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+} +.xd20e5449width +{ +width:491px; +} +.xd20e5926 +{ +vertical-align:middle; +} +.xd20e6780width +{ +width:196px; +} +.xd20e6785width +{ +width:460px; +} +.xd20e6796width +{ +width:459px; +} +.xd20e7347width +{ +width:464px; +} +.xd20e8105 +{ +margin:0px auto; display:table;width:80%; +} +.xd20e8107 +{ +width:50%; border:1px solid black; margin:10px; text-align:center; +} +.xd20e8118 +{ +width:20px; +} +.xd20e8119 +{ +width:50%; border:1px solid black; padding:10px; text-align:center; +} +.xd20e8122 +{ +margin:0px auto; display:table; +} +.xd20e8159 +{ +margin:0px auto; display:table;border:1px solid black; margin:15px; padding:10px; +} +</style> +</head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Katipunan, by +J. Brecknock Watson (AKA Francis St. Clair) + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Katipunan + or The Rise and Fall of the Filipino Commune + +Author: J. Brecknock Watson (AKA Francis St. Clair) + +Release Date: October 1, 2011 [EBook #37587] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE KATIPUNAN *** + + + + +Produced by Jeroen Hellingman and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net/ for Project +Gutenberg. (This book was produced from scanned images of +public domain material from the Google Print project.) + + + + + + +</pre> + +<div class="front"> +<div class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first"></p> +<div class="figure xd20e154width"><img src="images/titlepage1.gif" alt= +"Original Title Page." width="400" height="720"></div> +</div> +</div> +<div class="titlePage"> +<div class="docTitle"> +<div class="mainTitle">The Katipunan</div> +<div class="subTitle">An Illustrated</div> +<div class="subTitle">Historical and Biographical Study</div> +<div class="subTitle">of the Society which Brought about the</div> +<div class="subTitle">Insurrection of 1896–98 & 1899</div> +<div class="subTitle">Taken From</div> +<div class="subTitle">Spanish State</div> +<div class="subTitle">Documents</div> +</div> +<div class="byline">By<br> +<span class="docAuthor">Francis St. Clair</span></div> +<div class="docImprint">Manila<br> +Tip. “Amigos del Pais,” Palacio 258<br> +<span class="docDate">1902</span></div> +</div> +<div class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first xd20e192">The Katipunan</p> +<div class="figure xd20e194width"><img src="images/kkkzllb.gif" alt= +"Triangular logo of the Katipunan with the letters K. K. K. Z. Ll. B." +width="198" height="126"></div> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first"></p> +<div class="figure xd20e200width"><img src="images/titlepage2.gif" alt= +"Original Title Page." width="379" height="720"></div> +</div> +</div> +<div class="titlePage"> +<div class="docTitle"> +<div class="mainTitle">The Katipunan</div> +<div class="subTitle">Or</div> +<div class="subTitle">The Rise and Fall of the Filipino Commune</div> +</div> +<div class="byline">By<br> +<span class="docAuthor">Francis St. Clair</span></div> +<div class="docImprint">Manila<br> +Tip. “Amigos del Pais,” Palacio 258<br> +<span class="docDate">1902</span></div> +</div> +<div class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first xd20e229">To the Honorable Filipinos</p> +<p class="xd20e192">Who, True to the</p> +<p class="xd20e192">Principles of</p> +<p class="xd20e235">Patriotism</p> +<p><i>have not harbored in their hearts sentiments of ingratitude +toward that noble Nation which raised them to the level of civilization +to which they have attained, not have at any time conspired against the +lawfully constituted authorities, Spanish or American, of this +Archipelago.</i></p> +<p><i>To such honorable <span class="corr" id="xd20e244" title= +"Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span> as these, it gives me the greatest +pleasure to dedicate this small work, as a token of the genuine respect +in which they are held by</i></p> +<p class="signed"><b>The Author</b>. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb7" +href="#pb7" name="pb7">7</a>]</span></p> +</div> +</div> +</div> +<div class="body"> +<div id="intro" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h2 id="xd20e255" class="main">Introduction</h2> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">«Manila, 21st (Aug. ’96).—The +Governor General to the Colonial Minister:</p> +<div class="blockquote"> +<p class="first"><i>Vast organization of secret societies discovered +with anti-national tendencies.</i></p> +<p><i>Twenty-two persons detained, among them the Gran Oriente (of +Philippine freemasonry) of the Philippines, and others of +importance.</i></p> +<p class="tb">. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .</p> +<p><i>Immediate action taken and special judge will be designated for +greater activity in the proceedings....</i></p> +<p class="tb">. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .</p> +<p class="signed">—<span class="sc">Blanco.</span></p> +</div> +<p>Such was the telegram sent by Gen. Blanco and read by Sr. Castellano +in the Spanish Camara, announcing the discovery of <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb8" href="#pb8" name="pb8">8</a>]</span>the +revolutionary movement headed by the Katipunan, the bastard child of +Filipino freemasonry.</p> +<p>Freemasonry in the Philippines was but a pretext: under this pretext +the <span class="corr" id="xd20e287" title= +"Source: ememies">enemies</span> of Spain, in days of Spanish rule, and +the enemies of the U. S. in these days of American rule, put themselves +into close and secret communion, to earn out plans of revolt.</p> +<p>This <span class="corr" id="xd20e292" title= +"Source: filipino">Filipino</span> masonry cast its net far and wide, +and in its meshes were caught many fish of all classes and conditions; +some of them men of money who <span class="corr" id="xd20e295" title= +"Source: saught">sought</span> in masonry what money could easily +purchase,—honors and titles, grand crosses and medals; others +were men whose pockets were more or less replete, and whose aims were +of a great variety of natures; whilst others were men whose treasuries +were more or less empty and who <span class="corr" id="xd20e298" title= +"Source: saught">sought</span> in masonry what they did not care to +earn by honest labor—a livelihood.</p> +<p>Masonry was imported into the Archipelago, shortly after the Spanish +Revolution, and was, during the first years of its life, confined to +Spaniards; but later on it opened its doors to half-castes and indians. +In 1887 it extended by leaps and bounds; but <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb9" href="#pb9" name="pb9">9</a>]</span>upon the +coming of Gen. Weyler to the Archipelago, as Governor General, in 1888, +it dwindled away almost into nothingness. Gen. Weyler was, and has ever +shown himself, a patriotic Spaniard; and he would not permit the +existence here, under his Governorship, of anything which tended to the +detriment of his country. Well did the masons of the Philippines and +elsewhere know this, and hence the vicious and cruel campaign they +carried on against him both in the Peninsular and Cuba, but more +especially in the U. S. of America.</p> +<p>The Katipunan, the bastard child of filipino masonry, that +ungrateful offspring which was unfaithful even to the mother which +brought it forth, was a society within the bosom of which was +redeveloped the malay instinct which had lain dormant for some three +centuries. This instinct, brutal, savage, intensely ignorant, immoral, +ungodly; an instinct found still among some of the uncivilized tribes +of the mountain fastnesses of Luzon; an instinct once almost blotted +out after many years of most difficult labor and self-sacrifice on the +part of the Religious Orders, once again burst forth in all its +strength. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb10" href="#pb10" name= +"pb10">10</a>]</span></p> +<p>The indian left to himself, deprived of the curbing influence of the +christian religion, speedily falls back into the condition of depravity +in which Urdaneta and Legazpi found him. The malay instinct, like the +volcano, vomits forth when least expected; the history of the revolt of +the Tagalogs gives overabundant proof of it. Take one by one the many +leading characters in the revolution, and the instinct will be found so +plainly marked, that it is <span class="corr" id="xd20e310" title= +"Source: unmistakeable">unmistakable</span>. Take for instance Marcelo +H. del Pilar, in whose brain was conceived the plot of the Katipunan +farsical-tragedy; Andrés Bonifacio, whose duty was the +materializing of the plot; the Lunas, Juan especially, who had some +time previous, in Paris, given an example of how easily the +<i>malay</i> burned through the <i>veneer</i> of civilization to which +the <span class="corr" id="xd20e319" title= +"Source: filipino">Filipino</span> indian is susceptible; and so on, +including the Aguinaldos, the Mabinis, the Agoncillos and even many of +those, who in these days boast in public of their americanist ideas, +and in private plot with treacherous zeal to overthrow the government +of those they call their deliverers from Spanish tyranny. In them all +may be traced the strange instinct of the old time filipino +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb11" href="#pb11" name= +"pb11">11</a>]</span>indian. Entering the fold of freemasonry, they +threw off the bridle of religion which restrained them; loosing respect +for Almighty God and for their faith they soon lost respect for others +and for themselves. The result is well known<span class="corr" id= +"xd20e325" title="Source: ,">.</span> History, the history of the last +five or six years, has shown it to us.</p> +<p>It is of this society of <i>notables</i>—for such is the +meaning of the full title of the Katipunan—that I wish to say a +few words in the following pages. I have taken as a foundation for my +study, a very concise statement of the whole situation, drawn up by +Capt. Olegario Diaz, Commander of the Guardia Civil Veterana de Manila. +This document being an official statement, is of vital interest in the +study of the birth, life and internal corruption of that diabolical +association which, gigantic though it was, comparatively speaking, +could, by reason of its infantility, have been easily stifled, had it +been dealt with, with a strong hand. I have taken the document as a +base, and by a series of notes in the form of a somewhat more lengthy +appendix, have endeavored to provide my readers with a file of +interesting items of historical value. <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb12" href="#pb12" name="pb12">12</a>]</span></p> +<p>This pamphlet is not intended to be a history of the rebellion; I +have endeavored to confine myself to the society which brought about +the revolt, and if at any time I have strayed from the path I laid out +for myself, it has been because there was by the wayside some flower I +wished to pluck to add to the bouquet I herewith present to you. +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb13" href="#pb13" name= +"pb13">13</a>]</span></p> +</div> +</div> +<div id="statement" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h2 id="xd20e338" class="main">Statement of Capt. Olegario +Diaz<a class="noteref" id="xd20e340src" href="#xd20e340" name= +"xd20e340src">1</a></h2> +<div class="div2" id="xd20e342"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 id="xd20e343" class="main">Freemasonry</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">It is fully proved that freemasonry has been the +principal factor for the development in these islands, not only of +advanced (<a href="#n2">2</a>) and anti-religious ideas, but chiefly +for the foundation of secret societies, possessing a character +especially separatist (<a href="#n3">3</a>). This conviction I have +come to after the examination of a countless number of documents, and +the much correspondence this Corps (<a href="#n4">4</a>) fell in with, +after laborious work and <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb14" href= +"#pb14" name="pb14">14</a>]</span>investigations, in the possession of +several well known filibusters (<a href="#n5">5</a>) who are at the +present time prisoners; these documents and parcels of correspondence +were included in the military suit tried before Colonel D. Francisco +Olive (<a href="#n6">6</a>).</p> +<p>«Some 20 years ago, there was installed in this country, a +lodge dependent upon the Gr∴ Or∴ Español (<a href= +"#n7">7</a>): a lodge which was inoffensive in its beginning because it +was composed of peninsular Spaniards, with the absolute exclusion of +the native element of the <span class="corr" id="xd20e370" title= +"Source: Archipielago">Archipelago</span>. In this form it developed +languidly until the year 1890.</p> +<p>«During this epoch, the <span class="corr" id="xd20e375" +title="Source: filipino">Filipino</span> colony resident in Madrid, +<span class="corr" id="xd20e378" title= +"Source: Hongkong">Hong-Kong</span> and Paris, in the which figured as +exalted separatists José Rizal (<a href="#n8">8</a>), Marcelo H. +del Pilar (<a href="#n9">9</a>), Graciano Lopez, Mariano Ponce, Eduardo +Lete, Antonio and Juan Luna (<a href="#n10">10</a>), Julio Llorente, +Salvador V. del Rosario, Doroteo Cortés (<a href="#n11">11</a>), +José Baza, Pedro Serrano (<a href="#n12">12</a>), Moisés +Salvador, Galicano Apacible and many others, who were in communication +with the seditious elements of Manila, strove hard to <span class= +"corr" id="xd20e397" title="Source: infuence">influence</span> don +Miguel Morayta (<a href="#n13">13</a>), (Grand master of the Oriente +Español), in Madrid, and with whom they sustained close +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb15" href="#pb15" name= +"pb15">15</a>]</span>relations, to the end that the statutes should be +reformed so that the native element might be affiliated, and even more, +that lodges of a character exclusively Tagalog (<a href="#n14">14</a>), +might be created in the Archipelago. Conferences, general gatherings, +and finally compromises of certain magnitude decided in the favor of +the <span class="corr" id="xd20e409" title= +"Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span>, Morayta thus, unconsciously +sowing the seed, the fruit of which we are to-day gathering.</p> +<p>«D. Alejandro Roji, resident in this capital, Captain of +Engineers, was nominated general delegate to direct the works, and with +ample powers from Morayta, came the native school-teacher Pedro +Serrano, who enjoyed in Manila the confidence and protection of the +said Colonel, assisted by the Flores, lieutenants of Infantry, +Numeriano Adriano, Ambrosio Rianzares, Juan Zulueta, Faustino Villaruel +(<a href="#n15">15</a>), Agustin de la Rosa, Ambrosio Salvador, +Andrés Bonifacio <span class="corr" id="xd20e417" title= +"Source: , (16)">(<a href="#n16">16</a>),</span> Apolinario Mabini +(<a href="#n17">17</a>), Estanislao Legaspi Domingo Franco (<a href= +"#n18">18</a>), Román Basa, Deodato Arellano, Antonio Salazar, +Felipe Zamora, Nazario Constantino, Bonifacio Arevalo, Pedro Casimiro, +Dionisio Ferraz, Timoteo Paez and a thousand others, all indians, but +having a career or a comfortable <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb16" +href="#pb16" name="pb16">16</a>]</span>social position; they commenced +a silent and tenacious propaganda which resulted in 180 <span class= +"corr" id="xd20e432" title="Source: tagalog">Tagalog</span> lodges, +extended throughout the territory of Luzon and part of the Bisayas, +being constituted in 5 years. The character of the native (<a href= +"#n19">19</a>), so propitious to all the mysterious and symbolic, +easily accustomed itself to the ridiculous practices of freemasonry: +the initiations (<a href="#n20">20</a>), the proofs (<a href= +"#n21">21</a>), the oaths (<a href="#n22">22</a>), attributes, signs +and pass words, and the pseudonyms, all and everything surrounded by +shade and mystery, appealed to the native and served him as an +educative ladder which prepared his mind for his entry into other +associations of graver transcendencies, according as the initiators and +apostles of filibusterism, Rizal, Pilar, López, Cortés +and Zulueta had forseen, as can be proved by that correspondence which +has come to my hands.</p> +<p>«In order to direct the organization of the lodges dependant +upon the Gran Oriente Español, there was constituted by Morayta, +a Gran Consejo Regional (<a href="#n23">23</a>) which received its +instructions from him, and which was presided over by Ambrosio Flores +(h∴ Muza), and formed of Adriano, Villaruel, Flores (A), Mabini, +Paez, Zamora, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb17" href="#pb17" name= +"pb17">17</a>]</span>Mariano and Salazar. The newspaper <i>La +Solidaridad</i> (<a href="#n24">24</a>) which, in the previous year had +been founded in Barcelona by M. Pilar, as a delegate of the propaganda +of Manila, and the publishing centre of which was later on translated +to Madrid, was declared the official organ of all <span class="corr" +id="xd20e460" title="Source: filipino">Filipino</span> masonry; and in +its <span class="corr" id="xd20e464" title= +"Source: colaboration">collaboration</span>, all the <span class="corr" +id="xd20e467" title="Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span> of a medium +culture resident in the capital, took a hand, under the <span class= +"corr" id="xd20e470" title="Source: auspicies">auspices</span> and +direction of its new proprietor, the oft-mentioned and ill-starred +Morayta.</p> +<p>«In 1893 the <span lang="es">Gran Oriente Nacional</span>, of +which the Grand Master is Sr. Pantoja, reporter of the highest tribunal +of justice, conceded powers to the lieutenant military councillor Sr. +Lacasa, and the sergeant of Infantry, José Martin, to carry on +propaganda in these islands among the native element, and in +competition with the other Oriente. The result did not correspond to +the efforts of the propagandists, who only succeeded in creating some +few lodges in the Capital, in Cavite, Cagayan, Iloilo and Negros. How +could it be expected to prosper, when the Gran Oriente Español +had already catechized the masses of the country!</p> +<p>«It must be declared, although it makes <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb18" href="#pb18" name="pb18">18</a>]</span>one +blush to do so, that many peninsular Spaniards, and among them some +holding important official positions in the country, have contributed +to this propaganda, scandalous, and from all points of view, aimed at +the integrity of the nation (<a href="#n25">25</a>). Only candor can +exculpate them. May the country pardon them.</p> +<p>«From the first moments, both in the organ of <span class= +"corr" id="xd20e487" title="Source: filipino">Filipino</span> +freemasonry, <i lang="es">La Solidaridad</i>, and in the circulars +which the Gran Oriente sent to Spain for the information of the +brethren there resident, was commenced a coarse and shameless campaign +against the Monastic Orders (<a href="#n26">26</a>), and of scoffing +and ridicule of religion. Later on, this campaign acquired a political +character, attacking the government of the metropolis, and the +authorities of the archipelago, demanding liberal reforms for the +country, such as representation in the Cortes, the colonial +Cámara, municipal autonomy, increase of individual rights etc. +etc., Let anyone with half an eye examine carefully the collections of +the cited paper, and he will certainly meet with something contrary to +the national unity, artfully and modestly hidden. Let him read the +almost <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb19" href="#pb19" name= +"pb19">19</a>]</span>countless number of documents (<a href= +"#n27">27</a>) pertaining to the Tagalog lodges, and sent by me to the +judge, Señor Olive, which were united to the charges, and the +most incredulous will be convinced that the lodges and their aids and +abettors devoted themselves to something more than the propaganda of +freemasonry. <i>There is not a single one of the chiefs and organizers +of the filibuster organizations up to this time discovered, who is not +a freemason.</i>»</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2" id="xd20e505"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 id="xd20e506" class="main">«<span lang="es">La +Propaganda</span>» and the «<span lang="es">Asociacion +Hispano-Filipina</span>.»</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">At the end of the year 1888, Marcelo del Pilar, a +lawyer of Bulacán, and a frenetic filibuster, considering +himself in peril of deportation in consequence of juridical proceedings +formed against him in the said province, decided to translate his +residence to Spain, under the shelter of a certain element of the +country (<a href="#n28">28</a>). In those days was created in Manila a +committee of propaganda (<a href="#n29">29</a>) formed by Doroteo +Cortés, Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, Pedro Serrano and Deodato +<span class="corr" id="xd20e522" title= +"Source: Arrellano">Arellano</span>, under the presidency of the first +named, its mission being the gathering from among the better class +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb20" href="#pb20" name= +"pb20">20</a>]</span>and more wealthy element, funds for the +propagation throughout the Archipelago, of all classes of pamphlets and +proclamations written to depreciate and cast slurs upon the Monastic +Orders (<a href="#n30">30</a>), and upon Religion; and likewise for the +<span class="corr" id="xd20e531" title= +"Source: implantion">implantation</span> in the country democratic +doctrines; finally the nomination was agreed to of a delegation which +should depend directly upon the committee recently constituted, and +which should have its residence in Barcelona, its duty being to make +overtures to the public authorities for the concession to the +<span class="corr" id="xd20e534" title= +"Source: Archipielago">Archipelago</span> of greater liberties and of +representation in the Cortes in the first place. And in order to +sustain and defend these ideals together with some few more, the +foundation was authorized of a bi-monthly newspaper.</p> +<p>«The committee of propaganda fully fulfilled its mission; it +overcame all the wealthy element of Luzon (<a href="#n31">31</a>), +gathered grand quantities, and Marcelo del Pilar set off for the +Peninsular, installing himself <span class="corr" id="xd20e542" title= +"Source: confortably">comfortably</span> in the «Ciudad +Condal» <a class="noteref" id="xd20e545src" href="#xd20e545" +name="xd20e545src">2</a> at the expense of his countrymen (<a href= +"#n32">32</a>).</p> +<p>«In January 1889, he commenced the campaign <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb21" href="#pb21" name="pb21">21</a>]</span>in union +with his companion of the delegation Mariano Ponce. They founded the +paper <i lang="es">La Solidaridad</i> and constituted the +Hispano-Filipino association, into which were drawn a large number of +the native students residing in Barcelona <a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e558src" href="#xd20e558" name="xd20e558src">3</a>. The committee +made great progress in Manila, added to the number of its followers and +collected funds in return for subscriptions to <i lang="es">La +Solidaridad</i> which, day by day, had more readers; it distributed +books, pamphlets and proclamations of the worst class, for which a good +price was collected.</p> +<p>«The association had increased hand over hand; its aspirations +(<a href="#n33">33</a>) were most radical; and considering its action +limited in Barcelona, it determined to translate its headquarters to +Madrid, where it would have a wider field for its pretensions. About +this same time Serrano, Rizal, Luna, López etc., were united to +the delegation and they succeeded in implanting <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e580" title="Source: tagalog">Tagalog</span> masonry in their +country (<a href="#n34">34</a>), and from this <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb22" href="#pb22" name="pb22">22</a>]</span>precise +moment, commenced their relations with Morayta.</p> +<p>«In January 1890 the «<span lang="es">Asociacion +Hispano-Filipina</span>,»<a class="noteref" id="xd20e593src" +href="#xd20e593" name="xd20e593src">4</a> the delegation, and the paper +<i>La Solidaridad</i> were installed in Madrid. Morayta accepted the +presidency of the Association and became proprietor of the newspaper +from which such good results were expected, it counting with an +increased output to supply enforced <span class="corr" id="xd20e602" +title="Source: suscriptions">subscriptions</span> among masons and +their <span class="corr" id="xd20e605" title= +"Source: associaties">associates</span> at the rate of a peso a +head.</p> +<p>«From that moment Morayta was made the idol of the turbulent +indians, who considered him <span class="corr" id="xd20e610" title= +"Source: has">as</span> their redeemer; no one is ignorant of the +labors undertaken by the said personage in Spain, both in the realms of +journalism and around and about the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb23" +href="#pb23" name="pb23">23</a>]</span>powers that be, on behalf of the +securing representation in the Cortes, the liberty of association +(<a href="#n35">35</a>) and that of the press, municipal autonomy and +even under a hidden guise, of that of the colony; in the memory of all +is preserved the remembrance of the banquet given by the <span class= +"corr" id="xd20e618" title="Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span> +inspired by Morayta, to Sr. Labra, the autonomist deputy for Cuba, and +no one has forgotten the proposition presented to the Congress by Sr. +Junoy, the republican deputy, also inspired by the Association and the +delegation presided over and protected by Morayta. And who finally, +does not feel indignation upon calling to mind the articles published +in <i>La Solidaridad</i> by the <span class="corr" id="xd20e625" title= +"Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span> Kalipulako (M. Ponce), Jaena (G. +Lopez), Dimas-Alang (José Rizal), Eduardo Lete, Taga-Ilog +(Antonio Luna), Juan Totoo (J. Zulueta) and Kupang or Maitalagá +(M. del Pilar)?</p> +<p>«What Spaniard is not fired to anger, upon reading the books +and pamphlets written by Rizal, Luna and Lopez and the infinite number +of printed libels which circulate here full of falsities and loathsome +calumnies against the most sacred and venerated, the Fatherland? Have +we forgotten, perhaps, Dr. Blumentritt (<a href="#n36">36</a>) who +repaid our most <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb24" href="#pb24" name= +"pb24">24</a>]</span>generous hospitality by making common cause with +our enemies? Do we not call to mind, peradventure, that all the +filipino colony in Spain and a good portion of that here resident, +sympathised with that ungrateful man, conferring upon him the honor of +<span class="corr" id="xd20e635" title= +"Source: banquetting">banqueting</span> him and extending to him their +congratulations?</p> +<p>«Fortunately these labors obtained no practical result in the +peninsula (<a href="#n37">37</a>), but they caused the native element +of some amount of culture to <span class="corr" id="xd20e643" title= +"Source: habour">harbor</span> imaginary ills and want of confidence in +the Metropolis, covert discontent with the authorities of the islands +(38), and finally, sowed the seed of aspirations which could never be +realized <a class="noteref" id="xd20e649src" href="#xd20e649" name= +"xd20e649src">5</a>. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb25" href="#pb25" +name="pb25">25</a>]</span>but a seed which is to-day, unfortunately, +bearing fruit.</p> +<p>«A casino of recreation known as the Centro Filipino, was also +organized in Madrid: a revolutionary club was the only thing to which +that center could be compared. There Spain was <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e675" title="Source: discused">discussed</span>, <span class= +"corr" id="xd20e678" title="Source: criticised">criticized</span> and +slandered under the shelter of the law of association which prevails in +the Peninsula, and shielded by the hypocrisy and deception so proper of +cowards.</p> +<p>«Personal rivalries and the want of morality in the +administration of the funds (<a href="#n39">39</a>) remitted from +Manila by the committee of propaganda, gave rise to a grave +disagreement between the two apostles of filipino filibusterism, Rizal +and Pilar; with the former sided the young and impetuous element; with +the latter the mature and thoughtful (<a href="#n40">40</a>). Both +elaborated the same material, but each using a different process; the +one boldly insolent and hostile, the other masked with <span class= +"corr" id="xd20e689" title="Source: hypocricy">hypocrisy</span> and +calm. Both being ambitious, each found the world too small to contain +him. This state of things ceased with the coming of Rizal to these +islands in 1892 (<a href="#n41">41</a>), Pilar remaining the absolute +possessor of the field at Madrid. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb26" +href="#pb26" name="pb26">26</a>]</span></p> +<p>«In the meanwhile the committee of propaganda was not +inactive. It created delegations throughout the <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e699" title="Source: archipielago">archipelago</span>, and by +their means introduced the <i>La Solidaridad</i> and all kinds of +revolutionary printed matter into the utmost corners of the +<span class="corr" id="xd20e705" title= +"Source: archipielago">archipelago</span>.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2" id="xd20e708"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 id="xd20e709" class="main">The «<span lang="es">Liga +Filipina</span>»</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">«Rizal, magnanimously pardoned by His Excellency +the Captain General of the <span class="corr" id="xd20e716" title= +"Source: Archipiélago">Archipelago</span>, D. Eulogio Despujol +(<a href="#n42">42</a>), after the making of a thousand and one lying +protests of repentance, reached this capital in May 1892, being +received by his countrymen with extraordinary proofs of enthusiasm and +rejoicing; and converting himself into an apostle of filibusterism, +commenced a campaign of scandalous propaganda.</p> +<p>«Three days after his arrival he convoked a large reunion +(<a href="#n43">43</a>) in the house of the <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e727" title="Source: chinese">Chinese</span> half-caste Ongjungco +in Tondo, and under his presidentship there gathered Franco, property +owner; Flores, Lieutenant of Infantry; Rianzares, lawyer; Zulueta, +government employee; Adriano, notary; Reyes, tailor; Paez, business +agent; Francisco, industrial; <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb27" href= +"#pb27" name="pb27">27</a>]</span>Serrano, school-teacher; A. Salvador, +contractor; Salazar, industrial; Mariano, property owner; Legaspi, +industrial; José, property owner; Bonifacio, warehouse porter; +Plata, <i>curial</i>; Villareal, tailor; Rosa, book-keeper; Arellano, +military employee; M. Salvador, industrial; Arévalo, dentist; +Rosario, merchant; Santillán, industrial; Ramos, industrial; +Joven, property owner; Villaruel, merchant; Mabini, lawyer; Nacpil, +silversmith; and many other <span class="corr" id="xd20e735" title= +"Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span> well known by their ideas. To this +assembly Rizal made known the motive which had inspired him to call it +together, which was no other than the creation of a secret society to +be known as the «Liga Filipina», founded for the purpose of +fomenting the advancement and culture of the country and the attaining, +later on, of emancipation from Spain (<a href="#n44">44</a>). He read +out a list of provisional regulations drawn up by himself; these +regulations were unanimously approved; a commission formed of Ambrosio +Salvador and Deodato Arellano as president and secretary respectively, +was at once nominated for the studying and development of Rizal’s +project, and the reunion was <span class="corr" id="xd20e742" title= +"Source: disolved">dissolved</span> till it should be again convoked. +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb28" href="#pb28" name= +"pb28">28</a>]</span></p> +<p>«The opportune deportation of Rizal (<a href="#n45">45</a>), +Cortes and Salvador, upset the plans of the «oath bound» +conspirators and the panic thus brought about dispersed them for the +moment. In the beginning of the year 1893 they <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e751" title="Source: reassumed">re-assumed</span> the work +(<a href="#n46">46</a>), sometimes in the house of Domingo Franco, and +at others in that of Deodato Arellano; and after it had been agreed +that they should be ruled by the regulations of Rizal, and votes having +been cast, the Supreme Council of the «Liga» was +constituted in the following form:</p> +<div class="table"> +<table> +<tr valign="top"> +<td>President</td> +<td></td> +<td>Franco.</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td>Secretary & Treasurer</td> +<td></td> +<td>Arellano.</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td>Fiscal</td> +<td></td> +<td>Francisco.</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td rowspan="9" class="xd20e777">Councillors</td> +<td rowspan="9" class="xd20e779"><img src="images/leftbrace9.gif" alt= +"" width="17" height="195"></td> +<td>Zulueta.</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td>Legaspi.</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td>Paez.</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td>Bonifacio.</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td>Nacpil.</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td>Adriano.</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td>Mabini.</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td>Rianzares.</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td>Flores.</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<p>«Before continuing, and in order that the facts which follow +may be better understood, I will give some idea of the +«Liga» according to the mentioned regulations. <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb29" href="#pb29" name="pb29">29</a>]</span>Its +determined ends (<a href="#n47">47</a>), were the independence of the +islands; its means, the propaganda of advanced political ideas +(<a href="#n48">48</a>), availing themselves of conferences, +books<span class="corr" id="xd20e819" title="Not in source">,</span> +pamphlets and the paper «La Solidaridad» which was declared +the official organ of the association; the culture of the country by +means of study, and its material advancement by stimulating the +creation of large enterprises and industries; and, as a final means, +armed rebellion (<a href="#n49">49</a>). The catechised or initiated +<span class="corr" id="xd20e826" title= +"Source: submitied">submitted</span> themselves to a solemn oath before +a human skull, which they afterwards kissed, signing with their own +blood (<a href="#n50">50</a>) a compromising document, after making the +corresponding incision in one of their arms.</p> +<p>«All those initiated incurred the duty of making propaganda +(<a href="#n51">51</a>) by all means in their power, and of increasing +the number of the associates, of preserving under severest penalties, +the most impenetrable silence on all matters relating to the +«Liga» and blind obedience to their superiors. The +association was governed by a Supreme Council with residence in Manila, +and composed of a President, a Treasurer, a Fiscal, a Secretary and +twelve Councillors; for the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb30" href= +"#pb30" name="pb30">30</a>]</span>Peninsular and Hong-Kong, the +delegations composed of Marcelo del Pilar and Ildefonso Laurel<a class= +"noteref" id="xd20e839src" href="#xd20e839" name= +"xd20e839src">6</a>.</p> +<p>“In each province was formed a provincial council with the +same organizations as the Supreme Council, but with only six +councillors, who, in their turn, had under their orders as many popular +councils as there should be pueblos in the province in which the +council should be constituted. The popular councils with analogous +organization to the provincial councils, had jurisdiction within the +<span class="corr" id="xd20e847" title= +"Source: demarkation">demarcation</span> of a pueblo; they depended +directly upon the respective provincial council and the provincial upon +the Supreme.</p> +<p>“All the members of the Supreme Council were to constitute in +the capital of Manila a popular council formed of their converts within +the zone of their residences; and all the members had to <span class= +"corr" id="xd20e852" title="Source: recrute">recruit</span> among the +natives of some culture, till the society should be thoroughly +developed. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb31" href="#pb31" name= +"pb31">31</a>]</span></p> +<p>“Each treasurer collected a <i>peso</i> as entrance fee from +the initiated and a medio (half) peso, as a monthly subscription for +each member. With the said funds there was created a central deposit in +the treasury of the Supreme Council, for the covering of the expenses +of the delegations, and the sustainment <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e861" title="Source: af">of</span> the <i>Solidaridad</i>; and it +was agreed that once there should be sufficient capital, great +enterprises, of a nature undetermined, should be undertaken.</p> +<p>“The eternal question of money in this class of organizations +(<a href="#n52">52</a>) gave rise to a serious falling out between +Rizal and the <i>Liga</i> (<a href="#n53">53</a>), on which account +their official relations were severed. The subscriptions were badly +collected, and those encharged with the custody and turning in of what +few funds did exist misapplied them (<a href="#n54">54</a>); this was +what brought about the <span class="corr" id="xd20e881" title= +"Source: decadescence">decadence</span> of the league and the cause of +its falling into discredit and disrepute and for its not prospering, in +spite of the fact that among those who aided it with their moral and +metalic aid, but without formal or written compromise (<a href= +"#n55">55</a>), were a number of shameless filibusters, so much the +more repugnant as the brilliant social position they held under +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb32" href="#pb32" name= +"pb32">32</a>]</span>the protection of Spain was elevated. Among many +others may be cited the wealthy proprietors Pedro and Francisco Roxas +<span class="corr" id="xd20e890" title="Source: , (56)">(<a href= +"#n56">56</a>),</span> Mariano Linjap, Telesforo Chuidian, Luis R. +Yangco, Antonio and Juan Luna, Felipe Zamora, Eduardo Litonjua, +Marcelino de los Santos, Máximo Paterno (<a href="#n57">57</a>) +and Nazario Constantino (<a href="#n58">58</a>).</p> +<p>“Of the members of the Supreme Council, only the following +succeeded in forming popular councils: Estanislao Legaspi who organized +one in Tondo, known as <i>Talang Bakero</i>; Andrés Bonifacio, +one in Trozo, known as <i>Mayon</i>; and Francisco Nacpil, one in Santa +Cruz, known as <i>Mactan</i> (<a href="#n59">59</a>). The rest of the +members of the Supreme Council only succeeded in forming the following +fruitless sections: Flores, one in Ermita and Malate; Zulueta in +Binondo; Rianzares in San Nicolás; Francisco in Quiapo; Adriano +and Mabini in Sampaloc and Nagtajan, and Salvador in Pandacan.</p> +<p>“In the provinces also the <i>Liga</i> enjoyed such slow +progress, that it was not possible to organize to popular councils, but +sections only, and these were organized in the Laguna, by Vicente +Reyes; in Batangas by Felipe Agoncillo (<a href="#n60">60</a>); in +Nueva Ecija, Bentus <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb33" href="#pb33" +name="pb33">33</a>]</span>and Natividad; in Tarlac the notary del +Rosario, and in Bulacán, Pampanga and other provinces wealthy +persons of the same. In <span class="corr" id="xd20e927" title= +"Source: fine">time</span>, there was not a <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e930" title="Source: filipino">Filipino</span> of wealth or career +or of medium social position, who did not pertain to, or aid and abet +the <i>Liga</i>, apart from a few most honorable exceptions (<a href= +"#n61">61</a>) which it pleases me to recognize.</p> +<p>“At the commencement of the year 1894 and when the league had +reached the age of one year, the members agreed to the dissolution of +the society, both on account of the discords which continually sprung +up in its bosom, and for the fear of discovery by the authorities which +had already perceived something of the goings on (<a href= +"#n62">62</a>). A grand assembly of the leaders was called together and +it was determined to gather in as many documents as had been drawn up +or circulated, and make a bonfire of them, so that all compromising +indications should be made to disappear. The society became dissolved +but it took a form more hypocritical. The popular councils re-entered +the masonic lodges, and these took up the work of the <i>Liga</i>, a +thing very easy to accomplish, when we remember that there was not a +single member of the society who was not a freemason. <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb34" href="#pb34" name="pb34">34</a>]</span></p> +<p>“There remained however, as a living remembrance of the +<i>Liga</i>, a committee formed of the lawyer Numeriano Adriano and +Deodato Arellano (a brother-in-law of Pilar) president and secretary, +who had at their orders some 20 or 30 members from among the most +important of the <span class="corr" id="xd20e954" title= +"Source: difunct">defunct</span> <i>Liga</i> and who were known under +the name of the <i lang="es">compromisarios</i> (<a href= +"#n63">63</a>). These enjoyed no special organization and worked with +almost entire independence. Their mission was the propagation of the +<i lang="es">La Solidaridad</i> and the gathering of funds for the +sustainment of the paper, and of the delegations in the Peninsula and +elsewhere, with which they sustained active political correspondence. +The work was continued with greater cunning by the lodges and by the +<i lang="es">compromisarios</i>; and they succeeded in keeping alive +the spirit of protest in a good part (the most influential) of the +native element till the end of the year 1895.</p> +<p>«About this time the populous empire of China was defeated by +the Japanese, and the Japanese Empire, having won the laurels of +victory so easily, began to consider the weaving of a net of +preponderance in the Occident. The <span class="corr" id="xd20e975" +title="Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span> who followed <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb35" href="#pb35" name="pb35">35</a>]</span>with +interest and satisfaction our contrarieties in Cuba, considered the +occasion <span class="corr" id="xd20e980" title= +"Source: propicious">propitious</span> for the Empire of the Rising Sun +to copy in these islands the conduct of the Americans in the Antilles. +Japan became the fashion in the Archipelago and its inhabitants were +chosen as models of culture (<a href="#n64">64</a>), wealth, of liberty +and strength. They sighed for their protection and assistance, and to +the attaining of it they uselessly directed their efforts. Doroteo +Cortés emigrated to Yokohama (<a href="#n65">65</a>), and with +him Ramos, Baza, Español and others, where they established a +separatist committee in correspondence with that of Manila. Marcelo del +Pilar prepared to leave Madrid to join them, but died suddenly in +Barcelona and finally the foolish political schemers dreamed of the +liberation of Rizal (<a href="#n66">66</a>) who had been deported to +Dapitan, in order that he also should follow Cortés and the +others. From Manila there departed frequently parties of wealthy +<span class="corr" id="xd20e993" title= +"Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span> who went to Japan under the +pretext of making recreative, instructive or artistic voyages, but in +reality to conspire, and it is assured that they were listened to by +some of the official element of that <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb36" href="#pb36" name="pb36">36</a>]</span>nation (<a href= +"#n67">67</a>). The Japanese corvette <i>Kongo</i> (<a href= +"#n68">68</a>) arrived in Manila in the month of May and no one could +explain its sudden appearance in the bay; but on the other hand the +officers were mysteriously <span class="corr" id="xd20e1008" title= +"Source: banquetted">banqueted</span> by a commission of <span class= +"corr" id="xd20e1011" title="Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span> in the +<i>Bazar Japones</i> (<a href="#n69">69</a>) where they lodged. +Causalities perhaps, but.... <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb37" href= +"#pb37" name="pb37">37</a>]</span></p> +</div> +</div> +</div> +<div class="footnotes"> +<hr class="fnsep"> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e340" href="#xd20e340src" name="xd20e340">1</a></span> The numbers +which will be found throughout this document signify notes to be found +in the appendix. The letters in brackets signify footnotes of minor +importance.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e545" href="#xd20e545src" name="xd20e545">2</a></span> +Barcelona.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e558" href="#xd20e558src" name="xd20e558">3</a></span> About this +same time a lodge composed of <span class="corr" id="xd20e560" title= +"Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span> was formed in Madrid, and known as +the <i lang="es">Solidaridad</i>. There it was that steps were taken to +catechize the masses of the <span class="corr" id="xd20e566" title= +"Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span> in their own homes<span class= +"corr" id="xd20e569" title="Not in source">.</span></p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e593" href="#xd20e593src" name="xd20e593">4</a></span> In the +Official Bulletin of the Gr∴ Or∴ Esp∴ for Sept. +1896, Morayta, speaking of this association of separatists said: +“It was born strong,—the filipino colony numbered then more +than 70 members, by the side of whom labored several peninsular +Spaniards.” It is a pity Morayta did not classify these +peninsular Spaniards, for had he done so we might perhaps have found +among their number some of the social <span class="corr" id="xd20e595" +title="Source: outcastes">outcasts</span> who have since aided the +insurgent element against the legitimate authority of the United +States.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e649" href="#xd20e649src" name="xd20e649">5</a></span> These +aspirations almost all turned upon the idea of independence. The +ability of the natives to govern themselves has had many tests. During +the last days of Spanish rule a taste of this <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e651" title="Source: privelege">privilege</span> in minor grade +was allowed the native as a test, and it needed but a drop of the +independence <span class="corr" id="xd20e654" title= +"Source: ticture">tincture</span> to put the patient into a burning +fever. It truly takes a visionary to claim for the <span class="corr" +id="xd20e657" title="Source: filipino">Filipino</span> the ability to +govern his own country. In the <span class="corr" id="xd20e660" title= +"Source: filipino">Filipino</span> family the woman “wears the +breeches” and in the pueblo all is subservient to the +“boss”, the presidente. The aspirations of the pre-American +<span class="corr" id="xd20e663" title= +"Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span> are the same as the aspirations of +the Federal Party: aspirations which can never be realized till the +character of the aspirant radically changes. “Filipinas” +yet awaits in expectation to find the <span class="corr" id="xd20e667" +title="Source: filipino">Filipino</span> who can govern his own +household!</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e839" href="#xd20e839src" name="xd20e839">6</a></span> The +executive committee of the Liga was composed of Moises Salvador, +Ambrosio Flores, Apolinario Mabini, Domingo Franco, Numeriano Adriano, +Timoteo Paez, Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, and the brothers Venancio +and Alejandro Reyes. Testimony of Antonio Salazar. (fols. 1118 to +<span class="corr" id="xd20e841" title= +"Source: 11.29">1129</span>).</p> +</div> +</div> +<div id="xd20e1021" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h2 id="xd20e1022" class="main">K. K. K. N. M. A. N. B.</h2> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first xd20e192"><span class="sc" lang="tl">Kataastaasang +Kalagayan Katipunan Nang Mang̃a <span class="corr" id="xd20e1027" +title="Source: A ac">Anak</span> Nang Bayan.</span></p> +<p class="xd20e192"><i>Supreme Society of the Sons of the +People<a class="noteref" id="xd20e1034src" href="#xd20e1034" name= +"xd20e1034src">1</a>.</i></p> +<p>Whilst Rizal, in Manila, was engaged in the organization of the +“Liga Filipina” into <a id="xd20e1072" name= +"xd20e1072"></a>which only the well-to-do or educated classes could +enter (<a href="#n70">70</a>), an attempt <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb38" href="#pb38" name="pb38">38</a>]</span>which, for that time, +failed on account of his immediate deportation, Marcelo H. del Pilar, +from Madrid, in July 1892, advised the creation of another association, +which was to be similar thereto, but which was to include the +agricultural laborers and persons of little or no education and +instruction (<a href="#n71">71</a>), but who directed in the localities +by the caciques and chiefs, were to form an enormous nucleus which +should, at the proper time, give forth the cry of rebellion. He (Pilar) +provided minute instructions concerning the organization and forwarded +a project of regulations.</p> +<p>“Deodato Arellano (brother in-law of Marcelo), Andrés +Bonifacio, Ladislao Dina and <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb39" href= +"#pb39" name="pb39">39</a>]</span>Teodoro Plata where those +commissioned to carry into practice the project of Pilar (<a href= +"#n72">72</a>); they discussed the regulations and added to them making +them still more terrifying, agreeing that they should all immediately +proceed with the preparatory works, and they were not interrupted till +the conspiracy was discovered on the 19th of August of this year +(1896). Both the said organizers and the others who composed the first +Supreme Council, belonged to the «Liga filipina».</p> +<p>“The organization given to the society was <span class="corr" +id="xd20e1091" title="Source: analogeous">analogous</span> to that +enjoyed by the «Liga» (<a href="#n73">73</a>) but amplified +to the extent of anarchism, swearing hatred and destruction to +everything of a character or nature Spanish (<a href="#n74">74</a>), +and sowing the seed of a race-hatred which has developed to a great +extent (<a href="#n75"><span class="corr" id="xd20e1101" title= +"Source: 76">75</span></a>). The Supreme, the Provincial and the +popular Councils, the sections and the delegations ruled this horrible +association. The first governed the whole <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e1104" title="Source: tagalog">Tagalog</span> Katipunan (<a href= +"#n76">76</a>); the second, that corresponding to a pueblo and the +sections were sub-divisions or fractions into which the popular +councils were divided. Those commissioned to form sections were called +delegations, and whilst <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb40" href= +"#pb40" name="pb40">40</a>]</span>they remained unconstituted, they +depended directly upon the Supreme Council. Every associate paid an +entrance fee of a <i>medio peso</i>, and a monthly subscription of a +<i>real</i>. The collections were made by the respective treasurers and +passed into the central treasury of the Supreme Council. The funds so +gathered were utilized for the succor of the brethren in their +afflictions and sicknesses, for the covering the expenses of the works +of propaganda, and for the secret acquisition of fire and other arms +(<a href="#n77">77</a>).</p> +<p>«As in freemasonry, the initiations (<a href="#n78">78</a>) +were performed with a <span class="corr" id="xd20e1127" title= +"Source: wealh">wealth</span> of the ridiculous, and with unending +<span class="corr" id="xd20e1130" title= +"Source: extravagancies">extravagances</span>; but of such a nature, +that the ignorant indian was fascinated and became converted into a +slave of his oath.</p> +<p>«The initiated were masked (<a href="#n79">79</a>) as also was +the person to be initiated; before a table was placed a skull and +crossbones, a triangle and two candles; the person about to be +initiated was told that the object of the Katipunan<a class="noteref" +id="xd20e1138src" href="#xd20e1138" name="xd20e1138src">2</a> was the +liberating of the <span class="corr" id="xd20e1144" title= +"Source: tagalog">Tagalog</span> people, and the expulsion of the +Spaniards from the archipelago, or their <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb41" href="#pb41" name="pb41">41</a>]</span>destruction (<a href= +"#n80">80</a>); following this, came a series of questions and replies +in the which the martyrdom of Gomez, Burgos and Zamora (<a href= +"#n81">81</a>), native priests judged and condemned for their part in +the rebellion of Cavite in 1872 was exalted, and they passed on to the +proofs (<a href="#n82">82</a>) which consisted in imitating an +assassination, a suicide, etc. This was followed by the taking of an +oath of striving to effect the liberation of the people till death, an +oath which demanded a blind obedience to the commands of the superior +and the preservation of the secrets of the association under the pain +of death (<a href="#n83">83</a>). Finally, to terminate the ceremony, +they made with a dagger especially adapted to that use, an incision in +the arm of the person initiated and with the blood which flowed from +the wound thus made, the new <i>katipunero</i> signed his compromise +(see note <a href="#n50">50</a>.)</p> +<p>«The initiated were called <i>brethren</i> and had their +«sacred words» and their special signs of recognition. They +were ruled by a code which established punishments ranging from +whipping till death (<a href="#n84">84</a>) and received no orders from +anyone, or had no intercourse with anyone, except with their immediate +superiors. The details which might be made <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb42" href="#pb42" name="pb42">42</a>]</span>mention +of are infinite and curious, but it would make this short memorial +unending to speak of them all.</p> +<p>“All the matters of importance and organization were dealt +with in assemblies (<a href="#n85">85</a>) constituted by the Supreme +Councils and all the presidents of the provincial and popular councils. +The accords were taken and discussions decided by a nominal votation +and at least by a majority of votes.</p> +<p>“Both the Supreme, the provincial and the popular Councils and +the sections held their periodical sessions in the which were discussed +a thousand different affairs, and the decisions of the Councils had to +be submitted to the approval of the immediate superior. The gatherings +were always held in different houses and localities, no day being set +aside as fixed, but the days of festivities or those upon which was +observed some ecclesiastical feast were chosen for that purpose +(<a href="#n86">86</a>), under the pretext of banquets or dances in +<a id="xd20e1191" name="xd20e1191"></a>which the authorities had no +suspicion, and because on the said days these semi-public rejoicings +were permitted without the necessity of seeking the license of the +governing authorities.</p> +<p>«Both the provincial and the popular <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb43" href="#pb43" name="pb43">43</a>]</span>councils +and the sections were known by special names; the initiated were +“baptized” with symbolic <span class="corr" id="xd20e1198" +title="Source: apellations">appellations</span>; and the documents were +drawn up in the Tagalog dialect, the most important being in secret +code.</p> +<p>“The first Supreme Council was constituted on the 15th of July +1892, and was as follows:</p> +<div class="table"> +<table> +<tr valign="top"> +<td>President</td> +<td></td> +<td>Deodato Arellano.</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td>Secretary</td> +<td></td> +<td>Andrés Bonifacio.</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td>Treasurer</td> +<td></td> +<td>Valentin Diaz.</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td rowspan="3" class="xd20e777">Councillors</td> +<td rowspan="3" class="xd20e1225"><img src="images/leftbrace3.gif" alt= +"" width="10" height="74"></td> +<td>Ladislao Dina.</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td>Bricio Pantas.</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td>Teodoro Plata.</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<p>Delegates were immediately appointed to establish sections in Tondo, +Binondo, Trozo, Sta. Cruz, Nagtajan, Sampaloc, Quiapo, Dilao (Paco) and +Intramuros. Commissioners set out with all rapidity to the neighboring +pueblos and provinces, and in a few weeks councils were in working +order in Caloocan, Malabon, Mandaloyan, San Juan del Monte, Pandacan, +Sta. Ana, and Pasay. In the Capital of Cavite was constituted a popular +council, and sections in Noveleta, Cavite Viejo and Imus. The same +occurred in San Isidro, Gapan and several other pueblos of these +provinces. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb44" href="#pb44" name= +"pb44">44</a>]</span></p> +<p><span class="corr" id="xd20e1240" title= +"Source: ‘">’</span>Andrés Bonifacio, Secretary of +the Supreme Council, displayed a notable audacity and energy, and this +united to a clear intelligence, gave him a great predominance over his +companions. This predominance he asserted, and in 1893 brought about +the destitution from the presidency, of Deodato Arellano, Román +Baza (<a href="#n87">87</a>), chief clerk of the Comandancia General de +Marina being elevated to that office. On account of the want of +character and initiative on the part of the new president, Bonifacio +decided, by a <i lang="fr">coup-d’état</i> if we may so +call it, to depose him also, putting himself in that office and +becoming the «dictator» of the Katipunan.</p> +<p>“Under the Presidency of Bonifacio, the society commenced an +era of febrile activity; the greater number of the <i lang= +"es"><span class="corr" id="xd20e1252" title= +"Source: tribunal s">tribunales</span></i> of the pueblos were +converted into centres of propaganda, which were directed by the +municipalities. Pamphlets and proclamations against the friars and the +whole Spanish element were circulated in profusion (<a href= +"#n88">88</a>). Injuries and outrages were invented, and by these and a +thousand and one other infamous means, little by little, hatred and +revenge were inculcated into the mind of the indian. <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb45" href="#pb45" name="pb45">45</a>]</span></p> +<p>“In 1895 Bonifacio took the first decisive steps towards the +organizing of an armed rebellion; he sent different delegations to +Dapitan to <span class="corr" id="xd20e1261" title= +"Source: eonfer">confer</span> with Rizal and receive his advice and +instruction (<a href="#n89">89</a>)<span class="corr" id="xd20e1267" +title="Not in source">;</span> he opened negotiations with the Japanese +<span class="corr" id="xd20e1270" title= +"Source: Goverment">Government</span> (<a href="#n90">90</a>), but did +not succeed therein. But with his immense <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e1277" title="Source: ascendency">ascendancy</span> over the +popular masses, an ascendancy beyond imagination, he declared himself +dictator. The secret aiders of the Katipunan who pertained to the upper +classes, offered funds of considerable amount, with the which were +acquired a good number of arms which were landed on the coast of Cavite +and Batangas with the aid of wealthy persons (<a href= +"#n91">91</a>).</p> +<p>«In August of this year (1896) exaltation among the masses +reached its full height, and Bonifacio realizing the fact, prepared +what was necessary in order that in a short time, the conspiracy which +was to take effect on the same day and hour in almost all Luzon, should +be in readiness. The plan of the attack and taking of Manila was +coarsely conceived but it might have been <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e1285" title="Source: successfull">successful</span> and massacre, +sacking and pillage would have crowned the iniquitous work. +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb46" href="#pb46" name= +"pb46">46</a>]</span></p> +<p>“At this time the Supreme Council was was composed as +follows.</p> +<div class="table"> +<table> +<tr valign="top"> +<td>President</td> +<td></td> +<td>Andrés Bonifacio.</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td>Secretary</td> +<td></td> +<td>Emilio Jacinto.</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td>Treasurer</td> +<td></td> +<td>Enrique Pacheco.</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td>Fiscal</td> +<td></td> +<td>Pío Valenzuela (<a href="#n92">92</a>).</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td rowspan="12" class="xd20e777">Councillors</td> +<td rowspan="12" class="xd20e779"><img src="images/leftbrace9.gif" alt= +"" width="17" height="195"></td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td>Hermenegildo Reyes.</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td>Teodoro Plata.</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td>Balbino Florentino.</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td>Bricio Pantas.</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td>Pantaleón Torres.</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td>José Trinidad.</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td>Francisco Carreón.</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td>Aguedo del Rosario.</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td>Vicente Molina.</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td>Alejandro Santiago.</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td>José T. Santiago.</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<p>“In Tondo existed the popular Council <i lang= +"tl">Catagalugan</i> presided over by Alejandro Santiago; and the +sections <i lang="tl">Cabuhayan</i>, <i lang="tl">Catotohanan</i>, +<i lang="tl">Pagtibain</i>, <i lang="tl">Calingaan</i> and <i lang= +"tl">Bagongsilang</i>, presided over by Hilarion Cruz, Braulio Rivera, +Cipriano Pacheco, Nicolás Rivera, and Deogracias Fajardo.</p> +<p>“In Sta. Cruz the popular Council <i lang="tl">Laonlaan</i> +presided over by Julian Nepomuceno, and the sections <i lang= +"tl">Tanglao</i> and <i>Dimas Alang</i><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e1389src" href="#xd20e1389" name="xd20e1389src">3</a> <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb47" href="#pb47" name="pb47">47</a>]</span>by +Procopio Bonifacio and Restituto Javier.</p> +<p>“In Trozo the popular Council <i>Dapitan</i><a class="noteref" +id="xd20e1404src" href="#xd20e1404" name="xd20e1404src">4</a> presided +over by Francisco Carreón, and the sections +<i>Silang̃anan</i> and <i>Alapaap</i>, by Juan de la Cruz and R. +Concha.</p> +<p>“In Binondo the popular Council <i>Ilog Pasig</i> by Faustino +Mañalac.</p> +<p>“In Concepción and Dilao (Paco) the popular Council +<i>Mahiganti</i>, presided over by Rafael Gutiérrez, and the +sections <i>Panday</i> and <i>Ilog</i> with a delegation in Ermita.</p> +<p>“But why continue<span class="corr" id="xd20e1432" title= +"Source: .">?</span> <span class="corr" id="xd20e1435" title= +"Source: Itwould">It would</span> not be exaggerating to assert that +the fourth of the native population pertained to the Katipunan, and the +task of consigning more names would be useless, as nothing new would be +discovered.</p> +<p>“Astounding is the number of the initiated; in Manila and its +province alone they <span class="corr" id="xd20e1440" title= +"Source: exeed">exceed</span> 14,000, and in the provinces of Cavite, +Batangas, Laguna and Nueva Ecija <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb48" +href="#pb48" name="pb48">48</a>]</span>there are no less than +<span class="corr" id="xd20e1445" title="Source: 20.000">20,000</span>. +Adding to this number those of the remainder of Luzon, the total will +ascend to an enormous mass of “illusioned” who bowed in +obedience to an inquisitous schemer. It must be recognized, however, +that Bonifacio is not a common man; of active character, energetic and +bold, gifted with a facility of expression in his language which +suggested itself to his countrymen; of a criterion clear but badly +cultivated by the reading of books of an elevated style and a +pernicious character<a class="noteref" id="xd20e1451src" href= +"#xd20e1451" name="xd20e1451src">5</a> and possessed of an unfathomable +ambition—such was the warehouse porter who had charge of the +store house of the foreign commercial house of Fressel <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb49" href="#pb49" name="pb49">49</a>]</span>and Co. +in Calle Nueva, Binondo<a class="noteref" id="xd20e1467src" href= +"#xd20e1467" name="xd20e1467src">6</a>.</p> +<p>“His proclamations, pamphlets, and circulars although not a +model of literature were possessed of a certain amount of culture.</p> +<p>“In Calle Clavel, in the dwelling house of Alejandro Santiago, +the Katipunan possessed a secret printing establishment, in <a id= +"xd20e1477" name="xd20e1477"></a>which were prepared many most +injurious and insulting publications. There also was edited and +published the paper <i>Kalayaan</i> (Liberty) (<a href="#n93">93</a>) +which only twice saw the light and which was supposed to have been +printed in Yokohama, (it bearing the name of that town as the place of +publication) and was published over the signature of Marcelo H. del +Pilar. This was <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb50" href="#pb50" name= +"pb50">50</a>]</span>all false, all studied out for the purpose of +throwing dust in the eyes of the local authorities. The paper was +edited by Bonifacio, his brother-in-law Teodoro Plata and the secretary +of the Supreme Council, Emilio Jacinto, a young student of law, of no +scanty intelligence.</p> +<p>“On the 19th of August last (1896) the conspiracy was +denounced and a great number of imprisonments were made by this Corps. +Bonifacio and those more closely connected with him in his schemes, +fled aghast to the neighboring pueblo of Caloocan and there remained +hidden in the house of the <i>Capitan Municipal</i> (a native) and in +that of the <i>Capitán Pasado</i> (also a native) Adriano de J, +father-in-law to Andrés Bonifacio. On the 23rd Bonifacio set out +for the barrio of <span class="corr" id="xd20e1495" title= +"Source: Balintanac">Balintauac</span>, followed by some 200 +inhabitants of Caloocan; on the 24th they were combatted by the Civil +Guard in the fields of the said pueblo and fled to their former hiding +place.</p> +<p>“The Supreme Council convoked a large assembly to be held on +the following day in the said barrio, to which gathered more than 500 +members; there a discussion took place concerning the steps which would +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb51" href="#pb51" name= +"pb51">51</a>]</span>have to be taken in view of the failure of the +conspiracy, and of the imprisonments which were being made. Some, +feeling repentant, desired to return to a legal status, submitting to +the Spanish authority but the president Bonifacio protested, proposing +immediate rebellion. Both propositions were put to the vote, and as a +result, that of the president gained by an immense majority; so much +for the prestige of Andrés Bonifacio! (<a href= +"#n94">94</a>).</p> +<p>“The orders were circulated with rapidity throughout Manila, +Cavite, Nueva Ecija and other provinces, commanding that armed +rebellion should commence at day-break of Sunday the 30th. The day and +hour assigned finally arrived, and the whole province of Manila broke +out; the rebels committing a thousand and one abuses and crimes upon as +many Europeans and loyal natives as were encountered. Like wild beasts +they attacked the waterworks and the powder station situated at San +Juan del Monte from whence they were <span class="corr" id="xd20e1507" +title="Source: valiently">valiantly</span> driven back by a section of +artillery and another of the 70th <span class="corr" id="xd20e1510" +title="Source: regimeut">regiment</span>. Simultaneously they attempted +to invade the suburb of Sampaloc by way of Santa Mesa and <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb52" href="#pb52" name="pb52">52</a>]</span>there +also they were combatted and dispersed by 60 Veteran Guards who +prevented, by their defence, a day of mourning for the city of Manila. +All Cavite, except the capital, arose in insurrection on the afternoon +of the 31st., assassinating and disarming the whole of the Civil Guard +of the province, after an heroic defence on the part of the latter. +They assaulted the convents and estates of the Religious Orders and +murdered the defenseless ministers of the Lord (<a href="#n95">95</a>). +On the 3rd of September the capital of Nueva Ecija was attacked by +large masses of rebels, and the colony<a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e1518src" href="#xd20e1518" name="xd20e1518src">7</a> and the +Civil Guard <span class="corr" id="xd20e1522" title= +"Source: heroicly">heroically</span> resisted until the arrival, from +Manila, of a column which combatted the enemy and saved that handful of +Spaniards from a certain death. But why continue to relate events so +well known to all<a class="noteref" id="xd20e1525src" href="#xd20e1525" +name="xd20e1525src">8</a>. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb53" href= +"#pb53" name="pb53">53</a>]</span></p> +<div class="div2" id="xd20e1529"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 id="xd20e1530" class="main">Denouncement of the Conspiracy and its +Discoverer.</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">“Teodoro Patiño. A name which all +Spaniards should pronounce with pleasure, because, by his repentance, +inspired by divine Providence (<a href="#n96">96</a>), Spain was saved +from an unending series of bitter experiences.</p> +<p>“Patiño, a workman in the printing establishment of the +<i lang="es">Diario de Manila</i>, pertained to the Katipunan of Tondo, +as did also the majority of the compositors and book binders of the +said establishment.</p> +<p>“Repentant and fearful of the increase of the association, and +of the criminal projects it pursued, he decided to denounce it to his +sister, a student of the College of Looban, directed by the learned and +virtuous Sisters of Mercy (<a href="#n97">97</a>). His sister made +known the <span class="corr" id="xd20e1547" title= +"Source: denounciation">denunciation</span> to her Superior who called +Patiño into her presence; and realizing the gravity which +surrounded the matter, sent him to the Rev. P. Mariano Gil, parish +priest of Tondo (<a href="#n98">98</a>), a suburb of Manila; to this +Rev. Father, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb54" href="#pb54" name= +"pb54">54</a>]</span>Patiño repeated all that he had manifested, +and all that he could know, he being only a simple initiated member. He +affirmed that in the printing establishment of the <i lang= +"es">Diario</i> receipts and proclamations were printed, and daggers +were secretly made for the Katipunan, and he offered, moreover, to make +known where the lithographic stones used for the printing were +hidden.</p> +<p>“Srs. Grund and Cortés, lieutenants of the sub-division +of the <i>Veterana</i> of that district, were called to the convent by +P. Gil, who expounded to them all that had occurred. These officers +made known the facts to their chiefs, and constituted themselves into a +“cuartelillo”. That same night there fell into the power of +P. Gil the lithographic stones, some receipts and printed regulations +of the Katipunan: objects which were placed at the disposition of this +Corps. In the “cuartelillo” Patiño was minutely +examined, and immediate proceedings were commenced for the arrest of 22 +oath bound katipuneros, whose houses were also searched. In this search +an abundance of documents and effects which justified the denunciation +were encountered. From that time no stone was left unturned +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb55" href="#pb55" name= +"pb55">55</a>]</span>by the officers and guards of this Corps, who for +15 days worked unceasingly and untiringly that their labor might be +crowned with the greatest success.</p> +<p>“More than 500 prisoners of importance, among those who were +convicted and among those who confessed, were handed over to the Courts +of Justice together with all the documents, books, +pamphlets<span class="corr" id="xd20e1567" title= +"Not in source">,</span> seals, attributes and the archives of the +Supreme Council. The back of the vast conspiracy was broken; some of +the guilty have already expiated their crimes (<a href="#n99">99</a>), +many have suffered deportation, (<a href="#n100">100</a>) whilst no few +still remain in prison awaiting the decision of human justice.</p> +<p>“If with our aid we have contributed to the salvation of this +portion of Spanish territory, what better recompense and reward for +this Section of the Guardia Civil Veterana?</p> +<p>“Manila, 28th October 1896—Olegario +Diaz—Signed—The document bears a seal which reads: <i lang= +"es">Sección de Guardia Civil +Veterana</i>.—<i>Manila</i>.</p> +<hr class="tb"> +<p>Here ends the document which forms the text. In continuation follow +the notes with their corresponding numbers. <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb57" href="#pb57" name="pb57">57</a>]</span></p> +</div> +</div> +</div> +<div class="footnotes"> +<hr class="fnsep"> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e1034" href="#xd20e1034src" name="xd20e1034">1</a></span> The +words <i>Supreme Society</i> express the idea of <i>supreme social +situation</i>, of a society formed of noteworthy people. A well-read +writer on the subject of “El Katipunan ó el filibusterismo +en Filipinas,” says, speaking of this union of such notable folk: +“<i>A reunion of people who meet to concoct assassinations, +cannot be a reunion of noteworthy people but should rather be called a +reunion of noteworthy criminals.</i>” There is not the shadow of +a doubt that this is the best and, in fact, the only title to which +such a society as the katipunan can justly lay claim.</p> +<p class="footnote">Opinion is divided as to the origin of the word +katipunan, and as to the manner in which it should be written. Some +spell it with C whilst the majority use K. As to the derivation: the +root word is undoubtedly <i lang="tl">Tipon</i> which, prefixed with +the particle <i lang="tl">ca</i> and terminated with <i lang= +"tl">an</i> gives us a word, which signifies <i>very select +association</i>. The word is however generally written with K so as to +be in keeping with the <span class="corr" id="xd20e1061" title= +"Source: tagalog">Tagalog</span> way of spelling, as they (that is to +say the “<i lang="es">redimidos</i>” have taken to the use +of K for C whenever C has a hard sound as in cat. In like manner, to +the insurgent and his sympathisers, Cavite should be Kawite. The K and +W are Blumentrittisms, i. e. of German descent.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e1138" href="#xd20e1138src" name="xd20e1138">2</a></span> See note +<a href="#n49">49</a>.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e1389" href="#xd20e1389src" name="xd20e1389">3</a></span> The +pseudonym of Rizal. By this name he is mentioned in almost all the +masonic documents relating to him and over this same name he wrote in +the <i lang="es">La Solidaridad</i> and the <i lang= +"tl">Kalayaan</i>.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e1404" href="#xd20e1404src" name="xd20e1404">4</a></span> The +place of Rizal’s banishment.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e1451" href="#xd20e1451src" name="xd20e1451">5</a></span> Pio +Valenzuela y Alejandro, a near companion of Bonifacio in matters +relative to the Katipunan, testified in his evidence in the courts of +Justice, (fols <span class="corr" id="xd20e1453" title= +"Source: 1.663">1,663</span> to <span class="corr" id="xd20e1456" +title="Source: 1.673">1,673</span>), that Andrés Bonifacio had +read much, and possessed a library which was destroyed when his house +caught fire. (See note <a href="#n16">16</a>) That he would pass the +night in reading instead of sleeping, and that from such an excess of +reading there had happened to him the same as happened to Don +Quixote—his brain had become turned. Thus it was that +Andrés was ever dreaming of the presidency and speaking of the +French Revolution.<a id="xd20e1462" name="xd20e1462"></a></p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e1467" href="#xd20e1467src" name="xd20e1467">6</a></span> It was +in the warehouse of this German firm that the Spanish authorities +discovered the documentary evidence which Valenzuela testified had been +hidden there by Bonifacio. It had been <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e1469" title="Source: determided">determined</span> by the +Katipunan to destroy all documents, but evidently Bonifacio overtaken +suddenly by the unexpected discovery of the plot he was developing, had +not sufficient presence of mind, or what is more probable still, enough +time to put them out of existence, and he therefore hid them as has +been said, hoping no doubt, to be thus enabled to put the authorities +off the track in case they should happen to get possession of them.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e1518" href="#xd20e1518src" name="xd20e1518">7</a></span> That is +to say the Spanish population.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e1525" href="#xd20e1525src" name="xd20e1525">8</a></span> As the +events here spoken of do not fall within the scope of this sketch, no +note has here been made of them. As was pointed out in the +introduction, this review is not intended as a history of the +revolution, but as a brief sketch of the society which gave rise to +it.</p> +</div> +</div> +</div> +<div class="back"> +<div id="xd20e1592" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h2 id="xd20e1593" class="main">Notes.</h2> +<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb58" href="#pb58" name= +"pb58">58</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first xd20e192">These notes are, as regards historical<br> +matter, chiefly taken from Spanish<br> +official documents drawn up as a<br> +result of juridical proceedings<br> +against certain<br> +individuals accused<br> +of treason. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb59" href="#pb59" name= +"pb59">59</a>]</span></p> +<p id="n2"><span class="sc">Note 2.</span> In that period of time in +which the evil effects of freemasonry began to tell upon the public and +private life of the government officials and upon the morals of the +people in general, the Civil Governor of Manila, D. Justo Martin Lunas +(1886), gave a ball to which the cream of Manila society was invited. +Among the selections for the evening was an extravagant item, nothing +more or less than ... a <i>can-can</i>! This in itself was enough; but +what made the matter so much the worse was that the governor had +invited the venerable Archbishop of Manila to the ball. The news of the +innovation spread far and wide, and very soon the whole city was in a +state of wild excitement. In the defense of public morals the +Archbishop deemed it necessary to issue a pastoral letter condemning +such spectacles.</p> +<p>Although not directed at that particular “school of +scandal”, this pastoral was interpreted by all those concerned, +as well as by the public in general, as a severe <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb60" href="#pb60" name="pb60">60</a>]</span>lesson +for Sr. Lunas and those who had gathered in the government house to +dance the can-can or to take pleasure therein. Hence Sr. Luna and his +party considered themselves<a id="xd20e1624" name="xd20e1624"></a> +offended, and did not hesitate to take <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e1626" title="Source: vevenge">revenge</span> when an opportunity +occurred, upon the aged and infirm Archbishop who did all he had done, +in defense of the morals of his flock.</p> +<p>From this event sprung the seed which gave rise, later on, to the +famous, or rather <i>infamous</i> manifestation of ’88: an +insensate campaign inspired against the Religious Orders by these +offended ones and their followers (See note <a href="#n30">30</a>).</p> +<p>The Civil Governor at that time was D. José Centeno y +García an active propagator of freemasonry, holding the 33rd +degree. He, together with Sr. Quiroja, fostered and godfathered the +“manifestation”. In this semi-official insult to Archbishop +Payo, an insult so ably analysed by Sr. Retana<a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e1639src" href="#xd20e1639" name="xd20e1639src">1</a>, we have one +of the best examples that could be furnished of the methods adopted by +the masonic enemies of the Catholic <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb61" +href="#pb61" name="pb61">61</a>]</span>faith in this archipelago. This +manifestation, fostered by a governor who drew down upon himself the +righteous ire of all honorable men and women by reason of his +protection of the houses of ill-fame in and about the city, was a truly +masonic invention by which many, in fact some 98% of those who signed +it, were grossly deceived. The following notes taken from the analysis +of Sr. Retana, will give an idea of the real value of the +“manifestation” and the part the <i>people</i> had therein. +In the Suburb of Sta. Cruz there were 144 people who signed the +document, that is to say there were 144 names. Of these no less than 56 +were <i>unknown</i><span class="corr" id="xd20e1651" title= +"Not in source">,</span> 3 were minors and 3 did not recognize their +signatures; 52 were natives and 8 were <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e1654" title="Source: chinese">Chinese</span> half-castes. In +Sampaloc: 61 signatures, all of which were of indians none of whom +followed trades or professions which necessitated the use of brain +power. In Malate: 38 signatures<span class="corr" id="xd20e1658" title= +"Not in source">,</span> 31 of indians<span class="corr" id="xd20e1661" +title="Not in source">,</span> only 15 of whom understood Spanish. In +Binondo: 41, 31 of whom were indians; five minors. In Sta. Ana, out of +104, the <span class="corr" id="xd20e1664" title= +"Source: mumber">number</span> of minors was 14, and 50 did not +understand Spanish; 66 were indians. In Caloocan: <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb62" href="#pb62" name="pb62">62</a>]</span>80 +signatures of which 55 were indians who did not understand Spanish; 38 +were laborers, 7 were minors. In Navotas: 140 signatures; 49 laborers, +and 49 fishermen; 127 did not understand Spanish. In Mariquina: 68, 38 +of whom were laborers, 51 did not understand Spanish. In San Fernando +de Dilao (Paco): 35; 6 minors and all indians. In San Mateo, 50 +signatures<span class="corr" id="xd20e1669" title="Source: :">;</span> +39 laborers<span class="corr" id="xd20e1672" title="Source: .">,</span> +45 indians, 41 of whom did not understand Spanish. In San Miguel 49; +and here comes the crowning piece of the magnificent work, for of these +49 no fewer than 16 had <i>died!</i> yes <i>died</i> previous to the +drawing up of the document and therefore could not possibly have signed +it; moreover 7 did not recognize their signatures, and all were +indians.</p> +<p>In recapitulation; there were 810 signatures; of these 85 did not +declare on examination, 56 were unknown, 39 were minors, 22 did not +recognize their signatures and 16 had died previous to the drawing up +of the document (Feb. 20th 1888). This brings the 810 down to 592. Of +these 592 signatures 208 were of laborers, 50 of fishermen, 31 of +carpenters, 7 washermen and 5 barbers: a total of 301 persons whose +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb63" href="#pb63" name= +"pb63">63</a>]</span>occupations called for no particular amount of +education, and whose interest and concern in such a movement as this +may be judged from their social standing. Deducting these 301 from the +remaining 592 we have 291 left for further analysis. Of these 25 were +of tailors, 4 singers (!) and 3 school masters; 58 <i lang= +"es">escribientes</i> whose occupation it is to make clean copies of +documents and other manuscript, the most that can be said of the +majority of them being that they can write well, not an uncommon thing +anyhow for a filipino; 11 of musicians, men who lead the life of +crickets, enjoying hunger by day and noise by night; 9 type-setters, +men who after having set a dozen columns of material could not tell you +anything of the subject they were composing, in other words, men who +like the <i lang="es">escribientes</i> reproduce mechanically without +knowing what they are reproducing; this gives us 107 of another grade +leaving 184 to be divided among the many odds and ends of occupations +followed by the native to earn his “fish and rice”. No less +than 384 of the number did not understand Spanish and 13 could not +write. In the matter of races: ONE was a Spaniard, Enrique Rodriguez +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb64" href="#pb64" name= +"pb64">64</a>]</span>de los Palacios who called himself a merchant and +was domiciled in Binondo. Upon investigation it turned out that he also +had been fooled and that he had signed the protest because he had been +told that other Spaniards had also signed it; as to its contents he +affirmed that he knew nothing. One was a Spanish mestizo, 66 were +Chinese half-castes and 524 were indians. So much for the famous +manifestation which resulted in giving a most decisive blow to the +moral and social standing of those who prepared and those who signed +it. Those concerned therein learned the bitter lesson that <span class= +"corr" id="xd20e1694" title="Source: ”">“</span>they who +dig pits for their neighbors are apt to fall therein +themselves.”</p> +<p>The common opinion has always been that the document in question was +drawn up by Doroteo Cortés (see note 11) who had on several +occasions been under police vigilance; had been expelled from Navotas +and compelled to reside within the walled city, later on pardoned, but +still kept under police surveillance. But however that may be, the +document was infamous in the extreme, and was the precursor of the +modern campaign against the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb65" href= +"#pb65" name="pb65">65</a>]</span>Religious Orders. From that time to +this present, this campaign has continued to spread, and <span class= +"corr" id="xd20e1701" title="Source: in">is</span> still being fostered +by the Federal Party.</p> +<p>Another of the advanced ideas which saw the light of day during the +interim governorship of D. José Centeno y Garcia, a 33rd degree +freemason and a stout republican, was the toleration, for the first +time in the history of the Archipelago, of houses of prostitution. +Centeno was a governor who, having erred considerably during his +governorship, attempted some years later to regain public confidence by +the publication of an insulting pamphlet against the Religious Orders. +This novelty of semi-official houses of ill-fame was, for Manila, a +most genuine expression of modern democracy. Scandals until then +unheard of or undreamed of in Manila, became the order of the day. +White girls imported or <span class="corr" id="xd20e1706" title= +"Source: enveigled">inveigled</span>, were hired out by their +mistresses to pander to the sensual appetites of blacks, merely because +the said black-skinned sensualists were wealthy enough to pay the price +demanded. What edification! Fundicion street became a centre in which +the scandals daily increased in number and importance. <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb66" href="#pb66" name="pb66">66</a>]</span>The +native weaned after many long years of careful training at the hands of +the Religious Orders, from the vices in which he was found submerged at +the time of the Spanish Conquest, was brought face to face with the +same scandalous surroundings, introduced by people of the same white +race which had removed his forefathers therefrom. Gradually but surely +this leaven of corruption has eaten its way into the customs of the +people, and to-day we are witnesses of its terrible effects. A +comparison of the public morals of to-day <a id="xd20e1711" name= +"xd20e1711"></a>with those of 20 years or so ago, would reveal facts +which would astound many of those who are at a loss to account for the +reason of the existence of the “<span lang= +"es">querida</span>” evil among so many of the <span class="corr" +id="xd20e1716" title="Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span> of modern +Manila. A quarter of a century ago Manila was a paradise to what it is +to-day, crimes so common in these days that they are scarcely worth +recording, were unheard of; and even <span class="corr" id="xd20e1720" +title="Source: drunkeness">drunkenness</span> was almost entirely +confined to foreign sailors. What Manila is to-day it owes to the +advanced and anti religious ideas introduced by freemasonry and modern +democracy. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb67" href="#pb67" name= +"pb67">67</a>]</span></p> +<p id="n3"><span class="sc">Note 3.</span> Separatism, <span class= +"corr" id="xd20e1728" title="Source: vulgarilly">vulgarly</span> called +filibusterism, has always, in the Philippines, been marked by +<span class="corr" id="xd20e1731" title= +"Source: essencial">essential</span> characteristics. It was always, +under the circumstances by which it was surrounded, necessarily +anti-patriotic. One thing which helped to give it the robust life it +enjoyed among the middle class of people, was the supposition of the +existence of a <span class="corr" id="xd20e1734" title= +"Source: tagalog">Tagalog</span> civilization anterior to the discovery +of the archipelago by the famous Magallanes. This fantastic doctrine +was preached and propagated principally by two of the more prominent +<span class="corr" id="xd20e1737" title= +"Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span>, Pedro Paterno and José +Rizal. The former, much less cultured than Rizal, was the one to whom +the most insensate ideas on this subject were owing, and this because +although Rizal upheld the idea, he was led to do so by his perverse +character rather than by his belief; whilst Paterno really believes in +this pre-Spanish civilization<span class="corr" id="xd20e1740" title= +"Source: .">,</span> and that to such a degree that many of his own +country-men call him a fool and ridicule him. Another essential mark +was the enmity <span class="corr" id="xd20e1744" title= +"Source: demostrated">demonstrated</span> against the Religious Orders. +But few, if any at all of the propagators of the doctrines of +separatism labored outside of the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb68" +href="#pb68" name="pb68">68</a>]</span>four walls of the masonic lodge +room. In other words they were freemasons. Masonry was to them a medium +through which they might carry on their conspiracies; it was an excuse +for the creation of the spirit of association, till then unknown in the +Philippines.</p> +<p>The aims of separatism may be <span class="corr" id="xd20e1752" +title="Source: clased">classed</span> as direct <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e1755" title="Source: and and">and</span> indirect. The indirect +aim was the independence of the country from the yoke of Spain. At the +best this idea of independence was but second hand, a lesson learned by +heart by a scholar whose power of thought was insufficient to enable +him to grasp the true meaning of the words of the lesson. The +<span class="corr" id="xd20e1758" title= +"Source: avarage">average</span> <span class="corr" id="xd20e1761" +title="Source: filipino">Filipino</span> lacks the sentiment of +nationality; hence in the minds of the majority of the people +independence is but the enjoyment of the unbridled <span class="corr" +id="xd20e1764" title="Source: liberity">liberty</span> to do as they +please, in fact to revert to the times of their ancestors when everyone +who could exert an authority was a king, a prince or a ruler of some +description. To the <span class="corr" id="xd20e1768" title= +"Source: filipino">Filipino</span> it is of little importance whether +his <span class="corr" id="xd20e1771" title= +"Source: soverign">sovereign</span> or his supreme ruler be the King of +Spain or the President of the U. S. of America, as long as he is +protected from his “friends” and from his own country-men +and may enjoy <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb69" href="#pb69" name= +"pb69">69</a>]</span>his cock-fighting and have the necessary supply of +rice and fish for his daily sustenance.</p> +<p>The direct aims of the separatists were those they <span class= +"corr" id="xd20e1778" title="Source: saught">sought</span> in public, +viz: representation in the Spanish Cortes, the expulsion of the +Religious Orders, etc., etc. The result of representation in the Cortes +would have been a veritable comedy; that of the expulsion of the Friars +a decided <span class="corr" id="xd20e1781" title= +"Source: tradgedy">tragedy</span> for Spain, in as much as the +Religious was ever the backbone of the administration of the colony. +The consequences of the independence of the country would have been +equally <span class="corr" id="xd20e1784" title= +"Source: disasterous">disastrous</span>. There would have been the +tremendous preponderance of the black over the white and eventually +<span class="corr" id="xd20e1787" title= +"Source: intertribual">inter-tribal</span> disputes and even armed +struggles for the mastery. This would entail the complete stagnation of +the moral and material progress of the people, who would gradually but +surely drift back into the savage ways of their ancestors. And at last, +who knows but that Japan or perhaps China would have to step in to save +the inhabitants from becoming cannibals.</p> +<p>This doctrine of separatism was the doctrine <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e1792" title="Source: deseminated">disseminated</span> by +<span class="corr" id="xd20e1795" title= +"Source: filipino">Filipino</span> masonry, a daughter of Spanish +freemasonry. Filipino <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb70" href="#pb70" +name="pb70">70</a>]</span>freemasonry however, was to a great extent +addicted to views not held or sustained by the Gr∴ Or∴ +Español, and hence did not make common cause with Universal +Freemasonry, although it used its ritual, its signs and its name, to +shield from public view those of its labors which could not be allowed +to see the light of day. Hence the diving into the subject of Universal +Freemasonry is somewhat <span class="corr" id="xd20e1800" title= +"Source: irrevelant">irrelevant</span> to our present study, suffice it +to say that the brotherhood, universal as it is, suffers no other +division than that into families. Its aim is one; its methods one; its +doctrine one<a class="noteref" id="xd20e1803src" href="#xd20e1803" +name="xd20e1803src">2</a>; <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb71" href= +"#pb71" name="pb71">71</a>]</span>it is the worldly imitation of the +<span class="corr" id="xd20e1855" title= +"Source: unparalled">unparalleled</span> Catholic unity of divine +foundation.</p> +<p>The Spanish family was founded in 1811 <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb72" href="#pb72" name="pb72">72</a>]</span>by the Count de +Grasse-Tilley. On the 21st of February 1804 the Supreme Council of +Charleston issued a circular to the Count in which it said among other +things which demonstrate the aim of the foundation: “Above the +idea of country is the idea of humanity”; “frontiers are +capricious <span class="corr" id="xd20e1862" title= +"Source: demarkations">demarcations</span> imposed by the use of +force.” And others of the same nature.</p> +<p>When the Count set forth to found the Spanish Supreme Council he was +armed with a letters patent issued by the Supreme Council of Charleston +containing this sentence: “the masonic solidity will never be +effective whilst the brethren do not recognize one only power, as is +one only the earth we inhabit<span class="corr" id="xd20e1867" title= +"Source: .">,</span> and one also the horizon we contemplate.... To +unify, therefore, the masonic labors we all journey to the one end to +which the work of this Supreme Council is directed, and hence what we +have pointed out to Spain as one of the points in which is more +<span class="corr" id="xd20e1870" title= +"Source: neces sary">necessary</span> than elsewhere the one direction +to which we refer.”</p> +<p>In 1882 Spanish freemasons were divided into different Orientes each +of which claimed continuity with the institution of Grasse-Tilley; +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb73" href="#pb73" name= +"pb73">73</a>]</span>the matter was finally settled by the Supreme +Council of Charleston.</p> +<p>Opinion is divided on the question of the <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e1879" title="Source: responsability">responsibility</span> of the +Spanish freemason lodges or rather the ruling “Oriente” for +the beliefs and practices of their filipino brethren. That they were +indirectly responsible is more than certain; and oft-times they were so +indirectly. D. Manuel Sastrón ex-Deputy to the Spanish Cortes, +ex-Civil Governor of the Philippines, speaking on this subject says: +“It is not possible for us on any account to fall in line with +these suspicious reasonings: never have we had a disposition to form a +part of such a sect, because we are old time Christians; but we repeat +that we cannot believe nor do we imagine that any masonic centre +composed of peninsular Spaniards could tolerate, and much less +<span class="corr" id="xd20e1882" title="Source: forment">foment</span> +consciously, the propagation of doctrines which, whatever masonry +brought about in the <span class="corr" id="xd20e1885" title= +"Source: Philipines">Philippines</span>, could have given origin to the +congregation of separatist elements.”</p> +<p>“Nevertheless side by side with this firm conviction we repeat +what we <span class="corr" id="xd20e1890" title= +"Source: tercely">tersely</span> <span class="corr" id="xd20e1893" +title="Source: ma-maintained">maintained</span>, viz: that freemasonry +has been the medium which marshalled the element <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb74" href="#pb74" name="pb74">74</a>]</span>which +generalled the <span class="corr" id="xd20e1898" title= +"Source: filipino">Filipino</span> insurrection. Filibusterism knew how +to exploit it to a fine point.”</p> +<p class="tb">. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .</p> +<p>“We do not find it inconvenient to affirm, but just the +opposite, we repeat with pleasure and absolute belief that Spanish +freemasonry was ignorant of the true ends of the <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e1905" title="Source: filipino">Filipino</span> masons. But it is +proved to our way of thinking, to the point of evidence, that +<span class="corr" id="xd20e1908" title= +"Source: filipino">Filipino</span> masonry <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e1911" title="Source: persued">pursued</span> no other ends than +the independence of those islands (the Philippines.)”<a class= +"noteref" id="xd20e1914src" href="#xd20e1914" name= +"xd20e1914src">3</a></p> +<p>It must be noted that this is the opinion of a Spanish patriot, for +a patriot Sastrón certainly was, and what is more natural than +that a true patriot should doubt the possibility of his own countrymen +mixing themselves up in anti-patriotic movements: Yet while +Sastrón and other writers would redeem their fellow countrymen +from such a stain as that of treason, I am inclined to believe that the +asserted ignorance of the Spanish freemason was too often +<i>official</i>, that is to say it was not genuine, <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb75" href="#pb75" name="pb75">75</a>]</span>but +limited to the members of the society who enjoyed the privileges of the +lower degrees.</p> +<p>There are two sides to every question<span class="corr" id= +"xd20e1930" title="Source: ;">,</span> however, and that the +“other side” may be given a fair hearing, I will quote a +declaration of Antonio Luna on this subject. Luna, among the many +statements made before the Lieut<span class="corr" id="xd20e1933" +title="Source: ,">.</span> Col. in command of the Cuartel de +Caballeria, on the 8th of October 1896, confessed that “in the +year 1890 or 91, of his own <span class="corr" id="xd20e1936" title= +"Source: free-wiil">free-will</span>, he formed a masonic project based +on Spanish masonry: a project which might, at its proper time be +applied to filibuster conspiracy. This project was discussed and +approved by the Oriente Español in Madrid; but that center did +not know the <span class="corr" id="xd20e1939" title= +"Source: secondry">secondary</span> ends to which it would be +applied.... Of his own <span class="corr" id="xd20e1942" title= +"Source: freewill">free-will</span> he manifested that his ideas were, +when he formed the project, anti-Spanish....”</p> +<p>With rare exceptions the <span class="corr" id="xd20e1948" title= +"Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span> who left their native soil to +finish their education in the Spanish <span class="corr" id="xd20e1951" +title="Source: peninsular">peninsula</span>, were those to whom the +real work of separatism is owing. The <span class="corr" id="xd20e1954" +title="Source: filipino">Filipino</span> at home who has fallen into +line with his foreign educated <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb76" +href="#pb76" name="pb76">76</a>]</span>brother is but a blind worker. +And the <span class="corr" id="xd20e1959" title= +"Source: filipino">Filipino</span> who went to Spain was as a rule, a +very general rule, taken under the sheltering care of Miguel Morayta +(see note <a href="#n13">13</a>). The responsibility therefore for the +ideas inculcated into the minds of those “students” lies, +and that heavily, upon Morayta, the chief of that family of freemasonry +which claims ignorance of the aims of its filipino membership. The only +logical excuse that can be brought forwards is that filipino +freemasonry degenerated. When once it took root in the Archipelago it +spread with wonderful rapidity. The adepts were for the most part +<span class="corr" id="xd20e1966" title= +"Source: chinese">Chinese</span> half-castes; and little by little that +strange train of thought of the native, whether he be full blooded or +mixed, a train of thought which, like the filipino pony is accustomed +to walk backwards when it should go forwards, or like the patient +<i>carabao</i> which too often lies down just at the moment when its +services are the most needed to drag a load over a mud hole, carried +the <span class="corr" id="xd20e1972" title= +"Source: would be">would-be</span> citizens of an <span class="corr" +id="xd20e1975" title="Source: independant">independent</span> country +to the verge of political insanity. Certain it is that as the idea of +separation became more and more developed the Spanish masons who were +member <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb77" href="#pb77" name= +"pb77">77</a>]</span>of the <span class="corr" id="xd20e1981" title= +"Source: filipino">Filipino</span> lodges severed their connection +therewith. But yet it does not appear within the limits of common sense +to believe that the Spanish masons were ignorant; the greater +probability is that they were too indulgent, too confiding. To hold too +fast to the excuse of ignorance is to profess oneself very ignorant. +But whether it was ignorance or the wanting of even that species of +<span class="corr" id="xd20e1984" title= +"Source: patriotsm">patriotism</span> which one expects to find in +beasts of burden (for every horse knows his own stables) the black fact +still remains that Spanish masonry gave birth to, and fostered, +<span class="corr" id="xd20e1987" title= +"Source: filipino">Filipino</span> freemasonry or in other words, the +katipunan.</p> +<p>However, be the degree of ignorance what it may, we cannot overlook +the fact that the actions of the <span class="corr" id="xd20e1992" +title="Source: tagalog">Tagalog</span> freemasons, the katipunan if you +will, for the one and the other are the same thing under different +names, were the cause of no little surprise to the Grand Oriente +Español. The filipino mason was a traitor to the mother which +gave him being and nourished him into activity: a traitor who used the +cover of the freemason lodge only that he might the easier and safer +hatch out his plot to gain, by the most brutal means imaginable, +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb78" href="#pb78" name= +"pb78">78</a>]</span>the <span class="corr" id="xd20e1997" title= +"Source: independance">independence</span> of his country.</p> +<p>In his declaration made in the presence of Colonel Francisco Olive y +Garcia and others on the 23rd of September 1896, Moises Salvador +Francisco, of Quiapo (Manila) stated that “in April 1891 he came +to Manila bringing with him a copy of the agreements arrived at by the +Junta of Madrid, and these he handed over to Timoteo Paez to see if +masonic lodges could be established as a commencement of the work. In +the following year of 1892 Pedro Serrano arrived from Spain and then +Masonry (native) was introduced into the Philippines, the first lodge +instituted being the <i>Nilad</i>.”</p> +<p>To give some idea of the separatist aims which gave life and +<span class="corr" id="xd20e2007" title= +"Source: nourishmeut">nourishment</span> to the <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e2010" title="Source: tagalog">Tagalog</span> revolt, I will quote +a few extracts taken from masonic documents, and from the declarations, +made by persons complicated in the conspiracy. These declarations were +made in the presence of the appointed judge, Col. D. Francisco Olive y +Garcia, and others, and are of capital interest in the study of the +rise and fall of the filipino “commune”.</p> +<p>The citations are as follows: <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb79" +href="#pb79" name="pb79">79</a>]</span></p> +<p>I. In an act of Session of the <i>Katipunan Sur</i> at the +commencement of the year 1896, the session being opened, the president +don Agustin Tantoko, a native priest<a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e2021src" href="#xd20e2021" name="xd20e2021src">4</a>, invited the +membership present to <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb80" href="#pb80" +name="pb80">80</a>]</span>express its opinion concerning the questions +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb81" href="#pb81" name= +"pb81">81</a>]</span>proposed, viz: how ought we to act towards +society; towards ourselves; and how ought we to act in case of +surprise. Mariano Kalisan considered, dealing with the first question, +that “<i>as their principal object was not to leave alive any +Spaniard in all the future <span class="corr" id="xd20e2091" title= +"Source: filipino">Filipino</span> republic</i>” they should +procure to make friends with them as much as possible in order to be +able to carry out their plans with more surety when the time should +arrive to give the cry of independence. D. Gabino Tantoko, brother of +the president, considered that the said principle should be carried out +especially in dealing with the members of the Religious Orders. Both +propositions were accepted.</p> +<p>As regards the second question, Epifanio Ramos proposed that +meetings should be held as seldom as possible “<i>in order to +avoid scandals</i>”.</p> +<p>In case of surprise, Hermenegildo García considered that +“<i>the strongest fort lay in denial</i>.” The brothers +Tantoko remarked that such surprise was almost impossible seeing that +they had determined “<i>not to leave alive any of those who might +surprise them</i>.” The president moreover remarked that, from +that time forward, in case of <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb82" href= +"#pb82" name="pb82">82</a>]</span>danger, “they should destroy +all the papers they held in their power, such as acts, receipts, +letters, plans and especially the arms they held, in case the blow they +were to deal in Manila should not succeed.” This was accepted +unanimously.</p> +<p>In reply to a question, the president affirmed that “all the +sections of Katipunan existing in the future <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e2112" title="Source: filipino">Filipino</span> republic +<span class="corr" id="xd20e2115" title= +"Source: persued">pursued</span> the same end: viz: the independence of +the <span class="corr" id="xd20e2118" title= +"Source: filipino">Filipino</span> people<span class="corr" id= +"xd20e2121" title="Not in source">,</span> the release from the yoke of +the step-mother<a class="noteref" id="xd20e2124src" href="#xd20e2124" +name="xd20e2124src">5</a> Spain.”</p> +<p>II<span class="corr" id="xd20e2132" title="Not in source">.</span> +In a document dated the 12th of June 1896 and giving instructions to +those who should carry out the proposed slaughter of all the Spaniards +in Manila, we read:</p> +<p>“2nd. Once the signal is given every bro∴ shall +<span class="corr" id="xd20e2137" title="Source: fulfil">fulfill</span> +the duty imposed upon him by this Gr∴ Reg∴ Log∴ +without considerations of any kind, neither of parentage, friendship +nor of gratitude, etc.”</p> +<p>“4th. The blow having been struck at the Captain General and +the other Spanish Authorities, the loyals shall attack the convents +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb83" href="#pb83" name= +"pb83">83</a>]</span>and shall behead their infamous inhabitants, +respecting the wealth contained in the said convents; this shall be +gathered ... etc.”</p> +<p>“6th. On the following day the bbro∴ designated shall +bury all the bodies of their hateful oppressors in the field of +Bagumbayan together with their wives and children, and on the site +shall later on be raised a monument commemorative of the independence +of the G∴ N∴ F∴ (<span lang="es">Gran +Nación Filipina</span>).”</p> +<p>“7th. The bodies of the members of the Religious Orders shall +not be buried, but burned in just payment for the felonies (sic) which +they committed during life against the <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e2152" title="Source: filipino">Filipino</span> nation during the +three hundred years of their nefarious domination.”<a class= +"noteref" id="xd20e2155src" href="#xd20e2155" name= +"xd20e2155src">6</a></p> +<p>This infamous document is signed by the president of the executive +commission by the Gr∴ Mast∴ adj∴ Giordano Bruno, +and the Gr∴ Sec∴ Galileo.<a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e2163src" href="#xd20e2163" name="xd20e2163src">7</a></p> +<p>III. In his declaration made before Col. Olive y García, the +second Lieutenant D. Benedicto Nijaga y Polonis, a native <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb84" href="#pb84" name="pb84">84</a>]</span>of +Carbeyeng, province of Samar, stated that the conspiracy was entered +into for the purpose of securing from Spain, by peaceful means, or by +the process of revolution, the independence of the country. He affirmed +moreover that, in the case of revolution, the aid of Japan was to be +<span class="corr" id="xd20e2170" title="Source: saught">sought</span> +and that the <span class="corr" id="xd20e2173" title= +"Source: co operation">co-operation</span> of the native troops was +expected: and that the plan of <span class="corr" id="xd20e2176" title= +"Source: compaign">campaign</span> of the rebels who were in San Mateo, +was to “fall upon Manila”, the native infantry sent out to +meet the attack to pass over to the rebel ranks.</p> +<p>IV. In his declaration made in Manila before the same judge, Pio +Valenzuela y Alejandrino stated that he was one of the members of the +<span class="corr" id="xd20e2181" title= +"Source: Inferior">Interior</span> Supreme Council of the Katipunan, +the aim of which was to collect a large amount of money and promote a +general rising in order to declare the independence of the islands +under the protectorate of the Empire of Japan<a id="xd20e2184" name= +"xd20e2184"></a>. Further on he stated that the rising was to have +taken place at 7 o’clock p. m. on the 29th of August, entry being +made into Manila and its suburbs, the rebels “killing the +Spaniards, and the natives and <span class="corr" id="xd20e2186" title= +"Source: chinese">Chinese</span> who did not wish to follow them, and +then <i>devoting <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb85" href="#pb85" name= +"pb85">85</a>]</span>themselves to the sacking of the town, to robbery +and incendiarism and the violation of women</i>.”</p> +<p>V. Romualdo de J., sculptor of <span class="corr" id="xd20e2196" +title="Source: ta.">Sta.</span> Cruz, Manila, declared that he had +founded the Katipunan in 1888, the year in which the manifestation +against the Archbishop was made; he defined the aim of the society to +be “<i>the killing of all the Spaniards</i> and the taking +possession of the islands.”</p> +<p>VI. In his declaration made in Cavite<span class="corr" id= +"xd20e2204" title="Source: .">,</span> September 3<span class="corr" +id="xd20e2207" title="Not in source">,</span> 1896, Alfonso Ocampo +affirmed that according to the plans formulated, they were “to +make the assault, killing and robbing all the peninsular <span class= +"corr" id="xd20e2210" title= +"Source: spaniards">Spaniards</span>.” And moreover, that +“the rebellion had for its object <i>the assassination of all the +peninsular Spaniards, the violation and beheading afterwards of their +wives and of their children even to the youngest</i>.”</p> +<p>Many others might be cited; with these six samples an idea may be +gathered of the progressive idea advocated or fostered by Rizal, Pilar, +Lopez, Ponce, the Lunas, Rosario, Cortés, and others who were +inspired by Morayta, the Grand Master of the Gran Oriente +Español. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb86" href="#pb86" name= +"pb86">86</a>]</span></p> +<p id="n4"><span class="sc">Note 4.</span> The then Civil Governor of +Manila, in a report to the Colonial Minister concerning what was taking +place in Manila says, speaking of this Corps:</p> +<p>“... this Corps of Vigilance which, although composed of no +more than 45 persons including the inspectors of the same ... renders a +service (to the Government in secret service work) which should be +confided to 100 persons, considering the nature and the amount of the +work undertaken and <span class="corr" id="xd20e2225" title= +"Source: perfomed">performed</span> daily, from the day of the +formation of the Corps to this day: a period of about a year. The +interesting body of police which under my orders has performed such +valuable services, is that which has attained greatest success in the +fruitful labor of making clear the <span class="corr" id="xd20e2228" +title="Source: vandalic">vandalistic</span> events we have been +experiencing.”</p> +<p id="n5"><span class="sc">Note 5.</span> <i>Filibusters</i>: more +properly called separatists. Noah Webster describes a filibuster as a +“lawless military adventurer, especially one in quest of plunder; +a free-booter, a pirate.” Hence, taken in its true meaning, the +word does not apply to the separatists of the Philippines. Retana +classifies the filibuster in three groups: the first: he <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb87" href="#pb87" name="pb87">87</a>]</span>who, +thinking little or nothing of the independence of his country, showed +more or less aversion to the peninsular Spaniards. 2. He who, under the +pretext or without it, of illustrating his countrymen, inculcated into +their minds political ideas which, without meriting the qualification +of subversive, tended to incite <span class="corr" id="xd20e2241" +title="Source: then">them</span> against supposed oppressions of the +Spaniards; against all things which appeared behind the times, hence +according to their way of arguing, against the Religious Corporations, +to which they owed everything except their anti-Spaniardism. As a rule +those belonging to this group professed great love for the +mother-country and did not preach ideas of independence; they held the +belief that theirs was the duty to prepare the way for the emancipation +which should be attained by their grandchildren. And 3. Those whose aim +was to attain the emancipation of their country as soon as possible. +This latter group were the true separatists. It is however difficult to +distinguish between the filibuster so called, and the true separatist; +perhaps the only <span class="corr" id="xd20e2244" title= +"Source: admisible">admissible</span> distinction is that the +separatist is a man of peaceful methods whilst the <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb88" href="#pb88" name= +"pb88">88</a>]</span>filibuster is a man of struggles. Rizal was more +or less a separatist, Andrés Bonifacio a veritable +filibuster.</p> +<p id="n6"><span class="sc">Note 6.</span> Sr. Olive was a gentleman +who well deserved the respect and honor paid to him by his nation, and +the hatred of those whose plans of treachery he thwarted and who, in +spiteful revenge, have gone so far as to accuse him of using torture +and other forcible means of <span class="corr" id="xd20e2253" title= +"Source: exorting">extorting</span> confessions, many of which they +claim to have been false. Sr. Olive was too kind-hearted a man to stoop +to such methods even had the circumstances demanded the use of moderate +<span class="corr" id="xd20e2256" title= +"Source: physicial">physical</span> persuasion.</p> +<p>At one time Sr. Olive was the Governor of the Marianas Islands +concerning the which he wrote and published a very interesting memoir. +He was at that time Lieut. Colonel.</p> +<p>Later on he was made Colonel and as such was placed at the head of +one of the sections of the Guardia Civil of Manila. He was secretary of +the sub-inspection of arms of the Philippines. When a state of war was +declared, the charges which were at that time being prepared in +connection <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb89" href="#pb89" name= +"pb89">89</a>]</span>with the insurrection, were handed over to Sr. +Olive, who with a zeal worthy of praise, and an energy too seldom +exerted, commenced to deal out strict justice to the enemies of their +country. About a year and a half ago Sr. Olive was made General of +Brigade.</p> +<p id="n7"><span class="sc">Note 7.</span> According to a pamphlet +written by a <span class="corr" id="xd20e2269" title= +"Source: pseudonomous">pseudonymous</span> freemason and printed in +Paris in 1896, the first lodge founded in the Philippines was that +established in Cavite about 1860 under the name of <i lang="es">Luz +Filipina</i> and subject to the Gr∴ Or∴ Lusitian, +enjoying immediate correspondence with the Portuguese lodges of Macao +and <span class="corr" id="xd20e2275" title= +"Source: Hong-kong">Hong-Kong</span> which served as intermediaries +between that lodge and those of other neighboring countries.</p> +<p>Another statement however, from the pen of Sr. Nicolas Diaz y +Pérez who formed his data from the original documents of the +lodges, places the first foundation at the end of the year 1834. At +this time, says Sr. Diaz, D. Mariano Marti, who died twenty-seven years +later, whilst on his return to Spain, founded, together with others, +lodges in various parts of the Archipelago, but they did not prosper +and soon dissolved. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb90" href="#pb90" +name="pb90">90</a>]</span>The epoch of intrigues which produced so much +disquietude and perversion of moral customs and ideas, more especially +in the Tagal provinces, commenced about 1868. The masonic activity at +that time was owing greatly to the political intriguers who were +deported from Spain to this archipelago, where their influence was felt +in no small degree, to the detriment of public morals.</p> +<p>About 1872, during the interim government of Gen. Blanco Valderrama, +a lodge was founded in Sampaloc, subject to the Gr∴ Or∴ +Esp∴, and composed entirely of peninsular Spaniards with the +exclusion of natives.</p> +<p>In the same year D. Rufino Pascual Torrejón reached Manila +and united his efforts to those of Marti, founding lodges purely +Spanish.</p> +<p>On the first of March 1874 was created the lodge “Luz de +Oriente” under the obedience of the Gr∴ Or∴ de +Esp∴, the Gr∴ Comend∴ being D. Juan de la Somera. +This was really the first successful establishment of masonry in the +Philippines<span class="corr" id="xd20e2288" title="Source: ,">.</span> +The cited Sr. Diaz y Pérez says on this point; “It may be +said that freemasonry regularly constituted in the Philippines, dates +from <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb91" href="#pb91" name= +"pb91">91</a>]</span>the 1st. of March 1874, with the creation of the +lodge <i lang="es">Luz de Oriente</i>....”</p> +<p>On the 1st of March 1875 was installed the Gr∴ L∴ +Departmental, D. Rufino Pascual Torrejon being the Gr∴ +President.</p> +<p>Up to the year 1884 the lodges of the Philippines did not admit to +their <span class="corr" id="xd20e2300" title= +"Source: memberhip">membership</span> either indians or half-castes; +but since that time, and upon the initiative of the Gr∴ +Mast∴ of the Gr∴ Or∴ Esp∴ the doors of the +lodges were opened to all indians and half-castes who could read or +write. Later on purely native lodges were founded and from that time +Spain lost, little by little but surely, her hold upon the people, with +the result that she eventually lost her colony. What masonry has +accomplished in other parts of the world it also accomplished here very +effectually. It laid the foundation for the undermining of society, +bringing forth a generation of traitors and building up a kingdom for +anti-Christ.</p> +<p>As has been proved over and over again by the many masonic documents +which have been discovered, freemasonry was ever anti-Catholic in the +Philippines; but it was not until it had degenerated into filibusterism +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb92" href="#pb92" name= +"pb92">92</a>]</span>that the anti-Spanish spirit really took shape. +Year by year <span class="corr" id="xd20e2308" title= +"Source: thisspirit">this spirit</span> spread and more, especially +among the natives and half-castes of less intellectual capacity. Among +this element, separatist ideas spread with marvelous rapidity owing to +the peculiarity of the character of the native and of the half-caste, +more especially the <span class="corr" id="xd20e2311" title= +"Source: chinese">Chinese</span> half-caste. (See note <a href= +"#n19">19</a>).</p> +<p>Up to 1890, even <span class="corr" id="xd20e2319" title= +"Source: filipino">Filipino</span> masonry enjoyed but insignificant +development. By 1892, however, it had spread widely, and in the +following year Manila was gifted with a female lodge founded on the +18th of July of that year, under the name of “La Semilla”, +of which Rosario Villareal, the daughter of Faustino <span class="corr" +id="xd20e2322" title="Source: Villaruel">Villareal</span>, was declared +the Ven∴ Gr∴ Mistress.</p> +<p>From this time the element of politico-social decomposition gained +ground among the native and half-caste population. New ideas +continually gave place to the old and as the aims and purposes of the +lodges degenerated, these centers of anti-catholic propaganda became +more and more anti-Spanish.</p> +<p>Isabelo de los Reyes, in an attempted defense of his +“friends”, makes the important <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb93" href="#pb93" name= +"pb93">93</a>]</span>confession that “Filipino freemasonry was +not so inoffensive as it was believed.... The “Liga” at +least was a school of conspiracy, and in truth, the <span class="corr" +id="xd20e2331" title="Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span> did not turn +out bad pupils.”</p> +<p>Another demonstration of the inoffensiveness of freemasonry is the +following series of facts taken from a pamphlet published in 1896 in +Paris by Antonio Regidor under the pseudonym of Francisco Engracio +Vergara. Regidor was a distinguished figure in the attempted revolt of +1872, and hence may justly be supposed to know something of the matter +of which he speaks. He says:</p> +<p>“By reason of the rising of Cavite many <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e2338" title="Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span> characterized as +progressives were deported to <span class="corr" id="xd20e2341" title= +"Source: Marinas">Marianas</span>.... To the masons of Hong-Kong was +owing the flight of several <span class="corr" id="xd20e2344" title= +"Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span>....”</p> +<p>“The foreign masons distributed arms in Negros, Mindanao and +Jolo. The official bank of Singapore distributed in Cebu, Leyte and +Bohol over £<span class="corr" id="xd20e2349" title= +"Source: 80.000">80,000</span> stg., and that of <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e2352" title="Source: Hong-kong">Hong-Kong</span> more than +£<span class="corr" id="xd20e2355" title= +"Source: 200.000">200,000</span> in Panay and Negros.... The French +freemasons at the petition of <i>brother</i> Paraiso, went to aid also +the escape of the deported in Marianas.” <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb94" href="#pb94" name="pb94">94</a>]</span></p> +<p id="n8"><span class="sc">Note 8<span class="corr" id="xd20e2365" +title="Source: ,">.</span></span> <i>Rizal</i> and others: Of this +group Rizal, Pilar, the Lunas and Cortés, formed the more guilty +part, they being men of superior education and more enlightened minds. +Rizal was the center upon which almost everything connected with the +revolt turned. During his younger days he lived with his parents in +Calamba, where they occupied a stretch of land owned by the Dominican +Corporation. The Rizal family was one of those most favored by the +Dominicans<a class="noteref" id="xd20e2371src" href="#xd20e2371" name= +"xd20e2371src">8</a>, and one of those ungrateful ones too, which +commenced law-suit against the said Corporation to unjustly possess +themselves of the land they held at rent.</p> +<p>Rizal received his <span class="corr" id="xd20e2388" title= +"Source: secondry">secondary</span> education at <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb95" href="#pb95" name="pb95">95</a>]</span>the +Ateneo Municipal conducted by the Jesuit Fathers, and was always a +bright attentive and successful pupil. At that time he was secretary of +the Sodality of the Blessed Virgin and Promoter of the Apostleship of +Prayer. Whilst he remained true to the traditions of Catholic Spain, he +was an upright pious youth. Much of his time he spent in carving wooden +images of the Blessed Virgin and of the Sacred Heart, and in writing +compositions, some of them remarkable for their beauty, in which were +reflected a pure love for Spain.</p> +<p>Having attained the degree of Bachelor he left the Ateneo and passed +to the University of Manila, continuing his studies under the Dominican +Fathers. There he studied medicine with great success for some years, +and at length went to Europe to terminate his career and take his +degrees.</p> +<p>Rizal left school like so many other filipino students, overloaded +with science he was unable to direct, full of pride because of his +accomplishments, and very ambitious. He terminated his studies in +Madrid and Germany, in both of which places he fell in with a class of +people who utilized him as a tool to accomplish an end at that time +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb96" href="#pb96" name= +"pb96">96</a>]</span>unknown to him. They filled his head with new and +false ideas, making him vain promises which appealed to his pride, and +by their dark arts made of him a <i>separatist</i>. He also studied +English and German, his studies in this latter language making him +enthusiastic in the things of Germany and, in an extraordinary degree, +with those of protestantism.</p> +<p>Among his own people he was the possessor of an exceptional +intelligence and talent but outside his own circle his most famous +accomplishments are but poor to the student of Literature. His sadly +famous <i lang="es">Noli me tangere</i> and <i lang="es">El +Filibusterismo</i> cannot pass for more than very second-hand for their +ingenuity and literary taste, but they possess the quality of being a +mirror in which is reflected the inclinations, character and perverse +moral sense of their author. In them he is reflected as a restless +spirit anxious for human glory, haughty and above all, anti-Spanish and +ungrateful in the extreme.</p> +<p>It was in Berlin that he published his <i>Noli</i> in 1886. That +this novel was written by Rizal there in no doubt, but that the ideas +therein expressed came directly from <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb97" href="#pb97" name="pb97">97</a>]</span>his own head is more than +doubtful. Like the vast majority of <span class="corr" id="xd20e2418" +title="Source: filipino">Filipino</span> productions, it is but a copy +taken from models which had struck the fancy of the author. The +pictures he draws therein of the disadvantages suffered by the +<span class="corr" id="xd20e2421" title= +"Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span> who have become +españolized, are but reproductions prepared in his own coarse +and crude way of thinking, of the most scurrilous anti-Spanish and +anti-Catholic works of propaganda produced by the Bible Societies and +spread abroad throughout the world as gospel truth. Taking away the +insults hurled against the Church and the Religious Orders, and against +Spain, there is absolutely nothing new in the novel. Its object was to +attack the friars and the chiefs of the Guardia Civil, both of which +the author well knew to be the sustainment and guarantee of peace and +order in the Archipelago and consequently the strongest support of the +Spanish <span class="corr" id="xd20e2424" title= +"Source: soverignty">sovereignty</span> in the Philippines, a +sovereignty he wished to overthrow. To a reader whose library consists +of a half a dozen books of insignificant literary value, the +<i>noli</i> of Rizal is a masterpiece; but to the reader who has seen a +book with a cover, who has had some experience <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb98" href="#pb98" name="pb98">98</a>]</span>of that +portion of the world which lies outside the limits of the town of his +birth, and who is gifted with more or less ability to think for +himself, and sift the wheat from the straw in a literary composition, +<i>noli me tangere</i> is but a half-tone picture cut from a newspaper +and colored with water-colors by a ... school-boy.</p> +<p>Towards the end of 1887, Rizal returned to the Archipelago, +remaining about two months, during the which he made active propaganda +of the ideas and fancies he had picked up in Europe: ideas which he +himself could not really understand.</p> +<p>In February 1888 he left Manila for Japan, from whence he returned +to Europe, living for a while in Paris and later on in London.</p> +<p>In 1892 Rizal, relying upon the generous character of D. Eulogio +Despujols, the then Governor General of the Archipelago, decided to +return to Manila. From <span class="corr" id="xd20e2442" title= +"Source: Hong-kong">Hong-Kong</span> where he was then residing, he +wrote to the governor, asking permission to return to his home; the +Governor replied by means of the Spanish Consul at <span class="corr" +id="xd20e2445" title="Source: Hong-kong">Hong-Kong</span>, that he had +no reason to prohibit him from returning, and that he could do so when +it so pleased him, providing he came with <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb99" href="#pb99" name="pb99">99</a>]</span>no intention to disturb +the peace then reigning in the Islands.</p> +<p>This Rizal lost no time in doing; he arrived together with his +sister. The baggage of both was carefully examined and in one of the +trunks was discovered a bundle of leaflets in the form of anti-friar +proclamations which indicated the bad faith of a traitor. These were +handed over to Despujols unknown to Rizal. The Governor preserved them +in his desk for future reference. In an interview with the Governor, +Rizal begged pardon for his father who was under sentence of +deportation for certain events which had taken place in Calamba; this +was granted him without reserve.</p> +<p>Our hero soon forgot the aims he professed to the Governor; instead +of thinking about his folks and making his arrangements for the +colonizing scheme he professed to have worked out in Borneo, he set to +work to stir up disrespect towards the authorities, and the spirit of +political unrest. He together with Doroteo Cortés and +José Basa were the objects of careful vigilance on the part of +the secret police.</p> +<p>After a few days a <span class="corr" id="xd20e2456" title= +"Source: prolongued">prolonged</span> conference took place between the +Governor General <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb100" href="#pb100" +name="pb100">100</a>]</span>and Rizal. During this conference the +latter made patent his political feelings, at the same time making +protestations of respect for Spain. His political programme however was +not in keeping with his protestations of patriotism, and this fact so +angered Despujols, who now saw that Rizal’s idea was to fool him, +that he took from his <span class="corr" id="xd20e2461" title= +"Source: draw">drawer</span> the proclamations discovered in the +agitator’s baggage and thrusting them <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e2464" title="Source: ander">under</span> the nose of the traitor, +said:</p> +<p>—And these proclamations; what are they, what do they +mean?</p> +<p>Rizal taken by surprise and confounded, cowardly declared that they +were the property of his sister, a declaration which only enraged the +General the more, and he ordered his detention in Fort Santiago; on the +following day he decreed his deportation to Dapitan.</p> +<p>Whilst in exile his opinion and advice were <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e2473" title="Source: saught">sought</span> concerning the +advisability of immediate armed rebellion. But he, crafty, more or less +far seeing and, above all, jealous of Bonifacio’s increasing +ascendancy over the people, refused to countenance the idea. Granting +the unselfish desire he professed of seeking merely the independence +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb101" href="#pb101" name= +"pb101">101</a>]</span>of his country, Rizal’s <span class="corr" +id="xd20e2478" title="Source: jealously">jealousy</span> was justified. +Bonifacio’s one great idea was the <i>presidency</i>; +Rizal’s: the honor and glory of having prepared the way for, and +eventually, by his labors accomplishing his country’s deliverance +from what he was pleased to call the <span class="corr" id="xd20e2484" +title="Source: oppresion">oppression</span> of the Spanish Government. +Had such <span class="corr" id="xd20e2488" title= +"Source: oppresion">oppression</span> existed, Rizal’s idea would +have been worthy of classifying <span class="corr" id="xd20e2491" +title="Source: as as">as</span> noble. George Washington well deserved +the name of the “Father of his Country,” for he, laying +aside all selfish aims and desires, led a handful of men against a +<span class="corr" id="xd20e2494" title="Source: hoarde">horde</span> +of mercenaries sent by a cruel monarch who <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e2497" title="Source: oppresed">oppressed</span> his people, not +only in <span class="corr" id="xd20e2500" title= +"Source: thc">the</span> colonies but in the mother-country also. +Washington was a man who deserved and received the respect of those +against whom he fought, for he fought for a principle. Such an honor +never has, and never can be received by Rizal from his own countrymen. +The campaign Rizal fought was inspired by and worked out in the +freemason lodges which used our “hero” as a willing tool. +Rizal was a <span class="corr" id="xd20e2503" title= +"Source: filipino">Filipino</span> Garibaldi, never a <span class= +"corr" id="xd20e2507" title="Source: filipino">Filipino</span> +Washington, and hence the honors paid to his memory as a +“patriot” must <span class="corr" id="xd20e2510" title= +"Source: eminate">emanate</span> from the lodge rooms which made +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb102" href="#pb102" name= +"pb102">102</a>]</span>him what he was, and not from the people of his +country.</p> +<p>In Dapitan the <span class="corr" id="xd20e2518" title= +"Source: filipino">Filipino</span> agitator was not inactive. On one +<span class="corr" id="xd20e2521" title= +"Source: occassion">occasion</span> he directed a letter (which never +reached its destination on account of its having fallen into the hands +of Spanish authorities) to the Capitan Municipal of the province of +Batangas, giving him information of the work of filibusterism which was +at that time being carried on.</p> +<p>Rizal, tiring of his position in Dapitan, eventually asked +permission of the Governor General, Gen. Blanco, to be sent to Cuba as +physician to the Spanish forces there. Blanco agreed to the proposition +and ordered his return to Manila in preparation for the voyage to +Spain, where he was to be sent and placed at the disposition of the +Minister of War.</p> +<p>From Spain came word, however, that the petition could not be +accepted; and for a very good reason. Rizal’s idea of becoming an +army surgeon, was a manifest pretence, his real aim was to aid the +separatist movement there, if he ever got there, but <span class="corr" +id="xd20e2528" title="Source: primarly">primarily</span> to make his +escape at an intermediate port, Singapore probably<span class="corr" +id="xd20e2531" title="Source: .">,</span> if opportunity occurred. +Moreover, it having come <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb103" href= +"#pb103" name="pb103">103</a>]</span>to the ears of the authorities +that certain people of Pampanga <span class="corr" id="xd20e2536" +title="Source: aud">and</span> Bulacan were preparing a reception for +the agitator, the Governor ordered that he should not be allowed to +leave Dapitan, and that should he have left there, he should not be +allowed to land in Manila on his arrival, but be <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e2539" title="Source: transfered">transferred</span> to another +ship which should carry him back to Mindanao. It happened that he had +left Dapitan on board the S. S. España, and in due time he +arrived at Manila. At 11 a. m. on the 6th of August the ship on which +he came anchored in the bay and everyone landed except Rizal. A +lieutenant of the Veterana went aboard and took possession of the +person of Rizal, holding him as a prisoner till <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e2543" title="Source: 7. 30">7:30</span> p. m., at which time, +through an error in the delivery of an order, he was allowed to +disembark. This he did in company with his sister Narcisa, and they +made their way to the office of the Captain of the Port and later on to +the Comandancia of the Veterana. His sister not having been under +sentence of <span class="corr" id="xd20e2546" title= +"Source: deporation">deportation</span>, was allowed to go to the home +of her relatives.</p> +<p>During the evening of the same day Gen. Blanco gave a reception at +Malacañang at which were present the Archbishop <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb104" href="#pb104" name="pb104">104</a>]</span>of +Manila, the Illust. Sr. Bernardino Nozaleda; Sr. Echaluce; Sr. +Fernandez Victorio, President of Audiencia; <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e2553" title="Source: Sr:">Sr.</span> Bores Romero, the Civil +Director and others. During the reception Gen. Blanco received a +telegram from the Governor of the province of Batangas stating that in +the pueblo of Taal, in the house of the brother of the +<i>filibuster</i> Felipe Agoncillo, had been discovered a quantity of +arms and ammunition, among other things being 10 revolvers, 10 +<span class="corr" id="xd20e2559" title= +"Source: winchester">winchesters</span>, 10 other guns, a case of +explosive bullets, a quantity of dynamite, a Japanese flag, another +composed of red and blue with a representation of the sun in the center +surrounded by seven stars—the flag of the <i>future</i> +<span class="corr" id="xd20e2566" title= +"Source: filipino">Filipino</span> republic. Blanco realizing the +importance of the news, formed a committee from among those present, +<span class="corr" id="xd20e2569" title= +"Source: chosing">choosing</span> those who were members of the Junta +of Authorities, to take steps in the matter. Orders were immediately +given that Rizal should be placed on board the cruiser Castilla which +was stationed at Cavite; this was carried out, the start from Manila +being made at 11 p. m. the same night. This action was considered +necessary, in as much as the news of the landing of <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb105" href="#pb105" name= +"pb105">105</a>]</span>Rizal spread fast and caused no little stir +among his followers.</p> +<p>Whilst Rizal was on board the cruiser Castilla which was awaiting +orders, the Katipunan revolt broke out in Manila and the suburbs. Very +soon afterwards his voyage Spainwards was commenced on board the S. S. +Colon, the insurrection becoming more and more wide-spread daily. On +finding to what an extent Rizal was complicated in the work of the +revolution, his return to the Archipelago, as a prisoner, was demanded, +and so our “hero” returned to be judged as were so many of +his fellow agitators, for the crimes for which he was morally and +physically responsible.</p> +<p>A council of war was constituted under the <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e2578" title="Source: precidency">presidency</span> of Lieut. Col. +Tabares, Capt. Tavil de Andrade taking charge of the defense of the +prisoner. The accusation preferred against him was that he was the +chief organizer of the revolution. The trial took place in the hall of +the Cuartel de España in the presence of a large audience among +whom were his sister and the woman with whom he had been living in +Dapitan. The charge having been read out, several declarations were +made by Rizal, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb106" href="#pb106" name= +"pb106">106</a>]</span>some before his voyage to Spain and others since +his return were also read. During his trial Rizal denied the knowledge +of several persons who were his intimate friends and co-workers; among +them Maximo Inocencio and Mariano Linjap, and others with whom he had +been in almost continual communication. He denied knowledge of the +“Liga Filipina” stating that not only did he not found it, +but that he was not aware of its existence. He affirmed ignorance of +who Valenzuela was, and almost immediately afterwards stated that he +had held an interview with him in Dapitan when that individual had been +sent there by Bonifacio to consult him on the subject of armed +rebellion. Throughout the whole trial he <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e2583" title="Source: persued">pursued</span> the same tactics, +proving that, of himself, he was but an ordinary <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e2586" title="Source: filipino">Filipino</span> indian who, when +left to himself to stand on his own merits, gave no signs of particular +judgement or power of thought. The <span class="corr" id="xd20e2589" +title="Source: filipino">Filipino</span> on trial, even for some +significant affair, cannot tell a lie to advantage: Rizal was no +exception even in this. The trial being ended he was condemned to +execution.</p> +<p>Previous to meeting his death he confessed and received the Holy +Communion from <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb107" href="#pb107" name= +"pb107">107</a>]</span>the hands of the Jesuit Fathers having after +long consideration, made the following retraction of his errors:</p> +<div class="blockquote"> +<p class="first">“I declare myself Catholic and in this religion +in which I was born and educated I wish to live and die. I retract with +all my heart all my words, writings and actions that have been contrary +to my condition as a son of the Catholic Church. I believe and profess +whatever She teaches and I submit to whatever She demands. I abominate +masonry as an enemy of the Church and as a society condemned by the +Church.</p> +<p>“The diocesan prelate, as superior ecclesiastical authority, +may make public this spontaneous manifestation, to make reparation for +the scandals which may have been caused by my works, and that God and +my fellow-men may pardon me.”</p> +<p>“Manila 29th December 1896.—José +Rizal.—Witnesses: Juan del Fresno, Chief of Picket.—Eloy +Maure, Adjutant.”</p> +</div> +<p>He also entered the holy bonds of matrimony with the young woman +with whom he had been living for some time in Mindanao. On the way to +the place of his <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb108" href="#pb108" +name="pb108">108</a>]</span>execution he remarked to one of the Fathers +who accompanied him. <i>Father, it is my pride that has brought me +here.</i>”</p> +<p>Of the political error committed by the Spanish Authorities in the +execution of Rizal, I do not hold myself up as a judge. All +governments, like human beings, commit mistakes and at times grave +ones. The Spanish authorities, feeling themselves justified in so +doing, ordered the execution of the <span class="corr" id="xd20e2613" +title="Source: prissoner">prisoner</span> who was responsible for one +of the most bloody revolts since the time of the French revolution: the +pattern taken by the <span class="corr" id="xd20e2616" title= +"Source: filipino">Filipino</span> leaders, for the means of the +foundation of the <span class="corr" id="xd20e2619" title= +"Source: filipino">Filipino</span> republic. Rizal was executed on the +Luneta. To assert that he was offered up as a victim to gratify the +wishes of the Religious Orders is but a crude and vicious argument +worthy of its inventors and propagators. Nothing, absolutely nothing, +can be brought forward to prove such an assertion, but on the contrary, +those members of the Religious Orders who concerned themselves in the +stirring affairs of the revolution were, as a very general rule, +opposed to harsh and extreme measures being taken; and among these was +the Illustrious Archbishop of Manila, <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb109" href="#pb109" name="pb109">109</a>]</span>Sr. Nozaleda, a +noble, tenderhearted and compassionate prelate<span class="corr" id= +"xd20e2624" title="Source: .">,</span> a prelate who has been dubbed by +Foreman as “<i>the blood-thirsty +Archbishop</i>”<span class="corr" id="xd20e2631" title= +"Not in source">.</span> Had the friars held the reins of government as +they are stated to have done, history would not have to record the +names of so many, many people who <span class="corr" id="xd20e2634" +title="Source: where">were</span> executed: people who were scarcely to +be held as guilty, in as much as they were but sheep who <span class= +"corr" id="xd20e2637" title="Source: thoughtlessy">thoughtlessly</span> +followed their shepherds without even looking to see where the road +they trod would lead them.</p> +<p>In politics Rizal had his party composed of a number of +insignificant petty-lawyers, petty-doctors and others possessing +academic titles and a semi-formed cerebral power. These were backed by +a mass of the people of Calamba, Rizal’s birthplace. In their +eyes he was a “Messiah”<span class="corr" id="xd20e2642" +title="Not in source">,</span> a “Mahdi”, their prophet and +redeemer. As an individual he was bright and intelligent, and had he +not been led astray by those who made a “cat’s paw” +of him, and who cruelly deserted him in his hour of need, he would +doubtless have been one of the foremost <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e2645" title="Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span> of to-day in +that sphere of life in which God had placed him.</p> +<p>A Spanish proverb says: <span class="corr" id="xd20e2650" title= +"Not in source">“</span>In blind man’s land the one eyed +man is a king.” Rizal was a <i>king</i>. <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb110" href="#pb110" name="pb110">110</a>]</span></p> +<p id="n9"><span class="sc">Note 9.</span> Marcelo Hilario del Pilar y +Gatmaytan was a native of Bulacan. He was, by profession, a lawyer, and +had been enabled to complete his studies in that direction through the +good offices of the Augustinian Fathers of Manila, who had given him +the money necessary to matriculate and to pay the cost of his title of +“<span lang="es">abogado</span>.”<a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e2665src" href="#xd20e2665" name="xd20e2665src">9</a></p> +<p>Pilar left Manila for the <span class="corr" id="xd20e2670" title= +"Source: peninsular">peninsula</span> about the end of ’88 for +fear of deportation: a punishment at that time staring him in the face. +He was one of the earliest workers on the “La Solidaridad”, +the official organ of <span class="corr" id="xd20e2673" title= +"Source: filipino">Filipino</span> freemasonry in all its sections. He +later on became its director.</p> +<p>Pilar was another of the many malays whose ways were beyond human +comprehension. Spaniards who have lived a life-time among the indians +and studied them carefully from all points of view agree that the +deeper one studies the native character the more incomprehensible it +becomes. That is, the study of the average filipino: Pilar was one of +the average. He was not gifted with the education enjoyed by Rizal, nor +was he such a stupid visionary as Pedro Paterno; he possessed touches +of the character of both. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb111" href= +"#pb111" name="pb111">111</a>]</span></p> +<p>Like so many of those <span class="corr" id="xd20e2681" title= +"Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span> who fed at the hands of the +Religious Orders, he eventually turned to bite the hand that fed him. +As in the case of the others who had done the like, he did so, not +because he had cause to, but because he fell, as did they, under the +evil influence of those who utilized them to work out their schemes of +treachery.</p> +<p>Pilar was sent to Spain as a delegate of the Committee of +propaganda. Owing to this position of chief of the delegation in +Madrid, and by reason of his intimate friendship with Morayta, he +occupied a position from which neither Rizal nor even the whole of the +<i>progressive</i> indians combined, could drive him. He held, for some +time, high office in the Gr∴ Or∴ Esp∴ as will be +seen from the following clipping taken from page 107 of the Annual of +that Orient for the year 1894–95.</p> +<div lang="es" class="blockquote"> +<p class="first xd20e192">“GRAN CONS∴ DE LA ORDEN<br> +1894–1895<br> +<span class="sc">Muy Ven. Gran Maestre Presidente</span><br> +<i>Ven. H. Miguel Morayta y Sagrario, Gr∴ 33</i><br> +...................................<br> +<span class="sc">Ven. Gran Orador Adjunto</span><br> +<i>V. Marcelo H. del Pilar Gr∴ 33</i>” (<i>h∴ +Kupang</i>)</p> +</div> +<p>It was Pilar who conceived the plan of <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb112" href="#pb112" name="pb112">112</a>]</span>the Katipunan; and +yet after all it was not his conception, for the scheme he formed was +at the best, a piece of patch work made up of the plans worked out in +the various revolutions which had taken place in some part of the +world.</p> +<p>What Pilar’s ambition was, it is hard to say; from his actions +and writings one is almost driven to the supposition that he had none +in particular, but was led to the separatist labors he performed by +force of compromise.</p> +<p>When the time was ripe for action Pilar determined to leave Madrid +and make his way to Japan. He commenced the journey arriving at +Barcelona, from whence he was to make his way east. There, however, he +was taken suddenly ill, and died on the 4th of June 1896, in the +Hospital of that city.</p> +<p>In many things Pilar was superior to Rizal. Unlike that agitator, +Pilar was not a sneaking, skulking petty-politician; he was +straight-forward and had the courage of his opinions. What Pilar would +have done if placed in the same circumstances as Rizal it is hard to +say, but we may be assured that he would not have acted the coward as +did Rizal. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb113" href="#pb113" name= +"pb113">113</a>]</span></p> +<p id="n10"><span class="sc">Note 10.</span> Antonio and Juan Luna were +two of four brothers. The former was a <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e2732" title="Source: bacterologist">bacteriologist</span>, the +latter an artist who at one time, whilst he followed the instruction, +and remained under the guidance of his master, showed no little talent. +Antonio went to Spain in ’88, and later on passed to Paris where +he lived with his brother Juan who supported him. There he devoted +himself to the study which made him famous; this he did in the +<span class="corr" id="xd20e2735" title= +"Source: labatory">laboratory</span> of Dr. Roux. He became an +assistant editor of the <i>Solidaridad</i>, the official organ of +filipino freemasonry, and wrote many vicious articles in its columns +over the pseudonym of Taga-Ilog<span class="corr" id="xd20e2741" title= +"Source: ,">.</span> As a member of the freemason fraternity he was +known as Gay Lussac.</p> +<p>On his return to Manila he established, for a livelihood, a school +of fencing, and like the vain, insensate “magpie in borrowed +plumes” that he was, he once sent his seconds to a Spanish +officer, inviting him to a duel!</p> +<p>During the second half of the rebellion of ’96, Aguinaldo +offered Antonio the position of director of the War Department with the +grade of General of Brigade. This honor, however, he declined. The +<i lang="es">Independencia</i> speaking on this incident, says:— +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb114" href="#pb114" name= +"pb114">114</a>]</span></p> +<p>“The military knowledge of Sr. Luna, acquired during his +captivity (sic) in the prisons of the <span class="corr" id="xd20e2755" +title="Source: peninsular">peninsula</span> (Spain), is to be found +condensed in two small works, one concerning the organization of the +army, having as its base the idea of obligatory service in which he +<span class="corr" id="xd20e2758" title= +"Source: demostrates">demonstrates</span> that Luzon might put on a war +footing <span class="corr" id="xd20e2761" title= +"Source: 250.000">250,000</span> to <span class="corr" id="xd20e2764" +title="Source: 400.000">400,000</span> men, and the whole archipelago +as many as from <span class="corr" id="xd20e2767" title= +"Source: 800.000">800,000</span> to <span class="corr" id="xd20e2771" +title="Source: 900.000">900,000</span>. The other work is a practical +course in field fortifications as adopted by the French and German +armies.”<a class="noteref" id="xd20e2774src" href="#xd20e2774" +name="xd20e2774src">10</a></p> +<p>Juan, from childhood, was of an artistic <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb115" href="#pb115" name="pb115">115</a>]</span>turn +of mind and found among his many protectors those who sent him to Spain +to study art. In Spain he met with Sr. Alejo Vera, a noteworthy artist, +under whom he studied, receiving an exceptional education both in art +and in morals, Sr. Vera being a <span class="corr" id="xd20e2802" +title="Source: christian">Christian</span> gentleman. Later on he went +to Rome, and there formed part of the Spanish artistic colony. After +some two or three years of study there he sent to Spain his first +painting<a class="noteref" id="xd20e2805src" href="#xd20e2805" name= +"xd20e2805src">11</a>. Being an artistic production of a <span class= +"corr" id="xd20e2829" title="Source: filipino">Filipino</span> indian +it was received <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb116" href="#pb116" +name="pb116">116</a>]</span>with open hands and given a reception +greater than it really deserved, as a result of the influence of +Luna’s friends. From Rome he went to Paris. It was in that city +that he committed the fiendish double murder which so startled and +shocked his friends and acquaintances, his victims being his wife and +his mother-in-law, sister and mother of a prominent political aspirant +of modern Manila. The result of the trial was that the courts of +Justice of Paris absolved him. He then returned to Madrid, and soon +after, to Manila.</p> +<p>What Spain did for the Filipino brought <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb117" href="#pb117" name= +"pb117">117</a>]</span>forth fruit in only a few of the people who fell +under her beneficent christian influence. The Lunas were among the few. +They, like so many other ungrateful children, repaid their benefactors +by becoming leaders of the insensate and inexcusable revolt against +them: a revolt, the first act of which was to be the brutal murder of +all Spaniards irrespective of parentage or other claims of +consideration. Both the brothers suffered arrest by the Spanish +authorities for rebellion <span class="corr" id="xd20e2838" title= +"Source: aud">and</span> sedition, but in spite of the degree to which +they were complicated, they remained practically free from punishment, +and ever at the right hand of the imbecile General Blanco, himself a +freemason, and friend of the enemies of his country. Eventually the two +brothers left the <span class="corr" id="xd20e2841" title= +"Source: anti-chamber">ante-chamber</span> of the Governor to enter the +security of the military prison.</p> +<p>Both brothers eventually retracted their errors only to fall into +them again as soon as the lying protests of repentance had fallen from +their lips.</p> +<p>Juan died in Hong-Kong; Antonio, after a career of militarism +<span class="corr" id="xd20e2848" title= +"Source: secumbed">succumbed</span> to the same unprincipled ambition +which carried Andrés Bonifacio to an untimely grave. +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb118" href="#pb118" name= +"pb118">118</a>]</span></p> +<p id="n11"><span class="sc">Note 11<span class="corr" id="xd20e2855" +title="Not in source">.</span></span> <span class="corr" id="xd20e2858" +title="Source: Doreteo">Doroteo</span> Cortés was banished by +Governor Despujol in the year 1893, to the province of La Union where +he founded in San Fernando, the Capital, aided by Arturo Dancel, the +lodge “Rousseau” and two others in the pueblos of San Juan +and Agoó. He was a lawyer and became the president of the +committee of Propaganda which was formed with the idea of gathering +pecuniary <span class="corr" id="xd20e2861" title= +"Source: recourses">resources</span> for covering the expense of the +distribution of all classes of pamphlets <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e2864" title="Source: an">and</span> anti-Religious proclamations. +He was at one time the president of the Superior Supreme Council of the +Katipunan<a class="noteref" id="xd20e2867src" href="#xd20e2867" name= +"xd20e2867src">12</a>, and received the funds collected for the payment +of the expenses of the political commission sent to Japan to seek the +aid and protection of that power. Cortés was a co-worker with +Andrés Bonifacio and whilst the former devoted his efforts to +the enlistment of people for the general rising throughout the country, +the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb119" href="#pb119" name= +"pb119">119</a>]</span>latter continued his negotiations with Japan to +the end of forcing some international struggle between Spain and that +Power<a class="noteref" id="xd20e2875src" href="#xd20e2875" name= +"xd20e2875src">13</a>. By order of the Superior Council Cortés +went to Japan to join Ramos and aid in the purchase of arms<span class= +"corr" id="xd20e2890" title="Source: ,">.</span> Shortly after his +arrival he communicated by letter with Ambrosio Bautista informing him +that he had seen and spoken on the subject with the Japanese ministers +of State and of Foreign Affairs<a class="noteref" id="xd20e2893src" +href="#xd20e2893" name="xd20e2893src">14</a>, and that the said +ministers “demanded guarantees” of the probable success of +the undertaking before entering into the scheme. According to a +statement of <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb120" href="#pb120" name= +"pb120">120</a>]</span>Isabelo de los Reyes, Cortés was +“the first person of means and position who came to the decision +of attacking, in the Philippines, the Religious Corporations. He was +the soul of the manifestation of ’88.” (See <span class= +"corr" id="xd20e2907" title="Source: apendix">appendix</span> B.) At +the time of the American occupation of the Archipelago the +Cortés family showed themselves friendly to the new sovereignty +and aided in many ways the establishment of good feeling between the +two peoples.</p> +<p id="n12"><span class="sc">Note 12.</span> Pedro Serrano, symbolic +name Panday-Pira, was a 24th degree mason. He was a school-master of +the municipal school of Quiapo. After having done considerable work of +propaganda in masonry he abjured it. He was the cause of the entry into +the lodges of hundreds of indian and half-caste clerks, laborers, +employees, petty merchants and others of all classes and employments. +He was accused by his <span class="corr" id="xd20e2914" title= +"Source: follow">fellow</span> masons of exploiting the +society<a class="noteref" id="xd20e2917src" href="#xd20e2917" name= +"xd20e2917src">15</a> and of <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb121" href= +"#pb121" name="pb121">121</a>]</span>treason, of frequenting the Palace +of the Archbishop and the College of San Juan de Letran, and of many +things unbecoming a mason. In a document dated the 31st of March 1894, +dispatched by the G∴ Cons∴ Reg∴ of <span class= +"corr" id="xd20e2939" title="Source: filipino">Filipino</span> masonry +to the lodge <i>Modestia,</i> Serrano was denounced, and all masons +were urged to flee from him. In the said document, a translation of +which will be found in Appendix C, is poured forth the complaint of the +president of the Gr∴ Cons∴ (h∴ Muza) of a leakage +somewhere in the treasury in which were stored up the secrets of the +treasonable labors being carried out in the <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e2946" title="Source: filipino">Filipino</span> lodges. By way of +specific charges the president denounces <i>Panday-Pira</i> because he +had the courage to give vent to his opinions concerning the doings of +the <span class="corr" id="xd20e2952" title= +"Source: filipino">Filipino</span> lodges, to a foreign mason; because +he was known to have, for some reason <span class="corr" id="xd20e2955" +title="Not in source">or</span> other, visited the Archbishop’s +palace and Dominican College; that he had demanded the possession of +certain documents, threatening the possessors if they did not give them +up, etc. etc. On this account he was denounced as a traitor and dubbed +“reptile”, the pot calling the kettle black. <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb122" href="#pb122" name="pb122">122</a>]</span></p> +<p id="n13"><span class="sc">Note 13.</span> Morayta, the famous Don +Miguel, the “papa” of the rebellious <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e2963" title="Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span>! It is an almost +world-wide belief that the number 13 is an unlucky number<span class= +"corr" id="xd20e2966" title="Source: ,">.</span> If this be so, then +<span class="sc">Miguel Morayta</span> well deserves his name, for in +it there are <i>thirteen</i> letters; the first letter of each word +commences with the <i>thirteenth</i> letter of the alphabet and it +happens also that this miserable individual falls to note 13. I will +therefore complete the coincidence by saying all I have to say of this +person in thirteen lines.</p> +<p>Morayta was at one time Gr∴ Master of the Gr∴ +Or∴ de España, but was later on expelled +therefrom<span class="corr" id="xd20e2980" title="Source: .">,</span> +according to a masonic publication. In 1888 he founded the Gr∴ +Or∴ Español, the mother of the Katipunan. In 1890 he took +over the proprietorship of <i>La Solidaridad</i> then published by +Marcelo del Pilar for separatist ends. Morayta was the idol of the +<span class="corr" id="xd20e2986" title= +"Source: filipino">Filipino</span> students who <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e2989" title="Source: saught">sought</span> education in the +Peninsula. Using him as a means towards an end they aimed at, they +banquetted him and thus assiduously attacking his stomach they finally +captured him. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb123" href="#pb123" name= +"pb123">123</a>]</span></p> +<p id="n14"><span class="sc">Note 14.</span> <i>Tagalog</i>: The +Tagalogs are a branch of the Malay family which, in former times, +dominated from Madagascar to the ends of the Pacific. They form part of +what we might call the Malay-Chinee race, i. e. the cross between the +female on the Malay side and the Chinee on the side of the male. This +cross has been taking place from time immemorial, commencing long +before the islands were discovered by the Spanish explorers. The +present Tagalog indian enjoys more of the characteristics of the Chinee +than of the Malay on account of the potency of the <span class="corr" +id="xd20e3000" title="Source: chinee">Chinee</span> blood over the +<span class="corr" id="xd20e3003" title= +"Source: malay">Malay</span>.</p> +<p>Going back to ancient times the probability is that the original +Malay first became modified by its crossing with the inhabitants proper +of the archipelago—the <span class="corr" id="xd20e3009" title= +"Source: negritos">Negritos</span>—marks of which mixture are +still <span class="corr" id="xd20e3012" title= +"Source: descernable">discernible</span> in <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e3015" title="Source: may">many</span> of the Tagalogs.</p> +<p>A second modification came through the mixture between the +Malay-Negrito and the Indonesian, traces of which are seen in the light +color of the skin in a portion, although small, of the Tagalogs. +Another modification, the most marked, originated from the crossing of +the Malay-Negrito-Indonesian <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb124" href= +"#pb124" name="pb124">124</a>]</span>with the Chinee, the <span class= +"corr" id="xd20e3022" title="Source: chinee">Chinee</span> being marked +by the increase in stature, the elevation of the skull and other minor +marks.</p> +<p>During the last three centuries this hybrid Tagalog has undergone +another small and gradual change by reason of a limited crossing with +Spanish blood. This latter mixture however is insignificant in extent +but always produces a superior type. As a people the Tagalogs number +about one and a half millions, and inhabit the regions around about +Manila. The traits of character of the four principal trunks from which +the <span class="corr" id="xd20e3027" title= +"Source: tagalog">Tagalog</span> of to-day is derived are, although +still present in a greater or lesser degree, considerably modified by +climatological and historical circumstances.</p> +<p>At the coming of the Spaniards the Tagalogs, like the remaining +native peoples of the archipelago, were met with in the depths of the +savage ages, and were to a certain extent, of cannibalistic +tendencies.</p> +<p>The <span class="corr" id="xd20e3034" title= +"Source: avarage">average</span> Tagalog is not wanting in courage, a +fact he has often displayed, but this courage is never seen to +advantage except when the indian is under the leadership of a person of +exceptional valor or a strict disciplinarian. Like most peoples +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb125" href="#pb125" name= +"pb125">125</a>]</span>derived from the Malay stock, the Tagalog indian +is subject to strange fits of mental aberration, the fits taking +different forms, generally innocent ones, the worst being a homicide +under the <span class="corr" id="xd20e3039" title= +"Source: influencie">influence</span> of a “hot head”. At +least that is what might have been said of him 8 or 10 years ago, +previous to the time in which he became fanaticised by +freemasonry<span class="corr" id="xd20e3042" title="Source: ,">.</span> +He is not even yet apt to run <i>amok</i> as is usual among the Malays +and this is undoubtedly due to the civilizing religious influence which +has been brought to bear upon him during the three centuries of Spanish +rule in the Archipelago. It is a noteworthy fact that in the same +degree as the influence of religion, of the Religious Orders if you +will, became <span class="corr" id="xd20e3049" title= +"Source: lessed">lesser</span>, in exactly equal degree did crime +increase. Explain this as you will the fact remains that during the +four years or so that the indian has been under the care and protection +of a government indifferent to all religion, crime has increased a +hundred fold, perhaps arithmetically so also, and crimes unheard of in +days gone by, have become so common as scarcely to merit mention in the +columns <span class="corr" id="xd20e3052" title="Source: af">of</span> +Manila’s yellow journalism. What the Tagalog <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb126" href="#pb126" name= +"pb126">126</a>]</span>indian is equal to when free from the restraint +of the Catholic religion, has been seen from the fearful crimes and +barbarities committed against Spaniards and against Americans during +the insurrection. The brutalities <span class="corr" id="xd20e3057" +title="Source: commited">committed</span> upon the unfortunate +prisoners who fell into their hands were unheard of even among the +savage <span class="corr" id="xd20e3060" title= +"Source: arab">Arab</span> <span class="corr" id="xd20e3063" title= +"Source: hoardes">hordes</span> of the Soudan, nor have the records of +the ferocity of the <span class="corr" id="xd20e3067" title= +"Source: chinese">Chinese</span> <i>boxers</i> yet told us of things +equal to the fearful events which took place in the province of Cavite +and elsewhere. And for all this the Tagalog indian is responsible: the +Tagalog for whom Pedro Paterno claims a pre-Spanish civilization on the +plan of the Aztec and ancient Peruvian indians. Like all oriental +peoples the Tagalog is superstitious and loves demonstration, symbolism +and things grotesque. About the only thing left to him of his ancient +<i>civilization</i> as Paterno calls it, <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e3076" title="Source: barberism">barbarism</span> we generally +say, is his mythology. In it everything is more or less connected with +spirits. Their faith in what they call their <i>anting +anting</i><a class="noteref" id="xd20e3081src" href="#xd20e3081" name= +"xd20e3081src">16</a> is unbreakable. Rizal was supposed to +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb127" href="#pb127" name= +"pb127">127</a>]</span>be under the protection of the +<i>anting-anting</i> but the leaden <span class="corr" id="xd20e3090" +title="Source: missles">missiles</span> which took away his life +carried away the <i>anting-anting</i> also: and yet there are thousands +upon thousands of indians, some of them men of enlightenment, who still +cling to the belief that Rizal still lives, thanks to the influence of +his protecting amulet. Nor did <i>anting anting</i> avail Aguinaldo who +now probably believes far more in the protection of his American prison +than in that offered by his <i>anting anting</i> charms.</p> +<p>Their mythology has, like their ancient character, been greatly +modified in the vast majority, by the influence of the civilization +implanted by Spain. This is one point in which Spain has differed from +most nations in methods of civilization and colonization. However we +may judge her in respect to her colonial administration in the +Philippines, we cannot deny that she has been distinguished from other +nations by her aim of preserving the native races of the archipelago, +the destruction consequent upon the radical change undergone in +everything, being limited to the savage customs and immoralities in +which the native peoples were found submerged. <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb128" href="#pb128" name="pb128">128</a>]</span></p> +<p>The masonic lodges spoken of in the text which were asked of +Morayta, were <span class="corr" id="xd20e3107" title= +"Source: estabished">established</span>, although they were not +exclusively Tagalog in their membership. As a result of the petition of +the <span class="corr" id="xd20e3110" title= +"Source: filipino">Filipino</span> colony mentioned in the same text, +the theories and practices of Masonry were carried to the Tagalogs but +instead of the needy brethren being aided by the wealthy ones, they +were subjected to a contribution in <span class="corr" id="xd20e3113" +title="Source: exhange">exchange</span> for which they received a gaudy +regalia; in other words they were bought over with strings of beads and +with tinsel truck as were the indians discovered by Capt. Cook in the +South Sea Islands, with the exception that Capt. Cook and those who +followed him carried civilization to the natives, whilst the founders +of the Katipunan carried to the Tagalogs and the other indians of the +archipelago misery and demoralization.</p> +<p id="n15"><span class="sc">Note 15</span>. <i>Faustino Villaruel +Gomara</i> was a Spanish half-caste, a native of Pandaran, living in +Binondo. He was the founder of the lodge “La Patria” of +which he was also the Ven∴ Gr∴ Master with grade 18. He +also founded a lodge of female freemasons, for the foundation of which +he <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb129" href="#pb129" name= +"pb129">129</a>]</span>committed the nefarious crime of prostituting +his daughter, handing her over, in the period of her innocence and +<span class="corr" id="xd20e3125" title= +"Source: candour">candor</span>, to the ridiculous workings and +practices of freemasonry. Rosario Villaruel (Minerva), thus sacrificed +by her father, was initiated in Hong-Kong and made venerable of the +first lodge of female masons in Manila, drawing in after her a large +number of her half-caste friends, young folk of bare instruction. This +lodge was known as “La Semilla”. Its composition was: +Sisters: Carlota Zamora, of Calle Crespo; María Teresa Bordas, +of Tabaco, province of Albay; Fabiana Robledo, wife of Sixto Celis; +Lorenza Nepomuceno, of Calle San José, Trozo; Angelica Lopez, +Calle Jolo; Narcisa Rizal; María Dizon, Calle Trozo, and other +fanatic females.</p> +<p>Villaruel was the Gr∴ Oriente of filipino masonry, a deluded +fanatic, a man of but scarce intellectual endowments, an instrument of +those who knew more and were shrewder than he. By laying hands upon him +the Spanish Authorities laid hands also upon a large number of +incriminating documents which were the means of connecting many +prominent business men of Manila with the <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb130" href="#pb130" name="pb130">130</a>]</span>bloody programme of +the Katipunan. Among these was Francisco L. Roxas.</p> +<p>Besides these documents were a large number of loose papers written +<span class="corr" id="xd20e3134" title="Source: is">in</span> +<span class="corr" id="xd20e3137" title= +"Source: tagalog">Tagalog</span>, in which were discovered many +threatening phrases and the expression of hopes in the success of an +event to take place in the near future. Masks and other masonic +implements, including a heavily made and sharply pointed dagger were +also discovered.</p> +<p>Previous to suffering the <span class="corr" id="xd20e3142" title= +"Source: penality">penalty</span> of his treason he made and signed a +public abjuration, for the copy of which see Appendix E.</p> +<p id="n16"><span class="sc">Note 16.</span> Andrés Bonifacio +was the soul of the Katipunan movement; he was the President of the +“Council of Ministers of the Supreme Popular Council.” His +social condition was of a low grade, that grade from which many of the +most fanatical pseudo-reformers have come; he was a warehouseman, a +porter. In this capacity he was employed in the establishment of Messrs +Fressel and Co., and was one of the humblest of the employees.</p> +<p>Bonifacio was, however, very vain and quixotic. He was, too, a man +of sanguinary character, and held the people over whom <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb131" href="#pb131" name="pb131">131</a>]</span>he +attained ascendancy, in awe. His ambition was the cause of his +ignominious downfall and brutal murder at the hands of another +self-asserted dictator of the filipino Commune. Like most of his kind, +he was a great reader, and by those who knew him best he was likened to +Don Quixote, for like that worthy he passed many a night burning away +oil and candles, and sacrificing needed sleep in reading, until his +brain was turned and his whole mind given up to ideas of revolutions. +His favorite study was the French Revolution, from the which he learned +many lessons which he utilized in his projects, the principal of which +was the formation of a government after the style of the French +Commune. He was astute and comparatively intelligent, and spoke the +<span class="corr" id="xd20e3154" title= +"Source: tagalog">Tagalog</span> dialect well. For the carrying out of +his plans he had agents in every nook and corner. No place <span class= +"corr" id="xd20e3157" title="Source: were">where</span> information +might be gathered or the work of propaganda done, was over-looked. The +offices of the Civil Government had their quota of his spies, as also +did the <span lang="es">Intendencia</span>, the <span lang= +"es">Maestraza de Artilleria</span> and the other large centers. Nor +were the Convents and Colleges overlooked, nor even <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb132" href="#pb132" name="pb132">132</a>]</span>the +big business Corporations.</p> +<p>Bonifacio enjoyed an envied ascendancy over the lower classes and +the ignorant. Like others of similar tendencies, Bonifacio knew how to +exploit the “membership”. He was at one time treasurer of +the Katipunan, and upon one occasion after the examination of the books +by the president of the society Andrés was denounced as an +exploiter, the accounts being found in a very bad condition. A series +of mutual squabbles and insults passed between the president Roman +Basa, and Bonifacio, the whole affair ending up in a re-election of +officers, Bonifacio being chosen as president. This occurred towards +the end of the year 1893.</p> +<p>The vanity of Bonifacio was comparable only to that of Aguinaldo. +Among the number of chief workers of the Katipunan was a certain +Valenzuela, a doctor who had, according to his own confession, been +forced into the membership by Bonifacio, on the strength of a +“love” affair; he was given the choice of membership or +death. He chose the <span class="corr" id="xd20e3173" title= +"Source: latter">former</span> but later on resigned. Whilst a member +he enjoyed a salary of 30 pesos a month as medical officer, but only +with difficulty could he collect his pay. He claimed <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb133" href="#pb133" name="pb133">133</a>]</span>to +have been exploited by Bonifacio who, whilst merely a porter, could +thus have at his command the free services of a real doctor, spurning +the services of the petty physicians which abound in Manila. Nor was +this all. His own (Bonifacio’s) house having been burned down, he +went, on the strength of this same “love” affair, to live +in the house of the said doctor (see foot-note p. 48), taking with him +his paramour, the doctor paying the greater part of the expenses thus +incurred.</p> +<p>At the time of the organization of the popular Supreme Councils, +Bonifacio was chosen president of the Council of Trozo; but in +consequence of internal troubles occasioned by his rebelliousness, the +Supreme Council decided to dissolve the local Council. Bonifacio, true +to his colors, disregarded this order and continued working on his own +account, taking upon himself the faculties of the Supreme Council.</p> +<p>He preserved in a case which was found in the warehouse of Messrs +Fressel and Co., the organization of the “Filipino +Republic” which was to be, as well as a number of regulations, +codes, decrees of nominations, etc., all drawn up in Tagalog (see +foot-note p. 49.) <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb134" href="#pb134" +name="pb134">134</a>]</span></p> +<p>Upon the discovery, on the 19th of August 1896, by the Augustinian +Padre fray Mariano Gil, parish priest of Tondo, of the plot of the +<i>Katipuneros</i>, Bonifacio and his immediate assistants fled from +Manila to Caloocan. From that point he sent orders to the provinces of +Manila, Cavite and Nueva Ecija that a general rising should take place +on the 30th of that month. These orders were given out of revenge for +the failure of the blood-thirsty plot whereby every Spaniard, man, +woman or child should share in the sufferings which his diseased brain +had concocted for those who should fall into his hands. Bonifacio +issued special orders concerning the Governor General, his plan being +that he and the other Spanish authorities of any importance should be +taken prisoners, but not killed, it being intended to hold their +persons as security for the granting of their demands. He called +together the members of the Junta Superior and nominated a +general-in-chief, a general of division and other officials. These +however refused to step into the places he had prepared for them and +Bonifacio angered thereat threatened to have the head removed from the +shoulders of anyone who dared to disobey him. <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb135" href="#pb135" name="pb135">135</a>]</span>The +general-in-chief Teodoro Plata, a cousin of Bonifacio, fled during the +night following his nomination, whereupon Bonifacio issued orders for +his capture, commanding his death wherever he should be found.</p> +<p>Sometime previous to this, about the month of May, Bonifacio sent +Pio Valenzuela to Dapitan to hold a conference with Rizal concerning +the convenience of immediate rebellion against Spain. Rizal would not +consent to the projected revolt but opposed the idea most strenuously, +being thrown into such a bad humor by the information he received of +Bonifacio, that Valenzuela, who had gone to Dapitan intending to spend +a month there, determined to return on the following day. On his return +to Manila he recounted to Bonifacio the result of his mission. +Bonifacio who knew Rizal’s influence over the people to be +greater than his own, had been living in hopes of receiving +Rizal’s consent which would be the surrendering to him of the +whole responsibility and glory of the bloody enterprise. Bonifacio +aspired to the absolute, like all the so-called leaders of the revolt; +so when he realized the stand taken by Rizal, who was willing to wait +patiently till the poison with which he had inoculated <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb136" href="#pb136" name="pb136">136</a>]</span>the +people should work of itself, he flew into a rage like a spoilt child, +declaring Rizal to be a coward and imposing upon Valenzuela, his +messenger, implicit silence on this subject, prohibiting him from +manifesting to anyone what he considered to be the bad exit of the +consultation.</p> +<p>No methods were too underhand for Bonifacio; to gain his end he lied +to the people over whom he held sway as only a <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e3196" title="Source: filipino">Filipino</span> can lie. On one +occasion he affirmed that in Coregidor was a vessel loaded with arms +and ammunition for the rebels, and by this means he animated them, a +very necessary thing at that time, as they were but scantily armed with +bolos and were no match against those they intended to assail.</p> +<p>Taking him all in all, Bonifacio was a first class organizer for +such an enterprise as that aimed at by the Katipunan, and upon his +shoulders lies the weight of the greater part of the iniquities of the +diabolical society. He ordered the outbreak and in a <span class="corr" +id="xd20e3201" title="Source: skilfull">skillful</span> manner pulled +the strings which worked the figures which formed the performers in the +marionette revolution. He had rivals in the field however, the most +powerful being Aguinaldo, the would be <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb137" href="#pb137" name="pb137">137</a>]</span>president of the +mushroom republic. After the encounter at San Juan del Monte in which +the insurgents suffered the loss of 95 killed and 42 taken prisoners in +the first instance, and shortly afterwards of 200 more, Bonifacio +escaped, carrying with him the funds of the Katipunan, some 20,000 +pfs.<a class="noteref" id="xd20e3206src" href="#xd20e3206" name= +"xd20e3206src">17</a> He was supposed to be in hiding in the most +<span class="corr" id="xd20e3212" title= +"Source: inaccesible">inaccessible</span> parts of the mountains of San +Mateo, in as much as he had told Pio Valenzuela that in case the +movement were unsuccessful he had determined to retire to that point to +devote himself to highway robbery<a class="noteref" id="xd20e3215src" +href="#xd20e3215" name="xd20e3215src">18</a>, to foot-padding, an idea +gotten <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb138" href="#pb138" name= +"pb138">138</a>]</span>from some modern French novel probably. He +worked his way eventually into Cavite, and, according to information +gotten from Pedro Gonzalez, he fell into the disfavor of Aguinaldo who +saw his own superiority in danger of being supplanted; the <i lang= +"es"><span class="corr" id="xd20e3227" title= +"Source: generalismo">generalisimo</span></i> therefore put a price +upon his head<a class="noteref" id="xd20e3230src" href="#xd20e3230" +name="xd20e3230src">19</a>. A party was sent in search for the runaway +and upon his capture he was subjected to most brutal treatment, and at +last fell a victim to the unprincipled ambition of the Dictator.</p> +<p>Had Bonifacio lived he would have made a splendid acquisition to the +Partido Federal, he being a man who could, like many of the +self-asserted leaders of to-day, plan and follow out any double-faced +policy that might be needed under the circumstances. <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb139" href="#pb139" name="pb139">139</a>]</span></p> +<p id="n17"><span class="sc">Note 17.</span> This note not being ready +at the time of the printing of the pages of this section, it has been +reserved for note <a href="#n101">101</a>, which see.</p> +<p id="n18"><span class="sc">Note 18.</span> Domingo Franco y Tuason +was a native of Mambusao, Province of Capiz. He was the president of +the first <i>junta</i> called by Rizal in 1892 for the formation of the +“Liga Filipina”. Till that time he was like many others of +the same class almost unknown.</p> +<p id="n19"><span class="sc">Note 19.</span> The character of the +native: this is a subject upon which one might write many volumes +without conveying to the minds of his readers more than a faint idea of +what that strange character is.</p> +<p>More mysterious than the most profound mystery of Religion, his most +striking trait of character being a decided <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e3260" title="Source: tendancy">tendency</span> to retrogression, +the Malay stands out among the numerous divisions of the human family +as a man with a marked propensity to the mysterious, to the prodigious. +He is accustomed to give a blind obedience to his superiors and more so +to his own caciques, he is docile as a general rule, and shows but +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb140" href="#pb140" name= +"pb140">140</a>]</span>little resentment to abusive language, although +he will sometimes carefully guard the <span class="corr" id="xd20e3265" +title="Source: rememberance">remembrance</span> of some insignificant +insult or blow, and take a cruel revenge, a thousand times greater than +the injury he received, after a period, at times, of years. Other +peculiarities of the native are his delight in gambling and +cockfighting, his aversion to manual labor, his infantile but excessive +vanity, his lack of the power of thought in matters of moment, his well +developed imagination, his instability from all points of view and his +liability to complete and radical changes. The average indian is to-day +virtuous, honest and grateful for favors received, tomorrow he is +vicious, <span class="corr" id="xd20e3268" title= +"Source: theiving">thieving</span> and shows an ingratitude not to be +found even in the brute creation. This very marked trait of character +may be found in many of the <span class="corr" id="xd20e3271" title= +"Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span> who have held and still hold some +of the highest official positions in the islands.</p> +<p>To sum up the <span class="corr" id="xd20e3276" title= +"Source: filipino">Filipino</span> indian in a few words: he is +inexplicable. There have been those who have spent their lives in the +study of the indian, but in spite of all that man can do to study man, +the problem remains unsolved. Only those “globe trotters” +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb141" href="#pb141" name= +"pb141">141</a>]</span>who have studied the native from the <i lang= +"es">muchacho</i> who waited upon them at the hotel at which they +stayed during their few days visit, and the <i lang="es">cochero</i> +who had the honor of conducting such <i lang="es">savants</i> to and +from the Luneta, have so far been able to demonstrate what is this +character which has puzzled men of common sense and lifelong +experience, for centuries.</p> +<p>Being by nature credulous, ignorant and superstitious, the indian +fell an easy victim to the mysteries of freemasonry, which served him +as are introduction to the semi-savage methods of the “Liga +Filipina” and the barbarous practices of the Katipunan, the +<i lang="es">pacto-de-sangre</i> of which, carried him back to the +savage times of his remote ancestors who were drawn from their mountain +and forest lairs and domesticated by the Religious Orders.</p> +<p id="n20"><span class="sc">Notes 20, <span id="n21">21</span>, +<span id="n22">22</span>.</span> The initiations, proofs, oaths etc., +of Universal freemasonry were utilized by the <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e3305" title="Source: filipino">Filipino</span> lodges to serve as +a ceremonial, a very essential thing to the success of any association +among orientals. Nothing suited the taste of the <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e3308" title="Source: filipino">Filipino</span> better than the +awe inspiring solemnity of his initiation. <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb142" href="#pb142" name= +"pb142">142</a>]</span>These ceremonies however fell into abuse, and by +the time they became <span class="corr" id="xd20e3313" title= +"Source: utilised">utilized</span> by the Katipunan they had reached +the verge of the grossest superstition and <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e3316" title="Source: absudity">absurdity</span>.</p> +<p id="n23"><span class="sc">Note 23.</span> The G∴ Cons∴ +Reg∴ was installed in 1893. A masonic document bearing a seal +“<i>Gr∴ Consejo Regional de Filipinas. G∴ +Secretaria</i>”, and purporting to be a copy of two paragraphs +from a letter of the illustrious bro∴ Kupang (Marcelo H. del +Pilar) dated from Madrid on the 17th December 1894, says: “D. +Miguel (Morayta) has a very poor opinion of the Reg∴ (Regional +Council).... He says that this Council continues working well for some +few months, at the end of which all the enthusiasm of the founders +vanishes and.... Oh, if we could only by our acts give the lie to this +pessimism. Morayta was the founder of the Council.</p> +<p id="n24"><span class="sc">Note 24.</span> La Solidaridad was the +official organ of <span class="corr" id="xd20e3330" title= +"Source: filipino">Filipino</span> freemasonry in all its branches. +Although it was published in the peninsula its circulation was intended +for the Philippines. Its editors were the leaders of the disaffection +against the metropolis <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb143" href= +"#pb143" name="pb143">143</a>]</span>and stout advocates, indirectly, +of an impossible independence. The chief aim of the paper was to +mortify everything Spanish, and to this end its columns were +continually full of seditious articles aimed, not merely at individuals +but at the State. Its diatribes against the Government of the +Metropolis were of the bitterest nature, and therefore but little +publicity was given to the sheet in Madrid, where it was printed. It +enjoyed no exchange with the periodicals of importance of the city, had +no street sales, nor was it exposed for sale publicly. The libraries +did not carry it on their tables and it never reached the hands of the +public authorities. In fact the people of the official element know +nothing of its existence.</p> +<p>In the office of this bi-monthly paper was established a freemason +lodge bearing the same name as the paper; all the members of the +Association Hispano-Filipina became members of the lodge. Being the +organ of masonry as well as of separatism it was introduced into the +Archipelago and secured a free circulation in all parts of the +principal islands where its calumnies against the Religious Orders had +the effect of producing a decided effect upon the maintenance +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb144" href="#pb144" name= +"pb144">144</a>]</span>of public order.</p> +<p>The statement that the bi-monthly was founded by Pilar is erroneous; +it was first published by Lopez Jaena in Barcelona where it enjoyed its +enforced life till it reached its number 18, of October 1889, when it +suddenly ceased publication on account of the seizure by the +authorities of a number of incriminating documents and pamphlets. It +recommenced publication in Madrid on the 15th of November of the same +year. It was later on acquired by Pilar and Morayta<span class="corr" +id="xd20e3341" title="Not in source">.</span> It was in reality a vent +for the spleen of its writers against Spain and things Spanish; it was +a precursor of the <i lang="es">Independencia</i><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e3346src" href="#xd20e3346" name="xd20e3346src">20</a> the +official organ of the Revolution against the U. S., and of the <i lang= +"es">La Democracia</i> its daughter, the official organ of the Federal +Party, the dregs of the old revolutionary government of +Malolos.<a class="noteref" id="xd20e3352src" href="#xd20e3352" name= +"xd20e3352src">21</a> <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb145" href= +"#pb145" name="pb145">145</a>]</span></p> +<p id="n25"><span class="sc">Note 25.</span> One of the first +propagators of <span class="corr" id="xd20e3370" title= +"Source: filipino">Filipino</span> masonry was Sr. Centeno, Civil +Governor of Manila, a man of anything but happy memory for this +country<a class="noteref" id="xd20e3373src" href="#xd20e3373" name= +"xd20e3373src">22</a>. Centeno and Quiroga Ballesteros worked hard to +undermine the beneficial influence of the Clergy, an influence which +was the safe-guard of law and order. Their most famous piece of work +was the manifestation of ’88 against Archbishop Payo (See note +<a href="#n2">2</a>). In that manifestation was conceived the cry of +sedition which was later on to ring throughout the archipelago and tear +down the banner of the fatherland to replace it with the red flag of +anarchy; a flag which well nigh brought the people of a would be +independent country to the verge of political and moral +destruction.</p> +<p id="n26"><span class="sc">Note 26.</span> No sooner had Almighty God +consummated the grand work of the creation, the culmination of which +was the breathing into man of an immortal soul, than the devil, the +father of evil, jealous <span class="corr" id="xd20e3383" title= +"Source: of of">of</span> the attributes given by God to man, made his +bold attempt to destroy God’s immortal work. From that moment to +this present the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb146" href="#pb146" +name="pb146">146</a>]</span>spirits of evil have carried on an +<span class="corr" id="xd20e3388" title= +"Source: inceasing">unceasing</span> warfare against what has been for +the glory of God. The Monastic Orders ever since <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e3391" title="Source: the the">the</span> days of their birth have +had to contend against these powers of evil; and there is therefore +little necessity for surprise that those who were employed in such work +as were the unscrupulous persons who came to the archipelago to sow +ruin in the consciences of the people and scandal in society, should +carry on a bitter campaign against the Religious Orders to whom was +owing every jot and tittle of the civilization and culture enjoyed by +the <span class="corr" id="xd20e3394" title= +"Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span>. The Monastic Orders have ever +been the bulwark of Christianity, and as such have had to bear the +brunt of the battle. Europe owes the solid foundation of its political, +social and religious life to the Religious Orders, which, during the +ages in which the Huns, Goths and other barbarians overran and +devastated those lands, hoarded up in the nooks and corners of their +monastic dwellings the seed which, when afterwards sown, was to become +the stout tree of civilization which should spread its sheltering +branches to the four corners of the earth. One of these branches +drawing its <span class="corr" id="xd20e3398" title= +"Source: fulness">fullness</span> of life <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb147" href="#pb147" name="pb147">147</a>]</span>and <span class= +"corr" id="xd20e3403" title="Source: vigour">vigor</span> directly from +the trunk, extended to these far off islands and, casting its shade +over the embruted mankind here existing at that time, wrought a change +over it no less marked than that wrought over the European peoples. +From the day in which Father Urdaneta, that intrepid Augustinian, set +foot upon Philippine soil<span class="corr" id="xd20e3406" title= +"Source: .">,</span> till the day upon which the hydra-headed Katipunan +appeared in the land, the Monastic Orders have been the one great +source of all that was really useful and beneficial to the inhabitants +of the archipelago, although at times the moral interests of the people +were not the commercial interests of the country.</p> +<p>The “friar” so much slandered by those who wish to +overthrow his <span class="corr" id="xd20e3411" title= +"Source: beneficient">beneficent</span> influence, ever carried the +banner of his country enlaced with the Cross of the Redeemer. He came +to the Archipelago as a messenger of peace and order, and was the +strongest supporter of the sovereignty of his nation. The +“friar” was hated because he was the one who best knew and +understood the indian, and from his intimate knowledge of his +<span class="corr" id="xd20e3414" title= +"Source: parishoners">parishioners</span>, could the more easily detect +anything on their part which tended to the detriment of the +<span class="corr" id="xd20e3417" title= +"Source: entegrity">integrity</span> of <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb148" href="#pb148" name="pb148">148</a>]</span>the Spanish +sovereignty.</p> +<p>The <span class="corr" id="xd20e3424" title= +"Source: compaign">campaign</span> against the Religious Orders was the +attack of the battering-rams against the city to be captured. By +piercing the wall the entry into the city could be the easier made; and +this the separatist element well knew, hence all their efforts were +directed against the stout wall which defended from its assaults the +treasure <span class="corr" id="xd20e3427" title= +"Source: of of">of</span> the metropolis.</p> +<p>For three hundred years the Philippines remained submitted to Spain +exclusively by reason of the moral influence of the Clergy. Whilst the +banner of Spain, floated over the Archipelago, the Religious formed the +strongest guard for its protection; when it fell, strung by the +ingratitude and treachery of those who had sworn to defend it to the +last drop of their blood, and lay dishonored in the dust, it was the +Religious who bowed his head in the deepest grief and who shed the +bitterest tears. When the flag of the conquerer was hauled up to the +height from which once gloriously floated the symbol of Spanish +authority, the Religious, obedient to the commands of his superiors, +withdrew to the solicitude of his convent, to await in patience, the +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb149" href="#pb149" name= +"pb149">149</a>]</span>passing of the storm. He looks out upon the +clouded political horizon, as Noah looked out from the window of the +ark upon the vast sea of waters which hid from his view the fearful +<span class="corr" id="xd20e3434" title= +"Source: distruction">destruction</span> which had overcome the world, +patiently awaiting the time when he should, at God’s will, go +forth to commence again the work of reconstruction.</p> +<p>Often have I heard the opinion expressed that the Government’s +worst enemy is the “friar”, that it is the +“friar” who keeps alive the spirit of rebellion. Let those +<span class="corr" id="xd20e3439" title="Source: who who">who</span> +think thus, ponder over one small thought: what has the friar to gain +in sustaining a rebellion which has caused him more moral and material +damage, than has been caused to any other entity in the Philippines? To +those who are able and willing to utilize the power of thought with +which God has endowed them, it is sufficiently clear that the Religious +has nothing to gain by such tactics, but, on the contrary, all to +lose.</p> +<p>In Spanish times the native enemies of the Religious Orders were the +enemies of Spain and in these days, the enemy of the friar is by no +means a real friend, whatever he may claim to be, of the Government of +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb150" href="#pb150" name= +"pb150">150</a>]</span>of the U. S. The Spanish masons and the +<span class="corr" id="xd20e3446" title= +"Source: filipino">Filipino</span> separatists found the friar to be +the greatest obstacle to be encountered. <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e3449" title="Source: ‘">“</span>The friar,” +wrote Governor D. Francisco Borrero, to Sr. Canovas, in a memoir +concerning the Archipelago, “knowing the language, spirit, and +<span class="corr" id="xd20e3452" title= +"Source: tendancies">tendencies</span> of the natives, is considered as +the principal obstacle for the realization of the filibuster idea, and +hence arises their aspiration (that of the enemies of Spain) that the +Religious Orders should be eliminated, because such a step being taken, +they believe they will have travelled half the journey....”</p> +<p>The propaganda of Universal freemasonry, of <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e3457" title="Source: filipino">Filipino</span> freemasonry, of +the Liga Filipina, of the Compromisarios, was aimed principally at the +Religious Orders, but the results attained were but introductory to the +real work of the Katipunan, which, finding itself cornered by the +discovery of the plot it had concocted against the Government, showed +its hand. Its aim was anti-Spanish and not merely anti-friar, as is +sufficiently clear from the fact that in all the documents of the +diabolical association it is death to <i>all the Spaniards</i>, and not +to this or that class. Moreover in many cases the same <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb151" href="#pb151" name= +"pb151">151</a>]</span>Katipuneros saved their parish priests from a +sure death whilst they dealt out anything but kind treatment to those +of the Civil Guard (<span class="corr" id="xd20e3465" title= +"Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span>) and the Spanish troops who fell +into their hands. The friars who were murdered by the rebels were not +murdered for being friars but because they were Spaniards. The +documents captured, the result of the trials held in judgement of +persons guilty of treason, show clearly that the revolution was for the +purpose of gaining the independence of the country from Spain, and not +merely to bring about the expulsion of the Religious Orders. Aguinaldo, +the leader of the Katipunan <span class="corr" id="xd20e3468" title= +"Source: hoardes">hordes</span>, desired to send the friars who fell +prisoners into his hands, over to <span class="corr" id="xd20e3472" +title="Source: Hong-kong">Hong-Kong</span>, where they would be at +liberty to return to their own country; but this merciful desire of his +was overruled by his advisers, among whom were numbered Mabini his +right hand man, Pardo de Tavera, Legarda and Buencamino, all three of +them traitors to the cause of independence. To-day they stand in +positions of honor, honor which they have done nothing to deserve, +whilst Aguinaldo who was the tool of political schemers, their +play-thing, is cast into disgrace and kept in the <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb152" href="#pb152" name= +"pb152">152</a>]</span>background, a scape-goat for the sins and +shortcomings of men whose names disgrace the darkest pages of +Philippine history.</p> +<p id="n27"><span class="sc">Note 27.</span> Vast numbers of these +documents were later on destroyed in the hope that certain affairs of +an anti-patriotic nature might be hushed up, and many persons of a high +official standing saved from scandal. Padre Mariano Gil, O. S. A., who +made known to the public authorities the fearful plot of the Katipunan +in time to prevent the brutal murder of hundreds of Spaniards, was +granted certified copies of a large number (all the principal ones) of +the documents and these have been since preserved with the greatest +care, and remain to-day as a standing proof of the duplicity of many +persons who live in ignorance of the fact of the existence of the said +certified copies.</p> +<p id="n28"><span class="sc">Note 28.</span> The element here spoken of +was the <span class="corr" id="xd20e3485" title= +"Source: filipino">Filipino</span> colony (all of them <span class= +"corr" id="xd20e3488" title="Source: seperatists">separatists</span>) +and Morayta the “papa” of the said <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e3491" title="Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span> of <span class= +"corr" id="xd20e3494" title="Source: seperatist">separatist</span> +tendencies. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb153" href="#pb153" name= +"pb153">153</a>]</span></p> +<p id="n29"><span class="sc">Note 29.</span> This committee, although +not exclusively masonic, was <span class="corr" id="xd20e3502" title= +"Source: essencially">essentially</span> revolutionary, and had for its +duty the distribution of works of propaganda. Its delegate in Europe +was Marcelo H. del Pilar.</p> +<p id="n30"><span class="sc">Note 30.</span> See note <a href= +"#n26">26</a>. The campaign at this present carried on by some of the +filipino and Spanish papers, and, in contradiction to the fundamental +principles of Americanism, by the local American press also, is but a +sequel to the work of this committee of propaganda. The calumnies which +are literally crammed into the columns of Manila’s English +speaking daily and weekly press are but a poor reproduction of the +vicious publications distributed throughout the archipelago since the +year 1888. For fourteen years have these calumnies been published, but +in spite of countless challenges, never have the statements brought +forward been backed up with even the shadow of proof. When almighty God +completed his creation by the making of man and woman, he led them to +Eden, placing them under his law. Then it was that the devil beguiled +them with lying words: “For God doth know that in that day that +you shall eat thereof <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb154" href= +"#pb154" name="pb154">154</a>]</span>(of the forbidden fruit) your eyes +shall be opened, and you shall be as Gods knowing good and evil.” +From that day to this, this same argument that the devil used to try to +prove that God was withholding from the people what was to their +benefit, is being to-day used by certain of the offspring of that evil +spirit against the element of good, against the Religious Orders, the +servants of God, claiming that they held from the people of this +Archipelago that which was for their good and advancement. Adam and Eve +found to their bitter cost that the devil lied: those who are to-day +being misled by anti-friar calumny will make the same discovery in due +time.</p> +<p id="n31"><span class="sc">Note 31.</span> This statement is +erroneous. The opinion of the author was formed from statements made by +those charged with treason. Many of those under this charge gave false +testimony, as was later on proved, and in that testimony implicated +honorable <span class="corr" id="xd20e3519" title= +"Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span> who had never harbored such ideas +in their hearts as those they were <span class="corr" id="xd20e3522" +title="Source: acccused">accused</span> of. Many of the wealthy element +of Luzon and other islands of the group, were forced by threats and +compromises into position they had no <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb155" href="#pb155" name="pb155">155</a>]</span>desire to occupy. Of +these the great majority were either insular Spaniards, that is sons of +Spanish parents, but born in the Philippines, or they were Spanish +mestizos or indians. Some 90% of the wealthy revolutionists were +<span class="corr" id="xd20e3527" title= +"Source: chinese">Chinese</span> half-castes.</p> +<p id="n32"><span class="sc">Note 32.</span> And at what a cost! Think +of the thousands of hard earned dollars which went to swell the funds +gathered to feed and clothe and to satisfy the fads and fancies of +those exploiters. And what has the poor indian who provided the money +gained in the deal? Four or five years of bloodshed and disaster he has +surely gained; but what is of more importance to him is that he barely +escaped falling into the hands of his own countrymen! He fell out of +the frying-pan and almost fell into the fire!</p> +<p id="n33"><span class="sc">Note 33.</span> The aspirations of the +association were, to say the least, anti-patriotic; they were always +underhand; they were the aspirations of the “Liga”, of the +“Compromisarios” and of the Katipunan. <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb156" href="#pb156" name="pb156">156</a>]</span></p> +<p id="n34"><span class="sc">Note 34.</span> “In the following +year, Pedro Serrano arrived from Spain and then was masonry introduced +into the Philippines, the first lodge instituted being the +“Nilad”<a class="noteref" id="xd20e3543src" href= +"#xd20e3543" name="xd20e3543src">23</a> its first Venerable being +José Ramos.” Testimony of Moises Salvador y Francisco +(fol. <span class="corr" id="xd20e3551" title= +"Source: 1.138">1,138</span> to <span class="corr" id="xd20e3554" +title="Source: 1.143">1,143</span>).</p> +<p>According to the testimony of Antonio Salazar (fol. <span class= +"corr" id="xd20e3559" title="Source: 1.118">1,118</span> to +<span class="corr" id="xd20e3562" title="Source: 1.129">1,129</span>) +“In 1892 Pedro Serrano came from Spain and in union with +José Ramos joined a lodge of peninsular Spaniards, and commenced +the propaganda of masonry exclusively among <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e3565" title="Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span>, in a short time +establishing the mother lodge known as the <i>Nilad</i> ... the number +of members becoming excessive, other lodges were established in the +suburbs....”</p> +<p>Into this lodge <i>Nilad</i> or the lodges formed therefrom, passed +all the members of the committee of propaganda and of the local +delegations, the work of the propaganda of masonry and that of +separatism being carried on in the same lodge room. The plea that +masonry had no connection with the Katipunan fails to stand good in +face of this <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb157" href="#pb157" name= +"pb157">157</a>]</span>testimony, added to which may be mentioned +letters of M. del Pilar to <i>La Modestia</i> concerning the +organization and labors of separatism; as well as other letters, rich +in masonic jargon, to the lodges and to individuals connected with the +double work of propagating masonry and spreading among the people ideas +of the basest of ingratitude.</p> +<p>To the lodge <i>Nilad</i>, the Gr∴ Sec∴ of the +Gr∴ Or∴ Esp∴ wrote from Madrid, June 8th 1892:</p> +<div class="blockquote"> +<p class="first xd20e192">AL∴ G∴ D∴ G∴ +A∴ D∴ U∴<br> +Liberty.—Equality.—Fraternity.<br> +Universal Freemasonry. Spanish Family.</p> +<p>The Resp∴ Log∴ Nilad, No. 144 of A∴ L∴ +and A∴ masons of the Philippines <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e3595" title="Source: reqularly">regularly</span> constituted in +the Federation of the Gr∴ Or∴ Español (seat in +Madrid<span class="corr" id="xd20e3598" title= +"Source: .)">).</span></p> +<p class="tb">. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .</p> +</div> +<p>The letter goes on to speak of the new foundation and the number of +initiations.</p> +<p>“It pleases us much,” says the Gr∴ Sec∴ +<span class="corr" id="xd20e3607" title= +"Not in source">“</span>to see the activity and zeal which you +employ in the labors, and for it we greet you. Nevertheless, we must +remind you always of the greatest care in the election of the laborers. +<i>Not all men, although they profess <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb158" href="#pb158" name="pb158">158</a>]</span>our ideas and +doctrines, serve for good masons,...</i>”</p> +<p>Morayta, writing on the 12th of June 1892 to bro∴ <i>Panday +Pira</i>, says: “... But do not forget an advice which I believe +Ruiz gave you also: <i>be very careful; do not open your arms to any +except they be of full confidence....</i> Remember that, even though +things have changed there (in the Philippines) you run all the danger +consequent upon the domination (sic) of the friar and of the +General.” The general was Despujols, an upright, honest and +sincere man who was too apt to measure other <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e3623" title="Source: peoples">people’s</span> corn by his +own bushel. The filibusters took advantage of the fact, and by their +lying protests of love for Spain, captivated him and fooled him out and +out for a time.</p> +<p id="n35"><span class="sc">Note 35.</span> At that time liberty of +association was not allowed by law in the Archipelago. To attain their +ends this was the thing most necessary for the separatists. Without the +shelter of the law of association nothing could be done except by +stealth. It was for want of this <span class="corr" id="xd20e3631" +title="Source: privelege">privilege</span> that the shelter of the +masonic lodge room was <span class="corr" id="xd20e3634" title= +"Source: saught">sought</span>. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb159" +href="#pb159" name="pb159">159</a>]</span></p> +<p id="n36"><span class="sc">Note 36.</span> <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e3642" title="Source: Blumentrit">Blumentritt</span>, Fernando; of +German race, Austrian by nationality, resident in Bohemia and therefore +spoken of by various writers sometimes as a German, at others as a +Bohemian or an Austrian. Like Foreman<a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e3645src" href="#xd20e3645" name="xd20e3645src">24</a>, +Blumentritt claimed to be a fervent <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb160" href="#pb160" name="pb160">160</a>]</span>Catholic and yet was +an open enemy of the Church. He claimed moreover to be a great friend +of Spain and yet openly sided with her enemies. He was one of the +<span class="corr" id="xd20e3705" title= +"Source: colaborators">collaborators</span> of the <i lang="es">La +Solidaridad</i>.</p> +<p>Isabelo de los Reyes writes of him: “The <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb161" href="#pb161" name= +"pb161">161</a>]</span>savant (sic) Blumentritt the <i>brother</i> of +the <span class="corr" id="xd20e3718" title= +"Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span>, has always served us with +disinterest (except in what concerned his pocket) and opportuneness. He +was the first who did us justice by publishing many valuable articles +to demonstrate, under all points of view, the superiority of the +<span class="corr" id="xd20e3721" title= +"Source: filipino">Filipino</span> (Isabelo does not say over what) and +defending our cause against the ambition of the imperialists (that is +the Spaniards).”</p> +<p>Blumentritt was a member of the society known as the +“<span lang="es">Amigos del Pais</span>”<a class="noteref" +id="xd20e3729src" href="#xd20e3729" name="xd20e3729src">25</a>, and +remained so till his actions and writings caused well thinking +Spaniards and <span class="corr" id="xd20e3735" title= +"Source: philippinos">Philippinos</span><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e3737src" href="#xd20e3737" name="xd20e3737src">26</a> to call for +his dismissal from its membership. The patriotic outcry against him +caused him to resign on the 14th of November 1889; the Solidaridad of +the 31st of December of the same year published his resignation. The +press of Manila was exceptionally bitter against him and only such +<span class="corr" id="xd20e3745" title= +"Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span> as those who continue up to the +present time forming part of the <i>juntas</i> in <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb162" href="#pb162" name= +"pb162">162</a>]</span>Hong-Kong, Madrid, Paris, London and other +places looked up to him for the assistance they could not find at +home.</p> +<p id="n37"><span class="sc">Note 37.</span> It was naturally in the +<span class="corr" id="xd20e3758" title= +"Source: Peninsular">Peninsula</span> where the chief work of the +propaganda had to be carried on, and it was there also that the +propaganda had the least effect. The principal instrument for the +<span class="corr" id="xd20e3761" title= +"Source: desemination">dissemination</span> of the seed of separatist +aspirations was the <i lang="es">Solidaridad</i> (See note <a href= +"#n24">24</a>). The <span class="corr" id="xd20e3770" title= +"Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span> here, who gave their subscriptions +and other sums of money for the support of the bi-monthly, were kept +under the impression that the official organ was making a great noise +in Madrid; but as it never reached the official world it was supposed +to influence, its publication was practically useless. In the +Philippines it served the same purpose as the <i lang="es">La +Independencia</i>: that is, it served to keep alive the spirit of +unrest, and by the lies it published, made the people believe that +their leaders were going to lead them to a promised land which +“flowed with milk and honey.” They eventually got into the +promised land, only to find that the milk was very much +“condensed”, and that the honey was only to be <span class= +"corr" id="xd20e3777" title="Source: gotten">got</span> after +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb163" href="#pb163" name= +"pb163">163</a>]</span>those who secured it had been exposed to the +very unpleasant operation of being stung by the bees which produced +it.</p> +<p>Instead of serving to keep together the subjects and their rulers in +a bond of peace and tranquility, and helping them to come to a mutual +understanding, in which state the progress and advancement of the +islands and their inhabitants could be the easier and the better +accomplished, the separatist element, by their propaganda, caused more +and more strife by attacking national institutions and by casting slurs +upon national honor. The discontent stirred up against the Spanish +authorities was identical to that which, until the passing of the law +of sedition and even since that time, was stirred up against the +American sovereignty. In its propaganda against the Religious Orders, +inciting the native clergy against the lawful authority of their +Bishops, it was the precursor of modern Manila’s American press. +History tells us what was the result of the lessening of the moral +influence of the Religious Orders in the days of Spanish rule, and +to-day History repeats itself. The inciting of the native clergy +against their Bishops is encouraging the natives, as a whole, to resist +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb164" href="#pb164" name= +"pb164">164</a>]</span>lawful authority. The cry to-day is “down +with the friar,” tomorrow it will be “down with the +American.<span class="corr" id="xd20e3786" title= +"Not in source">”</span> In 1888 it was down with the Religious +Orders, in 1896 it had become “death to all Spaniards”. In +1898 the American was blessed as a deliverer from oppression, in 1899 +cursed as an intruder. To-day...? Who knows the opinion of the people? +Who but a few <i lang="es">ignorantes</i> trust the great men of the +late revolution?</p> +<p>In Spain the work of the <span class="corr" id="xd20e3794" title= +"Source: seperatists">separatists</span> produced no effect upon the +people; a few here and there of the least patriotic of the scum of +Barcelona and Madrid aided them but apart from these and the Bible +Societies, no one interested themselves in their cause.</p> +<p id="n39"><span class="sc">Note 39.</span> From the earliest to the +latest days of the period of the revolt, that is from ’88 to +’98, this was one of the greatest obstacles to be overcome. Money +was collected for propaganda in Spain and in Japan; what became of it +all? Money was collected for the purpose of releasing or stealing away +Rizal; what became of it? Funds were collected for the purchase of +rifles and ammunition for the Katipunan, and, at the last moment, +Andrés Bonifacio fled with <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb165" +href="#pb165" name="pb165">165</a>]</span>some <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e3803" title="Source: 20.000">20,000</span> pesos. This continual +squabble over the administration of the funds is a proof clear enough, +of the existence of organized exploiters whose pockets were of more +concern to them than were the interests of their country.</p> +<p id="n40"><span class="sc">Note 40.</span> It is almost needless to +say that this latter was in the minority; later on Pilar suffered a +marked change of <span class="corr" id="xd20e3810" title= +"Source: temperment">temperament</span> and became more decidedly +<span class="corr" id="xd20e3813" title= +"Source: seperatist">separatist</span> than Rizal. Rizal was willing to +give the goose a chance to lay her golden eggs; Pilar becoming +impatient killed the goose with the scheme of the Katipunan.</p> +<p id="n41"><span class="sc">Note 41.</span> “Previous to his +return <span class="corr" id="xd20e3820" title= +"Source: to to">to</span> Manila Rizal lived some time in Hong-Kong. +From there he forwarded to Moises Salvador Francisco the statutes and +instructions for the “Liga Filipina”.<span class="corr" id= +"xd20e3823" title="Not in source">”</span>—Testimony of the +said Francisco. (fols. <span class="corr" id="xd20e3826" title= +"Source: 1.138–1.143">1,138–1,143</span><span class="corr" +id="xd20e3828" title="Source: ).">.)</span></p> +<p id="n42"><span class="sc">Note 42.</span> “It resulting that +after some years of voluntary expatriation ... a Spanish <span class= +"corr" id="xd20e3835" title="Source: ci izen">citizen</span> (Rizal) +born in the Philippines, directed a first letter, dated some months +back in Hong-Kong, to the superior Authorities, <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb166" href="#pb166" name= +"pb166">166</a>]</span>offering his aid and assistance for the better +government and progress of the Philippines, at the same time in which +his latest book commenced circulation, for which reason no reply was +given; and in a second letter dated in the month of May<span class= +"corr" id="xd20e3840" title="Source: .">,</span> in which, recognizing +the policy of generous attraction, of morality and justice here +implanted ... announced his intention of returning to his native soil +to dispose, together with his friends, of the property they possessed, +and to go with their families to found, in Borneo, a filipino +agricultural colony under English protection....”</p> +<p>“A few days afterwards, the Spanish citizen ... disembarked +with his sister in Manila....” (See also note <a href= +"#n8">8</a>.) Extracts from the Decree of Deportation issued against +Rizal by Governor Despujols, 7th July 1892.</p> +<p id="n43"><span class="sc">Note 43.</span> “In the year 1892, +Rizal being in Manila, recently arrived from Europe, several people of +the country were gathered together, among them Andrés Bonifacio, +Numeriano Adriano, Timoteo Paez and Estanislao Legaspi, in a wooden +house in calle Dulumbayan, were a society known as the “Liga +Filipina” was founded.” Testimony <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb167" href="#pb167" name="pb167">167</a>]</span>of +Valentin Diaz, native of Panay, Ilocos Norte.</p> +<p>“In May or June 1892 José Rizal reached Manila; and +encharged by him, Paez and Serrano invited a large number of persons to +gather on a certain day ... in the house of Doroteo Ongjungco where +Rizal manifested to those present, among whom was the witness, that it +was necessary to form an association which should be called the +“Liga Filipina”, the object and of which should be the +attainment of the separation of these islands from Spain.” Moises +Salvador y Francisco (fols<span class="corr" id="xd20e3857" title= +"Not in source">.</span> <span class="corr" id="xd20e3860" title= +"Source: 1.296">1,296</span>–<span class="corr" id="xd20e3863" +title="Source: 1.299">1,299</span>).</p> +<p>“The reunion was called by Rizal, and the witness was invited +by <span class="corr" id="xd20e3868" title= +"Source: Timote">Timoteo</span> Paez, who conducted him to the house of +Doroteo <span class="corr" id="xd20e3871" title= +"Source: Ongjunco">Ongjungco</span>.... That José Rizal +addressed those present, manifesting the convenience of establishing an +association under the name of the “Liga Filipina” with the +object of collecting funds by different means, to the end of securing +opportunely the independence of these islands”.... Testimony of +Domingo Franco y Tuason (fols<span class="corr" id="xd20e3874" title= +"Not in source">.</span> 1299–1303). <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb168" href="#pb168" name="pb168">168</a>]</span></p> +<p id="n44"><span class="sc">Note 44.</span> It was not the aim which +Rizal had in his mind, of delivering his country from disabilities but +the manner in which he set to work to accomplish that end, to which +objection must be raised. When a people suffer under the oppression of +its rulers, all the world admires the man who rises to throw off the +hateful yoke. But when the oppression is imaginary and when the +so-called hero is but a marionette in the hands of political schemers +who seek their own advantage under the shelter of a pretence to throw +off a yoke which does not exist, one cannot admire the part played by +the deluded “tool”. The emancipation from the +mother-country was the key-note of the revolt. It was the aim of the +<span class="corr" id="xd20e3882" title= +"Source: filipino">Filipino</span> freemasons, of the Liga Filipina, of +the Compromisarios and of the Katipunan<span class="corr" id= +"xd20e3885" title="Not in source">.</span></p> +<p id="n45"><span class="sc">Note 45.</span> Rizal was deported to +Dapitan, in the island of Mindanao, by decree of Governor Despujols, +part of which has been quoted in note 42. The decree goes on to say +that, by reason of the fact that “the veil under which, up this +present, he has succeeded in hiding his true intentions has been torn +asunder,” ... “that he adduces no <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb169" href="#pb169" name= +"pb169">169</a>]</span>other defence but useless denials, having +recourse to throwing the blame of the discovery of the leaflets upon +his own sister (see page 99)<span class="corr" id="xd20e3894" title= +"Source: ,">.</span>...”</p> +<p>“In <span class="corr" id="xd20e3899" title= +"Source: fulfilment">fulfillment</span> of the high duties which +devolve upon me as your General and Vice Royal Patron ... I decree the +following:...”</p> +<p>“1st: that José Rizal shall be deported to one of the +islands of the south....”</p> +<p>“The responsibility of these vigorous measures which a painful +duty imposes upon me, falls entirely upon those who by their imprudent +aims and ungrateful proceedings come to disturb the paternal cares of +this general government making the ordinate march of Philippine +progress the more difficult<span class="corr" id="xd20e3906" title= +"Not in source">.</span>”<a class="noteref" id="xd20e3909src" +href="#xd20e3909" name="xd20e3909src">27</a></p> +<p>“Manila, 7th July 1892.—Despujols.</p> +<p id="n46"><span class="sc">Note 46.</span> “In the month of +April 1893, upon the initiative and invitation Juan Zulueta, now dead, +and of Deodato Arellano, cousin of Marcelo del Pilar, a new gathering +was called in the house of Deodato Arellano, with the object of +establishing anew the <i>Liga Filipina</i> under the same bases and for +the same ends....” <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb170" href= +"#pb170" name="pb170">170</a>]</span></p> +<p id="n47"><span class="sc">Note 47.</span> The determinate ends of +the <span class="corr" id="xd20e3927" title= +"Source: seperatists">separatists</span> have already been spoken of in +note 3, which see.</p> +<p id="n48"><span class="sc">Note 48.</span> See note <a href= +"#n102">102</a>.</p> +<p id="n49"><span class="sc">Note 49.</span> “The object of the +society (the Liga) is the establishment of shops, workshops, +businesses, industries and even a bank if possible, with the end in +view of collecting funds for an armed rising.”—Testimony of +Juan Dizon Matanza, (fols<span class="corr" id="xd20e3941" title= +"Not in source">.</span> <span class="corr" id="xd20e3944" title= +"Source: 1.132">1,132</span>–<span class="corr" id="xd20e3947" +title="Source: 1.138">1,138</span>.)</p> +<p id="n50"><span class="sc">Note 50.</span> The ceremonies practiced +by the <i>Liga</i> <span class="corr" id="xd20e3957" title= +"Source: differred">differed</span> but little from those practiced by +the Katipunan. The chief difference lay in the fact that the ceremonial +of the Katipunan partook more of the grotesque, of the absurd, of +paganism.</p> +<p>Pio Valenzuela in recounting the forms and ceremonies practiced upon +his initiation, said:</p> +<p>“Once in the house<a class="noteref" id="xd20e3964src" href= +"#xd20e3964" name="xd20e3964src">28</a>, they spoke of many things, +<i>en résumé</i>, that the aim of <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb171" href="#pb171" name="pb171">171</a>]</span>the +association was to obtain the independence of the Philippines, +oppressed and enslaved by the Spaniards. Placing, later on, a dagger at +his breast, they obliged him to throw himself upon it, a thing which +the witness could not pluck up courage enough to do; whereupon they +placed it in his hand, leading him to a man whom he recognized to be +seated, and ordered him (the witness) to strike him with the dagger, a +thing which he dare not do either. He was then conducted into a room +and addressed by a person he knew to be Bonifacio by the voice, who +informed him that he could not retrace his steps because he knew of the +existence of the society, but he could not assist at the <i>juntas</i> +nor could they teach him the signs of recognition till he had been +re-initiated; they moreover made him sign two sheets of blank paper, +causing him to swear never to reveal the existence of the society to +anyone, under the pain of <span class="corr" id="xd20e3978" title= +"Source: asssasination">assassination</span>. They then removed the +bandage which he was blindfolded and he saw around him eight or nine +individuals dressed in cloaks and hoods; he signed the two sheets of +paper and was again blindfolded and conducted to a considerable +distance from the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb172" href="#pb172" +name="pb172">172</a>]</span>house where the bandage was again +removed.</p> +<p>Another member of the Katipunan in his declaration made on the 22nd +of September 1896, stated that during the month of February 1893, one +Sunday morning, a certain Estanislao Legaspi entered his store, telling +him to accompany him in a <i lang="es">calesa</i><span class="corr" id= +"xd20e3988" title="Source: ,">.</span> He listened to tirades against +the Spanish Government till their arrival at the house of a certain +Tranquilino Torres, in calle Elcano<span class="corr" id="xd20e3991" +title="Not in source">.</span> Here “his eyes were bandaged by +Legaspi and he was handed over to the care of another individual who +conducted him to the upper story of the house and made him sit down; he +then heard a person whom he knew to be Legaspi by his voice speak, +saying several things against the Spanish Government, demanding of him +an oath of blind obedience, and a defense of the Philippines till the +shedding of the last drop of his blood, threatening him with fearful +punishments if he should turn traitor. This ceremony being terminated, +his eyes were unbound and he saw, on a table, a skull which they made +him kiss, and Legaspi handed him a lance commanding him to wound +himself in the arm; but he felt a feeling of <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb173" href="#pb173" name= +"pb173">173</a>]</span>faintheartedness come over him, and manifested +to those present that he had not courage enough to wound himself and +wished that the oath he had taken be enough; he was dispensed from the +operation. When the bandage was removed the eight individuals composing +the <i lang="es">junta</i> were masked with black hoods, but after he +kissed the skull and attempted to wound himself they removed the hoods +and he then recognized Estanislao Legaspi who presided, Mariano de +Vera, Teodoro Plata and Juan de la Cruz who was a clerk of the +Tabacalera, and who had led him upstairs; he did not know the other +three. The witness paid two pesos as entrance fee promising to pay 50 +cents monthly. He asked Legaspi what association it was, and he replied +that it was the <i lang="es">Liga Filipina</i>.”</p> +<p>In the daily report of the secret police department made to General +Blanco on the 30th of June 1896, is the following notice:<a id= +"xd20e4004" name="xd20e4004"></a></p> +<p>“Herewith is given translated most faithfully from Tagalog, +the result of an interview held with a well-to-do indian who belonged +to the most popular of the masonic lodges, who tried to draw into it a +friend. Questioned upon certain affairs, he said: “In the masonic +lodges of San Juan del Monte <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb174" href= +"#pb174" name="pb174">174</a>]</span>and of Pandacan, the whole pueblo, +rich and poor, is inscribed.”</p> +<p>“In the reunions the brethren attend blind-folded, and the +chiefs with the face covered.”</p> +<p>“The person who desires to enter the lodge is obliged to have +his face covered and his eyes bandaged in sign of blind obedience; the +proofs are carried out and signature made as follows. The person +receiving the initiated takes a dagger and gives it to him saying to +him: do you <span class="corr" id="xd20e4014" title= +"Source: sware">swear</span> to be steel like that which you hold in +your hand and not to bend in the exigencies which oppress and vex us, +and to labor in pro of the independence of your enslaved country? I +swear answers the person to be initiated. Do you <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e4017" title="Source: sware">swear</span> not to have father, +mother, wife, child nor any relative but the revenging arm which shall +sleep and live with you? I swear. They then surround him with arms of +all classes and say to him: here is thy family, thy only work, and may +it give thee thy life and open thy eyes for thy good of the country. +They then make a small incision in the form of a cross in the right arm +near the shoulder.”</p> +<p>“At present our meetings are held at night and in the most +lonely fields, with <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb175" href="#pb175" +name="pb175">175</a>]</span>the object of not being +surprised.”</p> +<p class="tb">. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .</p> +<p>“It is well known among us masons that Rizal is attributed +with the faculty of being able to translate his person instantaneously +from one point to another.”</p> +<p class="tb">. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .</p> +<p id="n51"><span class="sc">Note 51.</span> Juan Castañeda +testified on the 21st of September 1896 before the Chief Inspector of +the Corps of <span class="corr" id="xd20e4038" title= +"Source: Vigilence">Vigilance</span> that “he was recommended to +make the greatest amount of propaganda possible, of Japanese ideas in +the pueblo of Imus.” The Japanese ideas here spoken of were those +of the foundation of the Japanese protectorate.</p> +<p id="n52"><span class="sc">Note 52.</span> Money! money!! money!!! +was the great cry in the majority of the masonic correspondence between +the workers in Spain and those who had to supply the funds here. On the +8th of June 1892 Morayta wrote to bro∴ Panday-Pira informing him +(a <span class="corr" id="xd20e4045" title= +"Source: favority">favorite</span> custom of Morayta’s) that what +was wanted was “money to invite journalists (to dine or <i>take a +drink</i>) and to pay articles in the papers.” Morayta, +<span class="corr" id="xd20e4051" title= +"Source: propably">probably</span> with tears in his eyes, in ending +his letter, heaves a <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb176" href="#pb176" +name="pb176">176</a>]</span>sigh, whilst his fingers itching for the +touch of gold, nervously clutch the pen which scrawls these words: +“if we only had here a good administrator with funds then you +would see how we should advance!”</p> +<p>On the 22nd of June 1892 the secretary of the Gr∴ Or∴ +Esp∴ wrote to the same explaining how “<i>in a few +meetings, a couple of banquets and a few presents made at the right +time</i>” much could be accomplished.</p> +<p id="n53"><span class="sc">Note 53.</span> Rizal had money troubles +previously with Pilar in Madrid (see note 39). The excessive earnest +and zeal displayed at the time of the foundation of the <i>Liga</i> by +Rizal died away on his deportation. This zeal was owing to the +captivating manner in which the founder demonstrated to his audience +the brilliant future to be attained by such an undertaking. Rizal had +the advantage of a ready oratory and like Bonifacio, drew his hearers +to his cause in spite of themselves. And then again, the same as in +masonry, the association was secret, and its true end and aim were but +whispered; and whilst many of the associated were laboring to assist, +as they thought, in the fomentation of the <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb177" href="#pb177" name= +"pb177">177</a>]</span>culture and advancement of the country, they +were in reality playing with the toy <span class="corr" id="xd20e4070" +title="Source: alloted">allotted</span> to them by the society, whilst +the chief members, those members <i>best suited to be masons</i>, as +says the Gr∴ Sec∴ of the Gr∴ Or∴ +Esp∴<a class="noteref" id="xd20e4076src" href="#xd20e4076" name= +"xd20e4076src">29</a>, carried on the true work of the <i>Liga</i>. As +in the lower degrees of any secret society, and of masonry in +particular, the members are unaware of what is aimed at in the degrees +to which they have not attained, to which all cannot attain, and the +secrets of which are zealously guarded, so it was in the +<i>Liga</i>.</p> +<p>Upon its re-establishment the Liga counted among its members several +who aimed at the leadership. The absence of Rizal, deported to Dapitan, +left open the door for unbridled ambition. Everyone wanted to be the +head. This together with money troubles brought about considerable ill +feeling between the absent founder and those continuing the work of the +association. Rizal <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb178" href="#pb178" +name="pb178">178</a>]</span>had so far kept up a continual secret +communication with the Liga, thanks to the liberty allowed him by his +keepers in Mindanao, who guarded him with scandalous carelessness; and +thanks also to the <span class="corr" id="xd20e4093" title= +"Source: emisaries">emissaries</span> sent to him from Manila in search +of instructions and advice. The result of the ill-feeling thus brought +about was the rupture in official relations between the <i>Liga</i> and +its founder.</p> +<p id="n54"><span class="sc">Note 54.</span> See note <a href= +"#n39">39</a>.</p> +<p id="n55"><span class="sc">Note 55.</span> One of the facts clearly +developed in the trials of those suspected of treason, was that the +guilty ones had taken the utmost care not to leave behind them traces +of their work. This was principally the case with Rizal and the other +chief workers of the revolt, and of those who formed the association of +<i>Compromisarios</i>.</p> +<p id="n56"><span class="sc">Note 56.</span> Both Pedro and Francisco +Roxas were honorary councillors of the Administration. On the 19th of +September 1896 Blanco published the following decrees:</p> +<p>“In as much as Sr. D. Francisco Roxas, honorary councillor of +the Administration <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb179" href="#pb179" +name="pb179">179</a>]</span>is found under process in the courts of +law: in the use of the faculties in me invested, I decree that he cease +from the exercise of his functions etc., etc.”</p> +<p>And on the 30th of September the following:</p> +<p>“In as much as the Excellent Sr. D. Pedro P. Roxas, honorary +councillor of the Administration has been found under process in the +courts of law, for rebellion; in the use of my faculties, etc., +etc.”</p> +<p>Moises Salvador y Francisco testified (fols<span class="corr" id= +"xd20e4128" title="Not in source">.</span> 1138–1143) that +“among the persons who sympathised with the cause and who aided +it with their means for its realization, he remembered D. Pedro Roxas +and D. Francisco Roxas ... (and others); and there existed in the +provinces others whose names he could not remember.”</p> +<p>Domingo Franco y Tuason testified on the 30th of September 1896 +(fols. 1332–1337) that “in another of the several +interviews he had with Francisco L. Roxas, he asked him if in the +circle of his relations (with the association) he counted with persons +who had offered to aid the objects and ends of the <i lang= +"es">Liga</i>. Sr. Roxas replied: Yes. And in proof thereof he drew +from a <span class="corr" id="xd20e4136" title= +"Source: draw">drawer</span> in his <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb180" href="#pb180" name="pb180">180</a>]</span>desk a record which +he read, and among the names he read the witness remembered those of +don P. Roxas and others.”</p> +<p>When Francisco Roxas found himself in danger of arrest, he attempted +to flee to Hong-Kong, but was captured on board the ship which was to +carry him there. From the ship he was conducted under arrest to the +<i lang="es">Comendancia</i> of the <i lang="es">Veterana</i> where he +remained several days, at the end of which he was transferred to the +Fort of Santiago.</p> +<p>Francisco was a <span class="corr" id="xd20e4151" title= +"Source: millonaire">millionaire</span> who had received from Spain a +name and reputation superior to his personal merits, and yet in spite +of all that the mother-country had done for him in raising him up to a +position to which he could never have attained without her aid, he was +found to have placed himself in the <span class="corr" id="xd20e4154" +title="Source: van-guard">vanguard</span> of the bitterest enemies of +his country. He was the director of the workings of separatism and was +the chief provider of arms for the revolt, as was testified by +innumerable witnesses.<a class="noteref" id="xd20e4157src" href= +"#xd20e4157" name="xd20e4157src">30</a><a id="xd20e4162" name= +"xd20e4162"></a> <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb181" href="#pb181" +name="pb181">181</a>]</span></p> +<p>On the eve of his execution for treason Francisco penned +<span class="corr" id="xd20e4167" title="Source: to">the</span> +following abjuration:</p> +<p>“I, Francisco L. Roxas, on the eve of my death, in reparation +for what in my words and actions may have offended my neighbor; for +warning of others of my person and in order to satisfy my conscience, +to the end that no one, and especially my children, fall into the net +of freemasonry, or of any other secret society, all of which I detest +and curse, and be not in a day to come ungrateful sons of our Mother +Spain, beg pardon for all my faults and bad example.”</p> +<p>“I die in the Holy Roman Catholic Apostolic faith in which I +was born and educated in a christian manner. I admit all that she +admits and condemn all that she condemns.”</p> +<p>“This I sign with my own hand with entire liberty.”</p> +<p>Jany. 10th 1897 in Manila, Royal Fort of Santiago.—F. L. +Roxas:—Witnesses: Antonio Pardo and Felix +García<span class="corr" id="xd20e4178" title= +"Not in source">.</span></p> +<p>On January 11th Gov. Gen. Polavieja telegraphed to Madrid as +follows:</p> +<p>“Sentenced by council of War, to-day there have been executed +(shot) twelve persons <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb182" href= +"#pb182" name="pb182">182</a>]</span>guilty of treason ... among them +Francisco Roxas, Councillor of Administration; Nijaga, Lieut. of native +infantry; Villaroel, Villareal, Moises Salvador and others.”</p> +<hr class="tb"> +<p>Pedro Roxas was also a millionaire who inherited a good fortune, +which, under the shelter of official protection multiplied +considerably. Spain honored him with the grand cross of Isabela la +Católica. Like Francisco he was a Councillor of Administration. +He possessed a large estate in Nasugbu which, when the revolt broke +out, became an insurgent hornet’s nest. There the rebels had a +cannon, three falconettes and a large number of arms.</p> +<p>After having been deprived of his office by decree previously +mentioned, Pedro Roxas secured in some way or other from Blanco, +permission to go to Spain. On arrival at Singapore he landed and +remained there. Later on he was defended in the Spanish Cortés +by Sr. Romero Robledo<a class="noteref" id="xd20e4197src" href= +"#xd20e4197" name="xd20e4197src">31</a>. In Manila, to those who could +judge of the facts on the spot, this defence came as a thunderbolt. +However, the Spanish paper <i lang="es">El <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb183" href="#pb183" name= +"pb183">183</a>]</span>Correo</i> in the issue of August 15th said:</p> +<p>“The conduct of Sr. Roxas results satisfactorily cleared, so +that no doubt remains in respect to his complete disconnection with the +revolt.”</p> +<p>Among the separatist element Pedro Roxas was known as the Emperor +Pedro I.</p> +<p id="n57"><span class="sc">Note 57.</span> Maximo M. A. Paterno was +the father of the well known Pedro Paterno<span class="corr" id= +"xd20e4213" title="Source: ,">.</span> Maximo was in his latter days +the leading spirit of the celebrations held in honor of the amnesty +<span class="corr" id="xd20e4216" title= +"Source: proclamed">proclaimed</span> in 1900, by the late President +McKinley. He died at the age of 76, just before the celebrations took +place.</p> +<p>This amnesty celebration, like most things attempted by <span class= +"corr" id="xd20e4221" title="Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span> alone, +turned but a fiasco, the speeches which were to be delivered on the +occasion not being in any way in keeping with the oath of allegiance +taken by the speakers. The speeches contemplated were in advocation of +practically the same thing as that for which the rebels had been +keeping up an armed struggle, and so, when the U. S. Commission was +invited by Pedro Paterno to be present thereat, it naturally was unable +to accept the invitation. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb184" href= +"#pb184" name="pb184">184</a>]</span></p> +<p>The whole celebration was an abortive attempt on the part of its +organizers to antagonize the Military and Civil authorities. Mr. Taft, +as president of the Commission, at first accepted the invitation +extended, supposing the <span class="corr" id="xd20e4227" title= +"Source: speaches">speeches</span> to be given, had been censored by +the proper authorities, at that time the military; but on finding that +this was not so, he declined in the name of the other members of the +Commission, and thus avoided the <span class="corr" id="xd20e4230" +title="Source: unpleasentness">unpleasantness</span> of being present +at a banquet at which both the Military and the Civil authorities would +be insulted and the Government of the U. S. defied.</p> +<p>On the 28th of July 1900, the day of the banquet, Mr. Taft on behalf +of his fellow Commissioners, addressed a letter to Pedro Paterno on the +subject. See Appendix J.</p> +<p>Pedro Paterno was one of those who for a considerable time refused +to take the oath of allegiance; with him were others, Mabini in +particular.</p> +<p>Maximo Paterno had received from Spain the Cross of Knight of the +Royal and American Order of Isabela La Católica. <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb185" href="#pb185" name="pb185">185</a>]</span></p> +<p id="n58"><span class="sc">Note 58.</span> <i>And others</i>: Among +the names mentioned in many of the documents I have consulted on the +subject of the trials of those guilty of treason, I have frequently +come across those of Linjap (Mariano), Chidian (Telesforo), Yangco +(Luis R.), and others. Of this latter Domingo Franco was asked during +his trial, if Luis R. Yangco had assisted at any reunion of the +<i lang="es">compromisarios</i>, to which he replied that he (Yangco) +had not assisted at any session (fols. 1381–1382)<span class= +"corr" id="xd20e4251" title="Not in source">.</span></p> +<p>As I have already remarked in another note, many of those charged +with complicity in the affairs of the revolt were latter on proved to +be innocent. That considerable number of the wealthy natives and +half-castes sympathised more or less with the idea of greater +liberality in government, is undoubtedly true, but that they extended +their sympathies to the aims of the hordes of cut-throats led by +Bonifacio is absurd.</p> +<p>The leading <span class="corr" id="xd20e4258" title= +"Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span> and many insular Spaniards sighed +for privileges which the Government of Madrid did not deem well to +concede. To bring pressure upon the Government some of these combined +to support in the metropolis, some of their number who <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb186" href="#pb186" name= +"pb186">186</a>]</span>should keep up the work of agitation. This +agitation however took a form displeasing to many, who thereupon ceased +to lend it their aid and consent. But few of the leaders of the people, +especially of the wealthy ones, desired to cut themselves adrift from +Spain, and not till a few insignificant beings such as Aguinaldo, +Bonifacio, Mabini, and Pilar (Pio del) and Buencamino came upon the +scene did the idea of independence of the island really take form. A +faint idea of such a thing as independence did exist formerly, but the +enlightened <span class="corr" id="xd20e4263" title= +"Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span> saw, only too clearly, the +probable result.</p> +<p>The wealthy proprietors here cited, no doubt sympathised more or +less with the <i>Liga Filipina</i> in its beginning, whilst it was +under the complete control of its founder Rizal; but as the <i>Liga</i> +lost the character given to it by Rizal, and underwent the change it +did, it is only natural to suppose that many of its former supporters +left it as they would a sinking ship. However the fact that they were +identified with the original <i>Liga</i> seems to have been taken as a +proof of their connection with the revolt<span class="corr" id= +"xd20e4277" title="Source: ,">.</span> This is certainly the opinion +expressed by Sr. Diaz. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb187" href= +"#pb187" name="pb187">187</a>]</span></p> +<p id="n59"><span class="sc">Note 59.</span> Mactan is the name of the +island upon which Magallanes, the famous explorer, met his death at the +hands of the savage <span class="corr" id="xd20e4285" title= +"Source: hoardes">hordes</span> who at that time peopled the land. +Names of places and persons associated with the disasters suffered by +Spain, were greatly admired among the <span class="corr" id="xd20e4288" +title="Source: seperatists">separatists</span>. Surely Mactan, an +island peopled by savages at the time of its chief notoriety, and +Mayon, the site of a destructive volcano, are very suitable names to +give to such centers as were the popular councils of Trozo and Sta. +Cruz.</p> +<p id="n60"><span class="sc">Note 60.</span> On the 30th of August +1895, the Civil Governor of Batangas asked of the commander of the +Guardia Civil of Lemery, information concerning “persons in the +pueblo of Taal who were distinguished for their <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e4295" title="Source: seperatist">separatists</span> +opinions”. The said commander replied that a report on all such +persons would be unending, and <span class="corr" id="xd20e4298" title= +"Source: proceded">proceeded</span> to cite the case of Felipe +Agoncillo to <span class="corr" id="xd20e4301" title= +"Source: personificy">personify</span> the said <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e4304" title="Source: seperatist">separatist</span> element, as +follows:</p> +<p>“Among the group of the chief ones and as chief of them, +stands Felipe Agoncillo, <span class="corr" id="xd20e4309" title= +"Source: propritetor">proprietor</span> and lawyer<span class="corr" +id="xd20e4312" title="Not in source">.</span>” He then goes on to +explain how Agoncillo imposed his will upon <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb188" href="#pb188" name= +"pb188">188</a>]</span>every one in the pueblo, even upon the +Municipality, no law or regulation sent even by the highest authorities +going into force until it had been passed upon by him. “It would +be difficult,” says he, “for me to collect any perfect +proof of his anti-Spanish tendencies which are, however, self-evident +to the Spanish element of this province<span class="corr" id= +"xd20e4317" title="Source: ”.">.”</span> This report, which +was a sufficient <span class="corr" id="xd20e4320" title= +"Source: warningof">warning of</span> danger, was sent to the Gov. of +Batangas on the 18th of September 1895. He immediately forwarded it to +Gen. Blanco. About three months afterwards Blanco looked into the +matter, circumstances demanding that some steps should be taken to +preserve national honor; and he decided to deport six of the +<span class="corr" id="xd20e4324" title= +"Source: seperatists">separatists</span> as an example to the +remainder. Of these six one was Agoncillo. This industrious filibuster +had influential and <span class="corr" id="xd20e4327" title= +"Source: watchfull">watchful</span> friends in Manila, who, upon seeing +the turn things were taking, telegraphed him “<span lang= +"es">Café en baja; fuera existencias.</span>” This was +warning sufficient and Agoncillo accompanied by Ramon Atienza succeeded +in escaping.</p> +<p>On the 14th of April the Japanese Mail Steamer Hiorine left Manila. +On this steamer Agoncillo fled, hidden it is said, in a coal +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb189" href="#pb189" name= +"pb189">189</a>]</span>bunk. The <i lang="es">Heraldo de Madrid</i> of +the 16th of September 1896, in speaking of the affair says: +“Agoncillo gave the captain of the ship the sum of 350 pesos as +gratification and on this account had placed at his disposal upon +arrival at Kobe, a ship’s boat, whilst the remaining passengers +had to hire their transportation.”</p> +<p>On the 2nd of May 1896, the secret police of Manila reported to Gen. +Blanco, as follows:</p> +<p>“Notice is hereby given of the sailing for Japan of Felipe +Agoncillo, property-owner of the province of Batangas, who goes to put +himself at the disposition of the junta magna (in Japan), carrying with +him some 80,000 pesos collected in Lipa, Taal and other pueblos, for +the sustainment of anti-Spanish propaganda.<span class="corr" id= +"xd20e4344" title="Not in source">”</span></p> +<p>Like most of the leaders of the separatist campaign, Agoncillo was +astute. He partook of that peculiar trait of the native character: a +sharpness of perception, a cuteness which one not acquainted with the +indian would take for intelligence. An <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e4350" title="Source: indian">Indian</span> will often do +something remarkable, but in spite of its appearance of being an +extraordinary action, a result of a well thought <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb190" href="#pb190" name="pb190">190</a>]</span>out +plan, it proceeds in ninety-nine cases out of a hundred, from instinct +rather from intelligence. Native peoples are more accustomed to use +their common-sense than most of us and hence arises the fact, that +frequently the <span class="corr" id="xd20e4355" title= +"Source: filipino">Filipino</span> has <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e4358" title="Source: autwitted">outwitted</span> both the +military and the civil <span class="corr" id="xd20e4361" title= +"Source: outhorities">authorities</span>. England learned this lesson +in dealing with the Oriental in India, Spain learned it here, and +America has yet to discover the same truth.</p> +<p>Mr. Wildman<a class="noteref" id="xd20e4366src" href="#xd20e4366" +name="xd20e4366src">32</a>, the late U. S. Consul at Hong-Kong, once +affirmed of Agoncillo, “Sr. Agoncillo is a very intelligent and +daring diplomat (the Government later on found him to be far more +daring than intelligent), and could fill the position of chief of any +department of State in any civilized country.” But then, it was +nothing strange for Wildman to make such breaks! <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb191" href="#pb191" name="pb191">191</a>]</span></p> +<p id="n61"><span class="sc">Note 61.</span> Among these honorable +exceptions which Sr. Diaz says he has great pleasure in recognizing, +might be mentioned several who were <span class="corr" id="xd20e4406" +title="Source: falsly">falsely</span> accused and whose names have gone +down to the reading public in the works of various writers who wrote in +good faith, branded with the mark of ingratitude which characterized +and still characterizes so many natives and half-castes.</p> +<p>It gives a careful student of the subject more than passing pleasure +to be able to give the lie to those who in their testimony classified +as members of the infernal plot to “cut the throats of every +Spaniard, without regard even to parentage”, the names +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb192" href="#pb192" name= +"pb192">192</a>]</span>of some of the most prominent <span class="corr" +id="xd20e4413" title="Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span> of to-day, +men who although they have not grovelled in the dust before the +<span class="corr" id="xd20e4416" title= +"Source: conquerer">conqueror</span> and accepted positions under the +new Government, are more truly prominent than those who assert +themselves as the “leaders” of the people.</p> +<p>Among these honorable exceptions there were many who although they +came to form part of the so-called Revolutionary Government, did so +only when Spanish rule had ceased to exist, and when the accepted +opinion was that a government elected by the people would be recognized +by the U. S. These, however, were never traitors to the mother country; +they were men who treated Spain as every honorable man should treat his +country. These were not men who changed their religion as they changed +their clothes: to suit the occasion. They were not men who concealed +their titles to freemason degrees, at the bottom of their trunks, and +exposed them with pride upon the change of sovereignty. These men were +never perjurers, never traitors. Born and raised in the bosom of the +Catholic faith they remained faithful to it, and faithful to the +traditions of the country which gave <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb193" href="#pb193" name="pb193">193</a>]</span>them their political +being; and it is with great pleasure that, with Sr. Diaz, I also can +say, that I have great pleasure in recognizing these honorable +exceptions, and in proof thereof have I dedicated this small historical +sketch to them.</p> +<p id="n62"><span class="sc">Note 62.</span> Day by day the morality in +the administration of the funds became worse, and so intense did the +ill-feeling engendered by pride become, that the members forgot all +about the fomentation of the culture and advancement of the country. +Like a nursery full of <span class="corr" id="xd20e4427" title= +"Source: wilful">willful</span> children, they all wanted their own +way, and when they could not have it, some cried: “now I +<span class="corr" id="xd20e4430" title= +"Source: sha’nt">shan’t</span> play<span class="corr" id= +"xd20e4433" title="Not in source">,</span>” “now I’ll +go and tell <a id="xd20e4436" name="xd20e4436"></a>ma;” this +perhaps was the chief cause of the dissolution of the association, for +some did go and tell “ma;” and the wealthy members, and +those who had anything to lose, were immediately overcome with abject +fear lest “ma” should punish them with a good spanking.</p> +<p>“In the month of October 1893, the Superior Council becoming +aware that some documents pertaining, to the <i lang="es">Liga</i> had +been handed over to the offices of the General Government, the +dissolution of the society <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb194" href= +"#pb194" name="pb194">194</a>]</span>was +determined.”—Testimony of Domingo Franco y Tuason. (fols. +<span class="corr" id="xd20e4445" title= +"Source: 1.299">1,299</span>–<span class="corr" id="xd20e4448" +title="Source: 1.303">1,303</span>).</p> +<p>On the 25th of May 1896, notice was given by the secret police to +Governor General Blanco, as follows:</p> +<p>“Notice is herewith given of the existence in Manila, of a +Society named <i lang="es">La Liga Filipina</i>, to which are +affiliated a large number of individuals....”</p> +<p id="n63"><span class="sc">Note 63.</span> The testimony given by +many of the political prisoners as to the foundation, aims and work of +the <i>Compromisarios</i> is somewhat conflicting. For instance: +Antonio Salazar, (fols. <span class="corr" id="xd20e4465" title= +"Source: 1.008">1,008</span>–<span class="corr" id="xd20e4468" +title="Source: 1.013">1,013</span>) testified that on account of the +mal-administration of the funds, “the subscription on behalf of +<i>La Propaganda</i> ceased, and under the name of +<i>Compromisarios</i> was founded an association <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e4478" title="Source: compossed">composed</span> of ... (here +follow names of members), and seeing that they could not gather +sufficient funds, they agreed to increase the subscription and seek +persons to associate with them.”</p> +<p>On another occasion the same witness testified (fols. <span class= +"corr" id="xd20e4483" title= +"Source: 1.014">1,014</span>–<span class="corr" id="xd20e4486" +title="Source: 1.018">1,018</span>) that certain persons whom he named +were the “<i lang="es">Compromisarios</i>, who were in communion +with Marcelo <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb195" href="#pb195" name= +"pb195">195</a>]</span>(del Pilar), and who remitted money to +him.” He also stated that “on account of the bad conduct +observed in Madrid by Pilar, ... some of the <i lang= +"es">Compromisarios</i> refused to send him resources.”</p> +<p>In reply to a question as to the relationship between the <i lang= +"es">Compromisarios</i> and the <i>Katipunan</i>, he gave as his +opinion, that “there could be no doubt that both societies aimed +at the same end.” At fols. 1118–1129 the same witness +affirmed that “as the partisans of Rizal and Pilar ... saw that +neither masonry nor the <i>Liga</i> could hope for funds<a class= +"noteref" id="xd20e4509src" href="#xd20e4509" name= +"xd20e4509src">33</a>, they formed the society of <i lang= +"es">Compromisarios</i> among wealthy persons of Manila and the +Provinces.<span class="corr" id="xd20e4516" title= +"Not in source">”</span></p> +<p>Domingo Franco affirmed that the outbreak of the revolt came as a +great surprise to the <i>Compromisarios</i>.</p> +<p>As to the aims of the society, Moisés Salvador y Francisco is +authority for the statement that: <span class="corr" id="xd20e4526" +title="Source: ‘">“</span>in one of the <i>juntas</i> they +treated of the provision of arms and other material of war; and it was +agreed, moreover, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb196" href="#pb196" +name="pb196">196</a>]</span>to gather funds for the said expenses, and +as the <i>junta</i> replied that it was <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e4537" title="Source: imposible">impossible</span> at that time, a +committee was appointed, composed of José Ramos, Doroteo +Cortés and Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, to draw up a petition +for the aid of Japan.”</p> +<p>Moisés also affirmed (fols. <span class="corr" id="xd20e4542" +title="Source: 1.296">1,296</span>–<span class="corr" id= +"xd20e4545" title="Source: 1.299">1,299</span>) that the Supreme +Council of the <i>Compromisarios</i> was formed as follows:</p> +<div class="table"> +<table> +<tr valign="top"> +<td>President</td> +<td></td> +<td>Domingo Franco.</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td>Secretary</td> +<td></td> +<td>Apolinario Mabini.</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td>Treasurer</td> +<td></td> +<td>Bonifacio Arévalo.</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td rowspan="3" class="xd20e777">Vocales</td> +<td rowspan="3" class="xd20e1225"><img src="images/leftbrace3.gif" alt= +"" width="10" height="74"></td> +<td>Numeriano Adriano.</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td>Ambrosio Bautista.</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td>Moisés Salvador.</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<p>Domingo Franco (fol. <span class="corr" id="xd20e4586" title= +"Source: 1.299">1,299</span>–<span class="corr" id="xd20e4589" +title="Source: 1.303">1,303</span>) <span class="corr" id="xd20e4592" +title="Source: tetified">testified</span> that upon the dissolution of +the <i>Liga</i>, and in the month of October 1894, there gathered +together in a house of the witness, Numeriano Adriano, Apolinario +Mabini, Isidoro Francisco, Deodato Arellano and the witness, and it was +decided to constitute the association known as the <i lang= +"es"><span class="corr" id="xd20e4599" title= +"Source: compromisarios">Compromisarios</span></i>, endeavouring to +gather as many as forty members, each paying a monthly subscription +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb197" href="#pb197" name= +"pb197">197</a>]</span>of 5 pesos, for the sustainment of the <i lang= +"es">La Solidaridad</i>.</p> +<p>The same witness also testified (fols<span class="corr" id= +"xd20e4610" title="Not in source">.</span> <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e4613" title="Source: 1.332">1,332</span>–<span class="corr" +id="xd20e4616" title="Source: 1.337">1,337</span>) that “The +<i>Liga</i> and the <i>Katipunan</i> were constituted in three groups, +viz<span class="corr" id="xd20e4626" title="Not in source">.</span>: +the Supreme Council or the aristocracy, under the presidency of +Francisco L. <span class="corr" id="xd20e4629" title= +"Source: Rojas">Roxas</span>; the <i lang="es">Compromisarios</i> or +middle classes, divided into <i>juntas</i> or local councils.... The +third <span class="corr" id="xd20e4638" title= +"Source: aggroupation">aggregation</span> was the <i>Katipunan</i> +under the presidency of Andrés Bonifacio, and was composed of +the lower classes.</p> +<p>From all this we gather that the association of <i lang= +"es">Compromisarios</i> was founded with the idea of collecting funds +to continue the work commenced by masonry and the <i>Liga</i>. The +association was, practically, a committee formed to take up the work of +the <i>Liga</i>, but formed in such a manner as to avoid suspicion, and +all compromise with the late <i>Liga</i>. In its formation, its duties +and its methods, it differed from both the <i>Liga</i> and from the +<i>Katipunan</i>, but whilst differing from them it formed a tie +between them, <span class="corr" id="xd20e4665" title= +"Source: carring">carrying</span> on a work which the <i>Katipunan</i> +could not carry on of itself. The <i>Liga</i> died; and its +<span class="corr" id="xd20e4674" title="Source: mantel">mantle</span> +fell upon the <i>Compromisarios</i>. This society inspired, +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb198" href="#pb198" name= +"pb198">198</a>]</span>watched over and protected the labor of its +successor, the <i>Katipunan</i>, the fighting machine of the separatist +or filibuster element.</p> +<p id="n64"><span class="sc">Note 64.</span> The idea which appeared to +pervade the minds of the so-called progressive <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e4690" title="Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span> was that with a +code of laws <i>á la Europea</i>, the adoption of some or other +new fangled idea imported from France, Germany or anywhere but the +Peninsular, the <span class="corr" id="xd20e4696" title= +"Source: filipino">Filipino</span> would immediately attain the +advancement and culture enjoyed among the Japanese. To anyone not +acquainted with either the <span class="corr" id="xd20e4699" title= +"Source: filipino">Filipino</span> or the Japanese, such an idea might +be acceptable; but no student of Oriental races, nor even the mere +<span class="corr" id="xd20e4702" title="Source: causual">casual</span> +observer of these two peoples, would venture to predict than even with +all the advantages of modernism the <span class="corr" id="xd20e4706" +title="Source: filipino">Filipino</span> now enjoys, will he, as a +people, attain to such a state of culture as that enjoyed by the sons +of the Empire of the Rising Sun even in a hundred years.</p> +<p>Among the European peoples the progress of civilization and +regeneration was slow but it was none the less decisive. Among +Orientals it is, as a rule, quick but not lasting. Among almost all +Oriental peoples <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb199" href="#pb199" +name="pb199">199</a>]</span>the rising generation is bright and gives +signs of great possibilities; but these youths after having passed with +honors through college and university, too often end their lives as +they began them—as children. What the Oriental lacks is +stability. Nothing is more common in the Philippines than to find that +your cook or coachman has completed four-fifths of his studies as +lawyer, doctor or something else. The <span class="corr" id="xd20e4713" +title="Source: filipino">Filipino</span> who has reached the age of +thirty and has not, in these days, been <i lang="tl">bata</i><a class= +"noteref" id="xd20e4718src" href="#xd20e4718" name= +"xd20e4718src">34</a> in a convent or with a private family, been +<i>cochero</i>, cook, collector of accounts for some business house, +letter-carrier, postman, policeman, musician in a church choir, +fireman, and connected with a few other employments of more or less +importance, is by no means a <i lang="la">rara avis</i>, to say nothing +of the many who have also been majors and generals in the insurgent +“army”, and without stopping to consider a pair of very +prominent natives who from <i>batas</i> in the University of Sto. +Tomás <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb200" href="#pb200" name= +"pb200">200</a>]</span>have, after a series of political intrigues, +risen to positions of <i>law-tinkers</i> over a people, the vast +majority of whom hate and despise them.</p> +<p>As a matter of fact the very best of the filipino politicians and +other local men of <i>fame</i>, bright, learned and progressive though +they be, would count but little side by side with the foremost sons of +the Flowery Kingdom. To find in Yokohama, or even in Nagasaki or Kobe, +or any other city of Japan, a hundred Rizals, a hundred Pilars +(Marcelos, Pios or Gregorios), a hundred Apacibles, or Mabinis, or +Aguinaldos, or Buencaminos or Taveras would be an easy task. But to +find in the Philippines a Marquis Ito, a Mutsu, a Yamata or a +Matsugata,—that is the question.</p> +<p>And why? Because at the time when Spain discovered these islands, +finding the people in a state of social and moral degradation, without +formal government or any social organization beyond the <span class= +"corr" id="xd20e4749" title="Source: tribual">tribal</span> system (and +that but limited) common to almost all savage peoples, the Japanese had +already counted with more than 1000 years of more or less stable +government, always organized, and with a social organization +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb201" href="#pb201" name= +"pb201">201</a>]</span>and a firm national unity. The people of Japan, +at that time, cultivated the arts and sciences, enjoyed the fruits of +prosperous industries and of external commerce. They had a religion and +a language which could be written and understood when written. +<span class="corr" id="xd20e4754" title="Source: There">Three</span> +hundred years ago, when the <span class="corr" id="xd20e4757" title= +"Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span> were just commencing to learn the +difference between man and beast, the <span class="corr" id="xd20e4760" +title="Source: Japanee">Japanese</span> was enjoying a relative +civilization not yet attained by the Chinese, much less by the +<span class="corr" id="xd20e4764" title= +"Source: partizans">partisans</span> of the separatist leaders of Luzon +and the Visayas.</p> +<p>No country has ever done for her colonial children what Spain did +for the <span class="corr" id="xd20e4770" title= +"Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span> during the three centuries she +held control over the Archipelago; and yet how far are the people from +the state of culture of the Japanese! Well might the <i>leaders</i> of +the people look to Japan as a model!</p> +<p id="n65"><span class="sc">Note 65.</span> Domingo Franco (fols. +<span class="corr" id="xd20e4780" title= +"Source: 1.332">1,332</span>–<span class="corr" id="xd20e4783" +title="Source: 1.337">1,337</span>) testified that on a certain day +“he went to see Francisco L. Roxas and asked him if it were +certain that he had been to the house of Cortés, and had +arranged matters in respect to the Commission which should go to Japan; +to which Sr. Roxas <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb202" href="#pb202" +name="pb202">202</a>]</span>replied, yes; and that it was agreed that +Cortés should go, commissioned to ask of the Japanese +Government, help and protection for these islands, (the <span class= +"corr" id="xd20e4788" title="Source: filipino">Filipino</span> +Government) handing over as a guarantee, one of the islands near +Luzón, which the witness believed to be Mindoro on <span class= +"corr" id="xd20e4791" title="Source: acount">account</span> of its +large size and small population.</p> +<p>“Antonio Salazar (fol. <span class="corr" id="xd20e4796" +title="Source: 1.118">1,118</span>–<span class="corr" id= +"xd20e4799" title="Source: 1.129">1,129</span>) stated that “of +the <i lang="es">junta</i> of <i lang="es">compromisarios</i> there +formed part: Cortés, Español and Ramos, who were then in +Japan petitioning that Empire to aid them with arms, ships and +money....”</p> +<p>Isabelo de los Reyes, in telling the Governor General, Primo de +Rivera, what he affirmed to be the truth of the situation in 1897, +stated that “the <span class="corr" id="xd20e4810" title= +"Source: filipino">Filipino</span> <i>burguesses</i> had nominated a +<span class="corr" id="xd20e4816" title= +"Source: commmission">commission</span> composed of Doroteo +Cortés, Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, José A. Ramos and +Marcelo H. del Pilar, the latter of whom died in Barcelona whilst on +<span class="corr" id="xd20e4819" title="Source: is">his</span> way to +Japan. This commission had for its object the securing of the +<span class="corr" id="xd20e4822" title= +"Source: protect">protection</span> <span class="corr" id="xd20e4826" +title="Source: on">of</span> that empire; Cortés, as president, +gathered funds to sustain Ramos and Isabelo Artacho Vicos, who were his +agents in that country.” <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb203" +href="#pb203" name="pb203">203</a>]</span></p> +<p id="n66"><span class="sc">Note 66.</span> Antonio Salazar (fols. +<span class="corr" id="xd20e4834" title= +"Source: 1.008">1,008</span>–<span class="corr" id="xd20e4837" +title="Source: 1.013">1,013</span>) testified that “The year +previous he met Timoteo Paez in Calle Echague, and enquired of him if +he had moved his residence to Quiapo; Paez replied that he had +transferred the members of his family to a house of <i>strong +materials</i>, not wishing to leave them in a <i>nipa</i><a class= +"noteref" id="xd20e4845src" href="#xd20e4845" name= +"xd20e4845src">35</a> house in Tondo, as he was going to Singapore, and +after encharging the witness to preserve secrecy, told him that he was +going there to engage a steamer which was to make a trip to Dapitan to +steal away Rizal from that place; moreover that the date upon which +Paez went to Singapore might be known by enquiring at the house of +Echeita and Co., where the said Paez was engaged, and which conceded +him permission to go.”</p> +<p>On another occasion this same individual testified (fols. +<span class="corr" id="xd20e4853" title= +"Source: 1.118">1,118</span>–<span class="corr" id="xd20e4856" +title="Source: 1.129">1,129</span>) that “the +<i>Compromisarios</i> agreed to employ the sum (of money gathered for +another purpose) for the purpose of aiding the stealing away of +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb204" href="#pb204" name= +"pb204">204</a>]</span>the person of Rizal from Dapitan, for which +purpose they sent it (the money) to Timoteo Paez, at Singapore that he +might engage a steamer which should go to Dapitan; and as they could +not realize the undertaking, they sent the money to José Baza +who lived in <span class="corr" id="xd20e4864" title= +"Source: Hong-kong">Hong-Kong</span>, and Baza sent the money to +Sandakan (in Borneo) so that a ship might be engaged there for the +purpose.</p> +<p>On the 13th of January 1895, the Gr∴ Pres∴ of the +Gr∴ Cons∴ Reg∴, bro∴ Musa, gr∴ 18, +wrote to the lodge <i>Modestia</i>, as follows:</p> +<div class="blockquote"> +<p class="first xd20e192">“A∴ L∴ G∴ +D∴ G∴ A∴ D∴ U∴</p> +<p class="xd20e192">A la Resp∴ Log∴ <i>Modestia</i> No. +199.</p> +<p class="xd20e192">S∴ F∴ U∴</p> +<p class="salute">Ven∴ Maes∴ Pres∴</p> +<p>“Our very beloved bro∴ Dimas-Alang (José Rizal, +see foot-note, page 47), who for some time has been, as you know, +expiating in Dapitan, faults he has not committed<a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e4886src" href="#xd20e4886" name="xd20e4886src">36</a>, +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb205" href="#pb205" name= +"pb205">205</a>]</span>is authorized to change his residence, under the +condition that it be in some part of Spain and not in the +Archipelago.”</p> +<p>“Together with this notice we have received another that the +said bro∴ lacks absolutely the <span class="corr" id="xd20e4893" +title="Source: resourses">resources</span> for such a long voyage ... +etc.”</p> +<p class="tb">. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .</p> +<p>“In virtue of this, I write to you that, bearing in mind what +I have explained, you may arrange to be collected from the members, the +pecuniary aid they wish and are able to contribute for the <span class= +"corr" id="xd20e4900" title="Source: meritiorious">meritorious</span> +work in question.”</p> +<p class="tb">. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .</p> +<p class="signed">The Gr∴ Pres∴, <i>Muza</i>.</p> +</div> +<p>José Dison Matanza testified (fols. <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e4913" title="Source: 1.132">1,132</span>–<span class="corr" +id="xd20e4916" title="Source: 1.138">1,138</span>) that “the +Secret Camara of the Katipunan gathered together and decided upon +another plan, which was, as Bonifacio told the witness, to embark a +large number of people as passengers on a ship which was to go to +Dapitan; and these when they were upon the high seas, were to surprise +the crew and take possession of the ship; they should then steal away +Rizal from Dapitan and take him wherever they could.” +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb206" href="#pb206" name= +"pb206">206</a>]</span></p> +<p id="n67"><span class="sc">Note 67.</span> If elsewhere in the +history of the workings of separatism in the Philippines, proof were +wanting of the cruel deceit practiced by the filibuster leaders upon +the ignorants who formed the mass of the secret associations of masonic +origin, here in this instance it would be found in abundance. Taking +the whole question of the part played by Japan or by individual +Japanese in the separatist movement from beginning to end I am strongly +of the opinion that the supposed assistance, whether in the form of +arms and ammunition, or in that of financial or moral support was a +deliberate imposture, and that those credulous persons who contributed +with their hard-earned money towards the sums said to have been +utilized for propaganda in Japan, were defrauded, not only out of the +money they gave to the funds, but also of what they might legitimately +hope for as a result of the expenditure of the said funds. It is a well +known fact that the hopes of the people were kept up by many statements +which were absolutely unfounded<a class="noteref" id="xd20e4924src" +href="#xd20e4924" name="xd20e4924src">37</a>; <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb207" href="#pb207" name="pb207">207</a>]</span>the +assertions of Cortés, Ramos and others who performed the duties +of the embassy to Japan, were most probably of this nature.</p> +<p>The person who, during the trials of those accused of treason, gave +the most interesting testimony relative to this matter, was Juan +Castañeda. He affirmed that “on account of family +troubles, and for questions arising from losses at gambling, and in +view of his having robbed his mother, he decided to leave for +<span class="corr" id="xd20e4949" title= +"Source: Hong-kong">Hong-Kong</span>, embarking on the SS. +<i>Esmeralda</i>, on the 31st of July 1895”<a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e4955src" href="#xd20e4955" name="xd20e4955src">38</a>. He went on +to describe how he there <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb208" href= +"#pb208" name="pb208">208</a>]</span>met his <i>friend</i>, the native +ex-priest Severo Buenaventura; how the said Buenaventura initiated him +into the secrets of freemasonry, and how this native ex-priest had been +himself initiated by Ambrosio Flores<a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e4964src" href="#xd20e4964" name="xd20e4964src">39</a>. That they +later on decided to go to Japan sailing on the <i>SS. Natal</i>. That +on their arrival at <span class="corr" id="xd20e4992" title= +"Source: Yokahama">Yokohama</span> they lodged at the house of +José Ramos, where there also lived Artacho. “During the +first days of their stay Ramos and Artacho seemed to look upon them +with want of confidence, and hid from them their conversations.” +He affirmed also that among the visitors to the house of Ramos were a +Mr. Hirata, a professor of law, <span class="corr" id="xd20e4995" +title="Source: intermediatory">intermediary</span> between Ramos +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb209" href="#pb209" name= +"pb209">209</a>]</span>and Prince Konoy, resident in <span class="corr" +id="xd20e5000" title="Source: Tokio">Tokyo</span>, and also, a Mr. +Yósida, merchant. He stated also that <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e5004" title="Source: «">“</span>to excuse their +frequent absence, Ramos and Artacho assured him that they had been to +<span class="corr" id="xd20e5007" title="Source: Tokio">Tokyo</span> to +interview the <span class="corr" id="xd20e5010" title= +"Source: dignataries">dignitaries</span> of the Empire, Prince Konoy, +General Yamagata and the count of Tokogana, one of the ministers who +had been Japanese <span class="corr" id="xd20e5013" title= +"Source: ambasador">ambassador</span> to the court of Italy. Ramos +assured them that, with these Japanese politicians they were arranging +the securing of the independence of the Philippines, to which end the +Japanese offered to land here <span class="corr" id="xd20e5016" title= +"Source: 100.000">100,000</span> rifles with their ammunition, the cost +of which should be paid for in a fixed number of years ... +etc<span class="corr" id="xd20e5019" title="Not in source">.</span>, +etc.”</p> +<p>Isabelo de los Reyes<a class="noteref" id="xd20e5024src" href= +"#xd20e5024" name="xd20e5024src">40</a> says on this point:</p> +<p>“According to what is said, Ramos interviewed, on several +occasions, Prince Konoy, General Yamagata and the Count of Tokogana, +who was then a minister. These gentlemen, it seems, were sympathizers +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb210" href="#pb210" name= +"pb210">210</a>]</span>with the idea of our independence under the +protectorate of Japan, as in <span class="corr" id="xd20e5038" title= +"Source: Corea">Korea</span>, and that they proposed, as a means of +gaining it, the fomentation of Japanese immigration in the Philippines, +and that when once this was attained, the seeking of a conflict with +Spain.”</p> +<p>Further on he states that: “Some days before the insurrection +broke out, <span class="corr" id="xd20e5043" title= +"Source: Is belo">Isabelo</span> Artacho brought me a letter from +José A. Ramos, in which he gave me an account of the efforts +they were exerting to influence the leading politicians of Japan, to +the end that they should aid us to secure our independence. Artacho +told me verbally the details and that he knew that the liberal party of +Japan, which then was the opposition, sympathized with the idea, and +proposed as a means of attaining it, the seeking of a cause of conflict +with Spain, introducing Japanese emigrants to that end.”</p> +<p>Moisés Salvador (fols. <span class="corr" id="xd20e5048" +title="Source: 1.138">1,138</span>–<span class="corr" id= +"xd20e5051" title="Source: 1.143">1,143</span>) stated that according +to letters received by Bonifacio Arévalo from Cortés and +Ramos, these two had been received by the Japanese minister of foreign +affairs, to whom they expounded the object of their journey; and as the +minister asked them what money they <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb211" href="#pb211" name="pb211">211</a>]</span>had to cover the +expenses of the enterprise, they replied that they would pay their way +with <i>the money they should seize, pertaining to the Religions Orders +and to the Treasury</i><a class="noteref" id="xd20e5058src" href= +"#xd20e5058" name="xd20e5058src">41</a>; and being satisfied, the +Japanese minister told them they might prepare themselves, for he would +send them arms in June or July, to the coast of Luzon, to be +disembarked near the island of Polillo....”</p> +<p>That the separatists hoped for, and aimed to secure the aid of Japan +is certain; many testified to the fact; but this testimony was more or +less hearsay. Certain leading <span class="corr" id="xd20e5066" title= +"Source: seperatists">separatists</span> went to Japan to concoct the +scheme and were, no doubt, listened to by some more or less prominent +persons. This is all the more probable when we remember that the +credentials carried by the Commission took the form of a petition +signed by some 22,000 <span class="corr" id="xd20e5069" title= +"Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span>, that is, it bore that number of +signatures.<a class="noteref" id="xd20e5072src" href="#xd20e5072" name= +"xd20e5072src">42</a> <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb212" href= +"#pb212" name="pb212">212</a>]</span></p> +<p>The work of propaganda carried on by certain <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e5083" title="Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span> cannot be called +into question; but what is very uncertain is whether or not the +Japanese extended the wished and hoped for assistance. To be received +in interview, and to be heard with attention, are two very different +things. A father listens to the idle prattle of his child, but the +childish words leave no other impression on his mind <span class="corr" +id="xd20e5086" title="Source: then">than</span> their cuteness merits +at the time. This is probably what occurred between Cortes and Ramos +and the so-called “official” element of Japan.</p> +<p id="n68"><span class="sc">Notes 68</span> and <span id= +"n69">69</span>. Pio Valenzuela testified (fols. 582–605) that +“in the month of May, a student of Law Daniel Aria y Tirona, came +to his house and invited him to go to salute the commander of the +Japanese <span class="corr" id="xd20e5096" title= +"Source: cruizer">cruiser</span> <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb213" +href="#pb213" name="pb213">213</a>]</span>the Kongo<a class="noteref" +id="xd20e5101src" href="#xd20e5101" name="xd20e5101src">43</a>. That at +an hour fixed, there gathered at the <i>Bazar</i><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e5113src" href="#xd20e5113" name="xd20e5113src">44</a>, with the +witness, Andrés Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto, José Dizon and +others, who were received by the commander of the cruiser with an air +of <span class="corr" id="xd20e5119" title= +"Source: indifferentism">indifference</span>, and of apparent +ridicule.... Bonifacio saluted and welcomed him to the islands, +offering his services. The commander replied, thanking them and +inviting them to take a voyage to Japan to visit the towns of that +country, and enjoy its beautiful climate. Later on they directed a +letter to the Commander, Jacinto drawing it up and Bonifacio, Dizon and +himself and others signing it; its text was a salutation to the Emperor +and Empress of Japan, and a manifestation of a desire to form a part of +the said Empire, etc.... With the letter were presented twelve +water-melons<a class="noteref" id="xd20e5122src" href="#xd20e5122" +name="xd20e5122src">45</a> sent by Emilio Aguinaldo, <i lang= +"es">capitan municipal</i> of Cavite Viejo, and a quantity of mangoes +purchased by Cipriano Pacheco, and also a picture.”</p> +<p>José Dizón Matanza questioned on the <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb214" href="#pb214" name="pb214">214</a>]</span>same +subject, affirmed (fols. <span class="corr" id="xd20e5132" title= +"Source: 1.132–1.138">1,132–1,138</span>) that he was +invited to the “Bazar Japonés,” to salute and +welcome the commander of the cruiser (Kongo).... When he arrived they +gave him iced water.... About an hour afterwards there arrived an +officer of the ship who said he was the doctor, and soon after the +commander arrived; all saluted him.... On the evening of the same day +Bonifacio, Valenzuela and the witness went to Nagtajan to the house +where lived the Japanese who kept the <i>Bazar</i>.... Bonifacio told +them they had a letter to give them. Three or four days later on, +Valenzuela presented himself at the house of the witness with a letter +in Tagalo which read more or less as follows: (here follows what the +witness remembered of the letter.) Bonifacio signed it as president of +the Supreme Council of the <i>Katipunan</i>, Jacinto as +secretary<span class="corr" id="xd20e5141" title="Source: .">,</span> +Valenzuela as <i>Fiscal</i> and the witness with the name of +José Talin.... After the departure of the Commander, the witness +enquired of Bonifacio what result the letter had obtained, +Andrés replying that the Commander had taken a copy of it, +returning <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb215" href="#pb215" name= +"pb215">215</a>]</span>the original, because the persons signing it +were not representative; but that the said officer was very pleased +with the pictures given in the name of the <i>Katipunan</i>, and with +the melons and mangoes sent from Cavite.”</p> +<p>Isabelo de los Reyes affirms that: “When the Japanese cruiser +<i>Kongo</i> visited the port of Manila in May 1896, the Supreme +Council of the <i>Katipunan</i> went to salute its commander in the +upstairs of the <i lang="es">Bazar Japonés</i>, situated in the +<i lang="es">plaza</i> del Padre Moraga, and handed him a manuscript +setting forth their desire for the aid and assistance of Japan towards +the gaining of independence for the Philippines. They also offered him +a picture and some native fruits.”</p> +<p>“The commander received them well and even regaled them with +iced drinks and coffee, but did not dare to accept the document, +limiting himself to the taking of a copy of it and promising to +transmit their desires to the Emperor; he also invited them to make a +voyage to his country. Nothing has since been heard of the +commander.”</p> +<p>So much for the testimony given concerning the <i>Kongo</i> and its +commander.</p> +<p>Information I have obtained from Japanese <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb216" href="#pb216" name= +"pb216">216</a>]</span>semi-official sources on this point, shows that +the <i>Kongo</i> steamed into Manila bay in 1896 in the same manner as +it did recently, on a non-official visit. As was customary, the +Japanese Commander and other officers visited the Japanese Bazaar in +Plaza Moraga as well as other Japanese business houses. The <i lang= +"es">Bazar <span class="corr" id="xd20e5183" title= +"Source: Japones">Japonés</span></i> was a center to which +friends and <span class="corr" id="xd20e5186" title= +"Source: aquaintances">acquaintances</span> gathered to salute the +visiting officers. Upstairs were prepared iced drinks, etc. for those +who cared to take them. Bonifacio and others, uninvited, walked in and +presented themselves and their petition and offerings. The latter the +commander accepted; the petition he did not accept: in this he showed +good sense. As to the supposed copy which he promised to take, evidence +goes to show that it was not taken, but that the said commander merely +made a few notes of it on a scrap of paper. The proprietors of the +<i lang="es">Bazar</i> ridicule the idea that the commander favored the +petition or received the so-called commission with pleasure; their +opinion is that to which any investigator of the affair would come, +that the Commander was a gentleman and did not wish to hurt the +feelings, by his refusal, of even such <i lang="es">ignorantes</i> as +those who <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb217" href="#pb217" name= +"pb217">217</a>]</span>at that time forced themselves upon him.</p> +<p id="n70"><span class="sc">Note 70.</span> The idea that the +<i>Liga</i> was but an introduction to the <i>Katipunan</i> is not +borne out by the facts of the case. The <i>Liga Filipina</i> was a +foundation of Rizal, whilst the Katipunan was a conception of Pilar +who, finding Rizal was carrying all before him, determined not to be +<span class="corr" id="xd20e5212" title= +"Source: outdone">out-done</span> by his former companion. The very +fact of the enmity existing between the two leaders is proof enough +that the two societies were not one and the same thing, although after +their foundation they walked arm in arm. The <i>Liga</i>, as an +association, was eventually dissolved, and from <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e5219" title="Source: it it">it</span> was formed the +<i>Compromisarios</i> (see note <a href="#n63">63</a>) and this body +continued its functions till the outbreak of the revolt. The +vicissitudes of the <i>Liga</i> did not lessen Rizal’s influence. +Ever ready to tell a lie or act one if it were to his own advantage, +Rizal permitted the free use of his name in connection with the +<i>Katipunan</i> also. To the vast majority of the <i>oath-bound</i>, +the <i>Katipunan</i> was but the <i>Liga</i> under another form; and in +order that the people should not know of the rivalry existing between +himself and Pilar, Rizal <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb218" href= +"#pb218" name="pb218">218</a>]</span>gave no signs of disfavor towards +the foundation of the new society; in fact he rather favored it, seeing +that under the circumstances it would make him figure as its +“hero,” and he would thus be enabled to take the wind out +of Pilar’s sails. The only objection raised by Rizal to the work +of the <i>Katipunan</i>, was that which he made to Valenzuela: that the +time had not yet come for armed rebellion.</p> +<p>As long as he held supreme influence Rizal was satisfied; but as the +<span class="corr" id="xd20e5251" title= +"Source: seperatist">separatist</span> element was becoming weary at +the long absence of its “Moses” and had begun to worship +the “calf” (not a golden one, by the way) +“Moses” got angry and threw down, in disgust, the +“tables of the law.”</p> +<p>In its beginning, Rizal was the idol of the <i>Katipunan</i>, in the +same way as Morayta (note <a href="#n13">13</a>) was the idol of the +rebellious <span class="corr" id="xd20e5262" title= +"Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span> in Madrid, and others parts of the +Peninsular. Isabelo de los Reyes<a class="noteref" id="xd20e5265src" +href="#xd20e5265" name="xd20e5265src">46</a> would have us believe that +the foundation of the <i>Katipunan</i> was a result of the indignation +of the people, consequent upon the deportation of Rizal. This, in the +face <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb219" href="#pb219" name= +"pb219">219</a>]</span>of facts, is a very poor argument and +demonstrates either the ignorance or the bad faith of Reyes. And he +himself contradicts it a few lines further on by saying “that +without knowing Rizal, the <i>Katipunan</i> acclaimed him its honorary +President.” This latter they certainly did but not “without +knowing” him. They did<a id="xd20e5277" name="xd20e5277"></a> so +because they knew nothing of his disagreement with Pilar, the real +founder of their society, and because the aim of the two societies was +practically one.</p> +<p id="n71"><span class="sc">Note 71.</span> The similarity of +character between the <i>Liga</i> and the <i>Katipunan</i> has always +been a matter of discussion. Some writers would draw a hard and fast +line between the two, considering them as oil and water, two bodies +enemies one of the other; others looking upon them as two oils, the one +vegetable and the other mineral which, although differing in nature, +mix together thoroughly.</p> +<p>Reyes, in his oft-quoted “Memoria” to the then Gov. +General, Primo de Rivera, in a mad attempt to prove that the +insurrection was owing to the “friars” and that they +attempted to invent the <i>Katipunan</i> plot to cover up their +treason, says: <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb220" href="#pb220" name= +"pb220">220</a>]</span></p> +<p>“Above all, the friars committed the criminal and suicidal +infamy of calumniously including in the <i>Katipunan</i> the +<span class="corr" id="xd20e5300" title= +"Source: millonaire">millionaire</span> and aristocratic element, and +the middle classes, the fact being that they had nothing in common with +the <span class="corr" id="xd20e5303" title= +"Source: plebian">plebeian</span> association which they not only +despised for its low condition, but which the few who knew of its +existence must have hated, if not for egotism, for the socialistic +<span class="corr" id="xd20e5306" title= +"Source: tendancies">tendencies</span> of the said group.”</p> +<p>Such assertions <span class="corr" id="xd20e5311" title= +"Source: searcely">scarcely</span> deserve comment, for from beginning +to end, the proceedings against the separatists were in the hands of +the civil authorities, the members of the Religious Orders having no +influence whatever in the matter, although it was they who, by their +watchfulness over the interests of the country had detected symptoms +which they, as true patriots, made known to the civil authorities. True +it is also that a friar, Padre Mariano Gil, made known, at a critical +moment, the plot of the diabolical society, in time to prevent the +bloodthirsty fiends rising in a night and cutting the throats of those +who had been their benefactors; but the “friar” was never a +secret service agent of the Government. <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb221" href="#pb221" name="pb221">221</a>]</span>What he did was what +every patriotic Spaniard would have done under the circumstances. It +was the civil authorities who, upon the discovery of the plot, caused +the arrest of those complicated, and who tried and passed judgement +upon the guilty. If millionaires and others were counted among the +members of the <i>Katipunan</i> it was because they were guilty of the +same treason as the <i>katipuneros</i> and not because they were +“included” by the “friar”.</p> +<div class="blockquote"> +<p class="first">“... Association which they not only +<span class="corr" id="xd20e5325" title= +"Source: depised">despised</span> for its low condition, but which the +few who knew of its existence must <span class="corr" id="xd20e5328" +title="Source: have have">have</span> hated, if not for egotism, for +the socialistic tendencies of the said group.”</p> +</div> +<p>So says Isabelo de los Reyes, the founder of the late <span class= +"corr" id="xd20e5334" title="Source: filipino">Filipino</span> +Democratic Party, and the Workman’s Democratic Union, the most +socialist movement in the history of the Philippines. So much for the +<i>Liberty</i>, <i>Equality</i> and <i>Fraternity</i> which they all +professed.</p> +<p>Another writer, C. de Valdez, a <span lang="fr">nom-de-plume</span> +under which I recognize as hidden one whose knowledge on this subject +was very extensive, who for the study of the <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb222" href="#pb222" name= +"pb222">222</a>]</span>question had at his disposition innumerable +documents of vital importance, gives as his opinion: “It has been +said that the <i>Liga</i> was a society into the which there entered +only elements of a certain culture, and the people of money; whilst the +<i>Katipunan</i> was formed for the poor and laboring classes. If by +this it <span class="corr" id="xd20e5359" title="Source: it">is</span> +<span class="corr" id="xd20e5363" title= +"Source: intented">intended</span> to signify that they were two close +societies, the one which should comprehend what we might call the +aristocracy and the other the common people, we cannot agree with the +opinion, because it is in contradiction with the facts. There existed a +free communication between both societies and the prominent personages +of the <i>Liga</i> mixed with the humble ones of the <i>Katipunan</i>, +taking active part in the labors and forming part of the reunions and +assemblies<a class="noteref" id="xd20e5372src" href="#xd20e5372" name= +"xd20e5372src">47</a>; <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb223" href= +"#pb223" name="pb223">223</a>]</span>in the same way the individuals of +common class entered the files of the <i>Liga</i> without any +distinction of class being drawn between them.”</p> +<p>The writer goes on to show that the three main things needed for the +Revolution were 1st: an active propaganda of <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e5391" title="Source: seperatist">separatist</span> ideas; 2nd: +funds to cover expenses and to purchase arms, and 3rd: a considerable +number of persons ready to take up arms in the field. The first two of +these main things were to be attended to by the <i>Liga</i> and the +third by the <i>Katipunan</i>.</p> +<p>“In the greatest utility in attaining the ultimate end of the +initiators and directors of the conspiracy, must <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e5402" title="Source: he">be</span> <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e5405" title="Source: saught">sought</span> the distinction +between the <i>Liga</i> and the <i>Katipunan</i>, and the difference +which the one or the other society enjoyed.”</p> +<p>“In all other things, both societies, or both <span class= +"corr" id="xd20e5417" title="Source: organisims">organisms</span> of +the same society, co-exist, and display their activity jointly, the +campaign of the <i>Katipunan</i> or that of the <i>Liga</i> being the +most active; according as the necessities with which the one or the +other were preferentially encharged to satisfy the final triumph of the +revolt, might be of the greatest urgency or immediate utility.” +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb224" href="#pb224" name= +"pb224">224</a>]</span></p> +<p>The fact is that the <i>Liga</i> and the <i>Katipunan</i> were the +distinct foundations of two personal enemies, both of whom wished to +hold for himself the position of supreme chief of the movement. (See +note <a href="#n70">70</a>).</p> +<p>D. Manuel Luengo, Civil Governor of Manila, in a report to the +Minister of Foreign affairs, speaking on the subject of the Katipunan, +says:</p> +<p>“To carry to a head their fearful and criminal idea, they +found it necessary to recruit many people of all classes and from all +the provinces, seeking a useful means to facilitate the conjuration. +And the indian being by reason of his ignorance and his barbarianism, +like all peoples of his kind, easily fanaticised, they set to work to +fanaticise the masses, these hordes of childish people, these ignorant +laborers; and they fanaticised them by means of the <i lang= +"es">pacto-de-sangre</i>, making them swear war to the death to +Spaniards, practicing an incision in the left arm, and with the blood +which flowed from the wound made them sign their frightful +oath.”</p> +<div class="figure xd20e5449width"><img src="images/p224.gif" alt= +"Katipunan Apron." width="491" height="420"></div> +<p>“The masonic attributes discovered, and the +“apron”<a class="noteref" id="xd20e5455src" href= +"#xd20e5455" name="xd20e5455src">48</a> upon which appeared the +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb225" href="#pb225" name= +"pb225">225</a>]</span>head of a Spaniard suspended by the hair, by the +hand of a criminal indian, whilst with the other hand a dagger was +plunged into the throat, evidenced, in a notorious manner, that this +Society was found well provided with masonic rites.”</p> +<p id="n72"><span class="sc">Note 72.</span> Deodato Arellano, +Bonifacio, Dina and Plata, it will be remembered, were energetic +workers of the <i>Liga</i>. They had entered into the scheme of +Rizal’s association before Pilar’s idea of a similar +society had become known. Two months or so after the foundation of the +<i>Liga</i>, at the time when its founder was deported to Dapitan, it +was decided to take up Pilar’s project and see what could be done +towards carrying it to a successful issue.</p> +<p>José Dizon y Matanza (<span class="corr" id="xd20e5474" +title="Source: fol.">fols.</span> 1,129–<span class="corr" id= +"xd20e5477" title="Source: 1.131">1,131</span>) testified that +“on the same day in which General Despujols ordered the +publication in the <i lang="es">Gaceta</i> of the deportation of Rizal, +there gathered in a house in calle Ilaya, Bonifacio, Arellano, Valentin +Diaz, Teodoro Plata, Dina and the witness; and they agreed to form a +society to be known as the <i>Katipunan</i>, the object and ends of +which were to be filibusterism, or, in other words, the <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb226" href="#pb226" name= +"pb226">226</a>]</span>liberty of the country from Spanish rule; the +six persons present immediately proceeded to perform upon themselves +the incision of the <i lang="es">pacto-de-sangre</i>, signing with +their own blood a blank paper, placing after the signature, the +symbolic name each chose for himself. They then drew up the +<span class="corr" id="xd20e5492" title= +"Source: programe">programme</span> of the Society. This <span class= +"corr" id="xd20e5495" title="Source: programe">programme</span> was +composed of 6 articles, viz<span class="corr" id="xd20e5498" title= +"Not in source">.</span>: 1st: to constitute a secret society known as +the <i>Katipunan</i>; 2nd: that the organization was to be by +triangles, to the end that no more than three members should know one +another; 3rd: that the initiated should pay <i>one real</i> entrance +fee, and a <i>half real</i> as a monthly subscription; 4th: that as the +number of the members increased they should found one or more <i lang= +"tl">balang̃ay</i> in each district; 5th: to try to gather funds +to carry out the purposes of the society; 6th: that when the +opportunity occurred they should reform these articles.</p> +<p>They also agreed upon the form of oath which should be taken by the +initiated, which was to promise to shed even the last drop of blood for +the liberty of the Philippines.<a id="xd20e5516" name= +"xd20e5516"></a></p> +<p>The Katipunan was founded upon masonic usage adapted to the +character of the association. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb227" +href="#pb227" name="pb227">227</a>]</span>Its formation was one of +triangles, each new <i>Katipunero</i> being bound to attract to the +association, two others to occupy the opposite angles. This formation +was eventually changed on account of the extent to which the society +extended, <span class="corr" id="xd20e5525" title= +"Source: it">its</span> management becoming very difficult. The +particular triangles were broken up and the association formed in three +degrees. The first degree was composed of the recently initiated +members. These each possessed a mask and some form of arm, either +fire-arm or bolo, the cost of which was borne by the member possessing +it. The members who enjoyed the second degree also possessed masks and +wore as a regalia a ribbon to which was attached a medal bearing a +letter (equivalent to K) of the old-time form of script of the +pre-Spanish filipino; also a sword and <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e5528" title="Source: bannar">banner</span> crossed.</p> +<p>The third degree members possessed red masks, the color being +distinctive of the degree, in the same way as the color of the second +degree was green, and that of first, black. These colors were symbolic: +green signified hope, and red, war. Black was but a general color +common to bandits all the world over. The masks of the third degree +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb228" href="#pb228" name= +"pb228">228</a>]</span>bore a triangle with three K’s in the +upper part, in the ancient <span class="corr" id="xd20e5535" title= +"Source: filipino">Filipino</span> script, and at the base the letters +Z∴ Ll∴ B∴ (see at commencement of book). The +inferior inscription signified “sons of the people.”</p> +<p>Each degree had its pass words and the members only knew those of +their own degree.</p> +<p>This was the latter form of the <i>Katipunan</i> in which it +differed somewhat from the <i>Liga</i>.</p> +<p>Pilar’s plan was <span class="corr" id="xd20e5551" title= +"Source: revolutionanary">revolutionary</span>; Bonifacio’s truly +anarchistic.</p> +<p>Among the “chosen people” who testified before the +Schurman Commission were two of the three native members of the present +U. S. Commission, Tavera and Legarda. Both of these, among many other +statements which will not hold water, had something to say on the +subject of the <i>Katipunan</i>.</p> +<p>Legarda stated that: (see Report of the Philippine Commission, 1900; +vol. II page 377.<span class="corr" id="xd20e5561" title= +"Not in source">)</span></p> +<p>“This Society of <span class="corr" id="xd20e5566" title= +"Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span> (the separatist element) united +itself to the masonic society in Spain, and they established branches +here; and this masonic society which was a true masonic society with +all the characteristics <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb229" href= +"#pb229" name="pb229">229</a>]</span>of Masonry, converted itself +afterwards into the <i>Katipunan</i> society. This society, the +<i>Katipunan</i>, made great progress here in the Philippines, for they +had to <span class="corr" id="xd20e5577" title= +"Source: do do">do</span> greatly with the common people; they never +had anything to do, or mixed at at all, with the higher class of people +here in the Philippines<a class="noteref" id="xd20e5581src" href= +"#xd20e5581" name="xd20e5581src">49</a>. As a result of this the +society gained much credit and power, and undermined the forces which +were in existence, especially the native regiments of Tagalogs. This +was in 1896; the Revolution broke out at San Juan del Monte in August. +A curious fact that must be noted was that a friar, who was the priest +of Tondo, was the cause of its breaking out; for Gen. Blanco knew of +this movement of the people and what was going on<a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e5587src" href="#xd20e5587" name="xd20e5587src">50</a>, and was in +favor of making concessions to the people. This friar denounced the +society, for he had a very intimate friend <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb230" href="#pb230" name="pb230">230</a>]</span>who +was a filipino, and he caused this friend to be introduced into the +<i>Katipunan</i> society<a class="noteref" id="xd20e5598src" href= +"#xd20e5598" name="xd20e5598src">51</a>, and this friend afterwards +became the leader of the revolution himself. This <span class="corr" +id="xd20e5604" title="Source: filipino">Filipino</span> was named +Andrés Bonifacio, and later on he was chief of the revolution +and chief of the <i>Katipunan</i> society. He took refuge in Cavite, +and all that province rose up. Aguinaldo who was Municipal Captain in +Cavite Viejo that time, was also a member of the <i>Katipunan</i>. When +he heard that the <span class="corr" id="xd20e5614" title= +"Source: civil">Civil</span> Guard was going to arrest him, he revolted +too. He met a man who was his superior in the society—that is, +Bonifacio—and as his ambition was his moving spirit, he caused +Bonifacio to be shot.”</p> +<p>Tavera gave his opinion as follows: (see same Report, page 399. Vol +II).</p> +<p>“The conviction was strong among the Filipinos that they would +not succeed in attaining anything by any other means than force. This +being the case, the idea occurred to some <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e5621" title="Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span> to found a +system of <span class="corr" id="xd20e5624" title= +"Source: masony">masonry</span> here. There were some lodges of the +masonic order here, and the idea presented <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb231" href="#pb231" name= +"pb231">231</a>]</span>itself to form a sort of political masonry, +which was created and called the <i>Katipunan</i>. This Katipunan +society was naturally a secret society and had, I think, about 400,000 +members, principally in the Tagalog provinces and of the people of the +valley of the Pasig River. I think in Manila and in the valley of the +Pasig there were 80,000, naturally, as there were so many, and as they +were so strong, the idea of a revolution was a natural consequence. The +principal agitator of all this movement was a man named Andrés +Bonifacio, who stirred up and directed it. The political movement in +the Philippines was started, as was natural, by the aristocracy of +wealth and of intelligence, but the <i>Katipunan</i> society was formed +entirely of the elements from the lowest class of society. Bonifacio +was a man without education. He was employed in one of the business +houses at a small salary, of perhaps $30 or $40 (<span class="corr" id= +"xd20e5636" title="Source: mexican">Mexican</span>) a month. They went +on arranging their affairs very quietly and very secretly, awaiting a +proper moment for action, which they believed would be the time of +General Blanco’s departure from the Philippines. Gen. Blanco was +a man who was well thought <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb232" href= +"#pb232" name="pb232">232</a>]</span>of here<a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e5641src" href="#xd20e5641" name="xd20e5641src">52</a>, for he had +a great deal of tolerance for the people<a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e5644src" href="#xd20e5644" name="xd20e5644src">53</a>. He did +tolerate masonry, and they believed that he also tolerated the +existence of the Katipunan society. One day the priest of Tondo, Padre +Gil, through the confession of a woman<a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e5652src" href="#xd20e5652" name="xd20e5652src">54</a>, learned of +the existence of the <i>Katipunan</i> society, for the woman’s +husband was a member<a class="noteref" id="xd20e5667src" href= +"#xd20e5667" name="xd20e5667src">55</a>. This Father Gil informed the +General, so the <i>Katipunan</i> society was discovered.</p> +<p>As the reader can easily see for himself there is considerable +difference between the statements of these two persons; a comparison of +these with the real facts of the case will <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb233" href="#pb233" name="pb233">233</a>]</span>show +how easy it is for a certain element to distort truth when it serves +its purpose. I have quoted these two “chosen” people, not +that their statements may go down to posterity as <i>history</i> (which +has been distorted sufficiently), but because both Tavera and Legarda +formed part of Aguinaldo’s mock government—the Filipino +Commune; and therefore both of them had plenty of occasion to know the +real facts of the case, facts they evidently desired, for some reason, +to distort.</p> +<p id="n73"><span class="sc">Note 73.</span> See notes <a href= +"#n70">70</a> and <a href="#n71">71</a>.</p> +<p id="n74"><span class="sc">Note 74.</span> Herein the +<i>katipuneros</i> showed their madness. So fanaticised did they become +that nothing of a nature or character Spanish was allowed to remain. +They carried this anti-Españolism to the utmost +extreme<span class="corr" id="xd20e5697" title="Not in source">.</span> +Those of the native clergy who sympathised with the <i>Katipunan</i> +frequently tore down the images of the saints in the churches, merely +because the said saints were Spanish or painted them black in order to +work the easier upon the imagination of the people.</p> +<p>It was this hatred for things Spanish that <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb234" href="#pb234" name="pb234">234</a>]</span>gave +rise to the bitterness demonstrated against the Religious Orders. The +friar was a Spaniard, the most Spanish, as a general rule, of all the +Spaniards in the Archipelago, and as such became the principal +target.</p> +<p>(See page 148).</p> +<p id="n75"><span class="sc">Note 75.</span> The revolution ever showed +unmistakable signs of a bitter race hatred. When the revolt first broke +forth this race hatred was confined to Spaniards; and it was not until +the breaking out of the insurrection against the lawful authority of +the U. S. that it became general. Till then anyone but a Spaniard could +go from end to end of the Archipelago without molestation; but when the +promises of independence and other things of a like nature, made by the +American Consuls of <span class="corr" id="xd20e5714" title= +"Source: Hong-kong">Hong-Kong</span> and Singapore, and other +irresponsible persons, failed to materialize, the self-asserted leaders +of the people lost confidence in the white man and race hatred +commenced to include all white people. When Aguinaldo’s hordes of +<span class="corr" id="xd20e5717" title= +"Source: semi savages">semi-savages</span> commenced their attack upon +the American forces, the effects of this race-hatred were <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb235" href="#pb235" name="pb235">235</a>]</span>felt +more than ever before in the history of the country. Not only was the +white man to be destroyed, but all those who sympathised with +him—the <span class="corr" id="xd20e5722" title= +"Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span> determined to “stagger +humanity.” And how they were going to do it is demonstrated in a +document signed by Aguinaldo, captured by the American forces and +published by the War Department of the U. S. on the 5th of September +1900. The following are a few extracts from it<span class="corr" id= +"xd20e5725" title="Source: ;">:</span></p> +<div class="blockquote"> +<p class="first">“Malolos, Jan. 9, 1899—Instructions to the +Brave Soldiers of Sandtahan of Manila<span class="corr" id="xd20e5732" +title="Not in source">.</span></p> +<p>“Article 1. All Filipinos should observe our fellow-countrymen +in order to see whether they are American sympathizers. They shall take +care to work with them in order to inspire them with confidence of the +strength of the holy cause of their country. Whenever they are assured +of the loyalty of the converts they shall instruct them to continue in +the character of an American sympathizer in order that they may receive +good pay, but without prejudicing the cause of our country. In this way +they can serve themselves, and at the same time serve the public by +communicating to the committee of chiefs, and of our army, whatever +news <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb236" href="#pb236" name= +"pb236">236</a>]</span>of importance they may have<a class="noteref" +id="xd20e5739src" href="#xd20e5739" name="xd20e5739src">56</a>.</p> +<p class="pseudoh2">Gifts as Covers for Attack.</p> +<p><span class="corr" id="xd20e5745" title= +"Source: ‘">“</span>Art. 2. All of the chiefs and Filipino +brothers should be ready and courageous for the combat, and should take +advantage of the opportunity to study well the situation of the +American outposts and headquarters, observing especially secret places +where they can approach and <span class="corr" id="xd20e5748" title= +"Source: suprise">surprise</span> the enemy.</p> +<p>“Art. 3. The chief of those who go to attack the barracks +should send in first, four men with a good present for the American +commander. Immediately after will follow four others, who will make a +pretense of looking for the same officer for some reason and a larger +group shall be concealed in the corners or houses in order to aid the +other groups at the first signal. This wherever it is possible at the +moment of attack.</p> +<p class="pseudoh2">To Murder in Woman’s Disguise.</p> +<p>“Art. 4. They should not, prior to the attack, look at the +Americans in a threatening <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb237" href= +"#pb237" name="pb237">237</a>]</span>manner. On the contrary, the +attack on the barracks by the Sandtahan should be a complete surprise +and with decision and courage. One should go alone in advance in order +to kill the sentinel. In order to deceive the sentinel this one should +dress as a woman, and must take great care that the sentinel is not +able to discharge his piece, thus calling the attention of those in the +barracks. This will enable his companions who are approaching to assist +in the general attack.</p> +<p>“Art. 5. At the moment of the attack the Sandtahan should not +attempt to secure rifles from their dead enemies, but shall pursue, +slashing right and left with bolos until the Americans surrender, and +after there remains no enemy who can injure, they may take the rifles +in one hand and the ammunition in the other.</p> +<p class="pseudoh2"><span class="corr" id="xd20e5762" title= +"Source: Firedrands">Firebrands</span> from the Housetops</p> +<p>“Art. 6. The officers shall take care that on the top of the +houses along the streets where the American forces shall pass there +shall be placed four to six men, who shall be prepared with stones, +timbers, red hot iron, heavy furniture, as well as boiling water, oil +and molasses, rags soaked in coal-oil ready <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb238" href="#pb238" name="pb238">238</a>]</span>to +be <span class="corr" id="xd20e5769" title="Source: lighed">lit</span> +and thrown down, and any other hard and heavy objects that they can +throw on the passing American troops. At the same time in the lower +parts of the houses will be concealed the Sandtahan, who will attack +immediately.</p> +<p>“Great care should be taken not to throw glass in the streets, +as the greater part of our soldiers go barefooted. On these houses +there will, if possible, be arranged in addition to the objects to be +thrown down, a number of the Sandtahan, in order to cover a retreat or +to follow up a rout of the enemy’s column, so that we may be sure +of the destruction of all the opposing forces.</p> +<p class="pseudoh2">Women to Prepare “Bombs”</p> +<p>“Art. 9. In addition to the instructions given in paragraph 6, +there shall be in the houses vessels filled with boiling water, tallow, +molasses and other liquids, which shall be thrown as bombs on the +Americans who pass in front of their houses, or they can make use of +syringes or tubes of bamboo. In these houses shall be the Sandtahan, +who shall hurl the liquids that shall be passed to them by women and +children.</p> +<p><span class="corr" id="xd20e5780" title= +"Not in source">“</span>Art. 10. In place of bolos or daggers if +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb239" href="#pb239" name= +"pb239">239</a>]</span>they do not possess the same, the Sandtahan can +provide themselves with lances and arrows with long sharp heads, and +these should be shot with great force in order that they may penetrate +well into the bodies of the enemy. And they should be so made that in +withdrawal from the body the head will remain in the flesh.</p> +<p class="tb">. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .</p> +<p class="signed">”<span class="sc">Emilio +Aguinaldo</span>”</p> +</div> +<p>The following official notice posted up in Sta. Cruz, Laguna, is +another interesting example of the extent to which this race hatred +spread:</p> +<div class="blockquote"> +<p class="first pseudoh2">Notice.</p> +<p>The traitor Honorato Quisunbin, who in an evil <span class="corr" +id="xd20e5800" title="Source: mement">moment</span> denied his country, +died yesterday.</p> +<p>To-day, one no less a traitor and renegade to his mother country, +has also died. He who has been the cause of so many husband-less wives +and fatherless children, has received a punishment for his crimes which +will prevent him from repeating them.</p> +<p>We will allot to-morrow, for the punishment of the remainder if they +do not change their conduct, but continue to follow the steps of +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb240" href="#pb240" name= +"pb240">240</a>]</span>the above mentioned. For this reason, beloved +compatriots now that you have witnessed the punishment given to those +who have left the path marked by our authority which our government +conferred on us although we are unworthy of it, but as we have been +appointed, we have forcibly to obey all the decrees published, for the +crimes which are punishable by death and which are as follows:</p> +<p>1st. All those who have any public or private communication with the +enemy and serve them as guides;</p> +<p>2nd. All those who attack and rob in a band;</p> +<p>3rd. Violation or abuse;</p> +<p>4th. Incendiarism;</p> +<p>5th. All those who receive any position or employment in the service +of the enemy.</p> +<p class="signed">(Signed) <span class="sc">The Compatriots</span>.</p> +</div> +<p>This race hatred is illustrated very clearly in the definition of +the Katipunan given by Romualdo Teodoro de J., when he said that its +aim was to <i>kill all Spaniards</i> and take possession of the +islands. No particular hatred was shown to any class; it was all +Spaniards of all <span class="corr" id="xd20e5830" title= +"Source: clases">classes</span> and conditions who <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb241" href="#pb241" name="pb241">241</a>]</span>were +to be assassinated. It is also clearly depicted in the Act of Session +of the <i>Katipunan Sur</i> already quoted (See page 81; also foot-note +page 80).</p> +<p id="n76"><span class="sc">Note 76.</span> What Sr. Diaz intends by +<i>Tagalog</i> Katipunan is not quite clear. The whole society was +practically confined to the <span class="corr" id="xd20e5845" title= +"Source: tagalog">Tagalog</span> provinces and was insignificant in +extent even beyond the city of Manila and its suburbs. There was no +other Katipunan.</p> +<p>In November 1895 the assembly of the <i>Katipunan</i> was composed +of ten individuals of the Supreme Council, and the presidents of the +popular sections who were entitled to assist in virtue of holding some +office therein.</p> +<p>In January of the following year of 1896, after the annual election, +the assembly was composed as follows:</p> +<div class="table"> +<table> +<tr valign="top"> +<td>President</td> +<td></td> +<td>Andrés Bonifacio.</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td>Secretary</td> +<td></td> +<td>Emilio Jacinto.</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td rowspan="3" class="xd20e777">Treasurer</td> +<td rowspan="3"><img src="images/leftbrace3.gif" alt="" width="10" +height="74"></td> +<td>Vicente Molina.</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td>Pantaleón Torres.</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td>Hermenegildo Reyes.<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb242" href= +"#pb242" name="pb242">242</a>]</span></td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td rowspan="4" class="xd20e777">Councillors</td> +<td rowspan="4" class="xd20e1225"><img src="images/leftbrace3.gif" alt= +"" width="10" height="74"></td> +<td>Francisco Carreón.</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td>José Trinidad.</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td>Balbino Florentino.</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td>Aguedo del Rosario.</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td>Fiscal</td> +<td></td> +<td>Pio Valenzuela.</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<p id="n77"><span class="sc">Note 77.</span> The question of the amount +and the source of the supply of arms possessed by the <i>Katipunan</i> +has always been one of dispute. Some suppose the rebels to have been +well armed, whilst others reckon the number of serviceable guns to have +been very small.</p> +<p>Among the papers and documents belonging to the <i>Katipunan +Sur</i>, <span class="corr" id="xd20e5917" title= +"Source: siezed">seized</span> by the Spanish authorities, is the +following:</p> +<p>“Commissioned for the purchase of arms:</p> +<div class="table"> +<table> +<tr valign="top"> +<td>D. Gabino</td> +<td rowspan="4" class="xd20e5926"><img src="images/rightbrace3.gif" +alt="" width="10" height="74"></td> +<td rowspan="4" class="xd20e777">Tantoko</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td>D. Juan</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td>D. Antonio</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td>D. Ezequiel</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td colspan="3">D. Epifanio Ramos.</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td colspan="3">D. Victoriano Luis</td> +<td>for the distinct armories of Manila.”</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<p>In a letter of the Secretary to the President D. Agustin Tantoko (a +native priest; see page 79): <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb243" href= +"#pb243" name="pb243">243</a>]</span></p> +<p>“I believe we can obtain the dynamite by bribing some of the +harbor employees.”</p> +<p>This letter has a foot-note which says: “When you have read +this, destroy it.”</p> +<p>Numeriano Adriano testified (fols. <span class="corr" id="xd20e5958" +title="Source: 1.309">1,309</span>–<span class="corr" id= +"xd20e5961" title="Source: 1.312">1,312</span>) that Andrés +Bonifacio had collected 10,000 pesos for the purchase, in Japan, of +4,000 rifles with abundant ammunition.<a id="xd20e5964" name= +"xd20e5964"></a></p> +<p>He also stated that the arms had been purchased and were to be +landed near by the mountains of San Mateo and in the Batanes islands, +from whence they would be brought to Manila.</p> +<p>That “Andrés Bonifacio went to San Mateo with men to +receive and arrange arms, whilst Deodato Arellano and Timoteo Paez were +encharged to send people to Batanes to the same end.”</p> +<p>Also that “It is said that many of the insurgents in the +province of Cavite bear arms of different systems, and he supposed that +they must have been acquired by the rich and wealthy persons of that +province, such as Francisco Osario and others, who knowing perhaps of +the existence of the <i>Liga</i> of Manila, its form and object, had +formed their own also, in the said province, in <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb244" href="#pb244" name= +"pb244">244</a>]</span>order to unite to that of Manila and make common +cause therewith.”</p> +<p>Domingo Franco declared (fols. <span class="corr" id="xd20e5979" +title="Source: 1.381">1,381</span>–<span class="corr" id= +"xd20e5982" title="Source: 1.382">1,382</span>), in answer to a +question during his trial, as to what he knew in reference to the +purchase of arms and <span class="corr" id="xd20e5985" title= +"Source: ammuntion">ammunition</span>, that “all he knew was that +arms and ammunition had been purchased, because at the end of 1895, or +the beginning of 1896, he saw Francisco L. Rojas in his office in Calle +Jolo, and the said Rojas told him that he had received a quantity of +arms and ammunition.” He stated moreover, that he did not know +the make or number, nor where they had been landed.</p> +<p>Tomas Prieto of Nueva Caceres mentioned the receipt of 50 arms from +Bato. He also stated that Mariano Melgarejo, according to references +from Macario Valentin, received a load of arms in eleven cases from +Pasacao.”</p> +<p>Pio Valenzuela affirmed that the arms borne by the rebels were for +the most part domestic bolos<a class="noteref" id="xd20e5992src" href= +"#xd20e5992" name="xd20e5992src">57</a> and lances, and <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb245" href="#pb245" name="pb245">245</a>]</span>that +the chiefs were armed with revolvers.” These revolvers were, he +affirmed, acquired from the <i lang="es">Maestranzi de +Artilleria</i>.</p> +<p>Juan Castañeda declared that “the Japanese offered to +land here 100,000 rifles with their ammunition, the <span class="corr" +id="xd20e6005" title="Source: expence">expense</span> of which should +be paid in a fixed number of years.”</p> +<p>Numeriano Adriano also affirmed that it had been decided to purchase +arms in Japan and that <span class="corr" id="xd20e6011" title= +"Source: ne">one</span> of the islands of the Archipelago should be +given to Japan in exchange for its aid.</p> +<p>Domingo Abella affirmed that he had visited Francisco Rojas in his +office for the purpose of finding out if the arms which the tailor Luis +Villareal had ordered for the society, had arrived; and that although +Francisco Rojas did not belong to the society, he was encharged to +<span class="corr" id="xd20e6016" title="Source: proportion">portion +out</span> the arms and commissioned to bring them to Manila. Francisco +told him that he could not provide him with any as they were all +sold.</p> +<p>The <span class="corr" id="xd20e6021" title= +"Source: nett">net</span> cost of the arms and ammunition necessary to +carry out the revolt was considerable, and as their introduction into +the country would have to be very carefully <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e6024" title="Source: planed">planned</span>, and be carried out +with the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb246" href="#pb246" name= +"pb246">246</a>]</span>greatest secrecy, the original cost would +<span class="corr" id="xd20e6029" title="Source: be be">be</span> +considerably increased. Large sums of money were therefore necessary to +cover expenses. Although the entrance fees and monthly subscriptions +were considerable they could not produce the amount necessary to +provide for the revolution, especially when there existed such a wide +spread <span class="corr" id="xd20e6032" title= +"Source: tendancy">tendency</span> among those who handled the funds, +to <span class="corr" id="xd20e6036" title= +"Source: absorbe">absorb</span> them as a sponge <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e6039" title="Source: absorbes">absorbs</span> water. Castillo in +his work concerning this association and its funds says<a class= +"noteref" id="xd20e6042src" href="#xd20e6042" name= +"xd20e6042src">58</a>:</p> +<p>“Undoubtedly it (the Katipunan) <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e6050" title="Source: possesed">possessed</span> large sums of +money, only the most insignificant part of which, according to report, +was discovered in the possession of Pio Valenzuela, preserved in gold +and amounting, we believe, to less than 30,000 pesos. These resources +could not cover the extraordinary expenses of the propaganda, that of +the Commissioners sent to Japan to treat with that power on the +question of a protectorate, and that of the coming war<a id="xd20e6053" +name="xd20e6053"></a> expenses which were without doubt, very +considerable.</p> +<p>“The <span class="corr" id="xd20e6057" title= +"Source: indian">Indian</span> is not so selfish or so patriotic +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb247" href="#pb247" name= +"pb247">247</a>]</span>that he would, without immediate advantage to +himself permit himself the extravagance of abandoning the <span class= +"corr" id="xd20e6062" title="Source: sedentery">sedentary</span> life +he usually leads, to launch out into the field of adventures of +doubtful result. Those who from the headquarters of the revolution +directed those torpid masses must have realised this, and to make sure +of the exit, caused money to be distributed to all the affiliated and +to their families, giving them at the same time rice in abundance.</p> +<p>“On the morning of the events which took place at San Juan del +Monte, two women who live in the Santa Mesa road, were engaged in +giving money to the <i>taos</i><a class="noteref" id="xd20e6069src" +href="#xd20e6069" name="xd20e6069src">59</a> who passed that way, +advising them to unite themselves with the <i lang="es">insurrectos</i> +to the end of killing all the Spaniards....</p> +<p class="tb">. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .</p> +<p>“This money set aside for distribution in San Juan del Monte, +in Pasig and in the pueblos on the banks of the river, must have come +from a well stocked treasury....”</p> +<p class="tb">. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .</p> +<p>A little further on, the author gives a very broad hint as to one +probable source of funds when he asks the question, where <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb248" href="#pb248" name="pb248">248</a>]</span>is +the <i>million and a half pesos</i> which constitute the default in the +public treasury of Manila?</p> +<p>“It would be a curious coincidence,” says the author, +“if part of this amount perhaps the greater part should have +served as funds from which the expenses of the revolution and the war +were paid.”</p> +<p id="n78"><span class="sc">Note 78.</span> The initiations into the +<i>Katipunan</i> were grotesque in the extreme. The person introduced +for initiation was placed in a room draped in black, with its walls +hung with mottoes in Tagalog dialect such as: “If you have +courage you may continue,” “If you have been brought here +by your curiosity, retire.” Upon a table was placed a skull, a +loaded revolver and a bolo. A paper upon which were written three +questions lay also upon the table. These questions were<span class= +"corr" id="xd20e6097" title="Source: ;">:</span> “In what state +did the Spaniards find the Tagalog people at the time of the conquest? +In what state are they found now? What future can it hope for?</p> +<p>The initiated previously instructed by his god-father, or by the +person who catechised him, was to reply that, at the time of the +arrival of the Spaniards, the <span class="corr" id="xd20e6102" title= +"Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span> <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb249" href="#pb249" name="pb249">249</a>]</span>living on the coasts +enjoyed a certain amount of civilization, since they already had +cannons and silk dresses, that they enjoyed political liberty, +sustained diplomatic (sic) relations and commerce with the neighboring +countries of Asia; had their own religion and writing; in a word, lived +happy with their independence. A <i>certain amount</i> of civilization +may be. Let us see what that <i>certain amount</i> was:</p> +<p>“Barely clothed, and more often naked, revelling day and night +in <span class="corr" id="xd20e6116" title= +"Source: drunkeness">drunkenness</span>, given to the practice of +infanticide, holding virginity as a dishonor, having among them people +who practiced defloration as a profession, ignorant of the value and +uses of money, making use of men, women and children to pay debts, in +<span class="corr" id="xd20e6119" title= +"Source: continal">continual</span> warfare with one another and +enslaving their prisoners, practicing wholesale murder of slaves on the +death of a chief or important personage, adoring and sacrificing to +rocks, trees, crocodiles and idols of wood; lacking religion, but +having in its stead most <span class="corr" id="xd20e6122" title= +"Source: beastial">bestial</span> and absurd superstitions; without +temples, monuments or even literature, although they possessed a +species of written language. The only human ideas they possessed were +adopted <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb250" href="#pb250" name= +"pb250">250</a>]</span>from the Chinese, Japanese and Borneo +<span class="corr" id="xd20e6127" title= +"Source: mahomedans">Mohammedans</span> whom they imitated after the +manner of apes. This, historians tell us, was the condition of this +people 340 years ago! when the missionaries planted the Cross on +Philippine soil, and brought to the benighted natives the +gospel.” So much for the certain amount of civilization.</p> +<p><i>Cannons and silk dresses</i>: of a kind; as to the cannons, where +did they all come from? Bought from or exchanged with the Borneo moros +probably. As to these and the silk dresses, the savages of the +south-sea islands enjoyed the use of such things and enjoyed them with +better knowledge of how to use them! They enjoyed <i>political +liberty</i>; let us see what Morga the historian who speaks most +glowingly of the ancient civilization of the <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e6137" title="Source: filipino">Filipino</span> peoples, has to +say on this point.</p> +<p>He says: “In all these islands the people had neither kings +<span class="corr" id="xd20e6142" title="Source: or">nor</span> lords +to dominate them as in other kingdoms and provinces. But in each island +were many chiefs from among the same natives, some greater than others +each one with his subjects, by groups and families, who obeyed and +respected them. Sometimes these chiefs were at peace with <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb251" href="#pb251" name="pb251">251</a>]</span>one +another and some times at war.... The superiority which these +<span class="corr" id="xd20e6147" title="Source: chief">chiefs</span> +had over the people of their group was such that they held them as +subjects, <i>with power to treat them well or ill, disposing of their +persons, children and estates at their will, without <span class="corr" +id="xd20e6152" title="Source: resistence">resistance</span> or the +necessity of giving account to anyone, and for very slight offences +they killed and wounded them and made slaves of them<span class="corr" +id="xd20e6155" title="Source: .">;</span></i> and if it happened that +one of the chiefs were bathing in the river and a native passed in +front of him or looked upon him with want of respect, and for other +similar things, they <i>made slaves of them for ever</i>.” This +is a good and practical kind of political liberty, just the kind of +liberty the country would enjoy if in the hands of the leaders of the +Federal Party, so anxious for liberties for themselves and coercion for +those who do not agree with their way of thinking.</p> +<p><i>Diplomatic relations and commerce with the neighboring countries +of Asia</i>: As to the diplomatic relations the mere idea of such a +thing is <span class="corr" id="xd20e6165" title= +"Source: perposterous">preposterous</span>. If we are to concede the +use of diplomatic relations to the ancient Tagalog people, then we must +consider as diplomatic relations such customs <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb252" href="#pb252" name="pb252">252</a>]</span>as +the passing of the “peace pipe” practiced by the indian of +the United States, and the giving and accepting of young women for +sensual convenience practiced in many of the islands of the Pacific up +to the present day. As to their foreign commerce let us listen once +more to Morga. “Their contracts and negotiations were as a rule +illicit, each one considering the best way to come off successful in +his business.”</p> +<p><i>Their own <span class="corr" id="xd20e6173" title= +"Source: religon">religion</span></i>: For a religious system they +worshiped their ancestors and performed human sacrifices. The Spaniards +found in these islands less than a million inhabitants, who were +divided into innumerable tribes governed by rulers who had no more +title of sovereignty than that they were enabled to impose upon the +people by brute force and untold cruelties. The inhabitants formed a +jumble of inferior races some more or less pure in blood, others +intermixed; people speaking many dialects. They all lacked religion, in +the proper sense of the word; they lacked morals, in fact they were +wanting in everything that raises man above the level of the brute +creation.</p> +<p>As to their own writing, certain it is that they possessed a crude +and very inefficient <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb253" href="#pb253" +name="pb253">253</a>]</span>manner of writing, but what is very +remarkable is, that in spite of their possessing a system of script, +not a single piece of their literary work has yet been discovered nor +even a written tradition. This goes to prove that either the +<span class="corr" id="xd20e6180" title= +"Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span> were at that time too deep in the +savage ages to realise the importance of writing, or that the form of +script was useless for practical purposes.</p> +<p>To the second question the initiated replied that the friar +missionaries had done nothing to civilize the <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e6185" title="Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span>, as they +considered the civilization and illustration of the country to be +incompatible with their interests<a class="noteref" id="xd20e6188src" +href="#xd20e6188" name="xd20e6188src">60</a>. <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb254" href="#pb254" name="pb254">254</a>]</span></p> +<p>To the third question the initiated was to reply that they had +faith, courage and <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb255" href="#pb255" +name="pb255">255</a>]</span>constancy to aid them to remedy these evils +in the future.<a class="noteref" id="xd20e6223src" href="#xd20e6223" +name="xd20e6223src">61</a></p> +<p>The master of ceremonies warned him that he was taking a very +important and very solemn step, and he was recommended to retire if he +did not feel courage enough to continue since he would uselessly expose +his life. If the initiated insisted in continuing with the mysteries of +the initiation he was presented to the reunion of the brethren to be +tried by the proofs assigned, which were very similar to those adopted +in universal masonry, but surrounded with more paganism, if that be +possible. He was blindfolded and made to discharge a revolver against +an imaginary enemy, a person he was made to believe really was present +and awaiting <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb256" href="#pb256" name= +"pb256">256</a>]</span>there the executionary bullet which should make +him pay the penalty of a treason. If he passed through the proofs +successfully he was introduced into the hall of oaths and there with +his own blood, drawn by means of an <span class="corr" id="xd20e6236" +title="Source: incission">incision</span> made in the left arm between +the shoulder and the elbow, he signed the oath.</p> +<p id="n79"><span class="sc">Note 79.</span> See note <a href= +"#n50">50</a>, pages 171, 173 and 174.</p> +<p id="n80"><span class="sc">Note 80.</span> <i>The liberty of the +Tagalog people</i>; the chief aim which gave rise to the revolt. The +first thing the separatists desired was to get rid of the Peninsular +Spaniard; the next to go would have been the insular Spaniard, then the +Spanish mestizo, then the <span class="corr" id="xd20e6253" title= +"Source: chinee">Chinee</span> half-caste and the <span class="corr" +id="xd20e6256" title="Source: chinee">Chinee</span>; after which would +come the gradual extinction of the various tribes. In the mean time the +country would suffer considerably and at last...? See page 69, last +four lines of the first paragraph.</p> +<p>It is well nigh impossible to imagine to what the liberty of the +Tagalog people would mean if it were put into practice. If the South +American states which are <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb257" href= +"#pb257" name="pb257">257</a>]</span>recognized as independent, are +unable to govern themselves in spite of the political superiority of +the people inhabiting them over the peoples of this archipelago, +without an unending series of revolutions, what <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e6264" title="Source: night">might</span> we expect from the +Philippines? Give the country independence with one of the native +“commissioners” as president of the republic and how long +do you suppose it would be before Pedro Paterno at the head of some 5 +or <span class="corr" id="xd20e6267" title="Source: 6.000">6,000</span> +men would march into Manila to depose the president and proclaim +himself Emperor Pedro I? And before the new Emperor could install +himself in Malacañan he would have at his heels a thousand and +one petty chiefs, princes, kings and perhaps even a few ambitious +queens!</p> +<p>It is over a half a century ago since the South American Republics +became independent, and at that time the rest of the world cared but +little for the consequences of such a step. But this indifference of +the nations can never exist here in the Orient at the <span class= +"corr" id="xd20e6272" title="Source: commencenent">commencement</span> +of this XX Century<span class="corr" id="xd20e6275" title= +"Source: ,">.</span> It would never suit the rest of the world to see +independence declared in the Philippines and especially if that +independence left the reins of government in the hands of the +<i>Tagalog</i> people. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb258" href= +"#pb258" name="pb258">258</a>]</span></p> +<p>The question of the expulsion from the country or the destruction of +the Spaniards has been spoken of under several notes; the idea was, +doubtless, a semi-savage interpretation of the preachings and teachings +spread abroad by the Bible societies in all parts and especially in +Spanish countries. And this becomes the more probable when we call to +mind what the <i lang="es">El Imparcial</i> of the 26th of August 1896 +published concerning this identical point. Speaking of the state of the +country in general as a result of the insurrection, it says:</p> +<p>“The minister of Foreign affairs received a telegram yesterday +from General Blanco manifesting that more arrests had been made....</p> +<p class="tb">. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .</p> +<p>The conjuration had ramifications in various parts of the +Archipelago, and in it figured not only masonic societies but also +Bible societies....</p> +<p class="tb">. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .</p> +<p>The propaganda of filibusterism is encharged to the colporteurs of +<span class="corr" id="xd20e6297" title= +"Source: evangelica">evangelical</span> books, who wander all over the +Archipelago selling protestant publications.”</p> +<p id="n81"><span class="sc">Note 81.</span> These three native priests +were <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb259" href="#pb259" name= +"pb259">259</a>]</span>among the prime movers of the rebellion of 1872, +a revolt which was planned out in the houses of Joaquin Pardo de Tavera +and Jacinto Zamora. The three priests were executed by the <span class= +"corr" id="xd20e6306" title="Source: garote">garrote</span> together +with Francisco Saldua. Gomez left the sum of <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e6309" title="Source: 200.000">200,000</span> pesos to his natural +son, born to him before he entered the priesthood. In his will he +strongly <span class="corr" id="xd20e6312" title= +"Source: councilled">counselled</span> his son to be ever faithful to +the Spanish authorities. I had intended to give a brief outline of the +revolt of ’72 but space will not permit. Taking it as a whole, it +differed little from the revolt of ’96 with the exception that it +was directly brought about by the propagators of revolutionary ideas +then rampant in Spain, and by the <span class="corr" id="xd20e6315" +title="Source: emisaries">emissaries</span> of the revolutionary +government then established.</p> +<p id="n82"><span class="sc">Note 82.</span>—See note <a href= +"#n20">20</a>.</p> +<p id="n83"><span class="sc">Note 83.</span> The oath taken by the +<i>katipuneros</i> was as follows:</p> +<div class="blockquote"> +<p class="first xd20e192">K. K. K.<br> +N. M. A. N. B.</p> +<p>Section....</p> +<p>I declare that on account of my entrance into the K. K. K. of the A. +N. B. I have <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb260" href="#pb260" name= +"pb260">260</a>]</span>sworn a solemn oath in my native pueblo and in +the presence of a superior of the Junta of the <i>Katipunan</i>, to do +away with everything that is possible and even with that which is to me +most near and dear and appreciated in this life, and to defend the +cause to victory or to death. And in truth of this I swear also to be +obedient in everything and to follow in the fight wherever I am +led.</p> +<p>And in proof of what I have said I place my true name with the blood +of my veins at the foot of this declaration.”</p> +</div> +<p id="n84"><span class="sc">Note 84.</span> Pio Valenzuela, who gave +some of the most interesting and reliable information concerning the +inner life of the <i>Katipunan</i>, testified (fols. 1,663–1,673) +that on the 30th of November 1895, the birthday of Bonifacio, a meeting +was held in Caloocan, in a house situated in the rice fields, some +thirty five or forty individuals assisting thereat, among them being +the witness. This meeting continued all day and all night till the +following day, the first of December. At this meeting they pronounced +the death sentence upon the tailor Guzman for publishing the secrets of +the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb261" href="#pb261" name= +"pb261">261</a>]</span><i>Katipunan</i>; this sentence was signed by +all present including the witness, after he had made many observations +against it, observations the rest would not listen to. One of the +lighter punishments meted out was the public exposition in the lodge +rooms of the picture of the person punished, with the word +<i>traitor</i> <span class="corr" id="xd20e6363" title= +"Source: writer">written</span> over or under it.</p> +<p id="n85"><span class="sc">Note 85.</span> The <i>Katipunan</i> +enjoyed a peculiar and special organization, which was given to it in +order to avoid surprises and treachery. The assemblies were always held +in secluded places and under the cover of the greatest secrecy. +Sometimes they were held at midnight in the open cornfields so as not +to attract the attention of those indians who were not members of the +society. Valenzuela relates how a secret meeting was held in the pueblo +of Pasig at midnight, on one <span class="corr" id="xd20e6373" title= +"Source: ocassion">occasion</span> to arrange the matter of the +annexation of the Islands to Japan in case that nation did not care to +declare a protectorate over them.</p> +<p>The Council <span class="corr" id="xd20e6379" title= +"Source: of Ministers of Ministers">of Ministers</span> of the Supreme +popular Council was as follows<span class="corr" id="xd20e6382" title= +"Not in source">:</span></p> +<div class="table"> +<table> +<tr valign="top"> +<td>President</td> +<td>Andrés Bonifacio.</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td>War</td> +<td>Teodoro Plata.<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb262" href="#pb262" +name="pb262">262</a>]</span></td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td>State</td> +<td>Emilio Jacinto.</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td>Interior</td> +<td>Aguedo del Rosario.</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td>Justice</td> +<td>Birecio Pantas.</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td>Finance</td> +<td>Enrique Pacheco.</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<p id="n86"><span class="sc">Note 86.</span> Pio Valenzuela mentioned +one occasion upon which such a meeting of the society was held, he +himself assisting thereat, in the house of Andrés Bonifacio. It +was a supper given in honor of the baptism of a child to which the said +Valenzuela was god-father. After the supper, which served as a shield +under the which the work of the lodge was to be done, an election was +held for the Supreme and the Popular Councils, and the sections. Some +thirty members were present.</p> +<p>Another case he mentioned was that of a meeting held on the +<span class="corr" id="xd20e6424" title= +"Source: birth-day">birthday</span> of Bonifacio 30th of November +1895.</p> +<p>The Katipunan moreover had its own festivals. This is how Valenzuela +describes them:</p> +<p>“The Katipunan held its festival, according as Andrés +Bonifacio had told the witness, on the 7th of July, anniversary of the +<span class="corr" id="xd20e6431" title= +"Source: fountation">foundation</span> of the society; it also +celebrated another anniversary on the 28th of February, <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb263" href="#pb263" name="pb263">263</a>]</span>the +date of the execution of the three native priests, Burgos, Gomez and +Zamora (see note 81). On that day a catafalque draped with black cloth, +was erected in each one of the popular Councils, having four +<i>hachones</i><a class="noteref" id="xd20e6438src" href="#xd20e6438" +name="xd20e6438src">62</a>, one in each of its four angles, adorned +with crowns made with plants named <i>Macabuhay</i><a class="noteref" +id="xd20e6443src" href="#xd20e6443" name="xd20e6443src">63</a>. All the +members filed before the funeral pile, reciting prayers for the dead +and swearing to avenge the death of the three priests.</p> +<p id="n87"><span class="sc">Note 87.</span> Roman Baza, who was one of +the many who suffered the death penalty for his treason, undertook to +educate in ultra-democratic ideas, (as Isabelo de los Reyes is doing in +our days), all he came in contact with. He printed and spread abroad +the “rights of man” of the French revolution.</p> +<p>He was at one time president of the <i>Katipunan</i> (see p. 44) but +being a man little suited to carry out to a successful issue the set +plans of the society, Bonifacio determined <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb264" href="#pb264" name="pb264">264</a>]</span>to +remove him, by what Sr. Diaz terms a <i lang= +"fr">coup-d’etat</i>, but more properly called an underhand +trick. Bonifacio, at that time treasurer, forced a conflict on the +subject of the financial conditions of the society, being denounced as +an exploiter for his pains. The quarrel was settled by an election, +Bonifacio by his unholy influence carrying all before him.</p> +<p>It was during the presidency of Baza that the Katipunan society for +women was founded, “the object of which was <i>mutual succor</i> +(!)<span class="corr" id="xd20e6465" title="Not in source">.</span> +<span class="corr" id="xd20e6468" title="Source: the">The</span> +institution serving at the same time to dissimulate the meetings of the +male <i>Katipuneros</i>. Whilst the latter were holding their sessions +in a retired room, the women were in the salon with some young men +dancing, singing or eating. The presidentess of this society of +<i>mutual succorers</i> was Mariana Dizon.</p> +<p>To secure admission it was necessary to be a daughter or sister of +one of the male members. Mariana Dizon later on married José +Turiano Santiago, and as a result, the female <i>Katipunan</i>, as an +organization was broken up, the late members however continuing to +shield as before, the labors of the Katipunan reunions. <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb265" href="#pb265" name="pb265">265</a>]</span></p> +<p id="n88"><span class="sc">Note 88.</span> See notes <a href= +"#n74">74</a>, <a href="#n75">75</a> and <a href="#n93">93</a>. Part of +the local and provincial Spanish press has not failed to give the +public a rehash from time to time, of the greater part of the +inventions of the separatists. It is needless to say, however, that in +this it has failed to receive the support of representative +<span class="corr" id="xd20e6496" title= +"Source: Spanniards">Spaniards</span> who look upon such an action as +little to the honor of the good name of Spain. As to the corresponding +English-speaking press in this connection, the less said the better for +the good name of American journalism.</p> +<p id="n89"><span class="sc">Note 89.</span> José Dizon Matanza +stated during his trial (<span class="corr" id="xd20e6503" title= +"Source: fol.">fols.</span> 1,132–1,138) “that Pio +Valenzuela <span class="corr" id="xd20e6506" title= +"Source: saught">sought</span> money from the wealthy, and as he (the +prisoner) understood, from a statement of Bonifacio, had collected over +a thousand pesos for the object of covering the expenses of the trip +which he made to Dapitan to confer with Rizal; and in order to fool the +authorities he took with him a blind individual with his guide, that +Rizal might perform a cure or some operation upon the blind man. The +motive of the conference was the proposition to Rizal of the armed +rebellion, etc., etc.” <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb266" href= +"#pb266" name="pb266">266</a>]</span></p> +<p>Valenzuela himself spoke of this trip to Dapitan (see note <a href= +"#n16">16</a>, p. 133) as follows:—</p> +<p>“In the month of May of that year 1896, a reunion was held in +Pasig and there it was agreed to send a commission to Japan ... and it +was agreed also to commence the armed rebellion, settling the manner in +which it should be carried out, but it was decided that, previous to +taking action it would be wise to consult with Rizal, the witness being +chosen as emissary. The schoolmaster of Cavite Viejo, by name Santos, +proposed that a blind man named Raymundo Mata should accompany +Valenzuela that Rizal might cure him. The witness embarked on the S. S. +Venus at the end of May, meeting on board, one of Rizal’s +sisters, and his (Rizal’s) <i lang="es">querida</i>, an American +or English woman named Josefina; and arriving at Dapitan, the witness +went ashore with the two women and a servant that accompanied them, +making their way to the house of Rizal, etc., etc.”</p> +<p>According to a statement of Isabelo de los Reyes, “Rizal, as +has been clearly proved at the trials (of traitors) advised them to +wait another two years, as they lacked arms.”</p> +<p>I wonder if Rizal foresaw the war to <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb267" href="#pb267" name="pb267">267</a>]</span>break out <i>two +years</i> later between Spain and the United States! His intense desire +to go to Cuba would give one that idea.</p> +<p id="n90"><span class="sc">Note 90.</span> Negotiations indeed! Who +can imagine the circumspect and formal little nation of Japan +<span class="corr" id="xd20e6534" title= +"Source: admiting">admitting</span> negotiations with a warehouse +porter, a man who was representative only of the worst of the lowest +classes! Sr. Diaz probably made this statement from hearsay <i lang= +"es">por boca de ganso</i> as they say in Spanish. If any negotiations +took place between Bonifacio and the Japanese Government they were on a +par with those between the late U. S. Consuls of Singapore and +Hong-Kong, and a few other irresponsible people, and Aguinaldo, the +leader of the <i>Katipunan</i>.</p> +<p id="n91"><span class="sc">Note 91.</span> As has been seen in the +foregoing notes, it was the intention of the <i>separatists</i> to make +purchases of arms and their necessary ammunition in Japan. Those +wealthy <span class="corr" id="xd20e6550" title= +"Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span> who were owners of steamships were +looked to as the chief assistance in the transportation and landing of +the said arms, etc.</p> +<p>The date of the arrival of the arms, <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb268" href="#pb268" name="pb268">268</a>]</span>according as appeared +from evidence given during the trial of Francisco L. Roxas, was to have +been the 31st of December 1896. Lorenzo de la Paz, however, stated that +it was the 1st of September of the said year. Others claimed it to be +the 13th of September or the 30th of November. As may be easily seen, +there was no lack of disagreement among the chiefs of the revolt, and +perhaps, as far as the majority were concerned, still more +exploitation.</p> +<p id="n92"><span class="sc">Note 92.</span> Pio Valenzuela y +Alejandrino was a licentiate of <span class="corr" id="xd20e6561" +title="Source: Medecine">Medicine</span>, and one of the members of the +inferior Supreme Council of the Katipunan. According to his own story +he entered the files of the society under compulsion at the hands of +Andrés Bonifacio, who on the strength of a love affair, gave him +the alternative of death or membership in the Katipunan (see p. 132). +In his declaration during his trial (fol. 142–147) on the 6th of +September 1896, he recorded how on the 30 day of November, S. +Andrew’s day of the year 1895, he was presented by Andrés +Bonifacio to various <i>Katipuneros</i> as “brother” Medico +(Doctor), Bonifacio stating that from that time he <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb269" href="#pb269" name= +"pb269">269</a>]</span>(Valenzuela) would be the doctor of the society. +He also stated how, in the following month of January and in another +meeting, he was nominated Fiscal, and official doctor with a salary of +thirty pesos monthly, a salary he had no little difficulty in +collecting. He was commissioned in May 1896 to go to Dapitan to hold a +conference with Rizal concerning armed rising against the supreme +authority of Spain in the Archipelago; but Rizal was shrewder and more +far-sighted than the others and would not consent to the <span class= +"corr" id="xd20e6569" title="Source: carryiug">carrying</span> out of +the scheme as proposed by Bonifacio. On the return of Valenzuela +Bonifacio imposed upon him a strict <span class="corr" id="xd20e6572" +title="Source: sllence">silence</span> concerning the outcome of the +conference; but being pressed by certain members of the society, among +whom were Emilio Jacinto, Secretary of the Supreme Council, and +<i>capita</i> Ramon of Pandacan, he revealed the secret of +Rizal’s opposition to a plan he feared would be abortive. When +once the cat was out of the bag the facts soon became public among the +principal members, with the result that many who had promised funds for +the purchase of arms etc. in Japan, refused to pay the amounts +promised. Among these was a <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb270" href= +"#pb270" name="pb270">270</a>]</span>colonel of Malabon who had +promised 500 pesos for the said object. This breach of confidence on +the part of Valenzuela brought about the separation of himself and +<span class="corr" id="xd20e6581" title= +"Source: Boniiacio">Bonifacio</span>, and the former presented his +<span class="corr" id="xd20e6584" title= +"Source: resignatfon">resignation</span> as doctor and fiscal of the +society. Bonifacio opposed the idea of his resignation but it was +finally accepted, and the former friends parted company each to work in +his own sphere.</p> +<p>Valenzuela was in fact one of the chief movers of the rebellion; +this was confessed by Domingo Franco, the late president of the then +<span class="corr" id="xd20e6589" title= +"Source: difunct">defunct</span> <i lang="es">Liga <span class="corr" +id="xd20e6594" title="Source: filipina">Filipina</span></i>. “The +rebellion,” says he, “was produced by a foolish child, +whose name it would dirty the tongue to pronounce, because after being +the author of all (this however is somewhat inexact) has given himself +up to the authorities to denounce those he has succeeded in +misleading.”</p> +<p>During his trial in the Bilibid prison, before Col. Francisco Olive +y García on the 2nd of September 1896, he gave some of the most +interesting and reliable information that has yet been gathered +concerning the interior workings and doings of the Katipunan. +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb271" href="#pb271" name= +"pb271">271</a>]</span></p> +<p>When the Guardia Civil set out from Manila to break up +Bonifacio’s party in Caloocan, several of those forming the +leadership fled, and among them Valenzuela. He entered Manila by way of +Sampaloc, passing through Quiapo to the Escolta and down the <i>Pasaje +de Pérez</i>, embarking there on one of the lake steamers. On +arrival at Biñang he went to the house of the co-adjutor D. +Silvino Manaol (native priest), to whom he recounted what had taken +place. The co-adjutor asked of the parish priest the proclamation of +the Governor General conceding pardon to those who should present +themselves<a class="noteref" id="xd20e6605src" href="#xd20e6605" name= +"xd20e6605src">64</a>. Having read it with care and under the advice of +the co-adjutor, he set out for the capital <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb272" href="#pb272" name= +"pb272">272</a>]</span>disembarking at the Ayala bridge from whence he +took a <i lang="es">quiles</i> and went <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e6619" title="Source: immediataly">immediately</span> to the +palace of the Governor to present himself to him<span class="corr" id= +"xd20e6623" title="Source: ,">.</span> The Governor General was not at +home so Valenzuela at once started for the offices of the Military +Government.</p> +<p>Speaking of this giving up of himself of Valenzuela, Sr. José +M. del Castillo y Jimenez says: “The forty-eight hours conceded +by the proclamation of the Governor Blanco were about to close when +there reached the palace of Sta. Potenciana, worn out, bathed in +perspiration, and almost in a period of agony, Pio Valenzuela, an +important person of revolution he being in such a condition that it was +necessary to assist him previous to his passing into the presence of +Gov. Blanco. When he had come to himself and was in a condition to make +an explicit and ample confession he had two hours conference with the +Governor, giving information of as such as he knew.”</p> +<p class="tb">. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .</p> +<p>“Valenzuela and Rosario were of great utility in clarifying +the facts and especially in the explanation of the cipher documents +discovered in the house <span class="corr" id="xd20e6633" title= +"Not in source">of</span> Villaruel and others.” <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb273" href="#pb273" name="pb273">273</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="footnotes"> +<hr class="fnsep"> +<p class="footnote" lang="es"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" +id="xd20e1639" href="#xd20e1639src" name="xd20e1639">1</a></span> +Avisos y profecias, Madrid 1892. pp. 286–308<span class="corr" +id="xd20e1641" title="Not in source">.</span></p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e1803" href="#xd20e1803src" name="xd20e1803">2</a></span> +Concerning the doctrines of Universal Freemasonry D. Gabriel +Jogand-Pagés says <span class="corr" id="xd20e1806" title= +"Source: wiriting">writing</span> on the subject of freemasonry in +Spain: “The teaching which according to the ritual of the 33rd +degree is the <span class="corr" id="xd20e1809" title= +"Source: syntesis">synthesis</span> of freemasonry, is well worthy of +being borne in mind.”</p> +<p class="footnote">“In the reception to the 33rd degree, the +Grand Master turning to the person to be received, ends his discourse +with the following significant exhortation:</p> +<p class="footnote">“I owe you, Illustrious brother, an +explanation which it is <span class="corr" id="xd20e1816" title= +"Source: necesary">necessary</span> to give to our rituals.”</p> +<p class="footnote">“Masonry being nothing else than active +revolution, permanent conspiracy against political and religious +despotism,....”</p> +<p class="tb">. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .</p> +<p class="footnote">“The Grand Master innocent, you have already +seen, is man ... man who was born innocent because he was born +unconsciously.”</p> +<p class="footnote">“Our Grand Master Innocent was born to be +happy and to enjoy in all their fullness all his rights without +exception: But he fell, struck with the blows of three assassins: of +three infamous beings who placed formidable obstacles in the way of his +happiness, and against his rights....”</p> +<p class="footnote">“These three infamous assassins are: the Law, +Property and Religion”.</p> +<p class="footnote">“The Law because it is not in harmony with +the rights of the individual man and the duties of the man who lives in +society: rights which all acquire in all their integrity....”</p> +<p class="footnote">“Property: because the earth is the property +of no one and its products pertain to all in the measure for each one +of the true necessities for his welfare.”</p> +<p class="footnote">“Religion: because religions are no more than +the philosophies of men of talent, which the people have +adopted....”</p> +<p class="footnote">“Neither the Law, Property nor Religion can +impose themselves upon man, and as they deprive him of his most +precious rights they are assassins against whom we have sworn to +exercise <span class="corr" id="xd20e1839" title= +"Source: they">the</span> utmost <span class="corr" id="xd20e1842" +title="Source: vengance">vengeance</span>.</p> +<p class="footnote">“Of these three infamous enemies, Religion +ought to be the object of our constant mortal attacks, because a people +never have survived their religion, and <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e1848" title="Source: detroying">destroying</span> religion we +have at our disposition the law and property and we can then regenerate +society, establishing over the ruins, masonic Religion, masonic Law and +masonic property.”</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e1914" href="#xd20e1914src" name="xd20e1914">3</a></span> +<span class="corr" id="xd20e1915" title= +"Not in source">“</span><span lang="es">Insurreccion en +Filipinas</span>”; vol. I. p. 109.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e2021" href="#xd20e2021src" name="xd20e2021">4</a></span> One not +acquainted with the seducing nature of the masonic operation and the +peculiarity of the native character, would wonder to find the name of a +Catholic priest so intimately connected with freemasonry and its +offspring, especially in a country in which the Church wages close and +continual warfare with the evil. There is little need for surprise +however, when we consider the seductive influence of the one hand and +the simplicity and childishness of the native character on the other. +Many of the native clergy were body and soul wrapt up in the workings +of freemasonry and were Spain’s worst and most crafty +enemies.</p> +<p class="footnote">In Nueva Caceres, Inocencio Herrera, Severo Estrada +and Severino Diaz, three native priests of the <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e2026" title="Source: Catedral">Cathedral</span> of that diocese, +headed the conspiracy against the <span class="corr" id="xd20e2029" +title="Source: Goverment">Government</span>. They formed a deposit of +arms and <span class="corr" id="xd20e2032" title= +"Source: amunition">ammunition</span> in the organ of the Cathedral +and, according to the plan they had prepared, one of their <span class= +"corr" id="xd20e2035" title="Source: firrt">first</span> steps was to +murder the Bishop of the diocese. On this point it will be interesting +to quote the testimony of Tomás Prieto, of Nueva Caceres, who, +whilst on board the S. S. Isarog, on the 20th of September 1896, +testified in the presence of the captain of the Ship and other +witnesses that he had received 50 rifles, 10 of which he had given into +the care of <span class="corr" id="xd20e2038" title= +"Source: Mannel">Manuel</span> Abella, a millionaire of that province +who was eventually executed for treason; the remainder he had +distributed among other persons, 3 being <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e2044" title="Source: place">placed</span> in the care of Severino +Diaz, parish priest of the Cathedral of Nueva Caceres....<a id= +"xd20e2047" name="xd20e2047"></a> As to their plans of action, he +testified that the intention was to kill all the <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e2049" title="Source: Spainards">Spaniards</span>, the mentioned +parish priest of the Cathedral, the coadjutor Inocencio and Severo +<span class="corr" id="xd20e2052" title= +"Source: Entrada">Estrada</span>, all natives, having promised to aid +personally to <span class="corr" id="xd20e2055" title= +"Source: seeure">secure</span> the success of the affair.</p> +<p class="footnote">He also declared that “on the 9th of July of +the same year, a reunion was celebrated in the house of Manuel Abella, +and among those present were Gabriel Prieto, a native priest and +brother of the witness, Severino Diaz and others; it was <span class= +"corr" id="xd20e2060" title="Source: ln">in</span> this reunion that it +was decided to carry out the programme above mentioned.”</p> +<p class="footnote">In both provinces <span class="corr" id="xd20e2065" +title="Source: oc">of</span> the Camarines many were mixed up in some +of the dirtiest work of the revolt.</p> +<p class="footnote">Innumerable cases might be mentioned also in which +the native <span class="corr" id="xd20e2070" title= +"Source: clargy">clergy</span> have exerted considerable influence +against the American Government, inciting the rebels to resist its +lawful authority, much to the detriment of the interests of the Church +and <span class="corr" id="xd20e2073" title= +"Source: bringuing">bringing</span> down upon the clergy in general +accusations of sedition and treachery. Juan Castañeda testified +that he had been initiated into the mysteries of freemasonry by Severo +Buenaventura, a native priest, coadjutor of Imus. Buenaventura received +his initiation from Ambrosio Flores, now the Governor of the province +of Rizal; he possessed three grades and enjoyed the use of the symbolic +name of “cuitib” (the <span class="corr" id="xd20e2076" +title="Source: mame">name</span> of a small ant which bites furiously). +Nine native <span class="corr" id="xd20e2079" title= +"Source: priest">priests</span> were sent to Manila from Vigan and La +Union; all of these were convicted of treason<span class="corr" id= +"xd20e2082" title="Source: ,">.</span></p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e2124" href="#xd20e2124src" name="xd20e2124">5</a></span> The word +in the original Spanish is <i lang="es">madrasta</i> which, apart from +that of step-mother, has the meaning of “anything +disagreeable.”</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e2155" href="#xd20e2155src" name="xd20e2155">6</a></span> See note +<a href="#n26">26</a>.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e2163" href="#xd20e2163src" name="xd20e2163">7</a></span> For the +complete document see appendix A.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e2371" href="#xd20e2371src" name="xd20e2371">8</a></span> A +contract was made between the administrator of the estate in question, +situated at Calamba, and Francisco Mercado Rizal<span class="corr" id= +"xd20e2373" title="Not in source">,</span> father of the subject of +this note, for the land the Rizal family occupied and cultivated. This +land measured some 500 <span class="corr" id="xd20e2376" title= +"Source: hectareas">hectares</span> and was clear and clean, the tenant +having merely to give it three or four turns with the plow in order to +prepare it for use. To show the treatment meted out to the tenant, it +will be sufficient to say that the contract agreed that the tenant +should have <i>the entire use of the land and its product for four +harvests or five years</i> RENT FREE. As great as this advantage was to +the Rizal family it is but a little of what was done by the Dominicans +for that <span class="corr" id="xd20e2382" title= +"Source: ungratiful">ungrateful</span> family of filibusters.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e2665" href="#xd20e2665src" name="xd20e2665">9</a></span> +Lawyer.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e2774" href="#xd20e2774src" name="xd20e2774">10</a></span> +”<span lang="es">La Independencia</span>” was a +revolutionary daily of four pages, published in the Orphan Asylum of +Malabon, property of the Augustinian Corporation and stolen and +eventually totally destroyed by the “ever destructive” +Tagalog rebels during the revolution. The first number was published on +Saturday, 3rd Sept<span class="corr" id="xd20e2779" title= +"Not in source">.</span> 1898. Its leading article is an exposition of +the purpose of the publication of the paper, which was the defense of +the independence of the Philippines. “We defend, says the writer +of the article, the independence of the <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e2782" title="Source: Philipines">Philippines</span> because it is +the aspiration of the country which has come of age; and when a people +rise as a man to protest, arm in hand, against a policy of oppression +and injustice, it manifests sufficient vitality to live free.” +This is a fair sample of the style of the conduct of the paper. It is +worthy of note that the history of the revolt has clearly shown that, +in the first place, independence was not the aspiration of the +<i>people</i>, but a fanciful hope of a handful of exploiters; secondly +that the country has not come of age, not having even reached the age +of <span class="corr" id="xd20e2791" title= +"Source: pubety">puberty</span>; thirdly that the <i>people</i> did not +rise as a man but that the Tagal “discontents” were the +body and soul of the whole insurrection both against Spain and against +the U. S.; and finally, that the “policy of oppression and +injustice” was imaginary, the same complaint having since been +made against the Government of Washington as was then made against the +Government of Madrid. The quotation concerning Luna is taken from No. 2 +of the paper published on the 5th of Sept. 1898.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e2805" href="#xd20e2805src" name="xd20e2805">11</a></span> The +principal works of Juan Luna are: <i>The death of Cleopatra</i> for +which he received a silver medal; this was painted under the tutorship +of Sr. Vera. Under the same master he painted the <i>Spoliarium</i> for +which he was rewarded a gold medal, but this not really for the merit +of the picture but in order to put an end to a rivalry between two +Spanish painters. On his own account he painted and gave forth <i>The +Battle <span class="corr" id="xd20e2817" title="Source: af">of</span> +Lepanto</i>; this was received almost with hisses and was heartily +criticized. Also the <i>Profanation of the Tombs</i>; if anything this +was worse. As the savage nature which lay dormant in his breast became +more and more awakened his paintings became more and more decadescent: +his <span lang="es">Pacto-de-Sangre</span>, in the which he inspired +the return to one of the most barbarous customs of pre-Spanish times in +the archipelago, rubs off the last touches of the veneer of +civilization which formed the dividing line between the indian of the +city and the indian of the mountain and forest.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e2867" href="#xd20e2867src" name="xd20e2867">12</a></span> +“Andrés Bonifacio told the witness that he communicated +with the president of the Superior Supreme Council, who was Francisco +L. Roxas latterly, and Doroteo Cortés formerly; ... +“Testimony of Pio Valenzuela (fols. 591 to 597<a id="xd20e2869" +name="xd20e2869"></a>).</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e2875" href="#xd20e2875src" name="xd20e2875">13</a></span> +”... Doroteo <span class="corr" id="xd20e2877" title= +"Source: Cortès">Cortés</span> and a certain Artacho were +those who were in understanding with the Japanese Government, which +would find a way to send people of the laboring classes to the +Philippines, to the end of seeking motives which might give excuse for +a war between Spain and that Power”. Testimony of Pio +Valenzuela<a id="xd20e2880" name="xd20e2880"></a> (fols. <span class= +"corr" id="xd20e2882" title="Source: 1.663">1,663</span> to +<span class="corr" id="xd20e2885" title= +"Source: 1.673">1,673</span><span class="corr" id="xd20e2887" title= +"Source: .)">).</span></p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e2893" href="#xd20e2893src" name="xd20e2893">14</a></span> +”... The Supreme Council (of the Liga) decided to purchase arms +and ammunition in Japan, sending to that country at the proper time, a +commission to ask of that Government its aid and protection for the +Philippines, under the condition that some islands of the Archipelago +should be ceded to that nation as a recompense; ... <span class="corr" +id="xd20e2895" title="Source: Cortes">Cortés</span>, Ambrosio +Bautista and others being chosen to form the commission.” +Testimony of Numeriano Adriano (fols. <span class="corr" id="xd20e2898" +title="Source: 1.309">1,309</span> to <span class="corr" id="xd20e2901" +title="Source: 1.312">1,312</span>).</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e2917" href="#xd20e2917src" name="xd20e2917">15</a></span> +“It the having been known for some time that Pedro Serrano had +malverted the money gathered for Rizal, and for the funds of the +Propaganda,<a id="xd20e2919" name="xd20e2919"></a> the associates of +Masonry stopped the individual payment of the 50 cents per month for +<i lang="es">La Propaganda</i>....” Extract from the testimony of +Antonio Salazar y San Agustin<a id="xd20e2924" name="xd20e2924"></a> +(fols. <span class="corr" id="xd20e2926" title= +"Source: 1.118">1,118</span> to <span class="corr" id="xd20e2929" +title="Source: 1.129">1,129</span> Sept. 22<span class="corr" id= +"xd20e2933" title="Not in source">,</span> 1896).</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e3081" href="#xd20e3081src" name="xd20e3081">16</a></span> For a +description of anting-anting see appendix D.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e3206" href="#xd20e3206src" name="xd20e3206">17</a></span> Pedro +Gonzales, a native who was captured whilst carrying dispatches and +letters to and fro between Manila and the insurgent camp, was a man +well posted in the doings of the rebels and was able to give much +interesting and valuable information to the Authorities. The most +interesting portions of his evidence will be found in appendix F. In +this matter of the flight of Bonifacio he stated that “it was not +exact as had been said, that <span class="corr" id="xd20e3208" title= +"Source: Andres">Andrés</span> Bonifacio was in Cavite (at that +particular time), for after the defeat at San Juan del Monte he +disappeared with the funds of the Katipunan, which amounted to some +20,000 pesos, as he had been assured.”</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e3215" href="#xd20e3215src" name="xd20e3215">18</a></span> Having +been asked during his trial whether he was aware of the hiding place of +Bonifacio, Valenzuela (fol. 600 to 605) stated that “he was not +aware of the place in which Bonifacio and others were to be met with; +that he merely supposed that Bonifacio could be found in the mountains +of San Mateo, in Tapusi, in other words in the most inaccessible part +of the said mountain range; because the witness heard him say that +<i>he would retire to that point to dedicate himself to highway robbery +if the movement should not be successful</i>.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e3230" href="#xd20e3230src" name="xd20e3230">19</a></span> +“The generalisimo, captain Emilio, is very indignant with the +conduct of <span class="corr" id="xd20e3232" title= +"Source: Andres">Andrés</span> Bonifacio, upon whose head he has +set a price, offering a good recompense to the one who will present him +dead or alive, for he says that he cannot consent to such a desertion +after he had been the principal promoter of the popular +rebellion”. From the statement of Pedro Gonzalez previously +quoted.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e3346" href="#xd20e3346src" name="xd20e3346">20</a></span> See +foot-note page 114.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e3352" href="#xd20e3352src" name="xd20e3352">21</a></span> The +head offices of the <span lang="es">La Democracia</span> in Manila are +situated on Calle Villalobos, a name which put into English signifies +<i>wolf village</i>. For the headquarters of such a scurrilous sheet +and for such a political party no better place could be found, for +taking the two at their very best they are veritable “wolves in +<span class="corr" id="xd20e3360" title= +"Source: sheeps">sheep’s</span> clothing”.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e3373" href="#xd20e3373src" name="xd20e3373">22</a></span> See +page 60.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e3543" href="#xd20e3543src" name="xd20e3543">23</a></span> +<i>Nilad</i> is the name <span class="corr" id="xd20e3547" title= +"Source: sof">of</span> a plant, from which is derived the name of +Manila.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e3645" href="#xd20e3645src" name="xd20e3645">24</a></span> In an +interesting pamphlet entitled “Vexata Questio”, giving a +brief sketch of three centuries of history in the Philippines, +published in Manila in 1901, the author, in a foot note to page 28, +says of Foreman:</p> +<p class="footnote">“It should be remarked that this writer, in +the first edition of his work, claims to be an earnest Catholic. Dean +Worcester, who copies from Foreman’s book some of the most +drivelling paragraphs, lays particular stress upon this fact. I leave +it to the common sense of any one who has read Foreman’s history, +or what Worcester <span class="corr" id="xd20e3650" title= +"Source: strops">stoops</span> so low to copy therefrom, whether a man +whose Alpha and Omega is truly anti-Catholic and often anti-christian, +and the ink of whose pen savors of Catholic blood shed upon the altars +of Freemasonry can be a Catholic, at least an honorable one.”</p> +<p class="footnote">Foreman was a traveller in machinery and as such +was enabled to get to all the principal parts of the Archipelago. He +was, as he himself confesses, always well received in the pueblos, and +greeted by the parish priests (friars) and lodged in the convents free +of cost. Although Foreman did not perform vile practical jokes upon +unsuspecting and <span class="corr" id="xd20e3655" title= +"Source: innoffensive">inoffensive</span> hosts as did the now +“commissioner” Worcester in his travels, he did many things +no honorable man would have done. Although he professed himself a +Catholic it was only for “business” purposes; one has only +to read the preface to his book to find that out.</p> +<p class="footnote">Foreman was an Englishman, disliked by the English, +despised by everyone he came in contact with; and if the things said of +him by his intimate acquaintances, are true, then he well deserved the +snubs he has lately received all round.</p> +<p class="footnote">On the 17th of April 1899, before the members of +the Schurman Commission, Neil Macleod testified of Foreman, as +follows:</p> +<p class="footnote">Questioned by Worcester:</p> +<p class="footnote">Q. Have you read Foreman’s book?</p> +<p class="footnote">A. Yes; I know him personally.</p> +<p class="footnote">Q. Was he a Catholic?</p> +<p class="footnote">A. I do not know.</p> +<p class="footnote">Q. He says so?</p> +<p class="footnote">A. Yes.</p> +<p class="footnote">Q. He is an engineer, isn’t he?</p> +<p class="footnote">A. He has been here frequently travelling all over +the country, selling machinery.</p> +<p class="footnote">Q. You know he attacks the Church?</p> +<p class="footnote">A. He attacks the church very much, and he ought to +be very thankful to the priests, for they have been very good to him; +...</p> +<p class="tb">. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .</p> +<p class="footnote">considering that he availed himself of their +services and hospitality all over the country, he should have thought +twice before <span class="corr" id="xd20e3691" title= +"Source: puttting">putting</span> a <i>thing</i> like that (his +history) into print.”</p> +<p class="footnote">Worcester was fishing for trout and caught a crab. +He got enough <span class="corr" id="xd20e3699" title= +"Source: aud">and</span> the subject ... suddenly changed.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e3729" href="#xd20e3729src" name="xd20e3729">25</a></span> See +<span class="corr" id="xd20e3731" title= +"Source: Apendix">Appendix</span> G.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e3737" href="#xd20e3737src" name="xd20e3737">26</a></span> +Philippinos: insular Spaniards, or Spaniards born in the Philippines. +Filipino: more commonly known as <i lang="es">indio</i>: that is, an +indian native of the Archipelago.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e3909" href="#xd20e3909src" name="xd20e3909">27</a></span> For +this decree see Appendix H.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e3964" href="#xd20e3964src" name="xd20e3964">28</a></span> He was +conducted from calle Iris blindfolded in a <i lang="es">quilez</i> (a +vehicle of the country) to a house which he later on discovered to be +that of Bonifacio, situated in calle Oroquieta.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e4076" href="#xd20e4076src" name="xd20e4076">29</a></span> In an +official letter of the Grand Secretary of the Oriente Español to +the Lodge <i>Nilad</i>, dated Madrid 8th of June 1892, the secretary, +warning the said lodge to be careful in the performance of its labors +says: “... not all men, although they profess our ideas and +doctrines, serve for good masons.”</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e4157" href="#xd20e4157src" name="xd20e4157">30</a></span> +“The oath bound (the Katipuneros) as well as the <i lang= +"es">militares</i> (the rebel army) were to be supported and equipped +by several wealthy persons of Manila, among them D. Francisco Roxas who +was in charge of the maintenance of the rebel army.” Testimony of +2nd Lieut Benedicto Nijaga y Polonio. (fols. 222–224)</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e4197" href="#xd20e4197src" name="xd20e4197">31</a></span> See +Appendix I.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e4366" href="#xd20e4366src" name="xd20e4366">32</a></span> Wildman +will probably be long remembered by many who suffered brutalities and +tortures at the hands of <span class="corr" id="xd20e4369" title= +"Source: Agninaldo’s">Aguinaldo’s</span> <span class="corr" +id="xd20e4372" title="Source: hoarde">horde</span> of cut-throats, +inspired by the late Consul’s advise.</p> +<p class="footnote">Correspondence took place between Aguinaldo and +Wildman concerning the Spanish prisoners. In reply to a request of the +<i>Dictator</i>, Wildman wrote:</p> +<p class="footnote">“Never mind feeding them. A meal every day, +of course, and water will be <span class="corr" id="xd20e4382" title= +"Not in source">a</span> good diet. They have been living too high +during the last few years. As the Spaniards want more bloodshed in the +Philippines, I trust you will let them have a taste of real war. Do not +be so tender with them, etc., etc.<span class="corr" id="xd20e4387" +title="Not in source">”</span></p> +<p class="footnote">Little did Wildman think that the day would come +when <span class="corr" id="xd20e4392" title= +"Source: hese">these</span> words of his would inspire equal or greater +barbarity against his own countrymen.</p> +<p class="footnote">The publication of the valuable papers in +Wildman’s <span class="corr" id="xd20e4397" title= +"Source: possesion">possession</span> at the time of his death in the +shipwreck which occurred almost at the very door of his home would +doubtless throw much light upon the past four years of Philippine +history. The shipment of tons upon tons of ammunition, a large shipment +of which left London on the “Inaba Maru,” on the 25th of +September 1899, addressed to the “American Consul”, +Hong-Kong, have yet to be accounted for.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e4509" href="#xd20e4509src" name="xd20e4509">33</a></span> There +were always plenty of funds, but the money too often stuck to the +fingers of those who had the handling of it.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e4718" href="#xd20e4718src" name="xd20e4718">34</a></span> A name +given <span class="corr" id="xd20e4720" title= +"Source: emong">among</span> Spaniards, to young servant boys or girls. +The word signifies servant and is used as such in the same manner as in +British Oriental colonies the word <i>boy</i> is +used,—irrespective of age.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e4845" href="#xd20e4845src" name="xd20e4845">35</a></span> +Nipa.—<i>Nipa fructificans.</i>—Nipa is a small palm which +grows in salt water. From it the natives make a species of wine and +vinegar, whilst its leaves serve to thatch their houses. It is one of +the plants of most utility to the indian.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e4886" href="#xd20e4886src" name="xd20e4886">36</a></span> The +reason for Rizal’s deportation is set forth clearly in the decree +of Deportation which is given entire in Appendix.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e4924" href="#xd20e4924src" name="xd20e4924">37</a></span> As a +sample of these statements I will quote the following document, which +is one of a number copied from a book of decrees received by the +Revolutionary authorities of the pueblo of Mendez Nuñez, +province of Cavite,</p> +<div class="blockquote"> +<p class="footnote first xd20e192">“K. K. K<span class="corr" id= +"xd20e4932" title="Not in source">.</span>”<br> +“Chiefs of each pueblo”</p> +<p class="footnote">“In the urgent letter received to-day from +the General (Aguinaldo) concrete notice is given that to-day there have +anchored the warships proceeding from Japan to our assistance, and it +is said, that they are now just on the other side of the island of +Corregidor....”</p> +</div> +<p class="footnote">This document is dated 11th<a id="xd20e4942" name= +"xd20e4942"></a> September 1896, and is signed by El capitan +comandante, Crisòstomo Riel.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e4955" href="#xd20e4955src" name="xd20e4955">38</a></span> What a +fine president he would have made for the Federal Party! +Castañeda was worthy of an office in the Ayuntamiento with a +sign over the door—Hon. Juan Castañeda, Native +Commissioner.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e4964" href="#xd20e4964src" name="xd20e4964">39</a></span> +Ambrosio Flores: (bro∴ musa) was the Gr∴ Pres∴ of +the Gr∴ Cons∴ Reg∴ of the Philippines. (See note +<a href="#n23">23</a>)—Moises Salvador stated of him in his +declaration <span class="corr" id="xd20e4969" title= +"Not in source">(</span>fols<span class="corr" id="xd20e4972" title= +"Source: :">.</span> <span class="corr" id="xd20e4975" title= +"Source: 1.138–1.143">1,138–1,143</span>), in reply to a +question as to the manner in which Flores was affiliated to +filibusterism, that “by reason of his high position in +freemasonry, he aided the ends of the filibusters, making propaganda +among those affiliated to the lodges.” He stated, at the same +time that Flores, in no concept, formed part of the <i>Liga</i> or +<i>Compromisarios</i>. It was Ambrosio Flores who, at the opportune +moment let fall the masonic sledge hammer upon the back of Pedro +Serrano, charging him with being a traitor (see note <a href= +"#n12">12</a>) to the cause.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e5024" href="#xd20e5024src" name="xd20e5024">40</a></span> I have +frequently quoted the “Memoria” of Isabelo de los Reyes, +because I consider that whilst in it he exaggerates and lies +considerably, there are yet points upon which what he says has all the +probability of the truth, in as much as when he finds it <span class= +"corr" id="xd20e5026" title="Source: pay">pays</span> to tell the truth +he tells it. In this particular point, however, it is +“<i>according to what is said</i>.”</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e5058" href="#xd20e5058src" name="xd20e5058">41</a></span> How +much this reminds me of the story of the little boy who went to the +grocer’s and asked for 10 cents worth of molasses. The +shop-keeper measured out the molasses into the jug and asked the little +boy for the dime, receiving the reply: “its at the bottom of the +jug.” And that’s just where the other <span class="corr" +id="xd20e5060" title="Source: liitle">little</span> boy’s money +would have been.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e5072" href="#xd20e5072src" name="xd20e5072">42</a></span> In the +official extract of advice given by the Secret Service to the Gov. Gen. +Blanco, we read: “Aug 1. Notice is hereby given that, by +references from Japan, the Gov. Gen. has received from the Emperor of +that nation some messages which had been directed to him by some 22,000 +<span class="corr" id="xd20e5076" title= +"Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span> in representation of the native +inhabitants of these islands, and in the which, after congratulating +him for his triumphs over the Chinese Empire, asks his protection and +shelter for this Archipelago, and its annexation to the Japanese +Empire.”</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e5101" href="#xd20e5101src" name="xd20e5101">43</a></span> The +word <i>Kongo</i> signifies <i>Imperial diamond</i>.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e5113" href="#xd20e5113src" name="xd20e5113">44</a></span> The +<i>Bazar Japonés</i> situated in Plaza Moraga.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e5122" href="#xd20e5122src" name="xd20e5122">45</a></span> Typical +of the heads of the twelve apostles of filibusterism.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e5265" href="#xd20e5265src" name="xd20e5265">46</a></span> In his +“Memoria”.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e5372" href="#xd20e5372src" name="xd20e5372">47</a></span> I am +inclined to differ somewhat with this opinion. What is more probable is +that as regards the actual membership there existed a gulf between the +wealthy and the lower classes which was bridged by the representatives +of either association. I have not come across any concrete evidence +that the two elements really mixed, the one with the other; the inborn +pride of the <span class="corr" id="xd20e5374" title= +"Source: chinese">Chinese</span> half caste, the class from which, the +majority of the wealthy <span class="corr" id="xd20e5377" title= +"Source: element">elements</span> came, and of the <i lang= +"es">indio</i> of money or political “pull”, would not +permit such a mixture of the two associations Señor +Valdés supposes.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e5455" href="#xd20e5455src" name="xd20e5455">48</a></span> +<span class="corr" id="xd20e5456" title="Source: A see appendix">See +appendix A</span>.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e5581" href="#xd20e5581src" name="xd20e5581">49</a></span> See +note <a href="#n56">56</a>; also foot-note, page 180.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e5587" href="#xd20e5587src" name="xd20e5587">50</a></span> The +witness might have added that Blanco as a <i>mason</i> did more than +“know” of it: he took no steps to counter-act it, till +circumstances demanded that harsh measures should be taken to maintain +national honor.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e5598" href="#xd20e5598src" name="xd20e5598">51</a></span> In +plain English, this is a <i>lie</i> and no one could know it better +than the witness.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e5641" href="#xd20e5641src" name="xd20e5641">52</a></span> By an +element. Even would-be-president Bryan has his followers here.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e5644" href="#xd20e5644src" name="xd20e5644">53</a></span> In +other words: he allowed a certain wealthy and influential class of +<i>people</i> to lead him around wherever they would, by the +nose<span class="corr" id="xd20e5649" title= +"Not in source">.</span></p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e5652" href="#xd20e5652src" name="xd20e5652">54</a></span> This +statement is the result of either ignorance or malice. (See note +<a href="#n97">97</a>, <a href="#n98">98</a><span class="corr" id= +"xd20e5659" title="Source: :">.</span>) This account also materially +differs from the “faked up” story of Legarda. How little +some people know of the truth when they do not wish to tell it!</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e5667" href="#xd20e5667src" name="xd20e5667">55</a></span> This is +another. Now that Tavera and Legarda are side by side in the U. S. +Commission they might compare their testimony with advantage: it might +aid them to preserve somewhat of the truth in future.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e5739" href="#xd20e5739src" name="xd20e5739">56</a></span> It +would be interesting to know just how many of the late insurgents who +now hold position of importance under the Government, are following up +this piece of advice of Aguinaldo.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e5992" href="#xd20e5992src" name="xd20e5992">57</a></span> +Domestic: i. e., made for household use, for cutting up meat, +<span class="corr" id="xd20e5994" title="Source: cuting">cutting</span> +down bamboos, and in fact for every use for which a knife or chopper is +needed.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e6042" href="#xd20e6042src" name="xd20e6042">58</a></span> +Castillo y Jimenez; <i lang="es">El Katipunan ó el +filibusterismo en Filipinas</i>: pp. 128–129.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e6069" href="#xd20e6069src" name="xd20e6069">59</a></span> That is +men of the lower classes, laborers.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e6188" href="#xd20e6188src" name="xd20e6188">60</a></span> It is +difficult to determine whether such statements are due to ignorance or +to malice. The real truth of the situation is that although the friar +came <span class="corr" id="xd20e6191" title="Source: te">to</span> the +Philippines to perform sacerdotal duties and preach the Gospel, his +beneficial influence was not confined to the mere preaching of the +Gospel. “What most honors the whole membership past and present +of the Religious Orders is the intense zeal shown in the temporal as +well as the spiritual welfare of their <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e6194" title="Source: parishoners">parishioners</span>. To merely +defeat and drive out the bad that was in them was not sufficient, for +Satan finds mischief for idle hands, and when one devil is driven out +of a man he roams around seeking other devils with whom he returns and +re-enters the soul and “the last state of that man becomes worse +than the first.” So to thoroughly carry out their christianizing +and civilizing purpose they did their best to instruct their converts +to occupy their time in the fields, in the building of houses, of +churches, of structures of all kinds necessary. They taught them to be +self-supporting and to build up happy homes around them<span class= +"corr" id="xd20e6199" title="Source: ,">.</span> The few industries, if +the little then done by the natives in the way of manual labor can be +classed as industry, that existed among the people at that time were +copied from the Chinese and <span class="corr" id="xd20e6202" title= +"Source: Mahomedan">Mohammedan</span> traders who visited and traded +with them. These industries however were but crude as a rule; and +moreover the connection with these anti-christian influences had to be +cut for the moral protection of the indian and therefore the friar +missionary, ever on the alert for his children’s welfare, +instructed them in industries which, whilst occupying their time +formerly spent in abject laziness, also gave them the advantage of +money making.</p> +<p class="footnote">“As soon as the natives had become accustomed +to<a id="xd20e6207" name="xd20e6207"></a> living after the manner of +civilized beings, the friars taught them the art of making lime, mortar +and bricks and of utilizing these materials in buildings and +fortifications for the common protection against their enemies. They +instructed them in the method of tilling the virgin and fertile soil, +of utilizing the many streams of <span class="corr" id="xd20e6209" +title="Source: warter">water</span> that nature had +provided.”</p> +<p class="footnote">And yet there are those who would make us believe +that the friar missionary has done nothing to civilize the <span class= +"corr" id="xd20e6214" title="Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span>. To +whom then do they owe the civilization they enjoy?</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e6223" href="#xd20e6223src" name="xd20e6223">61</a></span> Faith +in their <i>anting-anting</i>; courage to maltreat and murder the +helpless and sometimes dying prisoners that fell into their hands; and +as to constancy...? The majority of the leaders eventually became +traitors to the most cherished ideas of independence. Three figures +alone stand out as really constant throughout the whole rebellion, and +these three are Aguinaldo, Mabini, and Pio del Pilar; and of these +three the most constant was Aguinaldo, a misguided man who deserves far +more honor than those who deserted him and who never <span class="corr" +id="xd20e6228" title="Source: think">thought</span> of raising a finger +to alleviate his hard lot, a lot for which they are morally +responsible.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e6438" href="#xd20e6438src" name="xd20e6438">62</a></span> A kind +of altar on which bonfires are lighted for illumination.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e6443" href="#xd20e6443src" name="xd20e6443">63</a></span> The +name of this plant signifies that it possesses the power to bring to +life again—to resuscitate.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e6605" href="#xd20e6605src" name="xd20e6605">64</a></span> This +granting of pardon to those who should present themselves is contained +in Art. 7. of the proclamation of the Governor General Blanco, issued +on the 30th of August 1896, and which reads as follows:</p> +<p class="footnote">“Art. 7. The rebels who present themselves to +the authorities within 48 hours after the publication of this +proclamation, shall be exempt from punishment for rebellion, with the +exception of the chiefs of the seditious groups and those who relapse +into those crimes. The chiefs to whom reference is made shall be +pardoned of the punishment due them if they surrender within the fixed +time suffering a punishment <span class="corr" id="xd20e6610" title= +"Source: immediateiy">immediately</span> inferior according to +grade.”</p> +</div> +</div> +<div id="xd20e6639" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h2 id="xd20e6640" class="main">Special Note.</h2> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">The reader’s attention is called to paragraph 3 +on the following page of the text (p<span class="corr" id="xd20e6644" +title="Not in source">.</span> 47).</p> +<p>Apart from the Councils spoken of in this and the former paragraphs +there were others formed at a later date. These were more properly +variations and were as follows:</p> +<p>Trozo: Popular Council <i lang="tl">Maypagasa</i> with four +sections, <i>Dapitan</i>, <i lang="tl">Silang̃anan</i>, <i lang= +"tl">Dimasagaran</i>, and <i lang="tl">Dimas-Alang.</i></p> +<p>Palomar: Popular Council <i>Pinkian</i> with two sections.</p> +<p>Tondo: Council <i lang="tl">Katagalugan</i> with the sections +<i lang="tl">Katutuhanan</i>, <i lang="tl">Kabuhayan</i>, <i lang= +"tl">Pagtibayan</i>, <i lang="tl">Kaling̃aan</i> and <i lang= +"tl">Bagong-sinag</i> under the presidency of Alejandro Santiago, +Braulio Rivera, Hilarion Cruz, Cipriano Pacheco, Nicolás Rivera +and Deogracias Fajardo.</p> +<p>Conception and Dilao (Paco): the Council <i>Mahaganti</i> presided +over by Rafael Gutiérrez; and the sections <i>Panday</i> and +<i>Ilog</i>, with a delegation in Ermita.</p> +<p>In Cavite was the popular Council <i>Kawit</i> the president of +which was Emilio Aguinaldo<a class="noteref" id="xd20e6708src" href= +"#xd20e6708" name="xd20e6708src">1</a> the <i lang="es">capitan +municipal</i> of the pueblo of <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb274" +href="#pb274" name="pb274">274</a>]</span>Cavite Viejo and later on the +dictator of the Filipino Commune. This Council comprehended Imus, +Noveleta, Silang, Naic<span class="corr" id="xd20e6776" title= +"Source: .">,</span> Maragondon and other pueblos. Imus was presided +over by Juan Castañeda, Noveleta by Alejandro +Crisóstomo.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e6780width"><img src="images/seal-ea.gif" alt= +"One of the seals of Aguinaldo." width="196" height="255"> +<p class="figureHead">One of the seals of Aguinaldo.</p> +</div> +<div class="figure xd20e6785width"><img src="images/lancet.gif" alt= +"Lancet with which the incisions of the Pacto de Sangre were made." +width="460" height="79"> +<p class="figureHead">Lancet with which the <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e6788" title="Source: inicisions">incisions</span> of the <i lang= +"es">Pacto de Sangre</i> were made.</p> +</div> +<div class="figure xd20e6796width"><img src="images/signature-ea.gif" +alt="Signature of Aguinaldo." width="459" height="189"> +<p class="figureHead">Signature of Aguinaldo.</p> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb275" href="#pb275" name= +"pb275">275</a>]</span></p> +<p>In Bacoor was a Popular Council presided over by Genaro Valdes with +three sections <i lang="tl">Dimagpatantan</i> (not to leave in peace), +<i lang="tl">Ditutugutan</i> (not to rest till the end is reached), and +<i lang="tl">Pananginginigan</i> (formidable)<span class="corr" id= +"xd20e6813" title="Not in source">.</span></p> +<p id="n93"><span class="sc">Note 93.</span> The <i>Kalayaan</i> was +intended to be a monthly review. Its first number consisted of +thirty-two pages in quarto. The price of each number was 50c +(<span class="corr" id="xd20e6823" title= +"Source: mexican">Mexican</span>)<span class="corr" id="xd20e6826" +title="Source: ,">.</span> It was a most rabid anti-Spanish publication +and advocated <span class="corr" id="xd20e6829" title= +"Source: seperatism">separatism</span> openly, and yet in spite of the +press censorship it circulated freely in the Archipelago.</p> +<p>As the common belief was that this paper was published in Japan, as +would appear from the paper itself, General Blanco decided <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb276" href="#pb276" name="pb276">276</a>]</span>to +send a special delegate to Japan to investigate the matter of its +impression<span class="corr" id="xd20e6836" title= +"Not in source">,</span> its publishers, authors, etc., that steps +might be taken to put a stop to its impression or at least that a check +be put on its entry and circulation into the Philippines. Don Alfredo +Villeta was chosen; but on account of some hitch in the arrangements, +he never started on his errand. Some say that the paper did not reach +its second number, but it is certain that it did not reach its +third.</p> +<p>The heading was as under:</p> +<div class="blockquote"> +<p class="first pseudoh2">Kalayaan</p> +<p>Issued at the end of each month.</p> +<div class="table"> +<table> +<tr valign="top"> +<td>1st year.</td> +<td><span class="sc">Yokohama.</span></td> +<td>January 1896. No<span class="corr" id="xd20e6856" title= +"Not in source">.</span> 1<span class="corr" id="xd20e6859" title= +"Not in source">.</span></td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td>Price of subscription, 3 months 1 peso; in advance.</td> +<td>Articles must be signed by their authors.</td> +<td>If purchased will cost 2 reales per number.</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +</div> +<p>The headings of the principal articles were as follows:</p> +<p>To the Compatriots.</p> +<p>Manifesto; by Dimas-Alang (José Rizal.) <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb277" href="#pb277" name="pb277">277</a>]</span></p> +<p>What the indian ought to know and understand; by Agapito +Bagumbayan.</p> +<p>This latter article is a mirror in which the purpose of the paper is +reflected; it reads remarkably like a composition of Pedro Paterno, the +visionary who claims for the peoples of the Archipelago a glorious +pre-Spanish history and civilization. The following citations from the +article will give some idea of the whole publication.</p> +<p>“In these islands, which were previously cared for by our true +neighbors of Malaysia at a time when the Spaniards had not as yet set +foot upon the land, there existed a complete abundance and a state of +welfare. Our friends the neighboring kingdoms, and especially Japan, +brought commerce to our shores which formed the most abundant market, +and there was found everything necessary, wherefore it was the richest +country and its customs were all very good<a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e6883src" href="#xd20e6883" name="xd20e6883src">3</a>. +Everyone<span class="corr" id="xd20e6886" title= +"Not in source">,</span> youths and advanced in years and even the +women<span class="corr" id="xd20e6889" title="Not in source">,</span> +could read and write according to our manner of script.” +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb278" href="#pb278" name= +"pb278">278</a>]</span></p> +<p>The article goes on to say that upon the arrival of the Spaniards +the natives only made friends with them after that Legazpi had +performed the ceremonies of the <i lang= +"es">pacto-de-Sangre</i><a class="noteref" id="xd20e6897src" href= +"#xd20e6897" name="xd20e6897src">4</a> with one of the <i lang= +"es">indio</i> petty sovereigns.</p> +<p>“The Spaniards,” says the writer, “have perverted +us with their bad customs and have destroyed and obliged us to forget +the noble and beautiful customs of our country.”</p> +<p><i>Noble and beautiful customs</i>: Compulsory defloration of young +girls, as a result of the belief that a girl who died a virgin could +not enter heaven! Could anything be more noble and beautiful?</p> +<p>Kalayaan purported to be and was always considered as the soul of +the <span class="corr" id="xd20e6921" title= +"Source: difunct">defunct</span> <i lang="es">Solidaridad</i> (see note +<a href="#n24">24</a>). It was printed in the Tagalog dialect and died, +as it was born and had lived—in shame. <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb279" href="#pb279" name="pb279">279</a>]</span></p> +<p id="n94"><span class="sc">Note 94.</span> Pio Valenzuela testified +(fols<span class="corr" id="xd20e6935" title="Not in source">.</span> +582–591) that on the 22nd of August he was informed by Josefa +Dizon that her son José together with Bonifacio had fled from +Manila. Valenzuela thereupon fled also, following them, and reaching +Caloocan about 8 p. m. There he found Bonifacio with some twenty +others. Andrés informed them that they must not <span class= +"corr" id="xd20e6938" title="Source: seperate">separate</span> as it +was now time to commence the armed rebellion, the plot of the Katipunan +having been discovered. From Caloocan they went to Balintauac arriving +about 11 p. m. Here they met a certain Laong with a group of men. They +remained in the pueblo Sunday, Monday and Tuesday preparing for the +onslaught they were to make upon the Spaniards, which was fixed for the +29th of the same month, the plans being that they should advance in +groups upon Manila, killing the Spaniards and also the indians and +<span class="corr" id="xd20e6941" title= +"Source: chinese">Chinese</span> who refused to follow them, +“<i>dedicating themselves to the sacking of the city, robbery and +incendiarism and to the violation of women</i>.” Many +<span class="corr" id="xd20e6947" title= +"Source: chinese">Chinese</span> were murdered and their stores +robbed.</p> +<p>Whilst in the fields of Balintauac distribution was made of bolos +and ten revolvers, the latter stolen from the Maestranza <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb280" href="#pb280" name="pb280">280</a>]</span>of +Manila. On Tuesday evening preparations were made to meet the attack of +the Spanish troops which had been sent out in persecution of the +rebels, and the first conflict took place. Valenzuela also stated that +the greater part of the people who formed the rebel forces were drawn, +catechised and initiated all in a moment by the fanatic Laong, who was +practically the active chief of the revolt, and who directed in person +the attack upon the <span class="corr" id="xd20e6954" title= +"Source: chinese">Chinese</span> stores.</p> +<p>About 5 pm. on the 29th<a id="xd20e6959" name="xd20e6959"></a> five +hundred men under a “leader of Pasig” appeared on the scene +at the waterworks. They at once took possession of the building and of +the persons of the workmen. Their first intention was to stop the +machinery so that no one need be left in charge thereof when orders +should be received for a start for Manila. The engineer however, +reminded the chief that if such a thing was done their brethren in +Manila would die of thirst. This excuse carried the day and the chief +decided to leave some workmen there under the condition that the +engineer and others who wore moustaches should shave, and that all +should dress like indians, and that the engineer’s wife should +dress like a native woman <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb281" href= +"#pb281" name="pb281">281</a>]</span>and prepare food for his men. The +party finally set out on their way. They tried to avoid an encounter +with the <span class="corr" id="xd20e6963" title= +"Source: trops">troops</span> composed of artillery and infantry, 65 +men in all, stationed at the powder works. In avoiding this handful of +defenders they fell afoul of other troops which gave them a good sharp +reception.</p> +<p>As to those who, repenting, desired to return to a legal status, it +is difficult to form an opinion, on account of the contrary evidence +adduced in connection therewith. Isabelo de los Reyes already cited, in +a futile attempt to justify the acts of the Katipuneros, claims that +some of the chiefs opposed the plan of the armed resistance as +contained in the propositions of Bonifacio, claiming that <span class= +"corr" id="xd20e6968" title="Source: ti">it</span> would be a great and +useless sacrifice, to say nothing of the imprudence of such an act, to +launch forth against an armed force without possessing better arms than +a few bolos and lances. He claims that Bonifacio listened to the advice +and was on the point of acting upon it, but was compelled to take the +step he did in declaring the revolt, by the attitude of his 500 +followers. The authority for this statement was Pedro Nicodemus, who +was the commander of the said <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb282" +href="#pb282" name="pb282">282</a>]</span>group, a man who was as +ignorant as he was blood-thirsty.</p> +<p>Further on Isabelo states that “in the famous reunion of +<span class="corr" id="xd20e6975" title= +"Source: Balintanac">Balintauac</span>, in the solemn moment of the +breaking forth of the revolt (August, 26th 1896) <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e6978" title="Source: Andres">Andrés</span> Bonifacio as +president of the Supreme Council of the Katipunan, explained that the +plot had been discovered, and that in order to save those who were +compromised and who had not up to that time been arrested, it was +necessary to launch forth to the fight, although the arms with which +they should fight had not yet arrived from Japan.”</p> +<p>Granted however the character of Bonifacio, his aims and the methods +he adopted to carry out his ideas, such an excuse as that of Reyes +argue but little in pro of the good judgement or better said the good +faith of its author. Bonifacio was anxious for the first blow of the +revolt to be struck that he might not <span class="corr" id="xd20e6983" +title="Source: loose">lose</span> the confidence of those who had +intrusted him with the undertaking and who had been fooled into the +idea that the Katipunan forces were so powerful that nothing could +resist their onward course once they had been started on their way. And +to suppose that Bonifacio <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb283" href= +"#pb283" name="pb283">283</a>]</span>was to be so easily influenced by +a few petty chiefs is to show a complete ignorance of the character of +the hero of the Katipunan. If the opposition of the said petty chiefs +really occurred it was probably inspired more by fear of the +consequences than by the true spirit of repentance, for if the +cruelties and abuses said to have been committed by the Spaniards were +the cause of the revolt, what need was there of such a repentance?</p> +<p>The prestige enjoyed by Bonifacio among the katipuneros was natural +enough, in as much as he was the father of the <i>Katipunan</i>, the +illegitimate offspring of filipino freemasonry, itself a legitimate +child of the Spanish family of universal freemasonry.</p> +<p>“The <span class="corr" id="xd20e6995" title= +"Source: katipunan">Katipunan</span>,” says the author of an +exposition to Congress, dated 1900 and published at the printing office +of the <i lang="es">El Liberal</i>, “the worthy and +legitimate<a class="noteref" id="xd20e7001src" href="#xd20e7001" name= +"xd20e7001src">5</a> child of Andrés Bonifacio, was founded in +his <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb284" href="#pb284" name= +"pb284">284</a>]</span>own house in calle Sagunto (Tondo) between six +and seven in the evening of the 7th of July 1892. Andrés +Bonifacio gathered together his best friends, Teodoro Plata, Valentin +Díaz, Ladislao <span class="corr" id="xd20e7009" title= +"Source: Diua">Dina</span>, Deodato <span class="corr" id="xd20e7013" +title="Source: Arelano">Arellano</span>, and Ildefonso Laurel, to whom +he proposed the necessity of the creation of that Superior Association +of the Sons of the People, whose only aim should be that of the +independence of the people under a Spanish protectorate or in default +of that, of Japan. Those assembled took to the idea with great +enthusiasm and at once commenced the propaganda of the same.</p> +<p id="n95"><span class="sc">Note 95.</span> One thing which clearly +demonstrates the state of fanaticism and moral degradation to which the +<i>Katipunan</i> fell, was the savage manner in which they treated the +Religious prisoners who fell into their hands. Disrespect for all +authority and especially that of the clergy, was one of the chief +fruits of the work of propaganda carried on by Rizal and other of the +<span class="corr" id="xd20e7024" title= +"Source: seperatist">separatist</span> element, aided and abetted by +the Bible societies who gave moral as well as practical assistance to +their labors.</p> +<p>As fanaticism increased, this want of respect <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb285" href="#pb285" name= +"pb285">285</a>]</span>became more intense and eventually led to a +thirst for the blood of those whose greatest crime was the excessive +favor they had extended to the indian, to whom such a thing as +gratitude was unknown<a class="noteref" id="xd20e7031src" href= +"#xd20e7031" name="xd20e7031src">6</a>.</p> +<p>As we have seen, the intention of the Katipuneros was the +annihilation of the Spaniards, irrespective of class or condition. The +parish priest being the strongest support of the administration was the +target for the bitterest treatment at the hands of the rebels.</p> +<p>Among the number of those parish priests murdered by the +<span class="corr" id="xd20e7046" title= +"Source: tagalog">Tagalog</span> rebels were P. Toribio Moreno; +Recolet, parish priest of Silang; P. Toribio Mateo, Recolet and parish +priest of Perez Dasmariñas; and the lay brothers: fray Luis +Garbayo and Julian Umbon, these latter were murdered in San Francisco +de Malabon. Upon the Estate of Imus, then property of the Recolet +Corporation, now in the possession of a large London Syndicate, were +most brutally murdered the following Recolets: <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb286" href="#pb286" name="pb286">286</a>]</span></p> +<p>P. José Ma. Learte, ex-Provincial and parish priest of Imus, +P. Simeon Marin, ex-Definitor and parish priest of Maragondon, P. +Agipito Echegoyen, parish priest of Amadeo, P. Faustino Lizasoain, +parish priest of Bailen, and the lay-brothers:</p> +<p>Roman Caballero, Jorge Zueco del Rosario, Damaso Goñi, +Bernardo Angos, Victoriano López.</p> +<p>It is affirmed by eye-witnesses that these victims to <span class= +"corr" id="xd20e7056" title="Source: tagalog">Tagalog</span> fanaticism +were saturated with petroleum and burned alive.</p> +<p>Fear was entertained for the safety of of several Dominican Fathers +who held parishes near by, and therefore P. Buenaventura Campa, P. +Francisco Cabeñas and fray Natalio Esparza immediately set out +in search for them. Regardless of the great risk they ran in falling +into the hands of the bloodthirsty Katipuneros, these three heroic +Dominicans casting aside all thought for <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e7061" title="Source: sel">self</span> and all care for their own +welfare<a class="noteref" id="xd20e7064src" href="#xd20e7064" name= +"xd20e7064src">7</a> set out <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb287" href= +"#pb287" name="pb287">287</a>]</span>for Naic in the steam launch +<i>Mariposa</i>. Difficulties were encountered from the start. The +native captain and engineer conspired to prevent the carrying out of +the attempted rescue. P. Buenaventura calling up the refractory captain +told him that he and his companions were firm in their purpose and that +progress must be made. The captain pleaded inability for want of coal. +Then hoist the sails, said P. Campa. There are none replied the +captain. Then take my habit and those of my companions and make<a id= +"xd20e7074" name="xd20e7074"></a> sails of them, thundered the Padre. +The captain gave in and the journey was continued. Naic was reached; +they failed to find their companions but were in time to save the +unfortunate wife and children of Lieut. Perez Herrero; they discovered +them barefooted and wellnigh mad with terror, dressed in native clothes +and hidden in a <i>nipa</i> shack. P. Galo Minguez, parish priest of +Naic, Padres Nicolás Peña and José Digne and the +laybrothers Saturnino García and José Pedida had +succeeded in escaping from the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb288" +href="#pb288" name="pb288">288</a>]</span>clutches of the rebellious +<span class="corr" id="xd20e7082" title= +"Source: tagalogs">Tagalogs</span>, having fled to Labay from whence +they made their way to Corregidor, meeting there those who had come to +seek them in the <i>Mariposa</i>.</p> +<p>The Augustinian Father P. Piernavieja was another victim to +fanaticism. This Father has been termed <i lang="es">medio +loco</i><a class="noteref" id="xd20e7092src" href="#xd20e7092" name= +"xd20e7092src">8</a> and in all truth he was so if the possession of a +presence of mind such as that shown by P. Piernavieja is to be termed +craziness. True it is that he was at times gifted with a strange turn +of mind. He had, during the many years he administered the parish, +established therein a christian communism. When the revolt broke out he +was held as a prisoner and obliged to invest himself with the authority +of an Archbishop. Had the revolt prospered and P. Piernavieja lived, +undoubtedly he would have been made Archbishop of Manila by the +<span class="corr" id="xd20e7095" title= +"Source: tagalog">Tagalog</span> discontents. P. Piernavieja was shrewd +enough to take well to his new office. He was once called upon to +<span class="corr" id="xd20e7098" title="Source: annoint">anoint</span> +the chiefs and rulers, as the kings and emperors of olden time were +<span class="corr" id="xd20e7101" title= +"Source: annointed">anointed</span> by the Church. Padre Piernavieja +told them that olive oil was not <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb289" +href="#pb289" name="pb289">289</a>]</span>suitable for such a purpose +and therefore proceeded to anoint them with <i>cocoanut</i> oil such as +is used by the natives for their lamps! Under pretext of his office of +Bishop this strange old man claimed liberty to make his pastoral visits +and when he succeeded in securing this liberty which was readily +granted to him, he overran all that part of the province in the hands +of the insurgents, secretly collecting all kinds of information, which +he immediately sent his superiors in Manila. This information reached +the military authorities and would have become of utility to them for +the carrying out of the campaign had it been prosecuted as a military +campaign should have been. But the Padre’s messenger was +eventually captured with messages in his possession. When questioned as +to the source of the information, and where he was taking it, he told +all, and as a result Padre Piernavieja was condemned to death as a +traitor to a cause to which he had never held allegiance. As a +punishment he was tied to a tree exposed to the burning rays of the +tropical sun, and thus left to the mercy of the voracious birds and +insects, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb290" href="#pb290" name= +"pb290">290</a>]</span>dying of hunger, thirst and of terror in the +midst of inconceivable torments.</p> +<p>Padre David Veras, Dominican, was another of the many victims of the +<i lang="es">Katipuneros</i>. He was the parish priest of the pueblo of +Hermosa in the province of Bataan. When the insurgents attacked the +pueblo they captured P. David, and after cutting <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e7117" title="Source: of">off</span> both his hands, dragged him +to the most distant of the ten <i lang="es">barrios</i> of that pueblo, +and there hacked him to death with <i lang="es">bolos</i> and hatchets +mutilating his body in a horrible manner, and throwing the corpse on to +a dung heap.</p> +<p>In the early dawn of the 25th of December 1896, in Morong province +of Bataan, Padre Domingo Cabrejas, Recolet, was murdered at the altar +while offering up the holy sacrifice of the Mass, his blood staining +the sacred linen and the steps of the altar. The <i lang= +"es">katipunero</i> murderers <span class="corr" id="xd20e7131" title= +"Source: huriedly">hurriedly</span> hid the body in the church and +fled.</p> +<p>Padre José Sanjuan, also Recolet and parish priest of Bagac +was another victim. To name all those who suffered barbarous treatment +at the <i>merciful</i> hands of the insurgents would be a well-nigh +impossible task. Recalling the acts of those fanaticised sectarians, +one might almost recall the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb291" href= +"#pb291" name="pb291">291</a>]</span>barbarities and brutalities of the +diabolical Nero. Certainly the ancient Chinese and Japanese were +scarcely more excessive in their treatment of the unfortunate +missionaries they tortured in their attempt to stamp out the christian +faith; and even the Chinese <i>boxers</i> of our days could have taken +lessons from the disciples of <span class="corr" id="xd20e7145" title= +"Source: filipino">Filipino</span> freemasonry. Many, many are the +unfortunate missionaries whose blood cries to heaven for <span class= +"corr" id="xd20e7148" title="Source: vengance">vengeance</span> and +this <span class="corr" id="xd20e7152" title= +"Source: vengance">vengeance</span> of the God of Justice will one day +fall upon this people. Even in our own days we cannot shut our eyes to +the fact of the existence of the well marked track of the hand of +Divine Justice as it passes here and there throughout the land, calling +now upon this one, now upon that, to pay his debt even to the last +farthing. The track of the finger of God has been remarkably distinct +in this archipelago and many are the cases in which that finger moving +slowly and silently along has pointed out the unfruitful tree which the +scythe of death shall cut down.</p> +<p>“For I the Lord <span class="corr" id="xd20e7157" title= +"Source: they">thy</span> God am a jealous God; visiting the sins of +the fathers upon the children until the third and fourth +generation.” <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb292" href="#pb292" +name="pb292">292</a>]</span></p> +<p id="n96"><span class="sc">Note 96.</span> Some there are who see in +every event which takes place, the protecting or avenging hand of +Providence. Others there are who laugh to scorn the idea that +Providence should concern itself in such matters.</p> +<p>The hand of Providence surely has manifested itself of late in this +archipelago, here protecting the one from a cruel torture, there +permitting the <span class="corr" id="xd20e7167" title= +"Source: sacrifiece">sacrifice</span> of a martyr to the faith or a +martyr to duty and honor, and the integrity of the Spanish nation. Here +giving one over to a just punishment, there pointing out another as an +object for Divine <span class="corr" id="xd20e7170" title= +"Source: vengance">vengeance</span>.</p> +<p>Is proof needed perhaps that the finger of the avenging hand of +Divine justice has left its well-marked path in the Philippines? Then +we have a notable case before us. A few months ago, a steamer, the Rio +de Janeiro, left the Orient bound for the port of San Francisco, Cal. +Within sight of the city, almost within sight of the crowds who stood +upon the wharf in expectation of the ship’s arrival, the good +vessel, by the will of God who rules over all things, went to the +bottom, carrying with her, among other passengers, a man who was +morally and physically <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb293" href= +"#pb293" name="pb293">293</a>]</span>responsible for the greater part +of the barbarities practiced upon the long suffering Spanish prisoners, +Religious, Civil and Military, at the hands of the Tagalog +revolutionists. With that man disappeared from the land of the living +his whole family, together with state and private papers of unknown +value. How often before in the past history of the world has the God of +Justice obliterated whole families and even whole nations!</p> +<p>And who shall say that the hand of Divine Justice has not protected +as well as avenged. For many months the katipuneros had woven a +fine-meshed net around the Spanish population of the Philippines, a +labor the more easily accomplished in the same degree as the scandalous +carelessness of the Blanco administration became more and more marked. +Blanco himself was a freemason<a class="noteref" id="xd20e7179src" +href="#xd20e7179" name="xd20e7179src">9</a> and was always, like our +present <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb294" href="#pb294" name= +"pb294">294</a>]</span>civil administration, surrounded by friends of +his own choice, people who at no time suffered from an excess of +patriotism; and the few honorable exceptions which did exist were, +unfortunately, persons whose good moral influence was powerless to +better a situation which day by day became worse<a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e7196src" href="#xd20e7196" name="xd20e7196src">10</a>.</p> +<p>This net already woven was set, and it needed but the given signal +for its string to be tightly drawn and the unsuspecting <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb295" href="#pb295" name="pb295">295</a>]</span>prey +would immediately fall into its folds, to be redeemed only by a +barbarous, cruel death. But providence is merciful as well as just, and +in her own time opened up a way of escape for the coveted prize of the +<i>katipunero</i> savages. This opening was no other than Teodoro +Patiño, himself a member of the diabolical society, the plot of +which he was to reveal.</p> +<p>Patiño was one of the many compositors in the printing +establishment of the <i lang="es">Diario de Manila</i><span class= +"corr" id="xd20e7219" title="Source: ,">.</span> He was an indian of +but little importance both as regards his abilities as a workman or as +a <i>katipunero</i>: he was one of the thousands of unknowns from which +have sprung so many of those sadly famous <i lang="es">ignorantes</i> +and others of our own days. But he was destined to act an important +part in the society to which he belonged: a part however not in the +programme of proceedings drawn up by the society.</p> +<p>A <span class="corr" id="xd20e7230" title= +"Source: discusion">discussion</span> took place one day as to the +subscription the said Patiño should pay into the common funds of +the society, and heated words passed between him and his companions on +the subject. From words they came to blows; and as Patiño was +one against many he came out of the <span class="corr" id="xd20e7233" +title="Source: tussel">tussle</span> <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb296" href="#pb296" name="pb296">296</a>]</span>second best, having +received a good sound thrashing for daring to differ from the majority. +To satisfy his injured feelings he looked around him for some one from +whom he could expect sympathy, and he bethought himself of his sister +who was a pupil of the College of Mandaloya, under the care of the +Augustinian Nuns. To his sister he repaired and to her he told his tale +of woe, making mention at the same time of a certain society to which +he and his assailants belonged.</p> +<p>The sister startled by what her brother related, questioned him +closely, as only a woman can question when she wishes to get to the +bottom of anything. Having been a pupil of the Augustinian Nuns for a +considerable time and preserving in her heart sentiments of gratitude +little known among the peoples of the Archipelago, she was much hurt to +hear of the plans mapped out by the <i>Katipunan</i> for the brutal +destruction of those who had always been so good and kind to her and +her brother. And before Patiño could tell all his tale, his +sister had bidden him good-bye and gone off in search of the Mother +Superior of the College, to whom she immediately told all she knew of +the affair. The two women trembling <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb297" href="#pb297" name="pb297">297</a>]</span>with fear for the +safety of the lives of so many hundreds of innocent victims, hurriedly +<span class="corr" id="xd20e7245" title="Source: saught">sought</span> +the presence of the Rev. Padre Mariano Gil, Augustinian, and parish +priest of Tondo. This Rev. Father, realizing the enormity of the +<i>Katipunan</i> plot, advised them to send Patiño to him +without delay.</p> +<p>Patiño presented himself at the <i lang="es">convento</i> and +underwent a close examination at the hands of Padre Mariano. At first +little progress was made, as Patiño feared both the anger of the +authorities and that of his fellow <i lang="es">katipuneros</i>, who +would doubtless take revenge upon him according to the laws of the +society, for his tale-telling. And in spite of the fact that he tried +at every turn to avoid telling the naked truth, and to escape here and +there by professions of ignorance, he eventually manifested to P. +Mariano Gil all he knew of the society, of its plans and of its +resources. After a long and tedious conversation, the patriotic +Augustinian was gratified with the knowledge of where to lay his hands +upon hidden documents etc., which would throw much light upon the +purposes of the society of cut-throats. P. Gil immediately set to work +to disclose the hidden secrets. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb298" +href="#pb298" name="pb298">298</a>]</span></p> +<p>“Without <span class="corr" id="xd20e7263" title= +"Source: loosing">losing</span> a moment,” writes P. Mariano Gil, +to a friend who had asked of him the true story of what took place on +that memorable occasion, “I sent notice to the Lieut. of the +<i>Veterana</i> of this sub-division, D. José Cortés, to +whom in the presence of the denouncer, Patiño, I communicated +the most necessary data, giving him at the same time the names of all +those persons in the printing establishment who were compromised, +commencing with the two who signed the receipts, Policarpo Tarla and +Braulio Rivera, indicating to him the manner of procedure for the +detention of all those complicated.</p> +<p class="tb">. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .</p> +<p>... “I decided, confiding in God, to go alone to the printing +establishment, at a time when none of the workmen should be +present.”</p> +<p>The writer goes on <span class="corr" id="xd20e7275" title= +"Source: the">to</span> explain how he made known his mission to D. +Ramón Montes and two other Spaniards who, astonished at the +news, aided in the search for the documents, stones etc. After a half +hour’s search the <span class="corr" id="xd20e7278" title= +"Source: lithograpic">lithographic</span> stone was discovered, and +like a tiger springing upon its prey, the zealous son of St. Augustine +pounced <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb299" href="#pb299" name= +"pb299">299</a>]</span>upon it, as though he feared that the very roof +of the building should fall in upon it and bury it beneath its rubbish +out of reach of his hands. A proof was taken from the said stone, of +the <i>Katipunero</i> receipts, and P. Gil immediately set off in the +direction of the <i>Veterana</i> of Tondo where he met Patiño, +who recognized the receipt as authentic, and two hours later the +Patriotic Augustinian saw his efforts crowned with the confession of +guilt of the delinquents, the two previously named, figuring at the +head of the list. Having performed this, P. Gil humbly wended his way +back to his parochial dwelling, satisfied to have been an instrument of +divine Providence for the unravelling of one of the most bloodthirsty +plots ever invented by the perverse mind of embruted mankind.</p> +<p>At midnight was discovered in the locker of Policarpo Tarla, in the +same place, a dagger, the regulations of the Katipunan and several +documents having connection with the said society, all of which, +together with the famous lithographic stone<span class="corr" id= +"xd20e7291" title="Not in source">,</span> were handed over by Sr. +Montes to the <i>Veterana</i>.</p> +<p>On the following day P. Gil discovered <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb300" href="#pb300" name="pb300">300</a>]</span>in the house of one +of his <span class="corr" id="xd20e7301" title= +"Source: parishoners">parishioners</span> a dagger identical to the one +mentioned, also several receipts in Tagalog with the key of the +symbolic language in which they were printed.</p> +<p>“This”, affirms P. Gil, “is the truth of the +discovery.”</p> +<p>There can be little doubt that Patiño was directly inspired +more by the thrashing he received than by providence, although it is +not possible to deny that the thrashing and the consequent divulging of +the secrets of the <i>Katipunan</i> were providential. And as regards +to his <span class="corr" id="xd20e7311" title= +"Source: repentence">repentance</span>, I doubt judging from the +character of the average indian, whether he really felt repentant till +the enormity of the crime to which he was an <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e7314" title="Source: abbetor">abettor</span> was brought home to +him by P. Mariano Gil. Be that as it may. The ways of Providence are +hidden from us and we can seldom see, with our human eyes, more than +the actions of the human reason. Yet the truth remains, that whether +directly or indirectly inspired by providence it was <span class="corr" +id="xd20e7317" title= +"Source: Patino’s">Patiño’s</span> action which +saved Spain “from an unending series of bitter +experiences.” <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb301" href="#pb301" +name="pb301">301</a>]</span></p> +<p id="n97"><span class="sc">Note 97.</span> What has, up to this +present, been written concerning these stirring events has been taken +chiefly from the reports made by Gen. Blanco to Sr. Canovas. Whether +from ignorance or from malice, these reports contained about as many +errors as words. From these Sr. Diaz evidently took the statement that +the sister of Patiño was a pupil in the College of Looban, +whereas P. Mariano Gil himself states that it was that known as the +Orphan Asylum for Girls at Mandaloya.</p> +<p id="n98"><span class="sc">Note 98.</span> The following sketch of P. +Mariano Gil is taken from the <i>Heraldo de Madrid</i> which in its +number of the 6th October 1896, said:</p> +<p>“P. Gil was born in Carreon de los Condes (Palencia) on the +2nd of July 1849. Whilst still young he entered the Augustinian College +of Valladolid. His studies concluded, he passed to the Philippines +where he filled the duties of parish priest in several Tagalog pueblos. +Till recently he has been holding the position of parish priest of +Tondo, a suburb of Manila. He was fortunate enough to discover the plot +of the insurrection on the 19th of August last, <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb302" href="#pb302" name= +"pb302">302</a>]</span>denouncing it at an opportune moment. The +Spaniards gathered in manifestation to the palace of the Governor +General; Sr. Blanco did not condescend to receive them and they +therefore went at once to pay their respects to P. Gil and the +Archbishop, both of whom congratulated them for their patriotic +attitude. A newspaper of Manila, <i lang="es">El Español</i>, +published the picture of the parish priest of Tondo; but scarcely had +the first copies of the paper appeared on the street, than General +Blanco ordered their suppression, commanding that a new edition be +printed omitting the said picture and the laudatory phrases which the +<i lang="es">El Español</i> had dedicated to the eminent +Augustinian, from this time a note-worthy patriot to whom the public +did a justice which General Blanco either did not know how, or did not +wish to do him.”</p> +<p>Speaking of this patriotic Padre, Sr. Castillo y Jimenez<a class= +"noteref" id="xd20e7344src" href="#xd20e7344" name= +"xd20e7344src">11</a> says:</p> +<div class="figure xd20e7347width"><img src="images/mgil.gif" alt="" +width="464" height="714"></div> +<p>“His character is gruff; he asks nothing, he demands; he does +not beseech, he asks; and what he demands and asks is just and lawful, +because it bears in its essence the <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb303" href="#pb303" name="pb303">303</a>]</span>benefit of mankind, +aiding the unfortunate, warding off their dangers, delivering them from +the attacks which envy and <span class="corr" id="xd20e7354" title= +"Source: vengance">vengeance</span> might deal out to pacific and +humble people. He is inflexible with the reprobate and disloyal, +magnanimous with those who have been deceived; proud with the haughty +and humble with the weak, and in his generous life has wiped away many +tears, distributed much bread to the poor, and many times proportioned +assistance to the needy that they should not fall into want.”</p> +<p>The good work done in the discovery of the diabolical plot of the +<i>Katipunan</i>, has very naturally been the object of a great amount +of bitter criticism at the hands of the <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e7362" title="Source: seperatist">separatist</span> element, which +has never pardoned the valiant Augustinian for springing their +carefully laid traps<span class="corr" id="xd20e7365" title= +"Source: ,">.</span> He was denounced in the lodge rooms of +<span class="corr" id="xd20e7368" title= +"Source: filipino">Filipino</span> freemasonry, from one of which was +despatched a letter directed to him and bearing his picture, as will be +seen in the accompanying illustration. His discovery was depreciated +and belittled, and made to appear a farce. His patriotism was called +into question and his very life was placed in imminent danger. +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb304" href="#pb304" name= +"pb304">304</a>]</span></p> +<p>However the torrents of lies that have poured forth against him have +not, and can not obliterate the truth.</p> +<p>Isabelo de los Reyes to belittle the labors of discovery of +P<span class="corr" id="xd20e7376" title="Not in source">.</span> Gil, +affirms that Antonio Luna notified Blanco of the existence of the +association previous to the discovery of P. Gil. Be that as it may; the +secret police had also notified Blanco of what was going on<span class= +"corr" id="xd20e7379" title="Source: ;">.</span> Three times did the +Archbishop of Manila do the same, and so also did the other prelates of +Manila and Prior of the Convent of Guadalupe, and Lieut. +Sityer<a class="noteref" id="xd20e7382src" href="#xd20e7382" name= +"xd20e7382src">12</a>. But this does not lessen the value of Padre +Gil’s discovery, but rather adds to its importance. For whilst +Blanco was sufficiently posted on the matter to be able to judge of the +necessity of taking immediate proceedings, <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb305" href="#pb305" name= +"pb305">305</a>]</span>there was wanting that healthy stimulus which +was given by P. Gil. A stubborn carbuncle often needs the aid of the +lance: P. Gil’s discovery was the lance which brought to the +surface the putrid matter which nature could not, of herself, eject. +This putrid matter extending itself, would have brought about the +mortification of the whole body, had not the surgeon applied his lance +in good time. And although the lance of the surgeon brought pain to the +patient it saved her for the time, giving back to her a state of +relative health.</p> +<p id="n99"><span class="sc">Note 99.</span> The first executions which +took place were those of four rebels captured <i>in <span class="corr" +id="xd20e7399" title="Source: fraganti">flagrante</span></i> in San +Juan del Monte. These were Sancho Valenzuela, Eugenio Silvestre, +Modesto Sarmiento and Ramón Peralta. Of these Valenzuela was the +only one of any importance. Sarmiento was a <i lang="es">cabeza de +barangay</i><a class="noteref" id="xd20e7404src" href="#xd20e7404" +name="xd20e7404src">13</a> of Santa Ana where he owned a small +<i>nipa</i> house which he rented out, performing at the same time the +office of cook and house boy to the tenant. <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb306" href="#pb306" name="pb306">306</a>]</span>On +the way to execution he met his tenant-master and, in a nonchalant +manner, greeted him with as pleasant a <i>Buenos dias Señor</i>, +as if he were on the way to some joyous function or a grand +“meet” at the cock-pit. Before his execution Valenzuela +also showed a spirit of coolness and serenity, signing his last will +and testament with a firm hand, and smiling. Both showed the spirit of +men thoroughly <span class="corr" id="xd20e7416" title= +"Source: facinated">fascinated</span> by some superior power<a id= +"xd20e7419" name="xd20e7419"></a>, neither realizing the crime they had +committed nor the punishment they were to undergo.</p> +<p>The second execution took place in Cavite, thirteen rebels being +shot. These were Francisco Osorio<span class="corr" id="xd20e7423" +title="Source: .">,</span> Maximo Inocencio, Luis Aguado, Victoriano +Luciano, Hugo <span class="corr" id="xd20e7426" title= +"Source: Perez">Pérez</span>, José Lallana, Antonio San +Agustin, Agapito Conchu, Feliciano Cabuco, Mariano Gregorio, Eugenio +Cabezas <span class="corr" id="xd20e7429" title= +"Source: aud">and</span> two constables of the public prison of the +province. These constables had pressed into their traitorous service a +number of the <i lang="es">muchachos</i> of the prison. Francisco +Osorio was a very wealthy <span class="corr" id="xd20e7435" title= +"Source: chinese">Chinese</span> <span class="corr" id="xd20e7439" +title="Source: halfcaste">half-caste</span>. He had been honored by +Spain with several honors, among them the Grand Cross of Carlos III. He +was very intimate with the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb307" href= +"#pb307" name="pb307">307</a>]</span>authorities in Cavite. His father, +a wealthy <span class="corr" id="xd20e7444" title= +"Source: chinee">Chinee</span>, and his cousin, a doctor, both +denounced him at the moment of his execution.</p> +<p>“After the reading of the sentence,” says an +eye-witness, “in front of the square which we formed, he +commenced to cry, asking pardon of the General and of all Spaniards; he +affirmed that he was a Spaniard and that he would never conspire again +against the country in which he had been educated, and he cursed the +freemasons who in Madrid had initiated him into the hatred of religion +and the fatherland. The doctor his cousin, turning to him, said: +<i>Silence Osorio! <span class="corr" id="xd20e7451" title= +"Source: dont">don’t</span> cry so; what will the Spaniards +benefit from your repentance</i>; but the miserable fellow paid no +attention to him, and asked to be allowed to kiss the Spanish flag +before he died. This permission was not granted.”</p> +<p>Maximo Inocencio was the proprietor of a large store and was a +contractor to the Arsenal. He had been previously arrested for +implication in the revolt in Cavite in 1872. At that time he escaped +but was afterwards pardoned; the signal rocket was to be fired from his +storehouse in Cavite.</p> +<p>Luis Aguado was also a contractor for the Arsenal. <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb308" href="#pb308" name="pb308">308</a>]</span></p> +<p>Victoriano Luciano, a chemist, was a wealthy half-caste who had not +lived long in Cavite.</p> +<p>Hugo Pérez, was an <i lang="es">indio</i>. He was the +venerable of the masonic lodge. In his house were discovered two large +photographs in which the majority of the thirteen persons executed were +photographed in the form of a triangle; a book with a triangle and +other masonic insignia on its front page, and four important letters of +anti-Spanish masonic propaganda.</p> +<p>Lallana was a tailor, and some say a peninsular Spaniard. For a +while he was chief of police of Cavite and had been a corporal of +Marines.</p> +<p>Antonio San Agustin was an indian, a petty merchant and a man who +could scarcely bear the sight of a Spaniard.</p> +<p>Agapito Conchu was a master of a primary school, and a half-caste. +He had once been detained in the time of Despujols but granted his +liberty. Apart from his school, he gave lessons to some of the children +of the Spanish families of the town, including the daughter of the +Governor of Cavite.</p> +<p>Cabuco was an <i lang="es">escribiente</i><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e7478src" href="#xd20e7478" name="xd20e7478src">14</a> of the +administration <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb309" href="#pb309" name= +"pb309">309</a>]</span>of State; and Eugenio Cabezas a +watch-tinker.</p> +<p>These executions were followed by that of a member of the Guardia +<i>Civil</i>, Mariano Magno, in Nueva Ecija. Magno had always been +noted for his lack of obedience to his superiors, his hatred of +discipline and ill-feeling in general towards Spaniards. Fifteen others +were shot in Iligan on the 28th of October of the same year. Many +others suffered the like penalty in different parts of the +Archipelago.</p> +<p id="n100"><span class="sc">Note 100.</span> Those sentenced to +deportation were, for the most part, sent to Jolo, Puerta Princesa, +Balabac and to the penitentiary colonies.</p> +<p>To the first named place were sent 69 persons of all kinds and +conditions, trades and occupations. Among them was a Juan Cuadra, a +chemist in Ermita. To Puerta Princesa went 53, and to Balabac 56 both +lots well assorted. Those most compromised in the insurrection were +sent to Fernando Poo, these numbering some 200. Three hundred more were +sent to Mindanao. Among the 200 sent to Fernando Poo were merchants, +compositors, silversmiths, book-binders, <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb310" href="#pb310" name="pb310">310</a>]</span>carriage painters, +laundrymen, <i lang="es">escribientes</i>, a clerk of the Puerta del +Sol on the Escolta, hat-makers, tailors, laborers, students, lawyers +and among them the <span class="corr" id="xd20e7499" title= +"Source: irrepresible">irrepressible</span> jack-in-the-box, Thomas +William of the Rosary (Tomas G. del Rosario); telephone operators, +school-teachers and three members of the secret police; among the rag +and tag of the good-for-nothings, and as chief of them, was the famous +<i>translator</i> of the scriptures, Pascual H. Poblete<a class= +"noteref" id="xd20e7505src" href="#xd20e7505" name= +"xd20e7505src">15</a>.</p> +<p id="n101"><span class="sc">Note 101.</span> Apolinario Mabini was +born in the pueblo of Tanauan, province of Batangas, and was the son of +parents of the poorer and lower classes. He came to Manila as a lad and +received his <span class="corr" id="xd20e7645" title= +"Source: secondry">secondary</span> education in the College of San +Juan de Letran at the hands of the Dominican Fathers, taking the degree +of professor. Later on he was employed in the <i lang= +"es">Intendencia</i> and by <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb311" href= +"#pb311" name="pb311">311</a>]</span>careful saving and by steady +application he continued his studies for law and concluded his course +at the University of Santo Tomas also at the hands of the Dominicans +who spared no efforts on behalf of his success. From the University he +received the title of <span class="corr" id="xd20e7653" title= +"Source: Licenciate">Licentiate</span> of Law in 1895.</p> +<p>He entered the office of the notary Numeriano Adriano to practice +law, and whilst there employed, was drawn by Adriano into the net of +masonry, joining the lodge Balagtas which was one of those founded from +the <span class="corr" id="xd20e7658" title= +"Source: everflow">overflow</span> of the original <span class="corr" +id="xd20e7661" title="Source: filipino">Filipino</span> lodge +<i>Nilad</i>. Adriano was the <i>venerable</i> of the said <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb312" href="#pb312" name= +"pb312">312</a>]</span>lodge. When the <i>Liga Filipina</i> was formed +and had gotten well into working order Mabini was named a councillor of +the superior Council (see page 28). According to the testimony of +Moises Salvador (see page 296) Mabini was also secretary of the +Association of <i>Compromisarios</i>.</p> +<p>He was arrested as one of the chief instigators of the revolt and +after due trial was sentenced to death. The Spanish authorities +however, took compassion upon him because of his pitiful condition, he +being paralysed in the lower parts of the body<a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e7681src" href="#xd20e7681" name="xd20e7681src">17</a>; so instead +of including his name in the list <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb313" +href="#pb313" name="pb313">313</a>]</span>of those who expiated their +treason on the field of Bagumbayan, they foolishly gave him his +liberty.</p> +<p>Once more free, Mabini left Manila for his own <i>pueblo</i> of +Tanauan where he lived quietly till Aguinaldo was brought over in 1898 +by Admiral Dewey to serve as a bush-beater to the American forces. +Mabini was thereupon carried from Tanauan to Cavite where he joined the +faithless <i>Magdalo</i>.</p> +<p>In Cavite he drew up a project of a constitutional law for the +Philippines. In the first page of this he affirmed that the precepts of +the Ten Commandments were <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb314" href= +"#pb314" name="pb314">314</a>]</span>an invention of the friars! And +yet Mabini was the <span class="corr" id="xd20e7702" title= +"Source: filipino">Filipino</span> Solomon. He instructed the people +that they ought not to believe in the said decalogue or practice what +it commanded, but that they should only practice the precepts of the +<i lang="es">Verdadero Decálogo</i> which he prepared and gave +to the public as their spiritual guide.</p> +<p>Mabini very soon became radical and decidedly anti-American in his +ideas, and succeeded in attaining such moral <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e7710" title="Source: ascendency">ascendancy</span> over Aguinaldo +that the latter ceased to be the leader of the people and the true +dictator of the <span class="corr" id="xd20e7713" title= +"Source: filipino">Filipino</span> republic, becoming <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb315" href="#pb315" name="pb315">315</a>]</span>a +toy in the hands of a man who could twist and turn him here and there +at his will.</p> +<p>Mabini refused to take the oath of allegiance and was, on the 7th of +January 1901 deported under General Order No. 4 to the island of Guam, +as one of the persons “whose acts clearly <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e7720" title="Source: demostrate">demonstrate</span> them to be +favorers or sympathizers with the insurrection.”</p> +<p id="n102"><span class="sc">Note 102.</span> The advanced political +ideas held and propagated by the <span class="corr" id="xd20e7727" +title="Source: seperatists">separatists</span> were not bad in +themselves; no particular objection <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb316" href="#pb316" name="pb316">316</a>]</span>can be raised against +them as political ideas. But when we consider by whom and for whom +these “reforms” were asked, we begin to appreciate the +necessity to which the indian was put of endeavoring to attain them by +armed struggle. Taking away the revolutionary basis upon which the +plans of the <i>Liga</i> were raised, nothing remains but the empty +walls of a roofless building. These walls or ideas are contained in the +plans of reforms drawn up by almost every jackanapes in the <i>Liga</i> +who could write down his thoughts with any amount of clearness. These +plans agreed upon certain <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb317" href= +"#pb317" name="pb317">317</a>]</span>points, chiefly representation in +the Spanish parliament and the expulsion of the Religious Orders. These +two points appear to have been the essence of the direct aims of the +<span class="corr" id="xd20e7741" title= +"Source: seperatists">separatists</span> (see p. 69<span class="corr" +id="xd20e7744" title="Source: .)">).</span></p> +<p>Others called for the Spanish constitution with its consequences: +the liberty of the press and the liberty of associations. Liberty of +the press was ever an unknown quantity in the Philippines. The idea of +the liberty of the press is very beautiful when its liberties are not +abused; it was the abuse of what little liberty the press enjoyed, in +the latter days of Spanish rule, that induced the <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb318" href="#pb318" name= +"pb318">318</a>]</span>authorities to impose such a close censure upon +it as they did. Whatever may be said in its favor, press censorship and +such sedition laws as we enjoy to-day in this nondescript piece of the +world’s surface, are more proper of absolute monarchies than of +territory of the U. S. of America, although in our particular case we +might as well be under the despotic, ever deteriorating rule of +Aguinaldo, as that of a body of men whose intentions however good and +sincere they may be, fall short, when put into practice, of the +proverbial ingenuity in governing, of the famous Sancho Panza in his +<i>island</i> of Barataria. Freedom of the <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb319" href="#pb319" name= +"pb319">319</a>]</span>press is at times a blessing, and at others a +curse. From 1888 to 1896 it would have been more of the latter than of +the former; for giving such a liberty to the <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e7756" title="Source: seperatists">separatists</span> who asked +it, would be arming the enemy with the best arms.</p> +<p>As to liberty of associations. People in the Temperance world often +ask themselves, does prohibition prohibit? Some <i>make</i> themselves +believe that it does; but practice has shown what common sense tells +each and every one of us, that it does not; for if a man (and I do not +wish to be so ungallant as to exclude the ladies) cannot get what he +wants legally, he as a rule sees that he gets it somehow. And so with +the <span class="corr" id="xd20e7764" title= +"Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span> who, denied the liberty of +association, defied the authorities and held their gatherings in secret +and secluded places.</p> +<p>All these various political ideas were decidedly <i>advanced</i> in +as much as they had relation to a people in no way prepared to receive +them. No father would put a loaded revolver or an open <span class= +"corr" id="xd20e7772" title="Source: rasor">razor</span> into the hands +of his child; but those were the very things the <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e7775" title="Source: seperatists">separatists</span> were howling +for. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb320" href="#pb320" name= +"pb320">320</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="footnotes"> +<hr class="fnsep"> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e6708" href="#xd20e6708src" name="xd20e6708">1</a></span> Previous +to 1896 Aguinaldo was an almost unknown <i lang="es">indio</i>. He was +at that time about 23 or 24 years of age, and like the far greater +majority of the <i lang="es">indios</i> of the archipelago had +forgotten what little he had learned at school. He was a +lavandero<a class="noteref" id="xd20e6719src" href="#xd20e6719" name= +"xd20e6719src">2</a> for the Arsenal at Cavite, and possessed little +command over the Spanish <span class="corr" id="xd20e6722" title= +"Source: laguage">language</span>, speaking it after the Cavite style, +<i lang="es">de cocina</i> as the Spaniards say. He was the son of +Carlos Aguinaldo who had several times held office under the Spanish +Government, and who was at heart a bitter anti-Spaniard. Like the +remainder of his fellow Tagalogs, Aguinaldo demonstrates a different +character in connection with each event which takes place in his life. +As <i lang="es">capitan municipal</i> in 1896 he was very Spanish in +dealing with the authorities, but in dealing with his own people quite +the reverse. Like the Taveras, the Legardas and the Buencaminos etc., +he was an adept at political lightning changes. Buencamino in one of +his absurd articles to the <span class="corr" id="xd20e6732" title= +"Source: filipino">Filipino</span> press (<span lang="es">La +Independencia</span>, Sept. 6th 1896) speaking of him says: +<span class="corr" id="xd20e6738" title= +"Source: ... “">“...</span> all the <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e6741" title="Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span> unconditionally +obey the president Aguinaldo seeing in him the messenger of God sent to +redeem the <span class="corr" id="xd20e6745" title= +"Source: filipino">Filipino</span> people from all foreign domination, +and because they see in the said chief the great virtues of fortitude, +honor and magnanimity which ought to adorn all saviors of their +country.”</p> +<p class="footnote">The belief among some <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e6750" title="Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span> that Aguinaldo +was a semi-God was not uncommon at one time, and many hold to it even +in these days. A certain Bray (apparently related very closely to the +bray of an ass) went a step further in an article to the <span class= +"corr" id="xd20e6755" title="Source: french">French</span> <i lang= +"fr">Revue de <span class="corr" id="xd20e6760" title= +"Source: Reaues">Revues</span></i> and compared Aguinaldo to Christ, to +Alexander the Great, to Mahomet, to <span class="corr" id="xd20e6763" +title="Source: Caezar">Caesar</span>, to Napoleon and others!</p> +<p class="footnote">Aguinaldo certainly demonstrated fortitude, and did +not sell his sword to those he considered his enemies. His misfortune +was that he fell into the hands of such advisers as Buencamino and +others, who, after working up his stupid pride, deserted him in his +hour of need. Aguinaldo showed fortitude and was never a traitor to +what he considered the honor of his country. Honor to Aguinaldo in this +respect<span class="corr" id="xd20e6768" title= +"Not in source">.</span></p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e6719" href="#xd20e6719src" name="xd20e6719">2</a></span> +Washerman.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e6883" href="#xd20e6883src" name="xd20e6883">3</a></span> As to +the goodness of customs read the testimony of the most reliable +chroniclers and historians of the earliest days of Spanish history.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e6897" href="#xd20e6897src" name="xd20e6897">4</a></span> The +<i lang="es">pacto de sangre</i> was performed thus: a wound was made +in the body of each person who was to form a party to the treaty about +to be made, and the blood that flowed <span class="corr" id="xd20e6902" +title="Source: frem">from</span> the wounds thus made was mixed in a +receptacle prepared for the occasion; each then drank a portion of the +blood thus mixed. It is needless to say that Legaspi refused to perform +such a savage, <span class="corr" id="xd20e6905" title= +"Source: cannabistic">cannibalistic</span> ceremony.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e7001" href="#xd20e7001src" name="xd20e7001">5</a></span> Worthy +perhaps but certainly not legitimate. The Katipunan was illegitimate +from all points <span class="corr" id="xd20e7003" title= +"Source: ef">of</span> view; nor was it a child really of Bonifacio. +The conception was of Pilar (Marcelo H.) and Bonifacio was but the +foster father encharged with the bringing up of the child.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e7031" href="#xd20e7031src" name="xd20e7031">6</a></span> A +<span class="corr" id="xd20e7033" title= +"Source: peoples,">people’s</span> language is the expression of +its sentiments<span class="corr" id="xd20e7036" title= +"Source: ,">.</span> There are in this archipelago, native languages in +<a id="xd20e7039" name="xd20e7039"></a>which no word exists to express +“thank you.”</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e7064" href="#xd20e7064src" name="xd20e7064">7</a></span> F. +Buenaventura Campa was one of the two Dominican Fathers who willingly +devoted themselves to the care of the sufferers stricken with the +cholera plague which has carried off so many people both in Manila and +the provinces. He, together with his companion, P. Cándido, bore +with remarkable patience and self-abnegation the troubles and trials +consequent upon the extraordinary plans adopted by an inexperienced +Sanitary Department for the treatment of the dread enemy.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e7092" href="#xd20e7092src" name="xd20e7092">8</a></span> Half +mad.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e7179" href="#xd20e7179src" name="xd20e7179">9</a></span> Juan +Utor y Fernandez (bro∴ <i>Espartero</i>) confessed that Blanco +was a freemason; he affirmed also that his masonic name was bro∴ +<i>Barcelona</i>. Lacasa, Lieut. Auditor of war, and one of the heads +of freemasonry in the Philippines declared that among the freemasons of +the archipelago was <span class="corr" id="xd20e7187" title= +"Source: countted">counted</span> Sr. D. Ramon Blanco, Capt +Gen<span class="corr" id="xd20e7190" title="Source: ,">.</span> of the +Army and Gov. Gen. of the Islands.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e7196" href="#xd20e7196src" name="xd20e7196">10</a></span> The +following interesting notes will give some idea of what the Blanco +administration was like.</p> +<p class="footnote">In the report of the secret police for the 3rd of +June 1896, appears the following:—</p> +<p class="footnote">“Notice is hereby given of the confidential +information given by a freemason in respect to the reason why the +masonic lodges are at rest, and the attitude of Generals Blanco and +Echaluce in regard to the same.</p> +<p class="footnote">“This freemason, Juan Merchan, says: +“we are now sleeping; we cannot work; we are tutored by the +experience of the persecution directed against us by General Echaluce. +Until General Blanco returns from Mindanao we can do nothing, for he at +least does not disturb us, and even helps us. The proof of this is that +during the previous voyage to Mindanao (of Blanco) Gen. Echaluce +commenced<a id="xd20e7205" name="xd20e7205"></a> to deport people; but +when Blanco got to know of it, he wrote to him ordering him not to +deport anyone without his consent, and not to do anything in the matter +till his return from Mindanao.”</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e7344" href="#xd20e7344src" name="xd20e7344">11</a></span> El +Katipunan, etc.; p. 89.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e7382" href="#xd20e7382src" name="xd20e7382">12</a></span> Blanco, +whether because he was bound by compromise, or because of fear, heeded +not the warnings of the approaching danger. <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e7384" title="Source: Aa">As</span> a soldier face to face with an +enemy Blanco was not lacking in courage; but when the enemy was +invisible, and more tact than courage was needed in the combat, Blanco +was like a little child in the dark, frightened at the least +sound—chicken hearted. It is certainly a remarkable thing that +bro∴ <i>Barcelona</i> had the courage to pass through the +ordeals of his initiation into freemasonry.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e7404" href="#xd20e7404src" name="xd20e7404">13</a></span> The +head of a pueblo. The most ancient form of rule in the Archipelago.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e7478" href="#xd20e7478src" name="xd20e7478">14</a></span> See +page 63.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e7505" href="#xd20e7505src" name="xd20e7505">15</a></span> Pascual +H. Poblete: a <i lang="es">pobre diablo</i> who speaks Spanish like a +chino and writes it far worse. Poblete is greatly devoted to +cock-fighting; but being as reckless <span class="corr" id="xd20e7511" +title="Source: it">in</span> the enjoyment of this sport as he is in +everything else he undertakes, he finds his pocket always more or less +empty. To fill this pocket he is ever hunting up schemes to make money +in the easiest way possible. The subscription lists he has started for +various pious or patriotic objects are well nigh innumerable.</p> +<p class="footnote">The <i lang="es">Heraldo de Madrid</i>, of the 19th +of November 1896, says of this charlatan:</p> +<p class="footnote">“Well paired with Tomás del Rosario, +the <i lang="es">indio</i> who, by literary fraud gained from +Señor Nuñez de Arce a good position in the Philippines, +is Pascual H. Poblete also an <i lang="es">indio</i><a class="noteref" +id="xd20e7528src" href="#xd20e7528" name="xd20e7528src">16</a> and a +person of history too.</p> +<p class="footnote">“His first steps in work in the newspapers of +his country were as translator of the Spanish text of a bilingual +review into Tagalog.</p> +<p class="footnote">“He propagated political themes widely, but +above all, those articles of the Civil and Penal code favorable to his +countrymen; to these articles he added comments.... Under the pretext +of competing with the Chinese he founded a cooperative association +which was the subject of much talk. It was really nothing else than an +association distinctly political and eminently anti-Spanish. He however +<span class="corr" id="xd20e7543" title= +"Source: suceeded">succeeded</span> in dissimulating, and when he +created the newspaper <i lang="es">El Resumen</i>, placed a peninsular +<span class="corr" id="xd20e7549" title= +"Source: Spanniard">Spaniard</span>, a native of Aragon, at its head. +He then did all he could to gain the confidence of Despujols, whom he +visited every once in a while.</p> +<p class="footnote">“As Despujols step by step lost favor with +the European element, Poblete praised him more and more and this was, +in itself, a good sign of the direction in which was going this +Poblete, a man lacking talent, lacking wit, and enjoying nothing but an +insane intention. During the last years he made continuous anti-Spanish +propaganda, and was a bitter enemy of the Spaniards, excepting some few +degenerates who yet believed in the good faith of this <i lang= +"es">pobre diablo</i>.”</p> +<p class="footnote">In later days he changed his religion—that is +if he ever had one to change, and devoted himself to sponging upon the +Bible Societies and the protestant and Mormon missionaries who came to +the Philippines. On one occasion he <i>translated</i> from Spanish into +Tagalog the Holy Scriptures, and seeing that never in his life had he +been a successful translator even of newspaper paragraphs, but could +only succeed in giving little more than a very general idea of what was +contained in the Spanish text, it was not to be wondered at that, as a +famous literary critic well versed in the Tagalog once said: +“Poblete’s Tagalog bible reads more like a badly written +chronicle than a version of the sacred Scriptures. If I thought that +our Lord and his Apostles preached and taught what Poblete puts into +their mouths, I would go to China and become a disciple of +Confucius.”</p> +<p class="footnote">In the latter days of Spanish rule Poblete was +always more or less under the eyes of the authorities, and on the +17th<a id="xd20e7568" name="xd20e7568"></a> of April 1896 the Secret +Police asked of General Blanco the necessary permission to search the +houses of several highly suspicious people, among them that of Pascual +H. Poblete.</p> +<p class="footnote">Our hero figured at one time as an expert in the +raising of subscriptions for monuments and if I am not very much +mistaken, he once had a hand in the raising of money for the coming +monument to Rizal the hero and martyr of the <i lang="es">Filipino +Libre</i> party. It would be very interesting to know what became of +all the funds that passed through his hands: the majority apparently +went to back his favorite birds at the cock-pits.</p> +<p class="footnote">Since the American occupation Poblete’s chief +enterprise, apart from cock-fighting and “sponging upon the +<i lang="es">ignorantes</i> who listened to his ravings with more or +less favor because he was a protestant, was the editing and publishing +of a dirty little “sheet” known as the <i lang="tl">Ang +Kapatid nang Bayan</i>.” In this so called newspaper Poblete +aired his radical political ideas with such vigor that the Provost +Marshal was compelled to call him down. The <i lang="es">pobre +diablo</i> then turned his attention to another pastime which would +combine the advantages of demonstrating his <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e7590" title="Source: insurpassable">unsurpassable</span> +abilities, of airing his opinions and, last mentioned but of the +greatest importance, the quality of putting into his pocket a goodly +number of easily <span class="corr" id="xd20e7594" title= +"Source: eared">earned</span> dollars. This pastime took the shape of a +theatrical enterprise: Constancia, the daughter of the said mountebank +“composed and wrote” a play entitled <i lang="tl">Ang Pag +Ibig Sa Lupang Tinubinan</i>: For the Love of Country. <span class= +"corr" id="xd20e7600" title="Source: Poblete,s">Poblete’s</span> +better half (which is not saying much) played the part of the heroine. +The whole play was incendiary in the extreme and the audience being +<span class="corr" id="xd20e7603" title= +"Source: tagalogs">Tagalogs</span> of the lowest and most ignorant +class, the result was that they were thrown into a state of the +greatest frenzy. Poblete put this play on the boards of the <i lang= +"es">Teatro Oriental</i>. All went well in the first acts; and +following out the “plot” of the play, the town of Imus was +supposed to have been taken by the rebels. Dramatic shouts of <i lang= +"es">Viva La Independencia</i>; were raised from time to time by the +actors, followed by shouts from the audience of <i lang="es">Viva +Filipinas! Viva Aguinaldo!</i> Suddenly there rushed from the +“wings” a gaudy looking creature who ought to have been the +Tondo market selling cockles and crabs; this turned out to be the +heroine. In one hand she held a revolutionary flag and in the other a +<i>bolo</i>. <span lang="es">Viva La Independencia</span> was the shout +which almost raised the roof; but as fate would have it Poblete was +doomed to be humbled to the dust. Just as he was promising himself a +fine string of dollars from his new enterprise Capt. Lara and a number +of police appeared on the scene, and Poblete, his katipunan banners and +bolos etc., were seized and the house cleared of its fanatical +occupants.</p> +<p class="footnote">To-day he amuses himself in fitting out bands of +little boys who on “state” occasions parade the streets +with American flags and Japanese lanterns, and placards with various +inscriptions, the chief ones being petitions for an amnesty on behalf +of all those who have “done what they ought not to have +done”. Poblete would open the doors of the prisons of the +Archipelago and let loose all their occupants. The result? A political +boom for Poblete, an increase in the membership of the <i lang= +"es">Partido Nacionalista</i> and an increase of crime to a thousand +fold, not only in Manila but throughout the whole archipelago.</p> +<p class="footnote">Poor Poblete a <i lang="es">pobre infeliz</i>, a +stain upon the good name of the filipino. But then, what would +<i>Filipinas</i> be without her Poblete; almost like a cat without +fleas.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e7528" href="#xd20e7528src" name="xd20e7528">16</a></span> If I am +not in error, Poblete is <span class="corr" id="xd20e7530" title= +"Source: in">a</span> <span class="corr" id="xd20e7533" title= +"Source: chinee">Chinee</span> halfcaste.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e7681" href="#xd20e7681src" name="xd20e7681">17</a></span> Cruz +Herrera, now <i>alcalde</i> of Manila, was another upon whom the +authorities took pity on account of the rheumatism from which he +suffered to such an extent that he could scarcely walk.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div id="xd20e7779" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h2 id="xd20e7780" class="main">Appendix A.</h2> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first xd20e192">A∴ L∴ G∴ D∴ +A∴ M∴</p> +<p class="xd20e192">G∴ R∴ Log∴ SUNT∴</p> +<p class="xd20e192">“The executive Commission sends to the V.<br> +Masters D. Deg. O. O. T. and O. G.<br> +O. S. of the L. Log. of the<br> +Obedience.</p> +<p class="xd20e192">L∴ T∴ M∴</p> +<p>“Venerable Masters and beloved brethren. After our circular of +the 28th of May last it would seem unnecessary to remind <span class= +"corr" id="xd20e7798" title="Source: you you">you</span>, that you give +the most exact <span class="corr" id="xd20e7801" title= +"Source: fulfilment">fulfillment</span> to those points which the same +embraces, the which were approved by the Grand Assembly celebrated on +the 15th of the same month; but nevertheless, as the time of our cause +has assured and all provision is but little in the present moments, +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb321" href="#pb321" name= +"pb321">321</a>]</span>it has appeared well to us to direct this other +circular to you in order to fix more correctly the points which have to +be the object of the most exact <span class="corr" id="xd20e7806" +title="Source: fulfilment">fulfillment</span>. We will now pass on to +the enumeration of the same.</p> +<p><i>First</i>: The triangles will perform strictly all and every one +of the dispositions dictated by their respective presidents, and +venerable honorary brethren, not allowing the least or most +insignificant point to slip their <span class="corr" id="xd20e7813" +title="Source: osbervation">observation</span>, for even when it seems +to our venerable brethren otherwise, it is of the greatest +transcendency.</p> +<p>“The smallest omission in these dispositions might prejudice +in a great manner our labors, the fruit of many years of constancy and +hope of a sure triumph.</p> +<p>“<i>Second</i>: Once the signal is given every bro∴ +shall <span class="corr" id="xd20e7823" title= +"Source: fulfil">fulfill</span> the duty imposed upon him by this +Gr∴ Reg∴ Log∴ without considerations of any kind, +neither of parentage, friendship or gratitude, etc.</p> +<p>“<i>Third</i><span class="corr" id="xd20e7830" title= +"Source: .">:</span> Those who on <span class="corr" id="xd20e7833" +title="Source: acccount">account</span> of debility, cowardice or other +considerations do not <span class="corr" id="xd20e7836" title= +"Source: fulfil">fulfill</span> their duty, already know the tremendous +punishment they will incur for disloyalty and disobedience to this G. +R. Log.</p> +<p><i>Fourth</i>: The blow having been struck <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb322" href="#pb322" name="pb322">322</a>]</span>at +the Captain General and the other Spanish Authorities, the loyals shall +attack the convents and shall behead their infamous inhabitants, +respecting the wealth contained in the said convents; this shall be +gathered by the commissions named for that purpose by the G. R. Log. +and it shall not <span class="corr" id="xd20e7845" title= +"Source: by">be</span> lawful for any of our brethren to possess +themselves of what justly belongs to the treasury of the G. N. F. +(Grand Filipino Nation)</p> +<p>“<i>Fifth</i>: <span class="corr" id="xd20e7854" title= +"Source: those">Those</span> who fail to carry out what is set forth in +the foregoing paragraph shall be held as malefactors and subjected to +exemplary punishment by this G. R. Log.</p> +<p>“<i>Sixth</i>: <span class="corr" id="xd20e7862" title= +"Source: on">On</span> the following day the bro∴ designated +shall bury all the bodies of their hateful oppressors in the field of +Bagumbayan together with their <span class="corr" id="xd20e7865" title= +"Source: wifes">wives</span> and children, and on the site shall later +on be raised a monument commemorative of the independence of the G. N. +F.</p> +<p>“<i>Seventh</i>: <span class="corr" id="xd20e7873" title= +"Source: the">The</span> bodies of the members of the Religious Orders +shall not be buried, but burned in just payment of the felonies which +they committed during life against <span class="corr" id="xd20e7876" +title="Source: filipino">Filipino</span> nation during the three +hundred years of their nefarious domination. (see note <a href= +"#n26">26</a><span class="corr" id="xd20e7881" title= +"Not in source">.</span>) <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb323" href= +"#pb323" name="pb323">323</a>]</span></p> +<p>“And whilst awaiting the day of our redemption this executive +commission shall continue giving the sure guide which we all have to +follow in the presence of the facts to the end that none of our +brethren shall be able to say that they were unwarned.</p> +<p>“In the G∴ R∴ Log∴ in Manila, the 12th of +June 1896.—The first of the long desired independence of the +Philippines.—The President of the executive Commission, +<i>Bolivar</i>. The Gr∴ Mast∴ Adj∴ Giordano +Bruno.—The Gr∴ Sec∴ Galileo.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div id="appb" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h2 id="xd20e7893" class="main">Appendix B.</h2> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">Under the title of “My part in the +Revolution,” Isabelo de los Reyes <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e7897" title="Source: is">in</span> an artful attempt to defend +himself before those who considered him a coward because of his ever +shirking that part of the task of the revolt which naturally fell to +him, gives his readers the following information:</p> +<p>“When it was desired to effect the <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e7902" title="Source: manifestacion">manifestation</span> of 1888, +(see p. 60), Ramos took me to the palace of Malacañan, to +express to Gen. Terrero verbally the complaints of <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb324" href="#pb324" name="pb324">324</a>]</span>the +“country”; but I do not know why, but on that day the +<span class="corr" id="xd20e7907" title= +"Source: manifestacion">manifestation</span> did not come +off....”</p> +<p>“From the palace of Malacañan we went to the house of +Doroteo Cortes, who instructed me in the object of the manifestation, +thus:</p> +<p>“... We reckon with the pleasure of the Civil Governor Sr. +Centeno (see note 2) to make a manifestation against the friars, who +oppress us with their abuses, and oppose the progress of the +country.”</p> +<p>“—Very good indeed I replied full of enthusiasm.</p> +<p>“But my enthusiasm disappeared entirely when Cortes told me +with the greatest frankness, that they asked and were sure of attaining +their wish, that the Archbishop should be deported, merely for having +failed to assist at the religious functions dedicated to the +King<a class="noteref" id="xd20e7918src" href="#xd20e7918" name= +"xd20e7918src">1</a>. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb325" href= +"#pb325" name="pb325">325</a>]</span></p> +<p>“I then doubted the ability<a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e7941src" href="#xd20e7941" name="xd20e7941src">2</a> of the +directors of the manifestation, and believed that they would be +<span class="corr" id="xd20e7944" title= +"Source: irremissably">irremissibly</span> crushed by the friars, who +were very astute and powerful, as in fact it so happened.</p> +<p>“I retired leaving Ramos in that house.</p> +<p>“I immediately went to see his father and said to him: The +manifestation has fallen flat. I have come to tell you that in my +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb326" href="#pb326" name= +"pb326">326</a>]</span>opinion, your son ought not to sign the instance +of the <span class="corr" id="xd20e7953" title= +"Source: manifestors">manifestos</span>. Let all those who like do so, +but it would be a pity that your son who, in the time to come, may be +able to render signal services to the country should now fall crushed +by the friars. Now that Cortés says that he reckons with the +authorities, your son’s signature is not very necessary.</p> +<p>“And neither Cortés nor Ramos signed it.”</p> +</div> +<div class="footnotes"> +<hr class="fnsep"> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e7918" href="#xd20e7918src" name="xd20e7918">1</a></span> This was +Alfonso XII. the anniversary of whose death fell of the 25th of +November. <span class="corr" id="xd20e7921" title= +"Source: Arcbishop">Archbishop</span> Payo had been suffering for a +considerable time from <span class="corr" id="xd20e7924" title= +"Source: dysentry">dysentery</span>. Apart from this, the bitterness of +the official relations at that time between the civil and +ecclesiastical authorities had completely incapacitated the venerable +prelate from attending to his official duties. Consequently, acting +upon the advice of his physician, the Archbishop left Manila for +Navotas for a few days of complete rest. The departure of the +Archbishop happened to almost coincide with the anniversary of the +death of the King; but as the prelate was physically unable to attend +to the pontifical ceremonies which were to be held on that day and to +the other functions consequent upon such a solemn occasion, he was +wisely advised to absent himself from the city.</p> +<p class="footnote">Freemasonry ever on the watch, saw in this an +opportunity to attack the Religious Orders, and taking advantage of it, +demanded: “The insult committed by the archbishop being therefore +very culpable, and having caused the greatest indignation to the +government, to the nation, and in particular to those of this country, +as devoted to their king; it is <span class="corr" id="xd20e7931" +title="Source: indespensible">indispensable</span> to <span class= +"corr" id="xd20e7934" title="Source: expell">expel</span> him from this +soil, imposing upon him the penalty of temporary banishment marked out +by article 142 of the penal code.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e7941" href="#xd20e7941src" name="xd20e7941">2</a></span> To judge +from his writing, Isabelo held the idea that he alone was able to +direct everything connected with the revolt. Isabelo takes upon himself +the intellectual work of the affair leaving to others the dirty +work.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div id="appc" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h2 id="xd20e7959" class="main">Appendix C.</h2> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first"><i>Confidential.</i></p> +<p class="xd20e192">A L∴ G∴ D∴ G∴ A∴ +D∴ U∴</p> +<p class="xd20e192">Liberty Equality Fraternity.</p> +<p class="xd20e192"><span class="sc">Universal Freemasonry Spanish +Family.</span></p> +<p>Sends S∴ F∴ S∴ to the Rep∴ Log∴ +<i>Modestia</i> No. 199.</p> +<p>“Seeing that there have circulated rumors among us that in +spite of the masonic secret, in spite of the secrecy of our works, +there exist in the hands of our enemies, <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb327" href="#pb327" name="pb327">327</a>]</span>lists of masons more +or less correct, more or less extensive, public opinion has shown +itself anxious to know whether we have been vilely sold.... And when +the <i lang="es">La Política de España en Filipinas</i> +has commenced to publish correspondence which ought to have been +carefully and sacredly guarded, this anxiety reached its highest point, +embracing the desire to discover the author or authors although it +would appear that the source of leakage has been found, even though the +form and details are unknown.</p> +<p>“The presidency of the Cons∴ Reg∴ has not been +able to remain indifferent before the scandal which is developing ..; +on the contrary it has from the first endeavored to discover the +truth....</p> +<p class="tb">. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .</p> +<p>“I am sorry to have to confess that the hour of the revelation +has not yet sounded.... But incidental discoveries oblige me to break +silence giving the voice of alarm; and to what point this determination +is justified, you shall judge by the facts I am about to relate.</p> +<p>“1st. Pedro Serrano, symbolic name <i>Panday Pira</i>, +gr∴ 24, in his anxiety to <span class="corr" id="xd20e7996" +title="Source: descredit">discredit</span> <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb328" href="#pb328" name= +"pb328">328</a>]</span>local masonry, since this refuses to be +exploited has permitted himself to make calumnious affirmations to a +foreign mason concerning this Federation, manifesting at the same time +<span class="corr" id="xd20e8001" title= +"Source: pretentions">pretensions</span> which are a sure sign of +perverse intentions.</p> +<p>“2nd. It is known that the same Serrano frequents the +Archbishop’s palace and the College of San Juan de Letran with +the peculiarity that in both establishments his <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e8006" title="Source: symbolical">symbolic</span> name in known, +and he has manifested in the formed establishment that he is a man +whose companionship is to be avoided because he occupies himself with +giving <span class="corr" id="xd20e8009" title= +"Source: imformation">information</span>.</p> +<p>“3rd. It happened later on that the said Serrano presented +himself in the house of Sr. Marte, gr∴ 3, late <span class= +"corr" id="xd20e8015" title="Source: secretery">secretary</span> of the +lodge <i>Nilad</i>, demanding the handing over of documents of the +secretaryship which he said belonged to him, threatening that otherwise +he would report the matter to General Blanco, and the extraction of the +documents would be made by the friar parish priest of the said +suburb.</p> +<p>“4th. Lastly: in the meeting of the parochial clergy held in +the Archbishop’s palace—the morning of the 13th of this +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb329" href="#pb329" name= +"pb329">329</a>]</span>month— ... masonry and masons were +discussed; and the Archbishop said to the parish priest of Quiapo: +<i>you must tell the school-master of your suburb that it is not +sufficient to have abjured his masonic beliefs, but that it is also +necessary to <span class="corr" id="xd20e8027" title= +"Source: fulfil">fulfill</span> the conditions agreed upon</i>.</p> +<p>“Consequently it will be convenient that you gather together +the <i>Cam∴ del Medio</i> and read therein the present document, +adding the explanation and comments you deem necessary, and that with +respect to the other <i>CCam∴</i> you limit yourselves to giving +account of the fact, demonstrating its enormity, pointing out its +author and taking what steps are necessary to <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e8039" title="Source: pervent">prevent</span> contagion.</p> +<p>Receive Ven∴ Mast∴ and G∴ bro∴ the +fraternal embrace of peace we send you.</p> +<p class="dateline">Manila 31st November 1894.</p> +<p class="signed">The Gr∴ Pres∴</p> +<p class="signed"><i>Musa</i> (Ambrosio Flores). <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb330" href="#pb330" name="pb330">330</a>]</span></p> +</div> +</div> +<div id="appd" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h2 id="xd20e8054" class="main">Appendix D.</h2> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first"><i>Anting-antings</i> constitute the remnants of what +was once, what might be called the religion of the peoples of the +Philippines. They are most commonly met with in the form of amulets +which their possessors carry about with them to ward off dangers of all +kinds. There are amulets for protection against fire arms, against +sword thrust or <i>bolo</i> slash; against diseases of all parts of the +body; amulets against the bursting of fire arms or to prevent them +making a noise when discharged by the wearer of the amulet; against +snakes and their bites, against <span class="corr" id="xd20e8063" +title="Source: lighting">lightning</span>; amulets to <a id="xd20e8066" +name="xd20e8066"></a>protect their wearers against the courts of +justice and against the authorities when they <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e8068" title="Source: persue">pursue</span> them for robbery. In a +word amulets or <i>anting-anting</i> against everything.</p> +<p>As a rules these amulets consist of small booklets containing +prayers composed of Latin and Spanish words mixed with words +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb331" href="#pb331" name= +"pb331">331</a>]</span>and <span class="corr" id="xd20e8078" title= +"Source: abreviations">abbreviations</span> of the native dialects. +Some times they are stones or mineral deposits found in the bodies of +animals, or the seed portion of petrified fruits, or even parts of the +skeletons of children.</p> +<p>Although one would suppose that such superstitions had long since +ceased to exist among the indians of the archipelago such is not the +case; and it is more than probable that the majority of the members of +the federal party and may be two out of the three native members of the +Commission carry their anting-anting carefully guarded in one of their +pockets. However their use is most common among native doctors, that is +those who have not studied <span class="corr" id="xd20e8083" title= +"Source: medecine">medicine</span>, but who dabble in the art for what +they can get out of it, and by <i lang="es">tulisanes</i> or armed +robbers. They were also much in vogue among the <i>enlightened</i> +officers and men of the insurgent ranks, many of whom considered +themselves perfectly safe from the bullets of their enemies when they +carried in their person an amulet or <i>anting-anting</i>.</p> +<p>The following are samples of pages of one of the booklets found on +the person of a wounded <i lang="es">tulisan</i>. The first of these +two pages contains <span class="corr" id="xd20e8100" title= +"Source: an">a</span> prayer against fire-arms, <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb332" href="#pb332" name="pb332">332</a>]</span>and +the second a conglomeration which no one has never been able to +decipher.</p> +<div class="table" lang="es"> +<table class="xd20e8105" width="100%"> +<tr valign="top"> +<td class="xd20e8107"> +<p class="first">talis misererenobis<br> +Amin.</p> +<p>Oracion de S. Pablo contra armas de foigo ip. Ntro. y Av.</p> +<p>Jesús S. Pablo Ponitom quiter Deus Salucam tuam,<br> +Amin.</p> +</td> +<td class="xd20e8118"></td> +<td class="xd20e8119"> +<p class="first">Prele queno niar en res tom Domi nom nos tom</p> +<div class="table"> +<table class="xd20e8122"> +<tr valign="top"> +<td>h</td> +<td>✠</td> +<td>a</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td>✠</td> +<td>✠</td> +<td>✠</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td>Q</td> +<td>✠</td> +<td>n</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<p><i>Anting-anting</i> is also found in other forms, sometimes merely +a strip of paper bearing some inscription, and which receives its +virtue from some action performed over it, such as the saying of the +mass whilst the paper is on the altar.</p> +<p>A parish priest of a pueblo in a neighboring province once related +to me the discovery of one such an <i>anting-anting</i> in his church. +He approached the altar to recite the Mass, and upon genuflecting at +the centre of the altar <span class="corr" id="xd20e8154" title= +"Source: notice">noticed</span> that there was something unusual, +although small, under the altar cloth. He put his hand under the cloth +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb333" href="#pb333" name= +"pb333">333</a>]</span>to see what it was and found there a slip of +paper bearing three crosses, thus:</p> +<div class="table"> +<table class="xd20e8159"> +<tr valign="top"> +<td>✠</td> +<td>✠</td> +<td>✠</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<p>This paper had been carelessly folded and placed where he found it, +upon the altar stone. Had it remained undisturbed and the service of +Mass been said over it, it would have, in the belief of the indian who +put it there, become infused with <span class="corr" id="xd20e8170" +title="Source: marvellous">marvelous</span> virtues and could have +protected its wearer from the dangers to be incurred in the armed +rising against the Spaniards which they were about to attempt.</p> +<p>In all probability Buencamino carried some <i>anting-anting</i> with +him to Washington to protect him from <span class="corr" id="xd20e8178" +title="Source: assasissination">assassination</span> or from ... +nausea. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb334" href="#pb334" name= +"pb334">334</a>]</span></p> +</div> +</div> +<div id="appe" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h2 id="xd20e8183" class="main">Appendix E.</h2> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first dateline">Manila, 10th January 1897.</p> +<p>“I Faustino Villaruel y Zapanta, 52 years of age, publicly +declare that as I was born so wish I to die—a Spaniard, a +christian, a Roman Apostolic Catholic; and that I detest with my whole +soul any rebellion or treason against our beloved mother Spain.</p> +<p>“I also repent of having belonged to masonry and of having +devoted myself to its propaganda in these islands and having been such +a <span class="corr" id="xd20e8191" title= +"Source: bigotted">bigoted</span> mason that I caused my two children +to enter also into the society I now curse. I <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e8194" title="Source: council">counsel</span> my children and all +my friends to renounce the said society, and beg pardon of God, as I do +now, it being condemned by the Church.</p> +<p>“I beseech the most Excellent and Illustrious Archbishop to +make public this my spontaneous and free retraction.—<i>Faustino +Villaruel</i>. Witnesses:—the official guard of the Chapel, +<i>Antonio Pardo</i>.—the sergeant of the Guard, <i>Felix +Garcia</i>.” <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb335" href="#pb335" +name="pb335">335</a>]</span></p> +</div> +</div> +<div id="appf" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h2 id="xd20e8210" class="main">Appendix F. G. H. I. J.</h2> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">These latter appendices have been suppressed in this +first edition for want of space.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div1" id="toc"> +<h2 class="main">Table of Contents</h2> +<ul> +<li><a href="#intro">Introduction</a> +<span class="tocPagenum"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e255">7</a></span></li> +<li><a href="#statement">Statement of Capt. Olegario +Diaz</a> <span class="tocPagenum"><a class= +"pageref" href="#xd20e338">13</a></span> +<ul> +<li><a href="#xd20e342">Freemasonry</a> +<span class="tocPagenum"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e343">13</a></span></li> +<li><a href="#xd20e505">«La Propaganda» and the +«Asociacion Hispano-Filipina.»</a> +<span class="tocPagenum"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e506">19</a></span></li> +<li><a href="#xd20e708">The «Liga +Filipina»</a> <span class= +"tocPagenum"><a class="pageref" href="#xd20e709">26</a></span></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li><a href="#xd20e1021">K. K. K. N. M. A. N. +B.</a> <span class="tocPagenum"><a class= +"pageref" href="#xd20e1022">37</a></span> +<ul> +<li><a href="#xd20e1529">Denouncement of the Conspiracy and its +Discoverer.</a> <span class= +"tocPagenum"><a class="pageref" href="#xd20e1530">53</a></span></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li><a href="#xd20e1592">Notes.</a> +<span class="tocPagenum"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e1593">57</a></span></li> +<li><a href="#xd20e6639">Special Note.</a> +<span class="tocPagenum"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e6640">273</a></span></li> +<li><a href="#xd20e7779">Appendix A.</a> +<span class="tocPagenum"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e7780">320</a></span></li> +<li><a href="#appb">Appendix B.</a> +<span class="tocPagenum"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e7893">323</a></span></li> +<li><a href="#appc">Appendix C.</a> +<span class="tocPagenum"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e7959">326</a></span></li> +<li><a href="#appd">Appendix D.</a> +<span class="tocPagenum"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e8054">330</a></span></li> +<li><a href="#appe">Appendix E.</a> +<span class="tocPagenum"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e8183">334</a></span></li> +<li><a href="#appf">Appendix F. G. H. I. J.</a> +<span class="tocPagenum"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e8210">335</a></span></li> +</ul> +</div> +<div class="transcribernote"> +<h2 class="main">Colophon</h2> +<h3 class="main">Availability</h3> +<p class="first">This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no +cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give +it away or re-use it under the terms of the <a class="exlink xd20e43" +title="External link" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/license" rel= +"license">Project Gutenberg License</a> included with this eBook or +online at <a class="exlink xd20e43" title="External link" href= +"http://www.gutenberg.org/" rel="home">www.gutenberg.org</a>.</p> +<p>This eBook is produced by the Online Distributed Proofreading Team +at <a class="exlink xd20e43" title="External link" href= +"http://www.pgdp.net/">www.pgdp.net</a>.</p> +<p>Scans are available in the Internet Archive (copy <a class= +"exlink xd20e43" title="External link" href= +"http://www.archive.org/details/katipunanrisean00claigoog">1</a> +<a class="exlink xd20e43" title="External link" href= +"http://www.archive.org/details/katipunanrisean01claigoog">2</a>).</p> +<p>This curious little book is one continuous rant against the +Katipunan movement, which stood at the roots of the First Philippine +Republic. It also calls the original native population of the +Philippines barbarians that imitate in an ape-like fashion, and claims +that some Philippine languages do not have the words to say +“thank you.” It is highly negative on José Rizal and +masonry as well.</p> +<p>Published in Manila in 1902, it is one of the few of its kind in +English (similar works did appear in Spanish and Tagalog). Another book +supporting the position of the friars, but far less extreme in tone is +<i><a class="pglink xd20e43" title="Link to Project Gutenberg ebook" +href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/36438">The Friars in the +Philippines</a></i> (1899) by Ambrose Coleman.</p> +<p>In an article on the Katipunan published in a masonic magazine, +<i>The Builder Magazine</i>, February 1916, James A. Robertson provides +a little background on the author.</p> +<div class="blockquote"> +<p class="first">In Blair & Robertson, <i>The Philippine Islands: +1493–1898</i> (Cleveland, Clark, 1903–1909), Vol. 46, p. +361, note, I cite this pamphlet, (<i>The Katipunan</i>, Manila, 1902), +and say of its author “purporting to be by one Francis St. Clair, +although it is claimed by some to have been written by or for the +friars.” Its author is really one J. Brecknock Watson, who is an +Englishman and a convert to Catholicism. At the time of its +publication, Watson was in the employ of, or was actually a lay-brother +among, the Dominicans, for whom the pamphlet was compiled. The author +himself told me that he was “Francis St. Clair” shortly +after my arrival in Manila in February, 1910, when I went to the +Philippines to take charge of the Philippine Library. James A. LeRoy, +until his death one of the foremost authorities on things Philippine, +says in his “Bibliographical Notes” (vol. 52, p. 188 note, +of the series above cited) that the pamphlet was “published in +order to put before Americans the friar viewpoint of the Filipino +revolutionists.” The work is, as might be expected, ultra +anti-Masonic in character, and consists of translations into English +from Spanish writers who were opposed to Masonry. By the enemies of +Masonry, the Katipunan has often been designated “the fighting +body of Masonry” in the Philippines, a statement which is as +ridiculous as it is erroneous. “Francis St. Clair,” at +present an editor on the staff of the Cablenews-American, is writing +another book on the Katipunan (this time under his own name) from +materials which he claims to have discovered. The book will be +anti-Masonic in tone.</p> +</div> +<p>He continues to classify the work as “utterly +untrustworthy” and provides a short history of masonry in the +Philippines and its connection with the Katipunan.</p> +<p>The other book on the Katipunan mentioned above apparently never saw +the day of light.</p> +<p>Related Library of Congress catalog page: <a class="catlink" href= +"http://lccn.loc.gov/03016030">03016030</a>.</p> +<p>Related Open Library catalog page (for source): <a class="catlink" +href="http://openlibrary.org/books/OL6929061M">OL6929061M</a>.</p> +<p>Related Open Library catalog page (for work): <a class="catlink" +href="http://openlibrary.org/works/OL3889745W">OL3889745W</a>.</p> +<p>Related WorldCat catalog page: <a class="catlink" href= +"http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5391381">5391381</a>.</p> +<h3 class="main">Encoding</h3> +<p class="first">The large number of spelling mistakes in this work +have been corrected and listed below, except for turned letters, which +have been corrected silently. (The type-setters obviously avenged +themselves for being called ignorant in this book.)</p> +<p>Where periods have been used as thousands-separator, they have been +replaced by commas.</p> +<p>Long stretches of periods have been normalized to regular +ellipses.</p> +<p>Capitalization of names of peoples has been regularized, such that +Spaniards and Filipinos now both have a capital letter.</p> +<p>The symbol ∴ (U+2234) is used to indicate abbreviations.</p> +<h3 class="main">Revision History</h3> +<ul> +<li>2011-09-21 Started.</li> +</ul> +<h3 class="main">External References</h3> +<p>This Project Gutenberg eBook contains external references. These +links may not work for you.</p> +<h3 class="main">Corrections</h3> +<p>The following corrections have been applied to the text:</p> +<table width="75%" summary= +"Overview of corrections applied to the text."> +<tr> +<th>Page</th> +<th>Source</th> +<th>Correction</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e244">N.A.</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e409">15</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e467">17</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e560">21</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e566">21</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e618">23</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e625">23</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e663">24</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e735">27</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e975">34</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e993">35</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e1011">36</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e1716">66</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e1737">67</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e1948">75</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2331">93</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2338">93</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2344">93</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2421">97</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2645">109</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2681">111</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2963">122</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e3271">140</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e3394">146</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e3465">151</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e3491">152</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e3519">154</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e3565">156</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e3718">161</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e3745">161</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e3770">162</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e4221">183</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e4258">185</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e4263">186</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e4413">192</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e4690">198</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e4757">201</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e4770">201</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e5069">211</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e5076">N.A.</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e5083">212</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e5262">218</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e5566">228</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e5621">230</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e5722">235</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e6102">248</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e6180">253</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e6185">253</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e6214">N.A.</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e6550">267</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e6741">N.A.</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e6750">N.A.</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e7764">319</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">filipinos</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Filipinos</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e287">8</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">ememies</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">enemies</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e292">8</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e319">10</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e375">14</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e460">17</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e487">18</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e657">24</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e660">24</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e667">24</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e930">33</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e1761">68</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e1768">68</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e1795">69</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e1898">74</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e1905">74</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e1908">74</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e1954">75</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e1959">76</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e1981">77</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e1987">77</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2091">81</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2112">82</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2118">82</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2152">83</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2319">92</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2418">97</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2503">101</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2507">101</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2518">102</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2566">104</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2586">106</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2589">106</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2616">108</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2619">108</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2673">110</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2829">N.A.</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2939">121</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2946">121</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2952">121</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2986">122</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e3110">128</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e3196">136</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e3276">140</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e3305">141</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e3308">141</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e3330">142</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e3370">145</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e3446">150</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e3457">150</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e3485">152</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e3721">161</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e3882">168</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e4355">190</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e4696">198</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e4699">198</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e4706">198</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e4713">199</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e4788">202</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e4810">202</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e5334">221</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e5535">228</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e5604">230</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e6137">250</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e6732">N.A.</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e6745">N.A.</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e7145">291</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e7368">303</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e7661">311</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e7702">314</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e7713">314</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e7876">322</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">filipino</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Filipino</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e295">8</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e298">8</a>, <a class= +"pageref" href="#xd20e1778">69</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2170">84</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2473">100</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2989">122</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e3634">158</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e5405">223</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e6506">265</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e7245">297</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">saught</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">sought</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e310">10</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">unmistakeable</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">unmistakable</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e325">11</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e1933">75</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2082">N.A.</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2288">90</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2365">94</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2741">113</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2890">119</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2966">122</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e3042">125</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e3894">169</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e3988">172</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e4213">183</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e4277">186</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e6199">N.A.</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e6275">257</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e6623">272</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e6826">275</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e7036">285</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e7190">293</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e7219">295</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e7365">303</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">,</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e370">14</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e534">20</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Archipielago</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Archipelago</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e378">14</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Hongkong</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Hong-Kong</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e397">14</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">infuence</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">influence</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e417">15</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">, (16)</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">(<a href="#n16">16</a>),</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e432">16</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e580">21</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e1061">N.A.</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e1104">39</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e1144">40</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e1734">67</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e1992">77</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2010">78</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e3027">124</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e3137">130</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e3154">131</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e5845">241</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e7046">285</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e7056">286</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e7095">288</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">tagalog</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Tagalog</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e464">17</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">colaboration</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">collaboration</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e470">17</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">auspicies</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">auspices</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e522">19</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Arrellano</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Arellano</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e531">20</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">implantion</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">implantation</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e542">20</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">confortably</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">comfortably</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e569">21</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e1641">60</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2132">82</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2631">109</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2779">114</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2855">118</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e3341">144</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e3857">167</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e3874">167</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e3885">168</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e3906">169</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e3941">170</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e3991">172</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e4128">179</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e4178">181</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e4251">185</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e4312">187</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e4610">197</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e4626">197</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e4932">N.A.</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e5019">209</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e5498">226</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e5649">232</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e5697">233</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e5732">235</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e6465">264</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e6644">273</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e6768">N.A.</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e6813">275</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e6856">276</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e6859">276</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e6935">279</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e7376">304</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e7881">322</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">[<i>Not in source</i>]</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e595">22</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">outcastes</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">outcasts</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e602">22</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">suscriptions</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">subscriptions</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e605">22</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">associaties</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">associates</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e610">22</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">has</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">as</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e635">24</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">banquetting</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">banqueting</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e643">24</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">habour</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">harbor</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e651">24</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e3631">158</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">privelege</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">privilege</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e654">24</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">ticture</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">tincture</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e675">25</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">discused</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">discussed</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e678">25</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">criticised</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">criticized</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e689">25</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">hypocricy</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">hypocrisy</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e699">26</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e705">26</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">archipielago</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">archipelago</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e716">26</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Archipiélago</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Archipelago</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e727">26</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e1654">61</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e1966">76</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2186">84</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2311">92</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e3067">126</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e3527">155</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e5374">222</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e6941">279</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e6947">279</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e6954">280</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e7435">306</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">chinese</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Chinese</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e742">27</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">disolved</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">dissolved</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e751">28</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">reassumed</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">re-assumed</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e819">29</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e1567">55</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e1651">61</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e1658">61</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e1661">61</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2121">82</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2207">85</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2373">94</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2642">109</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2933">120</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e4433">193</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e6836">276</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e6886">277</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e6889">277</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e7291">299</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">[<i>Not in source</i>]</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e826">29</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">submitied</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">submitted</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e841">30</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">11.29</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1129</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e847">30</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">demarkation</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">demarcation</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e852">30</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">recrute</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">recruit</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e861">31</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2817">N.A.</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e3052">125</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">af</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">of</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e881">31</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">decadescence</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">decadence</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e890">32</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">, (56)</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">(<a href="#n56">56</a>),</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e927">33</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">fine</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">time</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e954">34</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e6589">270</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e6921">278</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">difunct</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">defunct</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e980">35</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">propicious</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">propitious</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e1008">36</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">banquetted</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">banqueted</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e1027">37</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">A ac</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Anak</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e1072">N.A.</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e1191">42</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e1477">49</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e7039">285</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">the</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">[<i>Deleted</i>]</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e1091">39</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">analogeous</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">analogous</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e1101">39</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">76</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">75</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e1127">40</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">wealh</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">wealth</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e1130">40</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">extravagancies</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">extravagances</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e1198">43</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">apellations</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">appellations</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e1240">44</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">‘</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">’</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e1252">44</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">tribunal s</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">tribunales</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e1261">45</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">eonfer</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">confer</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e1267">45</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">[<i>Not in source</i>]</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">;</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e1270">45</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2029">79</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Goverment</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Government</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e1277">45</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e7710">314</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">ascendency</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">ascendancy</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e1285">45</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">successfull</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">successful</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e1432">47</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">.</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">?</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e1435">47</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Itwould</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">It would</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e1440">47</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">exeed</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">exceed</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e1445">48</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e3803">165</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">20.000</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">20,000</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e1453">48</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2882">119</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1.663</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1,663</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e1456">48</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2885">119</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1.673</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1,673</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e1462">48</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2047">N.A.</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2184">84</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e4004">173</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e5964">243</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">”</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">[<i>Deleted</i>]</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e1469">49</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">determided</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">determined</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e1495">50</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e6975">282</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Balintanac</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Balintauac</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e1507">51</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">valiently</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">valiantly</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e1510">51</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">regimeut</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">regiment</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e1522">52</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">heroicly</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">heroically</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e1547">53</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">denounciation</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">denunciation</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e1624">60</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2880">119</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e5277">219</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e6053">246</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e7074">287</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e7205">294</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">,</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">[<i>Deleted</i>]</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e1626">60</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">vevenge</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">revenge</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e1664">61</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">mumber</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">number</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e1669">62</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">:</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">;</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e1672">62</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e1740">67</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e1867">72</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2204">85</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2531">102</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2624">109</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2980">122</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e3406">147</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e3840">166</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e5141">214</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e6776">274</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e7423">306</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">.</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e1694">64</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">”</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">“</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e1701">65</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">in</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">is</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e1706">65</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">enveigled</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">inveigled</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e1711">66</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">a</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">[<i>Deleted</i>]</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e1720">66</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e6116">249</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">drunkeness</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">drunkenness</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e1728">67</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">vulgarilly</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">vulgarly</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e1731">67</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">essencial</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">essential</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e1744">67</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">demostrated</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">demonstrated</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e1752">68</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">clased</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">classed</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e1755">68</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">and and</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">and</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e1758">68</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e3034">124</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">avarage</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">average</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e1764">68</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">liberity</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">liberty</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e1771">68</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">soverign</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">sovereign</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e1781">69</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">tradgedy</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">tragedy</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e1784">69</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">disasterous</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">disastrous</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e1787">69</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">intertribual</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">inter-tribal</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e1792">69</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">deseminated</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">disseminated</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e1800">70</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">irrevelant</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">irrelevant</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e1806">70</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">wiriting</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">writing</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e1809">70</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">syntesis</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">synthesis</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e1816">70</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">necesary</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">necessary</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e1839">N.A.</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">they</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">the</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e1842">N.A.</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e7148">291</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e7152">291</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e7170">292</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e7354">303</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">vengance</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">vengeance</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e1848">N.A.</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">detroying</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">destroying</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e1855">71</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">unparalled</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">unparalleled</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e1862">72</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">demarkations</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">demarcations</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e1870">72</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">neces sary</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">necessary</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e1879">73</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">responsability</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">responsibility</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e1882">73</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">forment</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">foment</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e1885">73</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2782">114</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Philipines</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Philippines</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e1890">73</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">tercely</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">tersely</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e1893">73</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">ma-maintained</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">maintained</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e1911">74</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2115">82</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2583">106</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">persued</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">pursued</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e1915">74</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2650">109</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e3607">157</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e5780">238</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">[<i>Not in source</i>]</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">“</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e1930">75</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">;</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e1936">75</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">free-wiil</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">free-will</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e1939">75</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2388">94</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e7645">N.A.</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">secondry</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">secondary</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e1942">75</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">freewill</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">free-will</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e1951">75</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2670">110</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2755">114</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">peninsular</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">peninsula</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e1972">76</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">would be</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">would-be</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e1975">76</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">independant</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">independent</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e1984">77</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">patriotsm</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">patriotism</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e1997">78</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">independance</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">independence</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2007">78</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">nourishmeut</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">nourishment</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2026">79</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Catedral</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Cathedral</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2032">79</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">amunition</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">ammunition</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2035">79</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">firrt</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">first</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2038">79</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Mannel</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Manuel</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2044">N.A.</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">place</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">placed</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2049">N.A.</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Spainards</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Spaniards</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2052">N.A.</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Entrada</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Estrada</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2055">N.A.</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">seeure</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">secure</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2060">N.A.</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">ln</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">in</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2065">N.A.</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">oc</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">of</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2070">N.A.</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">clargy</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">clergy</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2073">N.A.</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">bringuing</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">bringing</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2076">N.A.</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">mame</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">name</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2079">N.A.</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">priest</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">priests</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2137">82</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e7823">321</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e7836">321</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e8027">329</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">fulfil</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">fulfill</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2173">84</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">co operation</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">co-operation</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2176">84</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e3424">148</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">compaign</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">campaign</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2181">84</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Inferior</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Interior</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2196">85</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">ta.</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Sta.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2210">85</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">spaniards</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Spaniards</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2225">86</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">perfomed</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">performed</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2228">86</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">vandalic</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">vandalistic</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2241">87</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">then</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">them</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2244">87</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">admisible</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">admissible</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2253">88</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">exorting</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">extorting</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2256">88</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">physicial</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">physical</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2269">89</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">pseudonomous</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">pseudonymous</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2275">89</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2352">93</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2442">98</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2445">98</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e3472">151</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e4864">204</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e4949">207</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e5714">234</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Hong-kong</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Hong-Kong</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2300">91</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">memberhip</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">membership</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2308">92</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">thisspirit</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">this spirit</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2322">92</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Villaruel</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Villareal</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2341">93</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Marinas</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Marianas</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2349">93</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">80.000</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">80,000</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2355">93</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e6309">259</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">200.000</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">200,000</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2376">94</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">hectareas</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">hectares</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2382">94</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">ungratiful</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">ungrateful</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2424">97</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">soverignty</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">sovereignty</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2456">99</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">prolongued</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">prolonged</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2461">100</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e4136">179</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">draw</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">drawer</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2464">100</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">ander</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">under</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2478">101</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">jealously</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">jealousy</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2484">101</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2488">101</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">oppresion</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">oppression</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2491">101</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">as as</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">as</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2494">101</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e4372">190</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">hoarde</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">horde</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2497">101</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">oppresed</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">oppressed</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2500">101</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">thc</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">the</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2510">101</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">eminate</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">emanate</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2521">102</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">occassion</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">occasion</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2528">102</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">primarly</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">primarily</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2536">103</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2838">117</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e3699">N.A.</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e7429">306</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">aud</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">and</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2539">103</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">transfered</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">transferred</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2543">103</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">7. 30</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">7:30</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2546">103</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">deporation</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">deportation</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2553">104</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Sr:</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Sr.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2559">104</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">winchester</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">winchesters</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2569">104</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">chosing</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">choosing</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2578">105</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">precidency</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">presidency</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2613">108</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">prissoner</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">prisoner</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2634">109</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">where</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">were</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2637">109</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">thoughtlessy</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">thoughtlessly</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2732">113</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">bacterologist</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">bacteriologist</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2735">113</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">labatory</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">laboratory</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2758">114</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">demostrates</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">demonstrates</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2761">114</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">250.000</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">250,000</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2764">114</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">400.000</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">400,000</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2767">114</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">800.000</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">800,000</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2771">114</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">900.000</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">900,000</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2791">N.A.</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">pubety</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">puberty</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2802">115</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">christian</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Christian</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2841">117</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">anti-chamber</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">ante-chamber</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2848">117</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">secumbed</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">succumbed</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2858">118</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Doreteo</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Doroteo</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2861">118</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">recourses</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">resources</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2864">118</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">an</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">and</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2869">118</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2919">120</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e4162">180</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e4942">N.A.</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e6959">280</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e7419">306</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e7568">N.A.</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e8066">330</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">.</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">[<i>Deleted</i>]</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2877">119</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Cortès</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Cortés</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2887">119</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e3598">157</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e7744">317</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">.)</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">).</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2895">119</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Cortes</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Cortés</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2898">119</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e5958">243</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1.309</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1,309</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2901">119</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e5961">243</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1.312</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1,312</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2907">120</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">apendix</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">appendix</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2914">120</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">follow</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">fellow</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2924">120</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e6207">N.A.</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">;</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">[<i>Deleted</i>]</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2926">120</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e3559">156</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e4796">202</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e4853">203</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1.118</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1,118</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2929">120</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e3562">156</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e4799">202</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e4856">203</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1.129</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1,129</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e2955">121</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">[<i>Not in source</i>]</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">or</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e3000">123</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e3022">124</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e6253">256</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e6256">256</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e7444">307</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e7533">N.A.</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">chinee</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Chinee</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e3003">123</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">malay</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Malay</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e3009">123</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">negritos</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Negritos</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e3012">123</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">descernable</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">discernible</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e3015">123</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">may</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">many</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e3039">125</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">influencie</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">influence</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e3049">125</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">lessed</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">lesser</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e3057">126</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">commited</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">committed</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e3060">126</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">arab</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Arab</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e3063">126</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e3468">151</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e4285">187</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">hoardes</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">hordes</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e3076">126</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">barberism</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">barbarism</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e3090">127</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">missles</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">missiles</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e3107">128</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">estabished</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">established</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e3113">128</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">exhange</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">exchange</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e3125">129</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">candour</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">candor</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e3134">130</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e7897">323</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">is</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">in</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e3142">130</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">penality</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">penalty</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e3157">131</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">were</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">where</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e3173">132</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">latter</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">former</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e3201">136</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">skilfull</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">skillful</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e3208">137</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e3232">138</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e6978">282</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Andres</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Andrés</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e3212">137</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">inaccesible</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">inaccessible</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e3227">138</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">generalismo</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">generalisimo</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e3260">139</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e6032">246</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">tendancy</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">tendency</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e3265">140</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">rememberance</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">remembrance</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e3268">140</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">theiving</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">thieving</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e3313">142</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">utilised</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">utilized</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e3316">142</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">absudity</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">absurdity</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e3360">144</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">sheeps</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">sheep’s</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e3383">145</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e3427">148</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">of of</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">of</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e3388">146</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">inceasing</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">unceasing</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e3391">146</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">the the</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">the</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e3398">146</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">fulness</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">fullness</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e3403">147</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">vigour</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">vigor</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e3411">147</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">beneficient</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">beneficent</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e3414">147</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e6194">253</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e7301">300</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">parishoners</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">parishioners</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e3417">147</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">entegrity</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">integrity</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e3434">149</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">distruction</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">destruction</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e3439">149</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">who who</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">who</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e3449">150</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e4526">195</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e5745">236</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">‘</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">“</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e3452">150</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e5306">220</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">tendancies</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">tendencies</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e3488">152</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e3794">164</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e3927">170</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e4288">187</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e4324">188</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e5066">211</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e7727">315</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e7741">317</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e7756">319</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e7775">319</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">seperatists</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">separatists</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e3494">152</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e3813">165</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e4304">187</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e5251">218</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e5391">223</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e7024">284</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e7362">303</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">seperatist</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">separatist</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e3502">153</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">essencially</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">essentially</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e3522">154</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">acccused</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">accused</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e3547">156</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">sof</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">of</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e3551">156</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e3947">170</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e4916">205</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e5048">210</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1.138</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1,138</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e3554">156</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e5051">210</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1.143</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1,143</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e3595">157</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">reqularly</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">regularly</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e3623">158</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">peoples</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">people’s</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e3642">159</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Blumentrit</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Blumentritt</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e3650">159</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">strops</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">stoops</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e3655">159</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">innoffensive</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">inoffensive</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e3691">N.A.</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">puttting</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">putting</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e3705">160</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">colaborators</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">collaborators</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e3731">161</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Apendix</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Appendix</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e3735">161</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">philippinos</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Philippinos</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e3758">162</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Peninsular</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Peninsula</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e3761">162</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">desemination</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">dissemination</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e3777">162</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">gotten</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">got</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e3786">164</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e3823">165</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e4344">189</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e4387">N.A.</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e4516">195</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">[<i>Not in source</i>]</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">”</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e3810">165</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">temperment</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">temperament</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e3820">165</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">to to</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">to</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e3826">165</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e4975">208</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1.138–1.143</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1,138–1,143</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e3828">165</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">).</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">.)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e3835">165</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">ci izen</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">citizen</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e3860">167</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e4542">196</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1.296</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1,296</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e3863">167</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e4445">194</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e4545">196</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e4586">196</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1.299</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1,299</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e3868">167</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Timote</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Timoteo</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e3871">167</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Ongjunco</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Ongjungco</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e3899">169</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e7801">320</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e7806">321</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">fulfilment</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">fulfillment</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e3944">170</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e4913">205</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1.132</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1,132</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e3957">170</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">differred</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">differed</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e3978">171</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">asssasination</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">assassination</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e4014">174</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e4017">174</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">sware</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">swear</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e4038">175</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Vigilence</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Vigilance</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e4045">175</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">favority</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">favorite</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e4051">175</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">propably</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">probably</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e4070">177</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">alloted</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">allotted</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e4093">178</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e6315">259</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">emisaries</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">emissaries</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e4151">180</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e5300">220</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">millonaire</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">millionaire</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e4154">180</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">van-guard</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">vanguard</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e4167">181</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">to</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">the</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e4216">183</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">proclamed</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">proclaimed</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e4227">184</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">speaches</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">speeches</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e4230">184</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">unpleasentness</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">unpleasantness</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e4295">187</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">seperatist</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">separatists</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e4298">187</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">proceded</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">proceeded</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e4301">187</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">personificy</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">personify</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e4309">187</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">propritetor</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">proprietor</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e4317">188</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">”.</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">.”</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e4320">188</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">warningof</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">warning of</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e4327">188</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">watchfull</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">watchful</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e4350">189</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e6057">246</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">indian</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Indian</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e4358">190</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">autwitted</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">outwitted</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e4361">190</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">outhorities</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">authorities</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e4369">190</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Agninaldo’s</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Aguinaldo’s</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e4382">190</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">[<i>Not in source</i>]</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">a</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e4392">N.A.</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">hese</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">these</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e4397">N.A.</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">possesion</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">possession</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e4406">191</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">falsly</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">falsely</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e4416">192</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">conquerer</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">conqueror</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e4427">193</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">wilful</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">willful</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e4430">193</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">sha’nt</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">shan’t</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e4436">193</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">“</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">[<i>Deleted</i>]</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e4448">194</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e4589">196</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1.303</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1,303</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e4465">194</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e4834">203</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1.008</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1,008</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e4468">194</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e4837">203</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1.013</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1,013</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e4478">194</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">compossed</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">composed</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e4483">194</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1.014</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1,014</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e4486">194</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1.018</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1,018</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e4537">196</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">imposible</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">impossible</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e4592">196</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">tetified</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">testified</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e4599">196</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">compromisarios</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Compromisarios</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e4613">197</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e4780">201</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1.332</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1,332</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e4616">197</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e4783">201</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1.337</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1,337</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e4629">197</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Rojas</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Roxas</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e4638">197</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">aggroupation</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">aggregation</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e4665">197</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">carring</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">carrying</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e4674">197</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">mantel</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">mantle</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e4702">198</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">causual</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">casual</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e4720">199</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">emong</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">among</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e4749">200</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">tribual</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">tribal</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e4754">201</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">There</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Three</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e4760">201</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Japanee</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Japanese</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e4764">201</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">partizans</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">partisans</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e4791">202</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">acount</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">account</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e4816">202</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">commmission</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">commission</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e4819">202</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">is</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">his</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e4822">202</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">protect</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">protection</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e4826">202</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">on</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">of</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e4893">205</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">resourses</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">resources</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e4900">205</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">meritiorious</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">meritorious</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e4969">208</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">[<i>Not in source</i>]</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">(</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e4972">208</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e5659">232</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">:</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e4992">208</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Yokahama</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Yokohama</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e4995">208</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">intermediatory</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">intermediary</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e5000">209</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e5007">209</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Tokio</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Tokyo</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e5004">209</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">«</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">“</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e5010">209</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">dignataries</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">dignitaries</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e5013">209</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">ambasador</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">ambassador</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e5016">209</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">100.000</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">100,000</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e5026">209</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">pay</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">pays</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e5038">210</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Corea</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Korea</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e5043">210</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Is belo</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Isabelo</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e5060">211</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">liitle</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">little</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e5086">212</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">then</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">than</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e5096">212</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">cruizer</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">cruiser</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e5119">213</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">indifferentism</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">indifference</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e5132">214</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1.132–1.138</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1,132–1,138</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e5183">216</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Japones</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Japonés</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e5186">216</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">aquaintances</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">acquaintances</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e5212">217</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">outdone</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">out-done</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e5219">217</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">it it</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">it</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e5303">220</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">plebian</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">plebeian</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e5311">220</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">searcely</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">scarcely</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e5325">221</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">depised</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">despised</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e5328">221</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">have have</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">have</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e5359">222</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">it</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">is</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e5363">222</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">intented</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">intended</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e5377">222</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">element</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">elements</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e5402">223</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">he</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">be</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e5417">223</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">organisims</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">organisms</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e5456">224</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">A see appendix</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">See appendix A</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e5474">225</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e6503">265</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">fol.</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">fols.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e5477">225</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1.131</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1,131</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e5492">226</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e5495">226</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">programe</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">programme</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e5516">226</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">»</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">[<i>Deleted</i>]</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e5525">227</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">it</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">its</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e5528">227</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">bannar</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">banner</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e5551">228</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">revolutionanary</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">revolutionary</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e5561">228</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">[<i>Not in source</i>]</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e5577">229</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">do do</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">do</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e5614">230</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">civil</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Civil</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e5624">230</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">masony</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">masonry</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e5636">231</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e6823">275</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">mexican</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Mexican</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e5717">234</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">semi savages</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">semi-savages</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e5725">235</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e6097">248</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">;</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">:</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e5748">236</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">suprise</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">surprise</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e5762">237</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Firedrands</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Firebrands</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e5769">238</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">lighed</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">lit</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e5800">239</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">mement</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">moment</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e5830">240</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">clases</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">classes</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e5917">242</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">siezed</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">seized</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e5979">244</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1.381</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1,381</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e5982">244</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1.382</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1,382</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e5985">244</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">ammuntion</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">ammunition</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e5994">244</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">cuting</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">cutting</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e6005">245</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">expence</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">expense</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e6011">245</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">ne</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">one</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e6016">245</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">proportion</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">portion out</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e6021">245</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">nett</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">net</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e6024">245</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">planed</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">planned</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e6029">246</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">be be</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">be</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e6036">246</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">absorbe</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">absorb</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e6039">246</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">absorbes</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">absorbs</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e6050">246</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">possesed</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">possessed</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e6062">247</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">sedentery</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">sedentary</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e6119">249</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">continal</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">continual</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e6122">249</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">beastial</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">bestial</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e6127">250</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">mahomedans</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Mohammedans</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e6142">250</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">or</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">nor</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e6147">251</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">chief</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">chiefs</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e6152">251</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">resistence</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">resistance</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e6155">251</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">.</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">;</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e6165">251</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">perposterous</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">preposterous</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e6173">252</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">religon</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">religion</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e6191">253</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">te</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">to</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e6202">N.A.</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Mahomedan</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Mohammedan</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e6209">N.A.</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">warter</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">water</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e6228">255</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">think</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">thought</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e6236">256</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">incission</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">incision</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e6264">257</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">night</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">might</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e6267">257</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">6.000</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">6,000</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e6272">257</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">commencenent</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">commencement</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e6297">258</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">evangelica</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">evangelical</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e6306">259</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">garote</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">garrote</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e6312">259</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">councilled</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">counselled</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e6363">261</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">writer</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">written</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e6373">261</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">ocassion</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">occasion</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e6379">261</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">of Ministers of Ministers</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">of Ministers</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e6382">261</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">[<i>Not in source</i>]</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">:</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e6424">262</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">birth-day</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">birthday</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e6431">262</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">fountation</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">foundation</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e6468">264</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e7873">322</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">the</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">The</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e6496">265</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Spanniards</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Spaniards</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e6534">267</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">admiting</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">admitting</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e6561">268</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Medecine</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Medicine</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e6569">269</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">carryiug</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">carrying</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e6572">269</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">sllence</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">silence</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e6581">270</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Boniiacio</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Bonifacio</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e6584">270</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">resignatfon</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">resignation</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e6594">270</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">filipina</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Filipina</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e6610">271</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">immediateiy</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">immediately</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e6619">272</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">immediataly</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">immediately</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e6633">272</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">[<i>Not in source</i>]</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">of</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e6722">N.A.</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">laguage</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">language</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e6738">N.A.</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">... “</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">“...</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e6755">N.A.</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">french</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">French</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e6760">N.A.</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Reaues</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Revues</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e6763">N.A.</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Caezar</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Caesar</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e6788">274</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">inicisions</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">incisions</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e6829">275</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">seperatism</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">separatism</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e6902">278</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">frem</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">from</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e6905">278</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">cannabistic</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">cannibalistic</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e6938">279</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">seperate</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">separate</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e6963">281</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">trops</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">troops</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e6968">281</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">ti</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">it</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e6983">282</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">loose</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">lose</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e6995">283</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">katipunan</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Katipunan</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e7003">283</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">ef</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">of</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e7009">284</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Diua</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Dina</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e7013">284</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Arelano</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Arellano</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e7033">285</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">peoples,</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">people’s</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e7061">286</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">sel</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">self</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e7082">288</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e7603">N.A.</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">tagalogs</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Tagalogs</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e7098">288</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">annoint</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">anoint</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e7101">288</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">annointed</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">anointed</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e7117">290</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">of</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">off</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e7131">290</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">huriedly</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">hurriedly</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e7157">291</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">they</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">thy</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e7167">292</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">sacrifiece</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">sacrifice</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e7187">293</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">countted</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">counted</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e7230">295</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">discusion</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">discussion</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e7233">295</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">tussel</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">tussle</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e7263">298</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">loosing</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">losing</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e7275">298</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">the</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">to</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e7278">298</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">lithograpic</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">lithographic</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e7311">300</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">repentence</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">repentance</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e7314">300</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">abbetor</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">abettor</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e7317">300</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Patino’s</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Patiño’s</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e7379">304</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">;</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e7384">304</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Aa</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">As</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e7399">305</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">fraganti</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">flagrante</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e7416">306</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">facinated</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">fascinated</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e7426">306</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Perez</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Pérez</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e7439">306</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">halfcaste</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">half-caste</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e7451">307</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">dont</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">don’t</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e7499">310</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">irrepresible</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">irrepressible</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e7511">310</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">it</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">in</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e7530">N.A.</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">in</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">a</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e7543">N.A.</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">suceeded</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">succeeded</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e7549">N.A.</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Spanniard</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Spaniard</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e7590">N.A.</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">insurpassable</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">unsurpassable</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e7594">N.A.</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">eared</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">earned</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e7600">N.A.</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Poblete,s</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Poblete’s</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e7653">311</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Licenciate</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Licentiate</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e7658">311</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">everflow</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">overflow</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e7720">315</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">demostrate</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">demonstrate</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e7772">319</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">rasor</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">razor</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e7798">320</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">you you</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">you</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e7813">321</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">osbervation</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">observation</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e7830">321</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">.</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">:</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e7833">321</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">acccount</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">account</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e7845">322</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">by</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">be</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e7854">322</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">those</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Those</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e7862">322</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">on</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">On</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e7865">322</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">wifes</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">wives</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e7902">323</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e7907">324</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">manifestacion</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">manifestation</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e7921">324</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Arcbishop</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Archbishop</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e7924">324</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">dysentry</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">dysentery</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e7931">N.A.</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">indespensible</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">indispensable</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e7934">N.A.</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">expell</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">expel</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e7944">325</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">irremissably</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">irremissibly</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e7953">326</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">manifestors</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">manifestos</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e7996">327</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">descredit</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">discredit</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e8001">328</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">pretentions</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">pretensions</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e8006">328</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">symbolical</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">symbolic</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e8009">328</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">imformation</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">information</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e8015">328</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">secretery</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">secretary</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e8039">329</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">pervent</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">prevent</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e8063">330</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">lighting</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">lightning</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e8068">330</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">persue</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">pursue</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e8078">331</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">abreviations</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">abbreviations</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e8083">331</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">medecine</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">medicine</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e8100">331</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">an</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">a</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e8154">332</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">notice</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">noticed</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e8170">333</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">marvellous</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">marvelous</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e8178">333</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">assasissination</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">assassination</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e8191">334</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">bigotted</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">bigoted</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e8194">334</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">council</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">counsel</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +</div> + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Katipunan, by +J. 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