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diff --git a/37520-8.txt b/37520-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a517310 --- /dev/null +++ b/37520-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12595 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Surnames as a Science, by Robert Ferguson + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Surnames as a Science + +Author: Robert Ferguson + +Release Date: September 24, 2011 [EBook #37520] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SURNAMES AS A SCIENCE *** + + + + +Produced by StevenGibbs, Jane Hyland and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + +SURNAMES AS A SCIENCE + +BY +ROBERT FERGUSON, M.P., +F.S.A., F.S.A. (SCOT.); +AUTHOR OF "THE TEUTONIC NAME-SYSTEM." + +LONDON: +GEORGE ROUTLEDGE AND SONS, +BROADWAY, LUDGATE HILL, +NEW YORK: 9, LAFAYETTE PLACE. +1883. + + + + +LONDON: +R. CLAY, SONS, AND TAYLOR, +BREAD STREET HILL. + +TO +MRS. R.H. DANA (_née_ LONGFELLOW), +OF BOSTON, MASS., +IN MEMORY OF EARLY AND VALUED FRIENDSHIP, AND OF DAYS +NOT TO BE FORGOTTEN, PASSED AT CRAGIE HOUSE, +THIS LITTLE VOLUME IS INSCRIBED +BY THE AUTHOR. + + + + +PREFACE. + + +That portion of our surnames which dates back to Anglo-Saxon times, and +so forms a part of the general system by which Teutonic names are +governed, is distinctly a branch of a science, and as such has been +treated by the Germans, upon whose lines I have generally endeavoured to +follow. + +It has been a part of my object to show that this portion of our +surnames is a very much larger one than has been generally supposed, and +that it includes a very great number of names which have hitherto been +otherwise accounted for, as well as of course a great number for which +no explanation has been forthcoming. + +Nevertheless, while claiming for my subject the dignity of a science, I +am very well aware that the question as to how far I have myself +succeeded in treating it scientifically is an entirely different one, +and one upon which it will be for others than myself to pronounce an +opinion. + +This work is of the nature of a supplement to one which I published some +time ago under the title of _The Teutonic Name-system applied to the +Family-names of France, England, and Germany_ (Williams and Norgate), +though I have been obliged, in order to render my system intelligible, +to a certain extent to go over the same ground again. + +I will only say, in conclusion, that in dealing with this subject--one +in which all persons may be taken to be more or less interested--I have +endeavoured as much as possible to avoid technicalities and to write so +as to be intelligible to the ordinary reader. + + ROBERT FERGUSON. + + MORTON, CARLISLE. + + + + +CONTENTS. + + + CHAPTER I. PAGE + + THE ANTIQUITY AND THE UNSUSPECTED DIGNITY OF SOME OF OUR COMMON NAMES 1 + + CHAPTER II. + + CLUE TO SOME OF THE ANCIENT FORMS REPRESENTED IN ENGLISH NAMES 23 + + CHAPTER III. + + NAMES REPRESENTING ANCIENT COMPOUNDS 36 + + CHAPTER IV. + + THE MEN WHO CAME IN WITH THE SAXONS 69 + + CHAPTER V. + + MEN'S NAMES IN PLACE-NAMES 92 + + CHAPTER VI. + + CORRUPTIONS AND CONTRACTIONS 113 + + CHAPTER VII. + + THE OLD FRANKS AND THE PRESENT FRENCH 123 + + CHAPTER VIII. + + THE GERMAN ORIGIN OF GREAT ITALIANS AS EVIDENCED IN THEIR NAMES 143 + + CHAPTER IX. + + VARIOUS UNENUMERATED STEMS 154 + + CHAPTER X. + + NAMES WHICH ARE NOT WHAT THEY SEEM 171 + + CHAPTER XI. + + CHRISTIAN NAMES OF WOMEN 197 + + LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL WORKS CONSULTED 213 + + ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS 215 + + INDEX OF NAMES 217 + + + +CONTRACTIONS. + + A.S. Anglo-Saxon. + O.N. Old Northern. + O.G. Old German. + O.H.G. Old High German. + + + + +SURNAMES AS A SCIENCE. + +CHAPTER I. + +THE ANTIQUITY AND THE UNSUSPECTED DIGNITY OF SOME OF OUR COMMON NAMES. + + +As some things that seem common, and even ignoble, to the naked eye, +lose their meanness under the revelations of the microscope, so, many of +our surnames that seem common and even vulgar at first sight, will be +found, when their origin is adequately investigated, to be of high +antiquity, and of unsuspected dignity. _Clodd_, for instance, might seem +to be of boorish origin, and _Clout_ to have been a dealer in old rags. +But I claim for them that they are twin brothers, and etymologically the +descendants of a Frankish king. _Napp_ is not a name of distinguished +sound, yet it is one that can take us back to that far-off time ere yet +the history of England had begun, when, among the little kinglets on the +old Saxon shore, "Hnaf ruled the Hôcings."[1] _Moll_, _Betty_, _Nanny_, +and _Pegg_ sound rather ignoble as the names of men, yet there is +nothing of womanliness in their warlike origin. _Bill_ seems an honest +though hardly a distinguished name, unless he can claim kinship with +Billing, the "noble progenitor of the royal house of Saxony." Now +Billing, thus described by Kemble, is a patronymic, "son of Bill or +Billa," and I claim for our Bill (as a surname) the right, as elsewhere +stated, to be considered as the progenitor. Among the very shortest +names in all the directory are _Ewe_, _Yea_, and _Yeo_, yet theirs also +is a pedigree that can take us back beyond Anglo-Saxon times. Names of a +most disreputable appearance are _Swearing_ and _Gambling_, yet both, +when properly inquired into, turn out to be the very synonyms of +respectability. _Winfarthing_ again would seem to be derived from the +most petty gambling, unless he can be rehabilitated as an Anglo-Saxon +Winfrithing (patronymic of Winfrith.) A more unpleasant name than +_Gumboil_ (_Lower_) it would not be easy to find, and yet it represents, +debased though be its form, a name borne by many a Frankish warrior, and +by a Burgundian king fourteen centuries ago. Its proper form would be +Gumbald (Frankish for Gundbald), and it signifies "bold in war." Another +name which wofully belies its origin is _Tremble_, for, of the two words +of which it is composed, one signifies steadfast or firm, and the other +signifies valiant or bold. Its proper form is Trumbald, and the first +step of its descent is _Trumbull_. A name which excites anything but +agreeable associations is _Earwig_. Yet it is at any rate a name that +goes back to Anglo-Saxon times, there being an Earwig, no doubt a man +of some consideration, a witness to a charter (_Thorpe_, p. 333). And +the animal which it represents is not the insect of insidious repute, +but the sturdy boar so much honoured by our Teuton forefathers, _ear_ +being, as elsewhere noted, a contraction of _evor_, boar, so that Earwig +is the "boar of battle." Of more humiliating seeming than even Earwig is +_Flea_ (vouched for by Lower as an English surname). And yet it is at +all events a name of old descent, for Flea--I do not intend it in any +equivocal sense, for the stem is found in Kemble's list of early +settlers--came in with the Saxons. And though it has nothing to do with +English "flea," yet it is no doubt from the same root, and expresses the +same characteristic of agility so marvellously developed in the insect. + +Even _Bugg_, if he had seen his name under this metaphorical microscope, +might have felt himself absolved from changing it into Howard, for Bugg +is at least as ancient, and etymologically quite as respectable. It is a +name of which great and honourable men of old were not ashamed; there +was, for instance, a Buga, minister to Edward of Wessex, who signs his +name to many a charter. And there was also an Anglo-Saxon queen, +Hrothwaru, who was also called Bucge, which I have elsewhere given +reasons for supposing to have been her original name. There are moreover +to be found, deduced from place-names, two Anglo-Saxons named +respectively Buga and Bugga, owners of land, and therefore respectable. +In Germany we find Bugo, Bugga, and Bucge, as ancient names of men and +women in the _Altdeutsches Namenbuch_. And Bugge is at present a name +both among the Germans and the Scandinavians, being, among others, that +of a distinguished professor at Christiania. As to its origin, all that +we can predicate with anything like confidence is that it is derived +from a word signifying to bend, and of the various senses thus derived, +that of ring or bracelet (O.N. _baugr_) seems to me the most +appropriate. The bracelet was of old an honourable distinction, and the +prince, as the fountain of honour, was the "bracelet-giver."[2] + +My object then at present is to show that many of our short and +unpretending names are among the most ancient that we have, being such +as our Saxon forefathers brought with them when they first set foot upon +our shores, and such as we find whenever history gives us a yet earlier +glimpse of the Teuton in his home. _Bass_, for instance, whose red +pyramid to-day stamps authenticity on many a bottle, was in ancient +times a well-known potter's name on the beautiful red Samian ware of the +Romans. The seat of this manufacture was on the banks of the Rhine, and +in the long list of potters' names, mostly of course Roman, there are +not a few that are those of Germans or of Gauls. And there is one +interesting case, that of a lamp found along the line of the Roman wall, +in which the German potter, one Fus, has asserted his own nationality by +stamping his ware with the print of a naked human foot, within which is +inscribed his name, thus proving, by the play upon his name, that _fus_ +meant "foot" in the language which he spoke. Little perhaps the old +potter thought, as he chuckled over his conceit, that when fifteen +centuries had passed away, his trade-mark would remain to attest his +nationality. + +But to return to Bass, let us see what can be done to bridge the gulf +between the princely brewers of to-day and the old potter on the banks +of the Rhine. And first, as to Anglo-Saxon England, we find Bass as a +mass-priest, and Bassus as a valiant soldier of King Edwin in the +Anglo-Saxon _Chronicle_, as also a Bassa in the genealogy of the Mercian +kings. Basing, the Anglo-Saxon patronymic, "son of Bass," occurs about +the twelfth century, in the _Liber Vitæ_. And Kemble, in his list of +Anglo-Saxon "marks," or communities of the early settlers, finds +Bassingas, _i.e._ descendants or followers of Bass, in Cambridgeshire +and in Notts, while Mr. Taylor finds offshoots of the same family on the +opposite coast in Artois. In Germany we find many instances of Bass, and +its High German form Pass, from the seventh century downwards. And in +the neighbourhood of the Wurm-See, in Bavaria, we find, corresponding +with our Bassings, a community of Pasings, _i.e._ descendants or +followers of Pass. We may take it then that our name _Pass_ is only +another form of _Bass_, both names being also found at present in +Germany. As to the origin of the name, for which no sufficient +explanation is to be found in the Old German dialects, Foerstemann has +to turn to the kindred dialect of the Old Northern, where he finds it in +_basa_, anniti, to strive contend. + +Thus far we have had to do with Bass as a name of Teutonic origin. But +it appears to have been a Celtic name as well, for Bassa, a name +presumably Welsh, occurs in the pathetic lament of Llywarch, written in +the sixth century, the name being, on the authority of the late Dr. +Guest, still retained in Baschurch near Shrewsbury. The name Bass, then, +or Pass, on Roman pottery might be either that of a German or of a Gaul, +but more probably the former, especially as we find also Bassico, a form +more particularly German, and some other forms more probably Teutonic. + +Before parting with Bass, I may refer to one in particular of his +progeny, the name _Basin_, formed from it by the ending _en_ or _in_, +referred to in a subsequent chapter. The original of our Basin has been +supposed to have been a barber, the mediæval leech, but I claim for him +a different origin, and connect his name, which is found as Basin in +Domesday, with the name Basin of a Thuringian king of the fifth century. + +Let us take another of our common surnames, _Scott_. This has been +generally assumed to have been an original surname derived from +nationality, and we need not doubt that it has been so in many, perhaps +in most, cases. But Scott, as a man's name, is, not to say older than +the introduction of surnames, but as old probably as the name of the +nation itself. To begin with England, it occurs in the thirteenth +century, in the _Liber Vitæ_, where it is the reverse of a surname, +Scott Agumdessune (no doubt for Agemundessune). I do not think, +however, that Agumdessune is here a surname, but only an individual +description, an earnest of surnames that were to be. For there is +another Scott who signs about the same time, and it might be necessary +to distinguish between these two men. There is in the same record yet +another Scott, described as "Alstani filius," who, in the time of +William the Conqueror, "for the redemption of his soul, and with the +consent of his sons and of all his friends," makes a gift of valuable +lands to the Church. Scott again occurs in an Anglo-Saxon charter of +boundaries quoted by Kemble, "Scottes heal," _i.e._ "Scot's hall." And +Scotta occurs in another in "Scottan byrgels," _i.e._ "Scotta's burial +mound." In Germany Scot occurs in the ninth century in the Book of the +Brotherhood of St. Peter at Salzburg, where it is classed by Foerstemann +as a German name, which seems justified by the fact that Scotardus, a +German compound (_hard_, fortis), occurs as an Old Frankish name in the +time of Charlemagne. In Italy, where, as I shall show in a subsequent +chapter, the Germans have left many Teutonic names behind them, we find +a Scotti, duke of Milan, in the middle ages, whose name is probably due +to that cause. Scotto is a surname at present among the Frisians, while +among the Germans generally it is most commonly softened into Schott. + +Scot however, as a man's name, seems to have been at least as common +among the Celts as among the Teutons; Gluck cites four instances of it +from ancient, chiefly Latin, authors, in only one of which, however, +that of a Gaul, is the particular nationality distinguished. As to the +origin of the name, all that can be said is that it is most probably +from the same origin, whatever that may be, as the name of the nation; +just as another Celtic man's name, Caled, signifying hard, durus, is +probably from the same origin as that of Caledonia, "stern and wild." + +Lastly, among the names on Roman pottery, we have Scottus, Scoto, and +Scotni, the last being a genitive, "Scotni manû." Of these three names +the first is the Latinisation of Scott; the second has the ending in _o_ +most common for men's names among the old Franks, but also found among +the Celts; the third, as a genitive, presumably represents the form +Scotten, the ending in _en_, hereafter referred to, running through the +whole range of Teutonic names, but being also found in Celtic. Upon the +whole, then, there does not seem anything sufficiently distinctive to +stamp these names as either Teutonic or Celtic. I may observe that all +these three forms, _Scott_, _Scotto_, and _Scotten_, are found in our +surnames, as well as _Scotting_, the Anglo-Saxon patronymic, which +assists to mark the name as in Anglo-Saxon use. We have also _Scotland_, +which has been supposed to have been an original surname derived from +nationality, and so I dare say it may be in some cases. But Scotland +appears as a man's name in the _Liber Vitæ_ about the twelfth or +thirteenth century, and before surnames begin to make their appearance. +Scotland again occurs as the name of a Norman in the _Acta Sanctorum_, +where it seems more probably of Frankish origin, and cannot at any rate +be from nationality. The fact seems to be that _land_, terra, was formed +into compounds, like _bald_, and _fred_, and _hard_, without reference +perhaps to any particular meaning. Similarly we find Old German, +apparently Frankish, names, Ingaland and Airland (more properly +Heriland), which might account in a similar way for our surnames +_England_ and _Ireland_. + +Let us take yet one more name, _Gay_, a little more complicated in its +connections than the others, and endeavour to trace it up to its origin. +"Nay! but what better origin can we have," I can fancy the reader saying +at starting, "than our own word 'gay', French _gai_?" I would not +undertake to say that our name is not in any instance from this origin, +but what I say is that a proved Anglo-Saxon _name_ is better than any +assumed _word_, however suitable its meaning may seem to be. Moreover, +the same Anglo-Saxon word will account, not only for Gay, but for a +whole group of names, _Gay_, _Gye_, _Gedge_, _Gage_, _Kay_, _Key_, +_Kegg_, _Kedge_, _Cage_,--all variations, according to my view, of one +original name. It must inevitably be the case that a name dating back to +a remote antiquity, and in use over a wide area, must be subject to many +phonetic variations. And it matters nothing to etymology, so long as her +own strict rules are complied with, if some of these names have not a +single letter in common. Given, then, an Anglo-Saxon name Gagg, Gegg, +with its alternative form Cagg, Keg, and we get from it all the forms +that are required. For the English ear is averse, as a matter of +euphony, to a final _g_, and while it most commonly changes it into _y_ +(which is in effect dropping it), as in A.S. _dag_, Eng. _day_, A.S. +_cæg_, Eng. _key_, it also not unfrequently changes it into _dg_, as in +A.S. _bricg_, Eng. _bridge_, &c. To come, then, to the Anglo-Saxon +names concerned, Kemble, in his list of original settlers, has both +Gagingas, _i.e._ descendants or followers of Gag, and Cægingas, _i.e._ +descendants or followers of Cæg. And the Anglo-Saxon names cited below, +one of them the exact counterpart of Gay, are deduced from place-names +of a later period. The Old German names do not, in this case, throw any +light upon the subject, as, on account of the stem not being so +distinctly developed as it is in Anglo-Saxon, they have been placed by +Foerstemann to, as I consider, a wrong stem, viz. _gaw_, patria. + + _Anglo-Saxon names._--Gæcg, Geagga, Geah, Cæg, Ceagga, Ceahha + (Gæging, Gaing, _patronymics_). + + _Old German names._--Gaio, Geio, Kegio, Keyo, Keio. + + _Present German._--Gey, Geu. + + _Present Friesic._--Kay, Key. + + _English surnames._--Gay, Gye, Gedge, Gage, Kay, Key, Kegg, Kedge, + Cage. + +As to the origin and meaning of the word, I can offer nothing more than +a somewhat speculative conjecture. There is a stem _gagen_, _cagen_, in +Teutonic names, and which seems to be derived most probably from O.N. +_gagn_, gain, victory. We find it in Anglo-Saxon in Gegnesburh, now +Gainsborough, and in Geynesthorn, another place-name, and we have it in +our names _Gain_, _Cain_, _Cane_. It is very possible, and in accordance +with the Teutonic system, that _gag_ may represent the older and simpler +form, standing to _gagen_ in the same relation as English _ward_ does +to _warden_, and A.S. _geard_ (inclosure), to _garden_. + +As in the two previous cases, so also in this case, there is an ancient +Celtic name, Geio, to take into account, and to this may be placed the +names _Keogh_ and _Keho_, if these names be, as I suppose, Irish and not +English. Also the Kay and the Kie in _McKay_ and _McKie_. Lastly, in +this, as in the other two cases, there is also a name on Roman pottery, +Gio, which might, as it seems, be either German or Celtic. Can there be +any connection, I venture to inquire, between these ancient names, +Celtic or Teutonic, and the Roman Gaius and Caius? Several well-known +Roman names are, as elsewhere noted, referred by German writers to a +Celtic origin. + +It will be seen then that, in the case of all the three names of which I +have been treating, there is an ancient Celtic name in a corresponding +form which might in some cases intermix. And there are many more cases +of the same kind among our surnames. _Wake_, for instance, may represent +an ancient name, either German or Celtic; for the German a sufficient +etymon may be found in _wak_, watchful, while for the Celtic there is +nothing, observes Gluck, in the range of extant dialects to which we can +reasonably refer it. So _Moore_ represents an ancient stem for names +common to the Celts, the Germans, and the Romans, though at least as +regards the Germans, the origin seems obscure.[3] + +Now it is quite possible, particularly in the case of such monosyllabic +words as these, that there might be an accidental coincidence between a +Celtic and a Teutonic name, without their having anything in common in +their root. It is possible, again, that the one nation may have borrowed +a name from the other, as the Northmen, for instance, sometimes did from +the Irish or the Gael, one of their most common names, Niel(sen), being +thus derived; while, on the other hand, both the Irish and the Gael +received, as Mr. Worsaae has shown, many names from the Northmen. So +also the Romans seem to have borrowed names from the Celts, several +well-known names, as Plinius, Livius, Virgilius,[4] Catullus, and +Drusus, being, in the opinion of German scholars, thus derived. + +But though no doubt both these principles apply to the present case, yet +there is also, as it seems to me, something in the relationship between +Celtic and Teutonic names which can hardly be accounted for on either of +the above principles. And I venture to throw out the suggestion that +when ancient Celtic names shall have been as thoroughly collected and +examined as, by the industry of the Germans, have been the Teutonic, +comparative philology may--perhaps within certain lines--find something +of the same kinship between them that it has already established in the +case of the respective languages. Meanwhile, I venture to put forward, +derived from such limited observations as I have been able to make, +certain points of coincidence which I think go some way to justify the +opinion expressed above. In so doing I am not so much putting forward +etymological views of my own, as collecting together, so as to shape +them into a comparison, the conclusions which have, in various +individual cases, been arrived at by scholars such as Zeuss. There are, +then, four very common endings in Teutonic names,--_ward_, as in Edward, +_ric_, as in Frederic, _mar_, as in Aylmar, and _wald_, as in Reginald +(=Reginwald). The same four words, in their corresponding forms, are +also common as the endings of Celtic names, _ward_ taking the form of +_guared_ or _guaret_, the German _ric_ taking generally the form of +_rix_ (which appears also to have been the older form in the German, all +names of the first century being so given by Latin authors), _wald_ +taking the form of _gualed_ or _gualet_, and _mar_ being pretty much the +same in both. Of these four cases of coincidence, there is only one +(_wald = gualet_) which I have not derived from German authority. And +with respect to this one, I have assumed the Welsh _gualed_, order, +arrangement, whence _gualedyr_, a ruler, to be the same word as German +_wald_, Gothic _valdan_, to rule. But we can carry this comparison still +further, and show all these four endings in combination with one and the +same prefix common to both tongues. This prefix is the Old German _had_, +_hat_, _hath_, signifying war, the corresponding word to which is in +Celtic _cad_ or _cat_. (Note that in the earliest German names on +record, as the Catumer and the Catualda of Tacitus, the German form is +_cat_, same as the Celtic. This seems to indicate that at that early +period the Germans so strongly aspirated the _h_ in _hat_, that the word +sounded to Roman ears like _cat_, and it assists perhaps to give us an +idea of the way in which such variations of tongues arise.) + +I subjoin then the following names which, _mutatis mutandis_, are the +same in both tongues, and which, judging them by the same rules which +philology has applied to the respective languages, might be taken to be +from some earlier source common to both races:-- + + _Ancient German Names._ _Ancient Celtic Names._ + + Hadaward. Catguaret (_Book of Llandaff_). + Haduric. Caturix (_Orelli_). + Hadamar (Catumer, _Tacitus_). Catmôr (_Book of Llandaff_). + Hadold (=Hadwald). Catgualet (_British king of Gwynedd_, + A.D. 664). + Catualda (_Tacitus_). Cadwalladyr (_British king_) + (Catgualatyr, _Book of Llandaff_) + +In comparing Catualda with the British Cadwalladyr I am noting an +additional point of coincidence. Catualda is not, like other Old German +names, from _wald_, rule, but from _walda_, ruler. There is only one +other Old German name in the same form, Cariovalda,[5] also a very +ancient name, being of the first century. This then may represent the +older form, though this is not what I wish at present to note, but that +Catualda is the counterpart of the British Cadwalladyr, which also is +not from _gualed_, rule, but from _gualedyr_, ruler. + +In suggesting that this coincidence may be confined within certain lines +I mean to guard against the assumption that it would, as in the case of +the language, be found to pervade the whole system, many of the +formations of which may be of a more recent time. There are some other +stems, considered by the Germans to be in coincidence, to only one of +which I will refer at present, the Old Celtic _tout_, Welsh _tûd_ = the +Gothic _thiuda_. Hence the name Tudric, of a British king of Glamorgan, +would be the counterpart of that of the Gothic king Theuderic, or +Theoderic. I will take one more instance of a name presumed to be common +to the Germans and to the Celts as an illustration of the manner in +which--men's names being handed down from generation to generation +without, even in ancient times, any thought of their meaning--a name may +survive, while the word from which it was originally derived has +perished out of the language, or is retained in a sense so changed as +hardly to be recognised. The German name in question is that of Sigimar, +the brother of Arminius, dating from the first century of our era, a +name which we still have as _Seymore_, and in its High German form +Sicumar we have as _Sycamore_, intermediate Anglo-Saxon names being +found for both. The prefix _sig_ is taken, with as much certainty as +there can be in anything of the kind, to be from _sig_, victory; the +ending _mar_, signifying famous, is a word to which I have already +referred as common both to the Germans and to the Celts. Segimar was +also an ancient Celtic name, but while the ending _mar_ has a meaning +to-day in Celtic speech, the prefix _seg_ is a word of which they are +hardly able to render any account. Only in the Old Irish (which seems to +contain some of the most ancient elements) Gluck, finding a word _seg_ +with the meaning of the wild ox, _urus_, deduces from it the ancient +meaning of strength (Sansc. _sahas_, vis, robor), and infers an original +meaning akin to the German. + +It happens, perhaps yet more frequently, that a German name, which +cannot be explained by anything within the range of Teutonic dialects, +may find a sufficient etymon from the Celtic. That is to suppose that a +word originally common to the Teutonic and the Celtic, has dropped out +of the former, and been retained only in the latter. Thus there is a +word _arg_, _arch_, found in many Teutonic names, and from which we have +several names, as _Archbold_, _Archbutt_, _Archard_, _Argent_, +_Argument_, for which the meaning that can be derived from the German +seems very inadequate, but for which the Irish _arg_, hero or champion, +seems to offer as good a meaning as could be desired. So also _all_, +from which, as elsewhere shown, there are a number of names, in its +Teutonic sense of _omnis_, does not seem to give by any means so +satisfactory a result as in its Celtic sense of "great" or, +"illustrious." Many other instances might be adduced on both sides to +show the way in which a word has dropped out of the one language and +been retained in the other. + +Before passing from this part of the subject, I may be allowed to adduce +an illustration--a striking one I think, albeit that the name in this +case is not that of a man but of a dog--of the way in which a name may +be retained in familiar use, though the word from which it is derived +has perished out of the language, though the language itself has passed +out of use among us for more than a thousand years, and though the word +itself is only used in a sort of poetical or sentimental sense. Who has +not heard, in verse or in prose, of the "poor dog _Tray_"? And yet who +ever heard, excepting in books, of a dog being called Tray, a word which +conveys no meaning whatever to an English ear? What then is the origin, +and what is the meaning, of the name? It is, I venture to think, the +ancient British name for a dog, which is not to be found in any living +dialect of the Celtic, and which is only revealed to us in a casual line +of a Roman poet:-- + + Non sibi, sed domino, venatur _vertragus_ acer, + Illæsum leporem qui tibi dente feret. + + _Martial._ + + +The British _vertrag_ must have been something of the nature of a +greyhound, though, from the description of his bringing back the game +unmangled to his master, perhaps capable of a higher training than the +greyhound generally attains to. Now the _ver_ in _vertrag_ is in the +Celtic tongues an intensitive, and as prefixed to a word, gives the +sense of preeminence. The ancient British word for a dog in general must +have been _trag_, a word of which we find a trace in the Irish _traig_, +foot, allied, no doubt, to Gothic _thragjan_, Greek [Greek: trechein], +Sanscrit _trag_, to run. The ancient British name then for a dog, _trag_ +signified the "runner," and with the intensitive prefix _ver_, as in +_vertrag_, the "swift runner."[6] And _trag_ is, I take it, the word +from which, _g_ as usual in English becoming _y_, is formed our word +Tray. + +It may be of interest, in connection with the antiquity of our names, to +take a few of the oldest Teutonic names of which history gives us a +record, and endeavour to show the relationship which they bear to our +existing surnames. It will be seen that not only have we the +representatives of these ancient names, but also in certain cases names +which represent a still more ancient form of the word. + +And first let us take the name, dating back to the first century of our +era, of the old German hero Arminius, brought before us with such +magnanimous fairness by Tacitus. The old idea, let me observe, that +Armin is properly _herman_, leader or warrior, has long been given up by +the Germans. The name, of which the most correct form is considered to +be Irmin, is formed from one single word of which the root is _irm_, and +the meaning of which is, as Grimm observes, entirely obscure. We have +then as English surnames _Armine_, _Ermine_, and _Harmony_, the last, +no doubt, a slight corruption, though, as far as the prefix of _h_ is +concerned, it is as old as Anglo-Saxon times, for we find "Harmines +den," Harmine's valley, in a charter quoted by Kemble. Then we have +compounded with _gar_, spear, and corresponding with an O.G. +Irminger--_Arminger_, _Irminger_,[7] and again as a corruption, +_Iremonger_. And, compounded with _hari_, warrior, and corresponding +with an O.G. Irminhar, we have _Arminer_. And, as a Christian name of +women, one at least of our old families still retains the ancient name +_Ermentrude_, the ending _trude_, as found also in _Gertrude_, being +perhaps from the name Thrud, of one of the _Valkyrjur_, or +battle-maidens of Odin. The French also, among the many names derived +from their Frankish ancestors, have _Armingaud_, _Armandet_, and +_Ermingcard_, corresponding with the ancient names Irmingaud, Irmindeot, +and Irmingard. And _Irminger_, as I write, comes before me in the daily +papers as the name of a Danish admiral. But Irmin is not the oldest form +of the name,--"the older and the simple form," observes Foerstemann, +"runs in the form Irm or Irim," and with this also we can claim +connection in our family names. For we have the simple form as _Arms_ +and _Harme_; and as compounds we have _Armiger_, corresponding with an +O.G. Ermgar; _Armour_, with an O.G. Ermhar; and _Armgold_, with an O.G. +Ermegild. Lastly, I may observe that both Irm and Irmin are found also +by Stark as ancient Celtic names. And certainly there is no stem more +likely than this, of the origin of which all trace is lost in the +darkness of the past, to be one that is older than the Arian separation. + +The name Sigimar, of the brother of Arminius, I have already shown that +we have, not only in its own form as _Seymore_, but also in its High +German form as _Sycamore_, the Anglo-Saxon names from which they may be +taken to be more immediately derived being also found in the chapter on +place-names. And I have also shown that we have the name Cariovalda (or +Harwald) of a prince of the Batavi, of the first century, in our +_Harold_. + +There was another old hero of the German race, not so fortunate as +Arminius in finding an historian in a generous foe, whose name only +comes before us in a line of Horace:-- + + Occidit Daci Cotisonis agmen. + +Cotiso must have been a leader of some High German tribe, perhaps +somewhere on the Upper Danube, and he must have made a gallant stand +against the Roman arms, inasmuch as his final overthrow is deemed by the +Roman poet a worthy subject on which to congratulate his imperial +patron. Cotiso is a High German form of another name, Godiso or Godizo, +elsewhere referred to, and hence may be represented, I venture to think, +in our names _Godsoe_ and _Goddiss_, while Cotiso itself may be +represented in our _Cottiss_, the ancient vowel-ending being in our +names, as I shall show in the next chapter, sometimes dropped and +sometimes retained. + +Another name which goes back to the first century of our era is Arpus, +that of a prince of the Catti in Tacitus. The Eorpingas, descendants or +followers of Eorpa, were among the original settlers, and seem to have +confined themselves to Norfolk, where alone we have any traces of them. +The name may perhaps be referred to Anglo-Saxon _eorp_, wolf, though +other derivations have also been proposed. We have the name at present +as _Earp_ (the name of a member of the House of Commons), and also as +_Harp_. Upon this stem is formed the name Arbogastes (_gast_, guest) of +a Frankish general under the Emperor Gratian in the fourth century; and +_Arbogast_ is still a family name among the French. + +Lastly, let us take the name of the German king, Ariovistus, brought +before us by Cæsar. The proper form of this name, there seems little +doubt, is Arefastus, as found in some other O.G. names. There was also +an Arfast, bishop of East Anglia, in the time of William the Conqueror. +And Arfast is a present name among the Frisians, according to Outzen, +who compares it--rightly, as it seems to me--with the old name +Ariovistus. The corresponding name Arinfast (_aro_, _arin_, eagle) was +also in ancient use among the Danes. It seems to me that our name +_Harvest_ may easily be a corruption of Arfast; it has generally no +doubt been derived from a man's having been born at such a season, but I +distrust, as a general rule, as elsewhere stated, derivations of this +kind. + +In connection with the subject of the antiquity of Teutonic names +generally, and of English names as derived from them, I shall have, in a +subsequent chapter, to refer to the names of original settlers in +England as deduced by Kemble from ancient charters, and compare them +with names of a similar kind found in Germany. The coincidence that will +be found in these names at that early period, from England and Friesland +in the north to Bavaria in the south, will, I think, be a very strong +argument to show that these names could not have originated within the +Teutonic area itself, and so dispersed themselves over it in its length +and breadth, but that they must have been brought with them by the +Teutonic invaders from their earlier homes. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[1] From the old Saxon fragment called the "Traveller's Song." Hnaf is +no doubt from the Ang.-Sax. _cnafa_, _cnapa_, son, boy, the Anglo-Saxons +often representing _c_ by a (no doubt aspirated) _h_. + +[2] Stark also adduces an instance in the eleventh century of Buggo as a +contraction of Burchard. + +[3] So at least Foerstemann seems to think, observing that we can +scarcely derive it from Maur, Æthiops, English "Moor." Nevertheless, +seeing the long struggle between the Teutons and the Moors in Spain, it +seems to me that such a derivation would be quite in accordance with +Teutonic practice. See some remarks on the general subject at the end of +Chapter IV. + +[4] So that we may take it that Virgilius, as the name of a Scot who +became bishop of Salzburg in the time of Boniface, was his own genuine +Celtic name, and not derived from that of the Roman poet. + +[5] This name, that of a prince of the Batavi, is considered by the +Germans to be properly Hariovalda, from _har_, army, and hence is +another instance of an initial _h_ being represented among the Romans by +a _c_. The name is the same as the Anglo-Saxon Harald, and as our +present name _Harold_. + +[6] For this explanation of _vertragus_ I am indebted to Gluck. + +[7] There was an English admiral of this name, though I do not know of +it at present. + + + + +CHAPTER II. + +CLUE TO SOME OF THE ANCIENT FORMS REPRESENTED IN ENGLISH NAMES. + + +So long as our surnames are treated as if each name were something +standing apart by itself, very little progress can be made in their +elucidation; it is by collation and comparison that, in this as in any +other science, definite results are to be obtained. And a moderate +amount of attention to the forms in which these names appear, and to the +various endings prevalent among them, will enable many names, otherwise +unrecognisable, to be brought within the pale of classification and of +possible explanation. I am of course referring to that portion of our +surnames--a much larger one according to my judgment than is generally +acknowledged--which dates back to Anglo-Saxon times, and so forms a part +of the general system by which Teutonic names are governed. + +I shall have, in the course of this work, frequently to refer to the +Teutonic system, and to names which do, or do not, according to my +judgment, enter into it. And I will therefore, before going further, +endeavour to explain what I mean by the Teutonic system. There is, then, +a class of words which, at a time of remote antiquity, have been adopted +as stems upon which, in some cases by a sort of phonetic accretion, in +some cases by the addition of a diminutive ending, in some cases by +forming a patronymic, in some cases by taking in another word as a +compound, a number of other names have been formed. Thus, when we find +such a group of names as _Dill_, _Dilly_, _Dillow_, _Dillen_, _Dilling_, +_Dilke_, _Dilwyn_, or as _Budd_, _Budden_, _Buddle_, _Budding_, +_Buddrich_, _Budmore_, we may take it that these are all ancient names, +of which _Dill_ and _Budd_ are respectively the stems. And whenever we +find a group of names with endings such as it is my object in the +present chapter to explain, and in compounds such as will be dealt with +in a succeeding chapter, we shall be warranted in assuming the antiquity +of the group. + + +The endings in _a_, _ay_, _ah_, _ey_, _ie_, _o_, _oe_, _ow_. + +And in the first place, let us take the endings in _a_, _i_, and _o_, of +which the above are nothing more than arbitrary variations of spelling. +Now ancient Teutonic names formed of one single word had commonly, +though not invariably (and the same thing applies also to ancient Celtic +names), a vowel-ending in _a_, _i_, or _o_; this ending is in our names +sometimes dropped and at other times retained. (It is to be observed, +however, that even in Anglo-Saxon times it is not an unfrequent thing to +find the same name variously with and without a vowel-ending, of which +some instances may be noted in Chapter V.) Thus we have _Abbe_, _Abba_, +and _Abbey_, we have _Bell_, _Belly_, and _Bellow_, we have _Earl_ and +_Early_, we have _Dand_, _Dandy_, and _Dando_, we have _Brand_ and +_Brandy_, we have _Todd_ and _Toddy_, we have _Dane_ and _Dana_, we have +_Marr_, _Marry_, and _Marrow_. These are all ancient names, variously +with and without the vowel-ending, and it will be readily seen how apt +the addition is to disguise the name, and to give it the appearance of +something else. + +The question now to consider is--What is the value and meaning of this +vowel-ending, which was only given to simple names and never to +compounds? It might be, in some cases, used simply as a sort of euphonic +rounding-off of a name which might seem meagre and insignificant without +something of the sort. We ourselves appear to use _s_ in the same manner +in the case of some very short names, such as Wills and Epps, in which +the final _s_ may perform the same service that was rendered by the +vowel-ending. But there is also another principle which I think obtains, +and which, indeed, may be the guiding principle in such cases. In +Anglo-Saxon (and the same principle applied to other Teutonic dialects), +the addition of _a_ to a word implied connection with it. Thus, from +_scip_, a ship, is formed _scipa_, one connected with a ship, a sailor. +Now, going back to the remote origin of names, there were many cases in +which a man took a name from an abstraction, such as war, peace, glory, +victory, or from a weapon, as the sword or the spear, and it is obvious +that in such cases he required something to connect his name with it, +and this is, as it seems to me, what was effected by the ending in +question. And the principle is still a living one among us, and we form +names daily in accordance with it, though we no longer use the ending in +_a_, which has been superseded by that in _i_.[8] A connection with +anything whatever is expressed by this ending, as when a stupid person +is called "Duncey," one with a remarkable nose "Nosey," or one with a +halting gait "Stumpy." The French seem to have retained their old +ending, and, when they form names of this sort, to do it with the ending +in _o_ (_eau_) which appears to be in accordance with the genius of +their language, as that in _i_ (_ey_) is with that of ours. + +Of these three endings, that in _a_ is the one which was in use among +the Goths, in such names as Cniva, Totila, Ulfila. And the same was also +the case among the Saxons, a branch of the same Low German stock, in +such names as Anna, Ella, Penda, Dodda. The ending in _i_ was also +common among the Old Saxons, and, if we may judge by the _Liber Vitæ_ of +Durham (which might naturally be supposed to contain a large proportion +of Northern names), was also prevalent in the ancient Northumbria. We +have in that record the names Alli, Arni, Bynni, Betti, Cyni, Diori, +Elsi, Paelli, Tidi, Tilli, Terri, all of which are found in our present +names _Alley_, _Arney_, _Binney_, _Betty_, _Kinney_, _Deary_, _Elsey_, +_Paley_, _Tidy_, _Tilley_, _Terry_. The ending in _o_ was that which +was in favour among the Franks and the High Germans generally, the +oldest instance on record being probably that of Cotiso, p. 20. This is +the usual ending in French names (so far as they are of Old Frankish +origin, and come under this head), the form being generally _eau_, as in +_Baudeau_, _Godeau_, _Fredeau_, representing the ancient names Baldo, +Godo, Fredo. Hence our names ending in _o_ may be taken to be, to some +extent, names of Old Frankish origin come to us through the Normans. But +the number of such names is larger than could reasonably be accounted +for in such a way, and in point of fact, we meet occasionally with such +names at a much earlier period. The Frisians certainly seem to have had +names in this form, and it is a question whether such names may not be +partly due to them. It must be observed, then, that names with these +three various endings represent the stem just the same as those that are +without it. + +The ending in _an_, _en_, _in_, or _on_. + +This ending runs through the whole range of Teutonic names, and is +common in English surnames. Hence we have _Doran_, _Lingen_, _Bolden_, +_Hannen_, _Farren_, the names on which they are formed being represented +in _Dore_, _Ling_, _Bold_, _Hann_, _Farre_. As to the value and meaning +of this ending, we have nothing more to guide us than its parallel use +in the languages most nearly concerned, where it is what may be called +formative. That is to say, it is a form of speech which is used to form +the endings of words, not adding anything to the meaning, but forming a +kind of euphonic rounding-off of the word. Thus from A.S. _wearda_ is +formed _warden_, from _geard_ (inclosure) is formed _garden_, from +_Brytta_ is formed Briton, from _mægd_, maid, is formed _maiden_. Cf. +also the old word _ratten_ for _rat_, still used in provincial speech. +In many cases in Teutonic names we have words thus formed, and also the +simpler forms on which they have been founded, _e.g._ we have _bero_, +bear, and also _berin_, we have _aro_, eagle, and also _arin_ (=A.S. +_earn_), both forming the stems on which a number of other names have +been built. I take the ending in _en_, then, to be most probably a kind +of phonetic accretion, adding nothing to the sense, but sometimes +representing a secondary word, and starting a stem on its own account. + + +The ending in _ing_. + +This is the Anglo-Saxon and ancient German patronymic, as in _Browning_, +"son of Brown," _Dunning_, "son of Dunn," _Winning_, "son of Winn." It +must have been superseded during, or very soon after, Anglo-Saxon times, +by the patronymic in _son_, inasmuch as no names of Scriptural origin +appear to be formed with it. Hence we have such names as _Bulling_, +_Burning_, _Canning_, _Gambling_, _Halling_, _Harding_, _Hopping_, +_Loving_, _Manning_, _Swearing_, _Telling_, _Walking_, _Willing_, some +of which have been popularly supposed to be from the present participle. +All of the above except two, _Swearing_ and _Gambling_, are found in the +list of early Saxon settlers, and of these two (which are found in after +Anglo-Saxon times) _Swearing_, which corresponds with an Old German +Suaring, finds its stem in an Anglo-Saxon name Sweor, signifying +important, honourable; and _Gambling_ (properly Gamling) is the +patronymic of an A.S. and O.N. name, Gamol, signifying "old," probably +in the honorific sense of old descent. From this origin, I take it, are +also our names _Farthing_ and _Shilling_, the former from the stem +_fard_, or _farth_, signifying "travel," found in several ancient names, +and which I rather take to be the same as _ford_, found in the Fordingas +among the early settlers. And _Shilling_, which corresponds with a +present German _Schilling_, is probably the same as the Scilling in the +"Traveller's Song," a supposed contraction of Scilding, from A.S. +_scyld_, shield, in which case our name _Shield_ would be the parent of +_Shilling_. I have referred at the beginning of this book to the +curious-looking name _Winfarthing_ (quoted from Lower) as perhaps a +corruption of an A.S. Winfrithing, though it is a case in which I do not +feel much certainty, finding one or two other such names as _Turnpenny_, +which may have been sobriquets. + + +The ending in _el_ or _il_. + +This ending in Teutonic names may be taken, as a general rule, to be a +diminutive, though in a few cases it may be more probably, like that in +_en_, formative. Thus in the list of early A.S. settlers we have +Bryd(ingas) and we have Brydl(ingas), representing the words _bride_ and +_bridle_. Now, as German writers have taken the word _brid_ in ancient +names to mean "bridle," comparing it with French _bride_, it would seem +probable that, in the above A.S. name, Brydl is not a diminutive, but +the extended word "bridle." However, as a general rule, it may be +presumed to be a diminutive, and in such sense I take the following, +premising that this, as well as all other diminutives, except _kin_, +_lin_, and _et_, is subject to a vowel-ending just the same as simple +forms. We have _Bable_, corresponding with an A.S. Babel, and an O.G. +Babilo; _Ansell_ and _Anslow_ (Ansilo), corresponding with an O.G. +Ansila; _Mundell_ and _Mundella_, with a Gothic Mundila;[9] _Costall_, +_Costello_, and _Costly_, with an O.G. Costila. _Costly_ is properly +Costili, with the ending in _i_, as also _Brightly_ is Brightili, and +some other names with an adverbial look may be similarly explained. + + +The ending in _ec_ or _ic_. + +This ending, with rare exceptions, may also be taken to be a diminutive. +The oldest instance on record is stated by Stark as that of the Vandal +general Stilicho in the fourth century, though, as found on Roman +pottery (in the names Bassico and Bennicus), it may be still older. It +seems rather singular that, though, according to Grimm, this ending was +more particularly in favour among the Saxons, not a single instance of +it occurs among the names of our early settlers, nor indeed any other +form of diminutive except that in _el_, though the form in question is +not uncommon in after Anglo-Saxon times. This diminutive is still in +living use among us, at least in Scotland, where a "mile and a bittock" +(little bit) has proved a snare to many a tourist. We have _Willock_, +_Wilkie_, and _Wilke_, corresponding with an O.G. Willico, and an A.S. +Uillech; _Lovick_ and _Lubbock_, corresponding with O.G. Liuvicho; +_Jellicoe_, corresponding with O.G. Geliko, Jeliko, and an A.S. Geleca, +some of these examples being with, and some without, the vowel-ending. + + +The ending in _lin_. + +This ending, which is also a diminutive, is probably formed from that in +_el_, by the addition of _en_. It is found in Foerstemann's list as +early as the fifth century, but, as found on Roman pottery, must +probably be still older. We have _Bucklin_, corresponding with a +Buccellin, general of the Alemanni in the sixth century, and with a +Buccellan on Roman pottery. Also _Tomlin_, corresponding with an O.G. +Domlin; _Applin_, with an O.G. Abbilin; _Franklin_, with an O.G. +Francolin; _Papillon_, with an O.G. Babolen, &c. This form of diminutive +never takes a vowel-ending. + + +The ending in _kin_. + +This diminutive ending is formed from that in _ec_ by the addition of +_en_. It is the youngest-born of all, not being found, unless in rare +cases, before the tenth century. And it is one that is still in living +use both in England and in Germany, in the latter country more +especially. We have _Wilkin_, corresponding with an O.G. Williken, and +an O.N. Vilkinr; _Godkin_, with an O.G. Gotichin; _Hipkin_, with an O.G. +Ibikin or Ipcin; and _Hodgkin_, with an A.S. Hogcin. + + +The ending in _et_. + +There is an ending in _d_ or _t_ in O.G. names, which may be taken, +though perhaps not with anything like certainty, to have the force of a +diminutive. Hence might be such a name as _Ibbett_, corresponding with +O.G. names Ibed and Ibet, from an unexplained stem _ib_; also our names +_Huggett_, _Howitt_, and _Hewitt_, corresponding with an Anglo-Saxon +Hocget, and an O.G. Huetus, from the stem _hog_, _hug_, signifying study +or thought. But some other endings are so liable to intermix, and +particularly the common one _had_, war, that there is very seldom +anything like certainty. + + +The ending in _es_ or _is_. + +I take this ending also to be diminutive, and to be possibly akin to our +_ish_, as in blue-_ish_, which, as signifying a "little blue," seems to +have the force of a diminutive. Hence we have _Riches_, corresponding +with an O.G. Richizo, and a present French _Richez_; and _Willis_, +corresponding with an O.G. Willizo. Then we have _Godsoe_, corresponding +with an O.G. Godizo, of which Cotiso, mentioned in Horace (p. 20), is a +High German form; and _Abbiss_, corresponding with the name, Abissa, of +the son of Hengest, from, as supposed, Gothic _aba_, man. And we have +_Prentiss_, corresponding with an A.S. Prentsa (=Prentisa), respecting +which I have elsewhere suggested that the name should be properly +Pentsa. Another name which I take to be from this ending is _Daisy_. +There is an A.S. Dægsa, which as Dagsi, with the alternative ending in +_i_, would give us _Daisy_. We have another name, _Gipsy_, which I take +to be from Gibb or Gipp (A.S. _geban_, to give) with this ending. This +ending in _is_ is naturally very apt to be corrupted into _ish_, and it +is from this source, I take it, that we have such names as _Radish_, +_Reddish_, _Varnish_, _Burnish_, and _Parish_, the two last of which we +have also in their proper form as _Burness_, and _Parez_ or _Paris_. + + +The ending in _cock_. + +This ending is not one that enters into the Teutonic system, unless so +far as it may turn out to be a corruption of something else. I have not +met with it earlier than A.D. 1400, nor do I know of anything to make me +think that it is much older. There has been at different times a good +deal of discussion as to its origin in _Notes and Queries_ and +elsewhere. Mr. Lower has supposed it to be a diminutive, for which I do +not think that any etymological sanction can be found, unless indeed we +can suppose it to be a corruption of the diminutive _eck_ or _ock_ +before referred to, which seems not impossible. But on the whole I am +disposed to agree with the suggestion of a writer in _Notes and Queries_ +that _cock_ is a corruption of _cot_,--not, however, in the sense which +I suppose him to entertain, of _cot_ as a local word, but of _cot_ as an +ancient ending, the High German form of _gaud_ or _got_, signifying, as +supposed, "Goth." So far as the phonetic relationship between the two +words _cock_ and _cot_ is concerned, we have an instance, among others, +in our word _apricot_, which was originally _apricock_. + +I am influenced very much in coming to the above conclusion by finding +_coq_ as a not unfrequent ending in French names, as in _Balcoq_ and +_Billecoq_, also in _Aucoq_, _Lecoq_, _Videcocq_, _Vilcocq_, which +latter seem to be names corresponding with our _Alcock_, _Laycock_, +_Woodcock_, and _Willcock_. They might all be formed on Teutonic stems, +if we suppose _Lecoq_ and _Laycock_ to have lost a _d_, like _Lewis_ and +_Lucas_, from _leod_, people. Now, that the ending _gaud_, with its +alternative forms _got_, _caud_, _cot_, is present in French names as +well as in English will be clearly seen from the following. From the Old +German Faregaud we have _Faragut_, and the French have _Farcot_; from +the O.G. Benigaud they have _Penicaud_, and we have _Pennycad_; from the +O.G. Ermingaud they have _Armingaud_, and from Megingaud they have +_Maingot_; from the O.G. Aringaud we have _Heringaud_, from Wulfegaud we +have _Woolcot_, from Adogoto we have _Addicott_, and from Madalgaud we +have _Medlicott_. I am also disposed on the same principle to take +_Northcott_, notwithstanding its local appearance, to represent the O.G. +name Nordgaud, and in this case we have also the name _Norcock_ to +compare. + +Presuming the above derivation to be the correct one, the question then +arises,--Has this ending come to us through the French, or has the +corruption proceeded simultaneously in both countries? That the latter +has been the case, the French _Videcocq_, as compared with our +_Woodcock_, goes some way to show, the one having the High German form +_vid_ or _wid_, and the other the Saxon form _wud_. I may also mention, +as being, so far as it goes, in accordance with the above theory, that +we have a number of names both in the form of _cot_ and _cock_, as +_Adcock_ and _Addicott_, _Alcock_ and _Alcott_, _Norcott_ and _Norcock_, +_Jeffcock_ and _Jeffcott_. I do not, however, desire to come to a +definite conclusion, though, as far as I am able to carry it, the +inquiry seems in favour of the view which I have advocated. But the +whole subject will bear some further elucidation. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[8] How or when this change took place is a question that awaits +solving, but I observe that, in 1265, the Countess of Montford, giving +names (or sobriquets) to her servants, calls one of her messengers +Treubodi (trusty messenger), and not Treuboda, as the Anglo-Saxon form +would have been. + +[9] This name appears as [Greek: Moundilas] in Procopius, but, judging +by the present pronunciation of Greek, it would sound as Mundila. + + + + +CHAPTER III. + +NAMES REPRESENTING ANCIENT COMPOUNDS. + + +The subject of the relative antiquity of simple names (_i.e._ those +formed from one single word) and of compound names is one which has +occupied a good deal of the attention of the Germans. And the conclusion +at which some of them at least seem to have arrived, and which perhaps +has been stated the most distinctly by Stark, is that the compound names +are the older of the two. And the principal ground upon which this +conclusion is based seems to be this, that in a very great number of +cases we find that a simple name was used as a contraction of a compound +name, just as we use Will for William, and Ben for Benjamin. Stark, in +particular, has gone into the subject with German thoroughness, and +produced a most complete list of instances of such contractions, such as +Freddo for Fredibert, Wulf for Wulfric, Benno for Bernhard; and among +the Anglo-Saxons, Eada for Edwine, and Siga for Siwerd, &c., from which +he seems to arrive at the general conclusion that simple names are in +all cases contractions of compound names. + +Nevertheless, I must say that it seems to me that to assume the compound +to be older than the simple looks very much like something that is +contrary to first principles, and indeed the very fact that simple names +are so often used in place of compounds appears to me to show that they +are more natural to men, and that men would generally adopt them if they +could. I cannot but think then, going back to the far remote origin of +Teutonic names, that the vocabulary of single words must have been +exhausted before men began to take to the use of compounds. When this +period arrived, and when the confusion arising from so many men being +called by the same name could no longer be endured, some other course +required to be adopted. And the course that was adopted was--I put this +forward only as a theory--when the range of single names was exhausted, +to _put two names together_. The number of changes that could be thus +introduced was sufficient for all purposes, and there is, as I believe, +no established case of a Teutonic name being formed of more than two +words. From this point of view Teutonic names would not be translatable, +or formed with any view to a meaning, and this is, as it seems to me, +what was in fact the case, as a general rule, though I should be very +far from laying it down as a universal principle. If names were formed +with a view to a meaning, it does not seem very probable that we should +have a name compounded with two words, both of which signify war; still +less with two words, one of which signifies peace and the other war. +"Bold in war" might have a meaning, but "bold in peace," if it means +anything, seems satirical. In point of fact, there was a certain set of +words on which the changes were rung in forming names without any +apparent reference either to meaning or congruity. Thus we find that the +early Frankish converts in the time of Charlemagne, the staple of whose +names was German derived from their heathen ancestors, adopted not a few +words of Christian import from the Latin or the Hebrew, and mixed them +up with the old words to which they had been accustomed in their names. +Thus a woman called Electa, no doubt meaning "elect," calls her son +Electardus (_hard_, fortis); thus from _pasc_ (passover) is formed +Pascoin (_wine_, friend); from the name of Christ himself is formed +Cristengaudus (_gaud_, Goth.) Now these are three of the common endings +of German names, but no one can suppose that any sense was intended to +be made out of them here, or that they were given for any other reason +than that they were the sort of words out of which men had been +accustomed to form their names. Indeed, the idea present to the minds of +the parents seems to have been in many cases to connect the names of +their children with their own, rather than anything else, by retaining +the first word of the compound and varying the second. Thus a man called +Girveus and his wife Ermengildis give their children the names of +Giroardus, Girfridis, Gertrudis, Ermena, and Ermengardis, three of the +names connecting with that of the father, and two with that of the +mother. In the case of a man called Ratgaudus and his wife Deodata, the +names of four of the children are Ratharius, Ratgarius, Ratrudis, and +Deodatus, the names of two other children being different. Many other +instances might be given of this sort of yearning for some kind of a +connecting-link in the names of a family. Now the people by whom these +names were given were common peasants and serfs, so that the case was +not one like that of the Anglo-Saxon kings of Northumbria, among whose +names the prefix _os_, signifying "semi-deus," and expressive of a claim +to a divine lineage, was of such frequent recurrence. It may be a +question then whether, while the former word of the compound connected +with the father or the mother, the latter part did not sometimes connect +with some other relative whose name it was desired to commemorate, +giving the effect that is now frequently expressed by a Christian name +and a surname. Again, when we look at the remote origin of these names, +when we find in the opening century of our era, and who can tell for how +many centuries before, precisely the same names that have been current +in all these centuries since, we can hardly doubt that some of these +names, derived from words that had long died out from the language, must +have been used even in ancient times without any more thought of their +meaning than parents have now when they call a child Henry or John. I +desire, however, to put forward the above theory as to the origin of +compound names rather with a view of raising the question than of +expressing a definite conclusion. + +The vowel ending in _a_, _i_, or _o_, to which I have referred as in +general use in the case of simple names was not used in the case of +compounds, unless indeed it happened to be an original part of the +second word as in Frithubodo, from _bodo_, messenger. Only in the case +of women, to mark the sex, the ending in _a_ was given. And in the case +of some names, such as _Gertrud_, in which the second part is a word +that could only be given to a woman, as no vowel-ending was required, so +none was given. + +I now proceed to give a list of the principal compounds occurring in +English names, with the ancient forms corresponding. I have been +obliged, as a matter of necessity, to compare our names more frequently +with Old German than with Anglo-Saxon equivalents, on account of the +former having been collected and collated--a work which it remains for +some one of our well qualified Anglo-Saxon scholars to do with regard to +the latter. + +The meanings which I have assigned for these names are such as have been +most generally adopted by the German writers who have made a special +study of the subject. But it must be borne in mind that this study is +one in which there is no context by which conclusions can be verified, +and that in the vast majority of cases we have nothing more to go upon +than a reasonable presumption. + + +_Adal_, _athel_, _ethel_, "noble." + +(_Hard_, fortis), Old Germ. Adalhard--Ang.-Sax. Ethelhard--Eng. +_Adlard_. (_Helm_), O.G. Adalhelm--Eng. _Adlam_. (_Hari_, warrior), A.S. +Ethilheri--Eng. _Edlery_. (_Stan_, stone), A.S. Æthelstan--Eng. +_Ethelston_. + + +_Ag_, _ac_, _ec_, "point, edge." + +(_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Agihard--Eng. _Haggard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. +Agiher, Egiher--Eng. _Agar_, _Eager_. (_Leof_ dear), O.N. Eylifr--Eng. +_Ayliffe_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Egiman--A.S. Æcemann--Eng. _Hayman_, +_Aikman_. (_Mund_, protection), A.S. Agemund--Eng. _Hammond_. (_Ward_), +O.G. Eguard--A.S. Hayward--Eng. _Hayward_. + + +_Agil_, _Ail_, of uncertain meaning, but perhaps formed on the previous +stem _Ag_. + +(_Gar_, spear), O.G. Egilger, Ailger--Eng. _Ailger_. (_Hard_, fortis), +O.G. Agilard, Ailard--Eng. _Aylard_. (_Man_), O.G. Aigliman--Eng. +_Ailman_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Agilmar, Ailemar--Eng. _Aylmer_. +(_Ward_, guardian), O.G. Agilward, Ailward--Eng. _Aylward_. (_Wine_, +friend), A.S. Aegelwine--Eng. _Aylwin_. + + +_Alb_, _Alf_, signifying "elf." + +(_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Alfhard--Eng. _Alvert_. (_Hari_, warrior), A.S. +Ælfhere--O.G. Alfheri, Albheri--Eng. _Alvary_, _Albery_, _Aubrey_. +(_Rad_, _red_, counsel), O.G. Alberat--A.S. Alfred--Eng. _Alfred_. +(_Run_, mystery), O.G. Albrun[10]--Eng. _Auberon_. + + +_Ald_, signifying "old." + +(_Bert_, famous), O.G. Aldebert--Eng. _Aldebert_. (_Hari_, warrior), +A.S. Aldheri--Eng. _Alder_, _Audrey_. (_Gar_, spear), A.S. Eldecar +(Moneyer of Edmund)--Eng. _Oldacre_ (?). (_Rad_, _red_, counsel), O.G. +Aldrad--Eng. _Aldred_, _Eldred_. (_Rit_, ride), O.G. Aldarit--Eng. +_Aldritt_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G. Alderich, Olderich, Altrih--Eng. +_Aldrich_, _Oldridge_, _Altree_. (_Man_, vir), A.S. Ealdmann--Eng. +_Altman_. + + +_Amal_, of uncertain meaning. + +(_Gar_, spear), O.G. Amalgar--Eng. _Almiger_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. +Amalhari, Amalher--Eng. _Ambler_, _Emeler_. + + +_Angel_, signifying "hook, barb"(?). + +(_Bert_, famous), O.G. Engilbert--Eng. _Engleburt_. (_Hard_, fortis), +O.G. Englehart--Eng. _Engleheart_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. +Angelher--Eng. _Angler_. (_Man_), O.G. Angilman--Eng. _Angleman_. +(_Dio_, servant), O.G. Engildeo--A.S. Angeltheow--Eng. _Ingledew_. +(_Sind_, companion), O.G. Ingilsind--Eng. _Inglesent_. + + +_Ans_, High Germ, form of A.S. _os_, "semi-deus." + +(_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Ansard--Eng. _Hansard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. +Ansher--Eng. _Anser_. (_Helm_), O.G. Anshelm--Eng. _Anselme_, _Hansom_. + + +_Ark_, _Arch_ (see page 16). + +(_Bald_, bold), Eng. _Archbold_. (_Bud_, envoy), O.G. Argebud--Eng. +_Archbutt_. (_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Archard--Eng. _Archard_. (_Hari_, +warrior), O.G. Erchear--Archere, _Roll of Battle Abbey_--Eng. _Archer_. +(_Rat_, counsel), O.G. Archarat--Eng. _Arkwright_(?). (_Mund_, +protection), O.G. Argemund--Eng. _Argument_. + + +_Aud_, _Aut_, High Germ. form of A.S. _ead_, "prosperity." + +(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Authar--Eng. _Auther_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G. +Audricus--Eng. _Auterac_. (_Ram_, raven), O.G. Audram--Eng. _Autram_, +_Outram_. + + +_All_ (see page 16). + +(_Frid_, peace), O.G. Alufrid--Eng. _Allfrey_. (_Gar_, spear), A.S. +Algar--Eng. _Alger_. (_Hard_, fortis), A.S. Ealhard--Eng. _Allard_. +(_Mar_, famous), O.G. Alamar--Eng. _Almar_. (_Mund_, protection), A.S. +Ealmund--O.G. Alamunt--Eng. _Almond_, _Alment_. (_Noth_, bold), A.S. +Ælnoth--Eng. _Allnut_. (_Ward_), O.G. Aloard--A.S. Alwerd--Eng. +_Allward_. (_Wid_, wood), O.G. Aluid--Eng. _Allwood_. (_Wig_, _wi_, +war), A.S. Alewih--Eng. _Allaway_.[11] (_Wine_, friend), O.G. +Allowin--Eng. _Alwin_. + + +_Al_, _el_, probably "foreigner." + +(_Bod_, envoy), O.G. Ellebod--Eng. _Albutt_. (_Gaud_, Goth), O.G. +Eligaud--Eng. _Allgood_, _Elgood_. (_Gar_, spear), O.G. Elger--Eng. +_Elgar_. (_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Eleard--Eng. _Ellard_. (_Hari_, +warrior), O.G. Elier--Eng. _Ellery_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Alimer--Eng. +_Elmore_. (_Mund_, protection), Elmund, _Domesday_--Eng. _Element_. +(_Wine_, friend), Elwin, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Elwin_. (_Wood_), Elwod, +_Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Elwood_. (_Gern_, eager), O.G. Aligern--Eng. +_Hallgreen_. + + +_Ad_, _at_ (Gothic, _atta_), "father." + +(_Gis_, hostage), O.G. Atgis--Eng. _Atkiss_. (_Gaud_, Goth), O.G. +Adogoto--Eng. _Addicott_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Adohar--Eng. _Adier_. +(_Mar_, famous), O.G. Adamar--Eng. _Atmore_. (_Ric_, rule), A.S. +Ætheric--Eng. _Attridge_. (_Rid_, ride), O.G. Atharid--Eng. _Attride_. +(_Wulf_), A.S. Athulf--Eng. _Adolph_. + + +_An_, _han_ (O.H.G. _ano_), "ancestor." + +(_Fred_, peace), O.G. Enfrid--Eng. _Henfrey_. (_Gar_, spear), O.G. +Anager, Eneger--Eng. _Hanger_, _Henniker_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. +Enman--Eng. _Hanman_, _Henman_. (_Rad_, counsel), O.G. Henred--Eng. +_Hanrot_. (_Wald_, rule), O.G. Anawalt--Eng. _Anhault_. + + +_Arm_, of uncertain meaning. + +(_Gar_, spear), O.G. Ermgar--Eng. _Armiger_. (_Gild_, value?) O.G. +Ermegild--Eng. _Armgold_. (_Had_, war), O.G. Ermhad--Eng. _Armat_. +(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Ermhar--Eng. _Armour_, _Armory_. (_Rad_, +counsel), O.G. Ermerad--Eng. _Ormerod_. + + +_Armin_, of uncertain meaning + +(_Gar_, spear), O.G. Irminger--Eng. _Irminger_, _Arminger_ (_Hari_, +warrior), O.G. Irminhar--Eng. _Arminer_. + + +_Arn_, _ern_ (A.S. _earn_), "eagle." + +(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Arnheri--Eng. _Harnor_. (_Helm_), O.G. +Arnhalm--Eng. _Arnum_. (_Wald_, rule), O.G. Arnoald--Eng. _Arnold_. +(_Wulf_), O.G. Arnulf--Eng. _Arnulfe_. + + +_Ask_, _ash_, perhaps in the sense of "spear." + +(_Bert_, famous), A.S. _Æscbyrht_--Eng. _Ashpart_. (_Hari_, warrior), +A.S. Æschere--Eng. _Asher_. (_Bald_, fortis), Eng. _Ashbold_. (_Man_, +vir), A.S. Æscmann--Aschmann, _Hund_. _Rolls_--Eng. _Ashman_. (_Mar_, +famous), A.S. Æscmer--Eng. _Ashmore_. (_Wid_, wood), O.G. +Asquid--Ascuit, _Domesday_--Eng. _Asquith_, _Ashwith_. (_Wine_, friend), +A.S. Æscwine--Eng. _Ashwin_. (_Wulf_), O.G. Ascolf--Eng. _Ascough_. + + +A.S. _beado_, "war." + +(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Bathari--Eng. _Badder_, _Bather_. (_Hard_, +fortis), A.S. Badherd--Beadheard, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Beddard_. (_Man_, +vir), Badumon, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Badman_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G. +Betterich--A.S. Bædric--Eng. _Betteridge_. (_Ulf_, wolf), O.G. +Badulf--Eng. _Biddulph_. + + +_Bald_, "fortis." + +(_Hari_, warrior), A.S. Baldhere--Eng. _Balder_, _Boldery_. (_Ric_, +rule), O.G. Baldric, Baldrih--Eng. _Baldridge_, _Baldry_. (_Wine_, +friend), A.S. Baldwine--Eng. _Baldwin_. + + +A.S. _band_, _bend_, "crown, chaplet." + +(_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Pantard--Eng. _Pindard_. (_Hari_, warrior), A.S. +Pender--Eng. _Pender_. (_Rad_, counsel), O.G. Bandrad--Eng. _Banderet_, +_Pendered_. + + +A.S. _ben_, "wound." + +(_Gar_, spear), O.G. Benegar--Eng. _Benger_. (_Gaud_, Goth), O.G. +Benegaud--Eng. _Pennycad_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Beniher--Eng. +_Benner_. (_Man_, vir), Eng. _Beneman_, A.D. 1535, _Penman_. (_Nid_, +strife), O.G. Bennid--Eng. _Bennet_. + + +A.S. _bera_, "bear." + +(_Gar_, spear), O.G. Bereger[12]--Eng. _Berger_. (_Grim_, fierce), O.G. +Peragrim--Eng. _Paragreen_. (_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Berhard--Eng. +_Barehard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Beriher--Eng. _Berrier_. (_Helm_), +O.G. Perrhelm--Eng. _Perriam_. (_Land_, terra), O.G. Perelant--Eng. +_Purland_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Berman--Eng. _Burman_, _Perman_. (_Mar_, +famous), O.G. Bermar--Eng. _Barmore_, _Paramore_. (_Rat_, counsel), O.G. +Perratt--Eng. _Perrott_. (_Dio_, servant), O.G. Peradeo--Eng. _Purdue_. +(_Ward_), O.G. Beroward--Eng. _Berward_. (_Wise_, sapiens), O.G. Berois +(=Berwis)--Eng. _Barwise_. + + +_Berin_, _bern_, "bear." + +(_Gar_, spear), O.G. Beringar--Eng. _Berringer_. (_Hard_, fortis), O.G. +Berinhard--Eng. _Bernard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Bernher, +Pernher--Eng. _Berner_, _Pirner_. (_Wald_, rule), O.G. Berneold--Eng. +_Bernold_. (_Kel_, for _Ketil_), O.N. Biornkel--Eng. _Barnacle_. + + +_Bil_, supposed to mean "mildness, gentleness." + +(_Frid_, peace), O.G. Bilfrid--Eng. _Belfry_. (_Grim_, fierce), O.G. +Biligrim, Pilgrim--Eng. _Pilgrim_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Belemar--Eng. +_Billamore_, _Belmore_. (_Gard_, protection), O.G. Biligard--Eng. +_Billiard_. (_Mund_, protection), O.G. Pilimunt--Eng. _Belment_. +(_Wald_, rule), Biliald, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Billyald_. + + +_Bert_, "bright, illustrious." + +(_Ram_, raven), O.G. Bertram--Eng. _Bertram_. (_Land_, terra), O.G. +Bertland--Eng. _Brightland_. (_Mar_, famous), A.S. Brihtmar--Eng. +Brightmore. (_Rand_, shield), O.G. Bertrand--Eng. _Bertrand_. (_Ric_, +rule), O.G. Perhtric--A.S. Brihtric--Partriche, _Hund. Rolls_--Eng. +_Partrick_, _Partridge_. (_Wine_, friend), A.S. Brihtwine--Eng. +_Brightwine_. + + +_Black_, _blake_, signifying "brightness." + +(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Blicher--Eng. _Blacker_, _Blaker_. (_Man_), A.S. +Blæcman (genealogy of the kings of Northumbria), Blacman (Moneyer at +Norwich)--Blaecmon, _Lib. Vit._--Blacheman, _Domesday_--Eng. _Blackman_, +_Blakeman_. (_Wine_, friend), Eng. _Blackwin_. + + +_Bod_, _bud_, "envoy." + +(_Gar_, spear), O.G. Baudochar--Eng. _Bodicker_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. +Botthar--Boterus, _Domesday_--Eng. _Butter_, _Buttery_. (_Gis_, +hostage), O.G. Boutgis, Boggis--Eng. _Boggis_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. +Baudomir--Eng. _Bodmer_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G. Buttericus, Bauderich--Eng. +_Butterick_, _Buddrich_. (_Rid_, rit, "ride"), O.G. Bodirid, +Buotrit--Eng. _Botright_. + + +_Boll_, _bull_ (prob. M.H.G. _buole_), "friend." + +(_Gar_, spear), O.G. Pulgar--Eng. _Bulger_. (_Hard_), Pollardus, +Domesday--Eng. _Bullard_, _Pollard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. +Bolheri--Eng. _Buller_. (_Mar_, famous), A.S. Bulemær--Eng. _Bulmer_. + + +_Burg_, signifying "protection." + +(_Hard_), A.S. Burghard--Eng. _Burchard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. +Burghar--Eng. _Burger_. (_Wald_, rule), O.G. Burgoald--Eng. _Purgold_. +(_Wine_, friend), Eng. _Burgwin_. + + +_Ball_, _bale_, signifying "bale, woe." + +(_Frid_, peace), O.G. Palfrid--Eng. _Palfrey_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. +Ballomar, Belimar--Eng. _Balmer_, _Bellmore_. + + +_Coll_, signifying "helmet." + +(_Brand_, sword), A.S. Colbrand--Eng. _Colbran_. (_Biorn_, bear), O.N. +Kolbiorn--Eng. _Colburn_. (_Man_, vir), A.S. Colman--Eng. _Colman_. +(_Mar_, famous), A.S. Colomôr--Eng. _Collamore_. (_Hard_), A.S. +Ceolheard--Eng. _Collard_. + + +_Cost_, _cust_, "skill, science" (Germ, _kunst_). + +(_Hard_), O.G. Custard--Eng. _Custard_. + + +_Dag_, "day," in the sense of brightness, glory.[13] + +(_Bald_, bold), O.G. Tagapald--Daegbald, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Daybell_. +(_Bern_, bear), O.G. Tagapern--Eng. _Tayburn_. (_Burg_, protection), +O.G. Tagabirg--Eng. _Tackabarry_. (_Gisil_, hostage), O.G. +Daigisil--Eng. _Daggesell_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Daiher--Dacher, +_Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Dagger_, _Dacker_, _Dayer_. (_Helm_), O.G. +Dachelm--Eng. _Dacombe_. (_Mund_, protection), O.G. Dagamund--A.S. +Daiemond--Eng. _Daymont_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Dagemar--Dagemar on +Roman pottery--Eng. _Damer_. + + +_Dall_, _dell_, as supposed, "illustrious." + +(_Bert_, famous), O.G. Dalbert--Talbercht, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Talbert_. +(_Fare_, travel), O.G. Dalferi--Eng. _Telfer_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. +Dealher--Eng. _Deller_. (_Man_), O.G. Dalman--Eng. _Dalman_, _Tallman_. +(_Wig_, _wi_, war), Daliwey, _Hund. Rolls_--Eng. _Dalloway_. + + +_Dan_, _den_, of uncertain meaning, perhaps, "Dane." + +(_Hard_), A.S. Dæneheard--Eng. _Denhard_. (_Gar_, spear), O.G. +Thangar--Eng. _Danger_. (_Wulf_), A.S. Denewulf--Eng. _Denolf_. + + +_Dar_, signifying "spear." + +(_Nagel_, nail), A.S. Dearnagel--Eng. _Darnell_. (_Gund_, war), O.G. +Taragun--Eng. _Darrigon_. (_Wine_, friend), O.G. Daroin--- Eng. +_Darwin_. + + +_Dear_, "carus." + +(_Leof_, dear), A.S. Deorlaf--Eng. _Dearlove_. (_Man_, vir), Dereman, +_Domesday_--Eng. _Dearman_. (_Môd_, courage), A.S. Deormod--Eng. +_Dermott_. (_Wine_, friend), A.S. Deorwyn--Eng. _Derwin_. + + +Gothic, _thius_ (O.H.G. _dio_), "servant." + +(_Log_, _loh_, clean?), O.G. Thioloh--Eng. _Dialogue_. (_Mad_, +reverence), O.G. Deomad--Eng. _Demaid_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Dioman--Eng. +_Demon_. (_Mund_, protection), O.G. Thiomunt--Eng. _Diamond_. + + +Old North. _dolgr_, "foe." + +(_Fin_, people's name), O.N. Dolgfinnr--Eng. _Dolphin_. (_Man_, vir), +A.S. Dolemann--Eng. _Dolman_. + + +A.S. _dôm_ (O.H.G. _tuom_), "judgment." + +(_Gis_, hostage), O.G. Domigis, Tomichis--Eng. _Tomkies_. (_Hard_, +fortis), O.G. Domard--Eng. _Dummert_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. +Domarius--Domheri, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Dummer_. + + +A.S. _dugan_, to be "doughty." + +(_Man_, vir), O.G. Dugiman, Tugeman--A.S. Ducemann--Eng. _Tugman_, +_Duckman_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Daumerus--Eng. _Dugmore_. Probably from +the noun, _duguth_, virtue, A.S. Dogod--Eng. _Doggett_, _Dugood_. + + +_Erl_, supposed same as "earl." + +(_Bad_, war), O.G. Erlebad--Eng. _Hurlbat_ (_Bert_, famous), O.G. +Erlebert--Eng. _Hurlburt_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Erleher--Eng. +_Hurler_. (_Wine_, friend), O.G. Erliwin, A.S. Herlawine--Eng. _Urlwin_. + + +_Evor_, "boar." + +(_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Everhard--Eng. _Everard_, _Earheart_. (_Rad_, +counsel), O.G. Eburrad--Eng. _Evered_, _Everett_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G. +Eburicus--Eng. _Every_. (_Wacar_, watchful), O.G. Eburacar--Eureuuacre, +_Domesday_--Eng. _Earwaker_. (_Wig_, war), O.G. Eberwic--A.S. +Earwig--Eng. _Earwig_. + + +Anglo-Saxon _eâd_, "prosperity." + +(_Burg_, protection), A.S. Eadburh--Eng. _Edbrook_. (_Gar_, spear), A.S. +Eadgar--Eng. _Edgar_. (_Mund_, protection), A.S. Eadmund--Eng. _Edmond_. +(_Ric_, rule), A.S. Eadric--Eng. _Edridge_. (_Ward_), A.S. +Eadweard--Eng. _Edward_. (_Wig_, war), A.S. Eadwig--Eng. _Edwick_. +(_Wulf_), A.S. Eadwulf--Eng. _Edolph_. (_Wacar_, watchful), O.G. +Odoacer--A.S. Edwaker--Eng. _Eddiker_? + + +_Far_, _fare_, signifying "travel." + +(_And_, life, spirit), O.G. Ferrand, Eng. _Ferrand_. (_Gaud_, Goth), +O.G. Faregaud--Eng. _Farragut_, _Forget_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. +Feriher--Eng. _Ferrier_. (_Man_), O.G. Faraman--Fareman, _Hund. +Rolls_--Eng. _Fairman_. (_Mund_, protection), O.G. Faramund--Eng. +_Farrimond_. (_Ward_), O.G. Faroard--Eng. _Forward_. + + +_Fard_, also signifying "travel." + +(_Hari_, warrior), A.S. Forthere--Eng. _Forder_. (_Man_), O.G. +Fartman--Eng. _Fortyman_. (_Nand_, daring), O.G. Ferdinand--Eng. +_Ferdinand_. (_Rad_, counsel), Forthred, _Lib. Vit._,--Eng. _Fordred_. + + +_Fil_, _ful_, signifying "great." + +(_Bert_, famous), O.G. Filibert--Eng. _Filbert_. (_Gar_, spear),--Eng. +_Fullagar_. (_Leof_, dear), O.G. Filuliub--Eng. _Fullalove_. (_Man_), +O.G. Filiman--Eng. _Fileman_. (_Mar_, famous), A.S. Fealamar, O.G. +Filomor--Eng. _Fillmer_, _Phillimore_. (_Dio_, _thius_, servant), O.G. +Filethius--Eng. _Filldew_. + + +_Frid_, _free_,[14] signifying "peace." + +(_Bad_, war), O.G. Fridibad--Eng. _Freebout_. (_Bern_, bear), O.G. +Fridubern--Friebern _Domesday_--Eng. _Freeborn_. (_Bod_. envoy), O.G. +Frithubodo--Eng. _Freebody_. (_Lind_, gentle), O.G. Fridulind--Frelond +_Hund_. _Rolls_--Eng. _Freeland_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G. Frithuric--Eng. +_Frederick_. (_Stan_, stone), A.S. Frithestan--Eng. _Freestone_. + + +_Fin_, supposed from "the nation." + +(_Bog_, bow), Old Norse, Finbogi--Eng. _Finbow_. (_Gar_, spear), Old +Norse, Finngeir--Eng. _Finger_. + + +_Gad_, of uncertain meaning, perhaps "friend." + +(_Man_, vir), A.S. Cædmon--Eng. _Cadman_. (_Leof_, dear),--Eng. +_Gatliffe_. + + +_Gal_, signifying "spirit, cheerfulness." + +(_And_, life, spirit), Galaunt, _Hund. Rolls_--Eng. _Galland_, +_Gallant_. (_Frid_, peace), A.S. Galfrid, Gaufrid--Eng. _Geoffry_. +(_Hard_), Gallard _Hund. Rolls_--Eng. _Gallard_. (_Wig_, war), O.G. +Geilwih--Galaway, _Hund. Rolls_--Eng. _Galloway_. + + +_Gand_, signifying "wolf." + +(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Ganthar--A.S. Gandar--Eng. _Gander_, _Ganter_. +(_Ric_, rule), O.G. Gendirih, Cantrih--Eng. _Gentery_, _Gentry_, +_Chantrey_. + + +_Gar_, signifying "spear." + +(_Bad_, war), O.G. Kerpat--Eng. _Garbett_. (_Bald_), O.G. Garibald, +Kerbald--Eng. _Gorbold_, _Corbould_. (_Brand_, sword), O.G. +Gerbrand--Eng. _Garbrand_. (_Brun_, bright), O.G. Gerbrun--Eng. +_Gorebrown_. (_Bod_, envoy), O.G. Gaerbod--Gerbode _Lib. Vit._--Eng. +_Garbutt_. (_Hard_), O.G. Garehard--Eng. Garrard. (Hari, warrior), O.G. +Garoheri, Caroheri--Eng. _Carary_, _Carrier_. (_Lac_, play), O.G. +Gerlac--Eng. _Garlick_. (_Man_), O.G. Garaman--A.S. Jaruman--Eng. +_Garman_, _Jarman_. (_Mund_, protection), O.G. Garimund--Eng. _Garment_. +(_Noth_, bold), O.G. Garnot--Eng. _Garnett_. (_Rod_, red), O.G. +Kaerrod--Old Norse, Geirraudr Eng. _Garrod_. (_Laif_, relic), O.G. +Gerlef--Eng. _Gerloff_. (_Ferhth_, life, spirit), Gerferth, _Lib. +Vit._--Eng. _Garforth_. (_Stan_, stone), O.G. Kerstin--Eng. _Garstin_. +(_Wald_, power), O.G. Garold--Eng. _Garrold_. (_Was_, keen), O.G. +Gervas--Eng. _Jervis_. (_Wid_, wood), O.G. Gervid--Eng. _Garwood_. +(_Wig_, war), O.G. Garavig, Gerwi--Eng. _Garroway_, _Garvey_. (_Wine_, +friend), O.G. Gerwin, Caroin--Eng. _Curwen_?[15] (_Van_, beauty), O.G. +Geravan--Eng. _Caravan_. + + +_Gan_, _gen_, supposed to mean "magic, sorcery." + +(_Bert_, famous), O.G. Gimbert--Eng. _Gimbert_. (_Had_, war), O.G. +Genad--Eng. _Gennett_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Genear, Ginheri--Eng. +_Genner_, _Jennery_. (_Rid_, ride), O.G. Generid--Eng. _Jeannerett_. + + +_Gab_, _Geb_, Eng. "give." + +(_Bert_, famous), O.G. Gibert--Eng. _Gippert_. (_Hard_), O.G. Gebahard, +Givard--Eng. _Giffard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Gebaheri--Eng. +_Gaffery_. + + +_Gart_, _cart_, signifying "protection." + +(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Gardar, Karthar--Eng. _Garter_, _Carder_. +(_Dio_, servant), O.G. Cartdiuha--Eng. _Carthew_. (_Ric_, rule), A.S. +Gyrdhricg--Eng. _Cartridge_. + + +_Gald_, _gold_, "reddere, valere." + +(_Birin_, bear), O.G. Goldpirin--Eng. _Goldbourne_. (_Red_, counsel), +O.G. Goltered--Eng. _Coulthred_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G. Goldericus--Eng. +_Goldrick_. (_Run_, mystery), O.G. Goldrun, Coldrun--Coldrun _Lib. +Vit._--Eng _Calderon_. (_Wine_, friend), O.G. Gildewin--Eng. _Goldwin_. + + +_Geld_, _gild_, probably same as above. + +(_Hard_), O.G. Gildard--Eng. _Gildert_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. +Gelther--Eng. _Gilder_. (_Wig_, _wi_, war), O.G. Geltwi--Eng. +_Gildawie_. + + +_Gisal_, _gil_, "hostage." + +(_Bert_, famous), O.G. Gisalbert, Gilbert--Eng. _Gilbert_. (_Brand_, +sword), O.G. Gislebrand--Eng. _Gillibrand_. (_Frid_, peace), O.G. +Gisalfred--Eng. _Gillford_. (_Hard_), O.G. Giselhard--Eng. _Gillard_. +(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Gisalhar--- A.S. Gislher--Eng. _Giller_, +_Killer_. (_Had_, war), O.G. Gislehad--Eng. _Gillett_. (_Helm_), O.G. +Gisalhelm--Eng. _Gilliam_. (_Man_), O.G. Gisleman--Eng. _Gillman_, +_Killman_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Gisalmer--Eng. _Gilmore_. + + +_God_, supposed to mean "Deus."[16] + +(_Bald_), O.G. Godebald--Godebaldus, _Domesday_--Eng. _Godbold_, +_Godbolt_, _Cobbold_. (_Frid_, peace), O.G. Godafrid--Eng. _Godfrey_. +(_Gisil_, hostage), O.G. Godigisil--Eng. Godsell. (Heid, state, "hood"), +O.G. Gotaheid--Eng. _Godhead_. (_Hard_), O.G. Godehard--Eng. _Goddard_, +_Goodheart_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Godehar--Eng. _Goddier_, +_Goodyear_. (_Laif_, relic), O.G. Godolef--Eng. _Goodliffe_. (_Lac_, +play), O.G. Godolec--Eng. _Goodlake_. (_Land_), O.G. Godoland--Godland +_Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Goodland_. (_Man_), O.G. Godeman--Godeman _Lib. +Vit._--Eng. _Godman_. (_Mund_, protection), A.S. Godemund--Eng. +_Godmund_. (_Niu_, young), O.G. Godeniu--Eng. _Goodnow_. (_Ram_, raven), +O.G. Godramnus--Eng. _Goodram_. (_Rad_, counsel), O.G. Gotrat--Eng. +_Goodred_. (_Rit_, ride), O.G. Guderit--Godritius _Domesday_--Eng. +_Goodwright_. (_Ric_, rule), Godricus _Domesday_--Eng. _Godrick_. +(_Scalc_, servant), O.G. Godscalc--Eng. _Godskall_. (_Ward_), O.G. +Godeward--Eng. _Godward_. (_Wine_, friend), A.S. Godwine--Eng. _Godwin_. + + +_Goz_, _Gos_, supposed High Germ. form of _gaud_=Goth. + +(_Bald_), O.G. Gauzebald--Eng. _Gosbell_. (_Hard_), O.G. Gozhart, +Cozhart--Eng. _Gozzard_, _Cossart_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Gauzer, +Cozhere--Eng. _Gozar_, _Cosier_. (_Lind_, gentle), O.G. Gauzlind--Eng. +_Gosland_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Gozmar--Eng. _Gosmer_. (_Wald_, power), +O.G. Gausoald--Eng. _Goswold_. + + +_Grim_, "fierce, terrible." + +(_Bald_), O.G. Grimbald--Eng. _Grimbald_, _Grimble_. (_Hari_, warrior), +O.G. Grimhar--Eng. _Grimmer_. (_Mund_, protection), O.G. Grimund--Eng. +_Grimmond_. (_Hard_), O.G. Grimhard--Eng. _Grimerd_. + + +_Gund_, _gun_, signifying "war." + +(_Bald_), O.G. Gundobald, Gumbald--Eng. _Gumboil_. (_Hari_, warrior), +O.G. Gunther, Cundher--Eng. _Gunter_, _Conder_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G. +Gunderih--Eng. _Gundry_. (_Stan_, stone), Old Norse, Gunstein--Eng. +_Gunston_. + + +_Hun_, probably from "the people." + +(_Bald_), O.G. Hunibald--Eng. _Hunibal_. (_Frid_, peace), O.G. Hunfrid, +Humfrid--Eng. _Humphrey_. (_Gar_, spear), O.G. Hunger--Eng. _Hunger_. +(_Hard_), O.G. Hunard--Eng. _Hunnard_. (_Man_), Huniman _Hund. +Rolls_--Eng. _Honeyman_. (_Wald_, power), O.G. Hunewald--Hunewald, _Lib. +Vit._--Eng. _Hunhold_. + + +_Had_, _hath_, signifying "war." + +(_Gis_, hostage), O.G. Hadegis--Eng. _Hadkiss_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. +Hadamar--Eng. _Hattemore_. (_Rat_, counsel), O.G. Hadarat--Eng. +_Hadrott_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G. Hadaricus--Eng. _Hattrick_. (_Wig_, war), +O.G. Hathuwi--Eng. _Hathaway_. (_Wine_, friend), O.G. Hadawin--Eng. +_Hadwen_. + + +_Hard_, _hart_, "strong, hardy." + +(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Hardier--Eng. _Harder_. (_Land_, terra), O.G. +Artaland--Eng. _Hardland_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Hartman--Eng. _Hardman_. +(_Mund_, protection), O.G. Hartomund--Eng. _Hardiment_. (_Nagel_, nail), +O.G. Hartnagel--Eng. _Hartnoll_. (_Nid_, strife), O.G. Hartnit--Eng. +_Hartnott_. (_Rat_, counsel), O.G. Hartrat--Eng. _Hartwright_. (_Ric_, +rule), O.G. Harderich, Hertrih--Eng. _Hartridge_, _Hartry_. (_Wulf_), +O.G. Hardulf--Eng. _Hardoff_. (_Wig_, war), O.G. Hardwic--Eng. +_Hardwick_. (_Wine_, friend), O.G. Hardwin--Eng. _Ardouin_. + + +_Har_, _her_, "army" or "soldier."[17] + +(_Bad_, war), O.G. Heripato--Eng. _Herepath_. (_Bert_, famous), O.G. +Hariberaht--A.S. Herebritt--Eng. _Harbert_, _Herbert_. (_Bord_, shield), +O.G. Heribord--Eng. _Harboard_. (_Bod_, envoy), O.G. Heribod--Eng. +_Harbud_. (_Gar_, spear), O.G. Hariker--A.S. Hereger--Eng. _Harker_. +(_Gaud_, Goth), O.G. Haregaud--Eng. _Hargood_. (_Land_, terra), O.G. +Hariland--Eng. _Harland_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Hariman--Eng. _Harryman_, +_Harman_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Harmar--Eng. _Harmer_. (_Mund_, +protection), O.G. Herimund--Eng. _Harmond_. (_Sand_, envoy), O.G. +Hersand--Eng. _Hersant_. (_Wald_, rule), A.S. Harald--Eng. _Harold_. +(_Ward_), A.S. Hereward--Eng. _Harward_. (_Wid_, wood), O.G. Erwid--Eng. +_Harwood_. (_Wig_, war), O.G. Herewig, Hairiveo--Eng. _Harvey_. (_Wine_, +friend), O.G. Harwin--A.S. Herewine--Eng. _Harwin_. + + +_Hild_, _hil_, "war." + +(_Brand_, sword), O.G. Hildebrand--Eng. _Hildebrand_. (_Gard_, +protection), O.G. Hildegard--Eng. _Hildyard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. +Hildier--Eng. _Hilder_, _Hillyer_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Hildeman--Eng. +_Hillman_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Hildemar--Eng. _Hilmer_. (_Rad_, +counsel), O.G. Hildirad--Eng. _Hildreth_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G. +Hilderic--Eng. _Hilridge_. + + +_Ing_, _ink_, "son, descendant." + +(_Bald_), O.G. Ingobald, Incbald--Eng. _Inchbald_. (_Bert_, famous), +O.G. Ingobert--Eng. _Inchboard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Inguheri--Eng. +_Ingrey_. (_Ram_, raven), O.G. Ingram--Eng. _Ingram_. (_Wald_, power), +O.G. Ingold--Eng. _Ingold_. + + +_Ise_, signifying "iron." + +(_Burg_, protection), O.G. Hisburg--Eng. _Isburg_. (_Man_), O.G. +Isman--A.S. Hysemann--Eng. _Heasman_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Ismar--Eng. +_Ismer_. (_Odd_, dart), Old Norse, Isodd--Eng. _Izod_. + + +_Isen_, signifying "iron." + +(_Hard_), O.G. Isanhard--Eng. _Isnard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. +Isanhar--Eng. _Isner_. + + +_Ken_, _kin_, "nobility." + +(_Hard_), A.S. Cyneheard--Eng. _Kennard_, _Kinnaird_. (_Laf_, relic), +A.S. Cynlaf--Eng. _Cunliffe_. (_Mund_, protection), A.S. Cynemund--Eng. +_Kinmonth_. (_Ric_, rule), A.S. Cynric--Eng. _Kenrick_. (_Ward_), A.S. +Cyneweard--Eng. _Kenward_. (_Wig_, war), Kenewi, _Hund. Rolls_--Eng. +_Kennaway_. + + +_Land_, "terra." + +(_Bert_, famous), O.G. Landbert, Lambert--Eng. _Lambert_. (_Burg_, +protection), O.G. Landburg--Eng. _Lambrook_. (_Frid_, peace), O.G. +Landfrid--Lanfrei _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Landfear_, _Lanfear_, _Lamprey_. +(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Landar--Eng. _Lander_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G. +Landerich--Landric _Domesday_--Eng. _Landridge_, _Laundry_. (_Wig_, +war), O.G. Lantwih--Eng. _Lanaway_. (_War_, defence), O.G. Landoar--Eng. +_Lanwer_. (_Ward_), O.G. _Landward_--Eng. _Landlord?_ + + +_Laith_, _let_, "terrible." + +(_Hara_), O.G. Lethard--Eng. _Leathart_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. +Lethar--Eng. _Leather_. (_Ward_), O.G. Lethward--Eng. _Lateward_. + + +_Led_, _lud_, "people." + +(_Burg_, protection), O.G. Luitburc--Eng. _Ludbrook_. (_Gar_, spear), +O.G. Leodegar--Eng. _Ledger_. (_Gard_), O.G. Liudgard--A.S. +Lidgeard--Eng. _Ledgard_. (_Goz_. Goth), O.G. Luitgoz, Luikoz--Lucas +_Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Lucas_. (_Hard_), O.G. Luidhard--Eng. _Liddard_. +(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Liuthari--A.S. Luder--Eng. _Luther_. (_Man_), +O.G. Liudman--A.S. Ludmann--Eng. _Lutman_. (_Ward_), O.G. Liudward--Eng. +_Ledward_. (_Wig_, war), O.G. Liudwig--Eng. _Lutwidge_. + + +Anglo-Saxon _leof_, "dear." + +(_Dag_, day), O.G. Leopdag--Luiedai, _Domesday_--Eng. _Loveday_. +(_Hard_), O.G. Luibhard, Leopard--A.S. Lipperd--Eng. _Leopard_. (_Hari_, +warrior), O.G. Liubheri, Libher--A.S. Leofer--Eng. _Lover_. (_Lind_, +gentle), O.G. Liublind--Eng. _Loveland_. (_Man_), O.G. Liubman--A.S. +Leofmann--Eng. _Loveman_.[18] (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Liubmar--Eng. +_Livemore_. (_Ric_, rule), A.S. Leofric--Eng. _Loveridge_. (_Drud_, +friend), O.G. Lipdrud--Eng. _Liptrot_.[19] (_Gaud_, _goz_, Goth), O.G. +Liobgoz--Eng. _Lovegod_, _Lovegood_. + + + +_Mal_, signifying to "maul." + +(_Hard_), O.G. Mallard--Maularde, _Roll. Batt. Abb._--Eng. _Mallard_. +(_Ric_, rule), O.G. Malarich--Eng. _Mallory_. (_Thius_, servant), O.G. +Malutheus--Eng. _Malthus_. (_Wulf_), O.G. Malulf--Eng. _Maliff_. + + +_Man_, as the type of "manliness." + +(_Frid_, peace), O.G. Manfrit--Eng. _Manfred_. (_Gar_, spear), O.G. +Mangar--Eng. _Manger_. (_Leof_, dear), A.S. Manlef--Eng. _Manlove_. +(_Gald_, value), O.G. Managold--Eng. _Manigault_. + + +_Mar_, signifying "famous." + +(_Gaud_, Goth), Merigeat _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Margot_. (_Gild_, value), +O.G. Margildus--Eng. _Marigold_. (_Wig_, war), O.G. Merovecus, +Maroveus--Eng. _Marwick_, _Marvey_. (_Wine_, friend), O.G. +Maruin--Mervinus _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Marvin_. + + +_Mag_, _may_, Goth. _magan_, "valere." + +(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Magher--Eng. _Mager_, _Mayer_. (_Had_, war), +O.G. Magodius--Magot _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Maggot_. (_Ron_, raven), O.G. +Megiran--Eng. _Megrin_. + + +_Main_, also signifying "strength, vigour." + +(_Hard_), O.G. Mainard--Eng. _Maynard_. + + +_Mad_, _med_, Anglo-Saxon _math_, "reverence." + +(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Mather--Eng. _Mather_. (_Helm_), O.G. +Madelm--Eng. _Madam_. (_Lac_, play), O.G. Mathlec--Eng. _Medlock_. +(_Land_), O.G. Madoland--Eng. _Medland_. (_Man_), O.G. Medeman--Eng. +_Maidman_, _Meddiman_. (_Wald_, power), O.G. Meduald--Eng. _Methold_. +(_Wine_, friend), Eng. _Medwin_. (_Wig_, war), O.G. Medoveus--Eng. +_Meadway_. + + +_Madel_, _medal_, "discourse, eloquence." + +(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Madalhar--Eng. _Medlar_. (_Gaud_, Goth), O.G. +Madalgaud--Eng. _Medlicott_. + + +_Mil_, _mel_, of uncertain meaning. + +(_Dio_, servant), O.G. Mildeo--Eng. _Mellodew_, _Melody_, _Melloday_. +(_Hard_), O.G. Milehard--Eng. _Millard_. + + +_Mald_, Anglo-Saxon _meald_, "strife, friction." + +(_Wid_, wood), O.G. Maldvit--Maldwith, _Domesday_--Eng. _Maltwood_. + + +Ang.-Sax. _môd_. O.H.G. _môt_, "courage." + +(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Muatheri, Modar--Eng. _Mutrie_, _Moder_. (_Ram_, +_ran_, raven), O.G. Moderannus--Eng. _Mottram_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G. +Moderich--Eng. _Mudridge_. + + +_Mark_, of uncertain meaning. + +(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Marcher--A.S. Marker--Eng. _Marcher_, _Marker_. +(_Leif_, relic), O.G. Marcleif--Eng. _Marklove_. (_Wig_, war), O.G. +Marcovicus--Eng. _Markwick_. + + +Old North. _âs_, Ang.-Sax. _ôs_, "semi-deus." + +(_Beorn_, bear), A.S. Osbeorn--Eng. _Osborn_. (_Got_, goth), A.S. +Osgot--Eng. _Osgood_. (_Lac_, play), A.S. Oslac--O.N. Asleikr--Eng. +_Aslock_, _Hasluck_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Asman, Osman--Asseman _Hund. +Rolls_--Eng. _Asman_, _Osman_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Osmer--Osmer, +_Domesday_--Eng. _Osmer_. (_Ketil_), O.N. Asketil--Eng. _Ashkettle_. +(_Mund_, protection), A.S. Osmond--Eng. _Osmond_. (_Wald_, rule), A.S. +Oswald--Eng. _Oswald_. (_Wine_, friend), A.S. Oswin--Eng. _Oswin_. + + +_Rad_, _red_, signifying "counsel." + +(_Brand_, sword), O.G. Redbrand--Eng. _Redband_. (_Geil_, elatus), O.G. +Ratgeil--Eng. _Redgill_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Rathere, Rateri--Eng. +_Rather_, _Rattray_. (_Helm_), O.G. Rathelm--Eng. _Rattham_. (_Leif_, +relic), O.G. Ratleib--Eng. _Ratliffe_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Redman--Eng. +_Redman_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Radmar, Redmer--Eng. _Radmore_, +_Redmore_. (_Mund_, protection), O.G. Redemund--Eng. _Redmond_. (_War_, +defence), O.G. Ratwar--Eng. _Redwar_. (_Wig_, war), O.G. Redwi--Eng. +_Reddaway_. (_Wine_, friend), A.S. Redwin--Eng. _Readwin_. (_Bald_, +fortis), O.G. Ratbold--Eng. _Rathbold_. (_Bern_, bear), O.G. Ratborn, +Ratbon--Eng. _Rathbone_. + + +_Rag_, _ray_, signifying "counsel." + +(_Bald_, fortis), O.G. Ragibald--Eng. _Raybauld_, _Raybolt_. (_Hari_, +warrior), O.G. Racheri--Eng. _Rarey_ (=Ragheri). (_Helm_), O.G. +Rachelm--Eng. _Rackham_. (_Mund_, protection), O.G. Raimond--Eng. +_Raymond_, _Rayment_. (_Ulf_, wolf), A.S. Rahulf--Raaulf, _Lib. +Vit._--Eng. _Ralph_. + + +_Ragin_, _rain_, same as above. + +(_Bert_, famous), O.G. Raginbert, Reinbert--Eng. _Rainbird_. (_Bald_, +fortis), O.G. Raginbald--Eng. _Raynbold_. (_Frid_, peace), O.G. +Rainfred--Eng. _Rainford_. (_Gar_, spear), O.G. Raingar, Reginker--Eng. +_Ranger_, _Ranacre_. (_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Regnard, Rainhard--Eng. +_Regnard_, _Reynard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Reginhar--A.S. +Reiner--Eng. _Reyner_. (_Helm_), O.G. Rainelm--Eng. _Raynham_, (_Wald_, +rule), O.G. Reginold--A.S. Reinald--Eng. _Reynolds_. + + +_Ric_, _rich_, signifying "rule." + +(_Bald_, fortis), O.G. Richbold--Eng. _Richbell_. (_Gard_, protection), +O.G. Richgard--Eng. _Ridgyard_. (_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Ricohard--Eng. +_Riccard_, _Richard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Richer--Richerus, +_Domesday_--Eng. _Richer_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Ricman--Eng. _Rickman_, +_Richman_. (_Mund_, protection), O.G. Richmund--Eng. _Richmond_. +(_Wald_, rule), O.G. Ricoald--Eng. _Richold_. (_Wig_, war), O.G. +Ricwi--Eng. _Ridgway_. + + +_Ring_, perhaps signifying "armour." + +(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Rincar--Eng. _Ringer_. (_Wald_, rule), A.S. +Hringwold--Eng. _Ringold_. + + +_Rod_, signifying "glory." + +(_Bero_, bear), O.G. Hruadbero--Eng. _Rodber_. (_Bern_, bear), O.G. +Roudbirn--Eng. _Rodbourn_. (_Bert_, famous), O.G. Hrodebert--Eng. +_Robert_. (_Gar_, spear), O.G. Hrodgar--Eng. _Rodger_. (_Gard_, +protection), O.G. Hrodgard--Eng. _Rodgard_, _Rodyard_. (_Hari_, +warrior), O.G. Hrodhari, Rotheri, Rudher--Eng. _Rothery_, _Rudder_. +(_Land_), O.G. Rodland--Eng. _Rolland_. (_Leik_, play), O.G. +Rutleich--Eng. _Rutledge_. (_Ram_, raven), O.G. Rothram--Eng. +_Rotheram_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Hrodman--Eng. _Rodman_, _Roman_. (_Niw_, +young), O.G. Hrodni--Eng. _Rodney_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G. Hrodric--Eng. +_Rodrick_. (_Wig_, war), O.G. Hrodwig--Eng. _Rudwick_. (_Ulf_, wolf), +O.G. Hrodulf--Roolf, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Rolfe_. + + +_Ros_, perhaps signifying "horse." + +(_Bert_, famous), O.G. Rospert--Eng. _Rosbert_. (_Kel_, contraction of +Ketel),[20] Old Norse Hroskel--Eng. _Roskell_. + + +_Rum_, O.H.G. hruam, "glory." + +(_Bald_, bold), A.S. Rumbold--Eng. _Rumbold_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. +Rumhar--Eng. _Rummer_. + + +_Sal_, perhaps meaning "dark."[21] + +(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Salaher--Eng. _Sellar_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. +Salaman--Eng. _Salmon_. (_Wig_, war), O.G. Selwich--Eng. _Salloway_. + + +_Sar_, signifying "armour" or anything used for defence. + +(_Bod_, envoy), O.G. Sarabot--Eng. _Serbutt_. (_Gaud_, Goth), O.G. +Saregaud--Eng. _Sargood_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Saraman--Eng. _Sermon_. +(_Had_, war), O.G. Sarratt--Eng. _Sarratt_. + + +_Sig_, signifying "victory." + +(_Bald_, bold), A.S. Sigebald--Eng. _Sibbald_. (_Bert_, famous), A.S. +Sigiberht, Sibriht--Eng. _Sibert_. (_Fred_, peace), A.S. Sigefred--Eng. +_Seyfried_. (_Gar_, spear), A.S. Siggær--Eng. _Segar_. (_Man_), O.G. +Sigeman--Eng. _Sickman_. (_Suff._, _Surn._). (_Mar_, famous), O.G. +Sigimar, Sicumar--A.S. Simær, Secmær--Eng. _Seymore_, _Sycamore_. +(_Mund_, protection), O.G. Sigimund--Eng. _Simmond_. (_Wig_, war), O.G. +Sigiwic--Eng. _Sedgewick_. (_Wine_, friend), O.G. Sigiwin--Seguin, _Roll +Batt. Abb._--Eng. _Seguin_. + + +_Sea_, "mare." + +(_Bera_, bear), Sebar, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Seaber_. (_Bern_, bear), Old +Norse Sæbiorn--Sberne, _Domesday_--Eng. _Seaborn_. (_Bert_, famous), +A.S. Sæberht--Eng. _Seabright_. (_Burg_, protection), O.G. Seburg, +Seopurc--Seaburch _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Seabrook_, _Seabury_. (_Rit_, +ride), O.G. Seuerit--Eng. _Searight_, _Sievewright_. (_Wald_, rule), +O.G. Sewald--Eng. _Seawall_. (_Ward_), O.G. Sæward--Eng. _Seaward_, +_Seward_. (_Fugel_, fowl), A.S. Sæfugl--Eng. _Sefowl_. + + +_Stain_, "stone," in the sense of firmness or hardness. + +(_Biorn_, bear), O.N. Steinbiörn--Eng. _Stainburn_. (_Burg_, +protection), O.G. Stemburg--Eng. _Steamburg_. (_Hard_), O.G. +Stainhard--Stannard _Domesday_--Eng. _Stonard_, _Stoneheart_. (_Hari_, +warrior), O.N. Steinhar--Eng. _Stainer_, _Stoner_. (_Wald_, rule), O.G. +Stainold--Eng. _Stonhold_, and perhaps _Sternhold_ as a corruption. + + +_Tank_, perhaps "thought." + +(_Hard_), O.G. Tanchard--Eng. _Tankard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. +Thancheri--Eng. _Tankeray_, _Thackeray_ (Scandinavian form). (_Rad_, +counsel), O.G. Tancrad--Eng. _Tancred_. + + +_Tad_, supposed "father." + +(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Tether--Eng. _Tedder_, _Teather_. (_Man_, vir), +A.S. Tatmonn--Eng. _Tadman_.[22] (_Wine_, friend), O.G. Daduin--Eng. +_Tatwin_. + + +_Thor_, supposed from the name of the god, a stem specially Danish. + +(_Biorn_, bear), O.N. Thorbiorn--Thurbern _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Thorburn_. +(_Gaut_, Goth), O.N. Thorgautr--Turgod _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Thurgood_, +_Thoroughgood_. (_Geir_, spear), O.N. Thorgeir--Eng. _Thorgur_. (_Fin_, +nation), O.N. Thorfinnr--Thurfin _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Turpin_. (_Môd_, +courage), O.N. Thormodr--Eng. _Thurmot_. (_Stein_, stone), O.N. +Thorsteinn--Turstin _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Thurstan_. (_Wald_, rule), O.N. +Thorvaldr--Eng. _Thorold_. (_Vid_, wood), O.N. Thorvidr--Eng. +_Thorowood_. (_Ketil_[23]) O.N. Thorketil--Eng. _Thirkettle_. (_Kel_, +contraction of _ketel_), O.N. Thorkel--Turkillus _Lib. Vit._--Eng. +_Thurkle_. (Hence is borrowed as supposed the Gaelic Torquil.) + + +Ang.-Sax. _theod_, "people." + +(_Bald_, fortis), A.S. Theodbald--Tidbald _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Theobald_, +_Tidball_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Theodahar, Tudhari--A.S. +Theodhere--Eng. _Theodore_, _Tudor_. (_Ran_, raven), O.G. Teutran--Eng. +_Teuthorn_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Tiadman--Eng. _Tidman_. (_Mar_, famous), +O.G. Thiudemer--A.S. Dydemer--Eng. _Tidemore_. (_Ric_, rule), A.S. +Theodric--Eng. _Todrig_, _Doddridge_. + + +_Wad_, _Wat_, "to go," in the sense of activity? + +(_Gis_, hostage), O.G. Watgis--Eng. _Watkiss_. (_Gar_, spear), O.G. +Waddegar--Eng. _Waddicar_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Vadomar--Eng. +_Wadmore_. (_New_, young), O.G. Wattnj--Eng. _Watney_. + + +_Wald_, signifying "power" or "rule." + +(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Waldhar--A.S. Wealdhere--Eng. _Walter_. (_Man_) +O.G. Waldman--Eng. _Waldman_. (_Ran_, raven), O.G. +Walderannus--Walteranus _Domesday_--Eng. _Waldron_. + + +_Wal_, "stranger" or "foreigner." + +(_And_, life, spirit), O.G. Waland--Eng. _Waland_. (_Frid_, peace), O.G. +Walahfrid--Eng. _Wallfree_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Walaheri, +Walher--Eng. _Wallower_, _Waller_. (_Had_, war), O.G. Wallod--Eng. +_Wallet_. (_Raven_), Gothic Valerauan--Walrafan _Lib. Vit._--Eng. +_Wallraven_ (_Suffolk Surnames_). (_Rand_, shield), O.G. +Walerand--Walerandus _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Walrond_. + + +_War_, perhaps signifying "defence."[24] + +(_Bald_, bold), O.G. Warbalt--Eng. _Warbolt_. (_Burg_, protection), O.G. +Warburg--Eng. _Warbrick_. (_Gar_, spear), O.G. Weriger--Eng. _Warraker_. +(_Goz_, Goth), O.G. Werigoz--Eng. _Vergoose_ (_Suffolk Surnames_). +(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Warher--Eng. _Warrior_. (_Laik_, play), O.G. +Warlaicus--Warloc _Hund. Rolls_--Eng. _Warlock_. (_Man_), O.G. +Warman--A.S. Wearman--Eng. _Warman_. (_Mar_, famous). O.G. Werimar--Eng. +_Warmer_. (_Lind_, gentle), O.G. Waralind--Eng. _Warland_. + + +_Wern_, in the sense of "nationality." + +(_Burg_, protection), O.G. Warinburg--Eng. _Warrenbury_. (_Frid_, +peace), O.G. Warnefrid--Eng. _Warneford_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. +Warenher, Warner--Eng. _Warrener_, _Warner_. (_Had_, war), O.G. +Warnad--Eng. _Warnett_. + + +_Wag_, _way_, to "wave, brandish." + +(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Wagher--Eng. _Wager_. (_Bert_, famous), O.G. +Wagpraht--Eng. _Weybret_. + + +_Wid_, _wit_, of uncertain meaning.[25] + +(_Brord_, sword), A.S. Wihtbrord, Wihtbrod--Witbred _Hund. Rolls_--Eng. +_Whitbread_. (_Gar_, spear), O.G. Witker--A.S. Wihtgar--Eng. +_Whittaker_, _Whitecar_. (_Hard_), O.G. Witart--Eng. _Whitehart_. +(_Ron_, raven), O.G. Widrannus--Eng. _Witheron_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. +Withar, Wither _Domesday_--Eng. _Wither_, _Whiter_. (_Ring_, armour), +O.G. Witering--Eng. _Wittering_. (_Lag_, law), A.S. Wihtlæg,--Eng. +_Whitelegg_, _Whitlaw_. (_Laic_, play), O.G. Widolaic,--A.S. +Wihtlac--Eng. _Wedlake_, _Wedlock_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Wideman, +Witman--Eng. _Wideman_, _Whiteman_. (_Mar_, famous), Goth. +Widiomar--Uitmer _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Whitmore_. (_Rad_, counsel), O.G. +Widerad, Witerat--A.S. Wihtræd--Eng. _Withered_, _Whitethread_, +_Whiterod_. (_Ric_, rule), Goth. Witirich--A.S. Wihtric--Eng. +_Witherick_, _Whitridge_. + + +_Will_, in the sense of "resolution"? + +(_Bern_, bear), O.G. Wilbernus--Eng. _Wilbourn_. (_Gom_, man), O.G. +Willicomo--Uilcomæ _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Wilcomb_, _Welcome_. (_Frid_, +peace), A.S. Wilfrid--Eng. _Wilford_. (_Gis_, hostage), A.S. +Wilgis--Eng. _Willgoss_. (_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Willard--A.S. +Willeard--Eng. _Willard_. (_Heit_, state, "hood") O.G. Williheit--Eng. +_Willett_. (_Helm_), A.S. Wilhelm--Eng. _Williams_. (_Mar_, famous), +O.G. Willemar--Eng. _Willmore_. (_Mot_, courage), O.G. Willimot--Eng. +_Willmot_. (_Mund_, protection), A.S. Wilmund--Uilmund, _Lib. +Vit._--Eng. _Willament_. + + +_Wind_, _Wend_, supposed "from the people." + +(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Winidhar--Eng. _Winder_. (_Ram_, raven), O.G. +Winidram--Eng. _Windram_. (_Rad_, counsel)--Eng. _Windred_. + + +_Wine_, "friend." + +(_Bald_, fortis), O.G. Winebald--Eng. _Winbolt_. (_Cof_, strenuous), +A.S. Wincuf--Eng. _Wincup_. (_Gaud_, Goth), O.G. Winegaud--Eng. +_Wingood_. (_Gar_, spear), O.G. Wineger, Vinegar--A.S. Winagar--Eng. +_Winegar_, _Vinegar_. (_Hari_, warrior), A.S. Wyner--Eng. _Winer_. +(_Laic_, play), O.G. Winleich--Uinlac _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Winlock_. +(_Man_, vir), O.G. Winiman--A.S. Winemen--Eng. _Wineman_, _Winmen_. +(_Stan_, stone), A.S. Wynstan--Eng. _Winston_. + + +_Wig_, _Wick_, "war." + +(_Bert_, famous), O.G. Wigbert, Wibert--Eng. _Vibert_. (_Burg_, +protection), O.G. Wigburg--Wiburch _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Wyberg_, _Wybrow_. +(_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Wighard, Wiart--A.S. Wigheard--Uigheard _Lib. +Vit._--Eng. _Wyard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Wigheri, Wiccar, +Wiher--Uigheri _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Wicker_, _Vicary_, _Wire_. (_Helm_), +A.S. Wighelm--Uighelm _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Whigam_. (_Ram_, raven), O.G. +Wigram--Eng. _Wigram_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Wigmar, Wimar--Wimar _Lib. +Vit._--Eng. _Wymer_.[26] (_Gern_, eager), O.G. Wicchern--A.S. +Weogern--Eng. _Waghorn_. (_Had_, war), O.G. Wicod, Wihad--A.S. +Wigod--Eng. _Wiggett_, _Wichett_, _Wyatt_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. +Wigman--Eng. _Wigman_, _Wyman_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G. Wigirich--Eng. +_Vickridge_. + + +Ang.-Sax. _wulf_, "wolf." + +(_Bert_, famous), O.G. Wolfbert--Eng. _Woolbert_. (_Gar_, spear), A.S. +Wulfgar--Eng. _Woolgar_. (_Gaud_, Goth), O.G. Wulfegaud--A.S. +Wulfgeat--Eng. _Woolcot_. (_Hard_, fortis), A.S. Wulfheard--Eng. +_Woollard_. (_Had_, war), O.G. Wolfhad--Eng. _Woollat_. (_Helm_), A.S. +Wulfhelm--Eng. _Woollams_. (_Heh_, high), A.S. Wulfheh--Eng. _Woolley_. +(_Mar_, famous), A.S. Wulfmer--Eng. _Woolmer_. (_Noth_, bold), A.S. +Wulfnoth--Eng. _Woolnoth_. (_Ric_, rule), A.S. Wulfric--Eng. _Woolrych_. +(_Sig_, victory), A.S. Wulfsig--Eng. _Wolsey_. (_Stan_, stone), A.S. +Wulfstan--Eng. _Woolston_. + + +Ang.-Sax. _jû_, O.H.G. _êwa_ "law."[27] + +(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Euhar--Eng. _Ewer_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. +Eoman--perhaps Iman and Iiman on Roman pottery--Eng. _Yeoman_, _Yeaman_. +(_Ric_, rule), O.G. Eoricus--Eng. _Yorick_. (_Wald_, rule), O.G. +Ewald--Eng. _Ewald_. (_Ward_, guardian), O.G. Euvart--Eng. _Ewart_, +_Yeoward_. (_Wolf_), O.G. Eolf--Eng. _Yealfe_. + + +The foregoing is not put forward as by any means an exhaustive list of +the ancient compounds represented in our names, but only of the more +common and more important. And there are some ancient stems well +represented in other forms, such as those referred to in Chapter II., +from which I have not been able to trace any compounds. It will be +observed that I have in two or three instances assigned a place to an +English name, without finding an ancient form to correspond. This indeed +I might have done to a greater extent than I have done, for when we have +such a well-defined system, with the same forms of compounds regularly +recurring, we may in many cases assign a place to a name even though the +ancient equivalent may not yet have come to light. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[10] Hence I take to be the name of the fairy king Oberon. Albruna was +also the name of a "wise woman" among the ancient Germans referred to by +Tacitus. + +[11] Probably also A.S. Haluiu--Eng. _Halloway_. + +[12] Here probably the name Biracrus, on Roman pottery, corresponding +with an O.G. form, Berecar. + +[13] Or perhaps of beauty, like a Celtic stem _tac_, found in names of +men, and perhaps a corresponding word. + +[14] As an ending also _frid_ commonly becomes _free_, as in Humphrey +from Humfrid, Godfrey from Godfred, Geoffry from Galfrid. + +[15] This name might perhaps be from the Irish Cwaran, whence probably +the present _Curran_. This name appears also to have been sometimes +borrowed by the Northmen, as in the case of Olaf Cwaran. + +[16] But not in a Christian sense, the stem being much older than +Christian times. There is another stem _gaud_, supposed to mean Goth, +very liable to intermix. + +[17] As a prefix this may mean "army," but as an ending, where it is +often _hari_ or _heri_ (and perhaps was originally always so), it may be +taken, as suggested by Grimm, to mean warrior. + +[18] Also as a contracted form, Ang.-Sax. Leommann (=Leofmann, Eng. +_Lemon_). + +[19] This seems to be a name of an exceptional kind, the ending _drud_ +being a female one. That our name Liptrot (which I take from Lower), is +really from the above origin is rendered the more probable by the +corresponding name Liebetrut as a present German name, similarly derived +by Foerstemann. But it may well be that the ending in this case is from +a different word to that which, see p. 19, forms the endings of women's +names, viz. O.H.G. _trut_, amicus, which, as a prefix, enters into +several men's names. + +[20] From the mythological kettle of the gods, which enters into many +Old Norse men's names. + +[21] "The Anglo-Saxons seem to have used sallow in the sense of dark. +The raven is called sallow both by Cædmon and the author of Judith," +_Skeat_. It seems to me, however, a question whether, seeing how +frequently the names of nationalities enter into Teutonic men's names, +the word contained in the above stem may not be "Salian." This, however, +still leaves open the question as to what is the origin of Salian. + +[22] A corresponding name may be the Dutch Tadema, if _ma_, as is +supposed, stands for _man_. + +[23] Probably from the mythological kettle of the Æsir. + +[24] So many different words might be suggested in this case that the +meaning must be left uncertain. It is most probable that there may be an +admixture. + +[25] Three different words found in ancient names intermix so as to be +hardly separable, viz., Anglo-Saxon _wiht_, strength or courage; _wid_, +wood; and _wit_, wisdom. + +[26] The name of Wigmore Street seems to imply a man's name _Wigmore_, +but I do not know of it at present. + +[27] Hence probably the name of the Eows, a tribe or family mentioned in +the "Traveller's Song." Also probably the name Eawa, in the genealogy of +the Mercian kings. The stem is represented in our names by _Ewe_, _Yeo_, +and _Yea_, and we have also the patronymic _Ewing_ (Euing in +_Domesday_). + + + + +CHAPTER IV. + +THE MEN WHO CAME IN WITH THE SAXONS. + + +The researches of Mr. Kemble, supplemented by those of Mr. Taylor, in +connection with the early Saxon settlements in England, have an +important bearing upon the subject of our existing surnames. Mr. Kemble +was the first to call attention to the fact that very many of the names +of places in England, as disclosed by the forms in which these names +appear in ancient charters, consist of a personal name in a patronymic +form. Some of these names consist simply of a nominative plural in +_ingas_, as Æscingas, the sons or descendants of Æsc, others of a +genitive plural in _inga_, with _ton_, _ham_, &c., appended, as in +Billingatun, the town of the Billings, _i.e._ sons or descendants of +Billa. These he takes to denote tribal or family settlements, forming +the Anglo-Saxon "mark," consisting of a certain area of cultivated land, +surrounded by a belt of pasture land enjoyed by all the settlers in +common, the whole inclosed by the forest. + +Of these names he has made two lists, the one derived from the names +found in ancient charters, and so perfectly trustworthy, the other +inferred from existing names of places which appear to be in the same +form. The latter list is of course subject to considerable correction +and deduction, inasmuch as it depends entirely upon the ancient forms in +which these names would appear whether they would come under this +category or not. Thus, if a name were anciently Billing_a_ham, it would +be "the home of the Billings," while if it were Billingham, it would +simply be the home of an individual man called Billing. And in looking +through this list, a few names will be found, which a comparison with +his own index of place-names shows to be incorrectly assigned. Thus he +infers Impingas from Impington in Cambridgeshire, and Tidmingas from +Tidmington in Worcester, whereas it appears from his index that the +ancient name of the one was Impintun, and of the other Tidelminctun, +both being thus from the name of an individual and not of a tribe or +family. Sempringham again in Lincolnshire, whence he derives Sempringas, +I find to have been Sempingaham, and so used already for Sempingas. I +also feel very great doubt about names taken from places ending in _by_, +_thorp_, and _toft_, in Lincolnshire and the ancient Denelaga, as being +Scandinavian, and given at a distinctly later period. Indeed I have a +certain amount of distrust of all names taken from the North of England, +in the absence, as far as I know, of any distinct proof in any one case. +Northumberland would perhaps be the county to which, as containing the +greatest number of such forms, any such doubt would the least strongly +apply. Moreover, I do not feel at all sure that _ing_ is not in some +cases simply a form of the possessive, and that Dunningland, for +instance, is not simply Dunn's land. This doubt is considerably +strengthened when the name is that of a woman, as in Cyneburginctun (now +Kemerton in Glouc). Cyneburg is certainly a woman's name, and as such +could not, I should suppose--though the question is one for more +experienced Anglo-Saxon scholars--form a patronymic, in which case +Cyneburginctun can only be "Cyneburg's tun." And if it be so in one +case, it may of course be so in others. Mr. Kemble's second list, then, +requires to be used with a certain amount of caution, though in the main +his deductions may be taken as trustworthy. + +The corresponding forms in Germany have since been collected by +Professor Foerstemann from ancient charters up to the eleventh century, +and must all be considered therefore as trustworthy. His list contains +upwards of a thousand different names, but inasmuch as many of these +names are found in different parts of Germany, the total number of such +names must amount to many thousands. These consist sometimes of a form +in _ingas_, same as in England, and this obtains more particularly in +Bavaria, sometimes of a form in _inga_, which he takes to be also a +nominative plural, but most commonly of a dative plural, in _ingen_, as +in Herlingen, "to the Harlings." This dative plural explains the origin +of many existing names of places in Germany, as Göttingen, Dettingen, +Tübingen, &c. A dative plural also occurs occasionally in England in the +corresponding Anglo-Saxon form _ingum_, as in Godelmingum, now +Godalming, Angemeringum, now Angmering, &c. + +Meanwhile Mr. Taylor has instituted a detailed and very important +comparison between the names contained in Mr. Kemble's two lists, and +those of a corresponding kind in Germany, not indeed from ancient +records, but from existing place-names. And he has further supplemented +this by a list of similar forms disclosed by his own very interesting +discovery of a Saxon area in France opposite to the shore of England, +and which we can hardly doubt to be, as he considers it to be, the +result of a Saxon emigration from England. He has, moreover, given some +similar instances of German occupation in the north of Italy, and it can +hardly be doubted that a more detailed examination would add to their +number. + +The question now to be considered is--what is the value of these various +forms in _ingas_, _inga_, and _ingen_, in England and in Germany? In +Anglo-Saxon and other Teutonic dialects _ing_ is a patronymic, as in +Bruning, son of Brûn. But it has also a wider sense implying any +connection with a person or thing, and in certain of the names under +consideration both in England and in Germany, it seems very clear that +it is used simply in a geographical sense. Thus we cannot doubt that +Madelungen and Lauringen, in Germany, signify, as Foerstemann suggests, +the people of the Madel and of the Lauer, on which two rivers the places +in question are respectively situated. Also that Salzungen signifies the +people of the salt springs, in the neighbourhood of which the name is +found.[28] So in England it seems clear that the Leamingas found in +Leamington signifies the people of the Leam, on which river the place is +situated. So also the Heretuningas, the Hohtuningas, and the +Suthtuningas, must mean simply the people respectively of Heretun, of +Hohtun, and of Suthtun, the Beorganstedingas the people of Beorgansted, +the Eoforduningas the people of Eofordun, and the Teofuntingas, the +people dwelling by the two fountains. But with these and perhaps one or +two other exceptions, the word contained is simply a personal name, and +the question is--in what connection is it used? Does Billingas mean the +descendants of the man Bill or Billa, under whose leadership the +settlement was made, or does it, as Mr. Kemble seems to think, refer to +some older, perhaps mythical ancestor from whom the Billings claimed a +traditional descent? Now, considering the great number of these names, +amounting to more than a thousand in England alone, seeing the manner in +which they are dispersed, not only over different counties of England, +but as the annexed table will show, over the length and breadth of +Germany, it seems to me utterly impossible to consider them as anything +else than the every-day names of men common to the great German family. +I am quite in accord then with the view taken by Sir J. Picton +(Ethnology of Wiltshire).[29] "When the Saxons first invaded England, +they came in tribes and families headed by their patriarchal leaders. +Each tribe was called by its leader's name, with the termination _ing_, +signifying family, and where they settled they gave their patriarchal +name to the _mark_ or central point round which they clustered." This +is also the view taken by Foerstemann with regard to the German names, +and I cannot doubt that Mr. Kemble, if he had had the opportunity of +extending his survey over this wider area, would have come to the same +conclusion. I take it then that the name contained in these forms is +simply that of the leader under whose guidance these little settlements +were made, and that, inasmuch as members of the same family would +generally keep together, it is in most cases that of the patriarch or +head of the family. Each man would no doubt have his own individual +name, but as a community exercising certain rights in common, from which +outsiders were excluded, they would require some distinctive +appellation, and what so natural as that of their leader. + +I now come to consider some points of difference between the Anglo-Saxon +settlements and the German. While all the settlements in England must be +taken to have been made by a Low German race, a large proportion of +those in Germany must be taken to have been made by a High German +people. Thus when we find Bæbingas in England represented by Papinga in +Austria, Bassingas by Pasingas, and Bædingas by Patinga in Bavaria, we +have the distinction between High and Low German, which might naturally +be expected. So when we find Eastringas represented by Austringa in +Baden, we have again a High German form to compare with a Low German. +But this distinction is by no means consistently maintained throughout, +and we seem to have a considerable mixture of High and Low German forms. +Thus we have both Bæcgingas and Pæccingas, Dissingas and Tissingas, +Gâringas and Coringas, Edingas and Odingas (representing as it seems the +Anglo-Saxon _ead_ or _ed_, and the High German _aud_ or _od_). And even +in some cases the rule seems to be reversed, and we have the High German +in England, as in Eclingas against Egilinga in Bavaria, Hoppingas +against Hobinga in Alsace, Ticcingas against Dichingen, &c. It would +seem as if our settlements were made, at least in part, by a people who +if not High German, had at any rate considerable High German affinities. +To what extent the speech of the Angles which I suppose to have been the +main element in the Northumbrian dialect, would answer these conditions, +I would rather leave to our higher Anglo-Saxon scholars to decide. But +it seems to me, so far as I may venture to give an opinion, that +Lappenberg's theory, that the Saxons were accompanied by Franks, +Frisians, and Lombards, would perhaps better than any other meet all the +requirements of the case. Whence for instance could come such a form as +Cwichelm for Wighelm, apparently a rather strongly marked Frankish form? +Or Cissa (Chissa) for, as I suppose, Gisa, which would be apparently in +conformity with a Frisian form? I have endeavoured to go into this +subject more fully in a subsequent chapter, more particularly with +regard to the Franks, and to show that there are a number of names in +Anglo-Saxon times which might be of Frankish origin, and which perhaps +it would be difficult to account for on any other theory. And it must be +borne in mind that the earlier date now generally assigned for the first +Teutonic settlements, naturally tends to give greater latitude to the +inquiry as to the races by whom those settlements were made. + +Another difference to be noted is that whereas all our settlements seem +to have been made in heathen times, those of Germany extend into +Christian times, as shown by such names as Johanningen, Jagobingen, and +Steveningen, containing the scriptural names John, Jacob and Stephen. +There is another and a curious name, Satanasinga, which, the place to +which it is applied being a waste, seems to describe the people who +lived in it, or around it, perhaps in reference to their forlorn +condition, as "the children of Satan." The adoption of scriptural names +seems to have taken place at a later period in England than either in +Germany or in France. And we have not, as I believe, a single instance +in our surnames of a scriptural name in an Anglo-Saxon patronymic form, +as the Germans, judging from the above, might--possibly may--have. + +Another point of difference between the Anglo-Saxon and the German +settlements would seem to be this, that while the German list contains a +considerable proportion of compound names, such as Willimundingas and +Managoldingas, the Anglo-Saxon list consists almost exclusively of names +formed of a single word, and the exceptions may almost be counted upon +the fingers. With this I was at first considerably puzzled, but on +looking more carefully into the lists, it seemed to me apparent that +many of the names assumed by Mr. Kemble from names of places were in +reality compound names in a disguised and contracted form. And as +Tidmington, whence he derives Tidmingas, was properly Tidhelmingtun, so +I conceive that Osmingas derived from Osmington, ought properly to be +Oshelmingas, and Wylmingas, found in Wilmington, to be Wilhelmingas. So +also I take it that Wearblingas, found in Warblington, ought to be +Warboldingas, that Weomeringas, deduced from Wymering, ought to be +Wigmeringas, and that Horblingas, found in Horbling, ought to be +Horbaldingas. There are several other names, such as Scymplingas, +Wramplingas, Wearmingas, Galmingas, &c., that seem as they stand, to be +scarcely possible for names of men, and which may also contain compounds +in a corrupted or contracted form. In addition to this, I note the +following, found in ancient charters, which Mr. Kemble seems to have +overlooked, Ægelbyrhtingas, found in Ægelbyrtingahyrst, No. 1041, +Ceolredingas, found in Colredinga gemerc, 1149, and Godhelmingas found +in Godelmingum, 314. If all these were taken into account, the +difference, though it would still exist, might not be so great as to be +unaccountable, considering that our settlements were made to a +considerable extent at an earlier date, and by tribes more or less +differing from those of Germany. It raises, moreover the question, dealt +with in a very thorough manner by Stark, as to the extent to which these +short and simple names may be contractions of compound names. I have +referred to the subject in another place, and I will only observe at +present that from the instances he cites the practice seems to have been +rather specially common among the Frisians. Now it will be found on +comparing the names of our ancient settlers with the Frisian names past +and present cited by Outzen and Wassenberg, that there is a very strong +family likeness between them, though we need not take it to amount to +more than this, that the Frisian names may be taken as a type of the +kind of names prevalent among the other neighbouring Low German tribes, +until it can be more distinctly shown that there were settlements made +by the Frisians themselves. And I have brought these names into the +comparison simply as being the nearest representatives that I can find. + +Notwithstanding the complete and valuable tables drawn up by Mr. Taylor +for the purpose of comparing the Anglo-Saxon settlements with those of +Germany, I have thought it useful to supplement them by another confined +exclusively to the names drawn from ancient German records, and +therefore, so far as they go, entirely trustworthy. And I take the +opportunity to compare our existing surnames with these ancient names +thus shown to be common to the great Teutonic family. + +In the following table I have given then, first the Anglo-Saxon names +from Kemble's lists, then the corresponding Old German from that of +Foerstemann, with the district in which it is found, and, wherever +identified, the existing name of the place, then names corresponding +from the _Liber Vitæ_ or elsewhere to show continued Anglo-Saxon use, +with also Frisian names as already mentioned, and finally, the existing +English surnames with which I compare them. It will be seen that these +surnames in not a few cases retain an ancient vowel-ending in _a_, _i_, +or _o_, as explained in a preceding chapter. + + _THE EARLY SAXON SETTLEMENTS COMPARED WITH THOSE OF GERMANY._ + + Anglo-Saxon. German. Locality (L.V.), Liber Vitæ. English + in Germany. (F.), Frisian. Surnames. + + Aldingas} Aldinge {Now Aldingen,} {Alda (L.V.),} {_Allday_, _Allt_, + Oldingas} {in Würtemburg} { Alte (F.) } { _Old_, _Olding_. + + Æceringas[30] Aguringas {Now Egringen} Aker (L.V.) _Ager_, _Acres_. + { in Bavaria} + + Ælingas Allingen Bavaria {Alli (L.V.),} _Alley_, _Allo_. + { Alle (F.) } + + Ælfingas} Albungen Hesse Cassell Alef (F.) {_Aulph_, _Alpha_, + Ælpingas} { _Elvy_. + + Æfeningas {Heveningare Appenzell Afun (L.V.) _Heaven? Evening_. + { marca + + Antingas Endinga {Now Endingen,} Anta (A.S.) {_And_, _Andoe_, + { in Baden } { _Hand_. + + Æscingas Esginga ..... Æsc (A.S.) _Ask_, _Ashe_. + + Ætingas Adinga Pruss. Saxony {Atta (A.S.),} _Hatt_. + { Atte (F.) } + + Bæbingas Papinga {Now Pabing, } {Babba (A.S.),} _Babb_. + { in Austria} { Babe (F.) } + + Baningas Boninge ..... {Beana (L.V.),} {_Bann_, + { Banne (F.) } { _Banning_. + + Bædingas } {Now Beddingen, } {Bada, } {_Batt_, _Batty_, + } Patinga { in Brunswick; } { Betti (L.V.)} { _Betty_, + Beadingas} { also Baden, } { _Batting_. + { Prussia, Austria} + + Bassingas Pasingas Bavaria Bass (A.S.) _Bass_, _Pass_. + + Bæcgingas} Bachingen Würtemburg } {Baga, } {_Bagge_, _Back_, + Beccingas} Beckinga Rhenish Prussia} {Backa (L.V.)} { _Beck_, _Peck_. + Pæccingas} + + Bensingas Pinsinga Bavaria Benza (L.V.) _Bence_. + + Bircingas Biricchingen ..... ..... _Birch_. + + Bebingas Bebingun Bavaria, Würtg. Bebba (A.S.) {_Bibb_, _Bibby_, + { _Beeby_. + + Billingas Bilinga {Hess., Würt.,} ..... {_Bill_, _Billow_, + { Friesland } { _Billing_. + + Binningas Binnungen {Now Bingen, } {Bynni (L.V.),} {_Binney_, + { on Rhine } {Binne (F.) } { _Binning_. + + Bydelingas Budilingen {Luxembg.,} Botel (F.) _Biddle_. + { Austria} + + Briningas ..... ..... Bryni (L.V.) {_Brine_, + { _Brinney_. + + Beorningas Pirninga Würtemburg Beorn (L.V.) {_Burn_, + { _Burning_. + + Bondingas ..... ..... Bonde (L.V., F.) _Bond_. + + Beormingas Bermingahem ..... ..... _Breem_. + + Brydingas Breidinge {Hesse Cass., } ..... _Bride_, _Bird_. + { Pruss. Sax.} + + Bridlingas Britlingi {Now Brütlingen,} ..... _Bridle_. + { in Hanr. } + + Blæcingas ..... ..... Blaca (L.V.) _Black_. + + Bruningas Brunninga Austria {Brôn (L.V.),} {_Brown_, + {Bruyn (F.) } { _Browning_. + + Beorhtingas} Perhtingen Bavaria {Bercht (L.V.),} {_Burt_, + Byrtingas } { Berti (F.) } { _Bright_, + { _Brighty_, + { _Brighting_. + + Brihtlingas Bertelingas Rhen. Prussia ..... {_Brightly_, + { _Brittell_. + + Buccingas Puchinga ..... {Bocco, } _Buck_, _Puck_. + { Buco (F.)} + Bullingas Bollinga {Bullingen, in } Bolle (F.) {_Bull_, _Bolley_, + { Rh. Pruss. } { _Bulling_. + {Also Tyrol and} + { Westphal. } + + Byttingas} Buddinga {Baden, Würt.,} Bota (L.V.) {_Budd_, _Butt_, + { Friesland } { _Botting_. + + Potingas } Potingin {Baden, Aust.,} Botte (F.) {_Pott_, _Potto_. + { Friesland } + + Bobingas } Bobinga {Bobingen,} {Bofa (L.V.),} {_Boby_, _Poppy_. + Bofingas } { in Bav.} { Poppe (F.)} + + Bosingas Bosinga Austria, Würt. Bosa (L.V.) {_Boss_, _Bossey_. + + Buslingas Buselingen {Büssling, } ..... _Bussell_. + { by Schaffhausen} + + Burringas Buringen Würtemburg. {Burra (L.V.),} _Burr_. + { Bore (F.) } + + Cægingas Cachinga ..... Kay, Key (F.) {_Kay_, _Key_ + { (see p. 10). + + Callingas Callinge Holland Kalle (F.) _Call_, _Callow_. + + Ceaningas Conninge Würtemburg {Canio (L.V.),} {_Cann_, + { Keno (F.) } { _Canning_. + + Cearlingas Chirlingen {Kierling, } {Karl (L.V.),} {_Charley_, + { in Austria} { Carl (F.) } { _Charles_. + + Cifíngas Cheffingin Würtemburg Ceefi (L.V.) {_Chaff_, + { _Chaffey_. + + Ceopingas Chuppinga Würtemburg ..... {_Chope_, _Chubb_. + + Copingas Cofunga Hesse Cassel {Cufa, Coifi } {_Coffey_, _Cuff_, + { (Ang.-Sax.)} { _Cuffey_. + + Codingas } Cuttingas Near Metz {Goda, (L.V.) } {_Goad_, _Codd_, + Cotingas } Gotinga Bavaria { Gode (F.) } { _Coate_, + { _Godding_. + + Colingas Cholinga Ceolla (L.V.) ..... {_Coll_, _Collie_, + { _Colling_. + + Cocingas Gukkingin {Gugging, } ..... _Cock_. + { in Austria} + + Cressingas Chresinga Würtemberg ..... _Cressy_. + + Cnottingas Knutingen ..... Cnut (L.V.) _Knott_. + + Cnudlingas Cnutlinga Baden ..... _Nuttall_. + + Cenesingas[31] {Kenzinga Kenzingen, } + in Baden } ..... _Chance?_ + {Gensingen Gensungen, } + Hess. Cass.} + + Centingas Gandingen Friesland Kaenta (L.V.) {_Cant_, _Gant_, + { _Gandy_. + + Culingas ..... ..... ..... {_Cull_, + { _Cooling_. + + Denningas Daningen Baden Dene (L.V.) {_Dane_, _Dana_, + { _Denn_, + { _Denning_. + Dillingas Dilinga {Dillengen,} + { in Bav. } {Tilli (L.V.),} {_Dill_, _Till_, + { Tilo (F.) } { _Tilly_. + + Deorlingas} Darlingin Brunswick ..... {_Darrell_, + Teorlingas} { _Darling_. + + Dissingas} Tisinga Bavaria Tisa, Disa (F.) {_Dyce_, _Dicey_, + Tissingas} { _Tisoe_. + + Ticcangas Dichingen Friesland, Bav. Tycca (A.S.) _Dick_. + + Dyclingas Tuchilingen Now Tuchling ..... {_Dickle_, + { _Tickle_. + + Doccingas Dockinga Friesland {Tocki (L.V.),} {_Dock_, + { Tocke (F.) } { _Tocque_, + { _Docking_. + + Dodingas ..... ..... Doda (F.) _Dodd_, _Todd_. + + Dunningas Tuningas ..... Duna (L.V.) {_Dunn_, _Dunning_. + + Eastringas Austringa {Oestringen,} ..... _Easter_. + { in Baden } + + Edingas } Edinga {Holland, } {Ede (L.V.),} _Eddy_. + { Baden, Bav.} { Edde (F.)} + Oddingas} Odinga {Westphal., } {Oda (L.V.),} _Oddy_. + { Bav. } Odde (F.) } + + Elcingas ..... ..... ..... {_Elk_, _Elcy_, + { _Elgee_. + + Ecgingas Eginga {Schaffhausen,} {Ecga (L.V.),} _Egg_. + { Bav. } {Egga (F.) } + + Eclingas Egilinga Bavaria Ecgel (A.S.) {_Edgell_, _Egle_. + + Elsingas Elisingun Hesse {Elsi (L.V.),} {_Else_, _Elsey_, + { Ealse (F.)} { _Elliss_. + + Eppingas} Ebinga Baden, Austria Ebbi (L.V.) {_Epps_. + Ippingas} Ippinga {Ippingen, } Eppe (F.) {_Hipp_. + { on Danube} + + Everingas } Eburingen Pruss. Silesia ..... {_Ever_, _Every_, + Eoforingas} { _Heber_. + + Eorpingas Arpingi ..... {Earbe (L.V.),} _Harp_, _Earp_. + { Arpe (F.) } + + Fearingas Faringa {Upper Bav. ..... {_Farre_, + { & L. Constance { _Farrow_. + + Fearningas ..... ..... Forne (L.V.) _Fearn_. + + Finningas Finninga ..... Finn (A.S.) {_Finn_, _Finney_. + + Fincingas ..... ..... {Finc (A.S.),} _Finch_. + { surname } + + Folcingas Fulchingen ..... Folco (L.V.) _Fulke_. + + Frodingas ..... ..... Frode (L.V.) _Froude_. + + Gâringas} Geringen Würtemberg ..... _Gore_, _Cory_. + Coringas} + + Gestingas ..... ..... ..... {_Guest_, + { _Gasting_. + + Geofuningas Gebeningen Austria _Giffen_. + + Gisilingas} Gisilinga Bavaria {Gisle, } _Gill_. + Gillingas } { Gille (L.V.)} + + Gealdingas} Geltingen {Gelting, } {Golde (A.S.),} {_Gold_, _Galt_, + Goldingas } { in Bav.} { Giolt (F.) } { _Golding_. + + Hallingas Halinge Bavaria Halle (L.V.) {_Hall_, + { _Halling_. + + Hæglingas Hegelinge Bavaria Hagel (A.S.) {_Hail_, + { _Hailing_. + + Hanesingas Anzinga Bavaria ..... _Hance_. + + Heardingas} Hardinghen Pas de Calais Hart (F.) {_Hard_, _Hardy_. + Heartingas} Hertingen Bavaria ..... {_Hart_, + { _Harding_. + + Hæslingas} Hasalinge Near Bremen {Esel (L.V.), } _Hasell_. + Æslingas } { Hessel (F.)} + + Hanningas} Heninge ..... {Anna (L.V.),} {_Hann_, _Hanning_, + Heningas } { Hanne, } { _Henn_, + Anningas } { Enno (F.) } { _Anning_, + { _Anne_. + + Hillingas} Illingun {Illingen, {Ylla (L.V.),} _Hill_. + Illingas } { in Baden { Hille (F.)} + + Honingas Oningas {Oeningen, } {Ona (L.V.),} _Hone_. + { on L. } {Onno (F.) } + { Constance} + + Horningas ..... ..... Horn (A.S.) _Horne, Horning_. + + Herelingas Herlingun Austria Harrol (F.) {_Harle_, _Harley_, + { _Harling_. + + Hoppingas Hobinga Near Metz {Obbe, } {_Hopp_, _Hoby_, + { Hobbe (F.)} { _Hopping_. + + Hæcingas Hahhinga {Haching, {Hacci (L.V.),} {_Hack_, + { near Munich { Acke (F.) } { _Hacking_. + + Hafocingas Hauechingas Rhen. Pruss. Hauc (L.V.) _Hawke_. + + Hocingas Hohingun {Near Cologne} Hoco (F.) _Hockey_. + { and Zurich} + + Hucingas Huchingen Friesland ..... _Hook_. + + Huningas Huninga {Hüningen, } {Una (L.V.), } _Hunn_, _Honey_. + { near Basle} { Hunne (F.)} + + Huntingas Huntingun Baden ..... _Hunt, Hunting_. + + Ifingas ..... ..... Ivo (L.V.) _Ive, Ivy_. + + Immingas Eminga {Emmingen, } {Imma (L.V.),} {_Eames_, _Yems_, + { in Würt.} { Emo, } { _Hime_. + { Imme (F.) } + + Læferingas Livaringa Near Salzburg ..... _Laver_. + + Lullingas Lolinga {Lullingen, in} Lolle (F.) _Lull_, _Lully_. + { Rh. Pruss. } + + Luddingas Liutingen Baden {Lioda (L.V.),} _Lyde_, _Lutto_. + { Ludde (F.) } + + Lofingas Luppinge ..... {Lufe (L.V.),} {_Love_, + { Lubbe (F.)} { _Loving_. + + Lidelingas Lutilinga Würtemburg ..... _Liddle_. + + Locingas ..... ..... Locchi (L.V.) {_Lock_, + { _Lockie_. + + Leasingas Lasingi ..... Leising (L.V.) _Lees_, _Lessy_. + + Manningas Meningen ..... {Man (L.V.), } {_Mann_, _Manning_. + { Manno (F.)} + + Massingas Masingi ..... Mæssa (A.S.) {_Massey_, + { _Messing_. + + Madingas Madungen Sax-Weimar ..... _Maddey_. + + Mægdlingas[32] ..... ..... Mædle _Madle_. + + {Maching, in } { + { Bavaria } Mecga (A.S.) {_Maggy_, _May_. + Mæccingas Maginga {Mechingen, by } { + { L. Constance} Mekke (F.) { + + Mycgingas ..... ..... ..... {_Mico_, _Michie_. + + Merlingas Marlingen Bavaria ..... {_Merrill_, _Marl_, + { _Marling_. + + Mundlingas Mundilinga Bavaria ..... {_Mundell_. + + Marringas Maringen Baden, Würt. Mar (A.S.) _Marr_. + + Meringas Meringa Hanover ..... _Merry_. + + Millingas Milinga {Bav., Rhen.} Milo (L.V.) {_Millie_, _Milo_, + { Pruss. } { _Millinge_. + + Myrcingas[33] Mirchingen Lower Austria Murk (F.) {_Murch_, + { _Murchie_. + + + Nydingas } Nidinga {Neidingen, in} {Nytta (L.V.),} _Need_, _Neate_. + Neddingas} { Rh. Pruss. } { Nette (F.) } + + Nottingas Notingen Upper Bavaria Noedt (F.) {_Nott_, + { _Nutting_. + + Ossingas Ossingen Rh. Bavaria Hosa (L.V.) _Hose_. + + Palingas ..... ..... Paelli (L.V.) {_Palev_, + { _Paling_. + + Pegingas Biginga Westphalia Pega (L.V.) _Pegg_, _Bigg_. + + Penningas Penningin North Germany Benna (A.S.) _Penn_, _Benn_. + + Puningas Buninga ..... Buna (A.S.) _Bunn_. + + Pitingas Pidingun Austria ..... _Pitt_. + + Poclingas Puchilinga {Pückling, } ..... {_Puckle_, + { on Danube} { _Buckle_. + + Piperingas ..... ..... ..... _Piper_. + + Readingas Radinga {Reding, Reid (F.) _Read_. + { in Luxembg. + Riccingas ..... ..... Riki (F.) {_Rich_, _Richey_. + + Ridingas Ridingin {Rieding, } ..... {_Riddy_, _Rita_, + { in Upp. Bav.} { _Ridding_. + + Riclingas Richilinga {Reichling,} Rykle (F.) {_Regal_, + { on Rhine} { _Wrigley_. + + Riplingas Rupilinga Upper Bavaria ..... _Ripley_. + + Rollingas Roldingen {Rolingen, } Rolle (F.) _Rolle_. + { in Luxembg.} + + Ræfningas Ravininge Bavaria Reuen (L.V.) _Raven_. + + Rodingas Hrotthingun {Rh. Pruss.,} {Rudda (L.V.),} {_Rodd_, _Rudd_, + { Bav. } { Rode (F.) } { _Rudding_. + + Rossingas Rossunga ..... Russe (F.) _Ross_. + + Ruscingas ..... ..... Rosce (L.V.) _Rush_. + + Rocingas Roggingun Bavaria {Rogge, } _Rock_. + { Rocche (F.)} + + Rucingas ..... ..... Rouke (F.) {_Rugg_, _Ruck_. + + Sandringas Sinderingum Würtemburg Sander (F.) _Sander_. + + Swaningas Swaningun {Schwanningen, } + { near } Suan (L.V.) _Swan_. + { Schaffhausen} + + Syclingas Sikilingin {Sittling,} ..... {_Sickle_, + { in Bav.} { _Sickling_. + + Seaxlingas Saxlinga ..... ..... _Satchell?_ + + Sceardingas Scardinga Bavaria ..... {_Scard_, _Scarth_. + + Scytingas Scithingi ..... Scytta (A.S.) {_Skitt_, _Skeat_, + { _Shute_. + + Surlingas ..... ..... Serlo (L.V.) {_Sarle_, _Searle_. + + Scyrlingas Skirilinga Schierling, in Bav. ..... _Shirley_. + + Sælingas ..... ..... Salla (L.V.) _Sale_, _Sala_. + + Sceafingas Sceuinge ..... ..... _Sheaf_. + + Scealingas Scelinga ..... Sceal (L.V.) {_Scally_, + { _Scales_. + + Snoringas {Snoringer} Rh. Bav. Snearri (L.V.) _Snare_. + { marca } + + Snotingas Snudinga ..... Snod (A.S.) _Snoad_. + + Sealfingas Selvingen ..... ..... {_Self_, _Selvey_. + + Stubingas Staubingen {Staubing, } Stuf (A.S.) {_Stubbs_, + { in Bavaria} { _Stubbing_. + + Secgingas Siggingahem Belgium Sigga (L.V.) {_Siggs_, _Sick_. + + Specingas Speichingas {Spaichengen, Spech (Domesday) _Speck_. + { in Westph. + + Sceaflingas Schuffelinga {Schiflingen, } ..... _Shovel_. + { in Luxembg.} + + Stæningas ..... ..... {Stean (L.V.),} {_Stone_, + { Steen (F.) } { _Stenning_. + + Sinningas Siningas ..... Sinne (F.) {_Siney_, _Shinn_. + + Stellingas ..... ..... ..... _Stell_. + + Tædingas Tattingas {Dettingen,} Tade (F.) {_Tadd_, _Taddy_. + { in Bav. } + Tælingas Telingen Bavaria {Tella (L.V.),} {_Tall_, + { Tiele (F.) } { _Telling_. + + Dorringas Torringun {Törring, } Tori (L.V.) _Torr_. + { in Austria + + Tutlingas Tutlingun Dutling, in Bav. ..... _Tuttle_. + + Trumpingas[34] ..... ..... ..... {_Trump_, + { _Trumpy_. + + Thorningas Thurninga {Dürningen, } ..... {_Thorne_, + { in Alsace} { _Thorning_. + + Terringas ..... ..... Terri (L.V.) _Terry_. + + Tucingas Tuginga Switzerland {Tuk (A.S.), } _Tuck_, _Duck_. + { Duce (L.V.)} + + Duringas Turinga Würtemburg ..... {_Turr_, _Durre_, + { _Turing_. + + Uffingas Uffingen {Oeffingen, } Offa (L.V.) {_Ough_, _Hough_, + { in Würtemburg} { _Huff_. + + Wearningas Warningas ..... Warin (L.V.) {_Warren_, _Warne_. + + Waceringas Wacheringa Friesland and Bav. ..... _Waker_. + + Wealdringas Waltringen ..... Wealdere (A.S.) {_Walder_, + { _Walter_. + + Wasingas Wasunga {Würtg., Sax.} Wasso (A.S.) _Wass_. + { Mein. } + + Wippingas ..... ..... ..... _Whipp_. + + Wittingas Wittungen Pruss. Sax. {Uitta (L.V.),} _Whit_. + { Witte (F.) } + + Willingas Willinga Bavaria Wille (F.) {_Will_, _Willow_, + { _Willing_. + + Winingas Winninge {Winningen,} {Wynna, } {_Wine_, _Winn_, + { on Rhine} { Uini (L.V.)} { _Winning_. + + Wealdingas Waltingun Austria {Wald (A.S.),} {_Waldie_, _Waldo_. + { Walte (F.)} + + Wælsingas Walasingas ..... ..... _Walsh_. + + Watingas Waddinga {Weddingen, } {Uada (L.V.),} {_Watt_, _Waddy_. + { in Rh. Pruss.} { Uatto (F.)} + + Wellingas Wellingen Baden ..... _Well_. + + Wigingas } Wikinka Bavaria {Uicga (L.V.),} {_Wigg_, + Wiccingas} { Wigge, } { _Wicking_. + { Wicco (F.)} + + Wylfingas Vulfinga ..... Wulf (A.S.) _Wolf_. + + Wrihtingas Wirtingen Austria ..... _Wright_. + + Watringas Wateringas {Wettringen, } ..... _Water_. + { in Westph.} + + Wendlingas Wenilinga Near Strasburg Windel (A.S.) {_Windle_, + { _Wintle_. + + Wrihtlingas Riutilinga {Reutlingen, ..... _Riddle_. + { in Würtg. + + Wealcingas ..... ..... {Walch (L.V.),} {_Walk_, _Walkey_, + { Walke (F.) } { _Walking_. + + Wealcringas ..... ..... Wealcere (A.S.) _Walker_. + + Wealingas {Walanger } On the Lahn Walls (F.) _Wall_. + { marca } + + Waplingas Waplinga ..... ..... _Waple_. + + Wræningas ..... ..... ..... {_Wren_, _Rennie_. + + Wilrincgas Williheringa {Willering, Wyller (A.S.) _Willer_. + { on Danube + +I may observe with regard to the Anglo-Saxon names in the above lists +that there is occasionally a little corruption in their forms. The +English trouble with the letter _h_ seems to have been present even at +this early day. We have Allingas and Hallingas, Anningas and Hanningas, +Eslingas and Haslingas, Illingas and Hillingas, in all of which cases +the analogy of Old German names would show the _h_ to be in all +probability an intruder. And the same applies to the Hanesingas, the +Honingas, and the Hoppingas. There is also an occasional intrusion of +_b_ or _p_, thus the Trumpingas, whence the name of Trumpington, should +be properly, I take it, Trumingas, A.S. _trum_, firm, strong. Stark +suggests a Celtic word, _drumb_, but the intrusion of _p_ is so easy +that I think any other explanation hardly necessary. The Sempingas, +found in Sempingaham, now Sempringham, should also, I take it, be +Semingas, which would be in accordance with Teutonic names, whereas +_semp_ is a scarcely possible form. Basingstoke, the original of which +was Embasingastoc, owes its name to a similar mistake. It would be +properly I think Emasingastoc, which would correspond with a Teutonic +name-stem. A similar intrusion of _t_ occurs in the case of +Glæstingabyrig (now Glastonbury), which should I think be +Glæssingabyrig; this again would correspond with an ancient name-stem, +which in its present form it does not. So also I take it that Distingas, +found in Distington in Cumberland, is only a phonetic corruption of +Dissingas, if indeed, (which I very strongly doubt) Distington is from a +tribe-name at all. Both of these intrusions are natural from a phonetic +point of view, tending as they do to give a little more backbone to a +word, and they frequently occur, as I shall have elsewhere occasion to +note, in the range of English names. + +My object in the present chapter has been more especially to show the +intimate connection between our early Saxon names, and those of the +general Teutonic system. But now I come to a possible point of +difference. All the names of Germany would tend to come to England, but +if Anglo-Saxon England made any names on her own account, they would not +go back to Germany. For the tide of men flows ever west-ward, and there +was no return current in those days. Now there do seem to be certain +name-stems peculiar to Anglo-Saxon England, and one of these is _peht_ +or _pect_, which may be taken to represent Pict. The Teutonic peoples +were in the habit of introducing into their nomenclature the names of +neighbouring nations even when aliens or enemies. Thus the Hun and the +Fin were so introduced, the latter more particularly by the +Scandinavians who were their nearest neighbours. There is a tendency +among men to invest an enemy upon their borders, of whom they may be in +constant dread, with unusual personal characteristics of ferocity or of +giant stature. Thus the word _Hun_, as Grimm observes, seems to have +become a synonym of giant, and Ohfrid, a metrical writer of the ninth +century, describes the giant Polyphemus as the "grosse hun." Something +similar I have noted (in a succeeding chapter on the names of women, _in +voce_ Emma) as possibly subsisting between the Saxons and their Celtic +neighbours. The Fins again, who as a peculiarly small people could not +possibly be magnified into giants, were invested with magical and +unearthly characteristics, and the word became almost, if not quite, +synonymous with magician. This then seems to represent something of the +general principle, upon which such names have found their way into the +Teutonic system of nomenclature. + +While then England received all the names formed from peoples throughout +the Teutonic area, the Goth, the Vandal, the Bavarian, the Hun, and the +Fin, in the names of men, there was one such stem which she had and +which the rest of Germany had not, for she alone was neighbour to the +Pict. Perhaps I should qualify this statement so far as the Old Saxons +of the seaboard are concerned, for they were also neighbours, though as +far as we know, the Pict did not figure in their names of men. From the +stem _pect_ the Anglo-Saxons had a number of names, as Pecthun or +Pehtun, Pecthath, Pectgils, Pecthelm, Pectwald, Pectwulf, all formed in +accordance with the regular Teutonic system, but none of them found +elsewhere than in Anglo-Saxon England. Of these names we may have one, +Pecthun, in our surname _Picton_, perhaps also the other form Pehtun in +_Peyton_ or _Paton_. The Anglo-Saxons no doubt aspirated the _h_ in +Pehtun, but we seem in such cases either to drop it altogether, or else +to represent it by a hard _c_, according perhaps as it might have been +more or less strongly aspirated. Indeed the Anglo-Saxons themselves +would seem to have sometimes dropped it altogether, if the name Piott, +in a will of Archbishop Wulfred, A.D. 825, is the same word (which +another name Piahtred about the same period would rather seem to +indicate). And this suggests that our name _Peat_ may be one of its +present representatives. We have again a name _Picture_, which might +represent an Anglo-Saxon Pecther (_heri_, warrior) not yet turned up, +but a probable name, the compound being a very common one. + +I do not think it necessary to go into the case of any other name-stem +which I do not find except among the Anglo-Saxons, inasmuch as, there +being in their case no such reason for the restriction as in that to +which I have been referring, it may only be that they have not as yet +been disinterred. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[28] From a similar origin is the name of the Scandinavian Vikings, +Vik-ing, from _vik_, a bay. + +[29] _Archæological Journal._ + +[30] The reader must bear in mind that Ang.-Sax. _æ_ is pronounced as +_a_ in "ant." + +[31] I take the word contained herein to be "ganz," an ancient stem in +names. + +[32] Properly, I think, "Mædlingas," as it has nothing to do with +Ang.-Sax. "mægd," _maid_. + +[33] The same, I take it, as the "Myrgingas" in the _Traveller's Tale_. + +[34] Properly, I take it, "Trumingas," Ang.-Sax. "_trum_" firm, strong. + + + + +CHAPTER V. + +MEN'S NAMES IN PLACE-NAMES. + + +We have seen in a preceding chapter that the earliest Saxon place-names +in England are derived from a personal name, and that the idea contained +is that of a modified form of common right. We shall find that a very +large proportion of the later Anglo-Saxon place-names are also derived +from the name of a man, but that the idea contained is now that of +individual ownership or occupation. The extent to which English +place-names are derived from ancient names of men is, in my judgment, +very much greater than is generally supposed. And indeed, when we come +to consider it, what can be so naturally associated with a _ham_ as the +name of the man who lived in that home, of a _weorth_ as that of the man +to whom that property belonged, of a Saxon _tun_ or a Danish _by_ or +_thorp_ as that of the man to whom the place owed its existence? If we +turn to Kemble's list of Anglo-Saxon names of places as derived from +ancient charters, in the days when the individual owner had succeeded to +the community, we cannot fail to remark to how large an extent this +obtains, and how many of these names are in the possessive case. Now, +it must be observed that there are in Anglo-Saxon two forms of the +possessive, and that when a man's name had the vowel ending in _a_, as +noted at p. 24, it formed its possessive in _an_, while otherwise it +formed its possessive in _es_. Thus we have Baddan byrig, "Badda's +borough," Bennan beorh, "Benna's barrow" or grave, and in the other form +we have Abbodes byrig, "Abbod's borough," Bluntes ham, "Blunt's home," +and Sylces wyrth, "Silk's worth" or property. And as compound names did +not take a vowel ending, such names invariably form their possessive in +_es_, as in Haywardes ham, "Hayward's home," Cynewardes gemæro, +"Cyneward's boundary," &c. I am not at all sure that _ing_ also has not, +in certain cases, the force of a possessive, and that Ælfredincgtun, for +instance, may not mean simply "Alfred's town" and not Alfreding's town. +But I do not think that this is at any rate the general rule, and it +seems scarcely possible to draw the line. From the possessive in _an_ I +take to be most probably our present place-names Puttenham, Tottenham, +and Sydenham, (respecting the last of which there has been a good deal +of discussion of late in _Notes and Queries_), containing the +Anglo-Saxon names _Putta_, _Totta_, and _Sida_. With regard to the last +I have not fallen in with the name _Sida_ itself. But I deduce such a +name from Sydanham, C.D. 379, apparently a place in Wilts, also perhaps +from Sidebirig, now Sidbury, in Devon; and there is, moreover, a +corresponding O.G. _Sido_, the origin being probably A.S. _sidu_, +manners, morals. Further traces of such a stem are found in _Sidel_ +deduced from Sidelesham, now Sidlesham, in Sussex, and also from the +name _Sydemann_ in a charter of Edgar, these names implying a +pre-existing stem _sid_ upon which they have been formed. + +As well as with the _ham_ or the _byrig_ in which he resided, a man's +name is often found among the Anglo-Saxons, connected with the +boundary--whatever that might be--of his property, as in Abbudes mearc, +Abbud's mark or boundary, and Baldrices gemæro, Baldrick's boundary. +Sometimes that boundary might be a hedge, as in Leoferes haga and +Danehardes hegeræw, "Leofer's hedge," and "Danehard's hedge-row." +Sometimes it might be a stone, as in Sweordes stân, sometimes a ridge, +as in Eppan hrycg, "Eppa's ridge," sometimes a ditch or dyke, as in +Tilgares dic and Colomores sîc (North. Eng. syke, wet ditch). A tree was +naturally a common boundary mark, as in Potteles treôw, Alebeardes âc +(oak), Bulemæres thorn, Huttes æsc (ash), Tatmonnes apoldre +(apple-tree). Sometimes, again, a man's name is found associated with +the road or way that led to his abode, as in Wealdenes weg (way), +Sigbrihtes anstige (stig, a footpath), Dunnes stigele (stile). Another +word which seems to have something of the meaning of "stile" is _hlip_, +found in Freobearnes hlyp and in Herewines hlipgat. In Anglo-Saxon, +_hlypa_ signified a stirrup, and a "hlipgat" must, I imagine, have been +a gate furnished with some contrivance for mounting over it. Of a +similar nature might be Alcherdes ford, and Brochardes ford, and also +Geahes ofer, Byrhtes ora, and Æscmann's yre (_ofer_, contr. _ore_, shore +or landing-place). Something more of the rights of water may be +contained in Fealamares brôc (brook), Hykemeres strêm (stream), and +Brihtwoldes wêre (weir); the two latter probably referring to +water-power for a mill. The sense of property only seems to be that +which is found in Cybles weorthig, Æscmere's weorth (land or property), +Tilluces leah (lea), Rumboldes den (_dene_ or valley), Bogeles pearruc +(paddock), Ticnes feld (field). Also in Grottes grâf (grove), Sweors +holt (grove), Pippenes pen (pen or fold), Willeardes hyrst (grove), +Leofsiges geat (gate), Ealdermannes hæc (hatch), and Winagares stapol +(stall, market, perhaps a place for the sale or interchange of produce). +The site of a deserted dwelling served sometimes for a mark, as in +Sceolles eald cotan (Sceolles old cot), and Dearmodes ald tun +(Deormoda's old town, or inclosure, dwelling and appurtenances?). + +But it is with a man's last resting-place that his name will be found in +Anglo-Saxon times to be most especially associated. The principal words +used to denote a grave are _beorh_ (barrow), _byrgels_, and _hloew_ +(low), in all of which the idea seems to be that of a mound raised over +the spot. We have Weardes beorh, "Weard's barrow," also Lulles, Cartes, +Hornes, Lidgeardes, and many others. We have Scottan byrgels, "Scotta's +barrow," also Hôces, Wures, and Strenges. And we have Lortan hlæw, +"Lorta's low," also Ceorles, Wintres, Hwittuces, and others. There is +another word _hô_, which seems to be the same as the O.N. _haugr_, +North. Eng, _how_, a grave-mound. It is found in Healdenes hô, Piccedes +hô, Scotehô Tilmundes hô, Cægeshô, and Fingringahô. It would hardly +seem, from the location of four of them, Worcester, Essex, Beds, Sussex, +that they can be of Scandinavian origin. Can the two words, _haugr_ and +_hlau_ (_how_, and _hlow_), be from the same origin, the one assuming, +or the other dropping an _l_? + +I take the names of persons thus to be deduced from Anglo-Saxon +place-names, and which are in general correspondence with the earlier +names in the preceding chapter, though containing some new forms and a +greater number of compound names, to give as faithful a representation +as we can have of the every-day names of Anglo-Saxons. And as I have +before compared the names of those primitive settlers with our existing +surnames, so now I propose to extend the comparison to the names of more +settled Anglo-Saxon times. + + + Anglo-Saxon + Men's Names. Place-Names. English Surnames. + + Abbod Abbodesbyrig } _Abbott_ + Abbud Abbudesmearc } + Æcemann Æcemannes ceaster _Ackman, Aikman_ + Acen Acenes feld _Aikin_ + Ægelweard Ægelweardes mearc _Aylward_ + Alberht Alcherdes ford _Allcard_ + Alder Aldrestub _Alder_ + Ælfgar Ælfgares gemæro _Algar_ + Ælfred Ælfredes beorh _Alfred_, _Allfrey_ + Ælfher, or } + Ælfheri } Ælfheres stapol _Alvary_ + Æscmer Æscmeres weorth _Ashmore_ + Æscmann Æscmannes yre _Ashman_ + Alebeard Alebeardes âc _Halbard_ + Amber Ambresbyrig _Amber_ + Æthelstan Æthelstanes tûn _Ethelston_ + + Babel Babeles beorh _Bable_ + Badherd Badherdes sled _Beddard_ + Baldher Baldheresberg _Balder_ + Baldric Baldrices gemæro _Baldridge_ + Baldwin Baldwines heath _Baldwin_ + Beored, or Beoret Beoredes treôw _Berrette_ + Beornheard Beornheardes lond _Bernard_ + Beornwold Beornwoldes sætan _Bernold_ + Blunt Bluntesham _Blunt_ + Bogel Bogeles pearruc _Bogle_ + Bohmer Bohmeres stigele _Bowmer_ + Bregen Bregnesford _Brain_ + Brochard Brochardes ford _Brocard_ + Buga Buganstôc } _Bugg_ + Bugga Bugganbrôc } + Bulemær Bulemæres thorn _Bulmer_ + Buntel Bunteles pyt _Bundle_ + Bunting Buntingedîc _Bunting_ + Burhgeard Burhgeardeswerthig _Burchard_ + + Carda Cardan hlæw _Card_, _Cart_ + Ceapa Ceapan hlæw _Cheape_ + Ceawa Ceawan hlæw _Chew_ + Cerda Cerdan hlæw _Chard_ + Cissa Cissan anstige _Cheese_ + Chetol (Danish) Chetoles beorh _Kettle_ + Creoda Creodan âc } _Creed_ + Cridd Criddes hô } + Cumen Cumenes ora _Cummin_ + Ceatewe Ceatewesleah _Chattoway_ + Ceada Ceadanford _Chad_ + Catt Cattes stoke _Cat_, _Catty_ + Cæstæl Cæstælesham _Castle_ + Cludd Cludesleah _Cloud_ + Coten Cotenesfeld _Cotton_ + Cruda Crudan sceat _Crowd_ + Colomor Colomores sîc _Colmer_ + Cydd Cyddesige _Kidd_ + Cyble Cybles weorthig _Keble_ + Celc Celces ora _Kelk_ + Cylman Cylmanstun _Killman_ + Cynlaf Cynlafes stan _Cunliffe_ + Cynric Cynrices gemæro _Kenrick_ + Cyneward Cynewardes gemæro _Kenward_ + Cyppa Cyppanham _Chipp_ + + Dægel, or Dæglesford } _Dale_ + Deil Deilsford } + Dearnagel Dearnagles ford _Darnell_ + Dæneheard Dæneheardes hegerawe _Denhard_ + Deorlaf Deorlafestun _Dearlove_ + Deormod[35] Deormodes ald tun _Dermott_ + Dodd Doddesthorp } _Dodd_ + Dodda Doddan hlæw } + Dolemann Dolemannes beorh _Dollman_ + Duceman Ducemannestun _Duckman_ + Ducling Duclingtun _Duckling_ + Dunn Dunnes stigele _Dunn_ + Dogod Dogodeswel _Doggett_, _Dugood_ + Dydimer Dydimertun _Tidemore_ + + Ealder Ealderscumb _Alder_ + Ealdmann Ealdmannes wyrth _Altman_ + Ealdermann[36] Ealdermannes hæc _Alderman_ + Ealmund Ealmundes treow _Almond_ + Eanulf Eanulfestun _Enough_ + Earn Earnesbeorh _Earney_ + + Eastmond Eastmondestun _Esmond_ + Ecgell Ecgeles stiel _Edgell_, _Eagle_ + + Fealamar Fealamares brôc { _Fillmore_ + { _Phillimore_ + Flegg Flegges garan _Flew_ + Focga Focgancrundel _Fogg_, _Foggo_ + Freobearn Freobearnes hlyp _Freeborn_ + Frigedæg Frigedæges treôw _Friday_ + Fuhgel Fuhgeles beorh _Fuggle_, _Fowl_ + + Gandar Gandrandun _Gander_ + Gæcg Gæcges stapol { _Gay_ + Geah Geahes ofer { + Gatehlinc Gatehlinces heafod _Gatling_ + Geleca Gelecancamp _Jellicoe_ + Geyn Geynes thorn _Gain_ + Giselher Gislhereswurth _Giller_ + Godincg Godincges gemæro _Godding_ + Godmund Godmundesleah _Godmund_ + Godwin Godwines gemæro _Godwin_ + Grobb Grobbes den _Grove_, _Grubb_ + Grott Grottes grâf _Grote_ + Gund Gundestige _Gunn_, _Gundey_ + + Hærred Hærredesleah _Herod_ + Heafoc Heafoceshamme _Hawk_ + Hassuc Hassuces môr _Haskey_ + Hering Heringesleah _Herring_ + Hnibba Hnibbanleah _Knibb_, _Knipe_ + Hayward Haywardes ham _Hayward_ + Healda Healdan grâf _Hald_ + Healden Healdenes hô _Haldan_ + Helm Helmes treow _Helme_ + Helfær Helfæres gemæro _Helper_ + Help Helpestonne _Helps_ + Herebritt Herebrittes comb _Herbert_ + Herewin Herewines hlipgat _Irwine_ + Hiccemann Hiccemannes stân _Hickman_ + Humbald Humbalding grâf _Humble_ + Hycemer, or } + Higemar } Hycemeres strêm _Highmore_ + Hnæf Hnæfes scylf _Knapp_ + Hocg Hocgestun _Hogg_, _Hodge_ + Horn Hornes beorh _Horne_ + Hringwold Hringwoldes beorh _Ringold_ + Hwittuc Hwittuces leah _Whittock_ + Hutt Huttes æsc _Hutt_ + Hygelac[37] Hygelaces git _Hillock_ + + Kyld Kyldesby _Kilt_ + + Leofer Leoferes haga _Lover_ + Laferca Lafercanbeorh _Laverick_ + Leofmann Leofmannes gemæro _Loveman_ + Leommann Leommannes grâf _Lemon_ + Leofsig Leofsiges geat _Lovesy_ + Leofric Leofrices gemæro _Loveridge_ + Lidgeard Lidgeardes beorh _Ledgard_ + Lipperd Lipperdes gemæro _Leopard_ + Lower Lowereslege _Lower_ + Locer Loceresweg _Locker_ + Lorta Lortanberwe _Lord_ + Lorting Lortinges bourne _Lording_ + Luder Luderston _Luther_ + Ludmann Ludmannes put _Lutman_ + Lull Lulles beorh _Lull_, _Lully_ + + Myceld Myceldefer _Muckelt_ + Mûl Muleshlæw _Moule_ + + Negle Neglesleah _Nagle_ + Næl Nælesbrôc _Nail_ + Nybba Nybban beorh _Nibbs_ + + Oslac Oslaces lea _Hasluck_ + Ogged Oggedestun _Hodgett_, _Howitt_ + Oswald Oswaldes mere _Oswald_ + Orlaf Orlafestun _Orlop_ + Owun Owunes hild _Owen_ + + Pehtun Pehtuns treow _Peyton_ + Pender Penderes clif _Pender_ + Picced Piccedes hô _Pickett_ + Pinnel Pinnelesfeld _Pennell_ + Pippen Pippenes fen _Pippin_ + Pyttel Pittelesford _Piddel_ + Pitterich Piterichesham _Betteridge_ + Pottel Potteles treow _Pottle_ + Potten Pottenestreow _Potten_ + Punt Puntes stân _Punt_ + Puntel Punteles treow _Bundle_ + Prentsa Prentsan hlaw _Prentiss_ + + Redwin Redwines thorn _Readwin_ + Rahulf Rahulfes furlong _Ralph_ + Rugebeorg Rugebeorges gemæro _Rubery_ + Rumbold Rumboldes den _Rumbold_ + + Sceaft Sceaftesbirig _Shaft_, _Shafto_ + Sceoll Sceolles ealdcotan _Sholl_ + Scytta Scyttandun _Skeat_, _Shute_ + Scyter[38] Scyteres flôd _Shuter_ + Scealc Scealces hom _Shawkey_, _Chalk?_ + Scyld Scyldes treow _Shield_ + Simær Simæres ford _Seymour_ + Secmær Secmæres ora _Sycamore_ + Sigbriht Sigbrihtes anstige _Sibert_ + Sibriht Sibrihtesweald _Seabright_[39] + Siger Sigeres âc _Segar_ + Snell Snellesham _Snell_ + Snod Snodes hyl _Snoad_ + Streng Strenges hô _Strong_ + Stut Stutes hyl _Stout_, _Stott_ + Stutard Stutardes cumb _Stothard_, _Studeard_ + Sucga Sucgangrâf _Sugg_ + Sumer Sumeresham _Summer_ + Sumerled (Danish) Sumerledetun _Sommerlat_ + Sunemann Sunemannes wyrthig _Sunman_ + Sweor Sweores holt _Swire_, _Swears_ + Sweord Sweordes stân _Sword_ + + Tæcel Tæcelesbrôc _Tackle_ + Tatmonn Tatmonnes apoldre _Tadman_ + Tatel Tatlestrop _Tattle_ + Thuner Thunresfeld _Thunder_ + Thurgar (Danish) Thurgartun _Thurgur_ + Thrista Thristan den _Trist_ + Theodher Theoderpoth _Theodore_ + Thurold (Danish) Thuroldes gemæro _Thorold_ + Toma Tomanworthig _Tomey_ + Ticcen Ticnesfeld _Dickin_ + Tilgar Tilgares dîc _Dilger_ + Tilluc Tilluces leah _Tillick_, _Dilke_ + Tilmann Tilmannes den _Tilman_ + Titferth Titferthes geat _Titford_ + + Upicen Upicenes hlyw _Hopkin_ + + Wahgen Wahgenes gemæro _Wain_ + Wealden Wealdenes weg _Walden_ + + Wealder Wealderes weg _Walter_ + Westan Westanes treow _Weston_ + Wigheard Wigheardes stapol _Wyard_ + Wighelm Wighelmes land _Whigam_ + Wihtlac Wihtlaces ford _Whitelock_ + Wihtric Wihtricesham _Whitridge_ + Wilmund Wilmundes leah _Williment_ + Willher Willheres triow _Willer_ + Wicg Wicgestan _Wigg_ + Uuigga Wuiggangeat + Winagar Winagares stapul _Winegar_ + Wileard Wileardes hyrste _Willard_ + Wistan for } Wistanes gemæro _Whiston_ + Wigstan? } + Wulfsig Wulfsiges croft _Wolsey_ + Wulfgar Wulfgares gemæro _Woolgar_ + Wulfmer Wulfmeres myln _Woolmer_ + Wulfric Wulfrices gemæro _Woolrych_ + Wyner Wyneres stig _Winer_ + Waring Wæring wîc _Waring_ + Wifel Wifelesham _Whipple_ + Woden[40] Wodnesbeorg _Woodin?_ + Wydda Wyddanbeorh _Widow_ + +The above names are deduced entirely from the names of places found by +Mr. Kemble in ancient charters. The list is not by any means an +exhaustive one, as I have not included a number of names taken into +account in Chap. IV., and as also the same personal name enters +frequently into several place-names. With very few exceptions these +names may be gathered to the roll of Teutonic name-stems, +notwithstanding a little disguise in some of their forms, and a great, +sometimes a rather confusing, diversity of spelling. I take names such +as the above to be the representatives of the every-day names of men in +Anglo-Saxon times, rather than the names which come before us in history +and in historical documents. For it seems to me that a kind of fashion +prevailed, and that while a set of names of a longer and more dignified +character were in favour among the great, the mass of the people still, +to a great extent, adhered to the shorter and more simple names which +their fathers had borne before them. Thus, when we find an Æthelwold who +was also called Mol, an Æthelmer who was also called Dodda, and a Queen +Hrothwaru who was also called Bucge, I am disposed to take the simple +names, which are such as the earlier settlers brought over with them, to +have been the original names, and superseded by names more in accordance +with the prevailing fashion. Valuable then as is the _Liber Vitæ_ of +Durham, as a continuous record of English names for many centuries, yet +I am inclined to think that inasmuch as that the persons who come before +us as benefactors to the shrine of St. Cuthbert may be taken to be as a +general rule of the upper ranks of life, they do not afford so faithful +a representation of the every-day names of Anglo-Saxons as do the little +freeholders who lived and died in their country homes. And, moreover, +these are, as it will be seen, more especially the kind of names which +have been handed down from Anglo-Saxon times to the present day. + +In connection with this subject, it may be of interest to present a list +of existing names of places formed from an Anglo-Saxon personal name, as +derived from the same ancient charters dealt with in the previous list. +And in so doing I confine myself exclusively to the places of which the +present names have been positively identified by Mr. Kemble. And in the +first place I will take the place-names which consist simply of the name +of a tribe or family unqualified by any local term whatever. + + Name in + Anglo-Saxon + Charters. Present Name. + + Æfeningas Avening Gloucestershire + Angemeringum Angmering Sussex + Ascengas Eashing Surrey + Banesingas Bensington Oxfordshire + Bærlingas Barling Kent + Beadingum Beden Gloucestershire + Berecingas Barking Essex + Brahcingum Braughin Herts. + Byrhtlingas Brightling Sussex + Cerringes Charing Kent + Ciwingum Chewing Herts. + Culingas Cooling Kent + Cytringas Kettering Northampton + Diccelingas Ditchling Sussex + Geddingas Yeading Middlesex + Godelmingum Godalming Surrey + Hallingas Halling Kent + Herlinge Harling Norfolk + Horningga Horning Norfolk + Meallingas Malling Kent + Pæccingas Patching Sussex + Puningas Poynings Surrey + Readingan Reading Berkshire + Rodinges Roothing Essex + Stæningas Steyning Sussex + Swyrdhlincas } Swarling Kent + (Swyrdlingas) } + Terringes Tarring Sussex + Terlinges Terling Essex + Totingas Tooting Surrey + Wellingum Wellwyn Herts. + Werhornas Warehorne Kent + Wihttringas Wittering Surrey + Uoccingas Woking Surrey + Wyrtingas Worting Hants. + +I will now take the places which in a later and more settled time have +been derived from the name of a single man, as representing his +dwelling, his domain, or in not a few cases his grave. + + Anglo-Saxon + Man's Name. Place-Name. Present Name. + + Abba Abbandun Abingdon Berks. + { Ægelesbyrig Aylesbury Bucks. + Ægel { Æglesford Aylesford Kent + { Ægeleswurth Aylesworth Nthmptn. + Agmod Agmodesham Agmondesham Bucks. + Æsc Æscesbyrig Ashbury Berks. + Æscmer Æscmeres weorth Ashmansworth Hants. + Amber { Ambresbyrig Amesbury Wilts. + { Ambresleah Ombersley Worc. + Ælfreding Ælfredincgtun Alfreton Derby. + + Badda Baddanby Badby Nthmptn. + Badhelming Badimyncgtun Badminton Glouc. + Baldher Baldheresberg Baltonsborough Somerset. + Becca Beccanleah Beckley Sussex. + Beda Bedanford Bedford Beds. + Benna Bennanham Beenham Berks. + Benning Benningwurth Bengworth Worc. + Bledda Bleddanhlæw Bledlow Bucks. + Blunt Bluntesham Bluntisham Hunts. + Bodeca Bodecanleah Butleigh Somerset. + Bodek Bodekesham Bottisham Camb. + Bocga Bocganora Bognor Sussex. + Bordel Bordelestun Burleston Dorset. + Brand Brandesburh Bransbury Hants. + Bregen Bregnesford Bransford Worc. + + Cada Cadandun Chadlington Oxford. + Cæg Cægeshô Keysoe Beds. + Calmund Calmundes den Calmsden Glouc. + Ceadela Ceadelanwurth Chaddleworth Berks. + Ceadel Ceadeleshunt Chadshunt Warw. + Ceader Ceadresleah Chaseley Worc. + Cendel Cendeles funta Chalfont Bucks. + Celta Celtenhom Cheltenham Glouc. + Ceol Ceolesig Cholsey Berks. + Cippa Cippenham Chippenham Wilts. + Ceolbalding Ceolbaldinctun Chilbolton Hants. + Ceort Ceortesege Chertsey Surrey + Cinhild (woman) Cinildewyrth Kenilworth Warw. + Cissa Cissanceaster Chichester Sussex. + Coda Codanford Codford Wilts. + Codda Coddanhrycg Cotheridge Worc. + Coling Colingham Collingham Notts. + Crym Crymesham Crimsham Sussex. + Croppa Croppanthorn Cropthorn Worc. + Cumen Cumenora Cumnor Berks. + Cungar Cungaresbyrig Congressbury Somerset. + Cwichelm Cwichelmes hlæw Cuckamslow hill Berks. + Cyneburging[41] Cyneburgincton Kemerton Glouc. + Cynlaf Kynleveden Kelvedon Essex. + Ketel (Danish) Kitlebig Kettleby Linc. + + Dæcca, or } Daccanhaam Dagenham Essex. + Dægga } + Dægel Dæglesford Daylesford Worc. + Deôrlaf Deorlafestun Darlaston Staffs. + Dodda Doddanford Dodford Nthmptn. + Dodd Doddesthorp Dogsthorp Nthmptn. + Dogod Dogodeswel Dowdswell Glouc. + Domec Domecesige Dauntsey Wilts. + Duceling Duceling dun Ducklington Oxford. + Dunning Dunnincland Donyland Essex. + Dideling Didelingtun Didlington Dorset. + + Eadric Eadricestun Edstone Warw. + Eccing Eccingtun Eckington Worc. + Eccle, or Egil Eccleshale Exhall Warw. + Effing Effingeham Effingham Surrey. + Erping Erpingham Erpingham Norfolk. + Eof, or Eofa Eofesham Evesham Worc. + + Fecca Feccanhom Feckenham Worc. + Flæda Flædanburg Fladbury Worc. + Folc Folcesstan Folkstone Kent. + + Gidding Giddincford Gidding Suffolk. + Gyseling Gyselingham Gislingham Suffolk. + Godmer Godmeresham Godmersham Kent. + Grim Grimaston Grimstone Norfolk. + Gun or Gund Gunthorpe Gunthorp Nthmptn. + Gyp Gypeswich Ipswich Suffolk. + + Hauek Hauekestun Hauxton Camb. + Hæfar Hæfaresham Haversham Bucks. + Hamela Hamelendûn Hambledon Hants. + Hærigeard Hærigeardesham Harrietsham Kent. + Haling Halington Hallington Linc. + Hanekyn Hanekynton Hankerton Wilts. + Hanning Hanningtun Hannington Hants. + Hæda Hædanham Haddenham Camb. + Helming Helmyngton Hemington Nthmptn. + Help Helpestonne Helpstone Nthmptn. + Hemming Hemmingford { Hemingford } Hunts. + { Abbots } + Hengest { Hengesteshricg Henstridge Somerset. + { Hengestesige Hinksey Berks. + Hild Hildesdûn Hillersdon Bucks. + Heorulf Heorelfestun Harleston Staff. + Heorting Heortingtun Hardington Somerset. + Honekyn Honekynton Hankerton Wilts. + Honing Honingtun Honington Linc. + Horning { Horningeseie Horningsea Camb. + { Horningges hæth Horningsheath Suffolk + Hôd Hôdesâc Hodsoak Worc. + Hunewald Hunewaldesham Windlesham Surrey + Hunta Huntandun Huntingdon Hants. + Hwiting Hwitingtun Whittington Worc. + + Kyld Kyldesby Kilsby Nthmptn. + + Laua Lauanham Lavenham Suffolk + Lauing Lauingtun Barlavington Sussex + Lamb (Danish?) Lambehith Lambeth + Lott Lottisham Lottisham Somerset. + + Mealdhelm Mealdumesburg Malmsbury Wilts. + Myceld Myceldefer Mitcheldover Hants. + Mûl { Mûleseige Moulsey Surrey + { Mûlesham Moulsham Essex + Munda Mundanham Mundham Sussex + + Neteling Netelingtun Nettleton Wilts. + + Offa Offanleah Offley Herts. + Orlaf Orlafestun Orleston Derby. + Orm (Danish) Ormisby Ormsby Norfolk + Osgot Osgotbi Osgodby Linc. + Oshelming Osmingtun Osmington Dorset + Oswald Oswaldeshlaw Oswaldslow Worc. + + Pading Padingtun Paddington + Parting Partingtun Patrington Yorks. + Peda Pedanhrycg Petridge Surrey + Peada Peadanwurth Padworth Berks. + Peatting Peattingtun Pattingham Salop + Pecga Pecganham Pagham Sussex + Peden Pednesham Pensham Worc. + Piterich Piterichesham Petersham Worc. + Port Portesham Portisham Dorset. + + Raculf Raculfcestre Reculver Kent + Remn[42] for Raven Remnesdun Ramsden Sussex + Rydemær, or } Rydemæreleah Redmarley Worc. + Redmer } + Riking Rikinghal Rickinghall Suffolk + Ring Ringestede Ringstead Norfolk + Rodda Roddanbeorg Rodborough Glouc. + Rolf, for Rolfestun Rolleston Staffs. + Rodulf Rollesby Rollesby Norfolk + + Sidel Sidelesham Sidlesham Sussex + Sceaft Sceaftesbirig Shaftesbury Dorset. + Secg Secgesbearue Sedgeberrow Worc. + Snodd Snoddesbyrig Upton Snodsbury Worc. + Snoding Snodingland Snodland Worc. + Sumer Sumeresham Somersham Hunts. + Sumerled (Danish) Sumerledetun Somerleyton Suffolk + Sunna Sunnandun Sundon Beds. + Swythbriht Swythbrihtesweald Sibbertswold Kent + Swithreding Swithrædingden Surrenden Kent + Sylc Sylceswyrth Silksworth Durham + + Tadmær Tadmærtun Tadmarton Oxford. + + Tæfing Tæfingstoc Tavistock Devon. + Teotting Teottingtun Teddington Wor. + Taling Talingtun Tallington Linc. + Toda Todanhom Toddenham Glouc. + Toma Tomanworthig Tamworth Warw. + Theogen Theogendethorp Theddlethorp Linc. + Thunar Thunresfeld Thundersfield Surrey + Ticen Ticnesfeld Tichfield Hants. + Tidhelming Tidelminctun Tidmington Worc. + Tilling Tillingham Tillingham Essex + Tocca Toccanham Tockenham Wilts. + Toting Totingtun Tottington Norfolk + Treding { Tredingtun Tredington Glouc. + { Tredinctun Tredington Worc. + Trosting Trostingtun Troston Suffolk + Tuding Tudingtun Teddington Middlsx. + Tunweald Tunwealdes stân Tunstone Glouc. + Turca Turcanden Turkdean Glouc. + Twica Tuicanham Twickenham Middlsx. + Thurgar (Danish) Thurgartun Thurgarton Norfolk + + Ufing Ufinctun Ovington Hants. + + Wacen Uacenesfeld Watchfield Berks. + Watling Uætlinctun Watlington Oxford. + Wassing Wassingburg Washingborough Linc. + Wald Waldeswel Woldswell Glouc. + Weard Weardesbeorh Warborough Oxford. + Wifel { Wifeles cumb Wiveliscomb Somerset. + { Wifelesford Wilsford Wilts. + Wilburg (Woman) { Wilburgeham Wilbraham Camb. + { Wilburhtun Wilburton Camb. + Willer Willerseia Willersey Glouc. + Weogern Weogernacester Worcester Worc. + Wine { Uines hlau Winslow Bucks. + { Wines hyl Winshill Derby. + Wrening Wreningham Wreningham Norfolk + Werot Uurotaham Wrotham Kent + Wulfwarding Wulfweardigleâ Wolverley Worc. + Wendel, or Wendlesora, or Windsor Berks. + Windel Windlesora + +The last name, Windsor, is an amusing instance of the older attempts at +local etymology. First it was supposed, as being an exposed spot, to +have taken its name from the "wind is sore;" then it was presumed that +it must have been a ferry, and that the name arose from the constant cry +of "wind us o'er" from those waiting to be ferried across. It was a +great step in advance when the next etymologist referred to the ancient +name and found it to be Windelsora, from _ora_, shore, (a contraction of +_ofer?_) Still, the etymon he deduced therefrom of "winding shore" is +one that could not be adopted without doing great violence to the word; +whereas, without the change of a letter, we have Windels ore, "Windel's +shore," most probably in the sense of landing-place. The name Windel +forms several other place-names; it was common in ancient times, and it +has been taken to mean Vandal. I refer to this more especially to +illustrate the importance of taking men's names into account in +considering the origin of a place-name. + +The above names are confined entirely, as I have before mentioned, to +the places that have been positively identified by Mr. Kemble. And as +these constitute but a small proportion of the whole number, the +comparison will serve to give an idea of the very great extent to which +place-names are formed from men's names. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[35] Cf. also Diormod, moneyer on Anglo-Saxon coins, minted at +Canterbury. There is, however, an Irish Diarmaid which might in certain +cases intermix, and whence we must take _McDermott_. + +[36] I take Ealdermann to be, as elsewhere noted, a corruption of +Ealdmann. + +[37] Mr. Kemble, in default of finding Hygelac as a man's name in +Anglo-Saxon times, has taken the above place-name to be from the +legendary hero of that name. The fact is, however, that Hygelac occurs +no fewer than four times as an early man's-name in the _Liber Vitæ_, so +that there does not seem to be any reason whatever for looking upon it +as anything else than the every-day name of an Anglo-Saxon. + +[38] From a similar origin is probably Shooter's Hill, near London. + +[39] There is also an A.S. Sæbriht, from _sæ_, sea, whence _Seabright_ +might be derived. + +[40] Upon the whole I am inclined to think that Woden is here an +Anglo-Saxon man's name, though the traces of it in such use are but +slight. There is a Richard Wodan in the _Lib. Vit._ about the 15th +century. And Wotan occurs once as a man's name in the _Altdeutsches +Namenbuch_. + +[41] Or Cyneburg; see p. 71. + +[42] It seems clear from the names collated by German writers that +_ramn_, _remn_, and _ram_ in ancient names are contractions of raven. +Compare the names of the ports, Soderhamn, Nyhamn, and Sandhamn, for, no +doubt, Soderhaven, Nyhaven, and Sandhaven. + + + + +CHAPTER VI. + +CORRUPTIONS AND CONTRACTIONS. + + +Corruptions may be divided broadly into two kinds, those which proceed +from a desire to improve the sound of a name, and those which proceed +from a desire to make some kind of sense out of it. The former, which we +may call phonetic, generally consists in the introduction of a letter, +either to give more of what we may call "backbone" to a word, or else to +make it run more smoothly. For the former purpose _b_ or _p_ is often +used--thus we have, even in Anglo-Saxon times, _trum_ made into _trump_, +_sem_ into _semp_, and _emas_ into _embas_. So among our names we have +_Dumplin_, no doubt for Dumlin (O.G. Domlin), _Gamble_ for Gamel, and +_Ambler_ for Ameler, though in these names something of both the two +principles may apply. In a similar manner we have _glas_ made into +_glast_ in Glæstingabyrig, now Glastonbury (p. 88). So _d_ seems +sometimes to be brought in to strengthen the end of a word, and this, it +appears to me, may be the origin of our names _Field_, _Fielding_, +_Fielder_. The forms seem to show an ancient stem, but as the word +stands, it is difficult to make anything out of it, whereas, as Fiell, +Fielling, &c., the names would fall in with a regular stem, as at p. +50. So also our name _Hind_ may perhaps be the same, assuming a final +_d_, as another name, _Hine_, which, presuming the _h_ not to be +organic, may be from the unexplained stem _in_ or _ine_, as in the name +of Ina, King of Wessex. In which case _Hyndman_ might be the same name +as _Inman_. Upon the same principle it may be that we have the name +_Nield_ formed upon the Celtic Niel. So also _f_ appears to be sometimes +changed for a similar purpose into _p_, as in _Asprey_ and _Lamprey_ for +Asfrid (or Osfrid) and Landfrid. The ending _frid_ commonly becomes +_frey_ (as in Godfrey, Humphrey, Geoffrey), and when we have got Asfrey +and Lanfrey (and we have Lanfrei in the _Liber Vitæ_), the rest is easy. + +The most common phonetic intrusion is that of _r_, and one of the ways +in which it most frequently occurs is exhibited in the following group +of names: _Pendgast_, _Pendegast_, _Prendergast_, _Prendergrass_. +Pendgast is, I take it, an ancient compound, from the stem _bend_ (p. +44), with _gast_, hospes. It first takes a medial vowel between the two +words of the compound, and becomes Pend-e-gast. Then _e_ naturally +becomes _er_, passing the very slight barrier which English +pronunciation affords, and the name, having become Pendergast, finds the +need of a second _r_ to balance the first, and becomes Prendergast. In +the last name, Prendergrass, the other principle comes in, and a slight +effort is made to give a shade of meaning to the word.[43] One of the +features in men's names, it will be seen, is that as they have +(differently to what is the case with regard to the words of the +language) become crystallised in all stages, one is sometimes permitted +to see the various steps of a process. + +Now it is in such a way as that described above that the Anglo-Saxon +name Ealdermann (whence our name _Alderman_) has, according to my +opinion, been formed. There is another Anglo-Saxon name, Ealdmann, an +ancient compound. Now if you, as in the previous case, introduce a +medial vowel, and make it Eald-e-mann, there is virtually nothing left +between that and Ealdermann. Such a name, as derived from the office, +would be impossible as a regular Anglo-Saxon name. The only other +alternative would be that he had been so called as a _sobriquet_ by his +office till it had superseded his regular name. And there does appear to +have been such a case, viz., that of a man called Preost who _was_ a +priest, but the way which I have suggested seems to me to account more +easily for the name. From a similar origin I take to be our name +_Ackerman_, and the present German _Ackermann_. There is an Anglo-Saxon +Æcemann (p. 96), from which, on the principle described above, they +might be derived. So also _Sigournay_ may be formed in a similar manner +from an old German name Siginiu (_niu_, "new," perhaps in the sense of +"young"), and _Alderdice_ from an old Frankish Aldadeus (_deus_, +servant). + +I have taken Prendergast for Pendgast as an illustration of the +intrusion of _r_, and there is even in Anglo-Saxon times an example of +the very same word as so treated. This is the name Prentsa (p. 101), +(whence our _Prentiss_), and which I take to be properly Pentsa. This +would bring it in as a regular Anglo-Saxon stem (_Cf._ Penda, Pender, +Penduald, Pendwine), whereas otherwise it is difficult to know what to +make of it. Among English surnames thus treated we have _Bellringer_ for +Bellinger, _Sternhold_ for Stonhold (p. 63), _Proudfoot_ for _Puddefoot_ +(_bud_, messenger), and possibly _Cardwell_ for the Anglo-Saxon +Cadweal.[44] On the same principle I think that _Wordsworth_, a name of +local origin, may be, with an intrusive _r_, the same as Wodsworth or +Wadsworth (Wad's property or estate). There is certainly a stem _wurd_ +(supposed to mean fate, destiny), in ancient names, but it is of rare +occurrence, and I do not know of it in English names, though we have +_Orde_, which I take to be from the Scandinavian form of it. On the +other hand we have an instance in Anglo-Saxon times of the reverse +process, viz., the elision of _r_, in the case of Wihtbrord, Minister of +Edward the Elder, who, though he spells his names both ways, spells it +more frequently Wihtbrod, the other being no doubt etymologically the +correct form (_brord_, sword), though euphony is certainly promoted by +the elision. This may probably be the origin of our name _Whitbread_, +with the variation _Wheatbread_. + +The intrusion of _d_ has had the effect of changing a man's name into a +woman's in two cases, _Mildred_ and _Kindred_. The former should be +properly Milred, answering to an Anglo-Saxon Milred, and the latter +should be Kenred, answering to the German Conrad; Mildryd and Cynedryd +were, and could only be, Anglo-Saxon women's names. + +On the other hand, the loss of an _r_ has had such a disastrous effect +in the case of an American _Bedbug_ as to compel him to apply, like his +English namesake, for a change of name. For while, in America, all +insects of the beetle tribe are called by the name of "bug," the +"bedbug" is that particular insect which is a "terror by night," so that +the name was pointedly disagreeable. It ought properly to be, I doubt +not, Bedburg, a name of local origin, and the same as Bedborough. + +Before going on to deal with the corruptions which originate in the +desire to make some kind of sense out of a name, I propose to refer +briefly to some of the changes and contractions which are more strictly +in accordance with regular phonetic principles. I have referred at p. 9 +to a final _g_ as opposed to the English ear, and to two different ways +in which it is got rid of, viz., by changing it into _dg_, and by +dropping it altogether. There is yet a third way, that of changing it +into _f_, as in Anglo-Saxon _genug_, English _enough_. And we can show +examples of all these in the same name, from the ancient stem _wag_, +probably signifying to wave, brandish, as in the name Wagbrand +("wave-sword"), in the genealogy of the Northumbrian kings. For we have +the name in all four forms, _Wagg_, _Way_, _Wadge_, _Waugh_ (Waff). The +common ending in Teutonic names of _wig_, war, often, anciently even, +softened into _wi_, most commonly in such case becomes in our names +_way_. Thus we have _Alloway_ from an ancient Alewih, _Chattoway_ from +Ceatewe, _Dalloway_ from Daliweh, _Galloway_ from Geilwih, _Garroway_ +from Gerwi, _Hathaway_ from Hathuwi, _Kennaway_ from Kenewi, _Lanoway_ +from Lantwih, _Reddoway_ from Redwi, and _Ridgway_ from Ricwi. I cite +this as a case in which a number of coincidences prove a principle, +which the reader, if he confined his attention to one particular case, +might be disposed to question. We also generally drop the _g_ in the +middle of a word in such names as _Payne_, from A.S. Pagen,[45] _Wain_ +from A.S. Wahgen, _Gain_ from A.S. Gagen, _Nail_ from A.S. Negle. So +also in _Sibbald_ for Sigebald, _Sibert_ for Sigebert, _Seymore_ for +Sigimar, _Wyatt_ for Wighad, &c. There is also a frequent dropping of +_d_, though I think that in this case the names have more frequently +come down to us from ancient times in such contracted form, the practice +being more specially common among the Franks, from whom I think that +most of the names in question have been derived. Thus we have _Cobbold_ +for Codbald or Godbold, _Cobbett_ for Godbet or Codbet, _Lucas_ (Lucas, +_Lib. Vit._), from a Frankish Liucoz for Liudgoz, _Boggis_ from a Boggis +for Bodgis, _Lewis_ for Leodgis, _Rabbit_ for Radbod, _Chabot_ for +Chadbod. So also _Ralph_ and _Rolfe_ for Radulf and Hrodulf (though also +for Ragulf and Hrogulf), _Roland_ for Rodland, _Roman_ for Rodman, &c. +So _f_ is often dropped when it is followed by _m_ or _n_, as in A.S. +Leomman for Leofmann, whence our _Lemon_. It is probable that our +_Limmer_ is a similar contraction of A.S. Leofmer. + +As a case of transposition I may note _Falstaff_ from, as supposed, the +O.G. name Fastulf. It may be a question whether this is not an Old +Frankish name come to us through the Normans, for at Gambetta's funeral +the French Bar was represented by M. _Falsteuf_. + +I now come to corruptions which arise from the attempt to give to a name +something of an apparent meaning in English. Let me observe that, almost +as an invariable rule, corruptions are made towards a meaning and not +away from it; the ancient name Irminger might be corrupted into +Ironmonger, but Ironmonger could not be corrupted into Irminger. It is +natural to men to try to get some semblance of meaning out of a name, +and all the more that it approaches to something which has a familiar +sound to their ears. Thus H.M. ship, the _Bellerophon_, was called by +the sailors the "Billy Ruffian," and a vessel owned by a fore-elder of +mine, and which he christened the _Agomemnon_, invariably went among the +sailors by the name of the "Mahogany Tom." Thus the Anglo-Saxon Trumbald +has first become _Trumbull_ and then _Tremble_, and as suggested by Mr. +Charnock, _Turnbull_. So we have the Old Norse name Thorgautr (Turgot, +_Domesday_) variously made into _Target_ and into _Thoroughgood_.[46] In +some cases a very slight change suffices to give a new complexion to +the name, thus the Old Frankish Godenulf, (_ulf_, wolf), through a +Norman Godeneuf, is scarcely changed in our _Goodenough_. Similarly we +might have had Badenough (O.G. Badanulf), and Richenough (A.S. Ricnulf). +We have _Birchenough_ (reminding us of Dr. Busby) no doubt from a name +of similar formation not yet turned up. Then we have several names as +_Garment_, _Rayment_, _Argument_, _Element_, _Merriment_, _Monument_, +from ancient names ending in _mund_ or _munt_, supposed to mean +protection, with only the change of a letter. I have referred in an +earlier part of this chapter to the name Pendgast, and to the phonetic +corruptions to which it has been subjected. But it seems also to have +been subjected to a corruption of the other kind, for I take it that our +name _Pentecost_ is properly Pentecast, as another or High German form +of Pendegast. Another case of a corruption easily made is that of our +name _Whitethread_ which seems obviously the Anglo-Saxon name Wihtræd, +of which also we have another obvious corruption in _Whiterod_. So also +the Anglo-Saxon name Weogern, p. 111 (more properly Wiggern, _wig_, war, +and _gern_, eager), by an easy transition becomes _Waghorn_. And in this +way also the paradoxical-looking name _Fairfoul_, by a slight change of +spelling, may be explained as Farefowl, "wandering bird," as a name +probably given by the Saxon or Danish sea-rovers. + +Let us take a name of a different kind, _Starbuck_, no doubt of local +origin, from the place called Starbeck in Yorkshire. Now beck is a +Northern word signifying brook; it is probably of Danish origin, +inasmuch as its use precisely corresponds with the limits of the Danish +occupation. So long then as Starbeck lived in the north among his own +people, to whom _beck_ is a familiar word, there would be no fear of his +name being corrupted. But when he migrated to a part of England where +_beck_ has no meaning, then by and by the natural craving for some kind +of a meaning would assert itself, and, as the best it could do, change +_beck_ into _buck_. But the name of the place itself affords an +illustration of the same principle. For _star_ is in all probability the +same word as _stour_, so common as a river-name (Arm. ster, water, +river), made into _star_ in the craving for some kind of a meaning. + +Let us take another name with the same ending, _Clutterbuck_, also, I +doubt not, a name of local origin, though I am unable in this case to +identify the place. But _clutter_ seems evidently to be from the +Anglo-Saxon, _hluttor_, clear, pure, limpid, and the word must have been +_hluttorbeck_, "clear brook," so that this is another case of a similar +corruption. The Anglo-Saxons, no doubt, strongly aspirated the initial +_h_, so that the name has become Clutterbuck. + +Another name which may be taken to be of the same kind is _Honeybun_, no +doubt a corruption of another name _Honeyburn_, from _burn_, a brook, +_honey_ being apparently used by the Anglo-Saxons as an epithet to +describe sweet waters. But to the modern ear Honey_bun_ is a much more +natural association than Honey_burn_, particularly since the Anglo-Saxon +_burn_ for _brook_ has passed out of use in England. + +Among the Germans, corruptions towards a meaning are also common, as in +such names as _Guttwein_ for Godwine or Gotwine, _Warmbadt_ for +Warinbod, _Leutenant_ for Liutnand (_liud_, people, _nant_, daring). +There is a curious-looking and seemingly profane name _Heiliggheist_, as +if from the third person of the Trinity, which may, however, be a +corruption of an ancient name, perhaps of the name Haldegast. + +The odd-looking names _Oyster_ and _Oysterman_ in _Suffolk Surnames_ are +probably the German names Oster and Ostermann (_oster_, orientalis) in +an anglicised form, the marvellous power of assimilation possessed by +the great Republic evincing itself, among other things, in the way in +which it anglicises foreign names. Thus the name _Crumpecker_, placed by +Bowditch among names from birds, is, we can hardly doubt, a corruption +of a German Krumbacher, _i.e._ "a native of Krumbach," of which name +there are several places in Germany. So also the ending _thaler_ in +German names, from _thal_, valley, is changed into "dollar" as its +supposed equivalent. Hence the Americans have _Milldolar, Barndollar_, +and _Cashdollar_, corruptions of some such German names as Mühlthaler, +Bernthaler, and Käsenthaler, signifying an inhabitant respectively of +Mühlthal, of Bernthal, and of Käsenthal. It would seem as if a man +coming to this new world, where everything around him is +changed--presumably for the better--accepts it as, among other things, a +part of the new dispensation, that whereas his name has hitherto been, +say Käsenthaler, he shall henceforth answer to the name--perhaps not an +inauspicious one--of Cashdollar. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[43] There is another name _Snodgrass_, which may be a similar +corruption of Snodgast, from the stem _snod_, A.S. _snot_, wise. + +[44] This however is by no means certain, inasmuch as there is a stem +_card_ or _gard_ from which it might be formed, though the corresponding +ancient name has not turned up. On the other hand it is to be observed +that _wealh_ is not one of the more common endings. + +[45] Pagan occurs as an A.S. name, (_Thorpe_, p. 648), and may probably be +referred to _bagan_, to contend. _Cf._ also Pagingas among the early +settlers. + +[46] According, no doubt, as the ancient name appeared as Thorgaut or +Thorgaud. + + + + +CHAPTER VII. + +THE OLD FRANKS AND THE PRESENT FRENCH. + + +To any one who takes note of the large proportion of French Christian +names which are of German origin, the question, one would think, might +naturally suggest itself--If such be the case with Christian names, may +it not also be the case with regard to surnames? The Christian names +_Albert_, _Adolphe_, _Alfonse_, _Charles_, _Claude_, _Edouard_, +_Edmonde_, _Ferdinand_, _Gerard_, _Henri_, _Louis_, _Philibert_, +_Robert_, _Richarde_, _Rudolfe_, _Guillaume_, and the women's _Adèle_, +_Clotilde_, _Louise_, _Mathilde_, _Hélöise_, and many others, serve to +remind us that the French have come of the Franks. That the same holds +good also of French surnames I have in a previous work endeavoured to +prove in considerable detail, and I will not go over the ground again +further than at the end of this chapter to present as an illustration of +my views upon the subject one or two stems complete with their branches. + +The Franks being a branch of a High German, and the Saxons of a Low +German stock, it follows that French names, as compared with English, +should, in names of Teutonic origin, exhibit High German forms in +comparison with our Low German. One of these differences is, for +instance, _au_ for _ea_, as in German auge, Anglo-Saxon, _eage_, +English, _eye_. Thus the Anglo-Saxon _ead_, happiness, prosperity, so +common in men's names, is in Frankish represented by _aud_, or +_od_--hence the name of the Norman bishop Odo is the counterpart of an +Anglo-Saxon Eada or Eda, and the name of the Lombard king Audoin +(Audwin), is the counterpart of the Anglo-Saxon Eadwin. It will be seen +then that the French Christian name _Edouard_ is not a true Frankish +form--the proper form is shown in two French surnames, _Audouard_ and +_Audevard_. I cannot account for the particular case of this Christian +name on any other ground than that simply of euphony. The corresponding +Italian Christian name, _Odoardo_, come to them through the Franks or +the Lombards, represents, it will be seen, the proper High German form. +The High German forms, then, that appear in English names may be taken +to a great extent to represent Old Frankish names that have come to us +through the Normans. But the number of such names appears to be greater +than could reasonably be thus accounted for, and moreover we seem, as I +have noted at p. 75, to have had such forms even in Anglo-Saxon times, +_e.g._ both the forms _ead_ or _ed_, and _aud_ or _od_, in the names of +our early settlers. And it appears to me therefore that Lappenberg's +theory that Franks, Lombards, and Frisians were among the early +settlers, is one that deserves most careful consideration. And I propose +at present to deal with the subject, so far as the Franks are concerned, +and to trace out to the best of my ability, the Frankish forms that seem +to present themselves in Anglo-Saxon times, and also in our existing +surnames. In so doing, I wish to disclaim any assumption of philological +knowledge such as might be implied by dealing with the niceties of +ancient dialects. All that I proceed upon is this--I find from German +writers that certain forms prevailed in Frankish names, and I compare +them with certain forms apparently of the same kind which I find in +Anglo-Saxon times. + +Now the ancient Frankish speech, along with the ordinary characteristics +of a High German dialect, had some special peculiarities of its own, and +it is through these that we have the best chance of obtaining +satisfactory indications. Of these there are three forms in particular, +with each of which I propose to deal in turn, placing at the head the +group of surnames which I take to owe their origin to this source. And +as assisting to throw light upon the subject I have in some cases +introduced the present French names corresponding. + + +CHAD, CHATTO, CHATTING, CHADDOCK, CHABOT, CHADBORN, CHADMAN, CHADWICK, +CHATTOWAY, CHATWIN, CHATWOOD, CHARD, CHART, CHARTER, CHAIN, CHANEY, +CHILDAR, CHILDREN, CHILL, CHILLMAN, CHILLMAID, CHUBB, CHUBBACK, CHOPPIN. + +One of the peculiarities of the Frankish dialect especially during the +Merovingian period, was the prefix of _c_ before names beginning with +_h_, as in Childebert and Childeric for Hildebert and Hilderic. Of this +there seem to be considerable traces in Anglo-Saxon times, as will be +seen from the following:-- + + +_Chad_ for _had_, war. + +A.S. Chad, bishop of Lichfield--Ceada, found in Ceadanford--Cedda, found +in Ceddanleah--Frankish, Chaddo. Eng. Chad, Chatto. + + +_Diminutive._ + +Frnk. Chadichus. Eng. Chaddock. + + +_Patronymic._ + +Eng. Chatting. + + +_Compounds._ + +(_Bad_, war), Frnk. Chadbedo, Chabedo--Eng. Chabot.[47] (_Wine_, +friend), Frnk. Chaduin--Eng. Chadwin, Chatwin. (_Wig_, war), A.S. +Chatewe (_wi_ for wig) found in Ceatewesleah--Eng. Chadwick, Chattoway. + +(We have also the other form Hathaway, O.G. Hathuwi, to compare with +Chattaway.) + +Then we have a stem _chard, chart_, which it seems to me may be a +similar Frankish form of _hard_ or _hart_, durus, fortis, a very common +stem for men's names. + + +_Chard_ for _hard_. + +A.S. Cerda (Cherda) found in Cerdanhlæw. Ceorta, found in Ceortan +stapol. Ceort, found in Ceortesege, now Chertsey. Eng. Chard, Chart. + + +_Diminutive._ + +A.S. Cerdic, king of Wessex. Also Ceardic, found in Ceardices beorh. + + +_Compound._ + +(_Har_, warrior), Frnk. Charterius--Eng. Charter. + +In the next group, _child_ for _hild_, war, the Anglo-Saxon names seem +rather uncertain, and though the Franks had many names from it, I only +find one to compare in that form. + + +_Child_ for _hild_, war. + +A.S. Cild, found in Cildeswic--Cilta found in Ciltancumb, now Chilcomb +in Hants--Frnk. Childi, Cheldio, Chillo--Eng. Child, Chill. + + +_Compounds._ + +(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Hilder--Eng. Childar. (_Man_, vir), O.G. +Hildman--Childman, _Hund_. _Rolls_--Eng. Chillman, French, Chilman. +(_Mod_, courage), O.G. Hildemod--Eng. Chillmaid. (_Ran_, raven), Frnk. +Childerannus--Eng. Children. + +We have a number of other names beginning with _ch_, which might with +more or less certainty be brought in here, as Chaine comparing with an +A.S. Chen, found in Chenestun, and with a Frankish Chaino for Chagno +(Hagen-spinosus). Also Chubb and Choppin comparing with the Ceopingas +(Chopingas) in Kemble's list. He has also Hoppingas and Upingas, +different forms I take it, of the same name, and upon these might be +formed by the prefix in question, the form Ceopingas. Compare also the +present French names, Choupe, Chopin, Chopard. + +CLAUDE, CLOADE, CLODD, CLOUD, CLOUT, CLUCAS, CLOUDMAN, CLOUTMAN, +CLOTHIER. CROAD, CROWD, CROWDY, CRUTE, CROTTY, CRUDEN, CROWDER, CROGER. +CROKE, CROCK, CROOKE, CROTCH, CRUTCH, CROKER. CREED, CREEDY, CRIDDLE. + +Another peculiarity of the Frankish dialect was the change of _hl_ at +the beginning of a name into _cl_ or _chl_, and _hr_ into _cr_ or +_chr_. Hence the names of the Frankish kings Clothar, Chlodomir, and +Clodowich, for Hlothar, Hlodomir, and Hlodowich. Of this form there +appear to be considerable traces in Anglo-Saxon times; there are three +names in Kemble's list of early settlers which may find a place here, +the Crangas, the Cramlingas, and the Crucgingas. The name Crangas, as it +stands, is difficult to deal with, and I should suppose it to be +properly either Cringas or Craningas--in the former case from _hring_, +circle, perhaps in the sense of shield--in the latter from _chrann_, as +a Frankish form of _raban_ or raven, Cf. Chrannus in the genealogy of +the Merovingian kings. Cramlingas again compares with a Frankish name +Chramlin from the same stem, while Crucgingas seems to be a Frankish +form of Rucingas, also on Kemble's list. + +The first group of names, Claude, Cloud, &c., are referred to O.H.G. +_laut_, loud, in the supposed sense of famous. + + +_Clod_ for _hlod_, fame. + +A.S. Clodd (found in Cloddes heal), Clott (found in Clottismôr), Clud +(found in Cludesleah)[48]--Frnk. Chlodio, Cludio, 5th cent.--Eng. +Claude, Cloade, Clodd, Cloud, Clout. + + +_Compounds._ + +(_Gis_ or _kis_, hostage), O.G. Hludokis--Eng. Clukas (for Cludkis?). +(_Hari_, warrior), Frnk. Clothar, Chluthar--Eng. Clothier, Clutter. +(_Man_, vir), Eng. Cloudman, Cloutman (for which no ancient equivalents +as yet turn up.) + +The next group, Croad, Crowd, &c., may be referred to _hrod_, glory, the +stem from which are formed Robert, Roland, Roger, &c. + + +_Crod_ for _hrod_. + +A.S. Cruda, found in Crudan sceat--Frnk. Chrodo, Crodio--Eng. Croad, +Crowd, Crowdy, Croot, Crout. + + +Ending in _en_, p. 27. + +Frnk. Chrodin--Eng. Cruden. + + +_Compounds._ + +(_Har_, warrior), Frnk. Chrodohar--Eng. Crowder. (_Gar_, spear), Frnk. +Crodeger--Eng. Croger (=Roger). (_Mar_, famous), A.S. Cruddemor, found +in Cruddemores lacu--Frnk. Chrodmar--Eng. Cromar. + +The next group, Croke, Crock, &c., are from a stem _hroc_, the +root-meaning of which seems to be the same as Eng. _croak_, and the idea +of which, as in some other stems (see _im_ in voce Emma), may probably +be that of strength, fierceness, or huge stature, derived from a harsh +and gruff voice. Cf. O.N. _hrokr_, vir fortis et grandis. + + +_Crock_ for _hroc_. + +A.S. Crucga, found in Crucgingas; Croch, found in Crochestun, now +Croxton in Norf.--Frnk. Crocus, Cruccus--Eng. Croke, Crock, Crooke, +Crotch, Crutch. + + +_Compounds._ + +(_Her, heri_, warrior), O.G. Roacheri--Eng. Croker, Crocker. Eng. +Crockett might represent a Frankish Crochad or Crochat (_had_, war), not +turned up. + +Perhaps from a similar origin may be the name of Crida or Creoda, king +of Mercia, as representing a stem, _hrad_, or _hred_ (O.H.G. _hradi_, +celer), whence probably the Hræda in the Traveller's Song. Kemble has +two tribe-names, Creotingas and Cridlingas (the latter, derived from a +place in Yorkshire, being perhaps doubtful so far as regards the tribe, +though a man's name all the same). + + +_Crad_ for _hrad_. + +A.S. Creoda, found in Creodan âc, Creodan hyl, Creodan treow--Cridda, +found in Criddan wyl--Cridd, found in Criddes hô--Creota, found in +Creotingas--Cretta, _lib. vit._--Eng. Creed, Creedy. + + +Ending in _el_. + +A.S. Cridel, found in Cridlingas--Eng. Criddle. + +Perhaps the most characteristic peculiarity of the Frankish dialect is +the prefix of _g_, or its sharper form _c_, before names beginning with +_w_.[49] Hence it is that the French have such a word as guerre +(=gwerre) which is _g_ prefixed to a German _wer_ or _war_. And such +names as Guillaume, Gualtier, and Guiscard, which are from _g_ prefixed +to Wilhelm, Walter, and Wiscard (our Wishart). Hence, also, such a +place-name as Quilleboeuf in Normandy, being, with a _c_ prefixed, the +same, I take it, as an English Willaby (_boeuf_, as Mr. Taylor has +shown, representing the Danish _by_). I have referred, p. 75, to the +name Cwichelm for Wighelm or Wichelm as a strongly-marked Frankish form, +but I cannot say that I find such forms generally prevalent in +Anglo-Saxon times. Kemble has three tribe-names in this form, +Cwædringas, Cwæringas, and Queningas. The Cwædringas answer to the +Wætringas, and the Wedringas, both also on Kemble's list, and both, I +take it, different forms of the same name; the Cwæringas to the Wæringas +and the Werringas, also different forms of the same name; the Queningas +to the Weningas or the Winingas. One or two of our names beginning with +_gw_, as Gwilliams, Gwatkin, and perhaps Gwalter, are probably due to +the Welsh, of which this prefix is also a characteristic. As +representing the Frankish form, we have more names in the sharper form +cw, which is represented by _q_. Under the present head comes the name +of the highest lady in the land, _Guelph_ (further referred to in next +chapter), being a Frankish form of Welf (O.H.G. _hwelf_; Eng. _whelp_). +The names _Welp_, _Whelps_, and _Guelpa_, appear in _Suff. Surn._, but +whether English or not does not appear. + +QUARE, QUARY, QUARRY, QUEAR, QUERY, QUARRIER, QUARMAN. QUIDDY, QUITMAN, +QUITTACUS. QUIG, QUICK, QUY, QUIGGLE, GWYER, QUIER, QUIRE. GUILLE, +GUILY, QUILL, QUILKE, GWILLAM, QUILLMAN, QUILLINAN. GUINEY, QUIN, QUEEN, +QUEENEY, GUINAN, QUINAN, QUEENAN, QUINER. QUAIL, QUALEY, QUINT. QUAINT, +QUANTOCK. GWILT, QUILT, QUILTY, QUILTER, QUAKER, QUASH. + +The meaning of the stem _war_ is very uncertain; Foerstemann proposes +five different words, without including O.H.G. _werra_, Eng. _war_, and +it seems very probable that there may be a mixture of different words. + + +_Gwar, cwar_, for war. + +A.S. Cwara, found in Cwæringas--Frnk. Guario--Eng. Quare, Quary, Quarry, +Quear, Query--French Querrey. + + +_Compounds._ + +(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Warher--Eng. Quarrier. (_Man_, vir), O.G. +Warman--Eng. Quarman--French Guermain. + +The stem _wid_, on which is formed _guid_ and _cwid_, may perhaps be +referred to O.H.G. _wid_, wood, in the sense of weapon (see next chapter +_in voce_ Guido), though in this case also there may probably be a +mixture of words. + + +_Gwid, cwid_, for _wid_. + +Frnk. Guid, Guido, Quido--Eng. Quiddy--French, Guidé. + + +_Compounds._ + +(_Man_, vir), O.G. Witman--Eng. Quitman. (Gis, hostage), O.G. +Witichis--Eng. Quittacus (_Suff. Surn._). + +The stem _wig_ or _wic_, on which are formed _gwig_ and _cwic_, may be +taken to be from _wig_, war. + + +_Gwig_, _cwic_, for _wig_, _wic_. + +Frnk. Gwigo--Eng. Quig, Quick, Quy--Fr. Guiche, Quyo. + + +Ending in _el_. + +O.G. Wigilo--Eng. Quiggle. + + +_Compound._ + +O.G. Wigger, Wiher--Eng. Gwyer, Quier, Quire. + +The stem _will_, on which are formed _guill_ and _cwill_, may be +referred to Goth. _wilya_, will, perhaps, in the sense of resolution. + + +_Guil, cwil_, for _will_. + +Frnk. Guila--Eng. Guille, Guily, Quill--Fr. Guille, Quille. + + +_Diminutive_ + +O.G. Willic--Eng. Quilke--Fr. Quillac. + + +_Compounds._ + +(_Helm_, helmet), Frnk. Guilhelm--Eng. Gwillam--Fr. Guillaume. (_Man_, +vir), O.G. Wilman--Eng. Quillman--Fr. Guillemain. (_Nand_, daring), O.G. +Willinand--Eng. Quillinan. + +I am inclined, from the way in which the names run into each other, to +take _cwen_ and _cwin_ to be one and the same stem, and to refer them to +A.S. _wine_, friend. + + +_Gwin, cwin, cwen_, for _win_. + +A.S. Cwena, found in Cweningas; Quena, found in Quenanden--Frnk. Guuine, +Quino--Eng. Guiney, Quin, Queen, Queeney--Fr. Gueneau, Quenay, Quineau. + + +Ending in _en_, p. 27. + +A.S. Cwenen, found in Cwenenabrôc--Eng. Guinan, Quinan, Queenan--Fr. +Guenin. + + +_Compounds._ + +(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Winiheri--Eng. Quiner--Fr. Guinier, Guinery, +Quinier. (_Bert_, famous), Frnk. Quinabert--Eng. Guinibert. + +From the Ang.-Sax. _wealh_, stranger, foreigner, may be the following +stem: + + +_Gual, cwal_, for _wal_. + +Frnk. Gualo, Guala--Eng. Quail, Qualey--Fr. Guala. + +Then there are some other stems not sufficiently represented to make it +worth while to put them into a tabular form, as Quint, a Frankish form +of Wind (the stem being supposed to mean Wend), with the present French, +Quinty. Also Quaint and Quantock, representing Old German names, Wando +and Wendico, the stem being perhaps as in the previous case. And Gwilt, +Quilt, Quilty, and Quilter, which seem to be formed similarly on Wild +(ferus) and Wilder. Also Quart for Ward or Wart, and perhaps Quaker for +Waker and Quash for Wass (as in Washington from Wassingation). + +With regard to this last Frankish peculiarity, which I conceive not to +be of such ancient date as the preceding ones, I am inclined to suppose +that the greater part of the English names in which it appears have come +to us through the Normans. And with regard to the others I would venture +the general remark that inasmuch as the Anglo-Saxons in all probability +more or less aspirated an initial _h_, it would perhaps be going too far +to conclude that, in all cases where it has been hardened into a _c_, +Frankish influence is necessarily to be presumed. Still, I think that +the general result of the comparison which I have instituted, more +especially considering the comparatively limited area from which the +Anglo-Saxon examples have been drawn, is such as to give considerable +support to the theory that Franks were among the early settlers. + +Besides the names of Old Frankish, _i.e._ German origin, which have come +to us through the Normans, we have also received from them some names, +mostly of a religious character, from the Latin, and from the Hebrew. I +have even ventured to suggest, in the next chapter, that it is to the +Franks that the Italians are indebted for the name of Dante (Durante) +from Lat. _durans_. More certainly it is from them that the +corresponding name _Durand_ has come to us. The early Frankish +Christians adopted several such names, some from the Latin, as +Stabilis, Clarus, Celsus, Electus (perhaps in some cases from the names +of Roman saints), some from the Hebrew, not only scriptural names of men +and women, but also such words as Pasc (passover), Seraphim, Osanna, +&c., and these they often mixed up with the Old German words to which +they had been accustomed, the names of the Apostles Peter and Paul being +so dealt with, and even the name of Christ himself. This probably arose +from the desire of parents to connect the names of their children with +their own, as seems clearly shown in the case of a woman called Electa, +who gives to her two children the same name with a German addition, +calling one Electard, and the other Electrudis. From one of these hybrid +Frankish names, Clarembald, come our _Claringbold_ and _Claringbull_ and +the French _Clérambault_. From the above word, _pasc_, we have _Pascoe_, +_Paske_, and _Pash_, and the French have _Pasquin_, corresponding with a +Frankish Pascoin (Pascwin). There is one Richard Osannas, a witness to +an acquittance in the later Anglo-Saxon times, the name being probably +from the Frankish Osanna, which seems, however, to have been originally +a woman's name. In the same charter occurs also Jordan, another of these +old Frankish names, taken presumably from the river--whence I take to be +our _Jordan_, and the French _Jordan_, _Jourdan_, and _Jourdain_, +probably also the name of the Dutch painter _Jordaens_. The name Crist, +which seems most probably from this origin (Cristeus in the _Pol. Irm._) +is not very uncommon in France; it occurs also in Germany, and though I +have not met with it in England, yet Bowditch gives it as the name of a +member of the New York legislature, where it may, however, possibly be +German. It is rather amusing to see how the learned Germans are +occasionally a little mystified by these Old Frankish Scriptural names. +Stark, for instance, sets down Elisaba (Elischeba, the Hebrew form, I +take it, of Elisabeth) as Celtic, and Foerstemann, excusably perhaps, is +posed with Erispa (Rispah, the daughter of Aiah?), though I think he +might have guessed Osanna. + +Before concluding this chapter I may refer to the _Roll of Battle +Abbey_, containing the names of the principal Normans who came over with +the Conqueror. This has been severely impugned by some excellent +antiquaries on the ground that some of the names are, on the face of +them, regular English names, and such as could not reasonably be +supposed to have been borne by Normans. And hence it has been supposed +that interpolations must have been made to gratify the vanity of certain +families who wished their names to appear in the Roll. This in itself +does not seem an improbable suspicion, and I do not desire to go into +the question further than to express the opinion that so far as the +names themselves are concerned, there is not one that might not be a +genuine Norman name. Indeed, the undisguised English form of some of +them is to me rather a proof of the honesty of the scribe, for it would +have been so easy to have given them a thin Norman disguise. The +suspicious-seeming names are of two kinds, names which appear to be from +English place-names, as Argentoune, Chaworth, Newborough, Sanford, +Valingford, Harewell; and names which seem to be from English surnames +of occupation, or description, as Hayward, Archere, Loveday. The former +did present a genuine difficulty, and did justify suspicion till now +that Mr. Taylor's discovery of an area in the north of France full of +regular Anglo-Saxon place-names, and no doubt settled by Anglo-Saxons, +has disclosed the source from which they could be derived. I opine then +that the English scribe has done nothing more in the case of such names +than restore them to the original form from which they had been more or +less corrupted. Nor indeed has he done it to as great an extent as he +might have done, for I find several others which may be brought back to +an Anglo-Saxon form, and it may be of some little interest to take a few +of these Norman surnames derived from place-names of the kind discovered +by Mr. Taylor, and compare them with corresponding Anglo-Saxon +place-names in England. I will take the names ending in _uil_, "well," +of which the scribe has Anglicised one (Harewell), and show how many +more there might have been. We have Bereneuile and Boranuile, +corresponding with A.S. Bernewell (now Barnwell, in Northamptonshire), +from A.S. _brune_, brook, of which the well might be the source. Then we +have Rinuuill, corresponding with an A.S. Runawel (now, Runwell in +Essex), _i.e._ a running or flowing well, Berteuilay corresponding with +A.S. Beorhtanwyl (now Brightwell, in Oxfordshire), and Vauuruile with an +A.S. Werewell (now Wherwell, in Hants), an inclosed well; from A.S. +_woer_, inclosure. Then we have Beteruile comparing with an A.S. +Buterwyel (Butterwell, butter and honey being used apparently to +describe sweet waters), Greneuile (Greenwell), and Glateuile, probably +from A.S. _glade_, brook, and so same as Bernewell. + +With respect to the second class of suspected names, such as Hayward, +Archere, and Loveday, these are all Old Frankish names, and the +resemblance to anything English is only an accident. Hayward represents +an ancient Agward or Egward, and would be more properly Ayward, though +we find it as Hayward (see p. 99) even in Anglo-Saxon times. So also +Archere (see p. 42) and Loveday (p. 57) fall into their places as +ancient Frankish names. Such names again as Brown and Gray, though a +little Anglicised in spelling, are names common to the whole Teutonic +system, and, as far as we are concerned, both came in with the Saxons, +being found in Kemble's list of original settlers. + +I do not think it necessary to go more at length into the ancient +Frankish names contained in that Roll, but before leaving the subject I +would call attention to some of the names derived from the Danish +place-names of Normandy. There are four names, Dabitott, Leuetot, +Lovetot, and Tibtote (our name _Tiptoft_), from the ending _tot_, which, +as Mr. Taylor has shown, represents the Scandinavian _toft_. And two +names, Duilby and Linnebey, representing the Danish _by_; house, +habitation, village, so common in Yorkshire and Lincolnshire; also two +more, Braibuf and Olibef, with the ending _buf_ or _boeuf_, which, as +Mr. Taylor has shown, also represents the Danish _by_, Olibef being, +perhaps, Olafby, from the Danish name Olaf. Seeing this to be the case, +I venture to hint a suspicion as to the redoubtable name Front-de-boeuf, +and to suggest that it may after all be properly nothing more than one +of these Norman place-names ending in _boeuf_. Such a name as, for +instance, Frodeboeuf, from a Danish man's name, Frodi, might give it. On +the other hand, the plebeian-looking name _Chasseboeuf_, which Volney is +said to have changed rather than have it supposed that any one of his +ancestors had been a cow-boy, is, I doubt not, from a similar origin. +Such a name as Shaftsby (from the Anglo-Saxon man's name Shaft) would, +when _by_ became corrupted into _boeuf_, naturally be made into +Chasseboeuf. I take, however, the name _Leboeuf_ to be from a different +origin, viz. from a Frankish Libolf or Liubolf. There is yet one more +name, Lascales (our _Lascelles_), which I think may be also from a +Danish place-name, the word _scale_ (O.N. _skali_, a wooden hut) being +common, particularly in the Lake District--in Cumberland and +Westmoreland. + +I purpose to conclude this chapter with a few stems illustrative of the +common Teutonic element in French, English, and German names, including +such Italian names as I have been able to fall in with. The first stem, +from A.S. _til_, bonus, præstans, seems to have been more common among +the Saxons than among the Franks, and there are, consequently, more +names corresponding in English than in French. + + +_Dill, till, bonus._ + +A.S. Dilla, Tilla, in Dillingas and Tillingas--O.G. Dilli, Tilli, Thilo; +Tilli, _Lib. Vit._; Dill, Tilly, Tillé, _Hund. Rolls_--Eng. _Dill_, +_Dilley_, _Dillow_, _Till_, _Tilley_--Germ. _Dill_, _Till_, _Tilo_--Fr. +_Dilly_, _Dillé_, _Tilly_, _Tillé_--Ital. _Tilli_. + + +Ending in _ec_, probably diminutive. + +A.S. Tilluc--Eng. _Dillick_, _Dilke_, _Tillick_, _Tilke_--Fr. _Dilhac_. + + +_Patronymic._ + +Eng. _Tilling_--Germ. _Dilling_. + + +Ending in _en_, p. 27. + +Tilne, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Dillon_--Germ. _Dillen_--Fr. _Dillon_, +_Tillon_. + + +_Compounds._ + +(_Fred_, peace), Tilfred, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Tilford_. (_Gar_, spear), +A.S. Tilgar--Dilker, _Hund. Rolls_--Eng. _Dilger_, _Dillicar_. (_Had_, +var), Tilhaed, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Tillott_--Fr. _Dillet_, _Tillot_. +(_Man_, vir), A.S. Tillman--Tilmon, _Lib. Vit._--Tileman, _Hund. +Rolls_--Eng. _Dillman_, _Tillman_, _Tileman_--Germ. _Dillemann_, +_Tilmann_--Dutch. _Tillemans_--Fr. _Tilman_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. +Tilemir--Eng. _Dillimore_. (_Mund_, protection), A.S. Tilmund--Fr. +_Tilmant_. (_Wine_, friend), Tiluini, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Dillwyn_. +(_Her_, _heri_, warrior), A.S. Tilhere (Bishop of Worcester)--Eng. +_Diller_, _Tiller_, _Tillier_--Fr. _Dillery_, _Tillier_. + +The following stem may be taken to be from A.S. _hyge_; O.H.G. _hugu_, +mind, thought; A.S. _hogian_, to study, meditate. The form _hig_, which +seems to be more particularly Saxon, intermixes considerably in the +English names. + + +Hig, hog, hug, _thought_, _study_. + +A.S. Hig, Hicca, Hocg--O.G. Hugo, Hug, Huc, Hughi, Hogo--Eng. _Hugo_, +_Hug_, _Hugh_, _Huie_, _Huck_, _Hogg_, _Hodge_, _Hoe_, _Hick_, +_Hickie_--Germ. _Huge_, _Hugo_, _Hucke_, _Hoge_--Fr. _Hugo_, _Hugé_, +_Hug_, _Huc_, _Hue_, _Hua_--Ital. _Ugo_. + + +Ending in _el_, probably diminutive. + +A.S. Hicel--O.G. Hugila, Huckili--Eng. _Hugall_, _Huckell_, _Whewell_, +_Hickley_--Germ. _Hügel_--Fr. _Hugla_, _Huel_--Ital. _Ughelli_. + + +Ending in _lin_, probably diminutive. + +A.S. Hugelin (Chamberlain to Edward the Confessor)--Hugelinus, +_Domesday_--Hueline, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Huelin, Hicklin_--Fr. _Huguelin, +Higlin_--Ital. _Ugolino_. + + +Ending in _et_, probably diminutive. + +A.S. Hocget--O.G. Huetus, thirteenth century--Hueta, _Domesday_--Eng. +_Huggett, Howitt, Hewitt_--Fr. _Hugot, Huet_--Ital. _Ughetti_. + + +Ending in _es_, probably diminutive. + +O.G. Hugizo--Eng. _Hughes, Hewish, Hodges_--Fr. _Hugues_. + + +_Kin_, diminutive. + +Hogcin, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Hodgkin_. + + +Ending in _en_, p. 27. + +A.S. Hyeken--Hygine, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Hoggin, Hucken, Higgen_--Fr. +_Hugan, Hogan, Huan, Hoin, Hienne_. + + +_Compounds._ + +(_Bald_, fortis), A.S. Higbald (Bishop of Lindisfarne), Hibald--O.G. +Hugibald, Hubald--Eng. _Hibble, Hubble_--Fr. _Hubault_--Ital. _Ubaldo_, +_Ubald_(_ini_). (_Bert_, famous), A.S. Higbert (Bishop of +Worcester)--O.G. Hugubert, Hubert--Eng. _Hibbert, Hubbard_--Germ. +_Hubert_--Fr. _Hubert_. (_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Hugihart, Hugard--Eng. +_Huggard, Heward_--Fr. _Hugard, Huard, Huart_. (_Laic_, play), A.S. +Hygelac--O.G. Hugilaih--O.N. Hugleikr--Eng. _Hillock, Hullock_--Fr. +_Hulek_. (_Lat_, terrible,?), Hugolot, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Hewlet, +Higlet_. (_Lind_, mild), O.G. Hugilind--Eng. _Hewland_. (_Man_, vir), +A.S. Hiccemann--Eng. _Hugman, Hughman, Human, Higman, Hickman_--Germ. +_Hieckmann_--Fr. _Humann_. (_Mot_, courage), O.G. Hugimot--Eng. +_Hickmot_. (_Mar_, famous), A.S. Hykemer--O.G. Hugimar--Eng. _Hogmire, +Homer, Highmore_. (_Wald_, power), O.G. Hugold--Fr. _Huault_. Perhaps +also, from _noth_, bold, though I do not find an ancient name to +correspond--Eng. _Hignett_, and Fr. _Hugnot, Hognet_. + +I will take for the last example the stem _magin, main_; A.S. _mægin_, +strength, force; Eng. _main_, which is rather better represented in +French names than in English. There are names, Maianus and Meinus on +Roman pottery, which might, however, be either German or Celtic. + +O.G. Magan, Main--Main, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Magnay, Mayne_--Germ. +_Mehne_--Fr. _Magné, Magney_--Ital. _Magini_. + + +_Compounds._ + +(Bald, fortis), O.G. Meginbold--Fr. _Magnabal_. (_Burg_, protection), +O.G. Meginburg--Fr. _Mainbourg_. (_Frid_, peace), O.G. Maginfrid--Fr. +_Mainfroy_. (_Gald_, value), O.G. Megingald--Fr. _Maingault_. (_Ger_, +spear), O.G. Meginger--Eng. _Manger_. (_Gaud_, Goth), O.G. Megingaud Fr. +_Maingot_. (_Had_, war), O.G. Magenad--Fr. _Maginot_--(_Hard_, fortis), +O.G. Maginhard, Mainard--Eng. _Maynard_--Germ. _Meinert_--Fr. _Magnard, +Maynard_--Ital. _Mainardi_--(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Maganhar, +Mayner--Germ. _Meiner_--Fr. _Magnier, Maynier_--Ital. _Maineri_. + +Perhaps also to this stem (with _nant_, daring) we may put Magnentius, +the name of a German who usurped the imperial purple and was slain A.D. +353, also the Fr. _Magnan_ and _Maignan_. + +These three stems, in one of which the Anglo-Saxon predominates, and in +another the Frankish or High German, while in a third there are two +parallel forms, Anglo-Saxon and Frankish, running side by side, may be +taken as fairly representative of the system upon which Teutonic names +are formed. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[47] This name may be, not improbably, one of those that were brought +over after the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes. + +[48] We also find the other form, Hlud, in Hludes beorh, Hlud's barrow, +or grave. + +[49] Some further remarks on this Frankish prefix will be found in the +succeeding chapter on Italian names. + + + + +CHAPTER VIII. + +THE GERMAN ORIGIN OF GREAT ITALIANS AS EVIDENCED IN THEIR NAMES. + + +The successive waves of German invasion that swept over Italy, leaving +their record in the name of one of its fairest provinces, while they +added a few German words to the language, left a much larger number of +German patronymics in the names of its families. The Christian names +borne by well-known Italians, such as _Alberto, Arnolfo, Bernardo, +Carlo, Enrico, Federigo_ (Frederic), _Francesco, Leonardo, Luigi, +Ludovico, Mainardo, Odoardo_ (Edward), _Ridolphi, Sinibaldo, Ugo_ (Hugo +or Hugh), _Onofrio_ (Humphrey), all of German origin, sufficiently +attest this to have been the case. And I think we shall be warranted in +assuming, as in the case of France, that if this be the case with +Christian names, it cannot be essentially different with regard to +surnames. + +But inasmuch as I have not had the same opportunity of collating and +examining the mass of Italian surnames that I have had in the case of +those of France, I propose to shape the comparison into a rather +different form, and, without departing from its etymological purpose, +to endeavour to give it something of an ethnical interest as well. This +admixture of German blood could not fail to have an influence--and, we +can hardly doubt, an invigorating influence--upon the character of the +softer and more receptive Italian race. It may not then be without +interest--though we need not attach more importance to the result than +it deserves--to endeavour to trace the result of that admixture in the +names of illustrious Italians. For it is somewhat remarkable how many of +the men most distinguished in the council and in the field, in science, +literature, and in art, bear names which testify to a German origin. And +we are even able, in certain cases, to indicate with a fair amount of +probability the particular race of Germans from whom these names may be +taken to be derived. The rule laid down by Max Müller (_Science of +Language_) that words in Italian beginning with _gua_, _gue_, _gui_, may +be taken to be pretty certainly of German origin, holds good also of +Italian names. Now this form of _gua_, _gue_, _gui_ represents the +prefix of _g_ before _w_, which was a special characteristic of the +Franks, as it is still of their descendants, the French, in such names +as Guillaume (=Gwillaume) for Wilhelm or William. In some cases, though +more rarely, this prefix of _g_, in accordance with a High German +tendency, becomes a hard _c_ and is represented by _q_, as in _Queringi_ +and perhaps _Quirini_. Such names then as _Gualdo_, _Guardi_, _Guido_, +_Guicciardini_, _Guarnerius_, may be taken as certainly of German, and I +think, more especially of Frankish origin. + +To begin with the names of warriors, the list may well be headed by that +of the old hero, _Garibaldi_. Garibald (_gar_, spear, and _bald_, bold) +was a well-known Old German name, being borne, among others, by a Duke +in Bavaria in the sixth century, by six bishops in the three centuries +following, and, what is more to the purpose, by two Lombard kings in +Italy. We ourselves have the name in its Saxon form (_gor_ for _gar_) as +_Gorbold_ and _Corbould_ (O.G. Kerbald), and the French have it as +_Gerbault_. "Blind old _Dandalo_" may also be claimed as German; +Dandalo, corresponding with an O.G. Dantulo, being formed as a +diminutive from the Old German name Dando. I have elsewhere made the +suggestion, which I venture here to reproduce, that _Bonaparte_ may also +be a name of German origin, slightly changed to give it a seeming +meaning in Italian. The case stands thus. Bonibert and Bonipert are +found as Old Frankish names, respectively of the seventh and the ninth +centuries. In that part of Italy which was overrun by the Franks, namely +at Turin, is to be found the present Italian name _Boniperti_, which we +can hardly doubt to be derived from the Old Frankish Bonipert. Now from +this part of Italy came originally also the Bonapartes, and the question +is simply this, May not the name _Bonaparte_ originate in an attempt to +give something of an Italian meaning to this other name _Boniperti_, +which would convey no sense to an Italian ear? The French still have the +Old Frankish name as _Bompart_ (changing _n_ before a labial into _m_, +as they do in Edimbourg for Edinburgh); there was a vice-admiral of +that name who proved his courage by engaging, though unsuccessfully, an +English frigate of superior force. And we--or at any rate the +Americans--have it in a Saxon form as _Bonbright_ (_Suffolk Surnames_). +And very appropriate, if we were to translate it, would be the +meaning--_bona_, a slayer, and _bert_ or _pert_, illustrious. + +The two distinguished families of the _Adimari_ at Florence and of the +_Grimaldi_ at Genoa both give evidence of German descent in their names +(O.G. Adimar and Grimwald); as regards the latter indeed it is to be +traced historically, though the position of the present representative, +as ruler of the principality of Monaco and recipient of its doubtful +gains, is perhaps hardly in accordance with the higher traditions of his +family. The name, _Alphonso_, of a Duke of Ferrara in the middle ages, +was one given also by the Germans to a still more illustrious lineage in +Spain. Alphonso is a contraction of the O.G. Adalfuns (_adal_, noble, +_funs_, eager). The Saxon form of _funs_ being _fus_, it seems to me +that our name _Adolphus_ may be properly Adel-fus, and not a +latinization of Adolph. German also are the names of the two great rival +factions of the _Guelphs_ and the _Ghibellines_, Guelph being a Frankish +form of Welf or Welp, Eng. whelp, and the Ghibellines deriving from an +Old German name Gibilin, traced by Mone to a Burgundian origin. Thus the +Guelphs, given originally by Germany to Italy, were afterwards +transplanted again to Germany, and thence to England, to rule far above +all factions. And again, we find the Bonaparte, whose ancestor was +expelled from Italy as a Ghibelline, come forward to pursue on a +grander scale his hereditary feud with the Guelphs. + +In the names of scholars and men of science the German element is very +strongly represented. We find _Accolti_ (O.G. Achiolt for Agiovald[50]), +_Alamanni_ (O.G. Alaman), _Algarotti_ (O.G. Algar for Adelgar), +_Ansaldi_ (O.G. Ansald for Ansovald), _Audifredi_ (O.G. Audifred), +_Bertrandi_ (O.G. Bertrand), _Gualdo_ (O.G. Waldo), _Giraldi_ (O.G. +Girald), _Gosselini_ (O.G. Gosselin), _Guicciardini_ (O.G. Wichard), +_Lanzi_ (O.G. Lanzi), _Lamberti_ (O.G. Lambert for Landbert), _Manfredi_ +(O.G. Manfred), _Maraldi_ (O.G. Marald), _Odevico_ (O.G. Ottwic for +Audewic), _Orlandi_ (O.G. Arland for Hariland), _Raimondi_ (O.G. +Raimund), _Rolandini_ (O.G. Roland for Rodland), _Roberti_ (O.G. Robert +for Rodbert), _Sacchi_ (O.G. Sacco), _Quirini_ (O.G. Guerin, Werin). We +may add to the list the name of the historian _Sismondi_ (Sigismund), +who, though born at Geneva, must, I apprehend, have been of Italian +origin. The name in its uncontracted form, _Sigismondi_, is also found +in Italy. + +Among the names of distinguished explorers and discoverers, we have +_Americus_ (O.G. Emrich), who gave his name to America, and _Belzoni_ +(O.G. Belzo). German are also the names of the Pope _Aldobrandini_ (O.G. +Aldebrand), and of the philanthropist _Odeschalchi_ (O.G. Odalschalch), +whose name, if translated, would be the appropriate one of "Servant of +his country." + +The painters are not quite so strongly represented as the men of letters +and science, the two principal names being those of _Lionardo_ (O.G. +Leonhard) and of _Guido_. Guido is one of the Frankish forms to which I +have before alluded, and is formed by the prefix of _g_ to the name Wido +or Wito,--it was not an uncommon name among the Old Franks, and is found +at present among the French as _Videau, Viteau_, and _Guidé_. The +ill-omened name of the assassin _Guiteau_ I take to be from the same +origin, and to be of French extraction. So also may be our own name +_Widow_, which corresponds with a Wido of about the twelfth or +thirteenth century in the _Liber Vitæ_. There is another Italian name, +_Guidubaldi_, that of a Duke of Urbino, in the middle ages, formed on +the same stem with the addition of _bald_, bold, and corresponding with +a Frankish Guidobald. The word concerned seems to be most probably Goth. +_vidus_, O.H.G. _witu_, wood, used in a poetical sense for weapon.[51] + +Other names of painters are _Baldi_ (O.G. Baldo), _Baldovin_(_etti_) +(O.G. Baldwin), _Anselmi_ (O.G. Anshelm), _Ansuini_ (O.G. Answin), +_Aldighiero_ (O.G. Aldegar), _Algardi_ (O.G. Alagart), _Alberti_ (O.G. +Albert for Adalbert), _Alloisi_ (O.G. Alois = Alwis), _Ghiberti_ (O.G. +Gibert), _Gherardini_ (O.G. Gerard), _Gennari_ (O.G. Genear), +_Ghirlandaio_ (O.G. Gerland), _Tibaldi_ (O.G. Tiebald for Theudobald). +Also _Guardi_, another of the Frankish forms before referred to, +representing an O.G. Wardi, and the same name as Eng. _Ward_, for which +we find a corresponding A.S. Weard. + +Of those eminent in the sister art of music, we have _Castoldi_ (O.G. +Castald for Castwald), and _Frescobaldi_. This last name does not figure +in Foerstemann's list, but we can hardly doubt its German origin, _bald_ +being a typical German ending, while Fresc, as a Teutonic name, is found +in the Fresc(ingas), early Saxon settlers in England, another instance +of the common tie which binds all Teutonic names together. We may add to +the list, as the name of a living composer, _Guglielmo_ = Wilhelm or +William. Among those who were accessory to music as instrument-makers, +we have _Stradivarius_ and _Guarnerius_ (O.G. Guarner for Warinhar) +corresponding with our own names _Warriner_ and _Warner_, and present +French names _Ouarnier_ and _Guernier_. It will not be out of keeping +with what we should expect if we find the German element develop itself +in the conception rather than in the execution of music, and in the +combination of science and patience which led to the success of the old +instrument-makers. + +But it is in the names of immortal singers that we find the German +element most conspicuously represented. Dante himself bears a name +which, though not in itself German, may yet have been given to Italy by +the Germans, while as to his second title, _Alighieri_, there seems +hardly any doubt of its German origin.[52] Dante is a contraction of +_Durante_, which seems to be derived most naturally from Latin +_durans_, and it might seem something of a paradox to suppose a Latin +race to be indebted to the Germans for a Latin name. And yet I think +that there are some grounds for supposing it to be a name adopted by the +early Frankish converts to Christianity, and by them transmitted to the +Italians. For we find Durant, Durand, and Durann as not uncommon German +names, apparently Frankish, in the eighth and the ninth centuries. And +we find the word moreover made up into a German compound as Durandomar +(_mar_, famous). The French have moreover at present, derived we may +presume from their Frankish ancestors, another name, _Durandard_, +similarly formed (_hard_, fortis). Now this is precisely the same +principle as that on which the early Frankish converts, as we find from +the _Pol. Irm._ and the _Pol. Rem._, used to form many of their names, +taking a word of Christian import from the Latin or otherwise, and +mixing it up with the Old German compounds to which they had been +accustomed. Thus, for an example, we find that a woman called Electa, +which we can hardly doubt means "elect," gives to her son the name of +Electard, a similar compound to Durandard. There seems then, on the +whole, a fair amount of probability for this suggestion, which would +moreover sufficiently account for the manner in which the name is common +to France, Italy, Germany, and England. The French have it as _Durand_, +_Durant_, and _Durandeau_ (besides _Durandard_ already noted); the +Italians as _Durante_, _Duranto_, and _Durandi_; the Germans as _Durand_ +and _Dorand_; and we ourselves as _Durand_ and _Durant_. Our names came +to us no doubt through the Normans,--there is a Durand in the _Roll of +Battle Abbey_, and it is not till after this period that we find it as +an English name. + +For the German origin of _Tasso_ a rather stronger case can be made out, +Tasso and Taso being found as ancient German names, and the latter in +particular being a Lombard leader in Italy. But there was another +Lombard called Taso, who, as a man of remarkable sanctity of life, and +as the founder of a monastery at Volterra, was eminently likely to leave +a name behind him in Italy. _Tasso_ is still a current name in that +country, and our surname _Tassie_, along with the French _Tassy_, may be +taken to be the same name. Both we and the French have also _Tassell_, +formed from it and corresponding with Tassilo, the name of a Bavarian +king of the sixth century. The meaning of the word has not been +satisfactorily explained, and this may be one of the cases in which the +original word has either greatly changed in meaning, or else has +perished out of the language. + +Another name which we may take pretty certainly to be of German origin +is _Leopardi_, corresponding with the O.G. Leopard, for Liubhard +(_liub_, love, and _hard_, fortis). There was a Lombard named Leopard +who was abbot of Nonantola in Italy in the tenth century. Then we have +_Amalungi_, from the O.G. Amalung, fifth century, a patronymic form, +"son of Amal or Amala," the (perhaps mythical) forerunner of the Goths. +The French have the name, _Hamel_ and _Ameling_, and we have _Hammill_, +_Hamling_, and _Hambling_. This is another of the cases in which a name +has outlived its etymon; we know that _amal_ was a word of honourable +meaning, but as to its origin even the patient research of the Germans +has failed to find a clue. The name _Amalthius_ may also be taken as +certainly German, from _amal_ as above, and the common Old German ending +_thius_, _dio_, or _tio_, servant, though we do not find a name to +correspond in the _Altdeutsches Namenbuch_. There was also a painter +_Amalteo_, whose name is a variation of the same. Another name which I +take to be German, without finding the ancient name to correspond, is +_Boiardo_, _boi_ (supposed by the Germans to mean Bavarian) being a +common prefix in Old German names, and _hard_ one of the most common +endings. The French have, among other names derived from their Frankish +ancestors, the corresponding names _Boyard_ and _Poyard_, and we +ourselves have _Byard_, which I take to be from the same origin. Then we +have _Berni_ (O.G. Berno), _Bernini_ (O.G. Bernin), and _Beroaldus_ +(O.G. Berowald). + +There remain yet two distinguished names, _Alfieri_ and _Guarini_. The +former may be from the O.G. Alfheri, _alf_, elf, and _heri_, warrior, +the sense contained in the former word being perhaps that of occult +wisdom. Hence it would correspond with our surnames _Albery_ and +_Aubery_, Alfheri and Albheri being convertible Old German names. +_Guarini_ may, with somewhat more of certainty, be taken to be from the +Old Frankish name Guarin, formed on the principle already referred to on +other Old German names, Warin and Warno. Hence our names _Warren_ and +_Warne_, and the French _Guérin_. The Wearningas, "sons or descendants +of Wearn," are among the early Saxon settlers referred to in Chapter +IV., and Warin is found as an early name in the _Liber Vitæ_. There are +some other names which may very possibly be of German origin, but the +form of which is not sufficiently distinct to make the connection +generally intelligible. + +I conclude this chapter with a suggestion as to the possibly German +origin of one who but of late occupied a considerable place in European +politics, viz. _Gambetta_. This name is of Italian origin, and I venture +to think may be one of those given to Italy by the Germans, and perhaps +most probably by the Lombards. There was a Gambad who ruled over Ticino +in the ancient duchy of Milan, and was subsequently driven out by +Pertharit, who thereupon became the ruler of the whole of Lombardy. +Gambad seems to be probably a Lombard form of Ganbad (_gan_, magic, or +fascination, and _bad_, war), or it might be of Gandbad (_gand_, wolf), +both ancient German stems. This name Gambad would in French take the +form of Gambette,[53] and in Italian of Gambetta. It would be curious if +this name were one left behind by the Lombards (or possibly even the +Franks) in their invasion of Italy, and restored to France to rouse her +to a gallant though unavailing attempt to stem the tide of another +German invasion. And very suitable too would be the name, in the sense +of magic or fascination, to one whose energy and eloquence acted as such +a potent spell to revive the drooping courage of his countrymen. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[50] When there are two Old German names, the former is that which is +found in a form most nearly corresponding with the Italian, the latter +is that which may be taken to be the most correct form. + +[51] Names of a similar kind are the O.G. Gervid, our _Garwood_, +signifying "spear-wood." Also the O.G. Asquid, whence the Ascuit in +_Domesday_, and our present names _Asqwith_ and _Ashwith_, signifying +"ash-wood," of which spears used to be made. + +[52] Diez takes it to be a contraction of Adalgar. + +[53] As in the French names _Gerbet_ and _Herbette_, representing the +Old Frankish names Gerbad and Herbad. + + + + +CHAPTER IX. + +VARIOUS UNENUMERATED STEMS. + + +In the present chapter I propose to include a few stems which were not +taken into account in my previous work, or respecting which I may have +something more to say. + +I have referred, at page 75, to Lappenberg's theory, that Franks, +Lombards, and Frisians were associated with the Saxons in the early +invasions of England. His theory seems to be based only upon the general +relations which subsisted between these different tribes, and the +various other occasions on which they are found to have been acting in +concert. I have, in a previous chapter, referred to the subject so far +as the Franks are concerned, and endeavoured to show that there were in +Anglo-Saxon times, and that there are in our names at present, certain +peculiarities which are in accordance with Frankish forms, and so far +favour the theory that Franks were among the early settlers. + +There is another peculiarity which seems to be found in some of the +names of Anglo-Saxon times, the form _ch_ for (as I suppose) _g_, as in +such a name as Cissa (Chissa) and Cippa (Chippa). Cissa I should +suppose to be the same name as Gisa, that of a bishop in the time of +Edward the Confessor, and Cippa the same as Gyp in Gypeswich. May not +this be a Frisian form? Chippo comes before us as a name apparently +Frisian. + + +CHIPP, CHIPPING, CHIPMAN, CHEESE, CHESSON, CHESMAN, CHESNUT, CHURN, +CHIRNIE, CHITTY. + +If the above be correct, Chipp, corresponding with an Anglo-Saxon Cippa +found in Cippenham, a Ceapa found in Ceapan hlæw, and Cypa in Cypingas, +also with a Chippo probably Frisian, would be another form of Gibb or +Gipp, _geban_, to give. And Cheese, which appears as Chese in the +_Hundred Rolls_, may represent Cissa as another form of Gisa (_gis_, +hostage). There is a present Friesic name Tsjisse, which, though it +looks more like an attempt to represent a sneeze than anything else, I +take to have the sound of Chissa. Chesson may be taken to be from the +ending in _en_, p. 27, and Chesnut might be from the ending _noth_, +bold, frequent in Anglo-Saxon names. Churn and Chirney, corresponding +with an O.G. Chirno, and perhaps with the Cearningas among the early +settlers, might come in here as another form of _gern_, eager. And +Chitty, perhaps the same name as that found in the Cidingas, may +possibly be, on the same principle, another form of Giddy, Kiddy, or +Kitty (stem _gid_, hilaris). + + +MUMM, MUMMY, MUMMERY. + +There are a few Old German names, mostly of women, in Mam and Mum. And +there are also two Old Frankish women's names, Mamma and Momma +(apparently overlooked by Foerstemann), in the _Pol. Irm._ It seems +difficult to take these names as from anything else than the +widely-spread word signifying mother. In an age when names sat much more +lightly than they do now, one might fancy such a word superseding a +woman's original name. I can even conceive the possibility of such a +name, its origin having somewhat passed out of sight, being given in a +masculine form to a son. We have several instances in the _Pol. Irm._ of +such a custom; for instance, where, the mother being called Genesia, the +son is called Genesius, and the mother being called Deodata, the son is +called Deodatus. However, this cannot be taken for anything more than a +somewhat speculative suggestion. As in present use, the French name Mumm +is well known in connection with dry champagne; the Germans have Muhm, +and though I am not quite certain of Mumm as an English name, I think we +may count upon Mummy (ending in _i_, p. 24). Mummery might be a compound +(_hari_, warrior), but from the facility with which _n_ passes into _m_, +I should be more disposed to take it to be a corruption of Munnery, +corresponding with an O.G. Munihari, Goth. _munan_, to think. + + +BODY, FREEBODY, GOODBODY, LIGHTBODY, PEABODY, HANDSOMEBODY. + +_Body_ I take to be from O.N. _bodi_, envoy or messenger. It is found as +an ending in many ancient names, particularly among the Saxons. And in +our surnames it appears sometimes as representing ancient names, and +sometimes more probably as a sobriquet of a later period. In the +"Household Expences" of Eleanor, Countess of Montford, A.D. 1265, the +names of her three messengers are given as Treubodi, Gobithesty, and +Slingaway. These are all sobriquets,--Treubody is "trusty messenger," +Gobithesty is from A.S. _sti_, a footpath, hence the name may be +equivalent to "short-cut," and the last explains itself. Our name +Handsomebody has clearly been a sobriquet of the same kind, and, +referring to the older sense of "handsome," means a handy or useful +messenger. Peabody, which I think may have been originally Pipbody, from +_pipr_, swift, active, may also have been a sobriquet. So may Goodbody +and Lightbody, but it is by no means certain. We might take our +Lightfoot to have been a sobriquet, but we find a corresponding name, +Lytafus (_fus_, foot) on Roman pottery. Freebody probably represents the +O.G. Frithubodo, compounded with _frith_, peace. + + +BRAGG, BRACKIE, BRAY, PRAY, BRAGAN, BRACKEN, BRAIN, BRACKING, BRACKETT, +BRAYMAN, BRAKEMAN, BREWIN. + +There are two different origins from which this stem might be derived, +A.S. _brego_, king, ruler, and A.S. _bracan_, to break, subdue, crush, +the former being perhaps preferable upon the whole. There are but very +few names in Old German, and Foerstemann does not make any suggestion as +to the origin. + +A.S. Bræg (found in Brægeshale), Bracca (found in Braccanheal). O.G. +Brachio, Thuringian, sixth century. Eng. Bragg, Brackie, Bray, Pray. + + +Ending in _en_, p. 27. + +A.S. Bregen (found in Bregnesford). Eng. Bragan, Bracken, Brain. + + +Ending in _el_, prob. diminutive. + +A.S. Brakel (found in Brakelesham). Eng. Breakell. + + +_Patronymic._ + +Eng. Bracking. + + +_Compounds._ + +(_Had_, war?), A.S. Breged (found in Bregedeswere)--Eng. Brackett. +(_Man_, vir), Eng. Brakeman, Brayman (Mod. G. Brackmann, French +Braquemin). (_Wine_, friend), A.S. Bregowin (Archbishop of +Canterbury)--Eng. Brewin. + + +LORD, LORDING. + +We may take the above to be the same as an A.S. Lorta and Lorting, p. +100. And whatever may be the origin, it is certainly not A.S. _hlaford_, +Eng. "lord." There are two isolated names in the _Altdeutsches +Namenbuch_, Laurad and Lorad, both seventh century, of which the +Anglo-Saxon name seems not improbably to be a contraction. The word +concerned might be A.S. _lâr_, lore, learning, Old North. _lærdr_ +(larad?), learned. Stark however seems to take Laurad and Lorad to be +Celtic. But in the genealogy of the sons of Woden in the _Edda_ of +Snorro occurs the name Loride, which, though Snorro's names are not +always trustworthy, seems to point to the existence of an ancient +Teutonic name corresponding with those in the _Altdeutsches Namenbuch_, +and so far to favour the derivation which I have suggested. + + +STUDD, STOTT, STOUT, STUTTER, STODDART, STUDEARD. STITT, STEED, STADD, +STIDOLPH. + +We find Anglo-Saxon names to account for all the names of the former of +these two groups, viz., Stut, Stuter (_her_, warrior), and Stutard +(_hard_, fortis). The word concerned does not seem to have anything to +do with Eng. "stout," which seems to have lost an _l_, and to have been +originally _stolt_. The group is no doubt parallel with the second +group, which is more distinctly represented in Old German names, and +which may be referred to O.N. _stedia_, firmare, _staddr_, constitutus, +A.S. _stide_, _stith_, firm, steadfast; our Stidolph corresponding with +an O.G. Stadolf, and a Stithuulf in the _Liber Vitæ_. + + +FOGG, FOGGO, FUDGE, FEW. + +There are Old German names Focco and Fucco, for which Foerstemann +proposes O.N. _fok_, flight. And there is a Fuca, rather probably a +corresponding name, on Roman pottery. Among the Anglo-Saxons we have +Focingas, early settlers in Kent. Also Focga and Fucg, deduced from +place-names, p. 99. Foerstemann seems to take this as the stem on which +is formed _fugal_, fowl, bird. + + +FLAGG, FLACK, FLECK, FLUCK, FLY, FLEA, FLEW. + +The Fleccingas are among the early settlers inferred by Mr. Kemble. And +there are also Anglo-Saxon names Flegg, Flecg, and Flogg, deduced from +place-names, p. 99. The name Flôki, of a Northman in the _Landnamabôk_, +also comes in here. There is also another Northman called Flugu-Grimr, +"Fly or Flyer Grim," a kind of inverted surname. The origin may be taken +to be A.S. _fleogan_, O.N. _fliuga_, to fly. And this group may be taken +to be fundamentally parallel with the last. + + +CLEAN, CLINE, KLYNE. + +There is a Clen in the genealogy of the Merovingian kings, and there is +perhaps an A.S. Clena to be deduced from the place-names Clenanford, +Clenancrundel, &c. It may probably be from A.S. _clêne_, clean, pure. +"The original sense seems to have been bright."--_Skeat_. This may +probably be the sense in names. + + +SWEARS, SWEARING, SWIRE, SQUIRE, SQUARE, SQUAREY, SQUIRRELL. + +The stem _swar_, _swer_, in O.G. names, is referred by Foerstemann to +O.H.G. _suari_, weighty, important, Goth. _swers_, honourable. There is +an A.S. Sweor found in a place-name, p. 102, and there is an O.G. +Suaring corresponding with our Swearing. Also a Suara on Roman pottery, +which I take to be German, and to represent the stem of which Suaring is +a patronymic. I take Squire and Square to be phonetic corruptions of +Swire and Swear, and Squirrell to be properly Swirrell, a diminutive. + + +LUMB, LUMP, LUMPKIN. + +Lumbe is also a present German name, and seems to be the same as an O.G. +Lumpe, which Stark takes to be a contraction of some compound name, +perhaps Lundbert. Lump and the diminutive Lumpkin are from _Suffolk +Surnames_, and may be German and not English. + + +KNELL, NELLY, NILL, KNELLER. + +Of the Cnyllingas, settled in Northamptonshire, I find no further trace +in Anglo-Saxon times, nor anything to correspond in Old German names. +The name is also a very uncommon one at present, the above Knell, Nelly, +and Nill being all taken from _Suffolk Surnames_, though Knell at all +events was an English name. Kneller, as the name of the painter, is of +Dutch origin; it seems to be a compound from this stem (_hari_, +warrior). The origin may perhaps be found in O.N. _hnalla_, to beat. + + +KNAPP, KNAPPING, KNIBB, KNIPE, KNIPPING, NAF NAPP, NAPKIN, KNIFE, +KNYVETT. + +One of the oldest Low German names on record is Hnaf, mentioned in the +"Traveller's Song," written, as supposed, about the fifth century. There +is a corresponding O.G. Hnabi, eighth century, the origin being, no +doubt, A.S. _cnapa_, _cnafa_, son, boy. To this may be placed our names +Knapp, Napp, and the patronymic Knapping. (The name Naf, in _Suffolk +Surnames_, may possibly not be English.) I also take the A.S. Cnebba[54] +to come in here, also Hnibba, found in Hnibbanleah (Hnibba's lea), and +Nybba, found in Nybbanbeorh (Nybba's barrow), and so connect also our +names Knibb, Knipe, and Knipping. Stark also brings in here the name +Cniva, of a Gothic king of the third century, and Cnivida, also the +name of a Goth, placed by Foerstemann to A.S. _cnif_, knife. If this be +correct, our name Knife might also come in here, parallel with Knipe, +and also Knyvet as probably a diminutive. Also Napkin, another +diminutive = Germ. _knabchen_. + + +PIM, PYM. + +The father of the Lombard king Rachis was called Pimo. There is also a +Pymma about the tenth century in the _Liber Vitæ_. As to the origin of +the name, I am unable to offer any suggestion. It may be, as Stark +opines, a contraction of some compound name. + + +WAMBEY, WAMPEN. + +Wamba was the name of a West-Gothic king in the seventh century, and +there was also a deacon of the same name a few years earlier. I do not +know of it as an Anglo-Saxon name, but I suppose Scott must have had +some authority for introducing it as the name of the jester in +_Ivanhoe_. The only derivation that can be suggested is from the Goth. +_wamba_, belly, giving it the meaning of "paunchey." But it was not a +nickname in the case of the Gothic king, for he bore it upon his coins, +and it is difficult, as Stark observes, to suppose such a name for a +king. Finding, however, on certain of his coins the variation Wanba, +Stark is inclined to think that it may be a contraction of some name +such as Wanbert. Was it by literary intuition that Scott pitched upon +such a name for the jester, or did he know of its supposed meaning of +"paunchey"? + +The name may be represented in our Wambey, though it is perhaps quite +as likely to be from some Danish place-name in _by_, such as Wanby or +Wandby. Wampen, however, if there is such a stem, might be placed to it. + + +STRANG, STRONG, STRANK, STRANGWARD, STRANGWICK, STRINGLE, STRINGFELLOW. + +There are two A.S. forms, _strang_ and _streng_, represented in the +above. The only Anglo-Saxon names that I can find are a Stranglic dux in +a charter of Ina, and a Streng, found in Strengeshô, "Streng's +grave-mound." Stranglic is the A.S. _stranglic_, strong, and looks like +a sobriquet which had superseded his original name. Streng might be the +same as far as it is itself concerned, but there is an O.G. Strangulf +(_ulf_, wolf) which, along with our own names Strangward and Strangwick, +strongly suggests an ancient baptismal name, and a formation in +accordance with the Teutonic system. The last name, Stringfellow, must +have been a sobriquet,--it probably represents a mediæval Strengfelaw, +and has been rather curiously corrupted, owing to the meaning of +_streng_ not being recognised. + + +STRAY, STRAW, STRETCH, STREEK, STRAIN, STRICKETT, STRAIGHT. + +Closely allied to _strang_ and _streng_ are A.S. _strac_ and _strec_, +violent, powerful, brave, whence I take the above. The only ancient +names to correspond are an O.G. Strago, ninth century, and Strocgo, +eighth century. Strain and Straight represent respectively the forms +Stragin and Stragget, formed with the endings in _en_ and in _et_ +referred to in Chapter II. + + +STARK, STARKIE, STARR, STARCH, STURGE, STURGIN, STURGEON, STERICKER. + +From the A.S. _stearc_, _sterc_, O.H.G. _starah_, _starh_, stiff, +strong, I take the above. This form _starc_ seems formed by metathesis +from the above _strac_,--indeed, all the three forms, _strang_, +_strack_, and _stark_, are etymologically very closely allied. This stem +enters distinctly into the Teutonic system, but besides the simple form +Stark, corresponding with O.G. Starco and Staracho, we have only +Stericker, corresponding with an O.G. Starcher (_her_, warrior). + + +EAVESTAFF, LANGSTAFF, WAGSTAFF, HACKSTAFF, SHAKESTAFF, COSTIFF. + +These names ending in _staff_ might naturally be taken to have been +sobriquets, to be classed along with Shakespear, Breakspear, and other +names of the same kind. But as regards two of them at least, Hackstaff +and Shakestaff, there may be something more to be said. There is an +ending _staf_ in Teutonic names, for which Grimm, referring to Gustaf, +thinks of O.H.G. _stab_, A.S. _staf_, staff,--in the sense, as I should +suppose, of baton, or staff of office. There are only discovered as yet +two Old German names with this ending, Chustaff and Sigestab. The +former, which seems to be from _cunst_ or _cust_, science, learning, may +be the original of the Swedish Gustaf, and possibly of Costiff, one of +the curious names gathered by Mr. Lower. Corresponding with the O.G. +Sigestab, we find an A.S. Sigistef, a moneyer of Coenwulf. And there is +also a Hehstaf, witness to a charter (_Thorpe_, p. 69). Shakestaff, +then, might be a not very difficult corruption of Sigestef (which in +the form of Sicestaf would approach still nearer). And Hackstaff might +represent the A.S. Hehstaf, in which the second _h_ was no doubt +strongly aspirated, and might be more like a hard _c_. I, however, only +bring this forward as a possible explanation; there is quite as much to +be said for the other view, unless other ancient names turn up. + + +NAGLE, NAIL, HARTNOLL, DARNELL, TUFFNELL, HORSENAIL, HOOFNAIL, ISNELL, +BRAZNELL, COPPERNOLL. + +There is in my view no more curious or puzzling set of names than those +which, as above, are derived from _nagel_ or nail, clavis. It appears to +me, though the line is difficult to draw, that they may be divided into +two groups, one of which is the representative of ancient baptismal +names, and the other of surnames of a later, perhaps a mediæval, date. + +Connected with the former we have Nagle and Nail, corresponding with an +O.G. Nagal, ninth century, and an A.S. Negle and Næle, found in +place-names, p. 101. Then there are two Old German compounds, Hartnagal +(hard nail) and Swarnagal (heavy nail), respectively of the eighth and +ninth centuries. The former of these two names we have as Hartnoll, and +the Germans have it as Härtnagel. Then I find two more examples among +the Anglo-Saxons, Spernægle in a charter of manumission at Exeter, and +Dearnagle in a place-name, p. 98. Spernægle is "spear-nail," and +Dearnagle is probably the same, from O.N. _dörr_, spear. The latter of +these two names we seem to have as Darnell, and the Germans as +Thürnagel. Then we have Tuffnell, which, as Mr. Lower mentions, was in +the seventeenth century spelt Tufnaile, and might be taken to mean +"tough-nail," but for this we find no corresponding ancient name. There +is a Celtic Dufnal, to which, as being a name adopted from them by the +Northmen, and so having an increased chance of being represented, it +might perhaps be placed. But if this be the case (which I rather doubt), +it would have nothing to do with the present group. The sense in these +ancient names may be taken to be a warlike one, as in the case of other +names having the meaning of point or edge, acies. We find Nægling as the +name given by an Anglo-Saxon to his sword, in accordance with the +ancient custom, prevalent both among the Celts and the Saxons, of giving +names to weapons, and this assists to point the meaning as that of edge, +acies. And it seems to me hardly necessary to assume, with Mone +(_Heldensage_), any connection with the mythological smith, Weland. + +Then there is another set of names of which we have a considerable +number, and the Germans still more, which appear to have been given at a +later period, and to be perhaps, at least in some cases, derived from +trade. Such are Horsnail, and the corresponding German Rosnagel; +Hoofnail, and the German Hufnagel; while there are others, such as +Isnell (iron nail), Coppernoll (and Germ. Kupfernagel), about which I +hardly know what to think. + + +HONE, HEAN, HEANEY, ONKEN, ENNOR, HONNER, HENFREY, ENRIGHT, ONWHYN, +ENOUGH. + +A very common stem in A.S. names is _ean_, the meaning of which remains +yet unexplained. We seem to have received it both in the Low German +form _ean_ and the High German form _aun_ or _on_. The Honingas +(Oningas) among the early settlers must, I think, be placed to it. It is +very apt to intermix with another stem _an_, to which I formerly placed +a few names which I think should come in here. + + +Stem _ean_, _en_, _aun_, _on_. + +A.S. Eana, Enna (found in Ennanbeorh), Hean (found in Heanspôl, &c). +Also Onna (found in Onnandun). Hona, found in Honingas. Ona, _Lib. Vit._ +O.G. Ono, Oni. Eng. Hean, Heaney, Hone. Fries. Onno. + + +_Diminutive._ + +A.S. Honekyn (found in Honekyntûn, now Hankerton). Eng. Onken. + + +_Compounds._ + +(_Frid_, peace), A.S. Eanfrith--O.G. Aunefrit, Onfred--Eng. Henfrey.[55] +(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Onheri--O.N. Onar--Eng. Honnor, Ennor. (_Rad_, +_Red_, counsel), A.S. Eanred--O.G. Onrada--Eng. Enright (=Enrat?). +(_Wine_, friend), A.S. Eanwini, Inwine (found in Inwines burg)--Eng. +Onwhyn. (_Wulf_, wolf), A.S. Eanulf--O.G. Aunulf brother of Odoaker, +fifth century--Eng. Enough. (_Ward_ guardian), Eng. Onword. + + +IMPEY, EMPEY, HEMP, HAMP, HAMPER, HEMPER. + +Mr. Kemble finds Impingas in Impington, in Cambridgeshire, though it +would seem incorrectly, as far as the tribe or family is concerned, the +name being only that of a man, Impin. The name Impa is found also in +Ympanleage, in Worcestershire. A sufficient meaning may perhaps be found +in A.S. _impan_, to plant, engraft. To this stem I place Impey, Hemp, +and probably Hamp, while Hamper and Hemper may be compounds (_hari_, +warrior). There is a stem _umb_ in Old German names, which may perhaps +claim relationship. + + +CAUNCE, CHANCE, CHANCEY, CHANCELL, CANSICK, KENSAL, KENSETT. + +The Cenesingas, found by Kemble in Kensington, would, if the +Anglo-Saxons had possessed the requisite letters, have been better +represented by Kenzingas, being, as I take it, from a stem _ganz_, +_genz_, _kenz_, referred by Foerstemann to _ganz_, integer. I am +inclined to take our names Chance, Chancey, &c., to represent the form +_kanz_ in a softened form, come to us through the Normans. The forms of +the name in the _Roll of Battle Abbey_, Kancey, Cauncy, and Chauncy, and +the present French names, Cance, Chanceau, and Chanzy, seem to be in +conformity with this view. The French seem to have some other names from +the same stem, as Cançalon (O.G. Gansalin) and Gantzère (O.G. Gentsar). +The forms Cansick, Kensal (both diminutives, and the latter answering to +Chancel), and Kensett, may be taken to represent the native form of the +stem as found in Kenzingas. + + +SNOAD, SNODIN, SNOWDEN (?), SNODGRASS. + +Of the Snotingas, who gave the name to Snotingaham, now Nottingham, we +have not many traces, either in Anglo-Saxon times or at present. There +are three Anglo-Saxon names, Snode, Snodd, and Snoding, derived from +place-names, p. 102. In Old German names it only occurs as the ending of +two or three names of women. The meaning is to be found in A.S. _snot_, +prudent, sagacious. The name Snodgrass may be a compound from this stem +as a corruption of Snodgast, though no ancient correspondent has turned +up,--compare Prendergrass, p. 114. + + +THRALE. + +This is a very uncommon name; I never knew of an instance other than +that of the brewer who is handed down to posterity as the friend of +Johnson. So also in ancient times there is only one name on record, +Thralo, for which Foerstemann proposes Old Friesic, _thrall_, swift, +nimble. + + +EARWAKER, EDDIKER. + +The curious-looking name Earwaker is no doubt the same as an Eueruacer +(Everwacer), in _Domesday_, from _evor_, boar, and _wacar_, watchful, +and it is of interest as supplying a missing link in the study of Old +German names. For the Old German name corresponding to this appears as +Eburacer, and while some other German writers have taken the ending to +be _acer_ (Eng. _acre_), Foerstemann has, rightly as it is proved, +suggested that it is a contraction of _wacer_. Similarly the ancient +name Odoacer, of the king of the Heruli, is proved by corresponding +Anglo-Saxon names, Edwaker in a charter of manumission at Exeter, and +Edwacer on coins minted at Norwich (A.S. _ed_ = O.H.G. _od_), to be +properly Odwacer. From this A.S. Edwaker may be our name Eddiker; and +some others of our names, as _Goodacre_ and _Hardacre_, may represent +ancient names not yet turned up.[56] The second part of the compound, +_wacer_ (whence our _Waker_), is itself a very ancient stem, being found +on the one hand in the Wacer(ingas), among the early Saxon settlers, and +on the other in the name Vacir, probably Frankish, on Roman pottery. + + +SHAWKEY, CHALKEY, CHALK, CAULK, KELK, CHALKLEN, CALKING, CHALKER, +CHAUCER. + +We may take it that our name Shawkey (Shalkey) is the same as an A.S. +Scealc, p. 101, and as an O.G. Scalco, from _scalc_, servant. And the +question is, whether our names Caulk, Chalk, and Chalkey, corresponding +with an A.S. Cealca (found apparently in Cealcan gemero), and our name +Kelk, corresponding with an A.S. Celc, p. 98, may not be forms of the +same name without the initial _s_. Or whether they may be, as I before +suggested, from the tribe-name of the Chauci or Cauci, one of the +peoples included in the Frankish confederation. Of such a stem, however, +there is not any trace in the _Altdeutsches Namenbuch_, which one might +rather expect to be the case, seeing how fully Old Frankish names are +therein represented. However, I am not able to come to any definite +conclusion respecting this stem, which the forms above cited show to be +an ancient one. The French names Chaussy, Chaussée, Cauche, Cauchy, seem +to be in correspondence, as also Chaussier, comparing with Chaucer, +which, as a softened form, I think may have come through the Normans. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[54] Kemble explains Cnebba as "he that hath a beak," which would seem +to make it a sobriquet. But it certainly seems more reasonable to bring +it into an established stem. + +[55] This name might also be deduced from another stem. + +[56] Unless, as seems possible, Goodacre may represent the Old German +name Gundachar. + + + + +CHAPTER X + +NAMES WHICH ARE NOT WHAT THEY SEEM. + + +It follows inevitably that, among the multitude of names such as are +included within the scope of this work, there must be many which, though +being of ancient origin, accidentally coincide with other words of +modern meaning. And thus there are several which might be taken to be +from names of women, such as the following:-- + + +ANNE, NANNY, BETTY, SALL, MOLL, PEGG, BABB, MAGG, MEGGY, MAY, MAYO, +NELLY, LUCY, KITTY, HANNAH, MAUDE. + +These are all English surnames, and have sometimes been accounted for on +the supposition of illegitimacy. Now, I am very much inclined to doubt +the existence, at least in England, of any names derived from women, +inasmuch as in the whole range of our surnames I do not know of one that +is _unmistakably_ so derived. There is certainly a case, referred to at +p. 57, of a surname ending in _trud_, a specially female ending, but, as +I have there remarked, it does not necessarily follow that the word is +the same as that used in women's names. There is, moreover, another name +which a little puzzles me, _Goodeve_, which looks as if it were from +the A.S. Godgefa, later Godiva. This is from a special female ending, +and I know of no corresponding masculine. But this might be an +exceptional case, for I doubt not that many a child in England, and +possibly even boys, with an unwonted masculine ending, might be called +after the noble woman who freed her people from the tax-- + + "And made herself an everlasting name." + +However, whether this might be so or not, the case seems scarcely +sufficient of itself to establish the principle. And with regard to +names such as those of which I am now treating, the resemblance is only +apparent, and, as I shall proceed to show, these are all in reality +ancient names of men. Anna, for instance, was a king of the East Angles, +and Moll the name of a king of Northumbria. Anna, Betti, Salla, Moll, +Pega, are early men's names in the _Liber Vitæ_, and all of the above +are to be found in some kindred form in the _Altdeutsches Namenbuch_. +And some of these names still bear their ancient meaning on their front, +thus Pegg is the "pegger," and Moll (or Maule, the more proper form) is +the "mauler," the stem being referred to Goth. _mauljan_, to maul. + +To take, then, these names in order, Anne, which corresponds with many +ancient names besides that of the king of the East Angles, among others +with that of an Anna, Archbishop of Cologne in the eleventh century, may +be referred to O.H.G. _ano_, ancestor. And Hannah (more properly Hanna) +is, with the ending in _a_, p. 24, the same as Hanney and Hann, probably +from the same stem, the _h_ being falsely assumed. Nanny corresponds +with an O.G. Nanno, referred to Goth. _nanthian_, audere. Betty, along +with which we must take Batty, is to be referred to A.S. _beado_, O.H.G. +_bado_, war, found in many ancient names. Sall, along with Sala, is from +a stem, p. 62, supposed by Foerstemann to mean dark. Kitty, along with +Kitt and Kitto, and also Kidd, corresponding with an A.S. Cydd, p. 98, +and a Cyda, in the _Liber Vitæ_, is from a stem _gid_, _kit_, referred +to A.S. _giddian_, to sing. Babb, corresponding with an A.S. Babba, the +name of a moneyer, and other ancient names, is from a stem which +Foerstemann thinks must have been originally derived from "children's +speech." Magg and Meggy, corresponding with an A.S. Mæg and Mecga, and +an O.G. Megi, are from a stem referred to Goth. _magan_, posse, valere; +and May, along with Mayo, corresponding with an O.G. Maio, and perhaps +with a Maio on Roman pottery, is a softened form of the same. Lucy +corresponds with an O.G. Liuzi, a High German form from _liud_, people, +and I think must have come to us through the Normans. Nelly, along with +Knell, is referred to at p. 161, as probably from O.N. _hnalla_, to +beat. Maude stands on a somewhat different footing from the rest, the +surname being really in this case from the same origin as the woman's +name. But the woman's name, as I shall endeavour to show in the next +chapter, owes its origin to an ancient mistake, and is properly a man's +name. + + +_Names apparently from Animals._ + +Many of the names apparently from animals are also to be otherwise +explained. A few of the nobler animals, as the bear, the wolf, and the +boar, are to be found in the names of men throughout the Teutonic +system. The lion also and the horse occur, though by no means so +commonly. The _urus_, or wild ox, appears to have contributed a few +names, of which our _Ure_ may be one. I have met with the fox in one +single instance, that of a Northman, Füks, on a runic inscription quoted +by Stevens, though it is rather probable that Foxes beorh, "Fox's +barrow" (Kemble, _Cod. Dip._), may also be from the name of a man. Among +birds, the eagle, the raven, and the swan were common throughout the +Teutonic system, the last, among the Germans, more especially in the +names of women. To account for this, Weinhold observes that along with +the beauty of the swan was contained a warlike sense derived from the +swan plumage of the maids of Odin. But among the Danes and the Saxon +sea-rovers Swan seems to have been common as a man's name, and in this +case the idea was more probably that of the way in which the swan rides +the waters as the ideal of a rover's life. The eagle, the raven, the +swan, the hawk, and the finch seem to be found in the Earningas, the +Ræfningas, the Suaningas, the Haucingas, and the Fincingas, among our +early settlers, though the two last do not seem to occur in the Teutonic +system generally. I doubt all names that appear to be from fishes, and, +with one notable exception, all names that appear to be from reptiles or +insects. That exception is the snake, which was in special favour for +the names of men among the Danes and Northmen, there being no fewer than +twenty-four men called Ormr (worm or snake) in the _Landnamabôk_ of +Iceland. Hence the name _Orme_, rather common among us, and the Saxon +form _Worm_, not by any means common. Among the Germans the snake was, +according to Weinhold, who looks upon it as the type of fascination and +insinuation, in especial favour for the names of women. The two +principal words in use among them were _lind_ (O.H.G. _lint_, snake) and +_ling_ (O.N. _lingvi_, serpent). Hence may be our _Lind_ and _Lindo_, +corresponding with an O.G. Linto; and _Ling_ and _Lingo_, corresponding +with an O.G. Lingo, and an O.N. Lingi. But both of these derivations are +somewhat uncertain, and especially the former, for I venture to think +that _lind_, gentle, is at least as appropriate for women as _lind_, +snake. To come then to the names which I take to be otherwise explained. + + +CAMEL, LEOPARD, BUCK, PIGG, RABBIT, CAT, RAT, MOUSE, SQUIRRELL. GOOSE, +GOSLING, GANDER, DUCK, DUCKLING, OSTRICH, LARK, WREN. FISH, SHARK, +DOLPHIN, SALMON, TROUT, WHITING, SMELT, HADDOCK, HERRING, TUNNY, SPRATT, +MINNOW, LAMPREY. MOTH, MOTE, FLY, FLEA, EARWIG, EMMETT. + +Of the above, Camel is another form of Gamol, signifying old; there is a +Northman called Kamol in a runic inscription in Stevens. Leopard (see p. +151) is a corruption of Liubhard. Buck is found among the early Saxon +settlers, also as an O.G. Bucco, and a Buccus, rather probably German, +on Roman pottery, and may be taken to be another form of Bugg, p. 3. +Pigg, corresponding with an O.G. Pigo, must be referred to the same stem +as Pegg, viz. _bichen_, to slash. Rabbit is no doubt the same as a +Rabbod, a "Duke of the Frisians" mentioned by Roger of Wendover, a +contraction of Radbod, p. 119. Catt, along with Cattey, is another form +of Gatty, corresponding with an O.G. Gatto (_gatten_, to unite). Ratt, +corresponding with a French Ratte, may be referred to an O.G. Rato +(_rad_ or _rat_, counsel). Along with Mouse I take Moss, also a present +German Muss, and a French Mousse, all of which may be referred to an +O.G. Muoza, a High German form of _môd_, _môt_, courage; this name +having rather probably come to us through the Normans. Squirrell I have +referred to at p. 160. Goose and Gosling I also take to have probably +come to us through the Normans, as representing a High German form of +the stem _gaud_ (supposed to mean Goth). There are to compare French +names Gousse, Gosselin, Josselin, corresponding with Old German names +Gauso and Gauzelin, the latter a diminutive. Hence also, as a Christian +name, Jocelyn, of Old Frankish origin, come to us through the Normans. +Gander is from an A.S. Gandar, referred to in its place as a compound of +_gand_, probably signifying wolf. Duck, corresponding with a Duce (hard +_c_) in the _Liber Vitæ_, is another form of Tuck, as in the Tucingas, +early settlers in Kemble's list, from the stem _dug_, A.S. _dugan_, to +be "doughty." And Duckling, corresponding with an A.S. Duceling, p. 98, +and an O.G. Dugelin, is a diminutive (like Gosling) from the same stem. +Ostrich represents an O.G. Austoric, and an A.S. Estrich (_Auster_ or +_Easter_ orientalis). Wren, along with Rennie and Renno, is from a stem +referred to _ran_, rapine; though it may also be the same name as Rain, +from _ragin_, counsel. Lark and Laverock are perhaps a little uncertain; +we find Anglo-Saxon names Lauerc, Lauroca, and Laferca, which might be +from the A.S. _laferc_, O.E. _laverock_, lark. On the whole, however, I +am rather more disposed to take them to be from Lafer among the early +settlers (not I think a compound) with the diminutive ending _ec_, and +similarly I would take Leverett to be formed from the same word, _lafer_ +or _lefer_, with the (perhaps also diminutive) ending _et_. + +Coming to names apparently from fishes, I question very much whether +Fiske and Fish are from A.S. _fisc_, pisces, though Foerstemann, in +default of a better, gives that meaning in an ancient name, Fisculf. I +think it is one of the cases in which a meaning is to be got from the +Celtic, and take it that the Welsh _ffysg_, impetuous, supplies the +sense that is required, of which also some slight traces are to be found +in Teutonic dialects. Shark and Sharkey I take to be the same name as +Sere in the _Liber Vitæ_, from A.S. _serc_, Sco. "sark," shirt, in the +sense of a shirt of mail. It is formed, according to Diefenbach, upon a +stem _sar_ or _ser_, signifying armatura, p. 62; whence an O.G. Saracho, +corresponding with the above. The Sercings are a tribe or family +mentioned in the "Traveller's Song," and in connection with the Serings: + + "With the Sercings I was, and with the Serings." + +The connection between the two, however, is here probably only for the +sake of the alliteration. Dolphin is the Danish name Dolgfinnr, p. 48. +There was a Dolfin, presumably of Scandinavian origin, governor of +Carlisle in the time of Rufus. Herring and Whiting are both from the +Anglo-Saxon patronymic, p. 28, and Haddock, with the M.G. Hädicke, is a +diminutive from the stem _had_, war, p. 54. Tunny, along with Tunn and +Tunno (Tunna, _Lib. Vit._), is another form of Dunn, a common +Anglo-Saxon name. Spratt I class along with Sprout and Sprott, comparing +them with an O.G. Sprutho, as from Goth, _sprauto_, nimble, active. And +Minnow, along with Minn and Minney, corresponding with an O.G. Minna, +may be taken to be from A.S. _myn_, love, affection. Salmon is the same +as an O.G. Salaman, from, as supposed, _salo_, dark; and Trout may be +the same as an O.G. Truto, probably signifying beloved. Smelt may be +taken to be from A.S. _smelt_, gentle; it occurs once as the name of an +Anglo-Saxon, but does not seem to be a word entering into the Teutonic +system, and may have been originally a sobriquet. Lamprey I have already +referred to, p. 115, as a probable corruption of Landfred. + +Of names apparently from insects, Moth and Mote (Mote, _Hund. Rolls_) +are probably the same as an O.G. Moata, from _môd_, _môt_, courage, +German _muth_. Fly and Flea are included in a stem, p. 159; and Emmet +may be taken to be from A.S. _emita_, quies, found in several ancient +names. Earwig I have taken, p. 49, to be a contraction of Evorwig, as +Earheart of Everhard, and Earwaker of Evorwacer.[57] Many other names of +the same sort might be adduced, but those I have given will I think be +sufficient for the purpose. + + +_Names apparently from Office or Occupation_: + +LORD, EARL, ABBOTT, NUNN, BISHOP, PRIEST, ALDERMAN, PRENTICE, PRINCE, +HAYWARD, HOWARD, ANGLER, ARCHER, AUTHER, FARRIER, HURLER, PLAYER, +MARINER, WARNER, WALKER, PLOWMAN, ARKWRIGHT, HARTWRIGHT, SIEVEWRIGHT, +GOODWRIGHT. + +Lord, as noted at p. 158, can hardly be from A.S. _hlaford_, Eng. lord. +Earl, however, along with Early, seems to be the same word as Eng. +"earl," though as a name entering into the Teutonic system it is only a +word of general honorific meaning, and may not represent any man who +ever bore the title. Abbott I take to be the same as an A.S. Abbod, p. +96, the stem being, as supposed, from Goth. _aba_, man. Nunn, along with +Nunney and Noon, compares with Nun, the name of a kinsman of Ina, king +of Wessex, and with O.G. Nunno and Nunni, the meaning of which seems +somewhat obscure. Bishop, at least in its origin, can hardly have been +from the office, for there is a Biscop in the genealogy of the kings of +the Lindisfari, who must of course have been a heathen. The name in this +case may be a compound of _bis_ (closely allied to _bas_, p. 5) and A.S. +_côf_, strenuous, which we find as the ending of some other A.S. names. +But after the advent of Christianity, a man, though inheriting the old +name, would no doubt wear it with a difference. Priest must, I think, be +what it seems, there is a witness to a charter (_Thorpe_, p. 69) whose +name is Preost, and whose description is "presbyter"; his original name, +whatever it was, must have been so completely superseded by that of his +office that at last he accepted it himself, and signed accordingly. +Alderman I have taken, p. 116, to be, even in Anglo-Saxon times, a +corruption. Such a name, as derived from office, could hardly be borne +by an Anglo-Saxon, unless, indeed, as a sobriquet, superseding his +original name. So also Prentice, from an A.S. Prentsa, I take to be due +to a corruption in Anglo-Saxon times. I am not sure that Prince may not +be from the same name, Prentsa, dropping the vowel-ending and becoming +Prents. A name which has been mistakenly supposed to be from some +office of agricultural oversight is Hayward; it is however an ancient +name, more properly Agward or Egward. Howard, which has been sometimes +confounded with it, is an entirely different name, the O.N. Hâvardr +(_hâ_, high), introduced I think by the Danes or Northmen. + +Some names formed with _wright_, as Arkwright, Hartwright, Sievewright, +and Goodwright, will be found in their places in Chapter III. as, +according to my view, ancient compounds. I might perhaps add Boatwright, +from an O.G. Buotrit, and also Cheesewright, for which we have the stem, +p. 155, though no ancient form to represent this particular compound. +The Wrihtingas, in Kemble's list of early settlers, I take to be +properly Ritingas, from a stem _rit_, supposed to be the same as Eng. +"ride," though perhaps in an older and more general sense of rapid +motion. Many names ending in _er_, as Ambler, Angler, Archer, Auther, +&c., are in reality from an ancient ending in _har_, signifying warrior. +Ambler represents an O.G. Amalher, p. 42, Angler an O.G. Angilher, p. +42, Archer an O.G. Erchear, p. 42, and Auther an O.G. Authar, p. 42. +Farrier, along with Ferrier, may represent an O.G. Feriher, p. 49, and +Hurler an O.G. Erlehar, from the stem _erl_ already referred to. Gambler +represents an O.G. Gamalher, and Player is the same as an A.S. Plegher, +from _pleg_, play, probably the play of battle. Then we have Mariner and +Marner, which, with French Marinier and Marnier, may be referred to an +O.G. Marnehar (_mar_, famous), and in a similar manner Warrener and +Warner may be taken to be from an O.G. Warnehar (Warin = Wern). Among +names of this class we may also include Walker, of which there is +abundant instance as an ancient name. Kemble has Wealceringas among the +early settlers, as well as also Wealcingas representing the stem on +which it is formed, probably A.S. _wealh_, stranger. There was in after +Anglo-Saxon times a Walchere, bishop of Lindisfarne, and Ualcar is found +in a runic inscription in Stevens; while, as O.G. names, we have +Walachar and Walchar, and as a present German name we have Walcher. +However, in view of the commonness of this name, it is perhaps only +reasonable to suppose an admixture from A.S. _wealcere_, a fuller. + +I may here observe that this same ending, _har_, so common in ancient +names, give us many names which have the appearance of a comparative, +such as _Harder_, _Paler_, _Richer_, &c., and in its other form, _hari_, +many names such as _Armory_, _Buttery_, _Gunnery_, _Flattery_, which we +have also in the other form as _Armor_, _Butter_, _Gunner_, and +_Flatter_ (_flat_, formosus). + + +_Names apparently from Times and Seasons._ + +The names of this sort have generally been supposed to be derived from a +person having been born at some particular time. That there are names of +this sort, such as Christmas, Noel, and Midwinter, we cannot for a +moment doubt, but, judging by the early records of our names, they are +of very rare occurrence, and I conceive that in the majority of cases +names of such appearance are to be otherwise accounted for. + + +SUNDAY, MONDAY, FRIDAY, HOLIDAY, LOVEDAY, HOCKADAY, PENTECOST, LAMMAS, +LAMAISON, SUMMER, WINTER, JANUARY. + +Sunday may be Sunda, comparing with an O.G. Sundo, and an A.S. Sunta, +perhaps from _sund_, sea. Similarly Munday may be Munda, to be referred, +along with Mundy, to _mund_, protection, and comparing with an O.G. +Mundo. The other four names ending in _day_ seem to represent ancient +compounds, and in what sense these were given it is difficult to say. +Friday corresponds with an O.G. Frittag and with an A.S. Frigedæg, p. +99, Holiday with an O.G. Halegdag, Loveday (Luiedai in Domesday) with an +O.G. Liopdag (_liub_, love), and Hockaday, with a present French Hocedé, +with an O.G. Hodag (_hoh_ or _hoch_, high). From the character of these +names, compounded with "high," "holy," "peace," and "love," they might +be supposed to have been given in a religious sense, and their date, the +ninth century, would be in conformity. The Anglo-Saxon name Frigedæg, it +will be observed, is from the same word as our "Friday," and not the +same as the Old German name, which is from _frid_, peace. But it seems +to me quite possible that the Anglo-Saxons, having received the name, +might mistake its meaning and spell it according to their own views. +This they seem to do in some other cases, as, for instance, the stem +_wit_, common to the Teutonic system, and rather probably from _wid_, +wood, they seem to take as from _wiht_, man, and spell it accordingly. +Summer and Winter are both ancient names; in the _Cod. Dip. Alamanniæ_ +there are two brothers called respectively Sumar and Winter, A.D. 858. +Winter was also the name of one of the companions of Hereward the Saxon. +Pentecost I have elsewhere supposed, p. 120, to be a corruption of +Pentecast, as an ancient name. I rather doubt Lammas, which is found as +Lammasse in the _Hundred Rolls_, and which corresponds with a French +Lamas. Lamisso was the name of a Lombard king of the fifth century, and +was derived, according to an old chronicler, from _lama_, water, because +in his youth the king had been rescued from drowning--a derivation which +may perhaps be regarded with some suspicion. Taking Lammas then as the +representative of an ancient name, we might get from it our name +Lamaison (ending in _en_, p. 27), though if Lammas were from the +diminutive ending is, _es_, p. 32, it could not take a German _en_ in +addition; in this case the ending must be Romanic, which, from the +French form of the name, seems very possible. As to the name January, I +am inclined to look upon it as a corruption of another name, Jennery, +which, along with Jenner, I take to be the same as the Old German names +Genear and Ginheri, from, as supposed, _gan_, magic or fascination. + + +_Names apparently from Parts of the Body._ + +HEAD, BODY, ARMS, LEGG, LEGGY, LEGLESS, FINGER, HEART, EARHEART, SIDE, +BACK, ELBOW, FOOTE, TONGUE. (LAWLESS, BOOKLESS, FAIRLESS, RECKLESS), +FAIRFOOT, TRUEFITT. + +With the exception of Foote and Tongue, I do not think that any of the +above are what they seem. Head seems to be probably the same as A.S. +Hedda, which, like another name, Hada, seems to be from _had_, war. +Body is clearly from _bodi_, messenger, p. 157, and Arms is from an +ancient origin, p. 19. Legg I take to be the same as Law, A.S. _lag_, +found in several ancient names. Hence I take Legless to be the same as +Lawless, and both to mean "learned in the law," from an ancient ending +_leis_, explained by Foerstemann as "learned." This gives something like +a meaning to some other names, as Bookless; "book-learned"; Fairless, +"travel-learned"; perhaps Reckless (A.S. _reccan_, to reck, understand). +Finger is a Scandinavian name, p. 50, Heart is a false spelling of +_hart_, hard, and Earheart is Everard, p. 49. Side is from an A.S. Sida, +p. 93, and Back (Bacca and Bacga in the _Lib. Vit._) is another form of +Bagge, _bagan_, to contend. Elbow I take to be Elbo, from _alb_ or +_alf_, signifying "elf." Foote may be taken to be what it seems, though +I think that such a name must have had a vowel-ending, as its meaning +must be "footy," _i.e._ nimble, as "handy," from hand. Comparing with +our Foote there is a name Fus on Roman pottery, which, see p. 4, it is +clear from his little joke, that the owner took to be from _fus_, foot. +It does not follow, as a matter of course, that the old potter knew the +meaning of his own name; there is a word _funs_, sometimes _fus_, +occurring in O.G. names in the supposed meaning of eager; this word +would more appropriately be used without a vowel-ending than would +_fus_, foot. Foerstemann has a name, Fussio, which does not, however, +throw any light upon it. Another name, however, also found on Roman +pottery, Lytafus, corresponding with our Lightfoot, rather seems to +favour the meaning of _fus_, foot. Two other names of a similar kind to +Lightfoot are Fairfoot (properly Farefoot; _faran_, to go, travel), and +Truefitt (properly Truefoot) a name like Treubodi, p. 26. The last name, +Tongue, corresponds with an O.G. Tungo, which I take to be from _tung_, +lingua, probably in the sense of eloquence. We must presume the name not +to be High German. + + +_Names apparently from Trees._ + +Names from trees have been generally taken to be derived from a local +origin, as marking the site of a man's habitation. There are, however, a +number of names which I take in some, or in all cases, to be from a +different origin. + + +ASH, ASKE, ASKEY, BEECH, BIRCH, ALDER, OAKE, OAKEY, IVY, LINDEN, THORNE, +HASELL, WILLOW, SYCAMORE, CHESNUT, ROWANTREE. + +Aske or Ashe represents an ancient stem in Teutonic names, perhaps +derived from a mythological origin, man being feigned to have been +created out of an ash-tree, perhaps from being the wood out of which +spears were made (Cf. _Asquith_, p. 148). The Ascingas were among the +early settlers, and Æsc was the name of the son of Hengest. Hence I take +our names, Ash, Aske, and Askey, with several compounds. The Bircingas +were also among the early settlers; the stem seems to be _birg_, +supposed to mean protection, and entering into a number of names +throughout the Teutonic system. Alder, which corresponds with an A.S. +Aldher, and an O.G. Althar, is a compound of _ald_, old, and _hari_, +warrior. The oak, as the symbol of strength, would seem suitable for +men's names, but upon the whole it seems more probable that Oake and +Oakey, Aikin (A.S. Acen, p. 96) and Aikman (A.S. Æcemann, p. 96), are +from _ac_, _ec_, perhaps "edge," acies. Ivy is the same as Ive with a +vowel-ending, and compares with an O.G. Ivo, and an A.S. Iffa, perhaps +from O.N. _yfa_, to rage. Linden is from _lind_, p. 175, with the ending +in _en_, p. 27. Hasel and Thorn are both found in the list of early +settlers, the former I take to be properly Asel, corresponding with an +O.G. Asilo, from _as_ or _os_, semideus; the latter, which does not seem +to occur in the Teutonic system generally, I rather suppose to be a +contraction of O.N. _thoran_, boldness. Willow, along with Will and +Willey, is also found in the list of early settlers, and corresponds +with an O.G. Willo, perhaps from _will_ in the sense of resolution. +Sycamore is from an O.G. Sicumar, p. 162, and Chestnut is referred to at +p. 155. Rowantree is no doubt from the tree, and may perhaps have +reference to its supposed magical powers. Rointru is also a French name, +perhaps a relic of the many Scotchmen who have at different times taken +refuge in that country, though possibly of older origin. + +There are a few other names which may be included here. + + +STUBBE, STUBBING, GROVE (GRUBB), TWIGG, SPRIGG (TWINE, TWINING, TWISS, +SPRAGUE, SPRACK, SPARK, SPRACKLIN, SPRECKLY). + +Stubbe might be taken to be of local origin, for nothing would be more +appropriate to mark a locality than a stub. But the patronymic Stubbing +points to an origin of a different kind, and moreover we find Stubingas +among the early settlers. And there was also a Stuf, nephew of Cerdic, +and a Northman called Stufr in the _Laxdæla-saga_. The origin is to be +found in O.N. _stufr_, _stubbr_, A.S. _styb_, branch, shoot, probably in +the honorific sense of race or lineage. I take Grove, along with which I +put Grubb, to be from Germ. _grob_, Dan. _grov_, coarse, clumsy; but no +doubt in an older sense more suitable for men's names, and probably +cognate with Eng. "gruff," the idea being that of great size and +strength. We find Grobb as an Anglo-Saxon name, p. 99, and Griubinc (son +of Griub) as an Old German name, of which, however, Foerstemann does not +offer any explanation. Grobe and Grove are present German names (the +latter Low German), and Grub and Grubi are found in France. Here also I +may take Twigg, corresponding with an A.S. Twicga, moneyer of St. +Edmund, also with a Tuica found in Tuicanham, now Twickenham. I take it +to be from the same root as "twig," viz. A.S. _tweg_, two, and to have +perhaps the meaning of "twin." (Names of a similar kind may be Twine, +with its patronymic Twining, and also Twiss, corresponding with an O.G. +Zuiso, A.S. _twis_, twin.) Sprigg I class along with Sprague, Sprack, +and Spark, corresponding with a Spraga in the _Lib. Vit._, as from O.N. +_sprackr_, Prov. Eng. _spragg_, _sprack_, smart, active. We have also, +as a diminutive, Spracklin, corresponding with a Spraclingus in the +_Lib. Vit._, and we have Spreckley, probably the same name as that of +Sprakaleg, brother of Sweyn, king of Denmark, from O.N. _spræklegr_, +sprightly. + + +_Names apparently from Complexion or Colour of Hair._ + +Such names as Black, White, Brown, have been no doubt in many, probably +in most cases, original surnames. Nevertheless they are also ancient +baptismal names, and it is not by any means certain that these are from +the same origin as the surnames. + + +BLACK, BLACKER, BLAKE, BLANK, BLANCHARD, WHITE, BROWN, DUNN, GRAY, +GREGG, CRAIG, MURCH, MURCHIE, SMIRKE. + +The Blacingas were among the early settlers. Blecca was the name of a +governor of Lincoln, A.D. 627; Blaca is an early name in the _Liber +Vitæ_, and Blac is a name in _Domesday_. I am inclined to take Black, +along with Blake, to be (of course as an ancient name) the same word as +_blic_, found in some Old German names, and to find the sense concerned +in A.S. blican, to shine (which indeed is the root of _black_), hence to +give it, like Bright, the sense of "illustrious." Hence I take our +Blacker and the French Blacher to be the same as an O.G. Blicker +(_hari_, warrior)--the ancient family of Blacker, I believe, trace their +origin to Nancy. I further take Blank and Blanchard (_hard_, fortis) to +be a nasalised form of the above, and to have the same meaning. The stem +will be found in more detail p. 46. + +I take White, so far as it may be of ancient origin, not to be from +colour; in some cases it may be from _wid_, wood, and perhaps in others +from _wit_, wisdom. In Anglo-Saxon names it is spelt _wiht_, as if from +_wiht_, man--Cf. O.G. Witgar, A.S. Wihtgar, O.G. Witleg, A.S. Wihtlæg, +O.G. Widrad, A.S. Wihtræd, though, as I take it, it is the same word +common to the Teutonic system. + +The Brownings (Brûningas) were also among the early settlers, and Brûn +frequently occurs in after Anglo-Saxon times; among others there is a +Brûn bydel, "Brown the beadle," in a charter of manumission. Bruno also +occurs as an Old German name, and Brûni was not an uncommon name among +the Northmen. I am rather disposed to question the derivation from +brown, _fuscus_, and as in the case of Black, to take the sense +contained in the root, which seems to be that of burning or brightness. +One of the Northmen, called Brûni, was surnamed "the white," so that in +his case, at any rate, the name was not derived from complexion. Dunn is +another name that is found among the early settlers, and also in after +Anglo-Saxon times. It seems to me to be at least as probably from O.N. +_duna_, thunder, as from _dun_, fuscus. + +The Grægingas (A.S. _græeg_, grey) are also found in the list of early +settlers, though the name does not seem to figure much in after +Anglo-Saxon times. There are Old German names Grao and Grawo, and +various compounds. The root-meaning seems to contain the sense of +"horror," which may be that which is present in names, the idea being of +course that of one who is a terror to others. As well as Gray, we have +Gregg, and perhaps as another form Craig,[58] and the Germans have Grau. +The Myrcingas among the early settlers may perhaps be represented in our +Murch and Murchie (whence Murchison), possibly also in S(mirke). Whether +the name is from A.S. _mirc_, dark, mirk, may be uncertain; Professor +Skeat thinks of _marc_, limes, for the Myrcingas, who are probably the +same as the Myrgingas of the "Traveller's Song." + + +_Names apparently from Scriptural Personages._ + +While names taken from the eminent characters of Scripture have, ever +since the advent of Christianity, been in favour for the names of men, +there are among our surnames some names which we must reasonably suppose +are to be otherwise explained. + + +PHAROAH, HEROD, ESAU, CAIN, JAEL, POTIPHAR PUDDIFER (ABLARD). + +Of the above, Pharaoh is only a misleading spelling of an O.G. name +Faro, perhaps come to us through the Normans. And Esau is a similar +perversion of another O.G. name Eso, probably from _as_ or _os_, +semi-deus. Cain is, along with Gain, from the name Gagin, Cagen, p. 10, +probably signifying victory. Herod is, no doubt, the same as an A.S. +Herrid in a charter of Wihtræd, from, as supposed, A.S. _herad_, +principatus, found also in some Old German names. Jael I take to be most +probably a softened form of Gale, from a stem referred to A.S. _galan_, +to sing. Potiphar, along with Puddifer, a French Potefer, and perhaps a +Low German Bötefur,[59] I take to represent an ancient name not turned +up, from _bod_, _bud_, or _pot_, envoy or messenger, and _faran_, to +travel, found as an ending in some Old German names. Abel is a name +which, as frequently used for a Christian name, might also be found in +surnames. But there is a Teutonic word _abal_, signifying strength, +which may be more probably that which is found in the French Abeillard, +with which we have a name Ablard to correspond. + + +_Names apparently Descriptive of Moral Characteristics._ + +There are a number of names which, if they had been found as Christian +names, might have been supposed to be of Puritan origin, but which as +surnames must be otherwise accounted for. + + +GOODHEART, STONEHEART, GODWARD, LOVEGOD, LOVEGOOD, LOVEMAN, MANLOVE, +GOODLIFFE, FULLALOVE, GODLIMAN, GOODENOUGH, THOROUGHGOOD, HUMBLE, SAINT, +BADMAN, PAGAN, BIGOT, GODDAM, SWEARS, SWEARING, SCAMP. + +Of the above, Goodheart and Stoneheart are compounds of _hart_, hard, +pp. 53, 63. So also Godward Lovegod, Lovegood, Loveman, Manlove, +Goodliffe, and Fullalove will be found in their places as ancient +compounds in Chap. III. Godliman I take to be a corruption of an O.G. +Godalmand (the _l_ being introduced in accordance with a principle +referred to at p. 114) Goodenough is referred to at p. 119, and +Thoroughgood at p. 120. Humble I take to be the same name as the German +Humboldt, from an O.G. Hunbald, the ending _bald_ often in our names +becoming _ble_. Saint I take to be the same as Sant, _sand_ or _sant_, +verus, the stem on which is formed Sander in the list of early settlers. + +Of the names apparently of an opposite character, Badman, corresponding +with a Badumon in the _Liber Vitæ_, is a compound of _bad_, war. Goddam +stands for Godhelm as William for Willihelm. Swears and Swearing are +explained, p. 160. Scamp corresponds with an O.G. Scemphio, derived by +Foerstemann from O.H.G. _scimph_, jocus. This may possibly be the older +sense of the word, and Scamp may have been nothing worse than a wag. +Pagan, with its contracted form Paine, I have referred to p. 118. Bigot, +along with Pigot, Pickett, and probably Beckett, and a Pigota and +Picotus in the _Liber Vitæ_, may be the same as an A.S. Picced, p. 101, +which I take to represent the form Pichad or Bighad, from the stem +_big_, with _had_, war. There is, however, another explanation suggested +by our name Bidgood. This name, for which the ancient equivalent has not +turned up, seems to be from _bad_, war, and might have been Bidgod (for +_god_ and _good_ constantly interchange), which would readily contract +into Bigod or Bigot. + + +_Names apparently from Nationalities._ + +While we have a number of names derived from nations or races in +accordance with the Teutonic system, there are some others which might +seem more obviously than most others to be from such an origin, and yet +which must I think be referred to some other source. Three of these, +England, Scotland, and Ireland, I have already referred to at p. 9. + + +ENGLISH, INGLIS, ROMAN, NORMAN, GENESE, TURK, SPAIN. + +English I take to be a phonetic corruption of Inglis, which seems to be +the same as an Ingliseus in the _Pol. Irm._, and which I rather suppose +to be a transposition of an Anglo-Saxon Ingils, for Ingisil, from the +stem _ing_, p. 56. Roman, I doubt not, is contracted from Rodman, p. 61, +as Robert is from Rodbert, and Roland from Rodland. I introduce Norman +here as not being, in my view, from "Norman" as we generally understand +the term, but as representing more probably the word in its original +sense of "Northman." Nordman was a Scandinavian name, and hence it is I +think that we have the name, which seems to occur more especially in +Scotland and the Danish districts of England. Genese I take to be most +probably from the old Frankish name Genesius, perhaps from a stem _gan_, +p. 52, with the ending in _es_, p. 33. Turk corresponds with an A.S. +Turca, p. 111, which again is probably the same as a Gothic Turicus of +the fifth century, a diminutive from the stem _dur_ or _tur_ found among +the early settlers, and of uncertain meaning. Spain I take to be from +the A.S. _spanan_, allicere, found in some ancient names, and from which +I take to be our name Spenlove, (_leof_, dear) with the corruption, +Spendlove. The name Spegen, corresponding with our Spain, occurs in the +_Liber Vitæ_ more than once--Is its aspirated form due to the +Northumbrian dialect? + +Of the names which are truly derived from nationality I will here only +refer to one as an illustration of successive forms built one upon the +other in accordance with the principle referred to in treating of the +ending _en_, p. 27. + + +BOY, BYE, PYE, BOYER, BYARD, BOYMAN, PYMAN, BEYERMAN, BYRON. + +There are three forms, the first representing the form _boi_, as found +in the name of the Boii, who gave the name to Boioaria or Bavaria, the +second representing the extended form found in German _Baviar_, the +third the further extended form as found in _Bavarian_. + + +SIMPLE FORM BOI. + +O.G. Boio, Beio, Peio, ninth century. A.S. Boia (in a charter of Cnut). +Eng. Boy, Bye, Pye. Germ. Boye French, Boy, Boye, Poy, Poyé. + + +_Compounds._ + +(_Hard_, fortis), Eng. Byard--French Boyard, Poyart--Italian Boiardo. +(_Man_, vir), Eng. Boyman, Pyman. + + +EXTENDED FORM BOYER. + +O.G. Baior, Peior, ninth century. English, Boyer, Byer. French, Boyer, +Boyreau, Poyer. + + +_Compound._ + +(_Man_, vir), English Beyerman. + + +FURTHER EXTENDED FORM--BAVARIAN. + +O.G. Beiarin, eighth century. English Byron. French Boiron, Boyron. + + +_Names apparently from abbreviated Christian names of men._ + +As I began this chapter with names apparently from women, such as Moll, +Betty, Pegge, so now I propose to conclude it with names of a similar +kind derived apparently from men. + + +BILL, BILLY, BILLOW, WILL, WILLY, WILLOEE, WILKE, WILKIE, WILKIN, +WILLIS, WILLING, DICK, DICKLE, TICKLE, DICKEN, BENN, BENNEY, BENNOCH, +BENNELL, TOM, TOMB, TOOMEY, TOMEY, DUME, DUMMELOW, DUMBELL, TOMMELL, +TOMLIN, DUMLIN, DUMPLIN, HARRY, JACK, JAGO, JACKLIN, BOBY, BOFFEY, BUBB, +BOBBIN. + +No one would take our name Billing to be other than from the Anglo-Saxon +Billing, of which so many traces are to be found in English place +names. And no one, I venture to say, who looks into the subject, would +dispute the ancient compounds formed on the stem, p. 45. Why then should +any one doubt Bill himself, the father of them all, or Billy, ending in +_i_, p. 24, and Billow, ending in _o_ and corresponding with an O.G. +Bilo? Moreover the name is common to all the races who share with us in +a Teutonic ancestry; the Germans have Bille, the Danes have Bille, and +the French have Bille and Billey. The same remarks apply to Will, +Willey, and Willoe, with the diminutives Wilke, Wilkie, Wilkin, Willis, +patronymic Willing, and compounds, p. 66. Dick I take to be the same +word as found in Ticcingas, and suggest for it the meaning of power or +vigour which seems to lie at the root. Hence Dickle and Tickle are the +same as the Diccel found in Diccelingas, and Dicken is the same as an +A.S. Ticcen, p. 102, while Dixie (Dicksie) may be from the ending in +_es_, p. 33. Benn and Benny represent the stem on which are formed the +compounds, p. 45. We have also as diminutives Bennoch, corresponding +with an O.G. Bennico, an A.S. Benoc (in the genealogy of Ida, king of +Bernicia), and a name Bennic (Bennici manû), on Roman pottery; and +Bennell, corresponding with a Gothic [Greek: Benilos], in Procopius, +besides other names in correspondence with ancient forms. Tom has its +vowel shortened, but I take it to be the same as Tomb, Toomey, Tomey, +and Dume, probably from A.S. _dôm_, O.H.G. _tuom_, judgment, "doom," +ancient names in correspondence being Toma, p. 111, Tumma _Lib. Vit._, +and Tomy _Roll. Batt. Abb._ With regard to the last, I may observe that +the French still have corresponding names, as Thomé, Tombe, Thom, Dome, +&c. Then, as diminutives, we have Dummelow, Dumbell, and Tommell, +corresponding with O.G. Duomelo, Tomila, Tumila; and we have Tomlin, +Dumlin (whence Dumplin), corresponding with O.G. Domlin, names in +accordance with both of the above being also found in Germany and +France. Harry, along with Harrow, and Harre, I take to represent the +stem from which we have so many compounds, p. 55. Jack, along with Jago, +and corresponding with an O.G. Jacco, I take to be from O.H.G. _jagon_, +to hunt. Hence as a diminutive, we have Jacklin, corresponding with +Jagelinus and Jachelinus (_Domesday_), and with present German Jacklin, +and French Jacquelin. The stem seems to be somewhat better represented +in French names than in English; among others they have Jacquard +(_ward_, guardian), who gave his name to the Jacquard loom. Boby, +Boffey, and Bubb I take to be the same as Boba, in a charter of Egbert, +and Bofa, dux, in a charter of Ceolwulf of Mercia, also as Old German +names, Bobo, Bovo, Boffo, and Bubo, the word concerned being probably to +be found in German _bube_, Dutch _boef_, boy. Kemble has both Bobbingas +and Bovingas, different forms, I take it, of the same name, in his list +of early settlers. Our name Bobbin, which corresponds with an O.G. +Bobin, may be taken as an example of the ending in _en_, p. 27. + +I trust that I have succeeded in making it clear, from the definite +place which the foregoing are shown to occupy in the Teutonic system, +that they are not, as they have been generally supposed to be, familiar +contractions of Christian names. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[57] Cf. also Eng. "e'er" for "ever." + +[58] There seems probably an Anglo-Saxon name Crecga in Crecganford, now +Crayford. + +[59] Nomen honestissimæ familiæ Hamburgensis (_Richey_). He evidently +takes it as a sobriquet "beet (_i.e._ make up) the fire." + + + + +CHAPTER XI. + +CHRISTIAN NAMES OF WOMEN.[60] + + +The names of women, so far as they are of German origin, enter into the +Teutonic system precisely as do the names of men, and there is, as far +as I know, no instance of a stem used exclusively for the names of +women. But in regard to the second part of the compound, which is that +which governs the name, there are certain words which are only used for +women. Some of these are such as from their meaning would not be +suitable for anything else, such as _trud_, from which we have +_Gertrude_ and _Ermentrude_, both of which seem to be of Frankish +origin, and to have come to us through the Normans. The Anglo-Saxon form +appears to be _dryth_ or _thryth_, as in Mildthryth, from which comes +our _Mildred_, the only name, as far as I know, in that form. Another +feminine ending among the Anglo-Saxons was _gith_, which, as elsewhere +noted, I have supposed to mean woman or goddess. The only name we have +with this ending is _Edith_, unless, as seems not impossible, an +Anglo-Saxon _Godgith_ (Godith, _Lib. Vit._) has got mixed up with +_Judith_. Another specially female ending was _fled_, in H.G. _flat_, +the meaning of which seems to be beauty. As a prefix this word enters +into the names of men, and we may have some names from it, as _Flatt_, +_Flattery_, _Flatman_, &c. As an ending there may have been some word +corresponding with O.N. _fliôd_, a beautiful woman, which has caused its +special application. Then there are certain words, such as _hild_, war, +and _burg_, in which the meaning (condere, servare) may perhaps imply in +such case modesty or chastity; which, as endings, are used almost +exclusively for names of women. But as a general rule the same range of +words forms indifferently names of men and women, the latter being +distinguished only by having the ending in _a_. + +My object in this chapter is only to deal with a few names, in regard to +which I desire to correct some wrong impressions, or to throw some new +light upon the subject. And in the first place I have to refer to the +connection between Isabel and Elizabeth, and to the manner in which I +suppose the former name to have originated. + + +ISABEL _another form of_ ELIZABETH, _and how it came to be so_. + +Miss Yonge in her _History of Christian Names_, is no doubt right in +taking Isabel to be another form of Elizabeth, with which it is +historically shown to have interchanged. But the etymological process by +which this has been brought about has been always somewhat of a puzzle, +and it is upon this point that I have to suggest an explanation. Now the +key to the puzzle is this: that the early Frankish converts in the time +of Charlemagne, introduced the name, not only in its Latin form of +Elizabeth, but also, and indeed more frequently, in its Hebrew form of +Elischeba--it was Elischeba that was made into Isabel and not Elizabeth. +Protected by its strong ending, Elizabeth has retained its form +unchanged. Elischeba has been entirely lost to sight under a cloud of +transformations. Slightly modified to suit Frankish pronunciation, it +was introduced in the first instance as Elisaba, Elisabia, Alisabia, and +Elisavia, all names of women in the _Polyptique de l'Abbé Irminon_ and +the _Polyptique de Saint Remi de Reims_. In the fourteenth century (if, +indeed, it did not take place earlier) we find this old Frankish form +El(isaba) abbreviated into Isabeau, its ending being made to conform to +French ideas of spelling. Isabeau was the name of the wife of Charles +VI. of France, and the name was still recognised as being the same as +Elizabeth. We have got to forge the connecting link between Isabeau and +Isabel, but the process is not a violent one. It would not be difficult +to suppose that the French idea of the fitness of things in the case of +a woman's name would lead them to change this masculine-seeming ending, +_beau_, into what they would conceive to be its appropriate feminine, +and so make Isabeau into Isabelle. We need not suppose that this took +place all at once, or that because one man changed Isabeau into Isabel, +everybody else forthwith proceeded to follow his example. It is more +probable that the two names existed side-by-side, together, for some +time before the struggle for existence terminated in the survival of +(what seemed) the fitter. Throughout all these changes the identity of +the name with Elizabeth had always been recognised; but when Isabel had +finally succeeded in establishing its claim as the representative, the +deposed Isabeau, its origin having been forgotten, might have become a +man's name, and so capable of transmitting surnames, which would account +for Isabeau as a family name in France at the present day. + +But these are not the only changes which have come over this unfortunate +name, for we find Elisavia, another of the old Frankish forms before +noted, forthwith abbreviated into Lisvia, and further corrupted into +Lisavir and Lisabir, all names of women in the two old Frankish +chronicles before referred to. And if we can again suppose the name +Lisavir (or rather Elisavir), its origin having been forgotten, to have +become a man's name (towards which its masculine-looking ending, _vir_, +might have assisted) it might well give the origin of the name Elzevir, +of the famous printers at Amsterdam. Not that the name would necessarily +be of Frankish origin, for the Hebrew form seems also to have been +introduced into Germany, where we find the woman's name, Elisba, in the +ninth century; and, it might be also into Holland, while the phonetic +principles which regulate such changes are more or less of general +application. Again, it seems not improbable that the Spanish woman's +name, Elvira, for which no derivation at all satisfactory has been +suggested, might be properly Elzvira, and so again another form derived +from Elischeba. The question might naturally be asked how it is, seeing +the various contractions which Elischeba has undergone, that Elizabeth +has not been treated in the same way. In point of fact it seems probable +that it has, for we find a solitary name Isabeth in the _Liber Vitæ_ +about the thirteenth century. This was before Elizabeth had come into +use in England, and the name might probably be an importation. But +abbreviate Elizabeth as you will you cannot disguise it, and this is +what I meant in referring to it as "protected by its strong ending." And +now, having dealt with the diversified forms that have grown up around +Elisabeth, I shall have, in a succeeding note, to endeavour to show that +Eliza, which might more certainly than any other form be supposed to be +derived from it, is, in fact, of entirely different origin, and a name +that was in use long before Elizabeth was introduced; though at the same +time we cannot doubt that as soon as ever that potent name came in, +Eliza would be at once appropriated by it. + + +ANNABELLA, ARABELLA, CLARIBEL, CRISTABEL, ROSABEL. + +But in the meantime I may refer to some other names which seem cast in +the same form as Isabel; as for instance, Annabella, Arabella, Claribel, +Christabel, and Rosabel. With regard to these names, I am disposed to +come to the conclusion, that though moulded into the same shape, they +are not by any means all of a similar origin. Annabella would be a very +natural corruption of Amabilla, a name in the _Liber Vitæ_ of Durham. +The same record contains, as names of women, Amabilis, Amabel, and +Mabilla, of course from Latin _amabilis_--whence our Mabel, on this +theory the same name as Annabella. Arabella, again, might be a +corruption of the old Frankish Heribolda--_bold_, as an ending often +changing into _bel_, as in our surnames Grimble and Wimble, from +Grimbald and Winibald, and Tremble (most infelicitously), from Trumbald +(A.S. _trum_, firm, strong). So, also, Claribel might be from an old +Frankish Clarebalda, of which, however, we have only on record the +masculine form, Clarebald. This appears to be from Latin _clarus_, +illustrious, and is not the only case in which the old Franks at that +period mixed up Latin and German in the same name. It is possible that +Christabel might be from a similar origin; for the early Frankish +converts at that period freely adopted the name of Christ, and mixed it +up with German compounds, such as Cristhildis, a woman's name, from +_hild_, war. But on the whole I am rather disposed to suggest a +different origin for Christabel. Finding among the Franks at that period +such names as Firmatus, Stabilis, Constabulis,[61] and the woman's name, +Constabilla, in the sense, no doubt, of "established in the faith," it +might not be unreasonable to suggest such a compound as Christabila, +"established in Christ," as the origin of Christabel.[62] As to the last +named, Rosabel, the ordinarily-received expression of "fair rose" would +be a natural and graceful name for women if the French had to form names +at a later period. But there is a woman's name, Rosibia, in the _Pol. +Irminon_, which suggests a possible process like that in the case of +Isabel--viz., a corruption into Rosibeau, and then a change into +Rosibel. However, as in this case the connecting links are wanting, I +can only put this forward as a conjecture. + + +MAUD _properly a man's name. Its interchange with_ MATILDA _an ancient +mistake_. + +As Isabel interchanged in former times with Elizabeth, so did Maud with +Matilda, among other instances being that of the daughter of Henry I., +who was called by both names. Yet, etymologically, Maud can no more be +derived from Matilda than can Giles from Ægidius, by which it used +formerly to be always Latinized. And the interchange is rendered all the +more curious by the fact that Maud, when traced up to its origin, seems +to be properly a man's name. There has evidently been some ancient +mistake or misappropriation, the origin of which I hope to be able to +account for. The names Mald, Maald, Mauld (all names of women), found in +the _Liber Vitæ_ before the introduction of surnames, and the Christian +name Maulde, found in the fifteenth century, show the form from which +our Maud is immediately derived. Then we have the older forms, Mahald, +Mahalt, and Maholt, all also apparently names of women. And in one case, +about the twelfth or thirteenth century, the name stands as "Mahald vel +Matilda." Now no one who has given attention to the subject can doubt +that Mahald, Mahalt, and the French form, Mahault, are the same as an +Old Frankish Magoald, eighth century, from Gothic _magan_, posse, +valere, and _wald_ power. This is distinctly a man's name; indeed, +_wald_, as an ending, is almost exclusively confined to men's names, as +the ending _hild_, as in Matilda, is to those of women. There is but one +way that I can see out of the difficulty, and it is this. There is in +the _Liber Vitæ_ another name, Mahild, which is no doubt the same as an +Old Frankish Mahilda, which Foerstemann (_Altdeutsches Namenbuch_) takes +to be a contraction of Matilda. It would seem, then, that some mistake +or confusion has in old times arisen between these two names, and that +Mahild, which really represents Matilda, has been set aside in favour of +Mahald, an entirely different name. The fact, however, of our having +Maude as a surname would rather seem to show that this misappropriation +was not universal, for surnames are not--unless it be in some very +exceptional cases--taken from the names of women. + + +ALICE, ALICIA, ELIZA, ADELIZA, ALISON. + +ALICE _properly a man's name, and_ ELIZA _its proper Feminine_. + +I have seen it stated, though I cannot at present recall the authority, +that in one of our ancient families Alice is a name given to the sons +and not to the daughters. This would at any rate be etymologically +correct, for Alice is properly a man's name, and not a woman's. It is, +there seems little doubt, derived from the Anglo-Saxon Adelgis, of which +the female form was Adelgisa. It is clear that Alice (Aliss) represents +Adelgis, and not Adelgisa, and that the proper female form would be +Alisa, or, for euphony, Aliza. I venture to suggest that our Eliza, +generally and very naturally assumed to be an abbreviation of Elizabeth, +is in fact this missing name. Now, for the proofs of Aliza as the +representative of Adelgisa, we must refer to the _Liber Vitæ_ of Durham, +in which we can trace the changes that have taken place in Adelgisa +since the first noble lady of that name laid her gift upon the altar. +First we find it contracted into Adeliza, and then, from about the +twelfth century into Aaliza and Aliza, the latter name being +henceforward rather a common one. The former of these two contracted +forms, Adeliza, though not a name in common use, is one still given to +the daughters of certain of our noble families; the latter form, Aliza, +I take to be the origin of our Eliza. (The initial vowel is of no +account, the ancient name beginning indifferently with _a_ or _e_, and +Alice in some families appearing as Ellice). But concurrently with the +above forms in the _Liber Vitæ_, we have also Adaliz, Adliz, and Alis, +at an early date, some of them at least being certainly names of women, +so that the misappropriation is at any rate an ancient one. + +Towards the close of the record, and about the end of the fourteenth +century, another form, Alicia, begins to make its appearance in the +_Liber Vitæ_, and appears to have become at once a very favourite name. +Then, as now, fashion seems to have ruled, and when a new name came in, +there seems to have been a run upon it. But by this time Elizabeth had +come into use, and as soon as ever that took place, the two names, Eliza +and Elizabeth, would begin to get mixed up together as they are now, so +that a new female form would, so to speak, be required for Alice. +Alicia (or more properly Alisia), is an attempt to supply the euphony +which is lacking in Alisa, by supplementing it with a vowel, just as, +for the same reason, Amala has been made into Amelia. + +About the beginning of the fifteenth century another Christian name for +women, Alison, begins to make its appearance in the _Liber Vitæ_. This +name, however, I take to be from an entirely different origin. There is +an old Frankish woman's name, Alesinda, Elesind, Alesint, of the eighth +century, from which, dropping the final _d_, it would naturally come, +and which is derived by Grimm from Gothic _alja_, alius (in the probable +sense of stranger or foreigner), and _sind_ in the sense of companion or +attendant. + + +JANET: _Not from_ JANE _or any female form of_ JOHN. + +It may seem rather a paradox to suggest that Janet has nothing to do +with Jane, and yet I think that a pretty good case can be made out. We +find Geneta as a woman's name in the _Liber Vitæ_ in the thirteenth +century, before Jane or Joan or Johanna were in use. And in the two +following centuries we have Gennet, Janeta, Janette, and Janet, of +common occurrence as Christian names. (One of these cases is a very +curious one. It is that of one Willelmus Richerdson and his wife +Christina, who having a family of eighteen children, seem to have been +so completely at their wits' end for names to give them, that two of the +sons are called Johannes, two Willelmus, after their father, two of the +daughters Christine, after their mother, and no fewer than three called +Janet. Such reduplication of Christian names does not, however, seem to +have been unusual at that time.) Now it seems clear that the above name, +Geneta, is the same as our Janet, and equally clear that it is not +derived from any female form of John. Foerstemann (_Altdeutsches +Namenbuch_) has an old Frankish woman's name, Genida, tenth century, +from a Codex of Lorraine. And I find also the woman's name, Genitia, in +the _Pol. Rem._, one of the old Frankish chronicles before referred to. +These old Frankish names might well leave a woman's name behind in +France, which in after times might get mixed up with Jean, and from +which our name may also have been derived. I may observe that we have +also Gennet and Jennett as surnames, and the Germans have also Genett. +But these, though from the same stem, must be taken to be from another +form of it--viz., from Genad, eighth century, a man's name. From the +same stem Foerstemann derives the woman's name, Genoveva, sixth century; +whence, through the French, our Genevieve. As to the etymology of _gen_, +the Germans are not agreed, Leo suggesting a borrowed Celtic word, with +the meaning of love or affection, while Foerstemann seems to prefer Old +High German _gan_, magic or fascination. + + +EMMA: _Its Place in the Teutonic System_. + +The ordinary derivation of Emma from a Teutonic word signifying +grandmother, or nurse, becomes impossible in face of the fact that among +the Old Franks, from whom, through the Normans, we received it, the +man's name Emmo was quite as common as the woman's, Emma. But in point +of fact the stem, of which the older form seems to have been _im_, was +one common to the whole Teutonic system, including the Low Germans +settled in England. And the Immingas, descendants or followers of Imma, +are ranged by Kemble among the early settlers. But among the +Anglo-Saxons, with whom the ending of men's names (other than compounds) +was generally in _a_, Imma would obviously not be suitable for names of +women; and in point of fact it always appears in England, at that time, +as a man's name. And probably, for this reason, the Frankish princess +Emma, on becoming the wife of Cnut of England, considered it necessary +to assume a Saxon name in addition to her own, and so become known as +Ælfgifu Imma. But a few centuries later, when the simple old Saxon names +in _a_ had very much died out, Emma coming in as something quite new, +and with the stamp of Norman prestige, became at once, as appears from +the _Liber Vitæ_, a name in favour. As to the etymology, which is +considered by the Germans to be obscure, I have elsewhere ventured to +suggest Old Northern _ymia_, stridere; whence the name of the giant +Ymir, in Northern mythology. The sense is that of a harsh and loud +voice, which suggests huge stature. So, from Gaelic _fuaim_, noise, +strepitus, comes _fuaimhair_, a giant, of which we may possibly have a +lingering tradition in the nursery--"Fee, Fa, _Fum_" representing the +giant's dreaded war-cry. And from what follows, "I smell the blood of an +_Englishman_," one might almost think of the nurse as a Saxon, and the +ogre as one of the earlier Celtic race, who might in those days be +dangerous neighbours. + +I give below the stem, with its branches, so far as it forms names of +women. It also enters into some compounds, one of which, Americo, +bequeathed by the Franks or Lombards to Italy, has the honour of giving +the name to America. + + +Stem _im_ or _em_. + +_Names of men._--O.G. Immo, Himmo, Emmo (among others, three bishops in +the seventh and ninth centuries). A.S. Imma, found in Imman beorh, +"Imma's barrow, or grave." Imma, Hemma, Hemmi, about the tenth century +in the _Liber Vitæ_. Eama, Anglo-Saxon moneyer. + +_Names of women._--O.G. Imma, Emma (among others Emma, daughter of +Charlemagne). + +_Present surnames._--Eng. Him (?), Yem (?). Germ. Imm, Ihm. French, Eme, +Emy. + + +With the ending in _en_, p. 27. + +_Names of men._--O.G. Imino, Emino, eighth century. A.S. Immine, a +Mercian general, seventh century. Emino, _Liber Vitæ_. + +_Names of women._--O.G. Immina, Emmina, eighth century. Early Eng. +Ymana, Ymaine, _Liber Vitæ_. + +_Present surnames._--Eng. Emeney. Fr. Emmon. + + +Ending in _lin_, p. 31. + +_Names of women._--O.G. Emelina, eleventh century. Emalina, twelfth +century, _Liber Vitæ_. + +_Present Christian name._--Eng. Emmeline. + + +ETHEL, ADELA, ADELINE, ADELAIDE. + +Ethel and Adela are different forms of the same word, _adal_, _athal_, +_ethel_, signifying noble. But while Adela is a correctly formed +feminine, Ethel can hardly be said to be so. Both as a man's name and as +a woman's it had usually a vowel-ending, and though this was not +invariably the case, yet a name appearing without it would be rather +assumed to be a man's name. Adeline is a diminutive like Eveline and +Caroline; it represents the old name Adalina, eighth century, and +Adalina, about the twelfth century, in the _Liber Vitæ_, and comes +probably through the French, the ending in _e_ preserving the feminine +by lengthening the syllable. Adelaide is from _adal_, as above, and H.G. +_haid_, corresponding with Saxon _hood_, as in manhood. Hence the name +seems to contain the abstract sense of nobility. The name must have come +to us through the Normans; indeed, a woman's name could hardly be so +formed among the Anglo-Saxons, for, curiously enough, this ending was a +feminine one among the High Germans, and a masculine one among the +Saxons. Hence perhaps it is that we have as surnames such names as +_Manhood_ and _Mahood_, the latter perhaps signifying boyhood, A.S. +_mæg_, boy. + + +EDITH. + +Edith is the only representative in women's names of A.S. _ead_, +happiness, prosperity, from which we have so many men's names, as +Edward, Edwin, Edmund, Edgar. It represents an A.S. Editha, a +contraction of Eadgitha, and the question, which is not without a little +difficulty, is, What is the origin of _githa_? Is it a phonetic +variation of _gifa_ (A.S. _gifu_, gift), so common in Anglo-Saxon names +of women, as in God-gifa (Godiva), Sungefa (Suneva), &c., or is it a +separate word? I am disposed to come to the conclusion, upon the whole, +that it is a separate word, and though the traces of it as such are not +strong, yet there are some traces. There is a woman's name Githa in the +_Liber Vitæ_, and this seems to be the same as an Old Norse woman's name +Gyda in the _Landnamabôk_. There was also a Gytha, daughter of Swend, +king of Denmark. Then there are two Old German names of women with the +endings respectively _gid_ and (H.G.) _kid_. And the origin of all I +should take to be found in O.N. _gydia_, goddess, the exalted conception +of womanhood. + + +EVELYN, EVELINA, EVELINE. + +There does not seem to be sufficient ground for Miss Yonge's suggestion +that Eveline, a name which we have from the Normans, was borrowed by +them from the Celts. On the contrary, they seem to have derived it from +their Frankish ancestors, among whom we find it in the eleventh century +in the form Avelina. This appears to be the original form, for we find +it as Avelina in the _Liber Vitæ_ about the twelfth century. And again +in the thirteenth century we find that one of the Earls of Albemarle +married a lady named Aveline. It is probably a diminutive from the stem +_av_, which Foerstemann refers to Goth. _avo_, in the probable sense of +ancestor. The names Evelyn and Eveline should be kept sharply distinct, +the former being a man's name, and the latter a woman's, being the +French form of Evelina, as is Louise of Louisa. + +From the same stem, _av_, is formed also the female name Avice, now +become very rare. It appears as Auiza and Avicia in the _Liber Vitæ_, +and its original form I take to be found in Avagisa, eighth century, in +the _Altdeutsches Namenbuch_, from _gis_, hostage. From a similar +origin, but from the masculine form Avagis, may probably be _Avis_, +included by Mr. Lower among Latinized surnames. + +Another name from the same stem which seems to have been formerly rather +common, but which now seems quite obsolete, is Avina. + + +HAVEYS, HAWOISE. + +This is another woman's name which has become almost extinct, and, +seeing how uncomfortable a name it is to pronounce, I do not wonder that +it should be so. It appears in the _Liber Vitæ_ as Hawysa, and in the +_Pol. Irminon_ as Hauis, but its proper form is to be traced up to the +older name Hathewiza in the _Liber Vitæ_, from _hath_, war, and _wisa_, +leader. A surname corresponding, though of course from the masculine +form of the name, may probably be the well-known one of _Haweis_. + + +_Some other Obsolete or Obsolescent Names._ + +The name Helwis occurs in the _Liber Vitæ_ about the thirteenth century, +and a more perfect form, Helewiza, about two centuries earlier. It seems +rather probable, however, that its proper form would be Hildwisa, from +_hild_, war, and _wisa_, leader. It occurs as Helois in the _Pol. Irm._, +and is the same as the French Heloise (=Helwise). This name I take to be +quite obsolete with us. + +A name given by Miss Yonge as still in use is Amice or Amicia. It may +probably be the same as the woman's name Amisa, Ameza, or Emeza of the +eighth century in the _Altd. Nam._, which Foerstemann takes to be from +A.S. _emeta_, quies. In that case it would probably be the same name in +another form as Emmota, formerly not uncommon as a woman's name. + +Another name which I rather suppose to be obsolete is Agace, Agaze, or +Igusa, found in the _Liber Vitæ_ up to the fourteenth century, and +probably the same as an O.G. Eggiza, eleventh century, from a stem _ag_, +supposed to mean point or edge. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[60] The principal part of this chapter appeared in the _Antiquary_ for +March, 1882. + +[61] Possibly, at least in some cases, the origin of the surname +Constable. + +[62] The earliest mention of this name that I have seen, occurs A.D. +1431, in the _Liber Vitæ_, when one John Duckett, having died at the +remarkable age of 127, his children, one of whom was called Cristabel, +presented offerings at the shrine of St. Cuthbert. These would seem to +be of the nature of propitiatory offerings on behalf of the dead, of +which there are various instances recorded. One of these is that of one +Maria del Hay, who in a large-hearted spirit, seems to have included in +her offering, not only all who had gone before, but all who were to come +after her. The entry is, "Maria del Hay, cum omnibus suis progenitoribus +et successoribus." + + + + +LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL WORKS CONSULTED. + + + FOERSTEMANN.--Altdeutsches Namenbuch.--Vol. I. Personennamen.--Vol. + II. Ortsnamen. London, Williams Norgate. + + POTT.--Personennamen. Leipzig, 1853. + + STARK.--Beitrage zur kunde Germanischer Personennamen. Vienna, + 1857.--Die Kosenamen der Germanen. Vienna, 1868. + + WEINHOLD.--Die Deutschen Frauen in dem Mittelalter. Vienna, 1851. + + GLUCK.--Die bei C. Julius Cæsar vorkommenden Keltischen Namen. + Vienna, 1857. + + WASSENBERG.--Verhandeling over de Eigennaamen der Friesen. Franeker, + 1774. + + Islands Landnamabôk. Copenhagen. + + Scriptores Rerum Langobardicarum et Italicarum, Sæc. 6-9. Hanover, + 1878. + + Polyptique de l'Abbé Irminon, ou denombrement des manses, des serfs, + et des revenus de l'Abbaye de Saint Germain-des-Prés sous le regne + de Charlemagne. Paris, 1844. + + Polyptique de l'Abbaye de Saint Remi de Reims, ou denombrement des + manses, des serfs, et des revenus de cette abbaye vers le milieu du + neuvième siècle. Paris, 1853. + + [asterism] The above two Old Frankish records contain a list of the + names of all the serfs and dependants of the respective abbeys, with + the names also of their wives and children. + + KEMBLE.--Codex diplomaticus Ævi Saxonici. London, 1845-48. + + THORPE.--Diplomatorium Anglicum Ævi Saxonici. London, 1865. + + TAYLOR.--Names and Places. London, 1864. + + STEPHENS.--The Old Runic Monuments of Scandinavia and England. + London. + + MISS YONGE.--History of Christian Names. London, 1863. + + LOWER.--Patronymica Britannica. London, 1860. + + BOWDITCH.--Suffolk Surnames. Boston, U.S.A. + + Liber Vitæ Ecclesiæ Dunelmensis. Published by the Surtees Society, + London, 1841. + + + + +ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. + + +Page 17. + +We have also _Tray_ as a man's name, and from the same origin as that +which I have supposed for the dog's name, though the one is from the +German and the other from the Celtic. The stem in men's names is +referred to Goth, _tragjan_, to run, and may probably include also +_Trail_ (=Tragel) and _Train_ (=Tragen), with the respective endings in +_el_ and _en_. Also, from the interchange of _d_ and _t_, we may include +_Dray_ and _Drain_. + + +Page 20. + +Among names of the first century is that of Ingomar, uncle of Arminius, +which is represented in America by the dreadful name _Inkhammer_, though +whether of English or of German origin seems uncertain. + + +Page 29. + +From _Shilling_, as a man's name, is derived _Shillingsworth_, as a name +of local origin (A.S. _weorth_, property), a name like Wordsworth, +Dodsworth, &c. + + +Page 120. + +Some doubt may be thrown upon the derivation I have suggested for +_Pentecost_ by the name Osbern Pentecost, which comes before us in +Anglo-Saxon times. The name seems here to be a surname, and if so would +be derived most naturally from the festival. + + +Page 159. + +From this stem, as found in an A.S. Flogg, may be formed the Anglo-Saxon +name Flohere (_Thorpe_, p. 636), from _hari_, warrior, whence may be our +surnames _Floyer_, _Flower_, and _Flowry_. + + +Page 171. + +Among other names apparently from women are _Ella_, _Eva_, and _Louisa_, +in _Suffolk Surnames_. Of these, the first is a regular Saxon man's +name, and the second is, I doubt not, the same, corresponding with Eafa +found in Eafingas, and with Eafha, the name of a Mercian alderman. +Louisa I should suppose to be the name Louis with a Romanic, perhaps +Spanish, but not female, ending. + + + + +INDEX OF NAMES. + + +[asterism] _All foreign names are printed in italic type, with the +letters distinguishing their nationality within parentheses after them, +thus--(D.) Dutch; (Dan.) Danish; (F.) French; (G.) German; (I.) Italian; +(S.) Spanish_. + + + A. + + Abba, 25 + + Abbe, 25 + + Abbey, 25 + + Abbiss, 32 + + Abbott, 96, 178, 179 + + Abingdon, 106 + + Ablard, 190 + + _Accolti_ (I.), 147 + + Ackerman, 115 + + _Ackermann_ (G.), 115 + + Ackman, 96 + + Acres, 79 + + Adcock, 35 + + Addicott, 34, 35, 43 + + Adela, 209 + + Adelaide, 209, 210 + + _Adèle_ (F.), 123 + + Adeline, 209 + + Adeliza, 204, 206 + + Adier, 43 + + _Adimari_ (I.), 146 + + Adlam, 40 + + Adlard, 40 + + Adolph, 43 + + _Adolphe_ (F.), 123 + + Adolphus, 146 + + Agar, 40 + + Ager, 79 + + Agmondesham, 106 + + Aikin, 96, 185 + + Aikman, 40, 96, 185 + + Ailger, 41 + + Ailman, 41 + + _Alamanni_ (I.), 147 + + Albert, 96 + + _Albert_ (F.), 123 + + _Alberti_ (I.), 148 + + _Alberto_ (I.), 143 + + Albery, 41, 152 + + Albutt, 43 + + Alcock, 34, 35 + + Alcott, 35 + + Aldebert, 41 + + Alder, 41, 96, 98, 185 + + Alderdice, 115 + + Alderman, 98, 115, 178, 180 + + _Aldighiero_ (I.), 148 + + _Aldobrandini_ (I.), 147 + + Aldred, 41 + + Aldrich, 41 + + Aldritt, 41 + + _Alfieri_ (I.), 152 + + _Alfonse_ (F.), 123 + + Alfred, 41, 96 + + Alfreton, 106 + + Algar, 96 + + _Algardi_ (I.), 148 + + _Algarotti_ (I.), 147 + + Alger, 42 + + Alice, 204-206 + + Alicia, 204-206 + + _Alighieri_ (I.), 149 + + Alison, 204-206 + + Allard, 42 + + Allaway, 43 + + Allcard, 96 + + Allday, 79 + + Alley, 26, 79 + + Allfrey, 42, 96 + + Allgood, 43 + + Allnut, 42 + + Allo, 79 + + _Alloisi_ (I.), 148 + + Alloway, 118 + + Allt, 79 + + Allward, 42 + + Allwin, 43 + + Allwood, 42 + + Almar, 42 + + Alment, 42 + + Almiger, 41 + + Almond, 42, 98 + + Alpha, 79 + + _Alphonso_ (I.), 146 + + Altman, 41, 98 + + Altree, 41 + + Alvary, 41, 96 + + Alvert, 41 + + Amabel, 201 + + _Amalteo_ (I.), 152 + + _Amalthius_ (I.), 152 + + _Amalungi_ (I.), 151 + + Ambler, 41, 180 + + _Ameling_ (F.), 151 + + _Americus_ (I.), 147, 208, 209 + + Amesbury, 106 + + Amice, 212 + + Amicia, 212 + + And, 79 + + Andoe, 79 + + Angleman, 42 + + Angler, 42, 178, 180 + + Angmering, 71, 105 + + Anhault, 43 + + Annabella, 201 + + Anne, 83, 171 + + Anning, 83 + + _Ansaldi_ (I.), 147 + + Ansell, 30 + + Anselme, 42 + + _Anselmi_ (I.), 148 + + Anser, 42 + + Anslow, 30 + + _Ansuini_ (I.), 148 + + Applin, 30 + + Arabella, 201 + + _Arbogast_ (F.), 21 + + Archard, 16, 42 + + Archbold, 16, 42 + + Archbutt, 16, 42 + + Archer, 42, 137, 138, 178, 180 + + Ardouin, 55 + + Argent, 16 + + Argument, 16, 42, 120 + + Arkwright, 42, 178, 180 + + _Armandet_ (F.), 19 + + Armat, 43 + + Armgold, 19, 43 + + Armiger, 19, 43 + + Armine, 18 + + Arminer, 19, 44 + + _Armingaud_ (F.), 19, 34 + + Arminger, 19, 44 + + Armor, 181 + + Armory, 43, 181 + + Armour, 19, 43 + + Arms, 19, 183, 184 + + Arney, 26 + + Arnold, 44 + + _Arnolfo_ (I.), 143 + + Arnulfe, 44 + + Arnum, 44 + + Ascough, 44 + + Ash, 185 + + Ashbold, 44 + + Ashbury, 106 + + Ashe, 79 + + Asher, 44 + + Ashkettle, 59 + + Ashman, 44, 96 + + Ashmansworth, 106 + + Ashmore, 44, 96 + + Ashpart, 44 + + Ashwin, 44 + + Ashwith, 44, 148_n_ + + Ask, 79 + + Aske, 185 + + Askey, 185 + + Aslock, 59 + + Asman, 59 + + Asprey, 114 + + Asquith, 44, 148_n_, 185 + + Atkiss, 43 + + Atmore, 43 + + Attride, 43 + + Attridge, 43 + + Auberon, 41 + + Aubery, 152 + + Aubrey, 41 + + _Aucoq_ (F.), 34 + + _Audevard_ (F.), 124 + + _Audifredi_ (I.), 147 + + _Audouard_ (F.), 124 + + Audrey, 41 + + Aulph, 79 + + Auterac, 42 + + Auther, 42, 178, 180 + + Autram, 42 + + Avening, 105 + + Avina, 211 + + Avis, 211 + + Aylard, 41 + + Aylesbury, 106 + + Aylesford, 106 + + Aylesworth, 106 + + Ayliffe, 41 + + Aylmar, 13 + + Aylmer, 41 + + Aylward, 41, 96 + + Aylwin, 41 + + + B. + + Babb, 79, 171 + + Bable, 30, 97 + + Back, 79, 183, 184 + + Badby, 106 + + Badder, 44 + + Badman, 44, 191 + + Badminton, 106 + + Bagge, 79 + + _Balcoq_ (F.), 34 + + Balder, 44, 97 + + _Baldi_ (I.), 148 + + _Baldovinetti_ (I.), 148 + + Baldridge, 44, 97 + + Baldry, 44 + + Baldwin, 44, 97 + + Balmer, 47 + + Balton's borough, 106 + + Banderet, 44 + + Bann, 79 + + Banning, 79 + + Barehard, 45 + + Barking, 105 + + Barlavington, 109 + + Barling, 105 + + Barmore, 45 + + Barnacle, 45 + + Barndollar, 122 + + Barnwell, 137 + + Barwise, 45 + + Baschurch, 6 + + Basin, 6 + + Basingstoke, 88 + + Bass, 4, 79 + + Bather, 44 + + Batt, 79 + + Batting, 79 + + Batty, 79, 173 + + _Baudeau_ (F.), 27 + + Beck, 79 + + Beckett, 192 + + Beckley, 106 + + Bedbug, 114 + + Beddard, 44, 97 + + Beden, 105 + + Bedford, 106 + + Beeby, 79 + + Beech, 185 + + Beenham, 106 + + Belfry, 45 + + Bell, 25 + + Bellmore, 47 + + Bellow, 25 + + Bellringer, 116 + + Belly, 25 + + Belment, 45 + + Belmore, 45 + + _Belzoni_ (I.), 147 + + Bence, 79 + + Beneman, 45 + + Benger, 45 + + Bengworth, 106 + + Benn, 85, 194, 195 + + Bennell, 194, 195 + + Benner, 45 + + Bennet, 45 + + Benney, 194, 195 + + Bennoch, 194, 195 + + Bensington, 105 + + Berger, 45 + + Bernard, 45, 97 + + _Bernardo_ (I.), 143 + + Berner, 45 + + _Berni_ (I.), 152 + + _Bernini_ (I.), 152 + + Bernold, 45, 97 + + _Beroaldus_ (I.), 152 + + Berrette, 97 + + Berrier, 45 + + Berringer, 45 + + Bertram, 46 + + Bertrand, 46 + + _Bertrandi_ (I.), 147 + + Berward, 45 + + Betteridge, 44, 101 + + Betty, 1, 26, 79, 171 + + Beyerman, 193, 194 + + Bibb, 79 + + Bibby, 79 + + Biddle, 80 + + Biddulph, 44 + + Bigg, 85 + + Bigot, 191, 192 + + Bill, 1, 79, 194, 195 + + Billamore, 45 + + _Bille_ (F.), 195 + + _Bille_ (G.), 195 + + _Bille_ (Dan.), 195 + + _Billecoq_ (F.), 34 + + _Billey_ (F.), 195 + + Billiard, 45 + + Billing, 79, 194 + + Billow, 74, 194, 195 + + Billy, 1, 194, 195 + + Billyald, 45 + + Binney, 26, 179 + + Binning, 79 + + Birch, 79, 185 + + Birchenough, 120 + + Bird, 80 + + Bishop, 178, 179 + + _Blacker_ (F.), 188 + + Black, 80, 188 + + Blacker, 46, 188 + + Blackman, 46 + + Blackwin, 46 + + Blake, 188 + + Blakeman, 46 + + Blaker, 46 + + Blanchard, 188 + + Blank, 188 + + Bledlow, 107 + + Blunt, 97 + + Bluntisham, 107 + + Bobbin, 194, 196 + + Bobby, 194, 196 + + Boby, 80 + + Bodicker, 46 + + Bodmer, 46 + + Body, 156, 183, 184 + + Boffey, 194, 196 + + Boggis, 46, 118 + + Bogle, 97 + + Bognor, 107 + + _Boiardo_ (I.), 152, 194 + + _Boiron_ (F.), 194 + + Bold, 27 + + Bolden, 27 + + Boldery, 44 + + Bolley, 80 + + _Bompart_ (F.), 145 + + _Bonaparte_ (F.), 145, 146 + + Bonbright, 146 + + Bond, 80 + + _Boniperti_ (I.), 145 + + Bookless, 183, 184 + + Boss, 80 + + Bossey, 80 + + _Bötefur_ (L.G.), 190 + + Botright, 46 + + Botting, 80 + + Bottisham, 107 + + Bowmer, 97 + + Boy, 193, 194 + + _Boy_ (F.), 194 + + _Boyard_ (F.), 152, 194 + + _Boye_ (F.), 194 + + _Boye_ (G.), 194 + + Boyer, 193, 194 + + _Boyer_ (F.), 194 + + Boyman, 193, 194 + + _Boyreau_ (F.), 194 + + _Boyron_ (F.), 194 + + Bracken, 157 + + Brackett, 157 + + Brackie, 157 + + Bracking, 157 + + _Brackmann_ (G.), 158 + + Bragan, 157 + + Bragg, 157 + + Brain, 97, 157 + + Brakeman, 157 + + Brand, 25 + + Brandy, 25 + + Bransbury, 107 + + Bransford, 107 + + _Braquemin_ (F.), 158 + + Braughin, 105 + + Bray, 157 + + Brayman, 157 + + Braznell, 165 + + Breakell, 158 + + Breem, 80 + + Brewin, 157 + + Bride, 80 + + Bridle, 80 + + Bright, 80 + + Brighting, 80 + + Brightland, 46 + + Brightling, 105 + + Brightly, 30, 80 + + Brightmore, 46 + + Brightwell, 137 + + Brightwine, 46 + + Brighty, 80 + + Brine, 80 + + Brinney, 80 + + Brittell, 80 + + Brocard, 97 + + Brown, 80, 138, 188, 189 + + Browning, 28, 80 + + Bubb, 194, 196 + + Buck, 80, 175 + + Buckle, 85 + + Bucklin, 31 + + Budd, 24, 80 + + Budden, 24 + + Budding, 24 + + Buddle, 24 + + Buddrich, 24, 46 + + Budmore, 24 + + Bugg, 3, 97 + + Bulger, 46 + + Bull, 80 + + Bullard, 46 + + Buller, 46 + + Bulling, 28, 80 + + Bulmer, 46, 97 + + Bundle, 97, 101 + + Bunn, 85 + + Bunting, 97 + + Burchard, 46, 97 + + Burger, 46 + + Burgwin, 46 + + Burleston, 107 + + Burman, 45 + + Burn, 80 + + Burness, 33 + + Burning, 28, 80 + + Burnish, 33 + + Burr, 80 + + Burt, 80 + + Bussell, 80 + + Butleigh, 107 + + Butt, 80 + + Butter, 46, 181 + + Butterick, 46 + + Butterwell, 138 + + Buttery, 46, 181 + + Byard, 152 + + Bye, 193, 194 + + Byron, 193, 194 + + + C. + + Cadman, 50 + + Cage, 9 + + Cain, 10, 190 + + Calderon, 52 + + Caledonia, 8 + + Calking, 170 + + Call, 80 + + Callow, 80 + + Calmsden, 107 + + Camel, 175 + + Cane, 10 + + Cann, 80 + + Canning, 28, 80 + + Cansick, 168 + + Cant, 81 + + Carary, 51 + + Caravan, 51 + + Card, 97 + + Carder, 52 + + Cardwell, 116 + + _Carlo_ (I.), 143 + + Carrier, 51 + + Cart, 97 + + Carthen, 52 + + Cartridge, 52 + + Cashdollar, 122 + + Castle, 97 + + _Castoldi_ (I.), 149 + + Cat, 97, 175 + + Cattey, 175 + + Catty, 97 + + _Cauche_ (F.), 170 + + _Cauchy_ (F.), 170 + + Caulk, 170 + + Caunce, 168 + + Chabot, 118, 125, 126 + + Chad, 97, 125, 126 + + Chadborn, 125 + + Chaddleworth, 107 + + Chaddock, 125, 126 + + Chadlington, 107 + + Chadman, 125 + + Chadshunt, 107 + + Chadwick, 125, 126 + + Chadwin, 126 + + Chaff, 81 + + Chaffey, 81 + + Chain, 125 + + Chalfont, 107 + + Chalk, 101, 170 + + Chalkey, 170 + + Chalklen, 170 + + Chance, 81, 168 + + Chancell, 168 + + Chancey, 168 + + Chaney, 125 + + Chantrey, 51 + + Chard, 97, 125, 126 + + Charing, 105 + + Charles, 80 + + _Charles_ (F.), 123 + + Charley, 80 + + Chart, 125, 126 + + Charter, 125, 126 + + Chaseley, 107 + + _Chasseboeuf_ (F.), 139 + + Chattaway, 126 + + Chatting, 125, 126 + + Chatto, 125, 126 + + Chattoway, 97, 118, 125, 126 + + Chatwin, 125, 126 + + Chatwood, 125 + + Chaucer, 170 + + _Chaussée_ (F.), 170 + + _Chaussy_ (F.), 170 + + Cheape, 97 + + Cheese, 97, 155 + + Cheltenham, 107 + + Chertsey, 107, 126 + + Chesnut, 155, 185 + + Chesman, 155 + + Chesson, 155 + + Chew, 97 + + Chewing, 105 + + Chichester, 107 + + Chilbolton, 107 + + Chilcomb, 127 + + Child, 127 + + Childar, 125, 126 + + Children, 125, 126 + + Chill, 125, 126 + + Chillmaid, 125, 126 + + Chillman, 125, 126 + + Chipman, 155 + + Chipp, 98, 155 + + Chippenham, 107 + + Chipping, 155 + + Chirnie, 155 + + Chitty, 155 + + Cholsey, 107 + + _Chopard_ (F.), 127 + + Chope, 81 + + Choppin, 125, 127 + + _Choupe_ (F.), 127 + + Christabel, 201, 202 and _n_ + + Chubb, 81, 125 + + Chubback, 125 + + Churn, 155 + + Claribel, 201 + + Claringbold, 135 + + Claringbull, 135 + + Claude, 127 + + _Claude_ (F.), 123 + + Clean, 160 + + _Clérambault_ (F.), 135 + + Cline, 160 + + Cloade, 127 + + Clodd, 1, 127 + + Clothier, 127 + + _Clotilde_ (F.), 123 + + Cloud, 97, 127 + + Cloudman, 127 + + Clout, 1, 127 + + Cloutman, 127 + + Clucas, 127 + + Clutterbuck, 121 + + Coate, 81 + + Cobbett, 118 + + Cobbold, 53, 118 + + Cock, 81 + + Codd, 81 + + Codford, 107 + + Coffey, 81 + + Colbran, 47 + + Colburn, 47 + + Coll, 81 + + Collamore, 47 + + Collard, 47 + + Collie, 81 + + Colling, 81 + + Collingham, 107 + + Colman, 47 + + Colmer, 97 + + Conder, 54 + + Congressbury, 107 + + Cooling, 81, 105 + + Coppernoll, 165 + + Corbould, 51 + + Cory, 82 + + Cosier, 54 + + Cossart, 53 + + Costall, 30 + + Costello, 30 + + Costiff, 164 + + Costly, 30 + + Cotheridge, 107 + + Cottiss, 20 + + Cotton, 97 + + Coulthred, 52 + + Craig, 188, 189 + + Creed, 97, 127 + + Creedy, 127 + + Cressy, 81 + + Criddle, 127 + + Crimsham, 107 + + _Crist_ (I. and G.), 135 + + Croad, 127 + + Crock, 127 + + Croger, 127 + + Croke, 127 + + Croker, 127 + + Crooke, 127 + + Cropthorn, 107 + + Crotch, 127 + + Crotty, 127 + + Crowd, 97, 127 + + Crowder, 127 + + Crowdy, 127 + + Cruden, 127 + + Crumpecker, 122 + + Crutch, 127 + + Crute, 127 + + Cuckhamstow hill, 107 + + Cuff, 81 + + Cuffey, 81 + + Cull, 81 + + Cummin, 97 + + Cumnor, 107 + + Cunliffe, 56, 98 + + Curran, 51_n_ + + Curwen, 51 + + Custard, 47 + + + D. + + Dacker, 47 + + Dacombe, 47 + + Dagenham, 108 + + Dagger, 47 + + Daggesell, 47 + + Daisy, 32 + + Dale, 98 + + Dalloway, 47, 118 + + Dalman, 47 + + Damer, 47 + + Dana, 25, 81 + + Dand, 25 + + _Dandalo_ (I.), 145 + + Dando, 25 + + Dandy, 25 + + Dane, 25, 81 + + Danger, 48 + + _Dante_ (I.), 134 + + Darlaston, 108 + + Darling, 81 + + Darnell, 48, 98, 165 + + Darrell, 81 + + Darrigon, 48 + + Darwin, 48 + + Daunsey, 108 + + Daybell, 47 + + Dayer, 47 + + Daylesford, 108 + + Daymont, 47 + + Dearlove, 48, 98 + + Dearman, 48 + + Deary, 26 + + Deller, 47 + + Demaid, 48 + + Demon, 48 + + Denhard, 48, 98 + + Denolf, 48 + + Denn, 81 + + Denning, 81 + + Dermott, 48, 98 + + Derwin, 48 + + _Dettingen_ (G.), 71 + + Dialogue, 48 + + Diamond, 48 + + Dick, 81, 194, 195 + + Dicken, 194, 195 + + Dickin, 102 + + Dickle, 81, 194, 195 + + Dicksie, 195 + + Didlington, 108 + + Dilger, 102, 140 + + _Dilhac_ (F.), 140 + + Dilke, 24, 102, 140 + + Dill, 24, 81, 139 + + _Dill_ (G.), 139 + + _Dillé_ (F.), 139 + + _Dillemann_ (G.), 140 + + Dillen, 24 + + _Dillen_ (G.), 140 + + Diller, 140 + + _Dillery_ (F.), 140 + + _Dillet_ (F.), 140 + + Dilley, 139 + + Dillicar, 140 + + Dillick, 140 + + Dillimore, 140 + + Dilling, 24 + + _Dilling_ (G.), 140 + + Dillman, 140 + + Dillon, 140 + + _Dillon_ (F.), 140 + + Dillow, 24, 139 + + Dillwyn, 24, 140 + + Dilly, 24 + + _Dilly_ (F.), 139 + + Distington, 88 + + Ditchling, 105 + + Dixie, 195 + + Dock, 81 + + Docking, 81 + + Dodd, 81, 98 + + Doddridge, 64 + + Dodford, 108 + + Doggett, 49, 98 + + Dogthorpe, 108 + + Dollman, 98 + + Dolman, 48 + + Dolphin, 48, 175, 176 + + _Dome_ (F.), 196 + + Doniland, 108 + + Doran, 27 + + _Dorand_ (G.), 150 + + Dore, 27 + + Dowdeswell, 108 + + Drain, 215 + + Dray, 215 + + Duck, 86, 175, 176 + + Duckling, 98, 175, 176 + + Ducklington, 108 + + Duckman, 48, 98 + + Dugmore, 49 + + Dugood, 49, 98 + + Dumbell, 194, 196 + + Dume, 194, 195 + + Dumlin, 194, 196 + + Dummelow, 194, 196 + + Dummer, 48 + + Dummert, 48 + + Dumplin, 113, 194, 196 + + Dunn, 82, 98, 188, 189 + + Dunning, 82 + + Durand, 134, 150 + + _Durand_ (G.), 150 + + _Durand_ (F.), 150 + + _Durandard_ (F.), 150 + + _Durandeau_ (F.), 150 + + _Durandi_ (I.), 150 + + Durant, 151 + + _Durant_ (F.), 150 + + _Durante_ (I.), 134, 149, 150 + + _Duranto_ (I.), 150 + + Durre, 86 + + Dyce, 81 + + Dycey, 81 + + + E. + + Eager, 40 + + Eagle, 99 + + Eames, 83 + + Earheart, 49, 178, 183, 184 + + Earl, 25, 178 + + Early, 25 + + Earney, 98 + + Earp, 21, 82 + + Earwaker, 49, 169, 178 + + Earwig, 2, 49, 175, 178 + + Eashing, 105 + + Easter, 82 + + Eavestaff, 164 + + Eckington, 108 + + Edbrook, 49 + + Eddiker, 49, 169 + + Eddy, 82 + + Edgar, 49, 210 + + Edgell, 82, 99 + + Edith, 197, 210 + + Edlery, 40 + + Edmond, 49, 210 + + _Edmond_ (F.), 123 + + Edmund, 210 + + Edolph, 49 + + _Edouard_ (F.), 123, 124 + + Edridge, 49 + + Edstone, 108 + + Edward, 13, 49, 210 + + Edwick, 49 + + Effingham, 108 + + Egg, 82 + + Egle, 82 + + Elbow, 183, 184 + + Elcy, 82 + + Eldred, 41 + + Element, 43, 120 + + Elgar, 43 + + Elgee, 82 + + Elgood, 43 + + Eliza, 204-206 + + Elk, 82 + + Ella, 216 + + Ellard, 43 + + Ellery, 43 + + Elliss, 82 + + Elmore, 43 + + Else, 82 + + Elsey, 26, 82 + + _Elvira_ (S.), 200 + + Elvy, 79 + + Elwin, 43 + + Elwood, 43 + + _Elzevir_ (D.), 200 + + _Eme_ (F.), 209 + + Emeler, 41 + + Emeney, 209 + + Emma, 89, 207-209 + + Emmeline, 209 + + Emmett, 175, 178 + + _Emmon_ (F.), 209 + + Empey, 167 + + _Emy_ (F.), 209 + + England, 9 + + Engleburt, 42 + + Engleheart, 42 + + English, 192 + + Ennor, 166 + + Enough, 98, 117, 166 + + _Enrico_ (I.), 143 + + Enright, 166 + + Epps, 82 + + Ermentrude, 19, 197 + + Ermine, 18 + + _Ermingcard_ (F.), 19 + + Erpingham, 108 + + Esau, 190 + + Esmond, 99 + + Ethel, 209 + + Ethelston, 40, 96 + + Eva, 216 + + Evelina, 211 + + Eveline, 211 + + Evelyn, 211 + + Evening, 79 + + Ever, 82 + + Everard, 49 + + Evered, 49 + + Everett, 49 + + Every, 49, 82 + + Evesham, 108 + + Ewald, 68 + + Ewart, 68 + + Ewe, 2, 68_n_ + + Ewer, 68 + + Ewing, 68_n_ + + Exhall, 108 + + + F. + + Fairfoot, 183, 185 + + Fairfoul, 120 + + Fairless, 183 + + Fairman, 49 + + Falstaff, 119 + + _Falsteuf_ (F.), 119 + + Faragut, 34 + + _Farcot_ (F.), 34 + + Farragut, 49 + + Farre, 27, 82 + + Farren, 27 + + Farrier, 178, 180 + + Farrimond, 49 + + Farrow, 82 + + Farthing, 28 + + Fearn, 82 + + Feckenham, 108 + + _Federigo_ (I.), 143 + + Ferdinand, 50 + + _Ferdinand_ (F.), 123 + + Ferrand, 49 + + Ferrier, 49, 180 + + Few, 159 + + Field, 113 + + Fielder, 113 + + Fielding, 113 + + Filbert, 50 + + Fileman, 50 + + Filldew, 50 + + Fillmer, 50 + + Fillmore, 99 + + Fin, 89 + + Finbow, 50 + + Finch, 82 + + Finger, 50, 183 + + Finn, 82 + + Finney, 82 + + Fish, 175, 177 + + Fiske, 177 + + Flack, 159 + + Fladbury, 108 + + Flagg, 159 + + Flatt, 198 + + Flatter, 181 + + Flattery, 181, 198 + + Flattman, 198 + + Flea, 3, 159, 175, 178 + + Fleck, 159 + + Flew, 99, 159 + + Flower, 216 + + Flowry, 216 + + Floyer, 216 + + Fluck, 159 + + Fly, 159, 175, 178 + + Fogg, 99, 159 + + Foggo, 99, 159 + + Folkstone, 108 + + Foote, 183, 184 + + Forder, 50 + + Fordred, 50 + + Forget, 49 + + Fortyman, 50 + + Forward, 49 + + Fowl, 99 + + _Francesco_ (I.), 143 + + Franklin, 31 + + _Fredeau_ (F.), 27 + + Frederic, 13 + + Frederick, 50 + + Freebody, 50, 156 + + Freeborn, 50, 99 + + Freebout, 50 + + Freeland, 50 + + Freestone, 50 + + _Frescobaldi_ (I.), 149 + + Friday, 99, 182 + + Froude, 82 + + Fudge, 159 + + Fuggle, 99 + + Fulke, 82 + + Fullagar, 50 + + Fullalove, 50, 191 + + + G. + + Gaffery, 52 + + Gage, 9, 10 + + Gain, 10, 99, 118, 190 + + Galland, 51 + + Gallant, 51 + + Gallard, 51 + + Galloway, 51, 118 + + Galt, 82 + + _Gambetta_ (F.), 153 + + Gamble, 113 + + Gambler, 180 + + Gambling, 2, 28 + + Gander, 51, 99, 175 + + Gandy, 81 + + Gant, 81 + + Ganter, 51 + + Garbett, 51 + + Garbrand, 51 + + Garbutt, 51 + + Garden, 28 + + Garforth, 51 + + _Garibaldi_ (I.), 145 + + Garlick, 51 + + Garman, 51 + + Garment, 51, 120 + + Garnett, 51 + + Garrard, 51 + + Garrod, 51 + + Garrold, 51 + + Garroway, 51, 118 + + Garstin, 51 + + Garter, 52 + + Garvey, 51 + + Garwood, 51, 148_n_ + + Gasting, 82 + + Gatliffe, 50 + + Gatling, 99 + + Gatty, 175 + + Gay, 9, 10, 99 + + Gedge, 9, 10 + + Genese, 192, 193 + + _Genett_ (G.), 207 + + Genevieve, 207 + + _Gennari_ (I.), 148 + + Genner, 52 + + Gennett, 52, 207 + + Gentery, 51 + + Gentry, 51 + + Geoffry, 50_n_, 51 + + _Gerard_ (F.), 23 + + _Gerbault_ (F.), 145 + + _Gerbet_ (F.), 153 + + Gerloff, 51 + + Gertrude, 19, 197 + + _Geu_ (G.), 10 + + _Gey_ (G.), 10 + + _Gherardini_ (I.), 148 + + _Ghibellines_ (I.), 146 + + _Ghiberti_ (I.), 148 + + _Ghirlandaio_ (I.), 148 + + Gidding, 108 + + Giddy, 155 + + Giffard, 52 + + Giffen, 82 + + Gilbert, 52 + + Gildawie, 52 + + Gilder, 52 + + Gildert, 52 + + Gill, 82 + + Gillard, 53 + + Giller, 53, 99 + + Gillett, 53 + + Gillford, 53 + + Gilliam, 53 + + Gillibrand, 52 + + Gillman, 53 + + Gilmore, 53 + + Gimbert, 52 + + Gippert, 52 + + Gipsy, 33 + + Gislingham, 108 + + Goad, 81 + + Godalming, 71, 105 + + Godbold, 53 + + Godbolt, 53 + + Goddam, 191 + + Goddard, 53 + + Goddier, 53 + + Godding, 81, 99 + + Goddiss, 20 + + _Godeau_ (F.), 27 + + Godfrey, 50_n_, 53 + + Godhead, 53 + + Godiso, 20 + + Godiva, 172 + + Godizo, 20 + + Godkin, 31 + + Godliman, 191 + + Godman, 53 + + Godmersham, 108 + + Godmund, 53, 99 + + Godrick, 53 + + Godsell, 53 + + Godskall, 53 + + Godsoe, 20, 32 + + Godward, 191 + + Godwin, 53, 99 + + Gold, 82 + + Goldbourne, 52 + + Golding, 82 + + Goldrick, 52 + + Goldwin, 52 + + Goodacre, 170 + + Goodbody, 156 + + Goodenough, 120, 191 + + Goodeve, 171 + + Goodheart, 53, 191 + + Goodlake, 53 + + Goodland, 53 + + Goodliffe, 53, 191 + + Goodnow, 53 + + Goodram, 53 + + Goodred, 53 + + Goodwright, 53, 178, 180 + + Goodyear, 53 + + Goose, 175 + + Gorbold, 51 + + Gore, 82 + + Gorebrown, 51 + + Gosbell, 53 + + Gosland, 54 + + Gosling, 175 + + Gosmer, 54 + + _Gosselin_ (F.), 175, 176 + + _Gosselini_ (I.), 147 + + Goswold, 54 + + _Göttingen_ (G.), 71 + + _Gousse_ (F.), 175, 176 + + Gozar, 54 + + Gozzard, 53 + + _Grau_ (G.), 189 + + Gray, 138, 188, 189 + + Greenwell, 138 + + Gregg, 188, 189 + + Grimbald, 54 + + Grimble, 54, 202 + + Grimerd, 54 + + Grimmer, 54 + + Grimmond, 54 + + Grimstone, 108 + + _Grobe_ (G.), 187 + + Grote, 99 + + Grove, 99, 186, 187 + + _Grove_ (G.), 187 + + _Grub_ (F.), 187 + + Grubb, 99, 186, 187 + + _Grubi_ (F.), 187 + + _Guala_ (F.), 133 + + _Gualdo_ (I.), 144, 147 + + _Gualtier_ (F.), 130 + + _Guardi_ (I.), 144, 148 + + _Guarini_ (I.), 152 + + _Guarnerius_ (I.), 144, 149 + + Guelpa, 131 + + _Guelph_ (I.), 131, 146 + + _Gueneau_ (F.), 133 + + _Guenin_ (F.), 133 + + _Guérin_ (F.), 152 + + _Guermain_ (F.), 132 + + _Guernier_ (F.), 149 + + Guest, 82 + + _Guglielmo_ (I.), 149 + + _Guicciardini_ (I.), 144, 147 + + _Guiche_ (F.), 132 + + _Guidé_ (F.), 132, 148 + + _Guido_ (I.), 144, 148 + + _Guidubaldi_ (I.), 148 + + _Guillaume_ (F.), 123, 130, 133 + + Guille, 131, 132 + + _Guille_ (F.), 132 + + _Guillemain_ (F.), 133 + + Guily, 131, 132 + + Guinan, 131 + + _Guinery_ (F.), 133 + + Guiney, 131, 133 + + _Guinier_ (F.), 133 + + _Guiscard_ (F.), 130 + + _Guiteau_ (F.), 148 + + Gumboil, 2, 54 + + Gundey, 99 + + Gundry, 54 + + Gunn, 99 + + Gunner, 181 + + Gunnery, 181 + + Gunston, 54 + + Gunter, 54 + + Gunthorp, 108 + + Guttwein, 122 + + Gwillam, 131, 133 + + Gwilt, 131 + + Gwyer, 131, 132 + + Gye, 9, 10 + + + H. + + Hack, 83 + + Hacking, 83 + + Hackstaff, 164 + + Haddenham, 108 + + Haddock, 175 + + Hadkiss, 54 + + Hadrott, 54 + + Hadwen, 54 + + Haggard, 40 + + Hail, 83 + + Hailing, 83 + + Halbard, 96 + + Hald, 99 + + Haldan, 99 + + Hall, 83 + + Hallgreen, 33 + + Halling, 28, 83, 105 + + Hallington, 108 + + Halloway, 43 + + Hambledon, 108 + + Hambling, 150 + + _Hamel_ (F.), 150 + + Hamling, 150 + + Hammill, 150 + + Hammond, 41 + + Hamp, 166 + + Hamper, 166 + + Hance, 83 + + Hand, 79 + + Handsomebody, 156 + + Hanger, 42 + + Hankerton, 108, 109 + + Hanman, 43 + + Hann, 27, 83, 172 + + Hannah, 171 + + Hannen, 27 + + Hanney, 172 + + Hanning, 83 + + Hannington, 108 + + Hanrot, 43 + + Hansard, 43 + + Hansom, 43 + + Harbert, 55 + + Harboard, 55 + + Harbud, 55 + + Hard, 83 + + Hardacre, 170 + + Harder, 54, 181 + + Harding, 28, 83 + + Hardington, 109 + + Hardland, 54 + + Hardman, 55 + + Hardoff, 55 + + Hardwick, 55 + + Hardy, 83 + + Hargood, 55 + + Harker, 55 + + Harland, 55 + + Harle, 83 + + Harleston, 109 + + Harley, 83 + + Harling, 83, 105 + + Harman, 55 + + Harme, 19 + + Harmer, 55 + + Harmond, 55 + + Harmony, 18 + + Harnor, 44 + + Harnott, 55 + + Harold, 15_n_, 20, 55 + + Harp, 21 + + Harre, 196 + + Harrietsham, 108 + + Harrow, 196 + + Harry, 194, 196 + + Harryman, 55 + + Hart, 83 + + Hartnoll, 55, 165 + + Hartridge, 55 + + Hartry, 55 + + Hartwright, 55, 178, 180 + + Harvest, 21 + + Harvey, 55 + + Harward, 55 + + Harwin, 55 + + Harwood, 55 + + Hasell, 83, 185, 186 + + Haskey, 99 + + Hasluck, 59, 101 + + Hathaway, 54, 118, 126 + + Hatt, 79 + + Hattemore, 54 + + Hattrick, 54 + + Hauxton, 108 + + Haversham, 108 + + Haveys, 212 + + Haweis, 212 + + Hawk, 99 + + Hawke, 83 + + Hawoise, 212 + + Hayman, 41 + + Hayward, 41, 99, 137, 138, 178, 180 + + Head, 183 + + Hean, 166 + + Heaney, 166 + + Heart, 183, 184 + + Heasman, 56 + + Heaven, 79 + + Helme, 99 + + _Héloïse_ (F.), 123, 212 + + Helper, 99 + + Helps, 99 + + Helpstone, 109 + + Hemingford Abbots, 109 + + Hemington, 109 + + Hemp, 166 + + Hemper, 166 + + Henfrey, 43, 166 + + Henman, 43 + + Henn, 83 + + Henniker, 43 + + _Henri_ (F.), 123 + + Henstridge, 109 + + Herbert, 55, 99 + + _Herbette_ (F.), 153 + + Herepath, 55 + + Heringaud, 34 + + Herod, 99, 190 + + Herring, 99, 175 + + Hersant, 55 + + Heward, 141 + + Hewish, 141 + + Hewitt, 32, 141 + + Hewland, 141 + + Hewlet, 141 + + Hibbert, 141 + + Hibble, 141 + + Hick, 140 + + Hickie, 140 + + Hickley, 140 + + Hicklin, 141 + + Hickman, 100, 141 + + Hickmot, 141 + + _Hieckmann_ (G.), 141 + + _Hienne_ (F.), 141 + + Higgen, 141 + + Highmore, 100, 141 + + Higlet, 141 + + _Higlin_ (F.), 141 + + Higman, 141 + + Hignett, 142 + + Hildebrand, 55 + + Hilder, 55 + + Hildreth, 56 + + Hildyard, 55 + + Hill, 83 + + Hillersdon, 109 + + Hillman, 56 + + Hillock, 100, 141 + + Hillyer, 55 + + Hilmer, 56 + + Hilridge, 56 + + Him, 209 + + Hime, 83 + + Hind, 114 + + Hine, 114 + + Hinksey, 109 + + Hipkin, 31 + + Hoby, 83 + + _Hocedé_ (F.), 182 + + Hockaday, 182 + + Hockey, 83 + + Hodge, 100, 140 + + Hodges, 141 + + Hodgett, 101 + + Hodgkin, 31, 141 + + Hodsoak, 109 + + Hoe, 140 + + _Hogan_ (F.), 141 + + _Hoge_ (G.), 140 + + Hogg, 100, 140 + + Hoggin, 141 + + Hogmire, 141 + + _Hognet_ (F.), 142 + + _Hoin_ (F.), 141 + + Holiday, 182 + + Homer, 141 + + Hone, 83, 166 + + Honey, 83 + + Honeybun, 120 + + Honeyburn, 120 + + Honeyman, 54 + + Honner, 166 + + Honnington, 109 + + Hoofnail, 165 + + Hook, 83 + + Hopkin, 102 + + Hopp, 83 + + Hopping, 28, 83 + + Horne, 83, 100 + + Horning, 83, 105 + + Horningsea, 109 + + Horningsheath, 109 + + Horsenail, 165 + + Hose, 84 + + Hough, 89 + + Howard, 178, 180 + + Howitt, 32, 101, 141 + + _Hua_ (F.), 140 + + _Huan_ (F), 141 + + _Huard_ (F.), 141 + + _Huart_ (F.), 141 + + _Huault_ (F.), 142 + + _Hubault_ (F.), 141 + + Hubbard, 141 + + _Hubbert_ (G.), 141 + + Hubble, 141 + + _Hubert_ (F.), 141 + + _Huc_ (F.), 140 + + Huck, 140 + + _Hucke_ (G.), 140 + + Huckell, 140 + + Hucken, 141 + + _Hue_ (F.), 140 + + _Huel_ (F.), 140 + + Huelin, 141 + + _Huet_ (F.), 141 + + Huff, 86 + + _Hufnagel_ (G.), 166 + + Hug, 140 + + _Hug_ (F.), 140 + + Hugall, 140 + + _Hugan_ (F.), 141 + + _Hugard_ (F.), 141 + + _Hugé_ (F.), 140 + + _Huge_ (G.), 140 + + _Hügel_(G.), 140 + + Huggard, 141 + + Huggett, 32, 141 + + Hugh, 140 + + Hughes, 141 + + Hughman, 141 + + _Hugla_ (F.), 140 + + Hugman, 141 + + _Hugnot_ (F.), 142 + + Hugo, 140 + + _Hugo_ (F.), 140 + + _Hugo_ (G.), 140 + + _Hugot_ (F.), 141 + + _Huguelin_ (F.), 141 + + _Hugues_ (F.), 141 + + Huie, 140 + + _Hulek_ (F.), 141 + + Hullock, 141 + + Human, 141 + + _Humann_ (F.), 141 + + Humble, 100, 191 + + _Humboldt_ (G.), 191 + + Humphrey, 50_n_, 54 + + Hun, 89 + + Hunger, 54 + + Hunhold, 54 + + Hunibal, 54 + + Hunn, 83 + + Hunnard, 54 + + Hunt, 83 + + Hunting, 83 + + Huntingdon, 109 + + Hurlbat, 49 + + Hurlburt, 49 + + Hurler, 49, 178, 180 + + Hutt, 100 + + Hyndman, 114 + + + I. + + Ibbett, 32 + + _Ihm_ (G.), 209 + + _Imm_ (G.), 209 + + Impey, 167 + + Inchbald, 56 + + Inchboard, 56 + + Ingledew, 42 + + Inglesent, 42 + + Inglis, 192 + + Ingold, 56 + + Ingram, 56 + + Ingrey, 56 + + Inkhammer, 215 + + Ipswich, 108 + + Ireland, 9 + + Iremonger, 19 + + Irminger, 19, 44 + + Irwine, 99 + + Isabel, 198 + + _Isabelle_ (F.), 199 + + Isburg, 56 + + Ismer, 56 + + Isnard, 56 + + Isnell, 165 + + Isner, 56 + + Ive, 83 + + Ivy, 83, 185, 186 + + Izod, 56 + + + J. + + Jack, 194, 196 + + Jacklin, 194, 196 + + _Jacklin_ (G.), 196 + + _Jacquard_ (F.), 196 + + _Jacquelin_ (F.), 196 + + Jael, 190 + + Jago, 194, 196 + + Jane, 206, 207 + + Janet, 206, 207 + + January, 182, 183 + + Jarman, 51 + + Jeannerett, 52 + + Jeffcock, 35 + + Jeffcott, 35 + + Jellicoe, 31 + + Jenner, 183 + + Jennery, 52, 183 + + Jennett, 207 + + Jervis, 51 + + Jocelyn, 176 + + _Jordaens_ (D.), 135 + + Jordan, 135 + + _Jordan_ (F.), 135 + + _Josselin_ (F.), 176 + + _Jourdain_ (F.), 135 + + _Jourdan_ (F.), 135 + + Judith, 196 + + + K. + + Kay, 9, 10, 80 + + Keble, 98 + + Kedge, 9, 10 + + Kegg, 9, 10 + + Keho, 11 + + Kelk, 98, 170 + + Kelvedon, 107 + + Kemerton, 71, 107 + + Kenilworth, 107 + + Kennard, 56 + + Kennaway, 56, 118 + + Kenrick, 56, 98 + + Kensal, 168 + + Kensett, 168 + + Kenward, 56, 98 + + Keogh, 11 + + Kettering, 105 + + Kettle, 97 + + Kettleby, 107 + + Key, 9, 10, 80 + + Keysoe, 107 + + Kidd, 98, 173 + + Kiddy, 155 + + Killer, 53 + + Killman, 53, 98 + + Kilsby, 109 + + Kindred, 117 + + Kinmonth, 56 + + Kinnaird, 56 + + Kinney, 26 + + Kitt, 100, 173 + + Kitto, 173 + + Kitty, 155, 170 + + Klyne, 160 + + Knapp, 100, 161 + + Knapping, 161 + + Knall, 161, 173 + + Kneller, 161 + + Knibb, 99, 161 + + Knife, 161 + + Knipe, 99, 161 + + Knipping, 161 + + Knott, 81 + + Knyvett, 161 + + _Kupfernagel_ (G.), 166 + + + L. + + Lamaison, 182 + + _Lamas_ (F.), 183 + + Lambert, 56 + + _Lamberti_ (I.), 147 + + Lambeth, 109 + + Lambrook, 56 + + Lammas, 182, 183 + + Lamprey, 56, 115, 175, 178 + + Lanaway, 57 + + Lander, 56 + + Landfear, 56 + + Landlord, 57 + + Landridge, 57 + + Landward, 57 + + Lanfear, 56 + + Langstaff, 164 + + Lanoway, 118 + + Lanwer, 57 + + _Lanzi_ (I.), 147 + + Lark, 175, 176 + + Lascelles, 139 + + Lateward, 57 + + Laundry, 57 + + _Lauringen_ (G.), 72 + + Lavenham, 109 + + Laver, 83 + + Laverick, 100 + + Laverock, 176 + + Lawless, 183, 184 + + Laycock, 34 + + Leamington, 73 + + Leathart, 57 + + Leather, 57 + + _Leboeuf_ (F.), 139 + + _Lecoq_ (F.), 34 + + Ledgard, 57, 100 + + Ledger, 57 + + Ledward, 57 + + Lees, 84 + + Legg, 183, 184 + + Leggy, 183 + + Legless, 183, 184 + + Lemon, 57_n_, 100, 119 + + _Leonardo_ (I.), 142 + + Leopard, 57, 100, 173 + + _Leopardi_ (I.), 151 + + Lessy, 84 + + Leverett, 177 + + Lewis, 34, 118 + + Liddard, 57 + + Liddle, 84 + + Lightfoot, 184 + + Limmer, 119 + + Lind, 175 + + Linden, 185, 186 + + Lindo, 175 + + Ling, 27, 175 + + Lingen, 27 + + Lingo, 175 + + _Lionardo_ (I.), 148 + + Liptrot, 57 + + Lock, 84 + + Locker, 100 + + Lockie, 84 + + Lord, 100, 158, 178 + + Lording, 100, 158 + + Lottisham, 109 + + _Louis_ (F.), 123 + + Louisa, 216 + + _Louise_ (F.), 123, 211 + + Love, 84 + + Loveday, 57, 137, 138, 182 + + Lovegod, 57 + + Lovegood, 57, 191 + + Loveland, 57 + + Loveman, 57, 100, 191 + + Lover, 57, 100 + + Loveridge, 57, 100 + + Lovesy, 100 + + Lovick, 31 + + Loving, 28, 84 + + Lower, 100 + + Lubbock, 31 + + Lucas, 34, 57, 118 + + Lucy, 171 + + Ludbrook, 57 + + _Ludovico_ (I.), 143 + + _Luigi_ (I.), 142 + + Lull, 84, 100 + + Lully, 84, 100 + + Lumb, 160 + + Lump, 160 + + Lumpkin, 160 + + Luther, 57, 100 + + Lutman, 57, 100 + + Lutto, 84 + + Lutwidge, 57 + + Lyde, 84 + + + M. + + Mabel, 201 + + McDermott, 98_n_ + + McKay, 11 + + McKie, 11 + + Madam, 58 + + Maddey, 84 + + _Madelungen_ (G.), 72 + + Madle, 84 + + Mager, 58 + + Magg, 171 + + Maggot, 58 + + Maggy, 84 + + _Magini_ (I.), 142 + + _Maginot_ (F.), 142 + + _Magnabal_ (F.), 142 + + _Magnan_ (F.), 142 + + _Magnard_ (F.), 142 + + Magnay, 142 + + _Magné_ (F.), 142 + + _Magney_ (F.), 142 + + _Magnier_ (F.), 142 + + _Mahault_ (F.), 204 + + Mahood, 210 + + Maiden, 28 + + Maidman, 59 + + _Maignan_ (F.), 142 + + _Mainardi_ (I.), 142 + + _Mainardo_ (I.), 142 + + _Mainbourg_ (F.), 142 + + _Maineri_ (I.), 142 + + _Mainfroy_ (F.), 142 + + _Maingault_ (F.), 142 + + _Maingot_ (F.), 34, 142 + + Maliff, 58 + + Mallard, 58 + + Malling, 105 + + Mallory, 58 + + Malmsbury, 109 + + Malthus, 58 + + Maltwood, 59 + + Manfred, 58 + + _Manfredi_ (I.), 147 + + Manger, 58, 142 + + Manhood, 210 + + Manigault, 58 + + Manlove, 58, 191 + + Mann, 84 + + Manning, 28, 84 + + _Maraldi_ (I.), 147 + + Marcher, 59 + + Margot, 58 + + Marigold, 58 + + Mariner, 178, 180 + + _Marinier_ (F.), 181 + + Marker, 59 + + Marklove, 59 + + Markwick, 59 + + Marl, 84 + + Marling, 84 + + _Marnier_ (F.), 181 + + Marr, 25, 84 + + Marrow, 25 + + Marry, 25 + + Marvey, 58 + + Marvin, 58 + + Marwick, 58 + + Massey, 84 + + Mather, 58 + + _Mathilde_ (F.), 123 + + Matilda, 203, 204 + + Maud, 203, 204 + + Maude, 171 + + May, 84, 171 + + Mayer, 58 + + Maynard, 58, 142 + + _Maynard_ (F.), 142 + + Mayne, 142 + + _Maynier_ (F.), 142 + + Mayo, 171, 173 + + Meadway, 59 + + Meddiman, 59 + + Medland, 59 + + Medlar, 59 + + Medlicott, 34, 59 + + Medlock, 59 + + Medwin, 59 + + Meggy, 171 + + Megrin, 58 + + _Mehne_ (G.), 142 + + _Meiner_ (G.), 142 + + _Meinert_ (G.), 142 + + Melloday, 59 + + Mellowdew, 59 + + Melody, 59 + + Merrill, 84 + + Merriment, 120 + + Merry, 85 + + Messing, 84 + + Methold, 59 + + Michie, 84 + + Mico, 84 + + Mildred, 116, 197 + + Millard, 59 + + Milldolar, 122 + + Millie, 84 + + Millinge, 84 + + Milo, 84 + + Minn, 178 + + Minney, 178 + + Minnow, 175, 178 + + Mitcheldover, 109 + + Moder, 59 + + Moll, 1, 171 + + Monday, 182 + + Monument, 120 + + Moore, 11 + + Mote, 175, 178 + + Moth, 175, 178 + + Mottram, 59 + + Moule, 100 + + Moulsey, 109 + + Moulsham, 109 + + Mouse, 175 + + _Mousse_ (F.), 176 + + Muckett, 100 + + Mudridge, 59 + + Mumm, 155 + + Mummery, 155 + + Mummy, 155 + + Munday, 182 + + Mundell, 30, 84 + + Mundella, 30 + + Mundham, 109 + + Mundy, 182 + + Murch, 84, 188, 189 + + Murchie, 84, 188, 189 + + Murchison, 189 + + Mutrie, 59 + + + N. + + Naf, 161 + + Nagle, 101, 165 + + Nail, 101, 165 + + Nanny, 2, 171 + + Napkin, 161 + + Napp, 1, 161 + + Neate, 84 + + Need, 84 + + Nelly, 161, 171 + + Nettleton, 109 + + Nibbs, 101 + + Nield, 114 + + Nielson, 12 + + Nill, 161 + + Noon, 179 + + Norcock, 34, 35 + + Norcott, 35 + + Norman, 192, 193 + + Northcott, 34 + + Nott, 84 + + Nunn, 178, 179 + + Nunney, 179 + + Nuttall, 81 + + Nutting, 84 + + + O. + + Oake, 185, 186 + + Oakey, 185, 186 + + _Odeschalchi_ (I.), 147 + + _Odevico_ (I.), 147 + + _Odoardo_ (I.), 124, 143 + + Offley, 109 + + Old, 79 + + Oldacre, 41 + + Olding, 79 + + Oldridge, 41 + + Ombersley, 106 + + Onken, 166 + + _Onofrio_ (I.), 142 + + Onwhyn, 166 + + _Orlandi_ (I.), 147 + + Orleston, 109 + + Orlop, 101 + + Orme, 174 + + Ormerod, 43 + + Ormsby, 109 + + Osborn, 59 + + Osgodby, 109 + + Osgood, 59 + + Osman, 59 + + Osmer, 59 + + Osmington, 109 + + Osmond, 60 + + Ostrich, 175 + + Oswald, 60, 101 + + Oswaldslow, 109 + + Oswin, 60 + + _Ouarnier_ (F.), 149 + + Ough, 86 + + Outram, 42 + + Ovington, 111 + + Owen, 101 + + Oyster, 122 + + Oysterman, 122 + + + P. + + Paddington, 110 + + Padworth, 110 + + Pagan, 191, 192 + + Pagham, 110 + + Paine, 118, 192 + + Paler, 181 + + Paley, 26, 84 + + Palfrey, 47 + + Paling, 84 + + Papillon, 31 + + Paragreen, 45 + + Paramore, 45 + + Parez, 33 + + Paris, 33 + + Partrick, 46 + + Partridge, 46 + + Pascoe, 135 + + Pash, 135 + + Paske, 135 + + _Pasquin_ (F.), 135 + + Pass, 79 + + Patching, 105 + + Paton, 90 + + Patrington, 110 + + Pattingham, 110 + + Payne, 118 + + Peabody, 156 + + Peat, 91 + + Peck, 79 + + Pegg, 2, 85, 171 + + Pendegast, 114 + + Pender, 44, 101 + + Pendered, 44 + + Pendgast, 114, 115 + + _Penicaud_ (F.), 34 + + Penman, 45 + + Penn, 85 + + Pennell, 101 + + Pennycad, 34, 45 + + Pensham, 110 + + Pentecast, 120, 183 + + Pentecost, 120, 182, 183, 215 + + Perman, 45 + + Perriam, 45 + + Perrott, 45 + + Petersham, 110 + + Petridge, 110 + + Peyton, 90, 101 + + Pharoah, 190 + + _Philibert_ (F.), 123 + + Phillimore, 50, 99 + + Pickett, 101, 192 + + Picton, 90 + + Picture, 91 + + Piddel, 101 + + Pigot, 192 + + Pilgrim, 45 + + Pim, 162 + + Pindard, 44 + + Piper, 85 + + Pippin, 101 + + Pirner, 45 + + Pitt, 83 + + Player, 178, 180 + + Plowman, 178, 180 + + Pollard, 46 + + Poppy, 80 + + Portisham, 110 + + _Potefer_ (F.), 190 + + Potiphar, 190 + + Pott, 80 + + Potten, 101 + + Pottle, 101 + + Potto, 80 + + _Poy_ (F.), 194 + + _Poyard_ (F.), 152 + + _Poyart_ (F.), 194 + + _Poyé_ (F.), 194 + + _Poyer_ (F.), 194 + + Poynings, 105 + + Pray, 157 + + Prendergast, 114, 115 + + Prendergrass, 114 + + Prentice, 178, 179 + + Prentiss, 32, 101, 116 + + Priest, 178, 179 + + Prince, 178, 179 + + Proudfoot, 116 + + Puck, 80 + + Puckle, 85 + + Puddifer, 190 + + Punt, 101 + + Purdue, 45 + + Purgold, 46 + + Purland, 45 + + Pye, 193, 194 + + Pym, 162 + + Pyman, 193, 194 + + + Q. + + Quail, 131, 133 + + Quaint, 131, 133 + + Quaker, 131 + + Qualey, 131, 133 + + Quantock, 131, 133 + + Quare, 131 + + Quarman, 131, 132 + + Quarrier, 131, 132 + + Quarry, 131 + + Quart, 134 + + Quary, 131 + + Quash, 131 + + Quear, 131 + + Queen, 131, 133 + + Queenan, 131, 133 + + Queeney, 131, 133 + + _Quenay_ (F.), 133 + + _Querrey_ (F.), 131 + + Query, 131 + + Quick, 131, 132 + + Quiddy, 131, 132 + + Quier, 131, 132 + + Quig, 131, 132 + + Quiggle, 131, 132 + + Quil, 131, 132 + + Quilke, 131, 133 + + _Quillac_ (F.), 133 + + _Quillé_ (F.), 132 + + Quillinan, 131, 133 + + Quillman, 131, 133 + + Quilt, 131, 134 + + Quilter, 131, 134 + + Quilty, 131, 134 + + Quin, 131, 133 + + Quinan, 131, 133 + + _Quineau_ (F.), 133 + + Quiner, 131, 133 + + _Quinier_ (F.), 133 + + Quint, 131, 133 + + _Quinty_ (F.), 133 + + Quire, 131, 132 + + _Quirini_ (I.), 147 + + Quitman, 131, 132 + + Quittacus, 131, 132 + + Quy, 131, 132 + + _Quyo_ (F.), 132 + + + R. + + Rabbit, 118 + + Raddish, 33 + + Rackham, 60 + + Radmore, 60 + + _Raimondi_ (I.), 147 + + Rain, 176 + + Rainbird, 60 + + Rainford, 60 + + Ralph, 60, 101, 118 + + Ramsden, 110 + + Ranacre, 60 + + Ranger, 60 + + Rarey, 60 + + Rathbold, 60 + + Rathbone, 60 + + Rather, 60 + + Ratliffe, 60 + + Rattham, 60 + + Rattray, 60 + + Raven, 85 + + Raybauld, 60 + + Raybolt, 60 + + Rayment, 60, 120 + + Raymond, 60 + + Raynbold, 60 + + Raynham, 60 + + Read, 83 + + Reading, 105 + + Readwin, 60, 101 + + Reckless, 183 + + Redband, 60 + + Reddaway, 60 + + Reddish, 33 + + Redgill, 60 + + Redman, 60, 61 + + Redmarley, 110 + + Redmond, 60 + + Redmore, 60 + + Redwar, 60 + + Regal, 85 + + Reginald, 13 + + Regnard, 60 + + Rennie, 86, 176 + + Renno, 176 + + Reulver, 110 + + Reynard, 60 + + Reyner, 60 + + Reynolds, 60 + + Riccard, 61 + + Rich, 85 + + Richard, 61 + + _Richarde_ (F.), 123 + + Richbell, 61 + + Richer, 61, 181 + + Riches, 32 + + Richey, 85 + + _Richez_ (F.), 32 + + Richman, 61 + + Richmond, 61 + + Richold, 61 + + Rickinghall, 110 + + Rickman, 61 + + Ridding, 85 + + Riddle, 86 + + Riddy, 85 + + Ridgway, 61 + + Ridgyard, 61 + + _Ridolphi_ (I.), 143 + + Ringer, 61 + + Ringold, 61, 100 + + Ringstead, 110 + + Ripley, 83 + + Ritta, 85 + + Robert, 61 + + _Robert_ (F.), 123 + + _Roberti_ (I.), 147 + + Rock, 85 + + Rodber, 61 + + Rodbourn, 61 + + Rodborough, 110 + + Rodd, 85 + + Rodgard, 61 + + Rodger, 61 + + Rodman, 61, 192 + + Rodney, 61 + + Rodrick, 61 + + Rodyard, 61 + + _Rointru_ (F.), 186 + + Roland, 118 + + _Rolandini_ (I.), 147 + + Rolfe, 61, 118 + + Rolland, 61 + + Rolle, 85 + + Rollesby, 110 + + Rolleston, 110 + + Roman, 61, 118, 192 + + Roothing, 105 + + Rosbert, 61 + + Roskell, 61 + + _Rosnagel_ (G.), 166 + + Ross, 85 + + Rotherham, 61 + + Rothery, 61 + + Rowantree, 185, 186 + + Rubery, 101 + + Ruck, 85 + + Rudd, 85 + + Rudder, 61 + + Rudding, 85 + + _Rudolfe_ (F.), 123 + + Rudwick, 61 + + Rugg, 85 + + Rumbold, 62, 101 + + Rummer, 62 + + Runwell, 137 + + Rush, 85 + + Rutledge, 61 + + + S. + + _Sacchi_ (I.), 147 + + Saint, 191 + + Sala, 86 + + Salaman, 178 + + Sale, 86 + + Salloway, 62 + + Salmon, 62, 175, 178 + + Sander, 85 + + Sargood, 66 + + Sarle, 85 + + Sarratt, 62 + + Satchell, 83 + + Scales, 86 + + Scally, 86 + + Scamp, 191 + + Scard, 83 + + Scarth, 85 + + _Schilling_ (G.), 29 + + Scotland, 8 + + Scott, 6 + + Scotten, 8 + + Scotting, 8 + + Scotto, 8 + + Seaber, 63 + + Seaborn, 63 + + Seabright, 63, 102_n_ + + Seabrook, 63 + + Seabury, 63 + + Searight, 63 + + Searle, 85 + + Seawall, 63 + + Seaward, 63 + + Sedgeberrow, 110 + + Sedgewick, 62 + + Sefowl, 63 + + Segar, 62, 102 + + Seguin, 62 + + Self, 85 + + Sellar, 62 + + Selvey, 86 + + Sempringham, 88 + + Serbutt, 62 + + Sermon, 62 + + Seward, 63 + + Seyfried, 62 + + Seymore, 15, 20, 62, 118 + + Seymour, 102 + + Shaft, 101 + + Shaftesbury, 110 + + Shafto, 101 + + Shakestaff, 164 + + Shark, 175, 177 + + Sharkey, 175 + + Shawkey, 101, 170 + + Sheaf, 86 + + Shield, 29, 101 + + Shilling, 29, 215 + + Shillingsworth, 215 + + Shinn, 86 + + Shirley, 86 + + Sholl, 101 + + Shovel, 86 + + Shute, 85, 101 + + Shuter, 101 + + Sibbald, 62, 118 + + Sibbertswold, 110 + + Sibert, 62, 102, 118 + + Sick, 86 + + Sickle, 83 + + Sickling, 85 + + Sickman, 62 + + Side, 183 + + Sidlesham, 110 + + Sievewright, 63, 178, 180 + + Siggs, 86 + + Sigournay, 115 + + Siksworth, 110 + + Simmond, 62 + + Siney, 86 + + _Sinibaldo_ (I.), 143 + + _Sismondi_ (I.), 147 + + Skeat, 85, 101 + + Skitt, 85 + + Smelt, 175, 178 + + Smirke, 188, 189 + + Snare, 86 + + Snell, 102 + + Snoad, 86, 168 + + Snodd, 102 + + Snodgast, 169 + + Snodgrass, 114_n_, 168 + + Snodin, 168 + + Snodland, 110 + + Snowden, 168 + + Somerleyton, 110 + + Somersham, 110 + + Sommerlat, 102 + + Spain, 192, 193 + + Spark, 186, 187 + + Speck, 86 + + Spendlove, 193 + + Spenlove, 193 + + Sprack, 186, 187 + + Spracklin, 186, 187 + + Sprague, 186, 187 + + Spratt, 175, 177 + + Spreckly, 186, 187 + + Sprigg, 186, 187 + + Sprott, 177 + + Sprout, 177 + + Square, 160 + + Squarey, 160 + + Squire, 160 + + Squirrell, 160, 175 + + Stadd, 159 + + Stainburn, 63 + + Stainer, 63 + + Starbuck, 120 + + Starch, 164 + + Stark, 164 + + Starkie, 164 + + Starr, 164 + + Steamburg, 63 + + Steed, 159 + + Stell, 86 + + Stenning, 86 + + Stericker, 164 + + Sternhold, 63, 116 + + Steyning, 106 + + Stidolph, 159 + + Stitt, 159 + + Stoddart, 159 + + Stonard, 63 + + Stone, 86 + + Stoneheart, 63, 191 + + Stoner, 63 + + Stonhold, 63 + + Stothard, 102 + + Stott, 102, 159 + + Stout, 102, 159 + + _Stradivarius_ (I.), 149 + + Straight, 163 + + Strain, 163 + + Strang, 163 + + Strangward, 163 + + Strangwick, 163 + + Strank, 163 + + Straw, 163 + + Stray, 163 + + Streek, 163 + + Stretch, 163 + + Strickett, 163 + + Stringfellow, 163 + + Stringle, 163 + + Strong, 102, 163 + + Stubbe, 186 + + Stubbing, 86, 186 + + Stubbs, 86 + + Studd, 159 + + Studeard, 102, 159 + + Sturge, 164 + + Sturgeon, 164 + + Sturgin, 164 + + Stutter, 159 + + Sugg, 102 + + Summer, 102, 182 + + Sunday, 182 + + Sundon, 110 + + Sunman, 102 + + Surrenden, 110 + + Swan, 83, 174 + + Swarling, 106 + + Swearing, 2, 28, 160, 191 + + Swears, 102, 160, 191 + + Swire, 102, 160 + + Sword, 102 + + Sycamore, 62, 102, 185, 186 + + _Sycamore_ (G.), 20 + + + T. + + Tackabarry, 47 + + Tackle, 102 + + Tadd, 86 + + Taddy, 86 + + Tadman, 63, 102 + + Tadmarton, 110 + + Talbert, 47 + + Tall, 86 + + Tallington, 111 + + Tallman, 47 + + Tamworth, 111 + + Tancred, 63 + + Tankard, 63 + + Tankeray, 63 + + Target, 119 + + Tarring, 106 + + Tassell, 151 + + _Tassell_ (F.), 151 + + Tassie, 151 + + _Tasso_ (I.), 151 + + _Tassy_ (F.), 151 + + Tattle, 102 + + Tatwin, 63 + + Tavistock, 111 + + Tayburn, 47 + + Teather, 63 + + Tedder, 63 + + Teddington, 111 + + Telfer, 47 + + Telling, 28, 86 + + Terling, 106 + + Terry, 26, 86 + + Teuthorn, 64 + + Thackeray, 63 + + Theddlethorpe, 111 + + Theobald, 64 + + Theodore, 64, 102 + + Thirkettle, 64 + + _Thom_ (F.), 196 + + _Thomé_ (F.), 196 + + Thorburn, 63 + + Thorgur, 64 + + Thorne, 86, 185, 186 + + Thorning, 86 + + Thorold, 64, 102 + + Thoroughgood, 64, 110, 191 + + Thorowood, 64 + + Thrale, 169 + + Thunder, 102 + + Thundersfield, 111 + + Thurgar, 102 + + Thurgarton, 111 + + Thurgood, 64 + + Thurkle, 64 + + Thurmot, 64 + + Thurstan, 64 + + _Tibaldi_ (F.), 148 + + Tichfield, 111 + + Tickle, 81 + + Tidball, 64 + + Tidemore, 64, 98 + + Tidman, 64 + + Tidmington, 111 + + Tidy, 26 + + Tileman, 140 + + Tilford, 140 + + Tilke, 140 + + Till, 81, 139 + + _Till_ (G.), 139 + + _Tillé_ (F.), 139 + + _Tillemans_ (D.), 140 + + Tiller, 140 + + Tilley, 26, 139 + + _Tilli_ (I.), 139 + + Tillick, 102, 140 + + Tillier, 140 + + _Tillier_ (F.), 140 + + Tilling, 140 + + Tillingham, 111 + + Tillman, 140 + + _Tillon_ (F.), 140 + + _Tillot_ (F.), 140 + + Tillott, 140 + + Tilly, 81 + + _Tilly_ (F.), 139 + + Tilman, 102 + + _Tilman_ (F.), 140 + + _Tilmann_ (G.), 140 + + _Tilmant_ (F.), 140 + + _Tilo_ (G.), 139 + + Tiptoft, 138 + + Tisoe, 81 + + Titford, 102 + + Tockenham, 111 + + Tocque, 81 + + Todd, 25, 81 + + Toddenham, 111 + + Toddy, 25 + + Todrig, 64 + + Tom, 194, 196 + + Tomb, 194, 196 + + _Tombe_ (F.), 196 + + Tomey, 102, 194, 196 + + Tomkies, 48 + + Tomlin, 31, 194, 196 + + Tommell, 194, 196 + + Toomey, 194, 196 + + Tooting, 106 + + Torr, 86 + + Tottington, 111 + + Trail, 215 + + Train, 215 + + Tray, 17, 215 + + Tredington, 111 + + Tremble, 2, 119, 202 + + Trist, 102 + + Troston, 111 + + Trout, 175, 177, 178 + + Truefitt, 183, 185 + + Trumbull, 2, 119 + + Trumby, 86 + + Trump, 86 + + Trumpington, 88 + + _Tübingen_ (G.), 71 + + Tuck, 86 + + Tudor, 64 + + Tuffnell, 165 + + Tugman, 48 + + Tunn, 177 + + Tunno, 177 + + Tunny, 175, 177 + + Tunstone, 111 + + Turing, 86 + + Turk, 192, 193 + + Turkdean, 111 + + Turpin, 64 + + Turr, 86 + + Tuttle, 86 + + Twickenham, 111, 187 + + Twigg, 186, 187 + + Twine, 186, 187 + + Twining, 186, 187 + + Twiss, 186, 187 + + + U. + + _Ubaldo_ (I.), 141 + + _Ubaldini_ (I.), 141 + + _Ughelli_ (I.), 140 + + _Ughetti_ (I.), 141 + + _Ugo_ (I.), 140, 143 + + _Ugolino_ (I.), 141 + + Upton Snodsbury, 110 + + Ure, 174 + + Urlwin, 49 + + + V. + + Varnish, 33 + + Vergoose, 65 + + Vibert, 67 + + Vicary, 67 + + Vickridge, 67 + + _Videau_ (F.), 148 + + _Videcocq_ (F.), 34 + + Viking, 72 + + _Vilcocq_ (F.), 34 + + Vinegar, 67 + + _Viteau_ (F.), 148 + + + W. + + Waddicar, 64 + + Waddy, 87 + + Wadge, 117 + + Wadmore, 64 + + Wager, 65 + + Wagg, 117 + + Waghorn, 67, 120 + + Wagstaff, 164 + + Wain, 102 + + Wake, 11 + + Waker, 87 + + Waland, 65 + + _Walcher_ (G.), 181 + + Walden, 102 + + Walder, 87 + + Waldie, 87 + + Waldman, 64 + + Waldo, 87 + + Waldron, 64, 65 + + Walk, 87 + + Walker, 87, 178, 181 + + Walkey, 87 + + Walking, 28, 87 + + Wall, 87 + + Waller, 65 + + Wallet, 65 + + Wallfree, 65 + + Wallower, 65 + + Wallraven, 65 + + Walsh, 87 + + Walter, 64, 87, 103 + + Wambey, 162 + + Wampen, 162 + + Waple, 87 + + Warbolt, 65 + + Warborough, 111 + + Warbrick, 65 + + Ward, 149 + + Warden, 28 + + Warehorne, 106 + + Waring, 103 + + Warland, 65 + + Warlock, 65 + + Warman, 65 + + Warmbadt, 122 + + Warmer, 65 + + Warne, 87, 152, 181 + + Warneford, 65 + + Warner, 65, 149, 178, 180 + + Warnett, 65 + + Warraker, 65 + + Warren, 87, 152, 181 + + Warrenbury, 65 + + Warrener, 65, 181 + + Warringer, 149 + + Warrior, 65 + + Washingborough, 111 + + Washington, 134 + + Wass, 87 + + Watchfield, 111 + + Water, 87 + + Watkiss, 64 + + Watlington, 111 + + Watney, 64 + + Watt, 87 + + Waugh, 117 + + Way, 117 + + Wedlake, 66 + + Wedlock, 66 + + Welcome, 66 + + Well, 87 + + Wellwyn, 106 + + Welp, 131 + + Weston, 103 + + Weybret, 65 + + Wheatbread, 116 + + Whelp, 131 + + Wherwell, 137, 140 + + Whigam, 67, 103 + + Whipp, 87 + + Whipple, 103 + + Whiston, 103 + + Whit, 87 + + Whitbread, 66, 116 + + Whitecar, 66 + + Whiteheart, 66 + + Whitelaw, 66 + + Whitelegg, 66 + + Whitelock, 103 + + Whiteman, 66 + + Whitemore, 66 + + Whiter, 66 + + Whiteridge, 66 + + Whiterod, 66, 120 + + Whitethread, 66, 100 + + Whiting, 175, 177 + + Whitridge, 103 + + Whittaker, 66 + + Whittington, 109 + + Whittock, 100 + + Wichett, 67 + + Wicker, 67 + + Wicking, 87 + + Wideman, 66 + + Widow, 103, 148 + + Wigg, 87, 103 + + Wigget, 67 + + Wigman, 67 + + Wigmore, 67_n_ + + Wigram, 67 + + Wilbourn, 66 + + Wilbraham, 111 + + Wilburton, 111 + + Wilcomb, 66 + + Wilford, 66 + + Wilkie, 31, 194, 195 + + Wilkin, 31, 194, 195 + + Will, 87, 194, 195 + + Willament, 66 + + Willard, 66, 103 + + Willer, 87, 103 + + Willeroey, 111 + + Willett, 66 + + Willgoss, 66 + + Williams, 66 + + Williment, 103 + + Willing, 28, 87, 194, 195 + + Willis, 32, 194, 195 + + Willmore, 66 + + Willmot, 66 + + Willock, 31, 34 + + Willoe, 195 + + Willof, 194, 195 + + Willow, 87, 185, 186 + + Willy, 194, 195 + + Wilsford, 111 + + Wimble, 202 + + Wimbolt, 67 + + Wincup, 67 + + Winder, 66 + + Windle, 87 + + Windlesham, 109 + + Windram, 66 + + Windred, 66 + + Windsor, 112 + + Wine, 87 + + Winegar, 67, 103 + + Wineman, 67 + + Winer, 67, 103 + + Winfarthing, 2, 29 + + Wingood, 67 + + Winlock, 67 + + Winmen, 67 + + Winn, 87 + + Winning, 87 + + Winshill, 111 + + Winslow, 111 + + Winston, 67 + + Winter, 182, 183 + + Wintle, 87 + + Wire, 67 + + Wither, 66 + + Withered, 66 + + Witherick, 66 + + Witheron, 66 + + Wittering, 66, 106 + + Wiveliscomb, 111 + + Woking, 106 + + Woldswell, 111 + + Wolf, 87 + + Wolsey, 68, 103 + + Wolverley, 112 + + Woodcock, 34 + + Woodin (?), 103 + + Woolbert, 67 + + Woolcot, 34, 67 + + Wooley, 67 + + Woolgar, 67, 103 + + Woollams, 67 + + Woollard, 67 + + Woollat, 67 + + Woolmer, 68, 103 + + Woolnoth, 68 + + Woolrych, 68, 103 + + Woolston, 68 + + Worcester, 111 + + Wordsworth, 116 + + Worm, 175 + + Worting, 106 + + Wren, 87, 175, 176 + + Wreningham, 111 + + Wright, 87 + + Wrigley, 85 + + Wrotham, 112 + + Wyard, 67, 103 + + Wyatt, 67 + + Wyberg, 67 + + Wybrow, 67 + + Wyman, 67 + + Wymer, 67 + + + Y. + + Yea, 2, 68_n_ + + Yeading, 105 + + Yealfe, 68 + + Yeaman, 68 + + Yems, 83 + + Yeo, 2, 68_n_ + + Yeoman, 68 + + Yeoward, 68 + + Yorick, 68 + + +THE END. + + + + +LONDON: + +R. CLAY, SONS, AND TAYLOR, + +BREAD STREET HILL, E.C. + + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's Surnames as a Science, by Robert Ferguson + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SURNAMES AS A SCIENCE *** + +***** This file should be named 37520-8.txt or 37520-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/7/5/2/37520/ + +Produced by StevenGibbs, Jane Hyland and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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