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diff --git a/37632-h/37632-h.htm b/37632-h/37632-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..858511b --- /dev/null +++ b/37632-h/37632-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,1689 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> +<!-- $Id: header.txt 236 2009-12-07 18:57:00Z vlsimpson $ --> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of Journal of Entomology and Zoology; +Volume 11, Number 4, December 1919, by Pomona College Department of Zoology. + </title> + <style type="text/css"> + +body { + margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; +} + + h1,h2,h3,h4 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; +} + +p { + margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; +} + + p.title { text-align: center; text-indent: 0; + font-weight: bold; + line-height: 1.4; margin-bottom: 3em; } + + p.title2 { text-align: left; text-indent: 0; + font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.15em; + line-height: 1.4; margin-bottom: 1em; } + + +hr { + width: 33%; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; +} + +table { + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; +} + +.pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: smaller; + text-align: right; +} + +.blockquot { + margin-left: 5%; + margin-right: 10%; +} + +ul {list-style-type: none;} + +li {list-style-type: none;} + +.left {float: left; text-align: left;} + +.right {float: right; text-align: right;} + +.i2 {display: block; margin-left: 1.5em; + padding-left: 1.5em; text-indent: -1.5em; + margin-left: 5%; + margin-right: 10%;} + +.ci2 {display: block; margin-left: 1.5em; + padding-left: 1.5em; text-indent: 0em; + margin-left: 5%; + margin-right: 10%;} + +.i4 {display: block; margin-left: 2.5em; + padding-left: 2.5em; text-indent: -2.5em; + margin-left: 5%; + margin-right: 10%;} + +.author {text-align: right; margin-right: 5%;} + +.bbox {border: solid 2px;} + +.center {text-align: center;} + +.smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + +.u {text-decoration: underline;} + +.caption {font-weight: bold;} + +.figcenter { + margin: auto; + text-align: center; +} + +.footnotes {border: dashed 1px;} + +.footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} + +.footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} + +.fnanchor { + vertical-align: super; + font-size: .8em; + text-decoration: + none; +} + + + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Journal of Entomology and Zoology, by +Horace Gunthorp and Charles P. Alexander and W. A. Hilton + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Journal of Entomology and Zoology + Volume 11, Number 4, December 1919 + +Author: Horace Gunthorp + Charles P. Alexander + W. A. Hilton + +Editor: Pomona College Department of Zoology + +Release Date: October 5, 2011 [EBook #37632] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY *** + + + + +Produced by Larry B. Harrison, Diane Monico, and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + + + + + +<h1><small><span class="left">VOLUME ELEVEN</span> <span class="right">NUMBER FOUR</span></small><br /><br /> + +JOURNAL<br /> +<small>OF</small><br /> +ENTOMOLOGY<br /> +<small>AND</small><br /> +ZOOLOGY<br /><br /> + +<small>DECEMBER, 1919</small> +</h1> + +<p class="title">PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY<br /> +POMONA COLLEGE DEPARTMENT <i>of</i> ZOOLOGY<br /> +CLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA, U. S. A.<br /><br /> +</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="CONTENTS" id="CONTENTS"></a>CONTENTS</h2> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="toc"> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="right">Page</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Notes on the Behavior of the Social Wasp Polistes—<i>Horace Gunthorp</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_63">63</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Biology of the North American Crane-Flies. V. The Genus Dicranoptycha—<i>Charles P. Alexander</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_67">67</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">The Central Nervous System of Nucula and Malletia—<i>W. A. Hilton</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_75">75</a></td></tr> +</table> +</div> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p class="center"><small>Entered Claremont, Cal., Post-Office Oct. 1, 1910, as second-class matter, under Act of Congress of +March 3, 1879</small></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="Journal_of_Entomology_and_Zoology" id="Journal_of_Entomology_and_Zoology"></a>Journal of Entomology and Zoology</h2> + +<p class="title">EDITED BY POMONA COLLEGE, DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY</p> + + +<p><i>Subscription</i> $1.00 to domestic, $1.25 to foreign countries.</p> + +<p>This journal is especially offered in exchange for zoological +and entomological journals, proceedings, transactions, reports +of societies, museums, laboratories and expeditions.</p> + +<p>The pages of the journal are especially open to western entomologists +and zoologists. Notes and papers relating to western +and Californian forms and conditions are particularly desired, +but short morphological, systematic or economic studies from +any locality will be considered for publication.</p> + +<p>Manuscripts submitted should be typewritten on one side of +paper about 8 by 11 inches. Foot notes, tables, explanations of +figures, etc., should be written on separate sheets. Foot notes +and figures should be numbered consecutively throughout. The +desired position of foot notes and figures should be clearly +indicated in the manuscript.</p> + +<p>Figures should be drawn so that they may be reproduced as +line cuts so far as possible. An unusually large number of half +tones must be paid for in part by the author. Other more +expensive illustrations will be furnished at cost. Figures for +cuts should be made to conform to the size of the page when +reduced, that is, 5 by 7-1/2 inches or less. The lettering should +be by means of printed numbers and letters pasted on the +drawings, in most cases.</p> + +<p>Authors of articles longer than a thousand words will receive +fifty reprints of their publications free of cost. If more than +this are desired, the order should be given with the return of +the proof sheets. Extra copies and special covers or special +paper will be furnished at cost. Authors of short contributions +will receive a few extra copies of the number containing their +articles.</p> + +<p>Manuscripts should be sent by express or registered mail.</p> + +<p>Address all communications to</p> + +<p> +<span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 2em;">The Journal of Entomology and Zoology</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 10em;">William A. Hilton, Editor</span><br /> +Claremont, California, U. S. A.<br /> +</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="Notes_on_the_Behavior_of_the_Social_Wasp_Polistes" id="Notes_on_the_Behavior_of_the_Social_Wasp_Polistes"></a>Notes on the Behavior of the Social Wasp Polistes</h2> + +<p class="title">HORACE GUNTHORP<br /> +Washburn College, Topeka, Kans.</p> + + +<p>One day last September the writer picked up a nest of the common social wasp, +<i>Polistes</i>, which had been detached from its support, and placed it upon his desk. A +short time later he was attracted by a scratching sound, and discovered that one of +the wasps was just beginning to cut the cap from its cell preparatory to emerging. +During the next few days a series of observations were made and notes taken covering +the behavior of the wasps which emerged from their cells during that period. Miss +Enteman<a name="FNanchor_A_1" id="FNanchor_A_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_1" class="fnanchor">[A]</a> has made a careful study of the instincts of the social wasps, and while the +observations recorded in the present paper are largely corroborative of her work, some +interesting details are here added.</p> + +<p>The cutting of the cap of the cell occupied some time, and extended around four-fifths +of its circumference, the remaining one-fifth being gnawed and partially chewed +through so that it was flexible enough to act as a hinge for the cap. After the cap was +sufficiently cut away, the wasp started to slowly work itself out, pushing up the top +of the cell like a trap door as progress was made. A good deal of effort was required +to get the body out until the front legs were freed. Then the wasp had more purchase +and progress was somewhat faster until the second pair of legs came out. After this +slight effort seemed to be necessary for the completion of the operation.</p> + +<p>For the next thirty minutes careful observations were made of the movements of +this wasp in order to ascertain its first reactions. It is evident that they would be +somewhat modified from what they are here recorded if the colony had contained the +queen and other workers, as this specimen had the run of the entire nest, and none of +its movements were effected by those of other individuals. It is equally evident that +all stimuli came from within, or from contact with the nest, and not from suggestions +received from other individuals or from contact with them. The following is the +record made at one minute intervals, beginning with the time the specimen left its cell:</p> + +<div class="i4"> +<p>8:06. Specimen emerged from its cell.</p> + +<p>8:07. Cleaned its front legs in its mouth and its antennæ with its front legs.</p> + +<p>8:08. Moved around some. Rubbed its wings with its hind legs and spread them out +twice.</p> + +<p>8:09. Cleaned antennæ and front legs.</p> + +<p>8:10. Swung abdomen back and forth, and brushed its wings. Moved around the nest +rapidly and waved the antennæ, but all movements were jerky.</p> + +<p>8:11. Explored nest, occasionally rubbing abdomen with legs.</p> + +<p>8:12. Explored nest.</p> + +<p>8:13. Explored nest. Movements unsteady. Cleaned antennæ and front legs.</p> + +<p>8:14. Explored nest, in the course of which it went over the edge on to the back side, +but immediately returned to the under side. Cleaned the front legs and +antennæ, and then the hind legs.</p> + +<p>8:15. Spread out the wings. Cleaned the antennæ.</p> + +<p>8:16. Cleaned abdomen.</p> + +<p>8:17. Crawled on top or back side of nest again and stayed there. Cleaned wings +and abdomen.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span></p> +<p>8:18. Explored top. Cleaned front legs and antennæ.</p> + +<p>8:19. Stood still. Occasional movement of head, antennæ or abdomen.</p> + +<p>8:20. Same as 8:19.</p> + +<p>8:21. Began to explore again, becoming quite lively. Antennæ constantly waving.</p> + +<p>8:22. Same as 8:21, but extended its travels to the under (cell) side of the nest.</p> + +<p>8:23. Left the nest entirely and began to walk around the surface of the desk.</p> + +<p>8:24. Started to climb a bottle that was some six inches from the nest. Antennæ still +waving.</p> + +<p>8:25. On the neck of the bottle, two inches above the surface of the desk. Cleaned +front legs and antennæ.</p> + +<p>8:26. Quiet except that it spread its wings once.</p> + +<p>8:27. Still on neck of bottle. Moved its head and antennæ back and forth.</p> + +<p>8:28. Slight change in position. Antennæ were still waving. Rubbed its wings, spread +them, and then rubbed them again.</p> + +<p>8:29. Rubbed its hind legs together vigorously.</p> + +<p>8:30. Spread wings once, then rubbed them and the abdomen with the hind legs. +Rubbed the hind legs together, and finally rubbed the right wings vigorously.</p> + +<p>8:31. Moved around some, occasionally stopping to rub the right wings.</p> + +<p>8:32. Explored the neck of the bottle.</p> + +<p>8:33. Same as 8:32. Cleaned antennæ.</p> + +<p>8:34. Same as 8:33.</p> + +<p>8:35. Stood still but continued to clean antennæ and front legs.</p> + +<p>8:36. Climbed up and explored the cork of the bottle.</p> + +<p>8:37-8:40. Stood still on the cork, occasionally moving its jaws.</p> +</div> + +<p>At 8:40 the nest was placed against the cork and the wasp immediately crawled +onto it, but seemed restless. As the nest has a faint, but distinct, odor of honey, it was +probably attracted to it through the sense of smell.</p> + +<p>The next morning the specimen was nowhere in sight, but forty-eight hours later it +fell out of a loose-leaf binder that had been lying on the desk. It seemed to be as +active as when seen two days before. Some time during the second night after the +appearance of the first specimen, that is, when it was some thirty hours old, a second +individual emerged. This one was discovered on a pile of books two feet from the +nest where it had evidently crawled soon after emerging.</p> + +<p>As soon as the first specimen was rediscovered, that is, when it was sixty hours +old, the second wasp then being thirty hours old, the two were placed on the nest, and +this in turn was placed on a book. They both started on tours of observation, and +every time they came in contact with each other they made sudden starts and jumps +to avoid an evidently startling new object, meanwhile violently waving their antennæ +and often cleaning these organs after such contact. Dr. Enteman says, "All wasps +possess the instinct of fear. This ... is readily overcome by the frequent appearance +of the awe-inspiring object." This is true, because they were evidently on +familiar terms with each other in half an hour, and paid very little attention to the +frequent meetings which before had apparently distressed them. They wandered +freely over their nest and the top surface of the book on which it was placed, but did +not attempt to climb off the latter.</p> + +<p>At 12 o'clock, four hours later, a third wasp had appeared, and none of the specimens +seemed to be disturbed by the presence of the others. When the nest was first +picked up, one cell containing a well formed pupa was uncapped. This specimen was +then alive, but it may have been dead at the time of this observation. In either case, +it had been dragged out of its cell, decapitated, and the front legs torn off. No trace +of the head was found, but the body and legs were on the book about one inch from +the nest. Whether this act was connected with the hunger of the wasps themselves or<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span> +with the first development of the instinct of feeding the larvæ in the nest, which Miss +Enteman says begins without imitation, is not clear.</p> + +<p>At 2 p. m. (two hours later) the colony was placed out of doors, still on the book. +Two of the wasps soon left the latter, and settled near it, keeping very quiet for half +an hour. The third kept climbing over and around the nest. At 2:30 one of the two +wasps returned to the nest.</p> + +<p>At 3 p. m. two of the specimens were on the ground near the porch. They made +only short flights, resembling jumps with the wings assisting, this being true even when +they were disturbed. The third wasp was beside the colony, chewing on the decapitated +pupa, probably getting some nourishment from it in the process.</p> + +<p>During the afternoon the nest was disturbed, and at 6 p. m. all three specimens +had gone from the porch. One was found wandering aimlessly on a canna leaf near +by. It did not seem to be able to fly well. The other two had disappeared entirely.</p> + +<p>The nest was saved and several days later a fourth wasp appeared. It was a +very lively specimen, and spent the first few hours actively exploring the nest. It +seemed of a very nervous disposition, being more easily disturbed than any of the +others had been. Every time the nest was picked up, it would start for the fingers or +forceps holding it. At one time it was observed with its whole body in a cell, head +downward, evidently examining the interior. After staying close to the nest for a day, +it began to fly around the floor of the room, paying no more attention to its former +home. Even when it was placed on or near it, it would almost immediately crawl or +fly away. Its flying was erratic, and seemed to lack power, but it got along much +better than any of the other three had done.</p> + +<p>From the above observations it would appear that the movements of the wasp +recorded at one minute intervals after emergence from its cell were probably reactions +due to the discomfort of the drying and hardening of the tissues. At first the wasps +apparently had very little, if any, home instinct. The only things to indicate that +they had any were the facts that the first specimen so readily left the cork on which it +was sitting and went back to its nest when the latter was held near it, and the fourth +wasp stayed on or near the nest for the first twelve hours. But all the specimens +observed left the nest the first night and showed no intention or disposition to return. +The presence of a second wasp seemed to bring the home instinct into existence more +forcibly, as the first and second wasps stayed with the nest for six or seven hours +when they were returned to it together, while the fourth one repeatedly left the empty +nest almost at once when it was returned to it. But this instinct was seemingly not very +strong, as they soon wandered away when placed out of doors. They seemed to have +no idea as to how to carry on the work of the colony, but wandered aimlessly over it. +Perhaps this was due to the fact that they were too young, as Miss Enteman says the +development of the nursing instinct is usually manifested "any time after the first half +day of imaginal life," but was observed in some neuters as young as four hours, while +in others it was delayed for two weeks.</p> + +<p>While the above observations are admittedly too few from which to draw definite +conclusions, they seem to warrant the following assumptions, the first three of which +are quoted from Miss Enteman, and hence are simply corroborative of her work:</p> + +<div class="i2"><p>1. "All wasps possess the instinct of fear. This is especially strong the first few days +after emergence, but is readily overcome by the frequent appearance of the +awe-inspiring object.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span></p> + +<p>2. "In a sense, the wasp remembers. This is indicated by the manner in which it +accustoms itself to the sight of strange objects, and by its behavior when a +change is made in its nest or surroundings.</p> + +<p>3. "It shows considerable individual variability, both as to time and manner of its +response to stimuli."</p> + +<p>4. After emergence, the first reactions are associated simply with the discomfort of +the hardening of the tissues.</p> + +<p>5. It has marked curiosity, as shown by its repeated inspection of its nest and other +familiar objects.</p> + +<p>6. The "home instinct" seems to be slight when the wasp is alone, but becomes stronger +when two or more are on the same nest.</p> + +<p>7. The olfactory sense is closely associated with the early instincts of the wasp.</p></div> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_A_1" id="Footnote_A_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_1"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> Minnie Marie Enteman. "Some Observations on the Behavior of the Social Wasps." Pop. +Sci. Mo., 61: 339-351, 1902.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="The_Biology_of_the_North_American_Crane-Flies" id="The_Biology_of_the_North_American_Crane-Flies"></a>The Biology of the North American Crane-Flies</h2> + +<p class="title">(Tipulidæ, Diptera)<br /><br /> + +V. The Genus Dicranoptycha Osten Sacken<br /><br /> + +BY CHARLES P. ALEXANDER, Ph.D. (Cornell)</p> + + +<h3>GENERIC DIAGNOSIS</h3> + +<p><i>Larva.</i> Form very elongate, terete; integument smooth, glassy, transparent; abdominal +segments two to eight with a basal transverse band or area of microscopic chitinized +points on the ventral surface; segment eight with a similar band on the dorsum. +Spiracular disk surrounded by four lobes, the lateral pair more slender than the blunt +ventral pair; dorsal lobe very low or lacking; spiracles small, widely separated; a +triangular brown mark on the disk between the spiracles; anal gills a fleshy protuberant +ring surrounding the anus. Head-capsule compact, massive, the præfrons large +with a few marginal punctures; externo-lateral plates very broad. Labrum large, flattened, +pale; antennæ two-segmented, the apical segment almost as long as the basal +segment, narrowed to the blunt tip; mandibles with a blunt dorsal and two blunt +ventral teeth; maxillæ generalized in structure; hypopharynx a rounded cushion; +mentum deeply split behind but not completely divided, with three principle teeth and +a small lateral tooth on either side.</p> + +<p><i>Pupa.</i> Cephalic crest low, depressed, setiferous; labrum tumid; labial lobes oval, +contiguous; antennal sheaths ending opposite the base of the wing. Pronotal breathing-horns +microscopic, represented only by tiny triangular tubercles; mesonotum unarmed; +wing-sheaths ending opposite the middle of the third abdominal segment; leg-sheaths +ending opposite the base of the fifth abdominal segment, the tarsi terminating +on a level, or nearly so. Abdominal tergites and sternites each with four transverse +rows of microscopic setæ; lateral spiracles on segments two to seven.</p> + + +<h3>DISCUSSION OF THE GENUS</h3> + +<p>The genus <i>Dicranoptycha</i> was erected by Osten Sacken in 1860 (Proc. Acad. Nat. +Sci. Phila. for 1859, p. 217). The genus includes a small group of crane-flies with a +Holarctic distribution, there being about six species in North America and two, or possibly +three, in Europe. As I have indicated elsewhere, <i>D. signaticollis</i> v.d.W. of Java +is undoubtedly a species of <i>Libnotes</i>. Of the American species, <i>D. germana</i> O.S. is +characteristic of the Canadian life-zone of northeastern America. <i>D. sobrina</i> O.S. is +widely distributed in the United States and southern Canada, usually occurring in the +Transitional and Upper Austral life-zones. So far as known at present it is the only +species of the genus occurring on the Pacific slope. The remaining American species +(<i>nigripes</i> O.S., <i>winnemana</i> Alex., <i>tigrina</i> Alex. and <i>minima</i> Alex.) are Austral in distribution, +occurring in the southeastern and south central United States. A more detailed +account of the distribution of the species is given in another paper by the writer +which may be consulted (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. for 1916, pp. 496, 497). All of +the known species are generally similar to one another in appearance and are separated +by relatively slight differences of size, color and structure.</p> + +<p>Nothing has ever been written concerning the immature stages of this peculiar<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span> +group of crane-flies. The species described hereinafter were reared at Lawrence, +Kansas, and the general conditions under which they occur may be briefly discussed:</p> + +<p>North Hollow, on the Campus of the University of Kansas, is a typical dry Austral +woodland traversed by a small stream that is entirely dry during the months of midsummer +drought. The soil consists of a rich black humus that is soft and mellow +except during the period of greatest dryness, being overlain by a varying depth of vegetable +debris and leaf-mold. It is in this relatively dry soil that the larvæ of +<i>Dicranoptycha</i> occur. The forest cover consists of Carolina poplar, <i>Populus deltoides</i> +Marsh; black walnut, <i>Juglans nigra</i> L., white elm, <i>Ulmus americana</i> L.; Kentucky +coffee-tree, <i>Gymnocladus dioica</i> (L.) Koch; honey locust, <i>Gleditsia triacanthos</i> L.; red +bud, <i>Cercis canadensis</i> L.; yellow wood, <i>Cladrastis lutea</i> (Mx.f.) Koch; tree-of-heaven, +<i>Ailanthus glandulosa</i> Desf., etc. The principle shrubs are the goose-berry, <i>Ribes +gracile</i> Mx.; poison ivy, <i>Rhus Toxicodendron</i> L.; wahoo, <i>Evonymus atropurpureus</i> +Jacq.; bladder-nut, <i>Staphylea trifolia</i> L.; coral-berry, <i>Symphoricarpos orbiculatus</i> +Moench.; blackberried elder, <i>Sambucus canadensis</i> L., etc. The herbage is made up +of tall grasses, composites and, in the spring, the all-dominant cleavers, <i>Galium</i>. In +addition to the above, great tangles of lianas (<i>Smilax</i>, <i>Vitis</i>, <i>Ampelopsis</i>, etc.) are +found.</p> + +<p>In situations such as the above these Austral species of <i>Dicranoptycha</i> spend their +entire lives. The first larvæ of <i>D. winnemana</i> were found here on March 20, 1918, +by the writer and his wife. At this time they were well grown (length 16 mm.; diameter +0.9 mm.). They occurred just beneath the cover of fallen leaves and other debris +in the upper layers of soil. Here they were associated with pupæ of <i>Tipula angustipennis</i> +Lw., larvæ of <i>Sciara</i> (Mycetophilidæ); <i>Psilocephala hæmorrhoidalis</i> Macq. +(Therevidæ), numerous beetle larvæ, centipedes, etc. By their elongate form and +glabrous shiny skin they are very characteristic and easily recognized. The glassy +appearance of the body suggests the shiny shells of a small coiled molluscan whose +dead fragments occurred in some numbers in the same situations. These larvæ were +placed in rearing and the first adults appeared in the breeding-cages on May 6, and +from that time on continued to appear in large numbers. It was over a month later +that the first individuals were taken in the field. The pupal duration could not be +determined closer than ten days, and this may be the usual length of time required +for this stage. The first larvæ of <i>D. minima</i> were found on July 2, 1918, in similar +situations in North Hollow. At this time they were only about one-half grown. On +July 11 much larger larvæ of this species were secured and placed in rearing, emerging +as adults on July 21. The larvæ, like these of <i>D. winnemana</i>, live just beneath +the layer of leaf-mold in the upper zone of black soil. They are usually quite sluggish +in their motions but at other times are quite active. The larvæ are herbivores +and feed on the rich organic earth in their haunts. When ready to pupate, they +encase themselves in earthen cells (10 mm. × 3.5 mm.), firm in texture, rather thick-walled +but without silk. There is a small opening at either end. The length of the +cavity is but little greater than the pupa itself. In this cavity the pupa rests and +matures. As in other insects, the teneral pupæ are very pale yellow but gradually +darken in color until, at emergence, they are of a dark brownish-black. When newly +transformed the teneral flies rest on the ground and on the leaves of low plants nearby.</p> + +<p>The adult flies of <i>D. germana</i> usually occur in the immediate neighborhood of +running or stagnant water and may be swept from the rank vegetation in such places. +The flies rest on the upper surface of the leaves of tall herbs and low shrubs. In<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span> +eastern Kansas, the flies of <i>D. winnemana</i>, <i>D. tigrina</i> and <i>D. minima</i> often occur +together. In June, <i>D. winnemana</i> appears on the wing and is found associated with +<i>Tipula morrisoni</i> Alex., <i>T. mingwe</i> Alex., etc.; in July, <i>D. minima</i> appears, together +with <i>Tipula flavibasis</i> Alex., <i>T. unimaculata</i> Lw., etc.; still later in July <i>D. tigrina</i> +emerges and all three species fly together during August and into September when +they fly with <i>Tipula ultima</i> Alex., <i>T. unifasciata</i> Lw., etc. It is curious that no other +species of Limnobiinæ occur in the thamnophytic association frequented by <i>Dicranoptycha</i>. +All three species of this genus as discussed above have habits that are generally +similar to one another. They are usually found resting quietly on the upper +surface of the leaves but fly readily and on slight disturbance. Pairs in copulation +are often found resting, the bodies directed away from one another and the wings +folded over the abdomen. While thus united they fly readily, sometimes the female +taking the initiative, sometimes the rather smaller male. The eggs are deposited in +the soft earth in these situations.</p> + + +<h3>NATURAL AFFINITIES</h3> + +<p>In the Monographs (1869) Osten Sacken included the genus <i>Dicranoptycha</i> in his +tribe (section) Limnobina anomala, or, as it subsequently became known, the Rhamphidini, +and still later the Antochini. A recent survey of the immature stages of several +Antochine genera has shown that the tribe is merely an artificial grouping based on +superficial resemblance of the adult flies. This heterogeneous assemblage includes +representatives of at least three other tribes, <i>Dicranoptycha</i>, together with <i>Antocha</i>, +<i>Elliptera</i>, <i>Rhamphidia</i>, etc., showing an undeniable affinity with the Limnobiini, +whereas <i>Teucholabis</i>, <i>Elephantomyia</i>, etc., show an equally clear relationship with the +Eriopterini. Moreover a close phylogenetic relationship with the lowermost subtribes +of the Hexatomini (<i>Ularia</i>, <i>Epiphragmaria</i>, etc.), is easily apparent.</p> + +<p><i>Dicranoptycha</i> shows the closest affinities with <i>Antocha</i> and <i>Rhamphidia</i>. The +larvæ of these three genera, each of which typifies a division, show the following +common characters:</p> + +<p>Abdominal segments with basal transverse creeping welts or areas of microscopic +points. The massive compact head-capsule with the præfrontal sclerite large, distinct, +the externo-lateral plates large, mussel-shaped and very thin. The mentum is not +completely divided medially. The maxillæ are large and of primitive structure, +the cardines and stipites distinct, the two distal lobes large, subequal in size, covered +with hairs and bearing sensory organs. Mandibles with one or more dorsal and two +or more ventral teeth in addition to the apical point.</p> + +<p>The differences between these allied divisions are best indicated by a key.</p> + + +<h4>LARVAE</h4> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class="i2">1. Spiracular disk with only the two long ventral lobes remaining; spiracles lacking +or vestigial; abdominal segments with both dorsal and ventral welts; strictly +aquatic.<span class="right"><i>Antocharia.</i></span></p> + +<p class="ci2">Spiracular disk surrounded by four or five short lobes; spiracles large and functional; +abdominal segments with ventral welts only (except the dorsum of segment +eight); terrestrial or semiaquatic.</p> + +<p class="i2">2. Body moderately elongated and covered with a long dark pubescence; spiracular +disk squarely truncated, surrounded by five subequal stout lobes; mentum with +five subequal teeth, the lateral one of either side not conspicuously reduced.<span class="right"><i>Rhamphidaria.</i></span></p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class="ci2">Body very long and slender, glabrous; spiracular disk obliquely truncated, surrounded +by four slender naked lobes; mentum with three subequal primary +teeth and a much reduced lateral tooth on either side.<span class="right"><i>Dicranoptycharia.</i></span></p> +</div> + + +<h4>PUPAE</h4> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class="i2">1. Pronotal breathing-horns branched; aquatic.<span class="right"><i>Antocharia.</i></span></p> +<p class="ci2">Pronotal breathing-horns not branched; semiaquatic or terrestrial.</p> + +<p class="i2">2. Pronotal breathing-horns distinct, elongate-cylindrical.<span class="right"><i>Rhamphidaria.</i></span></p> +<p class="ci2">Pronotal breathing-horns apparently lacking, microscopic.<span class="right"><i>Dicranoptycharia.</i></span></p> +</div> + + +<h3>THE SUBTRIBE DICRANOPTYCHA</h3> + +<p class="title">A Key to the Species of Dicranoptycha</p> + + +<h4>LARVAE</h4> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class="i2">1. Spiracular disk with the dark markings less extensive; the mark of the lateral +lobes not contiguous with the spiracle or the triangular area on the disk; dorsal +marking indistinct or lacking.<span class="right"><i>D. winnemana</i> Alex.</span></p> + +<p class="ci2">Spiracular disk with the dark markings more extensive; the mark of the lateral +lobes suffusing the ventral inner margin of the spiracle and usually closely approximated +or nearly contiguous with the triangular area on the disk; dorsal +marking black, transversely rectangular.<span class="right"><i>D. minima</i> Alex.</span></p> + +<p class="i2">Description of the Species.</p> +</div> + +<h4>DESCRIPTION OF THE SPECIES</h4> + +<p>1916 <i>Dicranoptycha winnemana</i> Alexander; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., pp. 500, 501; +Pl. 25, fig. 12.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p> +<i>Larva.</i>—Length, 20-22 mm.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.75em;">Diameter, 0.9-1.1 mm.</span><br /> +</p> +</div> + +<p>Coloration varying from white to almost black depending on the nature and +amount of the food eaten which shows clearly through the transparent integument. +The fat-bodies likewise show through and give a white color to the larva especially +after death.</p> + +<p>Form very elongate (<a href="#i001">fig. 1</a>), body terete; integument very glabrous, transparent +and glassy. Prothoracic segment a little longer than the mesothorax which, in turn, +slightly exceeds the metathorax. The intermediate abdominal segments are elongated. +The basal ring of sternites two to eight bears a transverse band or area of microscopic +chitinized spicules, the one on the eighth segment split lengthwise by a capillary line. +A similar band occurs in the same position on the dorsum of the eighth segment but +the pleural region is devoid of such a band.</p> + +<p>Spiracular disk (<a href="#i002">fig. 8</a>) moderate in size, obliquely truncated, surrounded by four +lobes, a pair of small, slender, lateral lobes and short, broader ventral lobes. The +usual dorso-median lobe is lacking but its position is indicated by a gently rounded +convexity. The inner face of the lateral lobe bears a narrow semi-lunate black mark +with the concavity toward the spiracle, the proximal end acutely pointed. The ventral +lobes bear a similar but smaller subrectangular black mark. A pale and usually +indistinct dusky mark occupies the inner face of the dorsal lobe. On the disk between, +and slightly below the level of, the spiracles is a large brown triangular or V-shaped +mark. The spiracles are small, separated from one another by a distance equal to +about 2.5 to 3 times the diameter of one; the center-piece of the spiracle is black, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span> +ring yellow surrounded by an outer dusky margin. Anal gills fleshy and protuberant +as a blunt ring surrounding the anus (<a href="#i002">fig. 10</a>).</p> + +<p>Head-capsule (<a href="#i001">fig. 2</a>) of the compact, massive type of the Limnobiini; præfrontal +sclerite (<a href="#i001">fig. 3</a>) large and distinct; the sclerite broad with the sides subparallel to +about midlength, thence tapering gradually to the tip which is entire; there are two +or three punctures at the margin before midlength. Interno-lateral plates narrow, a +little longer than the præfrons; externo-lateral plates very broad, thin and flattened +with the posterior margin very obtuse and the inner ventral portions continuous with +the mental plate. Labrum (<a href="#i001">fig. 3</a>) very broad and extensive, flattened, pale in color, +the anterior margin with about two sense-organs. Mentum (<a href="#i001">fig. 4</a>) deeply split +behind but not completely divided, the anterior margin with three primary teeth that +are subequal in size or the middle one a little smaller; a much reduced lateral tooth +on either side. Præmentum smaller than the hypopharynx, in outline roughly oval or +semicircular with the two labial palpi surrounded by hairs at the base. Hypopharynx +(<a href="#i001">fig. 5</a>) consisting of two chitinized arms that are contiguous but not fused medially, +the concavity between them filled with a rounded cushion that is covered with tubercles +arranged in more or less distinct oblique parallel rows. Antennæ (<a href="#i001">fig. 6</a>) two-segmented, +the basal segment cylindrical with an auditory plate on the face at beyond +midlength; apical segment long and slender, in length but slightly less than the basal +segment, tapering gradually to the bluntly rounded apex. Mandibles (<a href="#i001">fig. 7</a>) simple +with the teeth blunt; apical point longer than the lateral teeth; dorsal tooth single, +broad, very flattened and obtusely pointed; ventral teeth two, a little smaller than +the dorsal tooth. Maxillæ (<a href="#i001">fig. 2</a>) of a generalized structure, the cardines distinct and +feebly chitinized; distal lobes of the organ consisting of a subequal inner and outer +lobe; the outer lobe with an abundance of long, delicate hairs and bearing a few +sensory papillæ including one larger palpiform organ.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p> +<i>Pupa.</i>—Length, 9.1-12.8 mm.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">Width, d.-s., 1.6-1.8 mm.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">Depth, d.-v., 1.6-1.9 mm.</span><br /> +</p> +</div> + +<p>Thoracic dorsum shiny light brown; in very old pupæ the color is much darker, +but still retains a much brighter color than the leg and wing-sheaths; abdomen pale +becoming darker in age, especially on the pleura.</p> + +<p>Cephalic crest (<a href="#i002">fig. 13</a>) low and depressed, inconspicuous, lying between the +antennal bases which extend beyond it; there are four small setigerous lobes, the +larger pair of which are posterior in position. Front between the eyes broad, subparallel. +Two blunt tubercles on either side of the forehead. Eyes large, with coarse +ommatidia. Labrum semicircular in outline, tumid. Labial lobes large, oval, contiguous +with one another, at the tip of the labrum. Maxillary palpi moderately long +and slender, nearly straight, gradually narrowed to the tip which ends opposite the +knee-joint of the fore legs. Antennæ with the basal segments separated only by the +cephalic crest, the sheaths ending about opposite or a little before the lateral angle +of the thorax.</p> + +<p>Pronotal breathing-horns (<a href="#i002">fig. 14</a>) very small, almost microscopic; when viewed +from the dorsal aspect appearing as tiny triangular tubercles. Mesonotum moderately +convex, unarmed, the V-shaped suture distinct; a few setæ on the mesonotum, including +one near the end of each scutal lobe. Wing-sheaths rather short, but narrow, ending +about opposite midlength of the third abdominal segment. Leg-sheaths ending opposite<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span> +the base of the fifth abdominal segment, the tips of the tarsi ending about on a common +level or those of the fore legs a trifle longer.</p> + +<p>Abdominal segments (<a href="#i002">fig. 11</a>) subdivided into four annuli that bear transverse +bands of microscopic setæ; these bands increase in width from the basal to the apical. +Spiracles on the pleural region of segments two to seven, lying opposite the third +annulus and close to the ventral margin of the pleura. No spiracles are discernible +on the dorsum of the eighth segment. Male cauda (<a href="#i002">fig. 11</a>) with the ventral lobes +very blunt, rounded; the dorsal lobes very small, terminating in a sharp spine that +is directed dorsad and bears a weak seta near its base. Female cauda (<a href="#i002">fig. 12</a>) with +the ventral lobes a little longer than the dorsal lobes; the latter at the outer angle of +the apex with a short stout spine that is directed dorsad as in the male.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p><i>Nepionotype</i> (type larva), Lawrence, Kansas, April 2, 1918.</p> + +<p><i>Neanotype</i> (type pupa), with the type larva, May 6, 1918.</p> + +<p><i>Paratypes</i>, larvæ and pupæ, about fifty from the type locality, March 20 to May +20, 1918.</p> +</div> + + +<h3><i>Dicranoptycha minima</i> Alexander.</h3> + +<p>1919 <i>Dicranoptycha minima</i> Alexander; Ent. News, Vol. 30.</p> + +<p>The larva is very similar to that of <i>D. winnemana</i> as described above, but is +slightly smaller. The spiracular disk (<a href="#i002">fig. 9</a>) has the dark markings much more +extensive. The mark of the lateral lobes is contiguous with the spiracles and is also +closely approximated to the large triangular brown mark on the disk. There is a +large transverse rectangular mark occupying the inner face of the dorsal lobe. The +marking of the ventral lobe is about as in <i>D. winnemana</i>.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p><i>Nepionotype</i>, Lawrence, Kansas, July 11, 1918.</p> + +<p><i>Neanotype</i>, Lawrence, Kansas, July 21, 1918.</p> + +<p><i>Paratypes</i>, a few larvæ from the type-locality.</p> +</div> + + +<h3>Explanation of the Figures</h3> + +<p>A—Labial Lobes; E—Eye; EL—Externo-lateral Plate; G—Anal Gills; IL—Interno-lateral +Plate; Lb—Labrum; M—Maxillary Palpus; P—Pronotal Breathing-horn; +Pf—Præfrons; S—Spiracle.</p> + +<ul> +<li>Fig. 1. Larva of <i>Dicranoptycha winnemana</i>, ventral aspect of body.</li> +<li>Fig. 2. The same, head-capsule, ventral aspect.</li> +<li>Fig. 3. The same, head-capsule, dorsal aspect.</li> +<li>Fig. 4. The same, mentum, ventral aspect.</li> +<li>Fig. 5. The same, hypopharynx, ventral aspect.</li> +<li>Fig. 6. The same, antenna.</li> +<li>Fig. 7. The same, mandible.</li> +<li>Fig. 8. Larva of <i>Dicranoptycha winnemana</i>, spiracular disk, dorso-caudal aspect.</li> +<li>Fig. 9. Larva of <i>D. minima</i>, spiracular disk, caudal aspect, the anal gills protruded.</li> +<li>Fig. 10. Larva of <i>D. winnemana</i>, spiracular disk, lateral aspect.</li> +<li>Fig. 11. Pupa of <i>D. winnemana</i>, lateral aspect of male.</li> +<li>Fig. 12. The same, lateral aspect of female cauda.</li> +<li>Fig. 13. The same, head and mouth-parts, ventral aspect.</li> +<li>Fig. 14. The same, pronotal breathing-horn, enlarged.</li> +</ul> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<a name="i001" id="i001"></a> +<img src="images/image001.png" width="600" height="742" alt="" title="" /> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<a name="i002" id="i002"></a> +<img src="images/image002.png" width="600" height="720" alt="" title="" /> +</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="The_Central_Nervous_System_of" id="The_Central_Nervous_System_of"></a>The Central Nervous System of<br /> +Nucula and Malletia</h2> + +<p class="title">WILLIAM A. HILTON</p> + + +<p>These bivalve forms are grouped among the simplest of the molloscs. It is especially +from the condition in <i>Nucula</i> as described by Pelseneer '91, that the conception +of the most anterior ganglion being composed of four ganglia, has its chief support. +Drew '01, who has also studied <i>Nucula</i>, believes that the lobes of the ganglion in +<i>Nucula</i> are superficial and that the four connectives coming from the ganglion may +be interpreted in another way. That is, that one pair of nerves may represent an +otocystic branch partly fused with the connective. This view seemed reasonable to +him as Stempel '99 in <i>Solenyma</i> found the otocystic nerves arose directly from the +cerebral ganglion.</p> + +<p>The two species of this group used for study were collected at Laguna Beach. +<i>Nucula castrensis</i> Hinds, occurs abundantly at low tide under rocks. It is rather +small for dissection, but very good complete series were obtained and stained in +hematoxylin. <i>Malletia faba</i> Dall, was much less abundant. Specimens were obtained +from holdfasts or from dredging. Although this was a larger species, gross dissection +was not very easily carried out on any of the specimens, but good series were made.</p> + +<p>The ganglia of <i>Nucula</i> are easily studied in section. The cerebral mass seems +composed of one main mass, partly divided into four subdivisions, the two central +most completely fused, and the lateral quite distinct in places. The central portion +might represent the cerebral ganglia and the lateral, the pleural if we take that interpretation. +The pedal ganglion is made of right and left parts quite completely fused +except at the margins. The pedal mass is the smallest of the three chief ganglionic +areas. The visceral ganglia are quite widely separated and a little larger than the +pedal mass.</p> + +<p>The ganglia of <i>Malletia</i> are in general plan similar to those of <i>Nucula</i>, the greatest +differences being in the cerebral mass. The cerebro-pleural mass seems almost one. +In most sections it is very compact and a little more complicated in structure than +the ganglion of <i>Nucula</i>. However there are two small ventral ganglionic branches +or small ganglia attached to the ventral side of the cerebral mass. These small +ganglia may represent the visceral. Farther back in a cross section series as the +cerebral mass disappears two other small branches take origin and run parallel to +the nerves from the ganglionic cords. These two branches on each side seem to run +together before the pedal ganglia are reached. Neither of these pairs of nerves seems +connected with an otocyst.</p> + +<p>At the cephalic end of the cerebro-pleural ganglion the large ganglionic cords +are in evidence. A little distance from the cephalic end on the dorsal side there +are quite large groups of cells down from the surface and surrounded by nerve fibers. +The course of the fibers here is quite complex. On the ventral lateral sides of the +ganglia are paired light areas of fibers which may be traced into the fibers of the +ganglionic cords.</p> + +<p>The pedal ganglion is small and much as in <i>Nucula</i>. The visceral ganglia are +larger and widely separated.</p> + +<p>In both <i>Nucula</i> and <i>Malletia</i> young specimens were used for study. In <i>Nucula</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span> +there was more the appearance of four ganglia in the cerebro-pleural mass, and the +ganglia seem less complex than in <i>Malletia</i>. This last species has more separate +pleural ganglia, if the ganglionic cords can be so regarded.</p> + +<p>In neither of the species studied were all parts of the connectives easy to follow, +so it was impossible to test the suggestions of Drew, but in both species there is +some indication of two lateral lobes of the cerebral mass, and in <i>Nucula</i> there is good +evidence of two central ganglia as well as the smaller lateral ones. The lateral +ganglia of the cerebral mass are most clearly separated in <i>Malletia</i>. In <i>Nucula</i> the +lateral ganglia are larger in proportion and the distribution of the gray and white +matter is more irregular.</p> + + +<h3>REFERENCES</h3> + + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class="i2"> +<i>Drew, G. A.</i><span class="right">1901</span><br /> +<span class="i2">The life history of Nucula delphinodonta. Quart, jour. sc. vol. 44, pt. 3.</span> +</p> +<p class="i2"><i>Pelseneer, P.</i><span class="right">1891</span><br /> +<span class="i2">Contribution á l'étude des Lamellibranchs. Arch. d. biol. xi.</span> +</p> +<p class="i2"><i>Stempell</i><span class="right">1899</span><br /> +<span class="i2">Zur Anatomie von Solrmya togata. Zool. Jahrb. Bd. xiii.</span> +</p> +</div> +<p class="center">(<i>Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College</i>)<br /> +</p> + + +<h3>EXPLANATION OF FIGURES</h3> + +<p><a href="#i003">Fig. 1</a>. Diagram of the ganglia of <i>Nucula castrensis</i>, reconstructed from serial +sections. The probable position of the connectives is shown and the proportionate +distances between ganglia are given. The upper ganglion is the cerebro-pleural +with large nerves leading off from the ganglion which is itself lobed into four chief +lobes. The pedal ganglion is next. In section the pedal ganglion at one place seems +to be made up of four parts which may correspond to four connectives from the +cerebro-pleural although only one pair of connectives was clearly determined. The +visceral ganglion is connected with the pedal below. ×70.</p> + +<p><a href="#i003">Fig. 2</a>. Cross section of cerebro-pleural ganglion. On the right side one of the +lateral ganglia is shown. The one of the other side does not show because the section +is not straight across. The dorsal side is up. ×300.</p> + +<p><a href="#i003">Fig. 3</a>. Section of the pedal mass of <i>Nucula</i>, through the center. The dorsal side +is up. ×300.</p> + +<p><a href="#i003">Fig. 4</a>. Left side of the visceral mass of <i>Nucula</i>. Dorsal side up. ×300.</p> + +<p><a href="#i003">Fig. 5</a>. Nerve cells from the central nervous system of <i>Nucula</i>. ×450.</p> + +<p><a href="#i003">Fig. 6</a>. Section through the body of <i>Nucula</i> showing the position of the cerebro-pleural +ganglion cut through the center. Dorsal side up. The cellular portion of +the ganglion is black. ×70.</p> + +<p><a href="#i003">Fig. 7</a>. Section through the body of <i>Nucula</i> at the level of the visceral nerves +which are shown on either side of the section. The area of nerve cells is shown in +black. ×70.</p> + +<p><a href="#i004">Fig. 8</a>. Reconstruction from serial sections of the cerebro-pleural mass nerves +and connectives of <i>Malletia faba</i>. The drawing is a ventral view, the cephalic side +is at the top. ×70.</p> + +<p><a href="#i004">Fig. 9</a>. Reconstruction of pedal ganglion of <i>Malletia</i> from the ventral side. Cephalic +side at the top. ×70.</p> + +<p><a href="#i004">Fig. 10</a>. Reconstruction of visceral ganglia of <i>Malletia</i>. ×70.</p> + +<p><a href="#i004">Fig. 11</a>. Section through cerebro-pleural mass of <i>Malletia</i>. The dorsal side is +up. On the ventral side to the left and right are the beginnings of the lateral lobes +or ganglionic cords which may represent the pleural ganglia. In this species the +cerebral ganglia are not separated into right and left halves as in <i>Nucula</i>. ×300.</p> + +<p><a href="#i004">Fig. 12</a>. Section through the central part of the pedal mass of <i>Malletia</i>. The +dorsal side is up. ×300.</p> + +<p><a href="#i004">Fig. 13</a>. Section through one visceral ganglion of <i>Malletia</i>. The dorsal side is up. +×300.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<a name="i003" id="i003"></a> +<img src="images/image003.png" width="600" height="799" alt="" title="" /> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<a name="i004" id="i004"></a> +<img src="images/image004.png" width="600" height="744" alt="" title="" /> +</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="Journal_of_Entomology_and_Zoology_Advertising_Section" id="Journal_of_Entomology_and_Zoology_Advertising_Section"></a><span class="smcap">Journal of Entomology and Zoology</span>—<i>Advertising Section</i></h2> + +<h3> +<i>The</i> Journal <i>of</i><br /> +Zoological Research</h3> + +<p class="title"><i>Edited by<br /> +WALTER E. COLLINGE, M. Sc., F. L. S., F. E. S.<br /> +The Gatty Marine Laboratory<br /> +The University, St. Andrews, Scotland</i><br /> +</p> + +<p class="center">The subject matter is strictly confined to original zoological +research—systematic and anatomical. Fully illustrated by +lithographic plates and text figures.</p> + +<p class="center">Each volume will consist of 4 parts, price $5.</p> + +<p class="center"><i>All subscriptions should be forwarded to</i><br /><br /> + +<big>Messrs. 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Emphasis laid on the morphology, life +history and biology of zooparasites and the relations of animals to disease.</p> + +<p class="center"> +Subscription, $2.00 a Volume<br /> +<br /> +Managing Editor, HENRY B. WARD;<br /> +Univ. Illinois, Urbana, Illinois<br /> +</p> +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p class="center"><b>Do Business by Mail</b></p> + +<p>It's profitable, with accurate lists of prospects. Our catalogue +contains vital information on Mail Advertising. Also prices and +quantity on 6,000 national mailing lists, 99% guaranteed. 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The mountains reach an elevation of ten thousand feet +within a few miles of the college and these with the nearby ocean +afford many special advantages for the study of things not in books. +Special advantages are afforded by the fact that the college limits +its attendance, the freshman class being restricted to two hundred +applicants. The success of the college is particularly indicated by +the large proportion of the graduates who proceed to advanced +work in the large universities. In addition, well-manned departments +of music and art afford exceptional advantages.</p> + +<p>For further information, address</p> + +<p class="center"> +<span class="smcap">Secretary of Pomona College</span><br /> +Claremont, California<br /> +</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><a name="Transcribers_Notes" id="Transcribers_Notes"></a>Transcriber's Notes</h3> + + +<p> +Page <a href="#Page_64">64</a>: Changed * * * to ... (preferred form for ellipsis).<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Originally: This * * * is readily overcome by the frequent</span><br /> +<br /> +Page <a href="#Page_64">64</a>: Changed "placd" to "placed".<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Originally: surface of the book on which it was placd,</span><br /> +<br /> +Page <a href="#Page_68">68</a>: Changed "X" to "×".<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Originally: cells (10 mm. X 3.5 mm.)</span><br /> +<br /> +Page <a href="#Page_70">70</a>: Changed "chitinizd" to "chitinized".<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Originally: Changed area of microscopic chitinizd spicules,</span><br /> +<br /> +Page <a href="#Page_71">71</a>: Changed "Lengh" to "Length".<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Originally: Pupa.—Lengh, 9.1-12.8 mm.</span><br /> +<br /> +Page <a href="#Page_75">75</a>: Retained "molloscs", as a possible spelling variant for<br /> +"molluscs". However, it may be a typo.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Originally: forms are grouped among the simplest of the molloscs.</span><br /> +<br /> +Pages <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>: Retained "Stempel" and "Stempell" spelling variations.<br /> +<br /> +Page <a href="#Page_76">76</a>: Changed "once" to "one".<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Originally: the pedal ganglion at once place seems to be made up</span><br /> +<br /> +Page <a href="#Page_76">76</a>: Changed all instances of "X" to "×" to indicate magnification.<br /> +</p> + + + + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Journal of Entomology and Zoology, by +Horace Gunthorp and Charles P. Alexander and W. A. 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