to Texas. In parts of its range it attains large size.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 389px;"><a name="f42" id="f42"></a><img src="images/illus-042.png" width="389" height="275" alt= +"SASSAFRAS" title="" /></div> + +<p class="center">SASSAFRAS<br /> +Twig, one-half natural size. Leaf, one-third natural size.</p> + +<p>The <i>bark</i> of the trunk is thick, red-brown and deeply furrowed +and that of the twigs is bright green.</p> + +<p>The <i>leaves</i> are very characteristic. It is one of the few trees +having leaves of widely different shape on the same tree, or even +on the same twig. Some are oval and entire, 4 to 6 inches long; +others have one lobe, resembling the thumb on a mitten; while +still others are divided at the outer end into 3 distinct lobes. The +young leaves and twigs are quite mucilaginous.</p> + +<p>The <i>flowers</i> are clustered, greenish, yellow, and open with +the first unfolding of the leaves. The staminate and pistillate +flowers are usually on different trees. The <i>fruit</i> is an oblong, +dark blue or black, lustrous berry, containing one seed and surrounded +at the base by what appears to be a small orange-red +or scarlet cup at the end of a scarlet stalk.</p> + +<p>The <i>wood</i> is light, soft, weak, brittle, and durable in the soil; +the heartwood is dull orange-brown. It is used for posts, rails, +boat building, cooperage and for ox-yokes. The bark of the roots +yields the very aromatic oil of sassafras much used for flavoring +candies and various commercial products.</p> + +<p>The sassafras deserves more consideration than it has received +as a shade and ornamental tree. The autumnal coloring +of its foliage is scarcely surpassed by any tree, and it is very free +from insect pests.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/ornament.png" width="500" height="22" alt= +"ornament" title="" /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">43</a></span></div> + +<h4><b>SWEET GUM</b> <i>Liquidambar styraciflua</i> L.</h4> + +<p><span style="float: left; font-size: 2.8em; line-height: .8em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 2px; padding-bottom: 0px;">T</span>HE sweet or red gum is a very common tree on low lands in +southern Illinois, but it is seldom found north of Jackson +County in the west or north of Richland in the east. It is usually +abundant in old fields or in cut-over woods. The <i>bark</i> is a light +gray, roughened by corky scales, later becoming deeply furrowed. +After the second year the twigs often develop 2 to 4 corky +projections of the bark, which give them a winged appearance.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 401px;"><a name="f43" id="f43"></a><img src="images/illus-043.png" width="401" height="317" alt= +"SWEET GUM" title="" /></div> + +<p class="center">SWEET GUM<br /> +Leaf, one-third natural size. Twig, two-thirds natural size.</p> + +<p>The simple, alternate star-shaped <i>leaf</i>, with its 5 to 7 points +or lobes, is 5 to 7 inches across and very aromatic. In the fall its +coloring is brilliant, ranging from pale yellow through orange +and red to a deep bronze.</p> + +<p>The <i>flowers</i> are of two kinds on the same tree, unfolding +with the leaves. The <i>fruit</i> at first glance reminds one of the balls +of the sycamore, but on closer inspection proves to be a head. It +measures an inch or more in diameter and is made up of many +capsules with projecting spines. It frequently hangs on the tree +by its long swinging stem late into the winter.</p> + +<p>The <i>wood</i> is heavy, moderately hard, close-grained, and not +durable on exposure. The reddish-brown heartwood, which suggests +the name, red gum, is not present to any appreciable extent +in logs under 16 inches in diameter. In the South, the wood is +extensively used for flooring, interior finish, paper pulp and +veneers for baskets of all kinds. Veneers of the heartwood are +largely used in furniture, sometimes as imitation mahogany or +Circassian walnut. This tree should be more widely planted for +ornamental use.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/ornament.png" width="500" height="22" alt= +"ornament" title="" /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">44</a></span></div> + +<h4><b>SYCAMORE</b> <i>Platanus occidentalis</i> L.</h4> + +<p><span style="float: left; font-size: 2.8em; line-height: .8em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 2px; padding-bottom: 0px;">T</span>HE sycamore, also called buttonwood, is considered the largest +hardwood tree in North America. It occurs throughout +the State, but is most abundant and reaches its largest size along +streams and on rich bottom lands. It is one of the more rapidly-growing +trees. In maturity it occasionally attains a height of +140 to 170 feet and a diameter of 10 to 11 feet. It often forks +into several large secondary trunks, and the massive spreading +limbs form an open head sometimes 100 feet across.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 395px;"><a name="f44" id="f44"></a><img src="images/illus-044.png" width="395" height="287" alt= +"SYCAMORE" title="" /></div> + +<p class="center">SYCAMORE<br /> +Leaf, one-third natural size. Twig, one-half natural size.</p> + +<p>The <i>bark</i> of the sycamore is a characteristic feature. On the +younger trunk and large limbs it is very smooth, greenish-gray +in color. The outer bark yearly flakes off in large patches and +exposes the nearly white younger bark. Near the base of the old +trees the bark becomes thick, dark brown and divided by deep +furrows. The <i>flowers</i> are very small and arranged in dense +globular green heads.</p> + +<p>The <i>leaves</i> are simple, alternate, 4 to 7 inches long and about +as broad, light green and smooth above, and paler below. The +base of the leafstalk is hollow and in falling off exposes the +winter bud. The <i>fruit</i> is a ball about 1 inch in diameter, conspicuous +throughout the winter as it hangs on its flexible stem, +which is 3 to 5 inches long. During early spring, the fruit ball +breaks up, and the small seeds are widely scattered by the wind.</p> + +<p>The <i>wood</i> is hard and moderately strong, but decays rapidly +in the ground. It is used for butchers’ blocks, tobacco boxes, +furniture and interior finish.</p> + +<p>The tree grows rapidly, bears transplanting well and is +often planted as a shade tree.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The European sycamore or London plane tree, <i>Platanus acerifolia</i> +Willd., is less subject to disease than our native species and has been widely +planted in this country for ornament and shade. The leaves are more deeply +lobed than our sycamore and there are two or three fruit balls on each stem.</p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/ornament.png" width="500" height="22" alt= +"ornament" title="" /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">45</a></span></div> + +<h4><b>WILD CRAB APPLE</b> <i>Malus ioensis</i> Britton</h4> + +<p><span style="float: left; font-size: 2.8em; line-height: .8em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 2px; padding-bottom: 0px;">T</span>HE wild crab apple, or prairie crab, is found throughout +Illinois forming small trees 20 to 30 feet high with trunks +from 6 to 12 inches in diameter. In the open it develops a broad +open crown with rigid, contorted branches bearing many short, +spur-like branchlets, some of which develop into sharp rigid +thorns. Under less favorable conditions, these crab apples often +form bushy shrubs.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 369px;"><a name="f45" id="f45"></a><img src="images/illus-045.png" width="369" height="294" alt= +"WILD CRAB APPLE" title="" /></div> + +<p class="center">WILD CRAB APPLE<br /> +Flower, fruit and leaves one-half natural size.</p> + +<p>The <i>bark</i> on the branches is smooth, thin and red-brown in +color, while on the trunk the thicker bark often breaks into scales. +The twigs are at first hoary-hairy, but soon become smooth and +reddish.</p> + +<p>The <i>leaves</i> are alternate, simple, 3 to 4 inches long and almost +as broad. They are sometimes slightly lobed and sharply +and deeply toothed. They are dark green and shiny above, but +pale and hairy beneath, borne on stout, hairy petioles.</p> + +<p>The <i>flowers</i>, which are from one to two inches broad, are +borne in clusters of 3 to 8, on wooly pedicels about an inch long. +The white or rosy petals form a cup which surrounds the numerous +stamens and the five styles. The calyx is pubescent.</p> + +<p>The <i>fruit</i> ripens in October, forming a globose, pale green, +very fragrant apple with a waxy surface. It is about an inch in +diameter, flattened at each end.</p> + +<p>Like the other crabs, its handsome flowers have a delicious +fragrance which makes the tree popular for planting for ornamental +purposes. The fruit is sometimes gathered for jelly. The +<i>wood</i> is heavy, close-grained and reddish-brown.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The wild sweet crab, <i>Malus coronaria</i> Mill., differs from the above in +having more nearly smooth leaves and calyx. It is rarely found in Illinois +but is common in Ohio. A cultivated variety, <i>Malus ioensis plena</i> Rheder, +is sold under the name of Bechtel’s crab, and has large, double, rosy-pink +blossoms.</p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/ornament.png" width="500" height="22" alt= +"ornament" title="" /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">46</a></span></div> + +<h4><b>SERVICE BERRY</b> <i>Amelanchier arborea</i> (Michx. f.) Fern.<br /> +<small>(<i>Amelanchier canadensis</i> Medic.)</small></h4> + +<p><span style="float: left; font-size: 2.8em; line-height: .8em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 2px; padding-bottom: 0px;">T</span>HE downy service berry, or shadblow, as it is more commonly +called in the East, has little economic importance except +for its frequency throughout the State and the touch of beauty +its flowers give to our forests early in the spring before the +foliage has come out. It is a small tree 20 to 50 feet high and +seldom over 8 inches in diameter, with a rather narrow, rounded +top but is often little more than shrub. The name shadblow +was given by the early settlers who noticed that it blossomed +when the shad were running up the streams.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 381px;"><a name="f46" id="f46"></a><img src="images/illus-046.png" width="381" height="313" alt= +"SERVICE BERRY" title="" /></div> + +<p class="center">SERVICE BERRY<br /> +One-half natural size.</p> + +<p>The <i>bark</i> is smooth and light gray, and shallowly fissured +into scaly ridges. The <i>winter buds</i> are long and slender.</p> + +<p>The <i>leaves</i> are alternate, slender-stalked, ovate, pointed, +finely toothed, 2 to 4 inches long, densely white-hairy when +young, then becoming a light green, and covered with scattered +silky hairs.</p> + +<p>The white <i>flowers</i> appear in erect or drooping clusters in +early spring, before the leaves, making the tree quite conspicuous +in the leafless or budding forest. The petals are slender and +rather more than a half inch long.</p> + +<p>The <i>fruit</i> is sweet, edible, rounded, reddish-purple when +ripe, ⅓ to ½ an inch in diameter, ripening early in June. Birds +and denizens of the forest are very fond of the berries.</p> + +<p>The <i>wood</i> is heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained +and dark brown. It is occasionally used for handles. This is a +desirable ornamental tree and should be planted for this purpose +and to encourage the birds.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The smooth service berry, <i>Amelanchier leavis</i> Wieg., differs from the +above species in having smooth leaves, dark green and slightly glaucous +when mature, and they are half grown at flowering time. The fruit is sweet, +purple or nearly black, glaucous and edible.</p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/ornament.png" width="500" height="22" alt= +"ornament" title="" /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">47</a></span></div> + +<h4><b>COCK-SPUR THORN</b> <i>Crataegus crus-galli</i> L.</h4> + +<p><span style="float: left; font-size: 2.8em; line-height: .8em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 2px; padding-bottom: 0px;">T</span>HE hawthorns, or thorn-apples, are small trees or shrubs of +the apple family which are widely distributed throughout +the northeastern United States, with fewer species in the South +and West. In North America, no less than 150 species have been +distinguished, but their proper identification is a task for the +expert. There are about a dozen haws that reach tree size in +Illinois, attaining a height of 20 to 30 feet and a stem diameter +of 8 to 12 inches. Of these, perhaps the best known is the cock-spur +thorn with its many strong straight spines and shining +leaves. Its <i>bark</i> is pale gray and scaly. Its <i>winter buds</i> are small, +globose and lustrous brown.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 436px;"><a name="f47" id="f47"></a><img src="images/illus-047.png" width="436" height="279" alt= +"COCK-SPUR THORN" title="" /></div> + +<p class="center">COCK-SPUR THORN<br /> +Flowers and fruit one-half natural size.</p> + +<p>The <i>leaves</i> are conspicuous because of their dark green glossy +surface. They are broadest toward the apex tapering to the short +petiole. They vary in size in different localities, the smaller-leaved +varieties seem to be more frequently met with in the +southern part of the State than in the north. These leaves are +alternate, wedge-shaped, notched on the edges, and from 2 to 3 +inches long.</p> + +<p>The <i>flowers</i> are rather small, arranged in flat-topped clusters, +white in color, with about a dozen pink stamens.</p> + +<p>The <i>fruit</i> is ⅓ inch thick, greenish-red; the flesh is hard +and dry.</p> + +<p>This haw is one of the best for planting for ornamental +purposes; with its spreading branches, it forms a broad, rounded +crown. It is hardy and succeeds in a great variety of soils.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The dotted hawthorn, <i>Crataegus punctata</i> Jacq., also has wedge-shaped +leaves but they are leathery, dull gray-green in color with conspicuous +veins. The tree reaches a height of 25 feet with distinctly horizontal +branches forming a broad flat crown. It is often almost without thorns. +The fruit is oblong, dull red with pale dots, becoming mellow.</p> + +<p>The pear-thorn, <i>Crataegus calpodendron</i> Med., is a smaller tree, with +broader leaves, very few thorns and pear-shaped fruit. The haw is scarlet +or orange-red, the flesh is thin and sweet.</p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/ornament.png" width="500" height="22" alt= +"ornament" title="" /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">48</a></span></div> + +<h4><b>RED HAW</b> <i>Crataegus mollis</i> Scheele</h4> + +<p><span style="float: left; font-size: 2.8em; line-height: .8em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 2px; padding-bottom: 0px;">L</span>IKE almost all the hawthorns, the red haw is a tree of the +pasture lands, the roadside, the open woods and the stream +banks. It is the largest of our haws, occasionally reaching a +height of 30 feet, with ascending branches usually forming a +low conical crown. The twigs are hairy during the first season, +but are soon smooth, slender, nearly unarmed or occasionally +armed with stout, curved thorns.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 381px;"><a name="f48" id="f48"></a><img src="images/illus-048.png" width="381" height="317" alt= +"RED HAW" title="" /></div> + +<p class="center">RED HAW<br /> +Flowers one-half natural size.</p> + +<p>The <i>leaves</i> are ovate or nearly orbicular, coarsely toothed +nearly to the base, usually 3 to 5 pairs of broad, shallow lobes. +Both surfaces are hairy.</p> + +<p>The <i>flowers</i> are often nearly an inch across, in compact clusters. +They have about 20 cream-colored, densely hairy stamens.</p> + +<p>The <i>fruit</i>, or the haw, is large, nearly ¾ inch across, bright +crimson or scarlet in color. The edible sweet flesh is firm but +mellow, surrounding 5 bony seeds. It is often used for making +jelly.</p> + +<p>The <i>wood</i> is strong, tough, heavy and hard, and is used for +mallets, tool handles and such small articles.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The Washington thorn, <i>Crataegus phaenopyrum</i> Med., is a smaller +tree, with bright red fruit, but its broad leaves are smooth and bright green. +The flowers are small, in very large clusters, followed by small bright scarlet +edible haws.</p> + +<p>In the southern half of Illinois, growing on moist river bottoms, the +green haw, <i>Crataegus viridis</i> L., becomes a tree 20 feet tall. The broad +leaves are dark green and quite smooth. The fruit is small but produced in +large clusters becoming bright red or orange-red as it ripens.</p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/ornament.png" width="500" height="22" alt= +"ornament" title="" /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">49</a></span></div> + +<h4><b>WILD PLUM</b> <i>Prunus americana</i> Marsh.</h4> + +<p><span style="float: left; font-size: 2.8em; line-height: .8em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 2px; padding-bottom: 0px;">T</span>HE common wild plum, or yellow plum, is a small tree which +at a height usually of 3 to 6 feet divides into many spreading +branches, often drooping at the ends. Not uncommonly it grows +in thickets where it attains only large shrub size. The value of +the tree lies in its fruit from which jelly and preserves are made, +and its handsome form, and foliage, pure white fragrant flowers, +and showy fruit which make it desirable for ornamental planting.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 319px;"><a name="f49" id="f49"></a><img src="images/illus-049.png" width="319" height="337" alt= +"WILD PLUM" title="" /></div> + +<p class="center">WILD PLUM<br /> +Three-quarters natural size.</p> + +<p>The <i>leaves</i> are alternate, oval, pointed, sharply toothed, +(often doubly toothed) along the margin, thick and firm, 3 to 4 +inches long by 1 to 2 inches wide, narrowed or rounded at the +base, and prominently veined on both surfaces.</p> + +<p>The <i>flowers</i> appear in numerous small clusters before, or +simultaneously with, the leaves, and are white with small bright +red portions in the center. The <i>fruit</i>, or plum, which ripens in +late summer, is red or orange colored, about an inch in diameter, +contains a stone or pit that is flattened and about as long as the +pulpy part, and varies rather widely in its palatability.</p> + +<p>The <i>wood</i> is heavy, hard, close-grained, reddish-brown in +color and has no especial commercial uses.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The Canada plum, <i>Prunus nigra</i> Ait., is similar to the common wild +plum, but the teeth of the leaves are blunt, the leaves are thin and the fruit +is orange in color, almost without bloom.</p> + +<p>The wild goose plum, <i>Prunus hortulana</i> Bailey, has thin lance-shaped +leaves; its flowers have short petals and it has a rather hard, small globular +fruit.</p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/ornament.png" width="500" height="22" alt= +"ornament" title="" /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">50</a></span></div> + +<h4><b>BLACK CHERRY</b> <i>Prunus serotina</i> Ehrh.</h4> + +<p><span style="float: left; font-size: 2.8em; line-height: .8em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 2px; padding-bottom: 0px;">A</span> common tree in Illinois and attaining sizes up to about +70 feet in height and 1 to 3 feet in diameter, black cherry +as a tree is found all over the State. The forest-grown trees have +long clear trunks with little taper; open-grown trees have spreading +crowns. The <i>bark</i> on branches and young trees is smooth and +bright reddish-brown, marked by conspicuous, narrow white, +horizontal lines, and has a bitter-almond taste. On the older +trunks the bark becomes rough and broken into thick, irregular +plates.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 392px;"><a name="f50" id="f50"></a><img src="images/illus-050.png" width="392" height="259" alt= +"BLACK CHERRY" title="" /></div> + +<p class="center">BLACK CHERRY<br /> +Twig, two-thirds natural size. Leaf, one-third natural size.</p> + +<p>The <i>leaves</i> are alternate, simple, oval to lance-like in shape, +with edges broken by many fine incurved teeth, thick and shiny +above, and paler beneath.</p> + +<p>The <i>fruit</i> is dull purplish-black, about as large as a pea, and +is borne in long hanging clusters. It ripens in late summer, and +is edible, although it has a slightly bitter taste.</p> + +<p>The <i>wood</i> is reddish-brown with yellowish sapwood, moderately +heavy, hard, strong, fine-grained, and does not warp or +split in seasoning. It is valuable for its lustre and color and is +used for furniture, interior finish, tools, and implement handles. +With the exception of black walnut, black cherry lumber has a +greater unit value than any other hardwood of the eastern +United States.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The wild cherry, <i>Prunus pennsylvanica</i> L., is a small tree, growing +on light soils, in the northern part of the State. The bark is a dark reddish-brown; +the leaves are lance-shaped bright green and shiny above, while +the fruit is round and bright red in color.</p> + +<p>The choke cherry, <i>Prunus virginiana</i> L., is common along fences and +under larger trees in the forest in the northern half of the State. It seldom +becomes a tree but it bears a fruit which is sweet but very astringent and +is dark purple when ripe.</p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/ornament.png" width="500" height="22" alt= +"ornament" title="" /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">51</a></span></div> + +<h4><b>HONEY LOCUST</b> <i>Gleditsia triacanthos</i> L.</h4> + +<p><span style="float: left; font-size: 2.8em; line-height: .8em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 2px; padding-bottom: 0px;">T</span>HE honey locust occurs scattered throughout the State. It +grows under a wide variety of soil and moisture conditions. +It sometimes occurs in the forest, but more commonly in corners +and waste places beside roads and fields. It reaches a diameter +of 30 inches and a height of 75 feet. The <i>bark</i> on old trees is dark +gray and is divided into thin tight scales. The strong thorns—straight, +brown, branched, sharp and shiny which grow on the +1-year-old wood and remain for many years—are sufficient to +identify the honey locust.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 439px;"><a name="f51" id="f51"></a><img src="images/illus-051.png" width="439" height="325" alt= +"HONEY LOCUST" title="" /></div> + +<p class="center">HONEY LOCUST<br /> +Twig, three-quarters natural size. Leaf, one-quarter natural size.</p> + +<p>The <i>leaf</i> is pinnate, or feather-like with 18 to 28 leaflets; +or it is twice-pinnate, consisting of 4 to 7 pairs of pinnae or +secondary leaflets, each 6 to 8 inches long and somewhat resembling +the leaf of the black locust.</p> + +<p>The <i>flowers</i> which appear when the leaves are nearly full-grown +are inconspicuous, greenish-yellow and rich in honey. +The petals vary from 3 to 5, the stamens are 3 to 10 and the +ovary is wooly and one-celled.</p> + +<p>The <i>fruit</i> is a pod, 10 to 18 inches long, often twisted, 1 to +1½ inches wide, flat, dark brown or black when ripe and containing +yellow sweetish pulp and seeds. The seeds are very hard +and each is separated from the others by the pulp. The pods are +eaten by many animals, and as the seeds are hard to digest, many +are thus widely scattered from the parent tree.</p> + +<p>The <i>wood</i> is coarse-grained, hard, strong and moderately +durable in contact with the ground. It is used for fence posts and +crossties. It should not be confused with the very durable wood +of the black locust.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The water locust, <i>Gleditsia aquatica</i> Marsh., is found in river bottoms +in southern Illinois, becoming a medium sized tree. It may be known by its +short pods, 1 to 2 inches long, with only 2 or 3 seeds.</p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/ornament.png" width="500" height="22" alt= +"ornament" title="" /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">52</a></span></div> + +<h4><b>REDBUD</b> <i>Cercis canadensis</i> L.</h4> + +<p><span style="float: left; font-size: 2.8em; line-height: .8em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 2px; padding-bottom: 0px;">T</span>HE redbud is a small tree occurring under taller trees or on +the borders of fields or hillsides and in valleys throughout +the State. It ordinarily attains a height of 25 to 50 feet and a +diameter of 6 to 12 inches. Its stout branches usually form a +wide flat head.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 477px;"><a name="f52" id="f52"></a><img src="images/illus-052.png" width="477" height="291" alt= +"REDBUD" title="" /></div> + +<p class="center">REDBUD<br /> +Leaf, one-fourth natural size. Twig, and flowers, two-thirds natural size.</p> + +<p>The <i>bark</i> is bright red-brown, the long narrow plates separating +into thin scales.</p> + +<p>The <i>leaves</i> are alternate, heart-shaped, entire 3 to 5 inches +long and wide, glossy green turning in autumn to a bright clear +yellow.</p> + +<p>The conspicuous bright purplish-red, pea-shaped <i>flowers</i> are +in clusters along the twigs and small branches and appear before +or with the leaves in early spring.</p> + +<p>The <i>fruit</i> is an oblong, flattened, many seeded pod, 2 to 4 +inches long, reddish during the summer, and often hanging on +the tree most of the winter.</p> + +<p>The <i>wood</i> is heavy, hard, not strong, rich, dark brown in +color, and of little commercial importance. The redbud is cultivated +as an ornamental tree and for that purpose might be +planted more generally in this State.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The Kentucky coffee-tree, <i>Gymnocladus dioicus</i> K. Koch, though not +anywhere a common tree, is found on rich bottom lands throughout the +State. The much-divided leaves are 2 to 3 feet long. The pods are 5 to 8 +inches long and 1 to 2 inches wide and contain hard seeds ¾ inch long. +It has few qualities to recommend it for ornamental planting.</p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/ornament.png" width="500" height="22" alt= +"ornament" title="" /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">53</a></span></div> + +<h4><b>BLACK LOCUST</b> <i>Robinia pseudoacacia</i> L.</h4> + +<p><span style="float: left; font-size: 2.8em; line-height: .8em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 2px; padding-bottom: 0px;">T</span>HE black locust is a native to the Appalachian Mountains +but has been introduced into Illinois, and now occurs throughout +the entire State growing on all soils and under all conditions +of moisture except in swamps. It is found generally in thickets +on clay banks and waste places or along fence rows.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 465px;"><a name="f53" id="f53"></a><img src="images/illus-053.png" width="465" height="317" alt= +"BLACK LOCUST" title="" /></div> + +<p class="center">BLACK LOCUST<br /> +Leaf, one-third natural size. Twig and flower, two-thirds natural size.</p> + +<p>The twigs and branchlets are armed with straight or slightly +curved sharp, strong spines, sometimes as much as 1 inch in +length which remain attached to the outer bark for many years. +The <i>bark</i> is dark brown and divides into strips as the tree grows +older.</p> + +<p>The <i>leaves</i> are pinnate, or feather-like, from 6 to 10 inches +in length, consisting of from 7 to 19 oblong thin leaflets.</p> + +<p>The <i>flowers</i> are fragrant, white or cream-colored, and appear +in early spring in graceful pendent racemes. The <i>fruit</i> +is a pod from 3 to 5 inches long containing 4 to 8 small hard +seeds which ripen late in the fall. The pod splits open during the +winter, discharging the seeds. Some seeds usually remain attached +to each half of the pod; the pod thus acts as a wing +upon which the seeds are borne to considerable distances before +the strong spring winds.</p> + +<p>The <i>wood</i> is yellow in color, coarse-grained, very heavy, +very hard, strong, and very durable in contact with the soil. It +is used extensively for fence posts, poles, tree nails, insulator +pins and occasionally for lumber and fuel.</p> + +<p>The tree is very rapid in growth in youth but short-lived. +It spreads by underground shoots and is useful for holding and +reclaiming badly gullied lands. The usefulness of the black locust +is, however, very greatly limited by the fact that it is subject to +great damage from an insect known as the locust borer.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/ornament.png" width="500" height="22" alt= +"ornament" title="" /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">54</a></span></div> + +<h4><b>TREE OF HEAVEN</b> <i>Ailanthus altissima</i> Swingle</h4> + +<p><span style="float: left; font-size: 2.8em; line-height: .8em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 2px; padding-bottom: 0px;">T</span>HIS tree is a native of China but planted in Illinois because +of its tropical foliage. It has escaped and become naturalized. +It is a handsome, rapid-growing, short-lived tree, attaining +a height of 40 to 60 feet, and a trunk diameter of 2 to 3 feet. Its +crown is spreading, rather loose and open. The twigs are smooth +and thick with a large reddish-brown pith. The <i>winter buds</i> are +small, globular and hairy, placed just above the large leaf-scars.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 465px;"><a name="f54" id="f54"></a><img src="images/illus-054.png" width="465" height="325" alt= +"TREE OF HEAVEN" title="" /></div> + +<p class="center">TREE OF HEAVEN<br /> +Twig, one-half natural size. Leaf and fruit, one-fourth natural size.</p> + +<p>The <i>leaves</i> are alternate, pinnately compound and one to +three feet long. The leaflets number from 11 to 41, are smooth, +dark green above, paler beneath, turning a clear yellow in +autumn.</p> + +<p>The <i>flowers</i> appear soon after the leaves are full grown, on +different trees, borne in large upright panicles. They are small +yellow-green in color with 5 petals and 10 stamens. The staminate +flowers have a disagreeable odor.</p> + +<p>The <i>fruit</i>, ripening in October but remaining on the tree +during the winter, is a one-seeded samara, spirally twisted, +borne in crowded clusters.</p> + +<p>The tree of heaven is useful for landscape planting, succeeding +in all kinds of soils and all kinds of growing conditions. +It makes a rapid showing and is practically free from all diseases +and insect injury.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/ornament.png" width="500" height="22" alt= +"ornament" title="" /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">55</a></span></div> + +<h4><b>SMOOTH SUMAC</b> <i>Rhus glabra</i> L.</h4> + +<p><span style="float: left; font-size: 2.8em; line-height: .8em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 2px; padding-bottom: 0px;">T</span>HE smooth sumac is usually a tall shrub but occasionally it +develops as a tree 20 to 25 feet tall with a trunk diameter of +6 to 10 inches. A few large spreading branches form a broad, +flat, open head. The twigs are smooth and glabrous and have a +thick, light brown pith with small round winter buds.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 498px;"><a name="f55" id="f55"></a><img src="images/illus-055.png" width="498" height="325" alt= +"SMOOTH SUMAC" title="" /></div> + +<p class="center">SMOOTH SUMAC<br /> +Twig, one-half natural size. Leaf and fruit, one-fourth natural size.</p> + +<p>The compound <i>leaves</i> are 6 to 18 inches long, composed +of 9 to 27 leaflets with sharply notched margins. They are +dark green above, whitish beneath, changing to red, purple and +yellow early in the autumn.</p> + +<p>The <i>flowers</i> are small and green, produced in dense terminal +panicles. The <i>fruit</i> is a small globose berry, covered with crimson +hairs and has a pleasant acid taste. The conspicuous deep +red panicles of fruit remain unchanged on the tree during the +winter.</p> + +<p>The <i>wood</i> is light and of a golden yellow color. Either as +a tree, or as a shrub, the smooth sumac is excellent for ornamental +planting, being particularly desirable on terraces or +hillsides, where mass effects are desired. It transplants very +readily and spreads freely.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The staghorn sumac, <i>Rhus typhina</i> L., is a slightly taller tree, as it +reaches a height of 20 to 35 feet, and a stem diameter of 8 to 12 inches. The +twigs and leaves are similar to those of the smooth sumac but are conspicuously +hairy. Its occurrence is limited to the northern part of the State.</p> + +<p>The shining sumac, <i>Rhus copallina</i> L., usually occurs in shrub form +but it occasionally reaches a height of 20 feet with a stem diameter of 6 +inches. The leaves are smooth above but somewhat hairy beneath with a +winged rachis and about 9 to 21 leaflets that are slightly toothed. Late in +the summer its foliage turns a brilliant red. The fruit clusters are much +smaller than the preceding species. It is found throughout the State.</p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/ornament.png" width="500" height="22" alt= +"ornament" title="" /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">56</a></span></div> + +<h4><b>SUGAR MAPLE</b> <i>Acer saccharum</i> Marsh.</h4> + +<p><span style="float: left; font-size: 2.8em; line-height: .8em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 2px; padding-bottom: 0px;">T</span>HE sugar maple is an important member of the climax forests +which stretch from Maine to Minnesota and southward +to Texas and Florida. It is an associate of the hemlocks and the +birches in the North, with the beeches and chestnuts through +the middle states, with the oaks in the West and with the tulip and +the magnolias in the South. In Illinois it is a common and favorite +tree throughout the State. In the open it grows fairly rapidly +and has a very symmetrical, dense crown, affording heavy shade. +It is, therefore, quite extensively planted as a shade tree. The +<i>bark</i> on young trees is light gray and brown and rather smooth, +but as the tree grows older, it breaks up into long, irregular +plates or scales, which vary from light gray to almost black. The +twigs are smooth and reddish-brown, and the <i>winter buds</i> are +smooth and sharp-pointed. The tree attains a height of more +than 100 feet and a diameter of 3 feet or more. The sap yields +maple sugar and maple syrup.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 303px;"><a name="f56" id="f56"></a><img src="images/illus-056.png" width="303" height="270" alt= +"SUGAR MAPLE" title="" /></div> + +<p class="center">SUGAR MAPLE<br /> +Leaf, one-third natural size. Twig, one-half natural size.</p> + +<p>The <i>leaves</i> are 3 to 5 inches across, simple, opposite, with 3 +to 5 pointed and sparsely-toothed lobes, the divisions between +the lobes being rounded. The leaves are dark green on the upper +surface, lighter green beneath, turning in autumn to brilliant +shades of dark red, scarlet, orange and clear yellow.</p> + +<p>The <i>flowers</i> are yellowish-green, on long threadlike stalks, +appearing with the leaves, the two kinds in separate clusters. +The <i>fruit</i>, which ripens in the fall, consists of a two-winged +“samara”, or “key”, the two wings nearly parallel, each about +1 inch in length and containing a seed. It is easily carried +by the wind.</p> + +<p>The <i>wood</i> is hard, heavy, strong, close-grained and light +brown in color. It is known, commercially as hard maple, and is +used in the manufacture of flooring, furniture, shoe-lasts and a +great variety of novelties.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The black maple, <i>Acer nigrum</i> Michx., occurs with the sugar maple +with darker bark. The leaves are usually wider than long, yellow-green and +downy beneath, and the base of the petioles enlarged. The two lower lobes +are very small; the lobes are undulate or entire.</p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/ornament.png" width="500" height="22" alt= +"ornament" title="" /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">57</a></span></div> + +<h4><b>SILVER MAPLE</b> <i>Acer saccharinum</i> L.</h4> + +<p><span style="float: left; font-size: 2.8em; line-height: .8em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 2px; padding-bottom: 0px;">T</span>HE silver or river maple, also called the soft maple, occurs +on moist land and along streams. It attains heights of 100 +feet or more and diameters of 3 feet or over. It usually has a +short trunk which divides into a number of large ascending +limbs. These again subdivide, and the branches droop but turn +upward at the tips. The <i>bark</i> on the old stems is dark gray and +broken into long flakes or scales; on the young shoots it is smooth +and varies in color from reddish to a yellowish-gray. The silver +maple grows rapidly and has been much planted as a shade tree. +Because of the brittleness of its wood, it is often damaged by +summer storms and winter sleet.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 395px;"><a name="f57" id="f57"></a><img src="images/illus-057.png" width="395" height="257" alt= +"SILVER MAPLE" title="" /></div> + +<p class="center">SILVER MAPLE<br /> +Twig, one-half natural size. Leaf, one-third natural size.</p> + +<p>The <i>leaves</i> are opposite on the stem, have from 3 to 5 +lobes ending in long points with toothed edges and are separated +by deep angular sinuses or openings; they are pale green on +the upper surface and silvery-white underneath. The buds are +rounded, red or reddish-brown, blunt-pointed; generally like +those of red maple.</p> + +<p>The <i>flowers</i> appear in the spring before the leaves, in +dense clusters, and are of a greenish-yellow color. The <i>fruit</i> +ripens in late spring. It consists of a pair of winged seeds or +“keys” with wings 1 to 2 inches long on slender, flexible, threadlike +stems about an inch long.</p> + +<p>The <i>wood</i> is soft, weak, even-textured, rather brittle, easily +worked, and decays readily when exposed. It is considerably +used for boxboards, furniture, veneers and fuel.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The red maple, or swamp maple, <i>Acer rubrum</i> L., has leaves deeply +lobed with the lobes sharply toothed. The autumn color is deep red. The +flowers also are red and the fruit is small reddish, maturing late in spring.</p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/ornament.png" width="500" height="22" alt= +"ornament" title="" /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">58</a></span></div> + +<h4><b>BOX ELDER</b> <i>Acer negundo</i> L.</h4> + +<p><span style="float: left; font-size: 2.8em; line-height: .8em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 2px; padding-bottom: 0px;">T</span>HE box elder is a fairly rapidly growing tree, found commonly +along streams rather generally over the State. It is +a tree of medium size, rarely reaching over 24 inches in diameter +and 60 to 70 feet in height. It has been considerably planted for +shade because in good soil its growth is rapid. Its limbs and +branches, however, are fragile, and the tree as a whole is rather +subject to disease. It is not long-lived or generally satisfactory +for any purpose. It is prolific in reproduction but is largely +destroyed by grazing and cultivation.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 416px;"><a name="f58" id="f58"></a><img src="images/illus-058.png" width="416" height="305" alt= +"BOX ELDER" title="" /></div> + +<p class="center">BOX ELDER<br /> +Twig, two-thirds natural size. Leaf, one-third natural size.</p> + +<p>The <i>bark</i> on young branches is smooth and green to purple +in color; on old trees it is thin, grayish to light brown and +deeply divided.</p> + +<p>The <i>leaves</i> are compound, with usually 3 leaflets (rarely 5 +or 7), opposite, smooth and lustrous, green, and borne on a +leaf stem or petiole 2 to 3 inches long. The leaflets are 2 to 4 +inches long by 1 to 2 inches wide, making the whole leaf 5 to +8 inches in length.</p> + +<p>The <i>fruit</i> is a samara, or key, winged similarly to that of a +sugar maple, but smaller. It ripens in late summer or early +fall, and so is like its close relative, the sugar maple, but unlike +its close relatives, the red maple and silver maple.</p> + +<p>The <i>wood</i> is soft, light, weak, close-grained and decays +readily in contact with heat and moisture. It is used occasionally +for fuel.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The Norway maple, <i>Acer platanoides</i> L., is a European species which +has been extensively planted. It forms a round, spreading crown of stout +branches with coarse twigs. The leaves resemble those of the sugar maple +but somewhat broader and the petioles exude a milky juice when cut. The +flowers are larger than those of our native maples and fruit is large with +diverging wings. It holds its leaves longer in the fall and the autumn coloring +is pale yellow. It succeeds well as a city shade tree.</p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/ornament.png" width="500" height="22" alt= +"ornament" title="" /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">59</a></span></div> + +<h4><b>OHIO BUCKEYE</b> <i>Aesculus glabra</i> Willd.</h4> + +<p><span style="float: left; font-size: 2.8em; line-height: .8em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 2px; padding-bottom: 0px;">T</span>HE buckeye is rare in the northern fourth of Illinois, but is +known in the rest of the State, forming no considerable part +of the forest stand. It reaches a height of 60 to 70 feet and a +diameter of 18 to 24 inches. The trunk is usually short, limby, and +knotty. The crown or head, is generally open and made up of +small spreading branches and twigs orange-brown to reddish-brown +in color. The <i>bark</i> is light gray and, on old trees, divided +or broken into flat scales, which make the stem of the tree rough; +the bark is ill-smelling when bruised.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 433px;"><a name="f59" id="f59"></a><img src="images/illus-059.png" width="433" height="307" alt= +"OHIO BUCKEYE" title="" /></div> + +<p class="center">OHIO BUCKEYE<br /> +Twig, two-thirds natural size. Nut, one-third natural size.<br /> +Leaf, one-quarter natural size.</p> + +<p>The <i>leaves</i> are opposite on the twigs, compound and consisting +of 5 long-oval, rarely 7, pointed, toothed, yellow-green +leaflets, set like the fingers of a hand at the top of slender petioles +4 to 6 inches long. They usually turn yellow and then fall early +in the autumn.</p> + +<p>The <i>flowers</i> appear after the leaves unfold; are cream-colored; +in terminal panicles 5 to 7 inches long and 2 to 3 inches +broad, quite downy.</p> + +<p>The <i>fruit</i> is a thick, leathery, prickly capsule about an inch +in diameter, and, breaking into 2 or 3 valves, discloses the bright, +shiny, mahogany colored seeds, or nuts.</p> + +<p>The <i>wood</i> is light, soft and weak, and decays rapidly when +exposed. It is used for woodenware, artificial limbs, paper pulp, +and for lumber and fuel.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The horse-chestnut, <i>Aesculus hippocastanum</i> L., is a handsome European +tree with a very symmetrical crown. The flowers are larger than those +of our native species and add beauty to the foliage. It forms a desirable +shade tree.</p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/ornament.png" width="500" height="22" alt= +"ornament" title="" /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">60</a></span></div> + +<h4><b>BASSWOOD</b> <i>Tilia americana</i> L.</h4> + +<p><span style="float: left; font-size: 2.8em; line-height: .8em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 2px; padding-bottom: 0px;">T</span>HE basswood, or American linden, is a rather tall tree with +a broad, round-topped crown. It ranges throughout Illinois +and may be found wherever rich, wooded slopes, moist stream +banks and cool ravines occur. It grows best in river bottoms, +where it is common and forms a valuable timber tree, attaining a +height of 80 feet and a diameter of 4 feet. The <i>bark</i> is light +brown, deeply furrowed and the inner bark furnishes bast for +making mats.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 401px;"><a name="f60" id="f60"></a><img src="images/illus-060.png" width="401" height="269" alt= +"BASSWOOD" title="" /></div> + +<p class="center">BASSWOOD<br /> +Leaf, one-third natural size. Twig, one-half natural size.</p> + +<p>The <i>leaves</i> are broadly heart-shaped, 3 to 6 inches long, +coarsely saw-toothed, smooth on both sides, except for some hairs +on the axils of the veins. They are dark above but light green +beneath.</p> + +<p>The <i>flowers</i> are yellowish-white, in drooping clusters opening +in early summer, and flower stem is united to the middle of +a long narrow leaf-like bract. They are very fragrant and from +them the bees make a large amount of choice grade honey.</p> + +<p>The <i>fruit</i> is a berry-like, dry, 1 or 2 seeded, rounded nutlet +¼ to ½ an inch in diameter, covered with short, thick and +brownish wool. It remains attached in clusters to the leafy bract, +which later acts as a wing to bear it away on the wind.</p> + +<p>The <i>wood</i> is light, soft, tough, not durable, light brown +in color. It is used in the manufacture of pulp, woodenware, +furniture, trunks, excelsior and many other articles.</p> + +<p>It makes a fine shade tree, grows rapidly and is easily +transplanted.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The white basswood, <i>Tilia heterophylla</i> Vent., is similar to the preceding +species, but with somewhat lighter bark. The leaves are larger, dark +yellow-green above, the under surface being generally densely covered with +short, silvery or gray hairs with tufts of brown hairs in the axils of the +veins. It is more plentiful in the southern part of the State.</p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/ornament.png" width="500" height="22" alt= +"ornament" title="" /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">61</a></span></div> + +<h4><b>FLOWERING DOGWOOD</b> <i>Cornus florida</i> L.</h4> + +<p><span style="float: left; font-size: 2.8em; line-height: .8em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 2px; padding-bottom: 0px;">T</span>HE flowering dogwood is rare in the northern third of the +State. It is a small tree, growing under the larger forest +trees, usually 15 to 30 feet in height and 6 to 12 inches in diameter, +with a rather flat and spreading crown and short, often +crooked trunk. The <i>bark</i> is reddish-brown to black and broken +up into small 4-sided scaly blocks.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 465px;"><a name="f61" id="f61"></a><img src="images/illus-061.png" width="465" height="317" alt= +"FLOWERING DOGWOOD" title="" /></div> + +<p class="center">FLOWERING DOGWOOD<br /> +Leaf and flowers, one-half natural size. Twig, two-thirds natural size.</p> + +<p>The <i>leaves</i> are opposite, ovate, 3 to 5 inches long, 2 to 3 +inches wide, pointed, entire or wavy on the margin, bright green +above, pale green or grayish beneath.</p> + +<p>The <i>flowers</i>, which unfold from the conspicuous round, +grayish, winter flower buds before the leaves come out, are small +greenish-yellow, arranged in dense heads surrounded by large +white or rarely pinkish petal-like bracts, which give the appearance +of large spreading flowers 2 to 4 inches across.</p> + +<p>The <i>fruit</i> is a bright scarlet “berry”, ½ inch long and +containing a hard nutlet in which are 1 or 2 seeds. Usually +several fruits, or “berries”, are contained in one head. They are +relished by birds, squirrels and other animals.</p> + +<p>The <i>wood</i> is hard, heavy, strong, very close-grained, brown +to red in color. It is in great demand for cotton-mill machinery, +turnery handles and forms. One other tree has quite similar +wood—the persimmon.</p> + +<p>The dogwood, with its masses of early spring flowers, its +dark red autumn foliage and its bright red berries, is probably +our most ornamental native tree. It should be used much more +extensively in roadside and ornamental planting.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The alternate-leaved dogwood, <i>Cornus alternifolia</i> L., occasionally +reaches tree size with long slender branches arranged in irregular whorls +giving the tree a storied effect. The flowers are small, followed by blue-black +fruit borne in loose red-stemmed clusters.</p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/ornament.png" width="500" height="22" alt= +"ornament" title="" /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">62</a></span></div> + +<h4><b>SOUR GUM</b> <i>Nyssa sylvatic</i>a Marsh.</h4> + +<p><span style="float: left; font-size: 2.8em; line-height: .8em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 2px; padding-bottom: 0px;">T</span>HE sour gum, often called black gum, is found in many types +of soil and in most conditions of soil moisture in southern +Illinois, but it becomes rare in the northern half of the State. In +lowlands, it is occasionally found in year-round swamps with +cypress, and in the hills on dry slopes with oaks and hickories.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 313px;"><a name="f62" id="f62"></a><img src="images/illus-062.png" width="313" height="273" alt= +"SOUR GUM" title="" /></div> + +<p class="center">SOUR GUM<br /> +One-half natural size.</p> + +<p>The <i>leaves</i> are simple, 2 to 3 inches long, entire, often +broader near the apex, shiny, dark green in color. In the fall +the leaves turn a most brilliant red.</p> + +<p>The <i>bark</i> on younger trees is furrowed between flat ridges, +and gradually develops into quadrangular blocks that are dense, +hard and nearly black. Most of the branches are nearly horizontal.</p> + +<p>The greenish <i>flowers</i> on long slender stems appear in early +spring when the leaves are about one-third grown. They are +usually of two kinds, the male in many-flowered heads and the +female in two to several-flowered clusters on different trees. The +<i>fruit</i> is a dark blue, fleshy berry, ⅔ of an inch long, containing +a single hard-shelled seed, and is borne on long stems, 2 to 3 +in a cluster.</p> + +<p>The <i>wood</i> is very tough, cross-grained, not durable in contact +with the soil, hard to work, and warps easily. It is used for +crate and basket veneers, box shooks, rollers, mallets, rough +floors, mine trams, pulpwood and fuel.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The tupelo gum, or cotton gum, <i>Nyssa aquatica</i> L., is found in deep +river swamps which are flooded during a part of the year. It occurs in 4 or +5 of the southern counties of Illinois in cypress swamps. The enlarged base +and the larger fruit serve to distinguish it from the sour gum. This fruit +or “plum” is about an inch long, dark purple and has a tough skin enclosing +a flattened stone. The wood is light, soft, and not strong and is used for +woodenware, handles, fruit and vegetable packages.</p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/ornament.png" width="500" height="22" alt= +"ornament" title="" /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">63</a></span></div> + +<h4><b>PERSIMMON</b> <i>Diospyros virginiana</i> L.</h4> + +<p><span style="float: left; font-size: 2.8em; line-height: .8em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 2px; padding-bottom: 0px;">T</span>HE persimmon, often called “simmon”, is well known +throughout its range. It is a small tree, rarely exceeding 50 +feet in height and 1 inch in diameter, occurring throughout +the State from the southern part north to Peoria County. It +seems to prefer dry, open situations, and is most abundant in the +old fields, though it also occurs on rich bottom lands. The <i>bark</i> +of old trees is almost black and separated into thick nearly square +blocks, much like the black gum.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 424px;"><a name="f63" id="f63"></a><img src="images/illus-063.png" width="424" height="297" alt= +"PERSIMMON" title="" /></div> + +<p class="center">PERSIMMON<br /> +Leaf, one-half natural size. Twig, three-quarters natural size.</p> + +<p>The <i>leaves</i> are alternate, oval, entire, 4 to 6 inches long, +dark green and shining above, paler beneath.</p> + +<p>The small <i>flowers</i>, which appear in May, are yellowish or +creamy white, somewhat bell-shaped, the two kinds occurring on +separate trees; the male in clusters of 2 or 3, the female solitary. +They are visited by many insects.</p> + +<p>The <i>fruit</i> is a pulpy, round, orange-colored or brown berry, +an inch or more in diameter and containing several flattened, +hard, smooth seeds. It is strongly astringent while green, but +quite sweet and delicious when thoroughly ripe.</p> + +<p>The <i>wood</i> is hard, dense, heavy, strong, the heartwood brown +or black, the wide sapwood white or yellowish. It is particularly +valued for shuttles, golf-stick heads, and similar special uses, +but is not of sufficient commercial use to warrant its general +encouragement as a timber tree.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The Hercules’ club, <i>Aralia spinosa</i> L., grows to tree size in southern +Illinois, with a spiny stem 25 to 30 feet tall and a flat-topped head. The +doubly compound leaves are often more than 3 feet long. Its small greenish-white +flowers are followed by large clusters of purple juicy berries. It is +desirable for ornamental planting.</p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/ornament.png" width="500" height="22" alt= +"ornament" title="" /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">64</a></span></div> + +<h4><b>WHITE ASH</b> <i>Fraxinus americana</i> L.</h4> + +<p><span style="float: left; font-size: 2.8em; line-height: .8em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 2px; padding-bottom: 0px;">T</span>HE white ash is found throughout the State, but grows to +best advantage in the rich moist soils of bottom lands. It +reaches an average height of 50 to 80 feet and a diameter of 2 +to 3 feet, though much larger trees are found in virgin forests. +The <i>bark</i> varies in color from a light gray to a gray-brown. The +rather narrow ridges are separated with marked regularity by +deep, diamond-shaped fissures.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 387px;"><a name="f64" id="f64"></a><img src="images/illus-064.png" width="387" height="321" alt= +"WHITE ASH" title="" /></div> + +<p class="center">WHITE ASH<br /> +Twig, one-half natural size. Leaf, one-third natural size.</p> + +<p>The opposite <i>leaves</i> of the white ash are from 8 to 12 inches +long and have from 5 to 9 plainly stalked, sharp-pointed leaflets, +dark green and smooth above, pale green beneath.</p> + +<p>The <i>flowers</i> are of two kinds on different trees, the staminate +in dense reddish-purple clusters and the pistillate in more open +bunches. The <i>fruit</i> of the ash is winged, 1 to 1½ inches long, +resembling the blade of a canoe paddle in outline, with the seed +at the handle end. The fruits mature in late summer and are +distributed effectively by the winds.</p> + +<p>The <i>wood</i> of the white ash is extremely valuable on account +of its toughness and elasticity. It is preferred to all other native +woods for small tool handles, such athletic implements as rackets, +bats, and oars, and agricultural implements. It is also used +extensively for furniture and interior finish.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The green ash, <i>Fraxinus pennsylvanica lanceolata</i> Sarg., is common in +stream valleys throughout the State. The hairy form of this tree is known +as the red ash. This species differs from the white ash in having the leaves +bright green or yellow-green on both sides. The fruit has the wing portion +extending well down past the middle of the seed-bearing part, and with the +wing sometimes square or slightly notched at the outer end. The wood is +similar to that of the white ash, but is not quite so tough.</p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/ornament.png" width="500" height="22" alt= +"ornament" title="" /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">65</a></span></div> + +<h4><b>BLUE ASH</b> <i>Fraxinus quadrangulata</i> Michx.</h4> + +<p><span style="float: left; font-size: 2.8em; line-height: .8em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 2px; padding-bottom: 0px;">T</span>HE blue ash is not very common but widely distributed in +the upland portions of the State, where it is limited to limestone +bluffs, occasionally descending to the adjacent bottom +lands. It becomes a large tree 60 feet or more in height with a +trunk 2 feet in diameter. The young twigs are usually square, +sometimes winged or 4-ridged between the leaf bases.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 465px;"><a name="f65" id="f65"></a><img src="images/illus-065.png" width="465" height="343" alt= +"BLUE ASH" title="" /></div> + +<p class="center">BLUE ASH<br /> +Leaf, one-third natural size. Fruit and twig, two-thirds natural size.</p> + +<p>The <i>bark</i> is light gray tinged with red, ½ to ⅔ inch thick, +irregularly divided into large plate-like scales. Macerating the +inner bark in water yields a blue dye.</p> + +<p>The <i>leaves</i> are 8 to 12 inches long, having 7 to 11 stalked +leaflets, long pointed and coarsely toothed, thick and firm, smooth +and yellowish-green above, paler beneath.</p> + +<p>The <i>flowers</i> are without petals and appear in clusters when +the buds begin to expand.</p> + +<p>The <i>fruit</i> is flattened and oblong, 1 to 2 inches long and less +than ½ inch wide and usually notched at the outer end. The +wing is about twice the length of the seed-bearing portion and +extends down the sides past the middle.</p> + +<p>The <i>wood</i> is heavy, hard, and close-grained, light yellow, +streaked with brown, with a very broad zone of lighter sapwood. +It is not usually distinguished commercially from the wood of +other ashes.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The pumpkin ash, <i>Fraxinus tomentosa</i> Michx., grows in deep river +swamps in southern Illinois. It is a tall slender tree, usually with a much +enlarged base. The twigs are light gray. The leaves, with 7 to 9 leaflets, +smooth above and soft downy below, are from 10 to 18 inches long.</p> + +<p>The black ash, <i>Fraxinus nigra</i> Marsh., appears occasionally on the +flood plains in the northern part of the State. It may be known by its ashy +light gray bark, its very thick twigs and sessile, long-pointed sharply serrate +leaflets.</p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/ornament.png" width="500" height="22" alt= +"ornament" title="" /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">66</a></span></div> + +<h4><b>CATALPA</b> <i>Catalpa speciosa</i> Warder</h4> + +<p><span style="float: left; font-size: 2.8em; line-height: .8em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 2px; padding-bottom: 0px;">T</span>HIS is a native to the Wabash Valley of Illinois, but has been +widely planted and has spread somewhat farther as a result +of cultivation. It is a medium sized tree with a short trunk and +broad head with spreading branches. Because of its attractive +flowers and conspicuous heart-shaped leaves, it is considerably +used for shade and ornament. The <i>bark</i> varies from dark gray +to brown, slightly rough, being divided in narrow shallow strips +or flakes. The <i>leaves</i> are simple, opposite, oval, long-pointed, +6 to 10 inches long, and heart-shaped at the base.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 413px;"><a name="f66" id="f66"></a><img src="images/illus-066.png" width="312" height="358" alt= +"CATALPA" title="" /></div> + +<p class="center">CATALPA<br /> +Leaf, one-third natural size. Twig, two-thirds natural size.</p> + +<p>The <i>flowers</i> appear in clusters or panicles in May or June. +They are white with purple and yellow markings, and this makes +them decidedly showy and attractive. The <i>fruit</i> consists of a +bean-like pod, 8 to 16 inches long. It hangs on the tree over +winter and gradually splits into 2 parts, or valves. The seeds are +about 1 inch long and terminate in wings that are rounded and +short-fringed at the ends. They are freely carried by the wind.</p> + +<p>The <i>wood</i> is rather soft, light, coarse-grained and durable +in contact with the soil. It is used for fence posts, poles and fuel, +and occasionally for railroad ties.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The paulownia, <i>Paulownia tomentosa</i> (Thumb). Steud., is a large tree +native of China with the aspect of the catalpa with broad opposite leaves. +Its upright pyramidal clusters of pale violet flowers which appear with the +unfolding of the leaves are strikingly handsome. The individual flowers are +bell-shaped, two inches long and spotted with darker purple.</p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/ornament.png" width="500" height="22" alt= +"ornament" title="" /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">67</a></span></div> + +<h4><b>DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION<br /> +Division of Forestry</b></h4> + +<p>The State Division of Forestry was organized in 1926 as a +division of the Department of Conservation. It was organized +at that time as a result of an increased need for proper forestry +practices within the State on the part of the owners of timber +land and potential timber lands.</p> + +<div class="blockquot2"> + +<p>The objectives of the Division are as follows:</p> + +<p class="indent">1. To promote and assist in the reforestation of idle lands +unfit for agriculture.</p> + +<p class="indent">2. To prevent and control woods fires.</p> + +<p class="indent">3. To control erosion by the planting of trees.</p> + +<p class="indent">4. To establish State forests to act as demonstration areas +in timber land management.</p> + +<p class="indent">5. To assist Illinois farmers, landowners, and corporations +in woodland management practices.</p> + +<p class="indent">6. To assist in the establishment of county and community +forests.</p> + +<p class="indent">7. To disseminate forestry knowledge through the publication +of forestry literature.</p> + +</div> + +<h4><b>Reforestation</b></h4> + +<p>Illinois has within its total land area of approximately +35,800,000 acres, 2,500,000 acres of land that should be reforested. +These lands are lying idle at present due to the fact that +they are too poor for agricultural purposes. As such they provide +an economic burden to their owners and to the State because +they are unproductive. These same lands will grow trees profitably, +therefore, it is necessary that they be planted to trees for a +future timber crop which ultimately will bring a revenue to the +landowners and community.</p> + +<p>To meet this situation, the Department of Conservation, +Division of Forestry has developed two large forest tree nurseries +capable of producing 15,000,000 trees annually for reforestation +and erosion control purposes. These trees are available to +farmers and landowners at prices varying from $5.00 to $15.00 +per thousand, dependent upon the species of trees desired. Trees +secured from the State must be used only for reforestation and +erosion control and cannot be used for landscape or ornamental +plantings.</p> + +<p>Definite progress has been made in the State reforestation +program of idle lands. The first major distribution of trees took +place in 1936 at which time 300,000 trees were planted in the +State. Since 1936 the State’s reforestation program has steadily<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">68</a></span> +been enlarged to the extent that in 1940, 6,250,000 trees were +distributed from State nurseries and in 1954, 9,996,000 trees left +the Division’s nurseries to be planted by farmers and public +agencies in the State.</p> + +<p>Considerable progress has been made, however, it is hoped +that the reforestation program in Illinois will continue to expand +until all idle lands in Illinois are growing a useful timber crop.</p> + +<h4><b>Forest Fire Protection</b></h4> + +<p>Woodland fires in Illinois always present a serious problem +to the future growth and quality of our forests. Thousands of +dollars worth of damage is done annually to our existing woodlands +by fires which not only destroy our merchantable timber +but also cause severe mortality to young forest seedlings. Fires +seriously affect the soil, destroy wildlife and disrupt the entire +biological balance of the forest. Every effort should be made, +therefore, to prevent woods fires.</p> + +<p>In 1938 the State Division of Forestry inaugurated a program +in forest fire protection. Since that time ten fire protection +districts and a forest fire protection headquarters have been +established in southern Illinois. Fire fighting personnel has been +hired, radio communication established, and ten State forest +fire towers have been erected. Fire protection has been established +on all State forests. Necessary tools and equipment for use +by both forestry personnel and volunteer groups have been purchased. +As a result, 3,674,000 acres of State and private land are +now receiving fire protection. This program will be enlarged as +funds permit until all woodland acreage in need of protection +will receive necessary fire protection.</p> + +<p>Our forest resources are a valuable asset to Illinois and one +of the most valuable renewable resources that we have. They can +only be so, however, if adequate forest fire protection is afforded +them.</p> + +<h4><b>Woodland Management</b></h4> + +<p>Illinois’ total forest acreage, when our first settlers came to +the State, included 15,273,000 acres of the finest timber to be +found in the Middle West. This represented 42 per cent of the +total acreage. Although Illinois today is considered strictly an +agricultural State, at one time we were rich in forest resources +and they were the State’s most valuable asset. Today Illinois +has but 3,996,000 acres of woodlands of which 92% is in private +ownership. The trained foresters of the Division of Forestry +are making every effort to assist farmers and landowners in +their woodland management problems. It is vitally necessary +that proper forestry practices be conducted on our woodlands +today in order that the landowners realize an income from their +forest lands and thereby make them an asset rather than a +liability. Advice on woodland management is available free of +charge from the Division.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">69</a></span>The marketing and proper utilization of our existing forest +resources is the concern of the Division of Forestry. Approximately +1,000 small sawmills are operating in the State and, of +course, much timber is needed annually to keep such mills in +operation. Every effort is being made to advise timber landowners +as to proper cutting practices and disposal of merchantable +timber.</p> + +<h4><b>State Forests</b></h4> + +<p>The State at present has 10,110 acres in State forests. It is +hoped that this acreage can be enlarged in future years as State +appropriations permit. The above acreage includes three State +forests located in Union, Mason and Henderson counties. Illinois +State forests will always be smaller than those of other states because +of the unavailability of low valued land. The Division’s +proposed State forest plan provides for a large number of small +State forests throughout the State which would serve as ideal +examples of proper woodland management and reforestation +practices. As funds permit these will be acquired in the future.</p> + +<p>Our State forests provide ideal recreational areas at present +and thousands of visitors use them annually. In addition, as the +timber matures on them, they will provide a revenue from timber +sales and become self-sustaining.</p> + +<h4><b>Community Forests</b></h4> + +<p>Community forests are the oldest type of forest lands in +public ownership. Some have been in existence for 200 years in +the eastern states and records of older community forests have +been found in some of the European countries. The Division of +Forestry is cooperating with counties and communities in an +effort to get a large scale community forest program in Illinois. +To date there are 58 community forests having a total acreage +of 52,296 acres. Up to the present time 700,000 trees have been +planted on these areas in cooperation with the Division of +Forestry.</p> + +<p>Nine counties in the State have County Forest Preserve +Districts at present. The ratio of ten acres for each 1,000 +population within the county appears to be a fair goal for county +forest preserve systems in accordance with the Illinois State +Planning Commission. On this basis 19 counties in Illinois should +have forest preserves.</p> + +<h4><b>Summary</b></h4> + +<p>As a result of increased appropriations for forestry in recent +years a definite well-planned forestry program is in effect in +Illinois. For additional information on the Division’s activities, +write the State Forester, Springfield.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/ornament.png" width="500" height="22" alt= +"ornament" title="" /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">70</a></span></div> + +<h4><b>INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC NAMES</b></h4> + +<table width="60%" summary="Index" border="0"> +<tr> +<td class="left85"> </td><td class="right15">Page</td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85">Acer</td><td class="right15"> </td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">negundo,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_58">58</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">nigrum,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">platanoides,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_58">58</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">rubrum,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_57">57</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">saccharum,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">saccharinum,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_57">57</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85">Aesculus</td><td class="right15"> </td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">hippocastanum,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_59">59</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">glabra,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_59">59</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85">Ailanthus</td><td class="right15"> </td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">altissima,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_54">54</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85">Alnus</td><td class="right15"> </td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">glutinosa,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">incana,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85">Amelanchier</td><td class="right15"> </td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">canadensis,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_46">46</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">laevis,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_46">46</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85">Aralia</td><td class="right15"> </td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">spinosa,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_63">63</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85">Asimina</td><td class="right15"> </td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">tribola,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_41">41</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85"> </td><td class="right15"> </td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85">Betula</td><td class="right15"> </td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">lutea,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">nigra,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">papyrifera,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_20">20</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85"> </td><td class="right15"> </td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85">Carpinus</td><td class="right15"> </td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">caroliniana,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85">Carya</td><td class="right15"> </td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">aquatica,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">buckleyi,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">cordiformis,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">glabra,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">illinoensis,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">laciniosa,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">ovalis,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">ovata,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">pecan,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_15">15</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">tomentosa,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85">Castanea</td><td class="right15"> </td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">dentata,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_22">22</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85">Catalpa</td><td class="right15"> </td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">speciosa,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85">Celtis</td><td class="right15"> </td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">leavigata,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_36">36</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">occidentalis,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_36">36</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85">Cercis</td><td class="right15"> </td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">canadensis,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_52">52</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85">Cornus</td><td class="right15"> </td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">alternifolia,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_61">61</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">florida,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_61">61</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85">Crataegus</td><td class="right15"> </td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">calpodendron,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_47">47</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">crus-galli,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_47">47</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">mollis,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">phoenopyrum,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">punctata,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_47">47</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">viridis,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85"> </td><td class="right15"> </td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85">Diospyros</td><td class="right15"> </td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">virginiana,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_63">63</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85"> </td><td class="right15"> </td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85">Fagus</td><td class="right15"> </td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">grandifolia,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_22">22</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85">Fraxinus</td><td class="right15"> </td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">americana,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_64">64</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">nigra,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_65">65</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">pennsylvanica,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_64">64</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">quadrangulata,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_65">65</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">tomentosa,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_65">65</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85"> </td><td class="right15"> </td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85">Gleditsia</td><td class="right15"> </td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">aquatica,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">triacanthos,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85">Gymnocladus</td><td class="right15"> </td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">dioicus,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_52">52</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85"> </td><td class="right15"> </td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85">Juglans</td><td class="right15"> </td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">cinerea,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_12">12</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">nigra,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_11">11</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85">Juniperus</td><td class="right15"> </td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">virginiana,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_7">7</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85"> </td><td class="right15"> </td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85">Larix</td><td class="right15"> </td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">decidua,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_6">6</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">laricina,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_6">6</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85">Liquidambar</td><td class="right15"> </td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">styraciflua,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_43">43</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85">Liriodendron</td><td class="right15"> </td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">tulipifera,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_40">40</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85"> </td><td class="right15"> </td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85">Maclura</td><td class="right15"> </td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">pomifera,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_37">37</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85">Magnolia</td><td class="right15"> </td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">acuminata,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_39">39</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85">Malus</td><td class="right15"> </td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">coronaria,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_45">45</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">iensis,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_45">45</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">71</a></span>Morus</td><td class="right15"> </td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">alba,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_38">38</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">rubra,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_38">38</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85"> </td><td class="right15"> </td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85">Nyssa</td><td class="right15"> </td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">aquatica,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">sylvatica,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85"> </td><td class="right15"> </td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85">Ostrya</td><td class="right15"> </td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">virginiana,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_20">20</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85"> </td><td class="right15"> </td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85">Paulownia</td><td class="right15"> </td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">tomentosa,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85">Picea</td><td class="right15"> </td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">abies,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_5">5</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85">Pinus</td><td class="right15"> </td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">banksiana,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_5">5</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">echinata,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_5">5</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">nigra,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_4">4</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">strobus,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_4">4</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">sylvestris,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_5">5</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85">Planera</td><td class="right15"> </td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">aquatica,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_35">35</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85">Platanus</td><td class="right15"> </td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">acerifolia,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">occidentalis,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85">Populus</td><td class="right15"> </td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">alba,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_9">9</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">deltoides,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_9">9</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">grandidenta,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_8">8</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">nigra,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_9">9</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">heterophylla,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_9">9</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">tacamahaca,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_9">9</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">tremuloides,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_8">8</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85">Prunus</td><td class="right15"> </td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">americana,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_49">49</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">hortulana,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_49">49</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">nigra,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_49">49</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">pennsylvanica,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_50">50</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">serotina,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_50">50</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">virginiana,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_50">50</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85"> </td><td class="right15"> </td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85">Quercus</td><td class="right15"> </td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">alba,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">borealis,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_28">28</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">bicolor,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">coccinea,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">digitata,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_31">31</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">ellipsoidalis,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">falcata,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">imbricaria,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">lyrata,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">macrocarpa,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">marilandica,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">montana,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_26">26</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">muhlenbergii,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">pagodaefolia,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_31">31</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">palustris,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">phellos,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">prinus,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">rubra,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">shumardii,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">stellata,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">velutina,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85"> </td><td class="right15"> </td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85">Rhus</td><td class="right15"> </td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">copallina,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">glabra,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">typhina,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85">Robinia</td><td class="right15"> </td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">pseudoacacia,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_53">53</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85"> </td><td class="right15"> </td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85">Sassafras</td><td class="right15"> </td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">albidum,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_42">42</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85">Salix</td><td class="right15"> </td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">alba,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_10">10</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">amygdaloides,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_10">10</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">babylonica,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_10">10</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">nigra,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_10">10</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">fragilis,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_10">10</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85"> </td><td class="right15"> </td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85">Taxodium</td><td class="right15"> </td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">distichum,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_6">6</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85">Thuja</td><td class="right15"> </td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">occidentalis,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_7">7</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85">Tilia</td><td class="right15"> </td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">americana,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_60">60</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">heterophylla,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_60">60</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85"> </td><td class="right15"> </td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85">Ulmus</td><td class="right15"> </td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">americana,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_34">34</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">fulva,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_35">35</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">rubra,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_35">35</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left85b">thomasi,</td><td class="right15"><a href="#Page_34">34</a></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 550px;"><a name="bcover" id="bcover"></a><img src="images/bcover.jpg" width="550" height="783" alt= +"back cover" title="back cover" /></div> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Forest Trees of Illinois, by +Fuller George D. and Nuuttila E. 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diff --git a/37646-h/images/illus-065.png b/37646-h/images/illus-065.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..7ee57d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/37646-h/images/illus-065.png diff --git a/37646-h/images/illus-066.png b/37646-h/images/illus-066.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..7a5aba8 --- /dev/null +++ b/37646-h/images/illus-066.png diff --git a/37646-h/images/ornament.png b/37646-h/images/ornament.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..1d8dd09 --- /dev/null +++ b/37646-h/images/ornament.png diff --git a/37646.txt b/37646.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6bc2135 --- /dev/null +++ b/37646.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3613 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Forest Trees of Illinois, by +Fuller George D. and Nuuttila E. E. and Mattoon W. R. and Miller R. B. + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Forest Trees of Illinois + How to Know Them + +Author: Fuller George D. + Nuuttila E. E. + Mattoon W. R. + Miller R. B. + +Release Date: October 6, 2011 [EBook #37646] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FOREST TREES OF ILLINOIS *** + + + + +Produced by Mark C. Orton, Turgut Dincer and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + +-----------------------------------------------------------+ + | Transcriber's note: | + | | + | Names in bold characters are enclosed within plus signs. | + +-----------------------------------------------------------+ + +[Illustration: Frontcover] + + + + + STATE OF ILLINOIS + + OTTO KERNER, Governor + + + FOREST TREES + + OF ILLINOIS + + + HOW TO KNOW THEM + + A POCKET MANUAL DESCRIBING THEIR MOST IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS + + Revised by Dr. George D. Fuller, Professor Emeritus of Botany, + University of Chicago, Curator of Botany, Illinois State Museum, and + State Forester E. E. Nuuttila. + + (_1st. ed., 1927, by Mattoon, W. R., and Miller, R. B._) + + _Revised 1955_ + + + DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION + DIVISION OF FORESTRY + SPRINGFIELD + WILLIAM T. LODGE, + Director + + +(Printed by Authority of the State of Illinois) + + + + +TABLE OF CONTENTS + + Page + + Ailanthus 54 + + Alder, black 19 + speckled 19 + + Apple, crab 45 + + Arbor vitae 7 + + Ash, black 65 + blue 65 + green 64 + pumpkin 65 + red 64 + white 64 + + Aspen, large-tooth 8 + quaking 8 + + Bald cypress 6 + + Basswood 60 + white 60 + + Beech 22 + blue 19 + + Birch, black 21 + river 21 + white 20 + yellow 21 + + Black locust 53 + + Black walnut 11 + + Bois d'arc 37 + + Box elder 58 + + Buckeye, Ohio 59 + + Buttonwood 44 + + Butternut 2 + + Catalpa 66 + + Cedar, northern white 7 + red 7 + + Cherry, black 50 + choke 50 + wild red 50 + + Chestnut 22 + + Coffee tree, Kentucky 52 + + Cottonwood 9 + swamp 9 + + Crab, apple 45 + Bechtel's 45 + prairie 45 + sweet 45 + + Cucumber, magnolia 39 + + Cypress, bald 6 + + Dogwood, alternate-leaved 61 + flowering 61 + + Elm, American 34 + cork 34 + red 35 + rock 34 + slippery 35 + water 35 + winged 34 + + Gum, cotton 62 + sour 62 + sweet 43 + tupelo 62 + + Hackberry 36 + southern 36 + + Haw, green 48 + red 48 + + Hawthorn, cock-spur 47 + dotted 47 + green 48 + red 48 + + Hedge apple 37 + + Hercules' club 63 + + Hickories, key of Illinois 13 + + Hickory, big shell-bark 16 + bitternut 14 + Buckley's 18 + king-nut 16 + mockernut 17 + pecan 15 + pignut 18 + shag-bark 16 + sweet pignut 17 + water 14 + white 17 + + Honey locust 51 + + Hornbeam, American 19 + hop 20 + + Horse-chestnut 59 + + Kentucky coffee-tree 52 + + Larch, American 6 + European 6 + + Linden, American 60 + + Locust, black 53 + honey 51 + water 51 + + Magnolia, cucumber 39 + + Maple, ash-leaved 58 + black 56 + + Norway 58 + red 57 + river 57 + silver 57 + sugar 56 + swamp 57 + + Mulberry, red 38 + Russian 38 + white 38 + + Oak, basket 26 + black 29 + black jack 32 + bur 25 + chinquapin 26 + jack 29 + northern pin 29 + northern red 28 + overcup 24 + pin 30 + post 27 + red 28 + rock chestnut 26 + scarlet 30 + shingle 33 + Shumard's 28 + southern red 31 + Spanish 31 + swamp chestnut 26 + swamp Spanish 31 + swamp white 25 + white 24 + willow 33 + yellow chestnut 26 + + Oaks, of Illinois, a key 23 + + Ohio buckeye 59 + + Orange, osage 37 + + Papaw 41 + + Paulownia 66 + + Pecan 15 + + Persimmon 63 + + Pine, Austrian 4 + jack 5 + Scotch 5 + shortleaf 5 + white 4 + + Plane tree 44 + + Plum, Canada 49 + wild 49 + wild goose 49 + yellow 49 + + Poplar, balsam 9 + Carolina 9 + European white 9 + Lombardy 9 + yellow 40 + + Redbud 52 + + Red cedar 7 + + Sassafras 42 + + Service-berry 46 + smooth 46 + + Shadblow 46 + + Sour gum 62 + + Spruce, Norway 5 + + Sweet gum 43 + + Sumac, shining 55 + smooth 55 + staghorn 55 + + Sycamore 44 + European 44 + + Tamarack 6 + + Thorn, cock-spur 47 + dotted 47 + pear 47 + Washington 48 + + Tree of Heaven 54 + + Tulip tree 40 + + Tupelo gum 62 + + Walnut, black 11 + white 12 + + Willow, black 10 + crack 10 + peach-leaved 10 + weeping 10 + white 10 + + +See pages 70 and 71 for Index of Scientific Names + + + + ++WHITE PINE+ _Pinus strobus_ L. + +[Illustration: WHITE PINE + +Two-thirds natural size.] + +THE white pine is found along the bluffs overlooking Lake Michigan in +Lake and Cook counties and is also scattered along river bluffs in Jo +Daviess, Carroll, Ogle and LaSalle counties. The only grove of this +beautiful tree in Illinois is in the White Pines Forest State Park near +Oregon, Ogle County, where there are trees over 100 years old that have +attained a height of 90 feet with a diameter of 30 inches. This tree +formerly formed the most valuable forests in the northeastern United +States, stretching from Maine through New York to Minnesota. The +straight stem, regular pyramidal shape and soft gray-green foliage made +it universally appreciated as an ornamental tree and it has been freely +planted throughout the State. + +The _leaves_, or needles, are 3 to 5 inches in length, bluish-green on +the upper surface and whitish beneath, and occur in bundles of 5, which +distinguishes it from all other eastern pines. The pollen-bearing +_flowers_ are yellow and clustered in cones, about 1/3 inch long at the +base of the growth of the season. The seed-producing flowers occur on +other twigs and are bright red in color. The cone, or _fruit_, is 4 to 6 +inches long, cylindrical with thin usually very gummy scales, containing +small, winged seeds which require two years to mature. + +The _wood_ is light, soft, durable, not strong, light brown in color, +often tinged with red, and easily worked. It was formerly much used in +old colonial houses where even the shingles were of white pine. It is +excellent for boxes, pattern making, matches, and many other products. + +Its rapid growth and the high quality of the wood make it one of the +best trees for reforestation on light soils in the northern part of the +State. The white pine blister rust was introduced into America about 35 +years ago, and has since become widespread and highly destructive of +both old trees and young growth. + + The Austrian pine, _Pinus nigra_ Arnold, has been naturalized in Lake + County and has been planted as an ornamental tree throughout the + State. Its leaves in 2's, from 3 to 5 inches long, stiff and dark + green. The cone is heavy, 3 inches long with short prickles. + + ++SHORTLEAF PINE+ _Pinus echinata_ Mill. + +[Illustration: SHORTLEAF PINE + +Leaves, one-half natural size. Fruit, natural size.] + +THE shortleaf pine, sometimes called yellow pine, occurs in very small +stands in the "Pine Hills" of Union County, in Jackson County, in Giant +City State Park, and near "Piney Creek" in Randolph County. It forms +forests on light sandy soils in Tennessee, Arkansas, Oklahoma and Texas. +At maturity, the tree has a tall, straight stem and an oval crown, +reaching a height of about 100 feet and a diameter of about 4 feet. + +The _leaves_ are in clusters of two or three, from 3 to 5 inches long, +slender, flexible, and dark blue-green. The cones are the smallest of +our pines, 1-1/2 to 2-1/2 inches long, oblong, with small sharp prickles, +generally clustered, and often holding to the twigs for 3 or 4 years. +The _bark_ is light brownish-red, broken into rectangular plates on the +trunk but scaly on the branches. + +The _wood_ of old trees is rather heavy and hard, of yellow-brown or +orange color, fine grained and less resinous than that of other +important southern pines. It is used largely for interior and exterior +finishing, general construction, veneers, paper pulp, excelsior, +cooperage, mine props, and other purposes. The tree transplants readily, +grows rapidly, succeeds on a variety of soils and has proved valuable +for reforestation. + + A few trees of jack pine, _Pinus banksiana_ Lamb., are found + in Lake County. It is a small northern tree with leaves about + an inch long, borne in 2's, with cones about 2 inches long. It + is planted for reforestation in the State. The Scots pine, + _Pinus sylvestris_ L., has been freely planted in Illinois and + may be known by its orange-brown bark and its twisted leaves 2 + to 3 inches long, arranged in 2's. It has become naturalized + on the sand dunes in Lake County. + + The Norway spruce, _Picea abies_ Karst., has been freely + planted throughout the State. It forms a dense conical + spire-topped crown and reaches a height of 50 to 70 feet. The + leaves are needle-shaped, about an inch long, dark green, and + persist for about 5 years. The pendulous cones are from 3 to 6 + inches long. It is desirable for ornamental planting. + + ++BALD CYPRESS+ _Taxodium distichum_ Richard + +[Illustration: CYPRESS + +Natural size.] + +THE bald cypress is a tree found exclusively in deep swamps and was +found in southern Illinois from the Mississippi bottoms to Shawneetown. +Its straight trunk with numerous ascending branches, and narrow conical +outline makes the tree one of considerable beauty. In old age, the tree +generally has a broad fluted or buttressed base, a smooth slowly +tapering trunk and a broad, open, flat top of a few heavy branches and +numerous small branchlets. The original-growth timber attained heights +of 80 to 130 feet and diameters of 5 to 10 feet. + +The _bark_ is silvery to cinnamon-red and finely divided by numerous +longitudinal fissures. The _leaves_ are about 1/2 to 3/4 of an inch in +length, arranged in feather-like fashion along two sides of small +branchlets, which fall in the autumn with the leaves still attached. + +The _fruit_ is a rounded cone, or "ball", about one inch in diameter, +consisting of thick irregular scales. + +The _wood_ is light, soft, easily worked, varies in color from light to +dark brown, and is particularly durable in contact with the soil. Hence +it is in demand for exterior trim of buildings, greenhouse planking, +boat and shipbuilding, shingles, posts, poles and crossties. + + The tamarack, or American larch, _Larix laricina_ K. Koch, resembles + the bald cypress in growing in swamps and in shedding its leaves in + autumn. This tree is found in Illinois growing in bogs in Lake and + McHenry counties. The leaves are flat, soft, slender, about one inch + long and borne in clusters. The cones are only 1/2 to 3/4 inch long. + The European larch, _Larix decidua_ Mill., may be distinguished from + the native species by having slightly longer leaves and larger cones + that are more than an inch long. + + ++RED CEDAR+ _Juniperus virginiana_ L. + +RED cedar, the most plentiful coniferous tree in the State, is very +valuable, growing on a great variety of soils, seeming to thrive on +hills where few other trees are found. It is more common in the southern +counties. + +[Illustration: RED CEDAR + +Natural size.] + +There are two kinds of _leaves_, often both kinds being found on the +same tree. The commoner kind is dark green, minute and scale-like, +clasping the stem in four ranks, so that the stems appear square. The +other kind, often appearing on young growth or vigorous shoots, is +awl-shaped, quite sharp-pointed, spreading and whitened beneath. The two +kinds of _flowers_, appearing in February or March, are at the ends of +the twigs on separate trees. The staminate trees assume a golden color +from the small catkins, which, when shaken, shed clouds of yellow +pollen. The _fruit_, ripening the first season, is pale blue with a +white bloom, 1/4 inch in diameter, berry-like with sweet flesh. It is a +favorite winter food for birds. + +The _bark_ is very thin, reddish-brown, peeling off in long, shred-like +strips. The tree is extremely irregular in its growth, so that the trunk +is usually more or less grooved. + +The _heartwood_ is distinctly red, and the sapwood white, this color +combination making very striking effects when finished for cedar chests, +closets, and interior woodwork. The wood is aromatic, soft, strong, and +of even texture, and these qualities make it most desirable for lead +pencils. It is very durable in contact with the soil, and on that +account is in great demand for posts, poles and rustic work. + + The arbor vitae or northern white cedar, _Thuja occidentalis_ L., is + found occasionally on the bluffs overlooking Lake Michigan, on the + cliffs of Starved Rock, in Elgin City Park, and in bogs in Lake + County. The leaves are aromatic, scale-like, 1/8 inch long, arranged + to give small flat branches. The fruit is a cone 1/2 inch long. The + wood is light, soft, durable, fragrant, and pale brown. + + ++QUAKING ASPEN+ _Populus tremuloides_ Michx. + +THIS is one of the most widely distributed trees in North America. Its +range goes from Labrador to British Columbia and from New England and +New York far south in the Rocky Mountains to Arizona. In Illinois it is +common in the north, but of infrequent occurrence in the south. + +[Illustration: ASPEN + +Three-fourths natural size.] + +The aspen is a small tree, reaching heights of 40 to 60 feet and +diameters of 10 to 20 inches. The young branches are reddish-brown soon +turning gray. The _winter buds_ are about 1/4 inch long, pointed and +shining. The _bark_ is thin, smooth, light gray tinged with green. + +The _leaves_ are on slender flat petioles, arranged alternately on the +twigs, and broadly oval, short pointed and shallowly toothed. They are +green, shiny above and dull below, ranging from 2 to 4 inches long and +about the same in breadth. + +The _flowers_ are in catkins and appear before the leaves begin to +expand. The two kinds are borne on separate trees, the staminate catkins +are about 2 inches long, but the seed-producing flowers form a long +slender cluster 4 inches in length. The _fruit_ is a conical capsule +filled with tiny cottony seeds which ripen in late spring before the +leaves are fully expanded. + +The _wood_ is light brown, almost white. It is light, weak and not +durable, and is used for pulpwood, fruit-crates and berry boxes. + + The large-tooth aspen, _Populus grandidentata_ Michx., is found in the + northern half of Illinois and frequently grows alongside the quaking + aspen. Its leaves are larger than those of the quaking aspen and the + edges are coarsely and irregularly toothed. The winter buds have dull + chestnut-brown scales and are somewhat downy. The bark is light gray + tinged with reddish-brown. + + ++COTTONWOOD+ _Populus deltoides_ Marsh. + +THE cottonwood, or Carolina poplar, is one of the largest trees in +Illinois, growing on flood plains along small streams and in depressions +in the prairie. It is one of the best trees for forestry purposes for +planting where quick shade is desired. The wood is soft, light, weak, +fine-grained but tough. It is good for pulp, boxes and berry baskets. + +[Illustration: COTTONWOOD + +Leaf, one-third natural size. Twig, one-third natural size.] + +The _leaves_ are simple, alternate, broadly triangular, pointed and +coarse toothed on the edges, 3 to 5 inches across, thick and firm +supported by flattened slender petioles, 2 to 3 inches long. The _winter +buds_ are large and covered with chestnut-brown shining resinous scales. + +The _flowers_ are in catkins, of two kinds, on different trees and +appear before the leaves. The _fruit_ ripens in late spring, appearing +as long drooping strings of ovoid capsules filled with small seeds. +These strings of fruit, 5 to 8 inches long, give to the tree the name of +"necklace poplar." The seeds are covered with white cottony hairs. + + The swamp cottonwood, _Populus heterophylla_ L., occurs in swamps in + the southern part of Illinois, and may be known by its broadly ovate + leaves, 3 to 5 inches wide and 4 to 7 inches long with blunt-apex and + cordate base. A few trees of the balsam poplar, _Populus tacamahaca_ + Mill., are found in Lake County near the shores of Lake Michigan. The + leaves are ovate-lanceolate, pointed, and cordate. The large buds are + covered with fragrant resin. + + The European white poplar, _Populus alba_ L., with light gray bark and + leaves, white wooly beneath, is often found near old houses and along + roadsides. The Lombardy poplar, a tall narrow form of the European + black poplar, _Populus nigra_ var. _italica_ Du Roi, is often planted + and is a striking tree for the roadside. + + ++BLACK WILLOW+ _Salix nigra_ Marsh. + +THE black willow is not only a denizen of the forest but it is at home +on the prairies and on the plains and even invades the desert. It grows +singly or in clumps along the water courses, a tree 40 to 60 feet in +height with a short trunk. + +[Illustration: BLACK WILLOW + +Two-thirds natural size.] + +The _bark_ is deeply divided into broad flat ridges, often becoming +shaggy. The twigs, brittle at the base, are glabrous or pubescent, +bright red-brown becoming darker with age. The _winter buds_ are 1/8 +inch long, covered with a single smooth scale. The _wood_ is soft, +light, close-grained, light brown and weak. It is often used in the +manufacture of artificial limbs. + +The alternate simple _leaves_ are 3 to 6 inches long, and one-half inch +wide on very short petioles; the tips are much tapered and the margins +are finely toothed. They are bright green on both sides, turning pale +yellow in the early autumn. The _flowers_ are in catkins, appearing with +the leaves, borne on separate trees. The staminate flowers of the black +willow have 3 to 5 stamens each, while the white willow has flowers with +2 stamens. + + The native peach-leaved willow, _Salix amygdaloides_ Anders., is a + smaller tree with leaves 2 to 6 inches long, 1/2 to 1-1/2 inches wide, + light green and shining above, pale and glaucous beneath, on petioles + about 3/4 inch long. + + The white willow, _Salix alba_ L., and the crack willow, _Salix + fragilis_ L., with bright yellow twigs, are European species which are + often planted for ornamental purposes. Their flowers have only 2 + stamens each and their leaves are silky, bright green above and + glaucous beneath. The latter has twigs that are very brittle at the + base. Another European species is the weeping willow, _Salix + babylonica_ L., which may be known by its slender drooping branches. + + ++BLACK WALNUT+ _Juglans nigra_ L. + +[Illustration: BLACK WALNUT + +Leaf, one-fifth natural size. Twig, three-quarters natural size.] + +THIS valuable forest tree occurs on rich bottom lands and on moist +fertile hillsides throughout the State. The black walnut is found from +Massachusetts westward to Minnesota and southward to Florida and Texas. +In the forest, where it grows singly, it frequently attains a height of +100 feet with a straight stem, clear of branches for half its height. In +open-grown trees, the stem is short and the crown broad and spreading. + +The _bark_ is thick, dark brown in color, and divided by rather deep +fissures into rounded ridges. The twigs have cream-colored chambered +pith and leaf-scars without downy pads above. + +The _leaves_ are alternate, compound, 1 to 2 feet long, consisting of +from 15 to 23 leaflets of yellowish-green color. The leaflets are about +3 inches long, extremely tapering at the end and toothed along the +margin. + +The _fruit_ is a nut, borne singly or in pairs, and enclosed in a solid +green husk which does not split open, even after the nut is ripe. The +nut itself is black with a very hard, thick, finely ridged shell, +enclosing a rich, oily kernel edible and highly nutritious. + +The _heartwood_ is of superior quality and value. It is heavy, hard and +strong, and its rich chocolate-brown color, freedom from warping and +checking, susceptibility to a high polish, and durability make it highly +prized for a great variety of uses, including furniture, cabinet work, +and gun-stocks. Walnut is easily propagated from the nuts and grows +rapidly on good soil, where it should be planted and grown for timber +and nuts. It is the most valuable tree found in the forests of Illinois +and originally grew extensively throughout the State. + + ++BUTTERNUT+ _Juglans cinerea_ L. + +THE butternut, sometimes called the white walnut, is a smaller tree than +the black walnut, although it may reach a height of 70 feet and a +diameter of 3 feet. It is found all over the State, but the best is in +the ravines of southern Illinois. The butternut is found from Maine to +Michigan and southward to Kansas, Tennessee and northern Georgia. The +trunk is often forked or crooked and this makes it less desirable for +saw timber. + +[Illustration: BUTTERNUT + +Twig, one-half natural size. Leaf, one-third natural size.] + +The _bark_ differs from that of the black walnut in being light gray on +branches and on the trunk of small trees, becoming darker on large +trees. This tree may also be distinguished from black walnut by the +velvet collars just above the scars left by last year's leaves. The +twigs have chocolate-brown chambered pith and bear obliquely blunt +winter buds somewhat flattened, brownish and hairy. + +The compound _leaves_ are 15 to 30 inches long, each with 11 to 17 +sharp-pointed, oblong, finely toothed leaflets 2 to 3 inches long. + +The staminate and pistillate _flowers_ are on the same tree, the former +in long yellowish-green drooping catkins and the latter are short with +red-fringed stigmas. + +The _fruit_ is a nut enclosed in an oblong, somewhat pointed, +yellowish-green husk, about 2 inches long, which is covered with short, +rusty, clammy, sticky hairs. The nut has a rough, grooved shell and an +oily, edible kernel. + +The _wood_ is light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, light brown, and +takes a good polish. It is used for interior finish of houses and for +furniture. A yellow or orange dye can be made from the husks of the +nuts. + + +A KEY TO THE ILLINOIS HICKORIES + + A. Bud scales opposite; appearing somewhat grooved lengthwise; + leaflets usually lanceolate, generally curved backwards; + nut-husks usually winged; nut thin-shelled. + B. Leaflets 5-9; leaves 6-10 inches long, winter buds + bright yellow; nut gray globose, meat bitter C. cordiformis + BB. Leaflets 7-13; leaves 9-13 inches long, winter buds + dark brown, nut brown, pear-shaped, meat bitter C. aquatica + BBB. Leaflets 9-17; leaves 12-20 inches long, winter + buds yellow, nut elongated, meat sweet C. illinoensis + + AA. Bud scales not in pairs; more than 6; leaflets not recurved; + nut husks usually not winged; nut thick-shelled. + B. Buds large; twigs stout; nut angled; kernel sweet. + C. Leaflets 5; leaves 8-14 inches long, nut + whitish, bark shaggy C. ovata + CC. Leaflets 7-9; leaves 15-20 inches long, nut + reddish-brown C. laciniosa + CCC. Leaflets 7-9; leaves 8-12 inches long, + hairy C. tomentosa + BB. Buds small; twigs slender; nut angled. + C. Leaflets usually 5; leaves 8-12 inches long; + fruit pear-shaped; kernel astringent C. glabra + CC. Leaflets usually 7; leaves 8-10 inches long; + fruit ovoid; shell ridged, thin; kernel + sweet C. ovalis + CCC. Leaflets usually 7; leaves 10-12 inches + long; shell thin, conspicuously veined C. buckleyi + + ++BITTERNUT HICKORY+ _Carya cordiformis_ K. Koch + +THE bitternut hickory is a tall slender tree with broadly pyramidal +crown, attaining a height of 100 feet and a diameter of 2 to 3 feet. It +is found along stream banks and on moist soil, and it is well known by +its roundish bitter nuts. + +[Illustration: BITTERNUT HICKORY + +Twig, one-half natural size. Leaf, one-third natural size.] + +The _bark_ on the trunk is granite-gray, faintly tinged with yellow and +smoother than in most of the hickories, yet broken into thin plate-like +scales. The _winter buds_ are compressed, scurfy, and of a bright yellow +color. + +The _leaves_ are alternate, compound, from 6 to 10 inches long, and +composed of from 7 to 11 leaflets. The individual leaflets are smaller +and more slender than those of the other hickories. + +The _flowers_ are of two kinds on the same tree; the staminate in long +pendulous green catkins, the pistillate in 2 to 5 flowered spikes, +1/2 inch long, brown-hairy. The _fruit_ is about 1 inch long and +thin-husked, while the nut is usually thin-shelled and brittle, and the +kernel very bitter. + +The _wood_ is hard, strong and heavy, reddish-brown in color. From this +last fact it gets its local name of red hickory. It is said to be +somewhat inferior to the other hickories, but is used for the same +purposes. + + ++PECAN+ _Carya illinoensis_ (Wang.) K. Koch + +(_Carya pecan_ (Marsh.) E. & G.) + +THE pecan is a river-bottom tree found in southern Illinois extending +its range northward to Adams, Peoria, Fayette and Lawrence counties. The +tree is the largest of the hickories, attaining heights of over 100 feet +and, when in the open, forming a large rounded top of symmetrical shape. +It makes an excellent shade tree and is also planted in orchards for its +nuts. The outer _bark_ is rough, hard, tight, but broken into scales; on +the limbs, it is smooth at first but later tends to scale or divide as +the bark grows old. + +[Illustration: PECAN + +One-quarter natural size.] + +The _leaves_ resemble those of the other hickories and the black walnut. +They are made up of 9 to 17 leaflets, each oblong, toothed and +long-pointed, and 4 to 8 inches long by about 2 inches wide. + +The _flowers_ appear in early spring and hang in tassels from 2 to 3 +inches long. The _fruit_ is a nut, 4-winged or angled, pointed from 1 to +2 inches long, and one-half to 1 inch in diameter, borne in a husk which +divides along its grooved seams when the nut ripens in the fall. The +nuts, which vary in size and in the thickness of the shell, have been +greatly improved by selection and cultivation and are sold on the market +in large quantities. + +The _wood_ is strong, tough, heavy and hard and is used occasionally in +making handles, parts for vehicles, for fuel and for veneers. + + The water hickory, _Carya aquatica_ Nutt., is a smaller tree, found in + swamps in southern Illinois, with leaves made up of 7 to 13 leaflets; + the nut is thin-shelled, angular and bitter. + + ++SHAG-BARK HICKORY+ _Carya ovata_ K. Koch + +THE shag-bark hickory is well known for its sweet and delicious nuts. It +is a large commercial tree, averaging 60 to 100 feet high and 1 to 2 +feet in diameter. It thrives best on rich, damp soil and is common along +streams, on rich uplands, and on moist hillsides throughout the State. + +[Illustration: SHAG-BARK HICKORY + +Leaf, one-third natural size. Twig, one-half natural size.] + +The _bark_ of the trunk is rougher than other hickories, light gray and +separating into thick plates which are only slightly attached to the +tree. The terminal _winter buds_ are egg-shaped, the outer bud-scales +having narrow tips. + +The _leaves_ are alternate, compound, from 8 to 15 inches long, and +composed of 5, rarely 7 obovate to ovate leaflets. The twigs are smooth +or clothed with short hairs. + +The _fruit_ is borne singly or in pairs and is globular. The husk is +thick and deeply grooved at the seams. The nut is much compressed and +pale, the shell thick, and the kernel sweet. The flowers are of two +kinds, opening after the leaves have attained nearly their full size. + +The _wood_ is heavy, hard, tough and strong; it is white largely in the +manufacture of agricultural implements and tool handles, and the +building of carriages and wagons. For fuel the hickories are the most +satisfactory of our native trees. + + The big shell bark or king-nut hickory, _Carya laciniosa_ (Michx. f.) + Loud., becomes a tall tree on the rich bottom lands in the southern + half of Illinois. It resembles the shag-bark hickory but the leaves + are longer with 7 to 9 leaflets, and the nuts are 2 inches long with a + thick bony shell and a sweet kernel. + + ++MOCKERNUT HICKORY+ _Carya tomentosa_ Nutt. + +THE mockernut, or white hickory, is common on well-drained soils +throughout the State. It is a tall, short-limbed tree often 60 feet high +and 1 to 2 feet in diameter. + +[Illustration: MOCKERNUT HICKORY + +Leaf, one-fifth natural size. Twig, two-thirds natural size.] + +The _bark_ is dark gray, hard, closely and deeply furrowed often +apparently cross-furrowed or netted. The winter buds are large, round or +broadly egg-shaped and covered with a downy growth. + +The _leaves_ are large, strong-scented and hairy, composed of 7 to 9 +obovate to oblong, pointed leaflets which turn a beautiful yellow in the +fall. + +The _flowers_, like those of all other hickories, are of two kinds on +the same tree; the staminate in three-branched catkins, the pistillate +in clusters of 2 to 5. The _fruit_ is oval, nearly round or slightly +pear-shaped with a very thick, strong-scented husk which splits nearly +to the base when ripe. The nut is of various forms, but sometimes 4 to 6 +ridged, light brown, and has a very thick shell and small, sweet kernel. + +The _wood_ is heavy, hard, tough and strong; it is white excepting the +comparatively small, dark-brown heart, hence the name white hickory. It +is used for vehicle parts and handles. It furnishes the best of fuel. +This and other hickories are very desirable both for forest and shade +trees. + + In the southern part of Illinois, the small fruited or sweet pignut, + _Carya ovalis_ Sargent, occurs on rich hillsides. The leaves have 7 + leaflets on reddish-brown twigs, with small yellowish winter buds. The + nut is an inch long, enclosed in a very thin hairy husk, the shell is + thin and the kernel sweet. + + ++PIGNUT HICKORY+ _Carya glabra_ Sweet + +THE pignut hickory is rare in the northern part of Illinois but occurs +plentifully in the rest of the State, growing to a medium sized tree on +rich uplands. It has a tapering trunk and a narrow oval head with +drooping branches. + +[Illustration: PIGNUT HICKORY + +Leaf, one-third natural size. Twig, one-half natural size.] + +The _bark_ is close, ridged and grayish, but occasionally rough and +flaky. The twigs are thin, smooth and glossy brown. + +The _leaves_ are smooth, 8 to 12 inches long and composed of 5 to 7 +leaflets. The individual leaflets are rather small and narrow. + +The _winter buds_ are 1/2 inch long, egg-shaped, polished, and light +brown. + +The _fruit_ is pear-shaped or rounded, usually with a neck at the base, +very thin husks splitting only half way to the base or not at all. The +nut is smooth, light brown in color, rather thick-shelled, and has a +somewhat astringent edible kernel. + +The _wood_ is heavy, hard, strong, tough and flexible. Its uses are the +same as those of the other hickories. + + Buckley's hickory, _Carya buckleyi_ Durand, occurs on sandy uplands in + the southwest. It is a small tree with spreading, contorted branches. + The fruit is contained in a hairy husk, the nut is angular, marked + with pale veins and has a sweet kernel. + + ++BLUE BEECH+ _Carpinus caroliniana_ Walt. + +THE blue beech, or American hornbeam, belongs to the birch family rather +than to the beeches. It is a small slow-growing bushy tree, 20 to 30 +feet tall with a diameter 4 to 8 inches. It is found along streams and +in low ground through the State. + +[Illustration: BLUE BEECH + +Leaf, one-half natural size. Twig, one-half natural size.] + +The trunk is smooth fluted with irregular ridges extending up and down +the tree. The _bark_ is light brownish-gray to dark bluish-gray in +color, sometimes marked with dark bands extending horizontally on the +trunk. + +The _leaves_ are simple, alternate, oval, long-pointed, doubly-toothed +along the margin, 2 or 3 inches in length. They resemble those of the +American elm, but are smaller and thinner. + +The _flowers_, appearing after the leaves, are borne in catkins +separately on the same tree; the staminate catkins are about 1-1/2 +inches long, the pistillate being only 3/4 of an inch long with small +leaf-like green scales each bearing 2 pistils with long scarlet styles. + +The _fruit_ ripens in midsummer, but often remains on the tree long +after the leaves have fallen. It is a nutlet about 1/3 of an inch long, +attached to a leaf-like halberd-shaped bract which acts as a wing in +aiding its distribution by the wind. + +The _wood_ is tough, close-grained, heavy and strong. It is sometimes +selected for use for levers, tool handles, wooden cogs, mallets, wedges, +etc. + + Another small tree of the birch family is the speckled alder, _Alnus + incana_ Moench, which is found occasionally in wet places in the + northern part of the State. The black alder, _Alnus glutinosa_ + Gaertn., a European tree, has been planted near ponds. The flowers of + the alders are in catkins and among the earliest in the spring. The + fruit is a small cone which persists throughout the winter. + + ++HOP HORNBEAM+ _Ostrya virginiana_ K. Koch + +THIS tree is also called ironwood and gets its common names from the +quality of its wood and the hop-like fruit. It is a small, slender, +generally round-topped tree, from 22 to 30 feet high and 7 to 10 inches +in diameter. The top consists of long, slender branches, commonly +drooped toward the ends. It is found throughout the State. + +[Illustration: HOP HORNBEAM + +Twig, one-half natural size. Leaf, one-third natural size.] + +The _bark_ is mostly light brown or reddish-brown, and finely divided +into thin scales by which the tree, after a little acquaintance, can be +easily recognized. + +The _leaves_ are simple, alternate, generally oblong with narrowed tips, +sharply toothed along the margin, sometimes doubly toothed, from 2 to 3 +inches long. + +The _flowers_ are of two kinds on the same tree; the staminate in +drooping catkins which form the previous summer, the pistillate, in +erect catkins on the newly formed twigs. The _fruit_, which resembles +that of common hop vine, consists of a branch of leafy bracts 1 to 2 +inches long containing a number of flattened ribbed nutlets. + +The _wood_ is strong, hard, durable, light brown to white, with thick +pale sapwood. It is often used for fence posts, handles of tools, +mallets and other small articles. + + The white birch, _Betula papyrifera_ Marsh., of the North Woods is + rare in Illinois. It is found in Jo Daviess and Carroll counties and + along the shores of Lake Michigan. The white papery bark distinguishes + it from all other trees and was used by the northern Indians for + covering their canoes and for making baskets, bags and other useful + and ornamental things. + + ++RIVER BIRCH+ _Betula nigra_ L. + +THE river, or back birch, is at home, as the name implies, along water +courses, and inhabits the deep, rich soils along the borders of the +larger rivers of the State and in swamps which are sometimes inundated +for weeks at a time. + +[Illustration: RIVER BIRCH + +Two-thirds natural size.] + +The _bark_ provides a ready means of distinguishing this tree. It varies +from reddish-brown to cinnamon-red in color, and peels back in tough +papery layers. These layers persist on the trunk, presenting a very +ragged and quite distinctive appearance. Unlike the bark of our other +birches, the thin papery layers are usually covered with a gray powder. +On older trunks, the bark on the main trunk becomes thick, deeply +furrowed and of a dark reddish-brown color. + +The _leaves_ are simple, alternate, 2 to 3 inches long, more or less +oval in shape, with double-toothed edges. The upper surface is dark +green and the lower a pale yellowish-green. + +The _flowers_ are in catkins, the two kinds growing on the same tree. +The _fruit_ is cone-shaped about 1 inch long, and densely crowded with +little winged nutlets that ripen from May to June. + +The _wood_ is strong and fairly close-grained. It has been used to some +extent in the manufacture of woodenware, in turnery and for wagon hubs. + + The yellow birch, _Betula lutea_ Michx., one of the most valuable + hardwood timber trees around the Great Lakes, is represented in + Illinois by a few small trees in Lee and Lake counties. It may be + known by its bark becoming silvery-gray as the trunk expands and + breaking into strips curled at the edges. The wood is strong and hard, + close-grained, light brown tinged with red. It is used for interior + finish, furniture, woodenware and turnery. It is prized as firewood. + + ++BEECH+ _Fagus grandifolia_ Ehrh. + +THE beech is found from Maine to Wisconsin south to the Gulf and Texas, +growing along with maples, oaks and tulip trees. It occurs in the +ravines of the southern Illinois counties up to Vermilion County. It is +one of the most beautiful of all trees either in summer or winter. + +[Illustration: BEECH + +One-half natural size.] + +The _bark_ is, perhaps, the most distinctive characteristic, as it +maintains an unbroken light gray surface throughout its life. So +tempting is this smooth expanse to the owner of a jack-knife that the +beech has been well designated the "initial tree." + +The simple, oval _leaves_ are 3 to 4 inches long, pointed at the tip and +coarsely toothed along the margin. When mature, they are almost leathery +in texture. The beech produces a dense shade. The _winter buds_ are +long, slender and pointed. + +The little, brown, three-sided beech-nuts are almost as well known as +chestnuts. They form usually in pairs in a prickly bur. The kernel is +sweet and edible, but so small as to offer insufficient reward for the +pains of biting open the thin-shelled husk. + +The _wood_ of the beech is very hard, strong, and tough, though it will +not last long on exposure to weather or in the soil. It is used to some +extent for furniture, flooring, carpenter's tools, and novelty wares and +extensively in southern Illinois for railroad ties and car stock. + + The American chestnut, _Castanea dentata_ Borkh., extends its range + from Maine to Michigan, and southward to Delaware and Tennessee. There + is a stand of chestnuts in Pulaski County and some trees have been + planted in the southern part of the State. They are easily recognized + by their alternate simple, broadly lanceolate coarsely toothed leaves, + and their prickly burs about 2 inches in diameter containing 1-3 nuts. + + +A KEY TO THE OAKS OF ILLINOIS + + + A. Leaves without bristle tips; bark gray; acorns maturing + at the end of 1 season; white oaks. + B. Leaves lobed. + C. Acorn-cup not enclosing the acorn. + D. Acorn-cup shallow, warted Q. alba + DD. Acorn-cup covering 1/2 of the acorn Q. stellata + CC. Acorn-cup enclosing the acorn. + D. Acorn-cup not fringed Q. lyrata + DD. Acorn-cup fringed Q. macrocarpa + BB. Leaves not lobed, coarsely toothed. + C. Acorn-stalked. + D. Acorn-stalks longer than petioles Q. bicolor + DD. Acorn-stalks short + E. Acorn-cup flat-bottomed; bark like + that of white oak Q. prinus + EE. Acorn-cup deep; bark like that of + red oak Q. montana + CC. Acorns sessile, cup deep Q. muhlenbergii + + AA. Leaves with bristle tips; bark dark; acorns mature + at the end of two seasons; black and red oaks. + B. Leaves lobed. + C. Deeply lobed. + D. Leaves deep green on both sides. + E. Acorn-cup broad and shallow + a. Acorn large Q. rubra + aa. Acorn small + b. Acorn ovoid Q. shumardii + bb. Acorn globose Q. palustris + EE. Acorn-cup deep + a. Cup-scales loosely imbricated + winter buds large and hairy Q. velutina + aa. Cup-scales tightly appressed, + winter buds small and smooth + b. Acorn small Q. ellipsoidalis + bb. Acorn large Q. coccinea + DD. Leaves pale green beneath Q. falcata + CC. Leaves shallowly lobed, winter buds + rusty-hairy Q. marilandica + BB. Leaves entire. + C. Leaves hairy beneath; acorn sessile Q. imbricaria + CC. Leaves not hairy; acorn stalked Q. phellos + + ++WHITE OAK+ _Quercus alba_ L. + +WITHIN its natural range, which includes practically the entire eastern +half of the United States, the white oak is one of the most important +timber trees. It commonly reaches a height of 60 to 100 feet and a +diameter of 2 to 3 feet; sometimes it becomes much larger. It is found +in a wide variety of upland soils. When grown in a dense stand it has a +straight continuous trunk, free of side branches for over half its +height. In the open, however, the tree develops a broad crown with +far-reaching limbs. Well-grown specimens are strikingly beautiful. + +[Illustration: WHITE OAK + +Twig, one-third natural size. Leaf, one-quarter natural size.] + +The _leaves_ are alternate, simple 5 to 9 inches long and about half as +broad. They are deeply divided into 5 to 9 rounded, finger-like lobes. +The young leaves are a soft silvery-gray or yellow or red while +unfolding, becoming later bright green above and much paler below. The +_flowers_ appear with the leaves, the staminate are in hairy catkins 2-3 +inches long, the pistillate are sessile in axils of the leaves. + +The _fruit_ is an acorn maturing the first year. The nut is 3/4 to 1 +inch long, light brown, about one-quarter enclosed in the warty cup. It +is relished by hogs and other livestock. The _bark_ is thin, light +ashy-gray and covered with loose scales or broad plates. + +The _wood_ is useful and valuable. It is heavy, strong, hard, tough, +close-grained, durable, and light brown in color. The uses are many, +including construction, shipbuilding, tight cooperage, furniture, +wagons, implements, interior finish, flooring, and fuel. Notwithstanding +its rather slow growth, white oak is valuable for forest, highway and +ornamental planting. + + The overcup oak, _Quercus lyrata_ Walt., is similar to the white oak, + but may be distinguished by the nearly spherical cup which nearly + covers the somewhat flattened acorn. This oak occurs in the river + bottoms in southern Illinois. + + ++BUR OAK+ _Quercus macrocarpa_ Michx. + +THE bur oak, which occurs throughout the State takes its name from the +fringe around the cup of the acorn. It usually has a broad top of heavy +spreading branches and a relatively short body. It is one of the largest +trees in the State. In maturity, it attains a diameter of 5 feet or more +and a height of over 80 feet. The _bark_ is light gray and is usually +broken up into small narrow flakes. The bur oak does not often form a +part of the forest stand, as do some other oaks, but occurs generally +singly in open stands and in fields. It requires a moist but +well-drained soil. + +[Illustration: BUR OAK + +One-third natural size.] + +The _leaves_ resemble somewhat those of the common white oak, but have a +pair of deep indentations on their border near the base, and wavy +notches on the broad middle and upper portions of the leaf. They range +from 6 to 12 inches long and 3 to 6 inches wide. The _fruit_, or acorn, +is a nut set deeply in a fringed cup. It is sometimes 1 inch or more in +diameter but varies widely in respect to size and the degree to which +the nut is enclosed in the mossy fringed cup. + +The _wood_ is heavy, hard, strong, tough and durable. It is used for +much the same purposes as the other white oaks, lumber, piling, veneer +logs, crossties and fuel. + + The swamp white oak, _Quercus bicolor_ Willd., occurs scattered in + swamps, through the State. The leaves are obovate, coarsely toothed + and wedge-shaped below. They are thick, dark green and shining above, + pale and downy beneath. The acorns are borne in a deep rough scaly + cup, on stems 2-4 inches long. The wood is like that of the white oak. + The bark is gray-brown, separating into large, papery scales which + curl back. + + ++YELLOW CHESTNUT OAK+ _Quercus muhlenbergii_ Engelm. + +THIS oak, also called the chinquapin oak, which is an excellent timber +tree, occurs throughout the State. It grows on practically all classes +of soil and in all moisture conditions except in swamps, and is a very +tenacious tree on shallow, dry soil. The _bark_ is light gray, and +breaks up into short narrow flakes on the main trunk and old limbs. It +reaches a height of 70 to 90 feet. The straight shapely trunk bears a +round-topped head composed of small branches, which makes it an +attractive shade tree. + +[Illustration: YELLOW CHESTNUT OAK + +One-third natural size.] + +The _leaves_ are oblong, 3 to 6 inches in length, 1-1/2 to 3 inches +wide, and equally toothed or notched on the edges, resembling the leaves +of the chestnut oak. The _fruit_, which ripens in the fall of the first +season, is light to dark brown when ripe, and edible if roasted. This +acorn is from one-half to nearly an inch long, usually less than one +inch in diameter, and is set in a shallow cup. + +The _wood_ is like that of the white oak, heavy, very hard, tough, +strong, durable, and takes an excellent polish. It is used in +manufacturing lumber and timbers, crossties, fence posts and fuel. A +portion of the lumber no doubt goes into furniture. + + The basket oak, or swamp chestnut oak, _Quercus prinus_ L., is found + in the woods in southern Illinois. It resembles the white oak in its + bark and branches, but has larger acorns. The leaves resemble those of + yellow chestnut oak. + + The rock chestnut oak, _Quercus montana_ Willd., is an eastern oak + that is rare on the hills of Union and Alexander counties. + + ++POST OAK+ _Quercus stellata_ Wang. + +THE post oak is usually a medium-sized tree, with a rounded crown, +commonly reaching a height of 50 to 80 feet and a diameter of 1 to 2 +feet, but sometimes considerably larger. It occurs from Mason County +south to the Ohio River being most common in the "Post Oak Flats." The +soil is a light gray silt loam underlaid by "tight clay." + +[Illustration: POST OAK + +One-third natural size.] + +The _bark_ is rougher and darker than the white oak and broken into +smaller scales. The stout young twigs and the leaves are coated at first +with a thick light-colored fuzz which soon becomes darker and later +drops away entirely. + +The _leaves_ are usually 4 to 5 inches long and nearly as broad, deeply +5-lobed with broad rounded divisions, the lobes broadest at the ends. +They are thick and somewhat leathery, dark green and shiny on the upper +surface, lighter green and rough hairy beneath. + +The _flowers_, like those of the other oaks, are of two kinds on the +same tree, the male in drooping, clustered catkins, the female +inconspicuous. The _fruit_ is an oval acorn, 1/2 to 1 inch long, set in +a rather small cup which may or may not be stalked. + +The _wood_ is very heavy, hard, close-grained, light to dark brown, +durable in contact with the soil. It is used for crossties and fence +posts, and along with other oaks of the white oak class for furniture +and other purposes. + + ++NORTHERN RED OAK+ _Quercus rubra_ L. + +(_Quercus borealis_ Michx.) + +THE red oak of the North occurs throughout the State. It usually attains +a height of about 70 feet and a diameter ranging from 2 to 3 feet, but +is sometimes much larger. The forest-grown tree is tall and straight +with a clear trunk and narrow crown. + +[Illustration: NORTHERN RED OAK + +Leaf, one-third natural size. Twig, one-half natural size.] + +The _bark_ on young stems is smooth, gray to brown on older trees, thick +and broken by shallow fissures into regular, flat smooth-surfaced +plates. + +The _leaves_ are simple, alternate, 5 to 9 inches long, and 4 to 6 +inches wide, broader toward the tip, divided into 7 to 9 lobes, each +lobe being somewhat coarsely toothed and bristle-tipped, and firm, dull +green above, paler below, often turning to a brilliant red after frost. +The _winter buds_ are small, light reddish-brown and smooth. The +_flowers_, as in all the oaks, are of two kinds on the same tree, the +staminate in long drooping, clustered catkins, opening with the leaves, +the female solitary or slightly clustered. The _fruit_ is a large acorn +maturing the second year. The nut is from 3/4 to 1-3/4 inches long, +blunt-topped, flat at base, with only its base enclosed in the very +shallow dark brown cup. + +The _wood_ is hard, strong, coarse-grained, with light, reddish-brown +heartwood and thin lighter-colored sapwood. It is used for cooperage, +interior finish, construction, furniture, and crossties. Because of its +average rapid growth, high-grade wood and general freedom from insect +and fungus attack, it should be widely planted in the State for timber +production and as a shade tree. + + This red oak, _Quercus shumardii_ Buckley, is found only in the + southern counties along the borders of streams and swamps. Its leaves + are dark green and lustrous, paler beneath and have tufts of pale + hairs in the angles of the veins. The acorns are long-oval in shape, + held in thick saucer-like cups composed of closely appressed hairy + scales. + + ++BLACK OAK+ _Quercus velutina_ Lam. + +THE black oak, sometimes farther north called yellow oak or +yellow-barked oak, usually grows to be about 80 feet in height and 1 to +3 feet in diameter. It is found commonly throughout the State. The crown +is irregularly shaped and wide, with a clear trunk for 20 feet or more +on large trees. The _bark_ on the very young trees is smooth and dark +brown but soon becomes thick and black, with deep furrows and rough +broken ridges. The bright yellow color and bitter taste of the inner +bark, due to tannic acid, are distinguishing characteristics. + +[Illustration: BLACK OAK + +Leaf, one-third natural size. Twig, one-half natural size.] + +The _leaves_ are alternate, simple, 5 to 10 inches long and 3 to 8 +inches wide, thick leathery shallow or deeply lobed, the shape varying +greatly. When mature, the leaves are dark green and shiny on the upper +surface, pale on the lower, more or less covered with down, and with +conspicuous rusty brown hairs in the forks of the veins. + +The _winter buds_ are large, strongly angled, gray and hairy. The +_fruit_ matures the second season. The light brown nut is from 1/2 to 1 +inch long, more or less hemispherical in shape, and from 1/2 to 3/4 +enclosed in the thin, dark brown, scaly cup. The scales on the upper +part of the cup are loosely imbricated. The kernel is yellow and +extremely bitter. + +The _wood_ is hard, heavy, strong, coarse-grained and checks easily. It +is a bright red-brown with a thin outer edge of paler sapwood. It is +used for the same purposes as red oak, under which name it is put on the +market. Its growth is rather slow. + + The jack oak, _Quercus ellipsoidalis_ Hill, is a smaller tree found + frequently alongside black oak in the northern third of the State. The + acorn is ellipsoid, small and enclosed in a deep cup, whose scales are + closely appressed. The winter buds are slightly angular, smooth, and + red-brown in color. Many small, drooping branches are sent out near + the ground, which soon die, and the stubs or "pins" have given this + oak the name of northern pin oak. + + ++PIN OAK+ _Quercus palustris_ Muench. + +PIN oak is rarely found naturally except on the rich moist soil of +bottom lands and the borders of swamps. It is usually not abundant in +any locality, but found scattered with other kinds of trees. It more +commonly attains heights of 50 to 70 feet, with diameters up to 2 feet, +but sometimes larger. The tree commonly has a single, upright stem with +numerous long, tough branches, the lower ones drooping, the middle +horizontal, and the upper ascending. Many of the lower branches soon die +and their stubs are the "pins" which give the tree its name. + +[Illustration: PIN OAK + +Leaf, one-third natural size. Twig, one-half natural size.] + +The _bark_ on young stems is smooth, shining and light brown; on old +trunks light gray-brown and covered by small, close scales. Because of +its beauty, its hardiness, and its fairly rapid growth, pin oak makes an +exceptionally fine street tree. + +The _leaves_ generally resemble those of the northern red oak, but they +are smaller and much more deeply lobed. They are 3 to 5 inches long and +2 to 4 inches wide. + +The _flowers_ are of two kinds on the same tree, and appear when the +leaves are about one-third grown. The _fruit_, taking two years to +mature, is an acorn nearly hemispheric, about one-half inch long, light +brown, often striped, enclosed only at the base in a thin, shallow, +saucer-shaped cup. + +The _wood_ is heavy, hard, strong, and usually knotty. It is light +brown, with thin, darker-colored sapwood. It is sold and has the same +uses as red oak, although it is generally not so good in quality. + + The scarlet oak, _Quercus coccinea_ Muench., has deeply lobed leaves + which turn brilliant scarlet in the autumn. The winter buds are + reddish-brown and pubescent. The acorns are ovoid, enclosed for about + half their length in a thick, deep cup. It is rarely found in the + southern half of the State. + + ++SPANISH OAK+ _Quercus falcata_ Michx. + +THIS oak, one of the common southern red oaks, ranges from Virginia and +Florida to Texas and Missouri, and appears in a dozen of the southern +counties in Illinois. It is usually called the Spanish oak, or southern +red oak, and has been known as _Quercus rubra_ L. or _Quercus digitata_ +Sudw. + +[Illustration: SPANISH OAK + +Leaf, one-third natural size. Twig, one-half natural size.] + +It is a variable species and hence has been known under so many names. +It grows to a height of 70 to 80 feet, and a diameter of 2 to 3 feet, +though larger trees are not infrequently found. Its large spreading +branches form a broad, round, open top. + +The _bark_ is rough, though not deeply furrowed and varies from light +gray on younger trees to dark or almost black on older ones. + +The _leaves_ are of two different types: (1) irregular-shaped lobes, +mostly narrow, bristle-tipped, the central lobe often the longest; or +(2) pear-shaped with 3 rounded lobes at the outer end. They are dark +lustrous green above and gray downy beneath, the contrast being +strikingly seen in a wind or rain storm. + +The _flowers_ appear in April while the leaves are unfolding. The +_fruit_ ripens the second year. The small rounded acorn, about half an +inch long, is set in a thin saucer-shaped cup which tapers to a short +stem. + +The _wood_ is heavy, hard, strong, coarse-grained and is less subject to +defects than most other red oaks. It is used for rough lumber and for +furniture, chairs, tables, etc. It is a desirable timber tree, +especially on the poorer, drier soils. The bark is rich in tannin. + + _Q. rubra_ var. _pagodaefolia_, called swamp Spanish oak, has been + collected in four southern counties of Illinois. + + ++BLACK JACK+ _Quercus marilandica_ Muench. + +THE black jack oak is a tree of sandy and clayey barren lands where few +other forest trees thrive. It ranges from New York to Florida and +westward into Illinois, Arkansas, and Texas. It reaches its largest size +in southern Arkansas and eastern Texas. It is found as one of the main +species in the "Post Oak Flats" in the southern half of the State and in +the sands along the Illinois River, near Havana. The tree sometimes +reaches a height of 50 to 60 feet and a diameter of 16 inches, but it is +usually much smaller. Its hard, stiff, drooping branches form a dense +crown which usually contains many persistent dead twigs. The _bark_ is +rough, very dark, often nearly black, and broken into small, hard scales +or flakes. + +[Illustration: BLACK JACK OAK + +Twig, two-thirds natural size. Leaf, one-third natural size.] + +The _leaves_ are of a leathery texture, dark green on the upper surface, +lighter, hairy, and brown-scurfy below. The leaves are wedge-shaped, 4 +to 10 inches long and about the same in width. There is a considerable +difference in the leaves of this oak both in size and shape. + +The _fruit_ is an acorn about three-quarters of an inch long, +yellow-brown and often striped, enclosed for half its length or more in +a thick light brown cup. + +The _wood_ is heavy, hard and strong; when used at all, it is used +mostly for firewood and mine props. It is also used for the manufacture +of charcoal. + + ++SHINGLE OAK+ _Quercus imbricaria_ Michx. + +THIS oak is found throughout the State with the exception of the extreme +north portion. When growing alone, the tree develops a symmetrical +rounded top, conspicuous on account of the good-sized, regular-shaped, +oblong leaves which differ in shape from most other native oaks. It +forms a handsome tree. It is sometimes incorrectly called "laurel" oak. + +[Illustration: SHINGLE OAK + +Leaf, one-third natural size. Twig, three-fourths natural size.] + +The _bark_ is rather thin and divided by shallow fissures into broad +ridges of a dark brown color. + +The _leaves_ are alternate in arrangement along the stem, oblong in +shape, 4 to 6 inches long by 1 to 2 inches wide, leathery in texture +with smooth margins sometimes wavy in outline, dark green and shiny +above, and thick downy or velvety below. + +The _fruit_ is an acorn about one-half inch in length, borne singly or +in pairs on stout stems, full or rounded at the end and faintly +streaked, enclosed for about one-half its length in a thin-walled cup. +Like all members of the black oak group, the fruit requires two seasons +to mature. + +The _wood_ is heavy, hard, rather coarse-grained, and used for common +lumber, shingles (whence it gets its common name), posts and firewood. + + The willow oak, _Quercus phellos_ L., is a river bottom tree rarely + found in southern Illinois. It is readily identified by its leaves, + which as the name implies, resemble those of the willows. These leaves + are from two to four inches long and one-half to one inch wide, light + green, shiny above and smooth beneath. + + ++AMERICAN ELM+ _Ulmus americana_ L. + +THIS is a famous shade tree of New England, whose range, however, +extends to the Rocky Mountains and southward to Texas. Within this vast +area, it is generally common except in the high mountains. It reaches an +average height of 60 to 70 feet and a diameter of 4 to 5 feet. The +_bark_ is dark gray, divided into irregular, flat-topped thick ridges, +and is generally firm, though on old trees it tends to come off in +flakes. An incision into the inner bark will show alternate layers of +brown and white. + +[Illustration: AMERICAN ELM + +Twig, one-half natural size. Leaf, one-half natural size.] + +The _leaves_ are alternate, simple, 4 to 6 inches long, rather thick, +somewhat one-sided, doubly toothed on the margin, and generally smooth +above and downy below. The leaf-veins are very pronounced and run in +parallel lines from the mid-rib to leaf edge. The _winter buds_ are +pointed, brown, ovoid and smooth. + +The _flowers_ are small, perfect, greenish, on slender stalks sometimes +an inch long, appearing before the leaves in the early spring. The +_fruit_ is a light green, oval shaped samara (winged fruit) with the +seed portion in the center and surrounded entirely by a wing. This wing +has a conspicuous notch at the end and is hairy on the margin, a mark +distinctive of the species. The seed ripens in the spring and by its +wing is widely disseminated by the wind. + +The _wood_ is heavy, hard, strong, tough and difficult to split. It is +used for hubs of wheels, saddle trees, boats, ships, barrel hoops, and +veneer for baskets and crates. + +Because of its spreading fan-shaped form, graceful pendulous branches, +and long life, the white elm justly holds its place as one of the most +desirable shade trees. + + The rock or cork elm, _Ulmus thomasi_ Sarg., is found occasionally in + northern Illinois. Its excurrent branches are very different from + those of other elms. Its twigs often have corky ridges and the winter + buds are somewhat hairy. + + The winged elm, _Ulmus alata_ Michx., a small tree, is found in the + southern part of the State. The twigs have two thin corky wings. + + ++RED OR SLIPPERY ELM+ _Ulmus rubra_ Muhl. + +(_Ulmus fulva_ Michx.) + +THE red elm, or slippery elm, is a common tree in all sections of the +State. It is found principally on the banks of streams and on low +hillsides in rich soil. It is a tree of small to moderate size, but +noticeably wide-spreading. It is usually less than 50 feet in height and +16 inches in diameter although trees of larger dimensions are +occasionally found. + +[Illustration: SLIPPERY ELM + +Twig, one-half natural size. Leaf, one-half natural size.] + +The _bark_ on the trunk is frequently one inch thick, dark +grayish-brown, and broken by shallow fissures into flat ridges. The +inner bark is used to some extent for medical purposes, as it is +fragrant and when chewed, affords a slippery, mucilaginous substance, +whence the tree gets its name. The _winter buds_ are large and +conspicuously rusty-hairy. + +The _leaves_ are simple, alternate on the stem, 4 to 6 inches in length, +sharp pointed, their bases unsymmetrical, doubly-toothed on the edges, +thick, dark green, and rough on both sides. + +The _fruit_ consists of a seed surrounded by a thin, broad, greenish +wing, about one-half an inch in diameter; the _flowers_ appear in early +spring and the fruit ripens when the leaves are about half-grown. + +The _wood_ is close-grained, tough, strong, heavy, hard, moderately +durable in contact with the soil. It is used for fence posts, crossties, +agricultural implements, ribs for small boats and for some other +purposes. + + The water elm, _Planera aquatica_ Gmel., is a small tree with slender + branches forming a low broad head and is found in swamps in the valley + of the Wabash River in this State. It reaches its best development in + Arkansas and Louisiana. It has dull green leaves 2 inches long and 1 + inch wide. The fruit is an oblong, dark brown drupe. + + ++HACKBERRY+ _Celtis occidentalis_ L. + +THE rough-leaved hackberry is found sparsely throughout the State. It +occurs most abundantly and of greatest size in the rich alluvial lands +in the lower part of the State, but thrives, however, on various types +of soil, from the poorest to the richest. It is usually a medium-sized +tree from 30 to 50 feet high and 10 to 20 inches in diameter, but trees +3 feet in diameter are found in the Wabash bottoms in southern Illinois. +Its limbs are often crooked and angular and bear a head made of slender, +pendant branches or short, bristly, stubby twigs. In the open the crown +is generally very symmetrical. It makes an excellent shade tree. + +[Illustration: HACKBERRY + +Leaf, one-third natural size. Twig, one-half natural size.] + +The _bark_ is grayish and generally rough with scale-like or warty +projections of dead bark. In some instances the bark is smooth enough on +the limbs to resemble that of the beech. + +The _leaves_ are simple, ovate, alternate, one-sided, 2 to 4 inches +long, the edges toothed towards the long point. + +The _flowers_ are inconspicuous, and the two kinds are borne on the same +tree. They appear in April or May, and are of a creamy, greenish color. +The _fruit_ is a round, somewhat oblong drupe, or berry, from 1/4 to 1/3 +of an inch in diameter. It has a thin, purplish skin, and sweet, +yellowish flesh. From this characteristic it is sometimes called +sugarberry. The berries frequently hang on the tree most of the winter. + +The _wood_ is heavy, rather soft, weak, and decays readily when exposed. +It is used chiefly for fuel, but occasionally for lumber and railroad +ties which are given preservative treatment. + + The southern hackberry, _Celtis leavigata_ Willd., having narrow + leaves, is found occasionally along the streams in southern Illinois. + The fruit hangs from the axils of the leaves on slender stems. It is + orange-red in color, changing to purple-black as it matures. + + ++OSAGE ORANGE+ _Maclura pomifera_ Schneid. + +THE osage orange, hedge apple, or mock orange, although not a native of +Illinois, is found distributed throughout the State, but does not as a +rule occur as a forest tree. It grows chiefly in open fields along fence +rows, and as a pure hedge fence. Occasionally it reaches a height of 60 +feet and a diameter of 30 inches, but more usually it is found from 20 +to 40 feet in height and from 4 to 12 inches in diameter. This tree is +sometimes used for shade, but mostly for hedges, and as living fence +posts. The _bark_ is thin, gray, sometimes tinged with yellow, and on +old trees divided into strips or flakes. The bark of the root is used as +a yellow dye; that of the trunk has been used for tanning leather. + +[Illustration: OSAGE ORANGE + +Leaf and fruit, one-quarter natural size. Twig, two-thirds natural +size.] + +The _leaves_ are deciduous, with milky sap and producing stout axillary +thorns. They are green on the upper surface, 3 to 5 inches long and 2 to +3 inches wide, and turn bright yellow in the autumn. + +The yellowish _flowers_ appear in May. They are of two kinds on the same +tree--the staminate flowers in a linear cluster and the pistillate +flowers in a rounded ball. The _fruit_ is globular, from 2 to 5 inches +in diameter, somewhat resembling a very rough green orange. + +The _wood_ is heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong and very durable in +contact with the soil. The heartwood is bright orange in color, turning +brown upon exposure. The Indians called it "bois d'arc", or bow-wood, +and used it for their finest bows. It does not shrink with weather +changes. It is largely used for posts; sometimes for wheel-stock, lumber +and fuel. + + ++RED MULBERRY+ _Morus rubra_ L. + +THE red mulberry occurs throughout the State. It prefers the rich, moist +soils of the lower and middle districts, but it is nowhere abundant. It +is a small tree, rarely 50 feet high and 2 feet in diameter, often +growing in the shade of larger trees. + +[Illustration: RED MULBERRY + +Twig, two-thirds natural size. Leaf, one-third natural size.] + +The _bark_ is rather thin, dark reddish-brown, peeling off in long +narrow flakes. + +The _leaves_ are alternate, thin, rounded or somewhat heart-shaped, +toothed, pointed, 3 to 5 inches long, rough hairy above and soft hairy +beneath. Often some of the leaves, especially on the young trees and +thrifty shoots, are mitten-shaped or variously lobed. + +The _flowers_ are of two kinds, on the same or different trees, in +drooping catkins. The catkins of the staminate flowers are about 2 +inches long; the spikes of the pistillate flowers are about half as long +and stand on short stalks. The _fruit_ is dark red or black, and +resembles a blackberry; however, a stalk extends through it centrally, +and it is longer and narrower. The fruit is sweet and edible and greatly +relished by birds and various animals. + +The _wood_ is rather light, soft, not strong, light orange-yellow, very +durable in contact with the soil. It is chiefly used for fence posts. +The tree might be planted for this purpose and to furnish food for +birds. + + The white mulberry, _Morus alba_ L., is a native of China, where its + leaves are the chief food of the silkworm. Several varieties are + planted for ornamental purposes. Its leaves are broad and smooth; its + fruit is long, white, sweet, and insipid. A variety, under the name of + the Russian mulberry, _Morus alba_ var. _tatarica_ Loudon, has been + introduced into this country and has been cultivated for its fruit. + This fruit varies from creamy white to violet and almost black. + + ++CUCUMBER MAGNOLIA+ _Magnolia acuminata_ L. + +THE cucumber magnolia attains an average height of 40 to 80 feet and a +diameter of 1 to 2 feet. It occurs singly among other hardwood trees +throughout the richer, cooler north slopes and bottom lands of southern +Illinois, in Union, Johnson, Pope, Alexander and Pulaski counties. + +[Illustration: CUCUMBER MAGNOLIA + +Leaf, one-third natural size. Twig, two-thirds natural size.] + +The _bark_ is aromatic and bitter; that of the young twigs is a lustrous +red-brown, while the bark of the trunk is rather thin, dark brown, +furrowed and broken into thin scales. + +The _leaves_ are alternate, oblong, short-pointed, rounded at the base, +silky, hairy when unfolding, later smooth or slightly silky, 6 to 10 +inches long, 4 to 6 inches wide, often with wavy edges, dark green +above, lighter beneath. + +The _flowers_ are single, large--though smaller than those of the other +magnolias--2-1/2 to 3 inches long. The six upright petals are +whitish-green tinged with yellow. + +The _fruit_ is a smooth, dark red, often crooked "cone", 2-1/2 to 3 +inches long, somewhat resembling, when green, a small cucumber. The +seeds are 1/2 inch long, and covered with a pulpy, scarlet coat, which +attracts the birds, particularly as the seeds hang by thin cords from +the opening "cones." + +The _wood_ is light, soft, close-grained, durable, of a light +yellow-brown color and is used for the same purposes as yellow poplar. +It is quite desirable for roadside and ornamental planting. + + ++TULIP TREE+ _Liriodendron tulipifera_ L. + +THE tulip tree, tulip poplar, is one of the tallest trees in the State +with its straight trunk rising to a height of 125 feet. It is one of the +largest and most valuable hardwood trees of the United States. It +reaches its largest size in the deep moist soils along streams and in +the cool ravines of southern Illinois. Vermilion County on the east and +Randolph on the west side of the State represent its northern limit. As +more commonly seen, it has a height of 60 to 100 feet and a diameter of +3 to 4 feet. Growing with a straight central trunk like the pines, and +often clear of limbs for 30 to 50 feet, it has a narrow pyramidal head +which in older age becomes more spreading. The tree has been extensively +cut, but is reproducing rapidly and remains one of the most abundant and +valuable trees in our young second-growth forests. It has been planted +as an ornamental and shade tree. + +[Illustration: TULIP TREE + +Leaf, one-third natural size. Twig, two-thirds natural size.] + +The _leaves_ are simple, 4 to 6 inches in length and breadth, 4-lobed, +dark green in summer, turning to a clear yellow in fall. + +The greenish-yellow tulip-shaped _flowers_ appear in May or June. The +_fruit_ is a narrow light brown, upright cone, 2 to 3 inches long, made +up of seeds, each enclosed in a hard bony coat and provided with a wing +which makes it easily carried by the wind. + +The _wood_ is light, soft, easily worked, light yellow or brown, with +wide cream-colored sapwood. It is extensively cut into lumber for +interior and exterior trim, vehicle bodies, veneers, turnery and other +high-grade uses. It is marketed under the name yellow poplar, because of +the yellow color of the heartwood. + +The tulip tree transplants easily, grows rapidly and forms a tall stem. +It is one of the best trees for forest planting on good moist soil. It +can be recommended for roadside planting because it grows tall and has a +deep root system. Where conditions of life are not too severe, it may be +used for shade tree planting. + + ++PAPAW+ _Asimina triloba_ Dunal + +THE papaw, which grows as a small tree or large shrub, is very well +known throughout the State, except in the northern parts, and is +sometimes called the "wild banana" tree. Most commonly it occurs as an +undergrowth in the shade of rich forests of the larger hardwood trees. +Its range extends from New York westward to Iowa and southward to +Florida and eastern Texas. When growing alone, however, it forms dense +clumps on deep, moist soils in creek bottoms. The _bark_ is thin, dark +grayish-brown, and smooth, or slightly fissured on old trees. + +[Illustration: PAPAW + +Leaf, one-quarter natural size. Twig, two-thirds natural size.] + +The _leaves_ are alternate on the stem, pear-shaped with pointed ends +and tapering bases, smooth and light green above, from 8 to 10 inches +long, clustered toward the ends of the branches. + +The dark purple, attractive _flowers_ appear with the leaves singly or +in two's along the branch, measure nearly 2 inches across, and produce +nectar which attracts the bees. + +When thoroughly ripe, the _fruit_ is delicious and nutritious. It +measures from 3 to 5 inches in length, turns from greenish-yellow to +very dark brown in color, and holds rounded or elongated seeds which +separate readily from the pulp. + +The _wood_ is light, soft or spongy, and weak, greenish to yellowish in +color, and of no commercial importance. + +Because of its handsome foliage, attractive flowers and curious fruit, +the papaw has been much used in ornamental planting. + + ++SASSAFRAS+ _Sassafras albidum_ Nees. + +THE sassafras is an aromatic tree, usually not over 40 feet in height or +a foot in diameter in Illinois. It is common throughout the State on dry +soils as far north as La Salle County, and is one of the first +broad-leaf trees to come up on abandoned fields, where the seeds are +dropped by birds. Its range extends from Maine, southern Ontario to Iowa +and south to Florida and west to Texas. In parts of its range it attains +large size. + +[Illustration: SASSAFRAS + +Twig, one-half natural size. Leaf, one-third natural size.] + +The _bark_ of the trunk is thick, red-brown and deeply furrowed and that +of the twigs is bright green. + +The _leaves_ are very characteristic. It is one of the few trees having +leaves of widely different shape on the same tree, or even on the same +twig. Some are oval and entire, 4 to 6 inches long; others have one +lobe, resembling the thumb on a mitten; while still others are divided +at the outer end into 3 distinct lobes. The young leaves and twigs are +quite mucilaginous. + +The _flowers_ are clustered, greenish, yellow, and open with the first +unfolding of the leaves. The staminate and pistillate flowers are +usually on different trees. The _fruit_ is an oblong, dark blue or +black, lustrous berry, containing one seed and surrounded at the base by +what appears to be a small orange-red or scarlet cup at the end of a +scarlet stalk. + +The _wood_ is light, soft, weak, brittle, and durable in the soil; the +heartwood is dull orange-brown. It is used for posts, rails, boat +building, cooperage and for ox-yokes. The bark of the roots yields the +very aromatic oil of sassafras much used for flavoring candies and +various commercial products. + +The sassafras deserves more consideration than it has received as a +shade and ornamental tree. The autumnal coloring of its foliage is +scarcely surpassed by any tree, and it is very free from insect pests. + + ++SWEET GUM+ _Liquidambar styraciflua_ L. + +THE sweet or red gum is a very common tree on low lands in southern +Illinois, but it is seldom found north of Jackson County in the west or +north of Richland in the east. It is usually abundant in old fields or +in cut-over woods. The _bark_ is a light gray, roughened by corky +scales, later becoming deeply furrowed. After the second year the twigs +often develop 2 to 4 corky projections of the bark, which give them a +winged appearance. + +[Illustration: SWEET GUM + +Leaf, one-third natural size. Twig, two-thirds natural size.] + +The simple, alternate star-shaped _leaf_, with its 5 to 7 points or +lobes, is 5 to 7 inches across and very aromatic. In the fall its +coloring is brilliant, ranging from pale yellow through orange and red +to a deep bronze. + +The _flowers_ are of two kinds on the same tree, unfolding with the +leaves. The _fruit_ at first glance reminds one of the balls of the +sycamore, but on closer inspection proves to be a head. It measures an +inch or more in diameter and is made up of many capsules with projecting +spines. It frequently hangs on the tree by its long swinging stem late +into the winter. + +The _wood_ is heavy, moderately hard, close-grained, and not durable on +exposure. The reddish-brown heartwood, which suggests the name, red gum, +is not present to any appreciable extent in logs under 16 inches in +diameter. In the South, the wood is extensively used for flooring, +interior finish, paper pulp and veneers for baskets of all kinds. +Veneers of the heartwood are largely used in furniture, sometimes as +imitation mahogany or Circassian walnut. This tree should be more widely +planted for ornamental use. + + ++SYCAMORE+ _Platanus occidentalis_ L. + +THE sycamore, also called buttonwood, is considered the largest hardwood +tree in North America. It occurs throughout the State, but is most +abundant and reaches its largest size along streams and on rich bottom +lands. It is one of the more rapidly-growing trees. In maturity it +occasionally attains a height of 140 to 170 feet and a diameter of 10 to +11 feet. It often forks into several large secondary trunks, and the +massive spreading limbs form an open head sometimes 100 feet across. + +[Illustration: SYCAMORE + +Leaf, one-third natural size. Twig, one-half natural size.] + +The _bark_ of the sycamore is a characteristic feature. On the younger +trunk and large limbs it is very smooth, greenish-gray in color. The +outer bark yearly flakes off in large patches and exposes the nearly +white younger bark. Near the base of the old trees the bark becomes +thick, dark brown and divided by deep furrows. The _flowers_ are very +small and arranged in dense globular green heads. + +The _leaves_ are simple, alternate, 4 to 7 inches long and about as +broad, light green and smooth above, and paler below. The base of the +leafstalk is hollow and in falling off exposes the winter bud. The +_fruit_ is a ball about 1 inch in diameter, conspicuous throughout the +winter as it hangs on its flexible stem, which is 3 to 5 inches long. +During early spring, the fruit ball breaks up, and the small seeds are +widely scattered by the wind. + +The _wood_ is hard and moderately strong, but decays rapidly in the +ground. It is used for butchers' blocks, tobacco boxes, furniture and +interior finish. + +The tree grows rapidly, bears transplanting well and is often planted as +a shade tree. + + The European sycamore or London plane tree, _Platanus acerifolia_ + Willd., is less subject to disease than our native species and has + been widely planted in this country for ornament and shade. The leaves + are more deeply lobed than our sycamore and there are two or three + fruit balls on each stem. + + ++WILD CRAB APPLE+ _Malus ioensis_ Britton + +THE wild crab apple, or prairie crab, is found throughout Illinois +forming small trees 20 to 30 feet high with trunks from 6 to 12 inches +in diameter. In the open it develops a broad open crown with rigid, +contorted branches bearing many short, spur-like branchlets, some of +which develop into sharp rigid thorns. Under less favorable conditions, +these crab apples often form bushy shrubs. + +[Illustration: WILD CRAB APPLE + +Flower, fruit and leaves one-half natural size.] + +The _bark_ on the branches is smooth, thin and red-brown in color, while +on the trunk the thicker bark often breaks into scales. The twigs are at +first hoary-hairy, but soon become smooth and reddish. + +The _leaves_ are alternate, simple, 3 to 4 inches long and almost as +broad. They are sometimes slightly lobed and sharply and deeply toothed. +They are dark green and shiny above, but pale and hairy beneath, borne +on stout, hairy petioles. + +The _flowers_, which are from one to two inches broad, are borne in +clusters of 3 to 8, on wooly pedicels about an inch long. The white or +rosy petals form a cup which surrounds the numerous stamens and the five +styles. The calyx is pubescent. + +The _fruit_ ripens in October, forming a globose, pale green, very +fragrant apple with a waxy surface. It is about an inch in diameter, +flattened at each end. + +Like the other crabs, its handsome flowers have a delicious fragrance +which makes the tree popular for planting for ornamental purposes. The +fruit is sometimes gathered for jelly. The _wood_ is heavy, +close-grained and reddish-brown. + + The wild sweet crab, _Malus coronaria_ Mill., differs from the above + in having more nearly smooth leaves and calyx. It is rarely found in + Illinois but is common in Ohio. A cultivated variety, _Malus ioensis + plena_ Rheder, is sold under the name of Bechtel's crab, and has + large, double, rosy-pink blossoms. + + ++SERVICE BERRY+ _Amelanchier arborea_ (Michx. f.) Fern. + +(_Amelanchier canadensis_ Medic.) + +THE downy service berry, or shadblow, as it is more commonly called in +the East, has little economic importance except for its frequency +throughout the State and the touch of beauty its flowers give to our +forests early in the spring before the foliage has come out. It is a +small tree 20 to 50 feet high and seldom over 8 inches in diameter, with +a rather narrow, rounded top but is often little more than shrub. The +name shadblow was given by the early settlers who noticed that it +blossomed when the shad were running up the streams. + +[Illustration: SERVICE BERRY One-half natural size.] + +The _bark_ is smooth and light gray, and shallowly fissured into scaly +ridges. The _winter buds_ are long and slender. + +The _leaves_ are alternate, slender-stalked, ovate, pointed, finely +toothed, 2 to 4 inches long, densely white-hairy when young, then +becoming a light green, and covered with scattered silky hairs. + +The white _flowers_ appear in erect or drooping clusters in early +spring, before the leaves, making the tree quite conspicuous in the +leafless or budding forest. The petals are slender and rather more than +a half inch long. + +The _fruit_ is sweet, edible, rounded, reddish-purple when ripe, 1/3 to +1/2 an inch in diameter, ripening early in June. Birds and denizens of +the forest are very fond of the berries. + +The _wood_ is heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained and dark +brown. It is occasionally used for handles. This is a desirable +ornamental tree and should be planted for this purpose and to encourage +the birds. + + The smooth service berry, _Amelanchier leavis_ Wieg., differs from the + above species in having smooth leaves, dark green and slightly + glaucous when mature, and they are half grown at flowering time. The + fruit is sweet, purple or nearly black, glaucous and edible. + + ++COCK-SPUR THORN+ _Crataegus crus-galli_ L. + +THE hawthorns, or thorn-apples, are small trees or shrubs of the apple +family which are widely distributed throughout the northeastern United +States, with fewer species in the South and West. In North America, no +less than 150 species have been distinguished, but their proper +identification is a task for the expert. There are about a dozen haws +that reach tree size in Illinois, attaining a height of 20 to 30 feet +and a stem diameter of 8 to 12 inches. Of these, perhaps the best known +is the cock-spur thorn with its many strong straight spines and shining +leaves. Its _bark_ is pale gray and scaly. Its _winter buds_ are small, +globose and lustrous brown. + +[Illustration: COCK-SPUR THORN Flowers and fruit one-half natural size.] + +The _leaves_ are conspicuous because of their dark green glossy surface. +They are broadest toward the apex tapering to the short petiole. They +vary in size in different localities, the smaller-leaved varieties seem +to be more frequently met with in the southern part of the State than in +the north. These leaves are alternate, wedge-shaped, notched on the +edges, and from 2 to 3 inches long. + +The _flowers_ are rather small, arranged in flat-topped clusters, white +in color, with about a dozen pink stamens. + +The _fruit_ is 1/3 inch thick, greenish-red; the flesh is hard and dry. + +This haw is one of the best for planting for ornamental purposes; with +its spreading branches, it forms a broad, rounded crown. It is hardy and +succeeds in a great variety of soils. + + The dotted hawthorn, _Crataegus punctata_ Jacq., also has wedge-shaped + leaves but they are leathery, dull gray-green in color with + conspicuous veins. The tree reaches a height of 25 feet with + distinctly horizontal branches forming a broad flat crown. It is often + almost without thorns. The fruit is oblong, dull red with pale dots, + becoming mellow. + + The pear-thorn, _Crataegus calpodendron_ Med., is a smaller tree, with + broader leaves, very few thorns and pear-shaped fruit. The haw is + scarlet or orange-red, the flesh is thin and sweet. + + ++RED HAW+ _Crataegus mollis_ Scheele + +LIKE almost all the hawthorns, the red haw is a tree of the pasture +lands, the roadside, the open woods and the stream banks. It is the +largest of our haws, occasionally reaching a height of 30 feet, with +ascending branches usually forming a low conical crown. The twigs are +hairy during the first season, but are soon smooth, slender, nearly +unarmed or occasionally armed with stout, curved thorns. + +[Illustration: RED HAW + +Flowers one-half natural size.] + +The _leaves_ are ovate or nearly orbicular, coarsely toothed nearly to +the base, usually 3 to 5 pairs of broad, shallow lobes. Both surfaces +are hairy. + +The _flowers_ are often nearly an inch across, in compact clusters. They +have about 20 cream-colored, densely hairy stamens. + +The _fruit_, or the haw, is large, nearly 3/4 inch across, bright +crimson or scarlet in color. The edible sweet flesh is firm but mellow, +surrounding 5 bony seeds. It is often used for making jelly. + +The _wood_ is strong, tough, heavy and hard, and is used for mallets, +tool handles and such small articles. + + The Washington thorn, _Crataegus phaenopyrum_ Med., is a smaller tree, + with bright red fruit, but its broad leaves are smooth and bright + green. The flowers are small, in very large clusters, followed by + small bright scarlet edible haws. + + In the southern half of Illinois, growing on moist river bottoms, the + green haw, _Crataegus viridis_ L., becomes a tree 20 feet tall. The + broad leaves are dark green and quite smooth. The fruit is small but + produced in large clusters becoming bright red or orange-red as it + ripens. + + ++WILD PLUM+ _Prunus americana_ Marsh. + +THE common wild plum, or yellow plum, is a small tree which at a height +usually of 3 to 6 feet divides into many spreading branches, often +drooping at the ends. Not uncommonly it grows in thickets where it +attains only large shrub size. The value of the tree lies in its fruit +from which jelly and preserves are made, and its handsome form, and +foliage, pure white fragrant flowers, and showy fruit which make it +desirable for ornamental planting. + +[Illustration: WILD PLUM + +Three-quarters natural size.] + +The _leaves_ are alternate, oval, pointed, sharply toothed, (often +doubly toothed) along the margin, thick and firm, 3 to 4 inches long by +1 to 2 inches wide, narrowed or rounded at the base, and prominently +veined on both surfaces. + +The _flowers_ appear in numerous small clusters before, or +simultaneously with, the leaves, and are white with small bright red +portions in the center. The _fruit_, or plum, which ripens in late +summer, is red or orange colored, about an inch in diameter, contains a +stone or pit that is flattened and about as long as the pulpy part, and +varies rather widely in its palatability. + +The _wood_ is heavy, hard, close-grained, reddish-brown in color and has +no especial commercial uses. + + The Canada plum, _Prunus nigra_ Ait., is similar to the common wild + plum, but the teeth of the leaves are blunt, the leaves are thin and + the fruit is orange in color, almost without bloom. + + The wild goose plum, _Prunus hortulana_ Bailey, has thin lance-shaped + leaves; its flowers have short petals and it has a rather hard, small + globular fruit. + + ++BLACK CHERRY+ _Prunus serotina_ Ehrh. + +A common tree in Illinois and attaining sizes up to about 70 feet in +height and 1 to 3 feet in diameter, black cherry as a tree is found all +over the State. The forest-grown trees have long clear trunks with +little taper; open-grown trees have spreading crowns. The _bark_ on +branches and young trees is smooth and bright reddish-brown, marked by +conspicuous, narrow white, horizontal lines, and has a bitter-almond +taste. On the older trunks the bark becomes rough and broken into thick, +irregular plates. + +[Illustration: BLACK CHERRY + +Twig, two-thirds natural size. Leaf, one-third natural size.] + +The _leaves_ are alternate, simple, oval to lance-like in shape, with +edges broken by many fine incurved teeth, thick and shiny above, and +paler beneath. + +The _fruit_ is dull purplish-black, about as large as a pea, and is +borne in long hanging clusters. It ripens in late summer, and is edible, +although it has a slightly bitter taste. + +The _wood_ is reddish-brown with yellowish sapwood, moderately heavy, +hard, strong, fine-grained, and does not warp or split in seasoning. It +is valuable for its lustre and color and is used for furniture, interior +finish, tools, and implement handles. With the exception of black +walnut, black cherry lumber has a greater unit value than any other +hardwood of the eastern United States. + + The wild cherry, _Prunus pennsylvanica_ L., is a small tree, growing + on light soils, in the northern part of the State. The bark is a dark + reddish-brown; the leaves are lance-shaped bright green and shiny + above, while the fruit is round and bright red in color. + + The choke cherry, _Prunus virginiana_ L., is common along fences and + under larger trees in the forest in the northern half of the State. It + seldom becomes a tree but it bears a fruit which is sweet but very + astringent and is dark purple when ripe. + + ++HONEY LOCUST+ _Gleditsia triacanthos_ L. + +THE honey locust occurs scattered throughout the State. It grows under a +wide variety of soil and moisture conditions. It sometimes occurs in the +forest, but more commonly in corners and waste places beside roads and +fields. It reaches a diameter of 30 inches and a height of 75 feet. The +_bark_ on old trees is dark gray and is divided into thin tight scales. +The strong thorns--straight, brown, branched, sharp and shiny which grow +on the 1-year-old wood and remain for many years--are sufficient to +identify the honey locust. + +[Illustration: HONEY LOCUST + +Twig, three-quarters natural size. Leaf, one-quarter natural size.] + +The _leaf_ is pinnate, or feather-like with 18 to 28 leaflets; or it is +twice-pinnate, consisting of 4 to 7 pairs of pinnae or secondary +leaflets, each 6 to 8 inches long and somewhat resembling the leaf of +the black locust. + +The _flowers_ which appear when the leaves are nearly full-grown are +inconspicuous, greenish-yellow and rich in honey. The petals vary from 3 +to 5, the stamens are 3 to 10 and the ovary is wooly and one-celled. + +The _fruit_ is a pod, 10 to 18 inches long, often twisted, 1 to 1-1/2 +inches wide, flat, dark brown or black when ripe and containing yellow +sweetish pulp and seeds. The seeds are very hard and each is separated +from the others by the pulp. The pods are eaten by many animals, and as +the seeds are hard to digest, many are thus widely scattered from the +parent tree. + +The _wood_ is coarse-grained, hard, strong and moderately durable in +contact with the ground. It is used for fence posts and crossties. It +should not be confused with the very durable wood of the black locust. + + The water locust, _Gleditsia aquatica_ Marsh., is found in river + bottoms in southern Illinois, becoming a medium sized tree. It may be + known by its short pods, 1 to 2 inches long, with only 2 or 3 seeds. + + ++REDBUD+ _Cercis canadensis_ L. + +THE redbud is a small tree occurring under taller trees or on the +borders of fields or hillsides and in valleys throughout the State. It +ordinarily attains a height of 25 to 50 feet and a diameter of 6 to 12 +inches. Its stout branches usually form a wide flat head. + +[Illustration: REDBUD + +Leaf, one-fourth natural size. Twig, and flowers, two-thirds natural +size.] + +The _bark_ is bright red-brown, the long narrow plates separating into +thin scales. + +The _leaves_ are alternate, heart-shaped, entire 3 to 5 inches long and +wide, glossy green turning in autumn to a bright clear yellow. + +The conspicuous bright purplish-red, pea-shaped _flowers_ are in +clusters along the twigs and small branches and appear before or with +the leaves in early spring. + +The _fruit_ is an oblong, flattened, many seeded pod, 2 to 4 inches +long, reddish during the summer, and often hanging on the tree most of +the winter. + +The _wood_ is heavy, hard, not strong, rich, dark brown in color, and of +little commercial importance. The redbud is cultivated as an ornamental +tree and for that purpose might be planted more generally in this State. + + The Kentucky coffee-tree, _Gymnocladus dioicus_ K. Koch, though not + anywhere a common tree, is found on rich bottom lands throughout the + State. The much-divided leaves are 2 to 3 feet long. The pods are 5 to + 8 inches long and 1 to 2 inches wide and contain hard seeds 3/4 inch + long. It has few qualities to recommend it for ornamental planting. + + ++BLACK LOCUST+ _Robinia pseudoacacia_ L. + +THE black locust is a native to the Appalachian Mountains but has been +introduced into Illinois, and now occurs throughout the entire State +growing on all soils and under all conditions of moisture except in +swamps. It is found generally in thickets on clay banks and waste places +or along fence rows. + +[Illustration: BLACK LOCUST + +Leaf, one-third natural size. Twig and flower, two-thirds natural size.] + +The twigs and branchlets are armed with straight or slightly curved +sharp, strong spines, sometimes as much as 1 inch in length which remain +attached to the outer bark for many years. The _bark_ is dark brown and +divides into strips as the tree grows older. + +The _leaves_ are pinnate, or featherlike, from 6 to 10 inches in length, +consisting of from 7 to 19 oblong thin leaflets. + +The _flowers_ are fragrant, white or cream-colored, and appear in early +spring in graceful pendent racemes. The _fruit_ is a pod from 3 to 5 +inches long containing 4 to 8 small hard seeds which ripen late in the +fall. The pod splits open during the winter, discharging the seeds. Some +seeds usually remain attached to each half of the pod; the pod thus acts +as a wing upon which the seeds are borne to considerable distances +before the strong spring winds. + +The _wood_ is yellow in color, coarse-grained, very heavy, very hard, +strong, and very durable in contact with the soil. It is used +extensively for fence posts, poles, tree nails, insulator pins and +occasionally for lumber and fuel. + +The tree is very rapid in growth in youth but short-lived. It spreads by +underground shoots and is useful for holding and reclaiming badly +gullied lands. The usefulness of the black locust is, however, very +greatly limited by the fact that it is subject to great damage from an +insect known as the locust borer. + + ++TREE OF HEAVEN+ _Ailanthus altissima_ Swingle + +THIS tree is a native of China but planted in Illinois because of its +tropical foliage. It has escaped and become naturalized. It is a +handsome, rapid-growing, short-lived tree, attaining a height of 40 to +60 feet, and a trunk diameter of 2 to 3 feet. Its crown is spreading, +rather loose and open. The twigs are smooth and thick with a large +reddish-brown pith. The _winter buds_ are small, globular and hairy, +placed just above the large leaf-scars. + +[Illustration: TREE OF HEAVEN + +Twig, one-half natural size. Leaf and fruit, one-fourth natural size.] + +The _leaves_ are alternate, pinnately compound and one to three feet +long. The leaflets number from 11 to 41, are smooth, dark green above, +paler beneath, turning a clear yellow in autumn. + +The _flowers_ appear soon after the leaves are full grown, on different +trees, borne in large upright panicles. They are small yellow-green in +color with 5 petals and 10 stamens. The staminate flowers have a +disagreeable odor. + +The _fruit_, ripening in October but remaining on the tree during the +winter, is a one-seeded samara, spirally twisted, borne in crowded +clusters. + +The tree of heaven is useful for landscape planting, succeeding in all +kinds of soils and all kinds of growing conditions. It makes a rapid +showing and is practically free from all diseases and insect injury. + + ++SMOOTH SUMAC+ _Rhus glabra_ L. + +THE smooth sumac is usually a tall shrub but occasionally it develops as +a tree 20 to 25 feet tall with a trunk diameter of 6 to 10 inches. A few +large spreading branches form a broad, flat, open head. The twigs are +smooth and glabrous and have a thick, light brown pith with small round +winter buds. + +[Illustration: SMOOTH SUMAC + +Twig, one-half natural size. Leaf and fruit, one-fourth natural size.] + +The compound _leaves_ are 6 to 18 inches long, composed of 9 to 27 +leaflets with sharply notched margins. They are dark green above, +whitish beneath, changing to red, purple and yellow early in the autumn. + +The _flowers_ are small and green, produced in dense terminal panicles. +The _fruit_ is a small globose berry, covered with crimson hairs and has +a pleasant acid taste. The conspicuous deep red panicles of fruit remain +unchanged on the tree during the winter. + +The _wood_ is light and of a golden yellow color. Either as a tree, or +as a shrub, the smooth sumac is excellent for ornamental planting, being +particularly desirable on terraces or hillsides, where mass effects are +desired. It transplants very readily and spreads freely. + + The staghorn sumac, _Rhus typhina_ L., is a slightly taller tree, as + it reaches a height of 20 to 35 feet, and a stem diameter of 8 to 12 + inches. The twigs and leaves are similar to those of the smooth sumac + but are conspicuously hairy. Its occurrence is limited to the northern + part of the State. + + The shining sumac, _Rhus copallina_ L., usually occurs in shrub form + but it occasionally reaches a height of 20 feet with a stem diameter + of 6 inches. The leaves are smooth above but somewhat hairy beneath + with a winged rachis and about 9 to 21 leaflets that are slightly + toothed. Late in the summer its foliage turns a brilliant red. The + fruit clusters are much smaller than the preceding species. It is + found throughout the State. + + ++SUGAR MAPLE+ _Acer saccharum_ Marsh. + +THE sugar maple is an important member of the climax forests which +stretch from Maine to Minnesota and southward to Texas and Florida. It +is an associate of the hemlocks and the birches in the North, with the +beeches and chestnuts through the middle states, with the oaks in the +West and with the tulip and the magnolias in the South. In Illinois it +is a common and favorite tree throughout the State. In the open it grows +fairly rapidly and has a very symmetrical, dense crown, affording heavy +shade. It is, therefore, quite extensively planted as a shade tree. The +_bark_ on young trees is light gray and brown and rather smooth, but as +the tree grows older, it breaks up into long, irregular plates or +scales, which vary from light gray to almost black. The twigs are smooth +and reddish-brown, and the _winter buds_ are smooth and sharp-pointed. +The tree attains a height of more than 100 feet and a diameter of 3 feet +or more. The sap yields maple sugar and maple syrup. + +[Illustration: SUGAR MAPLE + +Leaf, one-third natural size. + +Twig, one-half natural size.] + +The _leaves_ are 3 to 5 inches across, simple, opposite, with 3 to 5 +pointed and sparsely-toothed lobes, the divisions between the lobes +being rounded. The leaves are dark green on the upper surface, lighter +green beneath, turning in autumn to brilliant shades of dark red, +scarlet, orange and clear yellow. + +The _flowers_ are yellowish-green, on long threadlike stalks, appearing +with the leaves, the two kinds in separate clusters. The _fruit_, which +ripens in the fall, consists of a two-winged "samara", or "key", the two +wings nearly parallel, each about 1 inch in length and containing a +seed. It is easily carried by the wind. + +The _wood_ is hard, heavy, strong, close-grained and light brown in +color. It is known, commercially as hard maple, and is used in the +manufacture of flooring, furniture, shoe-lasts and a great variety of +novelties. + + The black maple, _Acer nigrum_ Michx., occurs with the sugar maple + with darker bark. The leaves are usually wider than long, yellow-green + and downy beneath, and the base of the petioles enlarged. The two + lower lobes are very small; the lobes are undulate or entire. + + ++SILVER MAPLE+ _Acer saccharinum_ L. + +THE silver or river maple, also called the soft maple, occurs on moist +land and along streams. It attains heights of 100 feet or more and +diameters of 3 feet or over. It usually has a short trunk which divides +into a number of large ascending limbs. These again subdivide, and the +branches droop but turn upward at the tips. The _bark_ on the old stems +is dark gray and broken into long flakes or scales; on the young shoots +it is smooth and varies in color from reddish to a yellowish-gray. The +silver maple grows rapidly and has been much planted as a shade tree. +Because of the brittleness of its wood, it is often damaged by summer +storms and winter sleet. + +[Illustration: SILVER MAPLE + +Twig, one-half natural size. Leaf, one-third natural size.] + +The _leaves_ are opposite on the stem, have from 3 to 5 lobes ending in +long points with toothed edges and are separated by deep angular sinuses +or openings; they are pale green on the upper surface and silvery-white +underneath. The buds are rounded, red or reddish-brown, blunt-pointed; +generally like those of red maple. + +The _flowers_ appear in the spring before the leaves, in dense clusters, +and are of a greenish-yellow color. The _fruit_ ripens in late spring. +It consists of a pair of winged seeds or "keys" with wings 1 to 2 inches +long on slender, flexible, threadlike stems about an inch long. + +The _wood_ is soft, weak, even-textured, rather brittle, easily worked, +and decays readily when exposed. It is considerably used for boxboards, +furniture, veneers and fuel. + + The red maple, or swamp maple, _Acer rubrum_ L., has leaves deeply + lobed with the lobes sharply toothed. The autumn color is deep red. + The flowers also are red and the fruit is small reddish, maturing late + in spring. + + ++BOX ELDER+ _Acer negundo_ L. + +THE box elder is a fairly rapidly growing tree, found commonly along +streams rather generally over the State. It is a tree of medium size, +rarely reaching over 24 inches in diameter and 60 to 70 feet in height. +It has been considerably planted for shade because in good soil its +growth is rapid. Its limbs and branches, however, are fragile, and the +tree as a whole is rather subject to disease. It is not long-lived or +generally satisfactory for any purpose. It is prolific in reproduction +but is largely destroyed by grazing and cultivation. + +[Illustration: BOX ELDER + +Twig, two-thirds natural size. Leaf, one-third natural size.] + +The _bark_ on young branches is smooth and green to purple in color; on +old trees it is thin, grayish to light brown and deeply divided. + +The _leaves_ are compound, with usually 3 leaflets (rarely 5 or 7), +opposite, smooth and lustrous, green, and borne on a leaf stem or +petiole 2 to 3 inches long. The leaflets are 2 to 4 inches long by 1 to +2 inches wide, making the whole leaf 5 to 8 inches in length. + +The _fruit_ is a samara, or key, winged similarly to that of a sugar +maple, but smaller. It ripens in late summer or early fall, and so is +like its close relative, the sugar maple, but unlike its close +relatives, the red maple and silver maple. + +The _wood_ is soft, light, weak, close-grained and decays readily in +contact with heat and moisture. It is used occasionally for fuel. + + The Norway maple, _Acer platanoides_ L., is a European species which + has been extensively planted. It forms a round, spreading crown of + stout branches with coarse twigs. The leaves resemble those of the + sugar maple but somewhat broader and the petioles exude a milky juice + when cut. The flowers are larger than those of our native maples and + fruit is large with diverging wings. It holds its leaves longer in the + fall and the autumn coloring is pale yellow. It succeeds well as a + city shade tree. + + ++OHIO BUCKEYE+ _Aesculus glabra_ Willd. + +THE buckeye is rare in the northern fourth of Illinois, but is known in +the rest of the State, forming no considerable part of the forest stand. +It reaches a height of 60 to 70 feet and a diameter of 18 to 24 inches. +The trunk is usually short, limby, and knotty. The crown or head, is +generally open and made up of small spreading branches and twigs +orange-brown to reddish-brown in color. The _bark_ is light gray and, on +old trees, divided or broken into flat scales, which make the stem of +the tree rough; the bark is ill-smelling when bruised. + +[Illustration: OHIO BUCKEYE + +Twig, two-thirds natural size. Nut, one-third natural size. + +Leaf, one-quarter natural size.] + +The _leaves_ are opposite on the twigs, compound and consisting of 5 +long-oval, rarely 7, pointed, toothed, yellow-green leaflets, set like +the fingers of a hand at the top of slender petioles 4 to 6 inches long. +They usually turn yellow and then fall early in the autumn. + +The _flowers_ appear after the leaves unfold; are cream-colored; in +terminal panicles 5 to 7 inches long and 2 to 3 inches broad, quite +downy. + +The _fruit_ is a thick, leathery, prickly capsule about an inch in +diameter, and, breaking into 2 or 3 valves, discloses the bright, shiny, +mahogany colored seeds, or nuts. + +The _wood_ is light, soft and weak, and decays rapidly when exposed. It +is used for woodenware, artificial limbs, paper pulp, and for lumber and +fuel. + + The horse-chestnut, _Aesculus hippocastanum_ L., is a handsome + European tree with a very symmetrical crown. The flowers are larger + than those of our native species and add beauty to the foliage. It + forms a desirable shade tree. + + ++BASSWOOD+ _Tilia americana_ L. + +THE basswood, or American linden, is a rather tall tree with a broad, +round-topped crown. It ranges throughout Illinois and may be found +wherever rich, wooded slopes, moist stream banks and cool ravines occur. +It grows best in river bottoms, where it is common and forms a valuable +timber tree, attaining a height of 80 feet and a diameter of 4 feet. The +_bark_ is light brown, deeply furrowed and the inner bark furnishes bast +for making mats. + +[Illustration: BASSWOOD + +Leaf, one-third natural size. Twig, one-half natural size.] + +The _leaves_ are broadly heart-shaped, 3 to 6 inches long, coarsely +saw-toothed, smooth on both sides, except for some hairs on the axils of +the veins. They are dark above but light green beneath. + +The _flowers_ are yellowish-white, in drooping clusters opening in early +summer, and flower stem is united to the middle of a long narrow +leaf-like bract. They are very fragrant and from them the bees make a +large amount of choice grade honey. + +The _fruit_ is a berry-like, dry, 1 or 2 seeded, rounded nutlet 1/4 to +1/2 an inch in diameter, covered with short, thick and brownish wool. It +remains attached in clusters to the leafy bract, which later acts as a +wing to bear it away on the wind. + +The _wood_ is light, soft, tough, not durable, light brown in color. It +is used in the manufacture of pulp, woodenware, furniture, trunks, +excelsior and many other articles. + +It makes a fine shade tree, grows rapidly and is easily transplanted. + + The white basswood, _Tilia heterophylla_ Vent., is similar to the + preceding species, but with somewhat lighter bark. The leaves are + larger, dark yellow-green above, the under surface being generally + densely covered with short, silvery or gray hairs with tufts of brown + hairs in the axils of the veins. It is more plentiful in the southern + part of the State. + + ++FLOWERING DOGWOOD+ _Cornus florida_ L. + +THE flowering dogwood is rare in the northern third of the State. It is +a small tree, growing under the larger forest trees, usually 15 to 30 +feet in height and 6 to 12 inches in diameter, with a rather flat and +spreading crown and short, often crooked trunk. The _bark_ is +reddish-brown to black and broken up into small 4-sided scaly blocks. + +[Illustration: FLOWERING DOGWOOD + +Leaf and flowers, one-half natural size. Twig, two-thirds natural size.] + +The _leaves_ are opposite, ovate, 3 to 5 inches long, 2 to 3 inches +wide, pointed, entire or wavy on the margin, bright green above, pale +green or grayish beneath. + +The _flowers_, which unfold from the conspicuous round, grayish, winter +flower buds before the leaves come out, are small greenish-yellow, +arranged in dense heads surrounded by large white or rarely pinkish +petal-like bracts, which give the appearance of large spreading flowers +2 to 4 inches across. + +The _fruit_ is a bright scarlet "berry", 1/2 inch long and containing a +hard nutlet in which are 1 or 2 seeds. Usually several fruits, or +"berries", are contained in one head. They are relished by birds, +squirrels and other animals. + +The _wood_ is hard, heavy, strong, very close-grained, brown to red in +color. It is in great demand for cotton-mill machinery, turnery handles +and forms. One other tree has quite similar wood--the persimmon. + +The dogwood, with its masses of early spring flowers, its dark red +autumn foliage and its bright red berries, is probably our most +ornamental native tree. It should be used much more extensively in +roadside and ornamental planting. + + The alternate-leaved dogwood, _Cornus alternifolia_ L., occasionally + reaches tree size with long slender branches arranged in irregular + whorls giving the tree a storied effect. The flowers are small, + followed by blue-black fruit borne in loose red-stemmed clusters. + + ++SOUR GUM+ _Nyssa sylvatica_ Marsh. + +THE sour gum, often called black gum, is found in many types of soil and +in most conditions of soil moisture in southern Illinois, but it becomes +rare in the northern half of the State. In lowlands, it is occasionally +found in year-round swamps with cypress, and in the hills on dry slopes +with oaks and hickories. + +[Illustration: SOUR GUM + +One-half natural size.] + +The _leaves_ are simple, 2 to 3 inches long, entire, often broader near +the apex, shiny, dark green in color. In the fall the leaves turn a most +brilliant red. + +The _bark_ on younger trees is furrowed between flat ridges, and +gradually develops into quadrangular blocks that are dense, hard and +nearly black. Most of the branches are nearly horizontal. + +The greenish _flowers_ on long slender stems appear in early spring when +the leaves are about one-third grown. They are usually of two kinds, the +male in many-flowered heads and the female in two to several-flowered +clusters on different trees. The _fruit_ is a dark blue, fleshy berry, +2/3 of an inch long, containing a single hard-shelled seed, and is borne +on long stems, 2 to 3 in a cluster. + +The _wood_ is very tough, cross-grained, not durable in contact with the +soil, hard to work, and warps easily. It is used for crate and basket +veneers, box shooks, rollers, mallets, rough floors, mine trams, +pulpwood and fuel. + + The tupelo gum, or cotton gum, _Nyssa aquatica_ L., is found in deep + river swamps which are flooded during a part of the year. It occurs in + 4 or 5 of the southern counties of Illinois in cypress swamps. The + enlarged base and the larger fruit serve to distinguish it from the + sour gum. This fruit or "plum" is about an inch long, dark purple and + has a tough skin enclosing a flattened stone. The wood is light, soft, + and not strong and is used for woodenware, handles, fruit and + vegetable packages. + + ++PERSIMMON+ _Diospyros virginiana_ L. + +THE persimmon, often called "simmon", is well known throughout its +range. It is a small tree, rarely exceeding 50 feet in height and 1 inch +in diameter, occurring throughout the State from the southern part north +to Peoria County. It seems to prefer dry, open situations, and is most +abundant in the old fields, though it also occurs on rich bottom lands. +The _bark_ of old trees is almost black and separated into thick nearly +square blocks, much like the black gum. + +[Illustration: PERSIMMON + +Leaf, one-half natural size. Twig, three-quarters natural size.] + +The _leaves_ are alternate, oval, entire, 4 to 6 inches long, dark green +and shining above, paler beneath. + +The small _flowers_, which appear in May, are yellowish or creamy white, +somewhat bell-shaped, the two kinds occurring on separate trees; the +male in clusters of 2 or 3, the female solitary. They are visited by +many insects. + +The _fruit_ is a pulpy, round, orange-colored or brown berry, an inch or +more in diameter and containing several flattened, hard, smooth seeds. +It is strongly astringent while green, but quite sweet and delicious +when thoroughly ripe. + +The _wood_ is hard, dense, heavy, strong, the heartwood brown or black, +the wide sapwood white or yellowish. It is particularly valued for +shuttles, golf-stick heads, and similar special uses, but is not of +sufficient commercial use to warrant its general encouragement as a +timber tree. + + The Hercules' club, _Aralia spinosa_ L., grows to tree size in + southern Illinois, with a spiny stem 25 to 30 feet tall and a + flat-topped head. The doubly compound leaves are often more than 3 + feet long. Its small greenish-white flowers are followed by large + clusters of purple juicy berries. It is desirable for ornamental + planting. + + ++WHITE ASH+ _Fraxinus americana_ L. + +THE white ash is found throughout the State, but grows to best advantage +in the rich moist soils of bottom lands. It reaches an average height of +50 to 80 feet and a diameter of 2 to 3 feet, though much larger trees +are found in virgin forests. The _bark_ varies in color from a light +gray to a gray-brown. The rather narrow ridges are separated with marked +regularity by deep, diamond-shaped fissures. + +[Illustration: WHITE ASH + +Twig, one-half natural size. Leaf, one-third natural size.] + +The opposite _leaves_ of the white ash are from 8 to 12 inches long and +have from 5 to 9 plainly stalked, sharp-pointed leaflets, dark green and +smooth above, pale green beneath. + +The _flowers_ are of two kinds on different trees, the staminate in +dense reddish-purple clusters and the pistillate in more open bunches. +The _fruit_ of the ash is winged, 1 to 1-1/2 inches long, resembling the +blade of a canoe paddle in outline, with the seed at the handle end. The +fruits mature in late summer and are distributed effectively by the +winds. + +The _wood_ of the white ash is extremely valuable on account of its +toughness and elasticity. It is preferred to all other native woods for +small tool handles, such athletic implements as rackets, bats, and oars, +and agricultural implements. It is also used extensively for furniture +and interior finish. + + The green ash, _Fraxinus pennsylvanica lanceolata_ Sarg., is common in + stream valleys throughout the State. The hairy form of this tree is + known as the red ash. This species differs from the white ash in + having the leaves bright green or yellow-green on both sides. The + fruit has the wing portion extending well down past the middle of the + seed-bearing part, and with the wing sometimes square or slightly + notched at the outer end. The wood is similar to that of the white + ash, but is not quite so tough. + + ++BLUE ASH+ _Fraxinus quadrangulata_ Michx. + +THE blue ash is not very common but widely distributed in the upland +portions of the State, where it is limited to limestone bluffs, +occasionally descending to the adjacent bottom lands. It becomes a large +tree 60 feet or more in height with a trunk 2 feet in diameter. The +young twigs are usually square, sometimes winged or 4-ridged between the +leaf bases. + +[Illustration: BLUE ASH + +Leaf, one-third natural size. Fruit and twig, two-thirds natural size.] + +The _bark_ is light gray tinged with red, 1/2 to 2/3 inch thick, +irregularly divided into large plate-like scales. Macerating the inner +bark in water yields a blue dye. + +The _leaves_ are 8 to 12 inches long, having 7 to 11 stalked leaflets, +long pointed and coarsely toothed, thick and firm, smooth and +yellowish-green above, paler beneath. + +The _flowers_ are without petals and appear in clusters when the buds +begin to expand. + +The _fruit_ is flattened and oblong, 1 to 2 inches long and less than +1/2 inch wide and usually notched at the outer end. The wing is about +twice the length of the seed-bearing portion and extends down the sides +past the middle. + +The _wood_ is heavy, hard, and close-grained, light yellow, streaked +with brown, with a very broad zone of lighter sapwood. It is not usually +distinguished commercially from the wood of other ashes. + + The pumpkin ash, _Fraxinus tomentosa_ Michx., grows in deep river + swamps in southern Illinois. It is a tall slender tree, usually with a + much enlarged base. The twigs are light gray. The leaves, with 7 to 9 + leaflets, smooth above and soft downy below, are from 10 to 18 inches + long. + + The black ash, _Fraxinus nigra_ Marsh., appears occasionally on the + flood plains in the northern part of the State. It may be known by its + ashy light gray bark, its very thick twigs and sessile, long-pointed + sharply serrate leaflets. + + ++CATALPA+ _Catalpa speciosa_ Warder + +THIS is a native to the Wabash Valley of Illinois, but has been widely +planted and has spread somewhat farther as a result of cultivation. It +is a medium sized tree with a short trunk and broad head with spreading +branches. Because of its attractive flowers and conspicuous heart-shaped +leaves, it is considerably used for shade and ornament. The _bark_ +varies from dark gray to brown, slightly rough, being divided in narrow +shallow strips or flakes. The _leaves_ are simple, opposite, oval, +long-pointed, 6 to 10 inches long, and heart-shaped at the base. + +[Illustration: CATALPA + +Leaf, one-third natural size. Twig, two-thirds natural size.] + +The _flowers_ appear in clusters or panicles in May or June. They are +white with purple and yellow markings, and this makes them decidedly +showy and attractive. The _fruit_ consists of a bean-like pod, 8 to 16 +inches long. It hangs on the tree over winter and gradually splits into +2 parts, or valves. The seeds are about 1 inch long and terminate in +wings that are rounded and short-fringed at the ends. They are freely +carried by the wind. + +The _wood_ is rather soft, light, coarse-grained and durable in contact +with the soil. It is used for fence posts, poles and fuel, and +occasionally for railroad ties. + + The paulownia, _Paulownia tomentosa_ (Thumb). Steud., is a large tree + native of China with the aspect of the catalpa with broad opposite + leaves. Its upright pyramidal clusters of pale violet flowers which + appear with the unfolding of the leaves are strikingly handsome. The + individual flowers are bell-shaped, two inches long and spotted with + darker purple. + + + + +DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION + + +Division of Forestry + +THE State Division of Forestry was organized in 1926 as a division of +the Department of Conservation. It was organized at that time as a +result of an increased need for proper forestry practices within the +State on the part of the owners of timber land and potential timber +lands. + +The objectives of the Division are as follows: + + 1. To promote and assist in the reforestation of idle lands unfit for + agriculture. + + 2. To prevent and control woods fires. + + 3. To control erosion by the planting of trees. + + 4. To establish State forests to act as demonstration areas in timber + land management. + + 5. To assist Illinois farmers, landowners, and corporations in + woodland management practices. + + 6. To assist in the establishment of county and community forests. + + 7. To disseminate forestry knowledge through the publication of + forestry literature. + + +Reforestation + +Illinois has within its total land area of approximately 35,800,000 +acres, 2,500,000 acres of land that should be reforested. These lands +are lying idle at present due to the fact that they are too poor for +agricultural purposes. As such they provide an economic burden to their +owners and to the State because they are unproductive. These same lands +will grow trees profitably, therefore, it is necessary that they be +planted to trees for a future timber crop which ultimately will bring a +revenue to the landowners and community. + +To meet this situation, the Department of Conservation, Division of +Forestry has developed two large forest tree nurseries capable of +producing 15,000,000 trees annually for reforestation and erosion +control purposes. These trees are available to farmers and landowners at +prices varying from $5.00 to $15.00 per thousand, dependent upon the +species of trees desired. Trees secured from the State must be used only +for reforestation and erosion control and cannot be used for landscape +or ornamental plantings. + +Definite progress has been made in the State reforestation program of +idle lands. The first major distribution of trees took place in 1936 at +which time 300,000 trees were planted in the State. Since 1936 the +State's reforestation program has steadily been enlarged to the extent +that in 1940, 6,250,000 trees were distributed from State nurseries and +in 1954, 9,996,000 trees left the Division's nurseries to be planted by +farmers and public agencies in the State. + +Considerable progress has been made, however, it is hoped that the +reforestation program in Illinois will continue to expand until all idle +lands in Illinois are growing a useful timber crop. + + +Forest Fire Protection + +Woodland fires in Illinois always present a serious problem to the +future growth and quality of our forests. Thousands of dollars worth of +damage is done annually to our existing woodlands by fires which not +only destroy our merchantable timber but also cause severe mortality to +young forest seedlings. Fires seriously affect the soil, destroy +wildlife and disrupt the entire biological balance of the forest. Every +effort should be made, therefore, to prevent woods fires. + +In 1938 the State Division of Forestry inaugurated a program in forest +fire protection. Since that time ten fire protection districts and a +forest fire protection headquarters have been established in southern +Illinois. Fire fighting personnel has been hired, radio communication +established, and ten State forest fire towers have been erected. Fire +protection has been established on all State forests. Necessary tools +and equipment for use by both forestry personnel and volunteer groups +have been purchased. As a result, 3,674,000 acres of State and private +land are now receiving fire protection. This program will be enlarged as +funds permit until all woodland acreage in need of protection will +receive necessary fire protection. + +Our forest resources are a valuable asset to Illinois and one of the +most valuable renewable resources that we have. They can only be so, +however, if adequate forest fire protection is afforded them. + + +Woodland Management + +Illinois' total forest acreage, when our first settlers came to the +State, included 15,273,000 acres of the finest timber to be found in the +Middle West. This represented 42 per cent of the total acreage. Although +Illinois today is considered strictly an agricultural State, at one time +we were rich in forest resources and they were the State's most valuable +asset. Today Illinois has but 3,996,000 acres of woodlands of which 92% +is in private ownership. The trained foresters of the Division of +Forestry are making every effort to assist farmers and landowners in +their woodland management problems. It is vitally necessary that proper +forestry practices be conducted on our woodlands today in order that the +landowners realize an income from their forest lands and thereby make +them an asset rather than a liability. Advice on woodland management is +available free of charge from the Division. + +The marketing and proper utilization of our existing forest resources is +the concern of the Division of Forestry. Approximately 1,000 small +sawmills are operating in the State and, of course, much timber is +needed annually to keep such mills in operation. Every effort is being +made to advise timber landowners as to proper cutting practices and +disposal of merchantable timber. + + +State Forests + +The State at present has 10,110 acres in State forests. It is hoped that +this acreage can be enlarged in future years as State appropriations +permit. The above acreage includes three State forests located in Union, +Mason and Henderson counties. Illinois State forests will always be +smaller than those of other states because of the unavailability of low +valued land. The Division's proposed State forest plan provides for a +large number of small State forests throughout the State which would +serve as ideal examples of proper woodland management and reforestation +practices. As funds permit these will be acquired in the future. + +Our State forests provide ideal recreational areas at present and +thousands of visitors use them annually. In addition, as the timber +matures on them, they will provide a revenue from timber sales and +become self-sustaining. + + +Community Forests + +Community forests are the oldest type of forest lands in public +ownership. Some have been in existence for 200 years in the eastern +states and records of older community forests have been found in some of +the European countries. The Division of Forestry is cooperating with +counties and communities in an effort to get a large scale community +forest program in Illinois. To date there are 58 community forests +having a total acreage of 52,296 acres. Up to the present time 700,000 +trees have been planted on these areas in cooperation with the Division +of Forestry. + +Nine counties in the State have County Forest Preserve Districts at +present. The ratio of ten acres for each 1,000 population within the +county appears to be a fair goal for county forest preserve systems in +accordance with the Illinois State Planning Commission. On this basis 19 +counties in Illinois should have forest preserves. + + +Summary + +As a result of increased appropriations for forestry in recent years a +definite well-planned forestry program is in effect in Illinois. For +additional information on the Division's activities, write the State +Forester, Springfield. + + + + +INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC NAMES + + + Page + + Acer + negundo, 58 + nigrum, 56 + platanoides, 58 + rubrum, 57 + saccharum, 56 + saccharinum, 57 + + Aesculus + hippocastanum, 59 + glabra, 59 + + Ailanthus + altissima, 54 + + Alnus + glutinosa, 19 + incana, 19 + + Amelanchier + arborea, 46 + canadensis, 46 + laevis, 46 + + Aralia + spinosa, 63 + + Asimina + tribola, 41 + + + Betula + lutea, 21 + nigra, 21 + papyrifera, 20 + + + Carpinus + caroliniana, 19 + + Carya + aquatica, 13, 15 + buckleyi, 13, 18 + cordiformis, 13, 14 + glabra, 13, 18 + illinoensis, 13, 15 + laciniosa, 13, 16 + ovalis, 13, 17 + ovata, 13, 16 + pecan, 15 + tomentosa, 13, 17 + + Castanea + dentata, 22 + + Catalpa + speciosa, 66 + + Celtis + leavigata, 36 + occidentalis, 36 + + Cercis + canadensis, 52 + + Cornus + alternifolia, 61 + florida, 61 + + Crataegus + calpodendron, 47 + crus-galli, 47 + mollis, 48 + phoenopyrum, 48 + punctata, 47 + viridis, 48 + + + Diospyros + virginiana, 63 + + + Fagus + grandifolia, 22 + + Fraxinus + americana, 64 + nigra, 65 + pennsylvanica, 64 + quadrangulata, 65 + tomentosa, 65 + + + Gleditsia + aquatica, 51 + triacanthos, 51 + + Gymnocladus + dioicus, 52 + + + Juglans + cinerea, 12 + nigra, 11 + + Juniperus + virginiana, 7 + + + Larix + decidua, 6 + laricina, 6 + + Liquidambar + styraciflua, 43 + + Liriodendron + tulipifera, 40 + + + Maclura + pomifera, 37 + + Magnolia + acuminata, 39 + + Malus + coronaria, 45 + iensis, 45 + + + + Morus + alba, 38 + rubra, 38 + + + Nyssa + aquatica, 62 + sylvatica, 62 + + + Ostrya + virginiana, 20 + + + Paulownia + tomentosa, 66 + + Picea + abies, 5 + + Pinus + banksiana, 5 + echinata, 5 + nigra, 4 + strobus, 4 + sylvestris, 5 + + Planera + aquatica, 35 + + Platanus + acerifolia, 44 + occidentalis, 44 + + Populus + alba, 9 + deltoides, 9 + grandidenta, 8 + nigra, 9 + heterophylla, 9 + tacamahaca, 9 + tremuloides, 8 + + Prunus + americana, 49 + hortulana, 49 + nigra, 49 + pennsylvanica, 50 + serotina, 50 + virginiana, 50 + + + Quercus + alba, 23, 24 + borealis, 28 + bicolor, 23, 25 + coccinea, 23, 30 + digitata, 31 + ellipsoidalis, 23, 29 + falcata, 23, 31 + imbricaria, 23, 33 + lyrata, 23, 24 + macrocarpa, 23, 25 + marilandica, 23, 32 + montana, 26 + muhlenbergii, 23, 26 + pagodaefolia, 31 + palustris, 23, 30 + phellos, 23, 33 + prinus, 23, 26 + rubra, 28, 31 + shumardii, 23, 28 + stellata, 23, 27 + velutina, 23, 29 + + + Rhus + copallina, 55 + glabra, 55 + typhina, 55 + + Robinia + pseudoacacia, 53 + + + Sassafras + albidum, 42 + + Salix + alba, 10 + amygdaloides, 10 + babylonica, 10 + nigra, 10 + fragilis, 10 + + + Taxodium + distichum, 6 + + Thuja + occidentalis, 7 + + Tilia + americana, 60 + heterophylla, 60 + + + Ulmus + alata, 34 + americana, 34 + fulva, 35 + rubra, 35 + thomasi, 34 + +[Illustration: Backcover] + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Forest Trees of Illinois, by +Fuller George D. and Nuuttila E. 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