diff options
| -rw-r--r-- | .gitattributes | 3 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 37520-8.txt | 12595 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 37520-8.zip | bin | 0 -> 145972 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 37520-h.zip | bin | 0 -> 164023 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 37520-h/37520-h.htm | 9737 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 37520.txt | 12595 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 37520.zip | bin | 0 -> 145722 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | LICENSE.txt | 11 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | README.md | 2 |
9 files changed, 34943 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/37520-8.txt b/37520-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a517310 --- /dev/null +++ b/37520-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12595 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Surnames as a Science, by Robert Ferguson + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Surnames as a Science + +Author: Robert Ferguson + +Release Date: September 24, 2011 [EBook #37520] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SURNAMES AS A SCIENCE *** + + + + +Produced by StevenGibbs, Jane Hyland and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + +SURNAMES AS A SCIENCE + +BY +ROBERT FERGUSON, M.P., +F.S.A., F.S.A. (SCOT.); +AUTHOR OF "THE TEUTONIC NAME-SYSTEM." + +LONDON: +GEORGE ROUTLEDGE AND SONS, +BROADWAY, LUDGATE HILL, +NEW YORK: 9, LAFAYETTE PLACE. +1883. + + + + +LONDON: +R. CLAY, SONS, AND TAYLOR, +BREAD STREET HILL. + +TO +MRS. R.H. DANA (_née_ LONGFELLOW), +OF BOSTON, MASS., +IN MEMORY OF EARLY AND VALUED FRIENDSHIP, AND OF DAYS +NOT TO BE FORGOTTEN, PASSED AT CRAGIE HOUSE, +THIS LITTLE VOLUME IS INSCRIBED +BY THE AUTHOR. + + + + +PREFACE. + + +That portion of our surnames which dates back to Anglo-Saxon times, and +so forms a part of the general system by which Teutonic names are +governed, is distinctly a branch of a science, and as such has been +treated by the Germans, upon whose lines I have generally endeavoured to +follow. + +It has been a part of my object to show that this portion of our +surnames is a very much larger one than has been generally supposed, and +that it includes a very great number of names which have hitherto been +otherwise accounted for, as well as of course a great number for which +no explanation has been forthcoming. + +Nevertheless, while claiming for my subject the dignity of a science, I +am very well aware that the question as to how far I have myself +succeeded in treating it scientifically is an entirely different one, +and one upon which it will be for others than myself to pronounce an +opinion. + +This work is of the nature of a supplement to one which I published some +time ago under the title of _The Teutonic Name-system applied to the +Family-names of France, England, and Germany_ (Williams and Norgate), +though I have been obliged, in order to render my system intelligible, +to a certain extent to go over the same ground again. + +I will only say, in conclusion, that in dealing with this subject--one +in which all persons may be taken to be more or less interested--I have +endeavoured as much as possible to avoid technicalities and to write so +as to be intelligible to the ordinary reader. + + ROBERT FERGUSON. + + MORTON, CARLISLE. + + + + +CONTENTS. + + + CHAPTER I. PAGE + + THE ANTIQUITY AND THE UNSUSPECTED DIGNITY OF SOME OF OUR COMMON NAMES 1 + + CHAPTER II. + + CLUE TO SOME OF THE ANCIENT FORMS REPRESENTED IN ENGLISH NAMES 23 + + CHAPTER III. + + NAMES REPRESENTING ANCIENT COMPOUNDS 36 + + CHAPTER IV. + + THE MEN WHO CAME IN WITH THE SAXONS 69 + + CHAPTER V. + + MEN'S NAMES IN PLACE-NAMES 92 + + CHAPTER VI. + + CORRUPTIONS AND CONTRACTIONS 113 + + CHAPTER VII. + + THE OLD FRANKS AND THE PRESENT FRENCH 123 + + CHAPTER VIII. + + THE GERMAN ORIGIN OF GREAT ITALIANS AS EVIDENCED IN THEIR NAMES 143 + + CHAPTER IX. + + VARIOUS UNENUMERATED STEMS 154 + + CHAPTER X. + + NAMES WHICH ARE NOT WHAT THEY SEEM 171 + + CHAPTER XI. + + CHRISTIAN NAMES OF WOMEN 197 + + LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL WORKS CONSULTED 213 + + ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS 215 + + INDEX OF NAMES 217 + + + +CONTRACTIONS. + + A.S. Anglo-Saxon. + O.N. Old Northern. + O.G. Old German. + O.H.G. Old High German. + + + + +SURNAMES AS A SCIENCE. + +CHAPTER I. + +THE ANTIQUITY AND THE UNSUSPECTED DIGNITY OF SOME OF OUR COMMON NAMES. + + +As some things that seem common, and even ignoble, to the naked eye, +lose their meanness under the revelations of the microscope, so, many of +our surnames that seem common and even vulgar at first sight, will be +found, when their origin is adequately investigated, to be of high +antiquity, and of unsuspected dignity. _Clodd_, for instance, might seem +to be of boorish origin, and _Clout_ to have been a dealer in old rags. +But I claim for them that they are twin brothers, and etymologically the +descendants of a Frankish king. _Napp_ is not a name of distinguished +sound, yet it is one that can take us back to that far-off time ere yet +the history of England had begun, when, among the little kinglets on the +old Saxon shore, "Hnaf ruled the Hôcings."[1] _Moll_, _Betty_, _Nanny_, +and _Pegg_ sound rather ignoble as the names of men, yet there is +nothing of womanliness in their warlike origin. _Bill_ seems an honest +though hardly a distinguished name, unless he can claim kinship with +Billing, the "noble progenitor of the royal house of Saxony." Now +Billing, thus described by Kemble, is a patronymic, "son of Bill or +Billa," and I claim for our Bill (as a surname) the right, as elsewhere +stated, to be considered as the progenitor. Among the very shortest +names in all the directory are _Ewe_, _Yea_, and _Yeo_, yet theirs also +is a pedigree that can take us back beyond Anglo-Saxon times. Names of a +most disreputable appearance are _Swearing_ and _Gambling_, yet both, +when properly inquired into, turn out to be the very synonyms of +respectability. _Winfarthing_ again would seem to be derived from the +most petty gambling, unless he can be rehabilitated as an Anglo-Saxon +Winfrithing (patronymic of Winfrith.) A more unpleasant name than +_Gumboil_ (_Lower_) it would not be easy to find, and yet it represents, +debased though be its form, a name borne by many a Frankish warrior, and +by a Burgundian king fourteen centuries ago. Its proper form would be +Gumbald (Frankish for Gundbald), and it signifies "bold in war." Another +name which wofully belies its origin is _Tremble_, for, of the two words +of which it is composed, one signifies steadfast or firm, and the other +signifies valiant or bold. Its proper form is Trumbald, and the first +step of its descent is _Trumbull_. A name which excites anything but +agreeable associations is _Earwig_. Yet it is at any rate a name that +goes back to Anglo-Saxon times, there being an Earwig, no doubt a man +of some consideration, a witness to a charter (_Thorpe_, p. 333). And +the animal which it represents is not the insect of insidious repute, +but the sturdy boar so much honoured by our Teuton forefathers, _ear_ +being, as elsewhere noted, a contraction of _evor_, boar, so that Earwig +is the "boar of battle." Of more humiliating seeming than even Earwig is +_Flea_ (vouched for by Lower as an English surname). And yet it is at +all events a name of old descent, for Flea--I do not intend it in any +equivocal sense, for the stem is found in Kemble's list of early +settlers--came in with the Saxons. And though it has nothing to do with +English "flea," yet it is no doubt from the same root, and expresses the +same characteristic of agility so marvellously developed in the insect. + +Even _Bugg_, if he had seen his name under this metaphorical microscope, +might have felt himself absolved from changing it into Howard, for Bugg +is at least as ancient, and etymologically quite as respectable. It is a +name of which great and honourable men of old were not ashamed; there +was, for instance, a Buga, minister to Edward of Wessex, who signs his +name to many a charter. And there was also an Anglo-Saxon queen, +Hrothwaru, who was also called Bucge, which I have elsewhere given +reasons for supposing to have been her original name. There are moreover +to be found, deduced from place-names, two Anglo-Saxons named +respectively Buga and Bugga, owners of land, and therefore respectable. +In Germany we find Bugo, Bugga, and Bucge, as ancient names of men and +women in the _Altdeutsches Namenbuch_. And Bugge is at present a name +both among the Germans and the Scandinavians, being, among others, that +of a distinguished professor at Christiania. As to its origin, all that +we can predicate with anything like confidence is that it is derived +from a word signifying to bend, and of the various senses thus derived, +that of ring or bracelet (O.N. _baugr_) seems to me the most +appropriate. The bracelet was of old an honourable distinction, and the +prince, as the fountain of honour, was the "bracelet-giver."[2] + +My object then at present is to show that many of our short and +unpretending names are among the most ancient that we have, being such +as our Saxon forefathers brought with them when they first set foot upon +our shores, and such as we find whenever history gives us a yet earlier +glimpse of the Teuton in his home. _Bass_, for instance, whose red +pyramid to-day stamps authenticity on many a bottle, was in ancient +times a well-known potter's name on the beautiful red Samian ware of the +Romans. The seat of this manufacture was on the banks of the Rhine, and +in the long list of potters' names, mostly of course Roman, there are +not a few that are those of Germans or of Gauls. And there is one +interesting case, that of a lamp found along the line of the Roman wall, +in which the German potter, one Fus, has asserted his own nationality by +stamping his ware with the print of a naked human foot, within which is +inscribed his name, thus proving, by the play upon his name, that _fus_ +meant "foot" in the language which he spoke. Little perhaps the old +potter thought, as he chuckled over his conceit, that when fifteen +centuries had passed away, his trade-mark would remain to attest his +nationality. + +But to return to Bass, let us see what can be done to bridge the gulf +between the princely brewers of to-day and the old potter on the banks +of the Rhine. And first, as to Anglo-Saxon England, we find Bass as a +mass-priest, and Bassus as a valiant soldier of King Edwin in the +Anglo-Saxon _Chronicle_, as also a Bassa in the genealogy of the Mercian +kings. Basing, the Anglo-Saxon patronymic, "son of Bass," occurs about +the twelfth century, in the _Liber Vitæ_. And Kemble, in his list of +Anglo-Saxon "marks," or communities of the early settlers, finds +Bassingas, _i.e._ descendants or followers of Bass, in Cambridgeshire +and in Notts, while Mr. Taylor finds offshoots of the same family on the +opposite coast in Artois. In Germany we find many instances of Bass, and +its High German form Pass, from the seventh century downwards. And in +the neighbourhood of the Wurm-See, in Bavaria, we find, corresponding +with our Bassings, a community of Pasings, _i.e._ descendants or +followers of Pass. We may take it then that our name _Pass_ is only +another form of _Bass_, both names being also found at present in +Germany. As to the origin of the name, for which no sufficient +explanation is to be found in the Old German dialects, Foerstemann has +to turn to the kindred dialect of the Old Northern, where he finds it in +_basa_, anniti, to strive contend. + +Thus far we have had to do with Bass as a name of Teutonic origin. But +it appears to have been a Celtic name as well, for Bassa, a name +presumably Welsh, occurs in the pathetic lament of Llywarch, written in +the sixth century, the name being, on the authority of the late Dr. +Guest, still retained in Baschurch near Shrewsbury. The name Bass, then, +or Pass, on Roman pottery might be either that of a German or of a Gaul, +but more probably the former, especially as we find also Bassico, a form +more particularly German, and some other forms more probably Teutonic. + +Before parting with Bass, I may refer to one in particular of his +progeny, the name _Basin_, formed from it by the ending _en_ or _in_, +referred to in a subsequent chapter. The original of our Basin has been +supposed to have been a barber, the mediæval leech, but I claim for him +a different origin, and connect his name, which is found as Basin in +Domesday, with the name Basin of a Thuringian king of the fifth century. + +Let us take another of our common surnames, _Scott_. This has been +generally assumed to have been an original surname derived from +nationality, and we need not doubt that it has been so in many, perhaps +in most, cases. But Scott, as a man's name, is, not to say older than +the introduction of surnames, but as old probably as the name of the +nation itself. To begin with England, it occurs in the thirteenth +century, in the _Liber Vitæ_, where it is the reverse of a surname, +Scott Agumdessune (no doubt for Agemundessune). I do not think, +however, that Agumdessune is here a surname, but only an individual +description, an earnest of surnames that were to be. For there is +another Scott who signs about the same time, and it might be necessary +to distinguish between these two men. There is in the same record yet +another Scott, described as "Alstani filius," who, in the time of +William the Conqueror, "for the redemption of his soul, and with the +consent of his sons and of all his friends," makes a gift of valuable +lands to the Church. Scott again occurs in an Anglo-Saxon charter of +boundaries quoted by Kemble, "Scottes heal," _i.e._ "Scot's hall." And +Scotta occurs in another in "Scottan byrgels," _i.e._ "Scotta's burial +mound." In Germany Scot occurs in the ninth century in the Book of the +Brotherhood of St. Peter at Salzburg, where it is classed by Foerstemann +as a German name, which seems justified by the fact that Scotardus, a +German compound (_hard_, fortis), occurs as an Old Frankish name in the +time of Charlemagne. In Italy, where, as I shall show in a subsequent +chapter, the Germans have left many Teutonic names behind them, we find +a Scotti, duke of Milan, in the middle ages, whose name is probably due +to that cause. Scotto is a surname at present among the Frisians, while +among the Germans generally it is most commonly softened into Schott. + +Scot however, as a man's name, seems to have been at least as common +among the Celts as among the Teutons; Gluck cites four instances of it +from ancient, chiefly Latin, authors, in only one of which, however, +that of a Gaul, is the particular nationality distinguished. As to the +origin of the name, all that can be said is that it is most probably +from the same origin, whatever that may be, as the name of the nation; +just as another Celtic man's name, Caled, signifying hard, durus, is +probably from the same origin as that of Caledonia, "stern and wild." + +Lastly, among the names on Roman pottery, we have Scottus, Scoto, and +Scotni, the last being a genitive, "Scotni manû." Of these three names +the first is the Latinisation of Scott; the second has the ending in _o_ +most common for men's names among the old Franks, but also found among +the Celts; the third, as a genitive, presumably represents the form +Scotten, the ending in _en_, hereafter referred to, running through the +whole range of Teutonic names, but being also found in Celtic. Upon the +whole, then, there does not seem anything sufficiently distinctive to +stamp these names as either Teutonic or Celtic. I may observe that all +these three forms, _Scott_, _Scotto_, and _Scotten_, are found in our +surnames, as well as _Scotting_, the Anglo-Saxon patronymic, which +assists to mark the name as in Anglo-Saxon use. We have also _Scotland_, +which has been supposed to have been an original surname derived from +nationality, and so I dare say it may be in some cases. But Scotland +appears as a man's name in the _Liber Vitæ_ about the twelfth or +thirteenth century, and before surnames begin to make their appearance. +Scotland again occurs as the name of a Norman in the _Acta Sanctorum_, +where it seems more probably of Frankish origin, and cannot at any rate +be from nationality. The fact seems to be that _land_, terra, was formed +into compounds, like _bald_, and _fred_, and _hard_, without reference +perhaps to any particular meaning. Similarly we find Old German, +apparently Frankish, names, Ingaland and Airland (more properly +Heriland), which might account in a similar way for our surnames +_England_ and _Ireland_. + +Let us take yet one more name, _Gay_, a little more complicated in its +connections than the others, and endeavour to trace it up to its origin. +"Nay! but what better origin can we have," I can fancy the reader saying +at starting, "than our own word 'gay', French _gai_?" I would not +undertake to say that our name is not in any instance from this origin, +but what I say is that a proved Anglo-Saxon _name_ is better than any +assumed _word_, however suitable its meaning may seem to be. Moreover, +the same Anglo-Saxon word will account, not only for Gay, but for a +whole group of names, _Gay_, _Gye_, _Gedge_, _Gage_, _Kay_, _Key_, +_Kegg_, _Kedge_, _Cage_,--all variations, according to my view, of one +original name. It must inevitably be the case that a name dating back to +a remote antiquity, and in use over a wide area, must be subject to many +phonetic variations. And it matters nothing to etymology, so long as her +own strict rules are complied with, if some of these names have not a +single letter in common. Given, then, an Anglo-Saxon name Gagg, Gegg, +with its alternative form Cagg, Keg, and we get from it all the forms +that are required. For the English ear is averse, as a matter of +euphony, to a final _g_, and while it most commonly changes it into _y_ +(which is in effect dropping it), as in A.S. _dag_, Eng. _day_, A.S. +_cæg_, Eng. _key_, it also not unfrequently changes it into _dg_, as in +A.S. _bricg_, Eng. _bridge_, &c. To come, then, to the Anglo-Saxon +names concerned, Kemble, in his list of original settlers, has both +Gagingas, _i.e._ descendants or followers of Gag, and Cægingas, _i.e._ +descendants or followers of Cæg. And the Anglo-Saxon names cited below, +one of them the exact counterpart of Gay, are deduced from place-names +of a later period. The Old German names do not, in this case, throw any +light upon the subject, as, on account of the stem not being so +distinctly developed as it is in Anglo-Saxon, they have been placed by +Foerstemann to, as I consider, a wrong stem, viz. _gaw_, patria. + + _Anglo-Saxon names._--Gæcg, Geagga, Geah, Cæg, Ceagga, Ceahha + (Gæging, Gaing, _patronymics_). + + _Old German names._--Gaio, Geio, Kegio, Keyo, Keio. + + _Present German._--Gey, Geu. + + _Present Friesic._--Kay, Key. + + _English surnames._--Gay, Gye, Gedge, Gage, Kay, Key, Kegg, Kedge, + Cage. + +As to the origin and meaning of the word, I can offer nothing more than +a somewhat speculative conjecture. There is a stem _gagen_, _cagen_, in +Teutonic names, and which seems to be derived most probably from O.N. +_gagn_, gain, victory. We find it in Anglo-Saxon in Gegnesburh, now +Gainsborough, and in Geynesthorn, another place-name, and we have it in +our names _Gain_, _Cain_, _Cane_. It is very possible, and in accordance +with the Teutonic system, that _gag_ may represent the older and simpler +form, standing to _gagen_ in the same relation as English _ward_ does +to _warden_, and A.S. _geard_ (inclosure), to _garden_. + +As in the two previous cases, so also in this case, there is an ancient +Celtic name, Geio, to take into account, and to this may be placed the +names _Keogh_ and _Keho_, if these names be, as I suppose, Irish and not +English. Also the Kay and the Kie in _McKay_ and _McKie_. Lastly, in +this, as in the other two cases, there is also a name on Roman pottery, +Gio, which might, as it seems, be either German or Celtic. Can there be +any connection, I venture to inquire, between these ancient names, +Celtic or Teutonic, and the Roman Gaius and Caius? Several well-known +Roman names are, as elsewhere noted, referred by German writers to a +Celtic origin. + +It will be seen then that, in the case of all the three names of which I +have been treating, there is an ancient Celtic name in a corresponding +form which might in some cases intermix. And there are many more cases +of the same kind among our surnames. _Wake_, for instance, may represent +an ancient name, either German or Celtic; for the German a sufficient +etymon may be found in _wak_, watchful, while for the Celtic there is +nothing, observes Gluck, in the range of extant dialects to which we can +reasonably refer it. So _Moore_ represents an ancient stem for names +common to the Celts, the Germans, and the Romans, though at least as +regards the Germans, the origin seems obscure.[3] + +Now it is quite possible, particularly in the case of such monosyllabic +words as these, that there might be an accidental coincidence between a +Celtic and a Teutonic name, without their having anything in common in +their root. It is possible, again, that the one nation may have borrowed +a name from the other, as the Northmen, for instance, sometimes did from +the Irish or the Gael, one of their most common names, Niel(sen), being +thus derived; while, on the other hand, both the Irish and the Gael +received, as Mr. Worsaae has shown, many names from the Northmen. So +also the Romans seem to have borrowed names from the Celts, several +well-known names, as Plinius, Livius, Virgilius,[4] Catullus, and +Drusus, being, in the opinion of German scholars, thus derived. + +But though no doubt both these principles apply to the present case, yet +there is also, as it seems to me, something in the relationship between +Celtic and Teutonic names which can hardly be accounted for on either of +the above principles. And I venture to throw out the suggestion that +when ancient Celtic names shall have been as thoroughly collected and +examined as, by the industry of the Germans, have been the Teutonic, +comparative philology may--perhaps within certain lines--find something +of the same kinship between them that it has already established in the +case of the respective languages. Meanwhile, I venture to put forward, +derived from such limited observations as I have been able to make, +certain points of coincidence which I think go some way to justify the +opinion expressed above. In so doing I am not so much putting forward +etymological views of my own, as collecting together, so as to shape +them into a comparison, the conclusions which have, in various +individual cases, been arrived at by scholars such as Zeuss. There are, +then, four very common endings in Teutonic names,--_ward_, as in Edward, +_ric_, as in Frederic, _mar_, as in Aylmar, and _wald_, as in Reginald +(=Reginwald). The same four words, in their corresponding forms, are +also common as the endings of Celtic names, _ward_ taking the form of +_guared_ or _guaret_, the German _ric_ taking generally the form of +_rix_ (which appears also to have been the older form in the German, all +names of the first century being so given by Latin authors), _wald_ +taking the form of _gualed_ or _gualet_, and _mar_ being pretty much the +same in both. Of these four cases of coincidence, there is only one +(_wald = gualet_) which I have not derived from German authority. And +with respect to this one, I have assumed the Welsh _gualed_, order, +arrangement, whence _gualedyr_, a ruler, to be the same word as German +_wald_, Gothic _valdan_, to rule. But we can carry this comparison still +further, and show all these four endings in combination with one and the +same prefix common to both tongues. This prefix is the Old German _had_, +_hat_, _hath_, signifying war, the corresponding word to which is in +Celtic _cad_ or _cat_. (Note that in the earliest German names on +record, as the Catumer and the Catualda of Tacitus, the German form is +_cat_, same as the Celtic. This seems to indicate that at that early +period the Germans so strongly aspirated the _h_ in _hat_, that the word +sounded to Roman ears like _cat_, and it assists perhaps to give us an +idea of the way in which such variations of tongues arise.) + +I subjoin then the following names which, _mutatis mutandis_, are the +same in both tongues, and which, judging them by the same rules which +philology has applied to the respective languages, might be taken to be +from some earlier source common to both races:-- + + _Ancient German Names._ _Ancient Celtic Names._ + + Hadaward. Catguaret (_Book of Llandaff_). + Haduric. Caturix (_Orelli_). + Hadamar (Catumer, _Tacitus_). Catmôr (_Book of Llandaff_). + Hadold (=Hadwald). Catgualet (_British king of Gwynedd_, + A.D. 664). + Catualda (_Tacitus_). Cadwalladyr (_British king_) + (Catgualatyr, _Book of Llandaff_) + +In comparing Catualda with the British Cadwalladyr I am noting an +additional point of coincidence. Catualda is not, like other Old German +names, from _wald_, rule, but from _walda_, ruler. There is only one +other Old German name in the same form, Cariovalda,[5] also a very +ancient name, being of the first century. This then may represent the +older form, though this is not what I wish at present to note, but that +Catualda is the counterpart of the British Cadwalladyr, which also is +not from _gualed_, rule, but from _gualedyr_, ruler. + +In suggesting that this coincidence may be confined within certain lines +I mean to guard against the assumption that it would, as in the case of +the language, be found to pervade the whole system, many of the +formations of which may be of a more recent time. There are some other +stems, considered by the Germans to be in coincidence, to only one of +which I will refer at present, the Old Celtic _tout_, Welsh _tûd_ = the +Gothic _thiuda_. Hence the name Tudric, of a British king of Glamorgan, +would be the counterpart of that of the Gothic king Theuderic, or +Theoderic. I will take one more instance of a name presumed to be common +to the Germans and to the Celts as an illustration of the manner in +which--men's names being handed down from generation to generation +without, even in ancient times, any thought of their meaning--a name may +survive, while the word from which it was originally derived has +perished out of the language, or is retained in a sense so changed as +hardly to be recognised. The German name in question is that of Sigimar, +the brother of Arminius, dating from the first century of our era, a +name which we still have as _Seymore_, and in its High German form +Sicumar we have as _Sycamore_, intermediate Anglo-Saxon names being +found for both. The prefix _sig_ is taken, with as much certainty as +there can be in anything of the kind, to be from _sig_, victory; the +ending _mar_, signifying famous, is a word to which I have already +referred as common both to the Germans and to the Celts. Segimar was +also an ancient Celtic name, but while the ending _mar_ has a meaning +to-day in Celtic speech, the prefix _seg_ is a word of which they are +hardly able to render any account. Only in the Old Irish (which seems to +contain some of the most ancient elements) Gluck, finding a word _seg_ +with the meaning of the wild ox, _urus_, deduces from it the ancient +meaning of strength (Sansc. _sahas_, vis, robor), and infers an original +meaning akin to the German. + +It happens, perhaps yet more frequently, that a German name, which +cannot be explained by anything within the range of Teutonic dialects, +may find a sufficient etymon from the Celtic. That is to suppose that a +word originally common to the Teutonic and the Celtic, has dropped out +of the former, and been retained only in the latter. Thus there is a +word _arg_, _arch_, found in many Teutonic names, and from which we have +several names, as _Archbold_, _Archbutt_, _Archard_, _Argent_, +_Argument_, for which the meaning that can be derived from the German +seems very inadequate, but for which the Irish _arg_, hero or champion, +seems to offer as good a meaning as could be desired. So also _all_, +from which, as elsewhere shown, there are a number of names, in its +Teutonic sense of _omnis_, does not seem to give by any means so +satisfactory a result as in its Celtic sense of "great" or, +"illustrious." Many other instances might be adduced on both sides to +show the way in which a word has dropped out of the one language and +been retained in the other. + +Before passing from this part of the subject, I may be allowed to adduce +an illustration--a striking one I think, albeit that the name in this +case is not that of a man but of a dog--of the way in which a name may +be retained in familiar use, though the word from which it is derived +has perished out of the language, though the language itself has passed +out of use among us for more than a thousand years, and though the word +itself is only used in a sort of poetical or sentimental sense. Who has +not heard, in verse or in prose, of the "poor dog _Tray_"? And yet who +ever heard, excepting in books, of a dog being called Tray, a word which +conveys no meaning whatever to an English ear? What then is the origin, +and what is the meaning, of the name? It is, I venture to think, the +ancient British name for a dog, which is not to be found in any living +dialect of the Celtic, and which is only revealed to us in a casual line +of a Roman poet:-- + + Non sibi, sed domino, venatur _vertragus_ acer, + Illæsum leporem qui tibi dente feret. + + _Martial._ + + +The British _vertrag_ must have been something of the nature of a +greyhound, though, from the description of his bringing back the game +unmangled to his master, perhaps capable of a higher training than the +greyhound generally attains to. Now the _ver_ in _vertrag_ is in the +Celtic tongues an intensitive, and as prefixed to a word, gives the +sense of preeminence. The ancient British word for a dog in general must +have been _trag_, a word of which we find a trace in the Irish _traig_, +foot, allied, no doubt, to Gothic _thragjan_, Greek [Greek: trechein], +Sanscrit _trag_, to run. The ancient British name then for a dog, _trag_ +signified the "runner," and with the intensitive prefix _ver_, as in +_vertrag_, the "swift runner."[6] And _trag_ is, I take it, the word +from which, _g_ as usual in English becoming _y_, is formed our word +Tray. + +It may be of interest, in connection with the antiquity of our names, to +take a few of the oldest Teutonic names of which history gives us a +record, and endeavour to show the relationship which they bear to our +existing surnames. It will be seen that not only have we the +representatives of these ancient names, but also in certain cases names +which represent a still more ancient form of the word. + +And first let us take the name, dating back to the first century of our +era, of the old German hero Arminius, brought before us with such +magnanimous fairness by Tacitus. The old idea, let me observe, that +Armin is properly _herman_, leader or warrior, has long been given up by +the Germans. The name, of which the most correct form is considered to +be Irmin, is formed from one single word of which the root is _irm_, and +the meaning of which is, as Grimm observes, entirely obscure. We have +then as English surnames _Armine_, _Ermine_, and _Harmony_, the last, +no doubt, a slight corruption, though, as far as the prefix of _h_ is +concerned, it is as old as Anglo-Saxon times, for we find "Harmines +den," Harmine's valley, in a charter quoted by Kemble. Then we have +compounded with _gar_, spear, and corresponding with an O.G. +Irminger--_Arminger_, _Irminger_,[7] and again as a corruption, +_Iremonger_. And, compounded with _hari_, warrior, and corresponding +with an O.G. Irminhar, we have _Arminer_. And, as a Christian name of +women, one at least of our old families still retains the ancient name +_Ermentrude_, the ending _trude_, as found also in _Gertrude_, being +perhaps from the name Thrud, of one of the _Valkyrjur_, or +battle-maidens of Odin. The French also, among the many names derived +from their Frankish ancestors, have _Armingaud_, _Armandet_, and +_Ermingcard_, corresponding with the ancient names Irmingaud, Irmindeot, +and Irmingard. And _Irminger_, as I write, comes before me in the daily +papers as the name of a Danish admiral. But Irmin is not the oldest form +of the name,--"the older and the simple form," observes Foerstemann, +"runs in the form Irm or Irim," and with this also we can claim +connection in our family names. For we have the simple form as _Arms_ +and _Harme_; and as compounds we have _Armiger_, corresponding with an +O.G. Ermgar; _Armour_, with an O.G. Ermhar; and _Armgold_, with an O.G. +Ermegild. Lastly, I may observe that both Irm and Irmin are found also +by Stark as ancient Celtic names. And certainly there is no stem more +likely than this, of the origin of which all trace is lost in the +darkness of the past, to be one that is older than the Arian separation. + +The name Sigimar, of the brother of Arminius, I have already shown that +we have, not only in its own form as _Seymore_, but also in its High +German form as _Sycamore_, the Anglo-Saxon names from which they may be +taken to be more immediately derived being also found in the chapter on +place-names. And I have also shown that we have the name Cariovalda (or +Harwald) of a prince of the Batavi, of the first century, in our +_Harold_. + +There was another old hero of the German race, not so fortunate as +Arminius in finding an historian in a generous foe, whose name only +comes before us in a line of Horace:-- + + Occidit Daci Cotisonis agmen. + +Cotiso must have been a leader of some High German tribe, perhaps +somewhere on the Upper Danube, and he must have made a gallant stand +against the Roman arms, inasmuch as his final overthrow is deemed by the +Roman poet a worthy subject on which to congratulate his imperial +patron. Cotiso is a High German form of another name, Godiso or Godizo, +elsewhere referred to, and hence may be represented, I venture to think, +in our names _Godsoe_ and _Goddiss_, while Cotiso itself may be +represented in our _Cottiss_, the ancient vowel-ending being in our +names, as I shall show in the next chapter, sometimes dropped and +sometimes retained. + +Another name which goes back to the first century of our era is Arpus, +that of a prince of the Catti in Tacitus. The Eorpingas, descendants or +followers of Eorpa, were among the original settlers, and seem to have +confined themselves to Norfolk, where alone we have any traces of them. +The name may perhaps be referred to Anglo-Saxon _eorp_, wolf, though +other derivations have also been proposed. We have the name at present +as _Earp_ (the name of a member of the House of Commons), and also as +_Harp_. Upon this stem is formed the name Arbogastes (_gast_, guest) of +a Frankish general under the Emperor Gratian in the fourth century; and +_Arbogast_ is still a family name among the French. + +Lastly, let us take the name of the German king, Ariovistus, brought +before us by Cæsar. The proper form of this name, there seems little +doubt, is Arefastus, as found in some other O.G. names. There was also +an Arfast, bishop of East Anglia, in the time of William the Conqueror. +And Arfast is a present name among the Frisians, according to Outzen, +who compares it--rightly, as it seems to me--with the old name +Ariovistus. The corresponding name Arinfast (_aro_, _arin_, eagle) was +also in ancient use among the Danes. It seems to me that our name +_Harvest_ may easily be a corruption of Arfast; it has generally no +doubt been derived from a man's having been born at such a season, but I +distrust, as a general rule, as elsewhere stated, derivations of this +kind. + +In connection with the subject of the antiquity of Teutonic names +generally, and of English names as derived from them, I shall have, in a +subsequent chapter, to refer to the names of original settlers in +England as deduced by Kemble from ancient charters, and compare them +with names of a similar kind found in Germany. The coincidence that will +be found in these names at that early period, from England and Friesland +in the north to Bavaria in the south, will, I think, be a very strong +argument to show that these names could not have originated within the +Teutonic area itself, and so dispersed themselves over it in its length +and breadth, but that they must have been brought with them by the +Teutonic invaders from their earlier homes. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[1] From the old Saxon fragment called the "Traveller's Song." Hnaf is +no doubt from the Ang.-Sax. _cnafa_, _cnapa_, son, boy, the Anglo-Saxons +often representing _c_ by a (no doubt aspirated) _h_. + +[2] Stark also adduces an instance in the eleventh century of Buggo as a +contraction of Burchard. + +[3] So at least Foerstemann seems to think, observing that we can +scarcely derive it from Maur, Æthiops, English "Moor." Nevertheless, +seeing the long struggle between the Teutons and the Moors in Spain, it +seems to me that such a derivation would be quite in accordance with +Teutonic practice. See some remarks on the general subject at the end of +Chapter IV. + +[4] So that we may take it that Virgilius, as the name of a Scot who +became bishop of Salzburg in the time of Boniface, was his own genuine +Celtic name, and not derived from that of the Roman poet. + +[5] This name, that of a prince of the Batavi, is considered by the +Germans to be properly Hariovalda, from _har_, army, and hence is +another instance of an initial _h_ being represented among the Romans by +a _c_. The name is the same as the Anglo-Saxon Harald, and as our +present name _Harold_. + +[6] For this explanation of _vertragus_ I am indebted to Gluck. + +[7] There was an English admiral of this name, though I do not know of +it at present. + + + + +CHAPTER II. + +CLUE TO SOME OF THE ANCIENT FORMS REPRESENTED IN ENGLISH NAMES. + + +So long as our surnames are treated as if each name were something +standing apart by itself, very little progress can be made in their +elucidation; it is by collation and comparison that, in this as in any +other science, definite results are to be obtained. And a moderate +amount of attention to the forms in which these names appear, and to the +various endings prevalent among them, will enable many names, otherwise +unrecognisable, to be brought within the pale of classification and of +possible explanation. I am of course referring to that portion of our +surnames--a much larger one according to my judgment than is generally +acknowledged--which dates back to Anglo-Saxon times, and so forms a part +of the general system by which Teutonic names are governed. + +I shall have, in the course of this work, frequently to refer to the +Teutonic system, and to names which do, or do not, according to my +judgment, enter into it. And I will therefore, before going further, +endeavour to explain what I mean by the Teutonic system. There is, then, +a class of words which, at a time of remote antiquity, have been adopted +as stems upon which, in some cases by a sort of phonetic accretion, in +some cases by the addition of a diminutive ending, in some cases by +forming a patronymic, in some cases by taking in another word as a +compound, a number of other names have been formed. Thus, when we find +such a group of names as _Dill_, _Dilly_, _Dillow_, _Dillen_, _Dilling_, +_Dilke_, _Dilwyn_, or as _Budd_, _Budden_, _Buddle_, _Budding_, +_Buddrich_, _Budmore_, we may take it that these are all ancient names, +of which _Dill_ and _Budd_ are respectively the stems. And whenever we +find a group of names with endings such as it is my object in the +present chapter to explain, and in compounds such as will be dealt with +in a succeeding chapter, we shall be warranted in assuming the antiquity +of the group. + + +The endings in _a_, _ay_, _ah_, _ey_, _ie_, _o_, _oe_, _ow_. + +And in the first place, let us take the endings in _a_, _i_, and _o_, of +which the above are nothing more than arbitrary variations of spelling. +Now ancient Teutonic names formed of one single word had commonly, +though not invariably (and the same thing applies also to ancient Celtic +names), a vowel-ending in _a_, _i_, or _o_; this ending is in our names +sometimes dropped and at other times retained. (It is to be observed, +however, that even in Anglo-Saxon times it is not an unfrequent thing to +find the same name variously with and without a vowel-ending, of which +some instances may be noted in Chapter V.) Thus we have _Abbe_, _Abba_, +and _Abbey_, we have _Bell_, _Belly_, and _Bellow_, we have _Earl_ and +_Early_, we have _Dand_, _Dandy_, and _Dando_, we have _Brand_ and +_Brandy_, we have _Todd_ and _Toddy_, we have _Dane_ and _Dana_, we have +_Marr_, _Marry_, and _Marrow_. These are all ancient names, variously +with and without the vowel-ending, and it will be readily seen how apt +the addition is to disguise the name, and to give it the appearance of +something else. + +The question now to consider is--What is the value and meaning of this +vowel-ending, which was only given to simple names and never to +compounds? It might be, in some cases, used simply as a sort of euphonic +rounding-off of a name which might seem meagre and insignificant without +something of the sort. We ourselves appear to use _s_ in the same manner +in the case of some very short names, such as Wills and Epps, in which +the final _s_ may perform the same service that was rendered by the +vowel-ending. But there is also another principle which I think obtains, +and which, indeed, may be the guiding principle in such cases. In +Anglo-Saxon (and the same principle applied to other Teutonic dialects), +the addition of _a_ to a word implied connection with it. Thus, from +_scip_, a ship, is formed _scipa_, one connected with a ship, a sailor. +Now, going back to the remote origin of names, there were many cases in +which a man took a name from an abstraction, such as war, peace, glory, +victory, or from a weapon, as the sword or the spear, and it is obvious +that in such cases he required something to connect his name with it, +and this is, as it seems to me, what was effected by the ending in +question. And the principle is still a living one among us, and we form +names daily in accordance with it, though we no longer use the ending in +_a_, which has been superseded by that in _i_.[8] A connection with +anything whatever is expressed by this ending, as when a stupid person +is called "Duncey," one with a remarkable nose "Nosey," or one with a +halting gait "Stumpy." The French seem to have retained their old +ending, and, when they form names of this sort, to do it with the ending +in _o_ (_eau_) which appears to be in accordance with the genius of +their language, as that in _i_ (_ey_) is with that of ours. + +Of these three endings, that in _a_ is the one which was in use among +the Goths, in such names as Cniva, Totila, Ulfila. And the same was also +the case among the Saxons, a branch of the same Low German stock, in +such names as Anna, Ella, Penda, Dodda. The ending in _i_ was also +common among the Old Saxons, and, if we may judge by the _Liber Vitæ_ of +Durham (which might naturally be supposed to contain a large proportion +of Northern names), was also prevalent in the ancient Northumbria. We +have in that record the names Alli, Arni, Bynni, Betti, Cyni, Diori, +Elsi, Paelli, Tidi, Tilli, Terri, all of which are found in our present +names _Alley_, _Arney_, _Binney_, _Betty_, _Kinney_, _Deary_, _Elsey_, +_Paley_, _Tidy_, _Tilley_, _Terry_. The ending in _o_ was that which +was in favour among the Franks and the High Germans generally, the +oldest instance on record being probably that of Cotiso, p. 20. This is +the usual ending in French names (so far as they are of Old Frankish +origin, and come under this head), the form being generally _eau_, as in +_Baudeau_, _Godeau_, _Fredeau_, representing the ancient names Baldo, +Godo, Fredo. Hence our names ending in _o_ may be taken to be, to some +extent, names of Old Frankish origin come to us through the Normans. But +the number of such names is larger than could reasonably be accounted +for in such a way, and in point of fact, we meet occasionally with such +names at a much earlier period. The Frisians certainly seem to have had +names in this form, and it is a question whether such names may not be +partly due to them. It must be observed, then, that names with these +three various endings represent the stem just the same as those that are +without it. + +The ending in _an_, _en_, _in_, or _on_. + +This ending runs through the whole range of Teutonic names, and is +common in English surnames. Hence we have _Doran_, _Lingen_, _Bolden_, +_Hannen_, _Farren_, the names on which they are formed being represented +in _Dore_, _Ling_, _Bold_, _Hann_, _Farre_. As to the value and meaning +of this ending, we have nothing more to guide us than its parallel use +in the languages most nearly concerned, where it is what may be called +formative. That is to say, it is a form of speech which is used to form +the endings of words, not adding anything to the meaning, but forming a +kind of euphonic rounding-off of the word. Thus from A.S. _wearda_ is +formed _warden_, from _geard_ (inclosure) is formed _garden_, from +_Brytta_ is formed Briton, from _mægd_, maid, is formed _maiden_. Cf. +also the old word _ratten_ for _rat_, still used in provincial speech. +In many cases in Teutonic names we have words thus formed, and also the +simpler forms on which they have been founded, _e.g._ we have _bero_, +bear, and also _berin_, we have _aro_, eagle, and also _arin_ (=A.S. +_earn_), both forming the stems on which a number of other names have +been built. I take the ending in _en_, then, to be most probably a kind +of phonetic accretion, adding nothing to the sense, but sometimes +representing a secondary word, and starting a stem on its own account. + + +The ending in _ing_. + +This is the Anglo-Saxon and ancient German patronymic, as in _Browning_, +"son of Brown," _Dunning_, "son of Dunn," _Winning_, "son of Winn." It +must have been superseded during, or very soon after, Anglo-Saxon times, +by the patronymic in _son_, inasmuch as no names of Scriptural origin +appear to be formed with it. Hence we have such names as _Bulling_, +_Burning_, _Canning_, _Gambling_, _Halling_, _Harding_, _Hopping_, +_Loving_, _Manning_, _Swearing_, _Telling_, _Walking_, _Willing_, some +of which have been popularly supposed to be from the present participle. +All of the above except two, _Swearing_ and _Gambling_, are found in the +list of early Saxon settlers, and of these two (which are found in after +Anglo-Saxon times) _Swearing_, which corresponds with an Old German +Suaring, finds its stem in an Anglo-Saxon name Sweor, signifying +important, honourable; and _Gambling_ (properly Gamling) is the +patronymic of an A.S. and O.N. name, Gamol, signifying "old," probably +in the honorific sense of old descent. From this origin, I take it, are +also our names _Farthing_ and _Shilling_, the former from the stem +_fard_, or _farth_, signifying "travel," found in several ancient names, +and which I rather take to be the same as _ford_, found in the Fordingas +among the early settlers. And _Shilling_, which corresponds with a +present German _Schilling_, is probably the same as the Scilling in the +"Traveller's Song," a supposed contraction of Scilding, from A.S. +_scyld_, shield, in which case our name _Shield_ would be the parent of +_Shilling_. I have referred at the beginning of this book to the +curious-looking name _Winfarthing_ (quoted from Lower) as perhaps a +corruption of an A.S. Winfrithing, though it is a case in which I do not +feel much certainty, finding one or two other such names as _Turnpenny_, +which may have been sobriquets. + + +The ending in _el_ or _il_. + +This ending in Teutonic names may be taken, as a general rule, to be a +diminutive, though in a few cases it may be more probably, like that in +_en_, formative. Thus in the list of early A.S. settlers we have +Bryd(ingas) and we have Brydl(ingas), representing the words _bride_ and +_bridle_. Now, as German writers have taken the word _brid_ in ancient +names to mean "bridle," comparing it with French _bride_, it would seem +probable that, in the above A.S. name, Brydl is not a diminutive, but +the extended word "bridle." However, as a general rule, it may be +presumed to be a diminutive, and in such sense I take the following, +premising that this, as well as all other diminutives, except _kin_, +_lin_, and _et_, is subject to a vowel-ending just the same as simple +forms. We have _Bable_, corresponding with an A.S. Babel, and an O.G. +Babilo; _Ansell_ and _Anslow_ (Ansilo), corresponding with an O.G. +Ansila; _Mundell_ and _Mundella_, with a Gothic Mundila;[9] _Costall_, +_Costello_, and _Costly_, with an O.G. Costila. _Costly_ is properly +Costili, with the ending in _i_, as also _Brightly_ is Brightili, and +some other names with an adverbial look may be similarly explained. + + +The ending in _ec_ or _ic_. + +This ending, with rare exceptions, may also be taken to be a diminutive. +The oldest instance on record is stated by Stark as that of the Vandal +general Stilicho in the fourth century, though, as found on Roman +pottery (in the names Bassico and Bennicus), it may be still older. It +seems rather singular that, though, according to Grimm, this ending was +more particularly in favour among the Saxons, not a single instance of +it occurs among the names of our early settlers, nor indeed any other +form of diminutive except that in _el_, though the form in question is +not uncommon in after Anglo-Saxon times. This diminutive is still in +living use among us, at least in Scotland, where a "mile and a bittock" +(little bit) has proved a snare to many a tourist. We have _Willock_, +_Wilkie_, and _Wilke_, corresponding with an O.G. Willico, and an A.S. +Uillech; _Lovick_ and _Lubbock_, corresponding with O.G. Liuvicho; +_Jellicoe_, corresponding with O.G. Geliko, Jeliko, and an A.S. Geleca, +some of these examples being with, and some without, the vowel-ending. + + +The ending in _lin_. + +This ending, which is also a diminutive, is probably formed from that in +_el_, by the addition of _en_. It is found in Foerstemann's list as +early as the fifth century, but, as found on Roman pottery, must +probably be still older. We have _Bucklin_, corresponding with a +Buccellin, general of the Alemanni in the sixth century, and with a +Buccellan on Roman pottery. Also _Tomlin_, corresponding with an O.G. +Domlin; _Applin_, with an O.G. Abbilin; _Franklin_, with an O.G. +Francolin; _Papillon_, with an O.G. Babolen, &c. This form of diminutive +never takes a vowel-ending. + + +The ending in _kin_. + +This diminutive ending is formed from that in _ec_ by the addition of +_en_. It is the youngest-born of all, not being found, unless in rare +cases, before the tenth century. And it is one that is still in living +use both in England and in Germany, in the latter country more +especially. We have _Wilkin_, corresponding with an O.G. Williken, and +an O.N. Vilkinr; _Godkin_, with an O.G. Gotichin; _Hipkin_, with an O.G. +Ibikin or Ipcin; and _Hodgkin_, with an A.S. Hogcin. + + +The ending in _et_. + +There is an ending in _d_ or _t_ in O.G. names, which may be taken, +though perhaps not with anything like certainty, to have the force of a +diminutive. Hence might be such a name as _Ibbett_, corresponding with +O.G. names Ibed and Ibet, from an unexplained stem _ib_; also our names +_Huggett_, _Howitt_, and _Hewitt_, corresponding with an Anglo-Saxon +Hocget, and an O.G. Huetus, from the stem _hog_, _hug_, signifying study +or thought. But some other endings are so liable to intermix, and +particularly the common one _had_, war, that there is very seldom +anything like certainty. + + +The ending in _es_ or _is_. + +I take this ending also to be diminutive, and to be possibly akin to our +_ish_, as in blue-_ish_, which, as signifying a "little blue," seems to +have the force of a diminutive. Hence we have _Riches_, corresponding +with an O.G. Richizo, and a present French _Richez_; and _Willis_, +corresponding with an O.G. Willizo. Then we have _Godsoe_, corresponding +with an O.G. Godizo, of which Cotiso, mentioned in Horace (p. 20), is a +High German form; and _Abbiss_, corresponding with the name, Abissa, of +the son of Hengest, from, as supposed, Gothic _aba_, man. And we have +_Prentiss_, corresponding with an A.S. Prentsa (=Prentisa), respecting +which I have elsewhere suggested that the name should be properly +Pentsa. Another name which I take to be from this ending is _Daisy_. +There is an A.S. Dægsa, which as Dagsi, with the alternative ending in +_i_, would give us _Daisy_. We have another name, _Gipsy_, which I take +to be from Gibb or Gipp (A.S. _geban_, to give) with this ending. This +ending in _is_ is naturally very apt to be corrupted into _ish_, and it +is from this source, I take it, that we have such names as _Radish_, +_Reddish_, _Varnish_, _Burnish_, and _Parish_, the two last of which we +have also in their proper form as _Burness_, and _Parez_ or _Paris_. + + +The ending in _cock_. + +This ending is not one that enters into the Teutonic system, unless so +far as it may turn out to be a corruption of something else. I have not +met with it earlier than A.D. 1400, nor do I know of anything to make me +think that it is much older. There has been at different times a good +deal of discussion as to its origin in _Notes and Queries_ and +elsewhere. Mr. Lower has supposed it to be a diminutive, for which I do +not think that any etymological sanction can be found, unless indeed we +can suppose it to be a corruption of the diminutive _eck_ or _ock_ +before referred to, which seems not impossible. But on the whole I am +disposed to agree with the suggestion of a writer in _Notes and Queries_ +that _cock_ is a corruption of _cot_,--not, however, in the sense which +I suppose him to entertain, of _cot_ as a local word, but of _cot_ as an +ancient ending, the High German form of _gaud_ or _got_, signifying, as +supposed, "Goth." So far as the phonetic relationship between the two +words _cock_ and _cot_ is concerned, we have an instance, among others, +in our word _apricot_, which was originally _apricock_. + +I am influenced very much in coming to the above conclusion by finding +_coq_ as a not unfrequent ending in French names, as in _Balcoq_ and +_Billecoq_, also in _Aucoq_, _Lecoq_, _Videcocq_, _Vilcocq_, which +latter seem to be names corresponding with our _Alcock_, _Laycock_, +_Woodcock_, and _Willcock_. They might all be formed on Teutonic stems, +if we suppose _Lecoq_ and _Laycock_ to have lost a _d_, like _Lewis_ and +_Lucas_, from _leod_, people. Now, that the ending _gaud_, with its +alternative forms _got_, _caud_, _cot_, is present in French names as +well as in English will be clearly seen from the following. From the Old +German Faregaud we have _Faragut_, and the French have _Farcot_; from +the O.G. Benigaud they have _Penicaud_, and we have _Pennycad_; from the +O.G. Ermingaud they have _Armingaud_, and from Megingaud they have +_Maingot_; from the O.G. Aringaud we have _Heringaud_, from Wulfegaud we +have _Woolcot_, from Adogoto we have _Addicott_, and from Madalgaud we +have _Medlicott_. I am also disposed on the same principle to take +_Northcott_, notwithstanding its local appearance, to represent the O.G. +name Nordgaud, and in this case we have also the name _Norcock_ to +compare. + +Presuming the above derivation to be the correct one, the question then +arises,--Has this ending come to us through the French, or has the +corruption proceeded simultaneously in both countries? That the latter +has been the case, the French _Videcocq_, as compared with our +_Woodcock_, goes some way to show, the one having the High German form +_vid_ or _wid_, and the other the Saxon form _wud_. I may also mention, +as being, so far as it goes, in accordance with the above theory, that +we have a number of names both in the form of _cot_ and _cock_, as +_Adcock_ and _Addicott_, _Alcock_ and _Alcott_, _Norcott_ and _Norcock_, +_Jeffcock_ and _Jeffcott_. I do not, however, desire to come to a +definite conclusion, though, as far as I am able to carry it, the +inquiry seems in favour of the view which I have advocated. But the +whole subject will bear some further elucidation. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[8] How or when this change took place is a question that awaits +solving, but I observe that, in 1265, the Countess of Montford, giving +names (or sobriquets) to her servants, calls one of her messengers +Treubodi (trusty messenger), and not Treuboda, as the Anglo-Saxon form +would have been. + +[9] This name appears as [Greek: Moundilas] in Procopius, but, judging +by the present pronunciation of Greek, it would sound as Mundila. + + + + +CHAPTER III. + +NAMES REPRESENTING ANCIENT COMPOUNDS. + + +The subject of the relative antiquity of simple names (_i.e._ those +formed from one single word) and of compound names is one which has +occupied a good deal of the attention of the Germans. And the conclusion +at which some of them at least seem to have arrived, and which perhaps +has been stated the most distinctly by Stark, is that the compound names +are the older of the two. And the principal ground upon which this +conclusion is based seems to be this, that in a very great number of +cases we find that a simple name was used as a contraction of a compound +name, just as we use Will for William, and Ben for Benjamin. Stark, in +particular, has gone into the subject with German thoroughness, and +produced a most complete list of instances of such contractions, such as +Freddo for Fredibert, Wulf for Wulfric, Benno for Bernhard; and among +the Anglo-Saxons, Eada for Edwine, and Siga for Siwerd, &c., from which +he seems to arrive at the general conclusion that simple names are in +all cases contractions of compound names. + +Nevertheless, I must say that it seems to me that to assume the compound +to be older than the simple looks very much like something that is +contrary to first principles, and indeed the very fact that simple names +are so often used in place of compounds appears to me to show that they +are more natural to men, and that men would generally adopt them if they +could. I cannot but think then, going back to the far remote origin of +Teutonic names, that the vocabulary of single words must have been +exhausted before men began to take to the use of compounds. When this +period arrived, and when the confusion arising from so many men being +called by the same name could no longer be endured, some other course +required to be adopted. And the course that was adopted was--I put this +forward only as a theory--when the range of single names was exhausted, +to _put two names together_. The number of changes that could be thus +introduced was sufficient for all purposes, and there is, as I believe, +no established case of a Teutonic name being formed of more than two +words. From this point of view Teutonic names would not be translatable, +or formed with any view to a meaning, and this is, as it seems to me, +what was in fact the case, as a general rule, though I should be very +far from laying it down as a universal principle. If names were formed +with a view to a meaning, it does not seem very probable that we should +have a name compounded with two words, both of which signify war; still +less with two words, one of which signifies peace and the other war. +"Bold in war" might have a meaning, but "bold in peace," if it means +anything, seems satirical. In point of fact, there was a certain set of +words on which the changes were rung in forming names without any +apparent reference either to meaning or congruity. Thus we find that the +early Frankish converts in the time of Charlemagne, the staple of whose +names was German derived from their heathen ancestors, adopted not a few +words of Christian import from the Latin or the Hebrew, and mixed them +up with the old words to which they had been accustomed in their names. +Thus a woman called Electa, no doubt meaning "elect," calls her son +Electardus (_hard_, fortis); thus from _pasc_ (passover) is formed +Pascoin (_wine_, friend); from the name of Christ himself is formed +Cristengaudus (_gaud_, Goth.) Now these are three of the common endings +of German names, but no one can suppose that any sense was intended to +be made out of them here, or that they were given for any other reason +than that they were the sort of words out of which men had been +accustomed to form their names. Indeed, the idea present to the minds of +the parents seems to have been in many cases to connect the names of +their children with their own, rather than anything else, by retaining +the first word of the compound and varying the second. Thus a man called +Girveus and his wife Ermengildis give their children the names of +Giroardus, Girfridis, Gertrudis, Ermena, and Ermengardis, three of the +names connecting with that of the father, and two with that of the +mother. In the case of a man called Ratgaudus and his wife Deodata, the +names of four of the children are Ratharius, Ratgarius, Ratrudis, and +Deodatus, the names of two other children being different. Many other +instances might be given of this sort of yearning for some kind of a +connecting-link in the names of a family. Now the people by whom these +names were given were common peasants and serfs, so that the case was +not one like that of the Anglo-Saxon kings of Northumbria, among whose +names the prefix _os_, signifying "semi-deus," and expressive of a claim +to a divine lineage, was of such frequent recurrence. It may be a +question then whether, while the former word of the compound connected +with the father or the mother, the latter part did not sometimes connect +with some other relative whose name it was desired to commemorate, +giving the effect that is now frequently expressed by a Christian name +and a surname. Again, when we look at the remote origin of these names, +when we find in the opening century of our era, and who can tell for how +many centuries before, precisely the same names that have been current +in all these centuries since, we can hardly doubt that some of these +names, derived from words that had long died out from the language, must +have been used even in ancient times without any more thought of their +meaning than parents have now when they call a child Henry or John. I +desire, however, to put forward the above theory as to the origin of +compound names rather with a view of raising the question than of +expressing a definite conclusion. + +The vowel ending in _a_, _i_, or _o_, to which I have referred as in +general use in the case of simple names was not used in the case of +compounds, unless indeed it happened to be an original part of the +second word as in Frithubodo, from _bodo_, messenger. Only in the case +of women, to mark the sex, the ending in _a_ was given. And in the case +of some names, such as _Gertrud_, in which the second part is a word +that could only be given to a woman, as no vowel-ending was required, so +none was given. + +I now proceed to give a list of the principal compounds occurring in +English names, with the ancient forms corresponding. I have been +obliged, as a matter of necessity, to compare our names more frequently +with Old German than with Anglo-Saxon equivalents, on account of the +former having been collected and collated--a work which it remains for +some one of our well qualified Anglo-Saxon scholars to do with regard to +the latter. + +The meanings which I have assigned for these names are such as have been +most generally adopted by the German writers who have made a special +study of the subject. But it must be borne in mind that this study is +one in which there is no context by which conclusions can be verified, +and that in the vast majority of cases we have nothing more to go upon +than a reasonable presumption. + + +_Adal_, _athel_, _ethel_, "noble." + +(_Hard_, fortis), Old Germ. Adalhard--Ang.-Sax. Ethelhard--Eng. +_Adlard_. (_Helm_), O.G. Adalhelm--Eng. _Adlam_. (_Hari_, warrior), A.S. +Ethilheri--Eng. _Edlery_. (_Stan_, stone), A.S. Æthelstan--Eng. +_Ethelston_. + + +_Ag_, _ac_, _ec_, "point, edge." + +(_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Agihard--Eng. _Haggard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. +Agiher, Egiher--Eng. _Agar_, _Eager_. (_Leof_ dear), O.N. Eylifr--Eng. +_Ayliffe_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Egiman--A.S. Æcemann--Eng. _Hayman_, +_Aikman_. (_Mund_, protection), A.S. Agemund--Eng. _Hammond_. (_Ward_), +O.G. Eguard--A.S. Hayward--Eng. _Hayward_. + + +_Agil_, _Ail_, of uncertain meaning, but perhaps formed on the previous +stem _Ag_. + +(_Gar_, spear), O.G. Egilger, Ailger--Eng. _Ailger_. (_Hard_, fortis), +O.G. Agilard, Ailard--Eng. _Aylard_. (_Man_), O.G. Aigliman--Eng. +_Ailman_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Agilmar, Ailemar--Eng. _Aylmer_. +(_Ward_, guardian), O.G. Agilward, Ailward--Eng. _Aylward_. (_Wine_, +friend), A.S. Aegelwine--Eng. _Aylwin_. + + +_Alb_, _Alf_, signifying "elf." + +(_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Alfhard--Eng. _Alvert_. (_Hari_, warrior), A.S. +Ælfhere--O.G. Alfheri, Albheri--Eng. _Alvary_, _Albery_, _Aubrey_. +(_Rad_, _red_, counsel), O.G. Alberat--A.S. Alfred--Eng. _Alfred_. +(_Run_, mystery), O.G. Albrun[10]--Eng. _Auberon_. + + +_Ald_, signifying "old." + +(_Bert_, famous), O.G. Aldebert--Eng. _Aldebert_. (_Hari_, warrior), +A.S. Aldheri--Eng. _Alder_, _Audrey_. (_Gar_, spear), A.S. Eldecar +(Moneyer of Edmund)--Eng. _Oldacre_ (?). (_Rad_, _red_, counsel), O.G. +Aldrad--Eng. _Aldred_, _Eldred_. (_Rit_, ride), O.G. Aldarit--Eng. +_Aldritt_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G. Alderich, Olderich, Altrih--Eng. +_Aldrich_, _Oldridge_, _Altree_. (_Man_, vir), A.S. Ealdmann--Eng. +_Altman_. + + +_Amal_, of uncertain meaning. + +(_Gar_, spear), O.G. Amalgar--Eng. _Almiger_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. +Amalhari, Amalher--Eng. _Ambler_, _Emeler_. + + +_Angel_, signifying "hook, barb"(?). + +(_Bert_, famous), O.G. Engilbert--Eng. _Engleburt_. (_Hard_, fortis), +O.G. Englehart--Eng. _Engleheart_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. +Angelher--Eng. _Angler_. (_Man_), O.G. Angilman--Eng. _Angleman_. +(_Dio_, servant), O.G. Engildeo--A.S. Angeltheow--Eng. _Ingledew_. +(_Sind_, companion), O.G. Ingilsind--Eng. _Inglesent_. + + +_Ans_, High Germ, form of A.S. _os_, "semi-deus." + +(_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Ansard--Eng. _Hansard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. +Ansher--Eng. _Anser_. (_Helm_), O.G. Anshelm--Eng. _Anselme_, _Hansom_. + + +_Ark_, _Arch_ (see page 16). + +(_Bald_, bold), Eng. _Archbold_. (_Bud_, envoy), O.G. Argebud--Eng. +_Archbutt_. (_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Archard--Eng. _Archard_. (_Hari_, +warrior), O.G. Erchear--Archere, _Roll of Battle Abbey_--Eng. _Archer_. +(_Rat_, counsel), O.G. Archarat--Eng. _Arkwright_(?). (_Mund_, +protection), O.G. Argemund--Eng. _Argument_. + + +_Aud_, _Aut_, High Germ. form of A.S. _ead_, "prosperity." + +(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Authar--Eng. _Auther_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G. +Audricus--Eng. _Auterac_. (_Ram_, raven), O.G. Audram--Eng. _Autram_, +_Outram_. + + +_All_ (see page 16). + +(_Frid_, peace), O.G. Alufrid--Eng. _Allfrey_. (_Gar_, spear), A.S. +Algar--Eng. _Alger_. (_Hard_, fortis), A.S. Ealhard--Eng. _Allard_. +(_Mar_, famous), O.G. Alamar--Eng. _Almar_. (_Mund_, protection), A.S. +Ealmund--O.G. Alamunt--Eng. _Almond_, _Alment_. (_Noth_, bold), A.S. +Ælnoth--Eng. _Allnut_. (_Ward_), O.G. Aloard--A.S. Alwerd--Eng. +_Allward_. (_Wid_, wood), O.G. Aluid--Eng. _Allwood_. (_Wig_, _wi_, +war), A.S. Alewih--Eng. _Allaway_.[11] (_Wine_, friend), O.G. +Allowin--Eng. _Alwin_. + + +_Al_, _el_, probably "foreigner." + +(_Bod_, envoy), O.G. Ellebod--Eng. _Albutt_. (_Gaud_, Goth), O.G. +Eligaud--Eng. _Allgood_, _Elgood_. (_Gar_, spear), O.G. Elger--Eng. +_Elgar_. (_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Eleard--Eng. _Ellard_. (_Hari_, +warrior), O.G. Elier--Eng. _Ellery_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Alimer--Eng. +_Elmore_. (_Mund_, protection), Elmund, _Domesday_--Eng. _Element_. +(_Wine_, friend), Elwin, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Elwin_. (_Wood_), Elwod, +_Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Elwood_. (_Gern_, eager), O.G. Aligern--Eng. +_Hallgreen_. + + +_Ad_, _at_ (Gothic, _atta_), "father." + +(_Gis_, hostage), O.G. Atgis--Eng. _Atkiss_. (_Gaud_, Goth), O.G. +Adogoto--Eng. _Addicott_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Adohar--Eng. _Adier_. +(_Mar_, famous), O.G. Adamar--Eng. _Atmore_. (_Ric_, rule), A.S. +Ætheric--Eng. _Attridge_. (_Rid_, ride), O.G. Atharid--Eng. _Attride_. +(_Wulf_), A.S. Athulf--Eng. _Adolph_. + + +_An_, _han_ (O.H.G. _ano_), "ancestor." + +(_Fred_, peace), O.G. Enfrid--Eng. _Henfrey_. (_Gar_, spear), O.G. +Anager, Eneger--Eng. _Hanger_, _Henniker_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. +Enman--Eng. _Hanman_, _Henman_. (_Rad_, counsel), O.G. Henred--Eng. +_Hanrot_. (_Wald_, rule), O.G. Anawalt--Eng. _Anhault_. + + +_Arm_, of uncertain meaning. + +(_Gar_, spear), O.G. Ermgar--Eng. _Armiger_. (_Gild_, value?) O.G. +Ermegild--Eng. _Armgold_. (_Had_, war), O.G. Ermhad--Eng. _Armat_. +(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Ermhar--Eng. _Armour_, _Armory_. (_Rad_, +counsel), O.G. Ermerad--Eng. _Ormerod_. + + +_Armin_, of uncertain meaning + +(_Gar_, spear), O.G. Irminger--Eng. _Irminger_, _Arminger_ (_Hari_, +warrior), O.G. Irminhar--Eng. _Arminer_. + + +_Arn_, _ern_ (A.S. _earn_), "eagle." + +(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Arnheri--Eng. _Harnor_. (_Helm_), O.G. +Arnhalm--Eng. _Arnum_. (_Wald_, rule), O.G. Arnoald--Eng. _Arnold_. +(_Wulf_), O.G. Arnulf--Eng. _Arnulfe_. + + +_Ask_, _ash_, perhaps in the sense of "spear." + +(_Bert_, famous), A.S. _Æscbyrht_--Eng. _Ashpart_. (_Hari_, warrior), +A.S. Æschere--Eng. _Asher_. (_Bald_, fortis), Eng. _Ashbold_. (_Man_, +vir), A.S. Æscmann--Aschmann, _Hund_. _Rolls_--Eng. _Ashman_. (_Mar_, +famous), A.S. Æscmer--Eng. _Ashmore_. (_Wid_, wood), O.G. +Asquid--Ascuit, _Domesday_--Eng. _Asquith_, _Ashwith_. (_Wine_, friend), +A.S. Æscwine--Eng. _Ashwin_. (_Wulf_), O.G. Ascolf--Eng. _Ascough_. + + +A.S. _beado_, "war." + +(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Bathari--Eng. _Badder_, _Bather_. (_Hard_, +fortis), A.S. Badherd--Beadheard, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Beddard_. (_Man_, +vir), Badumon, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Badman_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G. +Betterich--A.S. Bædric--Eng. _Betteridge_. (_Ulf_, wolf), O.G. +Badulf--Eng. _Biddulph_. + + +_Bald_, "fortis." + +(_Hari_, warrior), A.S. Baldhere--Eng. _Balder_, _Boldery_. (_Ric_, +rule), O.G. Baldric, Baldrih--Eng. _Baldridge_, _Baldry_. (_Wine_, +friend), A.S. Baldwine--Eng. _Baldwin_. + + +A.S. _band_, _bend_, "crown, chaplet." + +(_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Pantard--Eng. _Pindard_. (_Hari_, warrior), A.S. +Pender--Eng. _Pender_. (_Rad_, counsel), O.G. Bandrad--Eng. _Banderet_, +_Pendered_. + + +A.S. _ben_, "wound." + +(_Gar_, spear), O.G. Benegar--Eng. _Benger_. (_Gaud_, Goth), O.G. +Benegaud--Eng. _Pennycad_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Beniher--Eng. +_Benner_. (_Man_, vir), Eng. _Beneman_, A.D. 1535, _Penman_. (_Nid_, +strife), O.G. Bennid--Eng. _Bennet_. + + +A.S. _bera_, "bear." + +(_Gar_, spear), O.G. Bereger[12]--Eng. _Berger_. (_Grim_, fierce), O.G. +Peragrim--Eng. _Paragreen_. (_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Berhard--Eng. +_Barehard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Beriher--Eng. _Berrier_. (_Helm_), +O.G. Perrhelm--Eng. _Perriam_. (_Land_, terra), O.G. Perelant--Eng. +_Purland_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Berman--Eng. _Burman_, _Perman_. (_Mar_, +famous), O.G. Bermar--Eng. _Barmore_, _Paramore_. (_Rat_, counsel), O.G. +Perratt--Eng. _Perrott_. (_Dio_, servant), O.G. Peradeo--Eng. _Purdue_. +(_Ward_), O.G. Beroward--Eng. _Berward_. (_Wise_, sapiens), O.G. Berois +(=Berwis)--Eng. _Barwise_. + + +_Berin_, _bern_, "bear." + +(_Gar_, spear), O.G. Beringar--Eng. _Berringer_. (_Hard_, fortis), O.G. +Berinhard--Eng. _Bernard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Bernher, +Pernher--Eng. _Berner_, _Pirner_. (_Wald_, rule), O.G. Berneold--Eng. +_Bernold_. (_Kel_, for _Ketil_), O.N. Biornkel--Eng. _Barnacle_. + + +_Bil_, supposed to mean "mildness, gentleness." + +(_Frid_, peace), O.G. Bilfrid--Eng. _Belfry_. (_Grim_, fierce), O.G. +Biligrim, Pilgrim--Eng. _Pilgrim_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Belemar--Eng. +_Billamore_, _Belmore_. (_Gard_, protection), O.G. Biligard--Eng. +_Billiard_. (_Mund_, protection), O.G. Pilimunt--Eng. _Belment_. +(_Wald_, rule), Biliald, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Billyald_. + + +_Bert_, "bright, illustrious." + +(_Ram_, raven), O.G. Bertram--Eng. _Bertram_. (_Land_, terra), O.G. +Bertland--Eng. _Brightland_. (_Mar_, famous), A.S. Brihtmar--Eng. +Brightmore. (_Rand_, shield), O.G. Bertrand--Eng. _Bertrand_. (_Ric_, +rule), O.G. Perhtric--A.S. Brihtric--Partriche, _Hund. Rolls_--Eng. +_Partrick_, _Partridge_. (_Wine_, friend), A.S. Brihtwine--Eng. +_Brightwine_. + + +_Black_, _blake_, signifying "brightness." + +(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Blicher--Eng. _Blacker_, _Blaker_. (_Man_), A.S. +Blæcman (genealogy of the kings of Northumbria), Blacman (Moneyer at +Norwich)--Blaecmon, _Lib. Vit._--Blacheman, _Domesday_--Eng. _Blackman_, +_Blakeman_. (_Wine_, friend), Eng. _Blackwin_. + + +_Bod_, _bud_, "envoy." + +(_Gar_, spear), O.G. Baudochar--Eng. _Bodicker_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. +Botthar--Boterus, _Domesday_--Eng. _Butter_, _Buttery_. (_Gis_, +hostage), O.G. Boutgis, Boggis--Eng. _Boggis_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. +Baudomir--Eng. _Bodmer_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G. Buttericus, Bauderich--Eng. +_Butterick_, _Buddrich_. (_Rid_, rit, "ride"), O.G. Bodirid, +Buotrit--Eng. _Botright_. + + +_Boll_, _bull_ (prob. M.H.G. _buole_), "friend." + +(_Gar_, spear), O.G. Pulgar--Eng. _Bulger_. (_Hard_), Pollardus, +Domesday--Eng. _Bullard_, _Pollard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. +Bolheri--Eng. _Buller_. (_Mar_, famous), A.S. Bulemær--Eng. _Bulmer_. + + +_Burg_, signifying "protection." + +(_Hard_), A.S. Burghard--Eng. _Burchard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. +Burghar--Eng. _Burger_. (_Wald_, rule), O.G. Burgoald--Eng. _Purgold_. +(_Wine_, friend), Eng. _Burgwin_. + + +_Ball_, _bale_, signifying "bale, woe." + +(_Frid_, peace), O.G. Palfrid--Eng. _Palfrey_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. +Ballomar, Belimar--Eng. _Balmer_, _Bellmore_. + + +_Coll_, signifying "helmet." + +(_Brand_, sword), A.S. Colbrand--Eng. _Colbran_. (_Biorn_, bear), O.N. +Kolbiorn--Eng. _Colburn_. (_Man_, vir), A.S. Colman--Eng. _Colman_. +(_Mar_, famous), A.S. Colomôr--Eng. _Collamore_. (_Hard_), A.S. +Ceolheard--Eng. _Collard_. + + +_Cost_, _cust_, "skill, science" (Germ, _kunst_). + +(_Hard_), O.G. Custard--Eng. _Custard_. + + +_Dag_, "day," in the sense of brightness, glory.[13] + +(_Bald_, bold), O.G. Tagapald--Daegbald, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Daybell_. +(_Bern_, bear), O.G. Tagapern--Eng. _Tayburn_. (_Burg_, protection), +O.G. Tagabirg--Eng. _Tackabarry_. (_Gisil_, hostage), O.G. +Daigisil--Eng. _Daggesell_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Daiher--Dacher, +_Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Dagger_, _Dacker_, _Dayer_. (_Helm_), O.G. +Dachelm--Eng. _Dacombe_. (_Mund_, protection), O.G. Dagamund--A.S. +Daiemond--Eng. _Daymont_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Dagemar--Dagemar on +Roman pottery--Eng. _Damer_. + + +_Dall_, _dell_, as supposed, "illustrious." + +(_Bert_, famous), O.G. Dalbert--Talbercht, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Talbert_. +(_Fare_, travel), O.G. Dalferi--Eng. _Telfer_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. +Dealher--Eng. _Deller_. (_Man_), O.G. Dalman--Eng. _Dalman_, _Tallman_. +(_Wig_, _wi_, war), Daliwey, _Hund. Rolls_--Eng. _Dalloway_. + + +_Dan_, _den_, of uncertain meaning, perhaps, "Dane." + +(_Hard_), A.S. Dæneheard--Eng. _Denhard_. (_Gar_, spear), O.G. +Thangar--Eng. _Danger_. (_Wulf_), A.S. Denewulf--Eng. _Denolf_. + + +_Dar_, signifying "spear." + +(_Nagel_, nail), A.S. Dearnagel--Eng. _Darnell_. (_Gund_, war), O.G. +Taragun--Eng. _Darrigon_. (_Wine_, friend), O.G. Daroin--- Eng. +_Darwin_. + + +_Dear_, "carus." + +(_Leof_, dear), A.S. Deorlaf--Eng. _Dearlove_. (_Man_, vir), Dereman, +_Domesday_--Eng. _Dearman_. (_Môd_, courage), A.S. Deormod--Eng. +_Dermott_. (_Wine_, friend), A.S. Deorwyn--Eng. _Derwin_. + + +Gothic, _thius_ (O.H.G. _dio_), "servant." + +(_Log_, _loh_, clean?), O.G. Thioloh--Eng. _Dialogue_. (_Mad_, +reverence), O.G. Deomad--Eng. _Demaid_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Dioman--Eng. +_Demon_. (_Mund_, protection), O.G. Thiomunt--Eng. _Diamond_. + + +Old North. _dolgr_, "foe." + +(_Fin_, people's name), O.N. Dolgfinnr--Eng. _Dolphin_. (_Man_, vir), +A.S. Dolemann--Eng. _Dolman_. + + +A.S. _dôm_ (O.H.G. _tuom_), "judgment." + +(_Gis_, hostage), O.G. Domigis, Tomichis--Eng. _Tomkies_. (_Hard_, +fortis), O.G. Domard--Eng. _Dummert_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. +Domarius--Domheri, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Dummer_. + + +A.S. _dugan_, to be "doughty." + +(_Man_, vir), O.G. Dugiman, Tugeman--A.S. Ducemann--Eng. _Tugman_, +_Duckman_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Daumerus--Eng. _Dugmore_. Probably from +the noun, _duguth_, virtue, A.S. Dogod--Eng. _Doggett_, _Dugood_. + + +_Erl_, supposed same as "earl." + +(_Bad_, war), O.G. Erlebad--Eng. _Hurlbat_ (_Bert_, famous), O.G. +Erlebert--Eng. _Hurlburt_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Erleher--Eng. +_Hurler_. (_Wine_, friend), O.G. Erliwin, A.S. Herlawine--Eng. _Urlwin_. + + +_Evor_, "boar." + +(_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Everhard--Eng. _Everard_, _Earheart_. (_Rad_, +counsel), O.G. Eburrad--Eng. _Evered_, _Everett_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G. +Eburicus--Eng. _Every_. (_Wacar_, watchful), O.G. Eburacar--Eureuuacre, +_Domesday_--Eng. _Earwaker_. (_Wig_, war), O.G. Eberwic--A.S. +Earwig--Eng. _Earwig_. + + +Anglo-Saxon _eâd_, "prosperity." + +(_Burg_, protection), A.S. Eadburh--Eng. _Edbrook_. (_Gar_, spear), A.S. +Eadgar--Eng. _Edgar_. (_Mund_, protection), A.S. Eadmund--Eng. _Edmond_. +(_Ric_, rule), A.S. Eadric--Eng. _Edridge_. (_Ward_), A.S. +Eadweard--Eng. _Edward_. (_Wig_, war), A.S. Eadwig--Eng. _Edwick_. +(_Wulf_), A.S. Eadwulf--Eng. _Edolph_. (_Wacar_, watchful), O.G. +Odoacer--A.S. Edwaker--Eng. _Eddiker_? + + +_Far_, _fare_, signifying "travel." + +(_And_, life, spirit), O.G. Ferrand, Eng. _Ferrand_. (_Gaud_, Goth), +O.G. Faregaud--Eng. _Farragut_, _Forget_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. +Feriher--Eng. _Ferrier_. (_Man_), O.G. Faraman--Fareman, _Hund. +Rolls_--Eng. _Fairman_. (_Mund_, protection), O.G. Faramund--Eng. +_Farrimond_. (_Ward_), O.G. Faroard--Eng. _Forward_. + + +_Fard_, also signifying "travel." + +(_Hari_, warrior), A.S. Forthere--Eng. _Forder_. (_Man_), O.G. +Fartman--Eng. _Fortyman_. (_Nand_, daring), O.G. Ferdinand--Eng. +_Ferdinand_. (_Rad_, counsel), Forthred, _Lib. Vit._,--Eng. _Fordred_. + + +_Fil_, _ful_, signifying "great." + +(_Bert_, famous), O.G. Filibert--Eng. _Filbert_. (_Gar_, spear),--Eng. +_Fullagar_. (_Leof_, dear), O.G. Filuliub--Eng. _Fullalove_. (_Man_), +O.G. Filiman--Eng. _Fileman_. (_Mar_, famous), A.S. Fealamar, O.G. +Filomor--Eng. _Fillmer_, _Phillimore_. (_Dio_, _thius_, servant), O.G. +Filethius--Eng. _Filldew_. + + +_Frid_, _free_,[14] signifying "peace." + +(_Bad_, war), O.G. Fridibad--Eng. _Freebout_. (_Bern_, bear), O.G. +Fridubern--Friebern _Domesday_--Eng. _Freeborn_. (_Bod_. envoy), O.G. +Frithubodo--Eng. _Freebody_. (_Lind_, gentle), O.G. Fridulind--Frelond +_Hund_. _Rolls_--Eng. _Freeland_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G. Frithuric--Eng. +_Frederick_. (_Stan_, stone), A.S. Frithestan--Eng. _Freestone_. + + +_Fin_, supposed from "the nation." + +(_Bog_, bow), Old Norse, Finbogi--Eng. _Finbow_. (_Gar_, spear), Old +Norse, Finngeir--Eng. _Finger_. + + +_Gad_, of uncertain meaning, perhaps "friend." + +(_Man_, vir), A.S. Cædmon--Eng. _Cadman_. (_Leof_, dear),--Eng. +_Gatliffe_. + + +_Gal_, signifying "spirit, cheerfulness." + +(_And_, life, spirit), Galaunt, _Hund. Rolls_--Eng. _Galland_, +_Gallant_. (_Frid_, peace), A.S. Galfrid, Gaufrid--Eng. _Geoffry_. +(_Hard_), Gallard _Hund. Rolls_--Eng. _Gallard_. (_Wig_, war), O.G. +Geilwih--Galaway, _Hund. Rolls_--Eng. _Galloway_. + + +_Gand_, signifying "wolf." + +(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Ganthar--A.S. Gandar--Eng. _Gander_, _Ganter_. +(_Ric_, rule), O.G. Gendirih, Cantrih--Eng. _Gentery_, _Gentry_, +_Chantrey_. + + +_Gar_, signifying "spear." + +(_Bad_, war), O.G. Kerpat--Eng. _Garbett_. (_Bald_), O.G. Garibald, +Kerbald--Eng. _Gorbold_, _Corbould_. (_Brand_, sword), O.G. +Gerbrand--Eng. _Garbrand_. (_Brun_, bright), O.G. Gerbrun--Eng. +_Gorebrown_. (_Bod_, envoy), O.G. Gaerbod--Gerbode _Lib. Vit._--Eng. +_Garbutt_. (_Hard_), O.G. Garehard--Eng. Garrard. (Hari, warrior), O.G. +Garoheri, Caroheri--Eng. _Carary_, _Carrier_. (_Lac_, play), O.G. +Gerlac--Eng. _Garlick_. (_Man_), O.G. Garaman--A.S. Jaruman--Eng. +_Garman_, _Jarman_. (_Mund_, protection), O.G. Garimund--Eng. _Garment_. +(_Noth_, bold), O.G. Garnot--Eng. _Garnett_. (_Rod_, red), O.G. +Kaerrod--Old Norse, Geirraudr Eng. _Garrod_. (_Laif_, relic), O.G. +Gerlef--Eng. _Gerloff_. (_Ferhth_, life, spirit), Gerferth, _Lib. +Vit._--Eng. _Garforth_. (_Stan_, stone), O.G. Kerstin--Eng. _Garstin_. +(_Wald_, power), O.G. Garold--Eng. _Garrold_. (_Was_, keen), O.G. +Gervas--Eng. _Jervis_. (_Wid_, wood), O.G. Gervid--Eng. _Garwood_. +(_Wig_, war), O.G. Garavig, Gerwi--Eng. _Garroway_, _Garvey_. (_Wine_, +friend), O.G. Gerwin, Caroin--Eng. _Curwen_?[15] (_Van_, beauty), O.G. +Geravan--Eng. _Caravan_. + + +_Gan_, _gen_, supposed to mean "magic, sorcery." + +(_Bert_, famous), O.G. Gimbert--Eng. _Gimbert_. (_Had_, war), O.G. +Genad--Eng. _Gennett_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Genear, Ginheri--Eng. +_Genner_, _Jennery_. (_Rid_, ride), O.G. Generid--Eng. _Jeannerett_. + + +_Gab_, _Geb_, Eng. "give." + +(_Bert_, famous), O.G. Gibert--Eng. _Gippert_. (_Hard_), O.G. Gebahard, +Givard--Eng. _Giffard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Gebaheri--Eng. +_Gaffery_. + + +_Gart_, _cart_, signifying "protection." + +(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Gardar, Karthar--Eng. _Garter_, _Carder_. +(_Dio_, servant), O.G. Cartdiuha--Eng. _Carthew_. (_Ric_, rule), A.S. +Gyrdhricg--Eng. _Cartridge_. + + +_Gald_, _gold_, "reddere, valere." + +(_Birin_, bear), O.G. Goldpirin--Eng. _Goldbourne_. (_Red_, counsel), +O.G. Goltered--Eng. _Coulthred_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G. Goldericus--Eng. +_Goldrick_. (_Run_, mystery), O.G. Goldrun, Coldrun--Coldrun _Lib. +Vit._--Eng _Calderon_. (_Wine_, friend), O.G. Gildewin--Eng. _Goldwin_. + + +_Geld_, _gild_, probably same as above. + +(_Hard_), O.G. Gildard--Eng. _Gildert_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. +Gelther--Eng. _Gilder_. (_Wig_, _wi_, war), O.G. Geltwi--Eng. +_Gildawie_. + + +_Gisal_, _gil_, "hostage." + +(_Bert_, famous), O.G. Gisalbert, Gilbert--Eng. _Gilbert_. (_Brand_, +sword), O.G. Gislebrand--Eng. _Gillibrand_. (_Frid_, peace), O.G. +Gisalfred--Eng. _Gillford_. (_Hard_), O.G. Giselhard--Eng. _Gillard_. +(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Gisalhar--- A.S. Gislher--Eng. _Giller_, +_Killer_. (_Had_, war), O.G. Gislehad--Eng. _Gillett_. (_Helm_), O.G. +Gisalhelm--Eng. _Gilliam_. (_Man_), O.G. Gisleman--Eng. _Gillman_, +_Killman_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Gisalmer--Eng. _Gilmore_. + + +_God_, supposed to mean "Deus."[16] + +(_Bald_), O.G. Godebald--Godebaldus, _Domesday_--Eng. _Godbold_, +_Godbolt_, _Cobbold_. (_Frid_, peace), O.G. Godafrid--Eng. _Godfrey_. +(_Gisil_, hostage), O.G. Godigisil--Eng. Godsell. (Heid, state, "hood"), +O.G. Gotaheid--Eng. _Godhead_. (_Hard_), O.G. Godehard--Eng. _Goddard_, +_Goodheart_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Godehar--Eng. _Goddier_, +_Goodyear_. (_Laif_, relic), O.G. Godolef--Eng. _Goodliffe_. (_Lac_, +play), O.G. Godolec--Eng. _Goodlake_. (_Land_), O.G. Godoland--Godland +_Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Goodland_. (_Man_), O.G. Godeman--Godeman _Lib. +Vit._--Eng. _Godman_. (_Mund_, protection), A.S. Godemund--Eng. +_Godmund_. (_Niu_, young), O.G. Godeniu--Eng. _Goodnow_. (_Ram_, raven), +O.G. Godramnus--Eng. _Goodram_. (_Rad_, counsel), O.G. Gotrat--Eng. +_Goodred_. (_Rit_, ride), O.G. Guderit--Godritius _Domesday_--Eng. +_Goodwright_. (_Ric_, rule), Godricus _Domesday_--Eng. _Godrick_. +(_Scalc_, servant), O.G. Godscalc--Eng. _Godskall_. (_Ward_), O.G. +Godeward--Eng. _Godward_. (_Wine_, friend), A.S. Godwine--Eng. _Godwin_. + + +_Goz_, _Gos_, supposed High Germ. form of _gaud_=Goth. + +(_Bald_), O.G. Gauzebald--Eng. _Gosbell_. (_Hard_), O.G. Gozhart, +Cozhart--Eng. _Gozzard_, _Cossart_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Gauzer, +Cozhere--Eng. _Gozar_, _Cosier_. (_Lind_, gentle), O.G. Gauzlind--Eng. +_Gosland_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Gozmar--Eng. _Gosmer_. (_Wald_, power), +O.G. Gausoald--Eng. _Goswold_. + + +_Grim_, "fierce, terrible." + +(_Bald_), O.G. Grimbald--Eng. _Grimbald_, _Grimble_. (_Hari_, warrior), +O.G. Grimhar--Eng. _Grimmer_. (_Mund_, protection), O.G. Grimund--Eng. +_Grimmond_. (_Hard_), O.G. Grimhard--Eng. _Grimerd_. + + +_Gund_, _gun_, signifying "war." + +(_Bald_), O.G. Gundobald, Gumbald--Eng. _Gumboil_. (_Hari_, warrior), +O.G. Gunther, Cundher--Eng. _Gunter_, _Conder_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G. +Gunderih--Eng. _Gundry_. (_Stan_, stone), Old Norse, Gunstein--Eng. +_Gunston_. + + +_Hun_, probably from "the people." + +(_Bald_), O.G. Hunibald--Eng. _Hunibal_. (_Frid_, peace), O.G. Hunfrid, +Humfrid--Eng. _Humphrey_. (_Gar_, spear), O.G. Hunger--Eng. _Hunger_. +(_Hard_), O.G. Hunard--Eng. _Hunnard_. (_Man_), Huniman _Hund. +Rolls_--Eng. _Honeyman_. (_Wald_, power), O.G. Hunewald--Hunewald, _Lib. +Vit._--Eng. _Hunhold_. + + +_Had_, _hath_, signifying "war." + +(_Gis_, hostage), O.G. Hadegis--Eng. _Hadkiss_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. +Hadamar--Eng. _Hattemore_. (_Rat_, counsel), O.G. Hadarat--Eng. +_Hadrott_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G. Hadaricus--Eng. _Hattrick_. (_Wig_, war), +O.G. Hathuwi--Eng. _Hathaway_. (_Wine_, friend), O.G. Hadawin--Eng. +_Hadwen_. + + +_Hard_, _hart_, "strong, hardy." + +(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Hardier--Eng. _Harder_. (_Land_, terra), O.G. +Artaland--Eng. _Hardland_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Hartman--Eng. _Hardman_. +(_Mund_, protection), O.G. Hartomund--Eng. _Hardiment_. (_Nagel_, nail), +O.G. Hartnagel--Eng. _Hartnoll_. (_Nid_, strife), O.G. Hartnit--Eng. +_Hartnott_. (_Rat_, counsel), O.G. Hartrat--Eng. _Hartwright_. (_Ric_, +rule), O.G. Harderich, Hertrih--Eng. _Hartridge_, _Hartry_. (_Wulf_), +O.G. Hardulf--Eng. _Hardoff_. (_Wig_, war), O.G. Hardwic--Eng. +_Hardwick_. (_Wine_, friend), O.G. Hardwin--Eng. _Ardouin_. + + +_Har_, _her_, "army" or "soldier."[17] + +(_Bad_, war), O.G. Heripato--Eng. _Herepath_. (_Bert_, famous), O.G. +Hariberaht--A.S. Herebritt--Eng. _Harbert_, _Herbert_. (_Bord_, shield), +O.G. Heribord--Eng. _Harboard_. (_Bod_, envoy), O.G. Heribod--Eng. +_Harbud_. (_Gar_, spear), O.G. Hariker--A.S. Hereger--Eng. _Harker_. +(_Gaud_, Goth), O.G. Haregaud--Eng. _Hargood_. (_Land_, terra), O.G. +Hariland--Eng. _Harland_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Hariman--Eng. _Harryman_, +_Harman_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Harmar--Eng. _Harmer_. (_Mund_, +protection), O.G. Herimund--Eng. _Harmond_. (_Sand_, envoy), O.G. +Hersand--Eng. _Hersant_. (_Wald_, rule), A.S. Harald--Eng. _Harold_. +(_Ward_), A.S. Hereward--Eng. _Harward_. (_Wid_, wood), O.G. Erwid--Eng. +_Harwood_. (_Wig_, war), O.G. Herewig, Hairiveo--Eng. _Harvey_. (_Wine_, +friend), O.G. Harwin--A.S. Herewine--Eng. _Harwin_. + + +_Hild_, _hil_, "war." + +(_Brand_, sword), O.G. Hildebrand--Eng. _Hildebrand_. (_Gard_, +protection), O.G. Hildegard--Eng. _Hildyard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. +Hildier--Eng. _Hilder_, _Hillyer_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Hildeman--Eng. +_Hillman_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Hildemar--Eng. _Hilmer_. (_Rad_, +counsel), O.G. Hildirad--Eng. _Hildreth_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G. +Hilderic--Eng. _Hilridge_. + + +_Ing_, _ink_, "son, descendant." + +(_Bald_), O.G. Ingobald, Incbald--Eng. _Inchbald_. (_Bert_, famous), +O.G. Ingobert--Eng. _Inchboard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Inguheri--Eng. +_Ingrey_. (_Ram_, raven), O.G. Ingram--Eng. _Ingram_. (_Wald_, power), +O.G. Ingold--Eng. _Ingold_. + + +_Ise_, signifying "iron." + +(_Burg_, protection), O.G. Hisburg--Eng. _Isburg_. (_Man_), O.G. +Isman--A.S. Hysemann--Eng. _Heasman_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Ismar--Eng. +_Ismer_. (_Odd_, dart), Old Norse, Isodd--Eng. _Izod_. + + +_Isen_, signifying "iron." + +(_Hard_), O.G. Isanhard--Eng. _Isnard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. +Isanhar--Eng. _Isner_. + + +_Ken_, _kin_, "nobility." + +(_Hard_), A.S. Cyneheard--Eng. _Kennard_, _Kinnaird_. (_Laf_, relic), +A.S. Cynlaf--Eng. _Cunliffe_. (_Mund_, protection), A.S. Cynemund--Eng. +_Kinmonth_. (_Ric_, rule), A.S. Cynric--Eng. _Kenrick_. (_Ward_), A.S. +Cyneweard--Eng. _Kenward_. (_Wig_, war), Kenewi, _Hund. Rolls_--Eng. +_Kennaway_. + + +_Land_, "terra." + +(_Bert_, famous), O.G. Landbert, Lambert--Eng. _Lambert_. (_Burg_, +protection), O.G. Landburg--Eng. _Lambrook_. (_Frid_, peace), O.G. +Landfrid--Lanfrei _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Landfear_, _Lanfear_, _Lamprey_. +(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Landar--Eng. _Lander_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G. +Landerich--Landric _Domesday_--Eng. _Landridge_, _Laundry_. (_Wig_, +war), O.G. Lantwih--Eng. _Lanaway_. (_War_, defence), O.G. Landoar--Eng. +_Lanwer_. (_Ward_), O.G. _Landward_--Eng. _Landlord?_ + + +_Laith_, _let_, "terrible." + +(_Hara_), O.G. Lethard--Eng. _Leathart_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. +Lethar--Eng. _Leather_. (_Ward_), O.G. Lethward--Eng. _Lateward_. + + +_Led_, _lud_, "people." + +(_Burg_, protection), O.G. Luitburc--Eng. _Ludbrook_. (_Gar_, spear), +O.G. Leodegar--Eng. _Ledger_. (_Gard_), O.G. Liudgard--A.S. +Lidgeard--Eng. _Ledgard_. (_Goz_. Goth), O.G. Luitgoz, Luikoz--Lucas +_Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Lucas_. (_Hard_), O.G. Luidhard--Eng. _Liddard_. +(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Liuthari--A.S. Luder--Eng. _Luther_. (_Man_), +O.G. Liudman--A.S. Ludmann--Eng. _Lutman_. (_Ward_), O.G. Liudward--Eng. +_Ledward_. (_Wig_, war), O.G. Liudwig--Eng. _Lutwidge_. + + +Anglo-Saxon _leof_, "dear." + +(_Dag_, day), O.G. Leopdag--Luiedai, _Domesday_--Eng. _Loveday_. +(_Hard_), O.G. Luibhard, Leopard--A.S. Lipperd--Eng. _Leopard_. (_Hari_, +warrior), O.G. Liubheri, Libher--A.S. Leofer--Eng. _Lover_. (_Lind_, +gentle), O.G. Liublind--Eng. _Loveland_. (_Man_), O.G. Liubman--A.S. +Leofmann--Eng. _Loveman_.[18] (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Liubmar--Eng. +_Livemore_. (_Ric_, rule), A.S. Leofric--Eng. _Loveridge_. (_Drud_, +friend), O.G. Lipdrud--Eng. _Liptrot_.[19] (_Gaud_, _goz_, Goth), O.G. +Liobgoz--Eng. _Lovegod_, _Lovegood_. + + + +_Mal_, signifying to "maul." + +(_Hard_), O.G. Mallard--Maularde, _Roll. Batt. Abb._--Eng. _Mallard_. +(_Ric_, rule), O.G. Malarich--Eng. _Mallory_. (_Thius_, servant), O.G. +Malutheus--Eng. _Malthus_. (_Wulf_), O.G. Malulf--Eng. _Maliff_. + + +_Man_, as the type of "manliness." + +(_Frid_, peace), O.G. Manfrit--Eng. _Manfred_. (_Gar_, spear), O.G. +Mangar--Eng. _Manger_. (_Leof_, dear), A.S. Manlef--Eng. _Manlove_. +(_Gald_, value), O.G. Managold--Eng. _Manigault_. + + +_Mar_, signifying "famous." + +(_Gaud_, Goth), Merigeat _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Margot_. (_Gild_, value), +O.G. Margildus--Eng. _Marigold_. (_Wig_, war), O.G. Merovecus, +Maroveus--Eng. _Marwick_, _Marvey_. (_Wine_, friend), O.G. +Maruin--Mervinus _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Marvin_. + + +_Mag_, _may_, Goth. _magan_, "valere." + +(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Magher--Eng. _Mager_, _Mayer_. (_Had_, war), +O.G. Magodius--Magot _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Maggot_. (_Ron_, raven), O.G. +Megiran--Eng. _Megrin_. + + +_Main_, also signifying "strength, vigour." + +(_Hard_), O.G. Mainard--Eng. _Maynard_. + + +_Mad_, _med_, Anglo-Saxon _math_, "reverence." + +(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Mather--Eng. _Mather_. (_Helm_), O.G. +Madelm--Eng. _Madam_. (_Lac_, play), O.G. Mathlec--Eng. _Medlock_. +(_Land_), O.G. Madoland--Eng. _Medland_. (_Man_), O.G. Medeman--Eng. +_Maidman_, _Meddiman_. (_Wald_, power), O.G. Meduald--Eng. _Methold_. +(_Wine_, friend), Eng. _Medwin_. (_Wig_, war), O.G. Medoveus--Eng. +_Meadway_. + + +_Madel_, _medal_, "discourse, eloquence." + +(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Madalhar--Eng. _Medlar_. (_Gaud_, Goth), O.G. +Madalgaud--Eng. _Medlicott_. + + +_Mil_, _mel_, of uncertain meaning. + +(_Dio_, servant), O.G. Mildeo--Eng. _Mellodew_, _Melody_, _Melloday_. +(_Hard_), O.G. Milehard--Eng. _Millard_. + + +_Mald_, Anglo-Saxon _meald_, "strife, friction." + +(_Wid_, wood), O.G. Maldvit--Maldwith, _Domesday_--Eng. _Maltwood_. + + +Ang.-Sax. _môd_. O.H.G. _môt_, "courage." + +(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Muatheri, Modar--Eng. _Mutrie_, _Moder_. (_Ram_, +_ran_, raven), O.G. Moderannus--Eng. _Mottram_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G. +Moderich--Eng. _Mudridge_. + + +_Mark_, of uncertain meaning. + +(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Marcher--A.S. Marker--Eng. _Marcher_, _Marker_. +(_Leif_, relic), O.G. Marcleif--Eng. _Marklove_. (_Wig_, war), O.G. +Marcovicus--Eng. _Markwick_. + + +Old North. _âs_, Ang.-Sax. _ôs_, "semi-deus." + +(_Beorn_, bear), A.S. Osbeorn--Eng. _Osborn_. (_Got_, goth), A.S. +Osgot--Eng. _Osgood_. (_Lac_, play), A.S. Oslac--O.N. Asleikr--Eng. +_Aslock_, _Hasluck_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Asman, Osman--Asseman _Hund. +Rolls_--Eng. _Asman_, _Osman_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Osmer--Osmer, +_Domesday_--Eng. _Osmer_. (_Ketil_), O.N. Asketil--Eng. _Ashkettle_. +(_Mund_, protection), A.S. Osmond--Eng. _Osmond_. (_Wald_, rule), A.S. +Oswald--Eng. _Oswald_. (_Wine_, friend), A.S. Oswin--Eng. _Oswin_. + + +_Rad_, _red_, signifying "counsel." + +(_Brand_, sword), O.G. Redbrand--Eng. _Redband_. (_Geil_, elatus), O.G. +Ratgeil--Eng. _Redgill_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Rathere, Rateri--Eng. +_Rather_, _Rattray_. (_Helm_), O.G. Rathelm--Eng. _Rattham_. (_Leif_, +relic), O.G. Ratleib--Eng. _Ratliffe_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Redman--Eng. +_Redman_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Radmar, Redmer--Eng. _Radmore_, +_Redmore_. (_Mund_, protection), O.G. Redemund--Eng. _Redmond_. (_War_, +defence), O.G. Ratwar--Eng. _Redwar_. (_Wig_, war), O.G. Redwi--Eng. +_Reddaway_. (_Wine_, friend), A.S. Redwin--Eng. _Readwin_. (_Bald_, +fortis), O.G. Ratbold--Eng. _Rathbold_. (_Bern_, bear), O.G. Ratborn, +Ratbon--Eng. _Rathbone_. + + +_Rag_, _ray_, signifying "counsel." + +(_Bald_, fortis), O.G. Ragibald--Eng. _Raybauld_, _Raybolt_. (_Hari_, +warrior), O.G. Racheri--Eng. _Rarey_ (=Ragheri). (_Helm_), O.G. +Rachelm--Eng. _Rackham_. (_Mund_, protection), O.G. Raimond--Eng. +_Raymond_, _Rayment_. (_Ulf_, wolf), A.S. Rahulf--Raaulf, _Lib. +Vit._--Eng. _Ralph_. + + +_Ragin_, _rain_, same as above. + +(_Bert_, famous), O.G. Raginbert, Reinbert--Eng. _Rainbird_. (_Bald_, +fortis), O.G. Raginbald--Eng. _Raynbold_. (_Frid_, peace), O.G. +Rainfred--Eng. _Rainford_. (_Gar_, spear), O.G. Raingar, Reginker--Eng. +_Ranger_, _Ranacre_. (_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Regnard, Rainhard--Eng. +_Regnard_, _Reynard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Reginhar--A.S. +Reiner--Eng. _Reyner_. (_Helm_), O.G. Rainelm--Eng. _Raynham_, (_Wald_, +rule), O.G. Reginold--A.S. Reinald--Eng. _Reynolds_. + + +_Ric_, _rich_, signifying "rule." + +(_Bald_, fortis), O.G. Richbold--Eng. _Richbell_. (_Gard_, protection), +O.G. Richgard--Eng. _Ridgyard_. (_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Ricohard--Eng. +_Riccard_, _Richard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Richer--Richerus, +_Domesday_--Eng. _Richer_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Ricman--Eng. _Rickman_, +_Richman_. (_Mund_, protection), O.G. Richmund--Eng. _Richmond_. +(_Wald_, rule), O.G. Ricoald--Eng. _Richold_. (_Wig_, war), O.G. +Ricwi--Eng. _Ridgway_. + + +_Ring_, perhaps signifying "armour." + +(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Rincar--Eng. _Ringer_. (_Wald_, rule), A.S. +Hringwold--Eng. _Ringold_. + + +_Rod_, signifying "glory." + +(_Bero_, bear), O.G. Hruadbero--Eng. _Rodber_. (_Bern_, bear), O.G. +Roudbirn--Eng. _Rodbourn_. (_Bert_, famous), O.G. Hrodebert--Eng. +_Robert_. (_Gar_, spear), O.G. Hrodgar--Eng. _Rodger_. (_Gard_, +protection), O.G. Hrodgard--Eng. _Rodgard_, _Rodyard_. (_Hari_, +warrior), O.G. Hrodhari, Rotheri, Rudher--Eng. _Rothery_, _Rudder_. +(_Land_), O.G. Rodland--Eng. _Rolland_. (_Leik_, play), O.G. +Rutleich--Eng. _Rutledge_. (_Ram_, raven), O.G. Rothram--Eng. +_Rotheram_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Hrodman--Eng. _Rodman_, _Roman_. (_Niw_, +young), O.G. Hrodni--Eng. _Rodney_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G. Hrodric--Eng. +_Rodrick_. (_Wig_, war), O.G. Hrodwig--Eng. _Rudwick_. (_Ulf_, wolf), +O.G. Hrodulf--Roolf, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Rolfe_. + + +_Ros_, perhaps signifying "horse." + +(_Bert_, famous), O.G. Rospert--Eng. _Rosbert_. (_Kel_, contraction of +Ketel),[20] Old Norse Hroskel--Eng. _Roskell_. + + +_Rum_, O.H.G. hruam, "glory." + +(_Bald_, bold), A.S. Rumbold--Eng. _Rumbold_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. +Rumhar--Eng. _Rummer_. + + +_Sal_, perhaps meaning "dark."[21] + +(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Salaher--Eng. _Sellar_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. +Salaman--Eng. _Salmon_. (_Wig_, war), O.G. Selwich--Eng. _Salloway_. + + +_Sar_, signifying "armour" or anything used for defence. + +(_Bod_, envoy), O.G. Sarabot--Eng. _Serbutt_. (_Gaud_, Goth), O.G. +Saregaud--Eng. _Sargood_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Saraman--Eng. _Sermon_. +(_Had_, war), O.G. Sarratt--Eng. _Sarratt_. + + +_Sig_, signifying "victory." + +(_Bald_, bold), A.S. Sigebald--Eng. _Sibbald_. (_Bert_, famous), A.S. +Sigiberht, Sibriht--Eng. _Sibert_. (_Fred_, peace), A.S. Sigefred--Eng. +_Seyfried_. (_Gar_, spear), A.S. Siggær--Eng. _Segar_. (_Man_), O.G. +Sigeman--Eng. _Sickman_. (_Suff._, _Surn._). (_Mar_, famous), O.G. +Sigimar, Sicumar--A.S. Simær, Secmær--Eng. _Seymore_, _Sycamore_. +(_Mund_, protection), O.G. Sigimund--Eng. _Simmond_. (_Wig_, war), O.G. +Sigiwic--Eng. _Sedgewick_. (_Wine_, friend), O.G. Sigiwin--Seguin, _Roll +Batt. Abb._--Eng. _Seguin_. + + +_Sea_, "mare." + +(_Bera_, bear), Sebar, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Seaber_. (_Bern_, bear), Old +Norse Sæbiorn--Sberne, _Domesday_--Eng. _Seaborn_. (_Bert_, famous), +A.S. Sæberht--Eng. _Seabright_. (_Burg_, protection), O.G. Seburg, +Seopurc--Seaburch _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Seabrook_, _Seabury_. (_Rit_, +ride), O.G. Seuerit--Eng. _Searight_, _Sievewright_. (_Wald_, rule), +O.G. Sewald--Eng. _Seawall_. (_Ward_), O.G. Sæward--Eng. _Seaward_, +_Seward_. (_Fugel_, fowl), A.S. Sæfugl--Eng. _Sefowl_. + + +_Stain_, "stone," in the sense of firmness or hardness. + +(_Biorn_, bear), O.N. Steinbiörn--Eng. _Stainburn_. (_Burg_, +protection), O.G. Stemburg--Eng. _Steamburg_. (_Hard_), O.G. +Stainhard--Stannard _Domesday_--Eng. _Stonard_, _Stoneheart_. (_Hari_, +warrior), O.N. Steinhar--Eng. _Stainer_, _Stoner_. (_Wald_, rule), O.G. +Stainold--Eng. _Stonhold_, and perhaps _Sternhold_ as a corruption. + + +_Tank_, perhaps "thought." + +(_Hard_), O.G. Tanchard--Eng. _Tankard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. +Thancheri--Eng. _Tankeray_, _Thackeray_ (Scandinavian form). (_Rad_, +counsel), O.G. Tancrad--Eng. _Tancred_. + + +_Tad_, supposed "father." + +(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Tether--Eng. _Tedder_, _Teather_. (_Man_, vir), +A.S. Tatmonn--Eng. _Tadman_.[22] (_Wine_, friend), O.G. Daduin--Eng. +_Tatwin_. + + +_Thor_, supposed from the name of the god, a stem specially Danish. + +(_Biorn_, bear), O.N. Thorbiorn--Thurbern _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Thorburn_. +(_Gaut_, Goth), O.N. Thorgautr--Turgod _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Thurgood_, +_Thoroughgood_. (_Geir_, spear), O.N. Thorgeir--Eng. _Thorgur_. (_Fin_, +nation), O.N. Thorfinnr--Thurfin _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Turpin_. (_Môd_, +courage), O.N. Thormodr--Eng. _Thurmot_. (_Stein_, stone), O.N. +Thorsteinn--Turstin _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Thurstan_. (_Wald_, rule), O.N. +Thorvaldr--Eng. _Thorold_. (_Vid_, wood), O.N. Thorvidr--Eng. +_Thorowood_. (_Ketil_[23]) O.N. Thorketil--Eng. _Thirkettle_. (_Kel_, +contraction of _ketel_), O.N. Thorkel--Turkillus _Lib. Vit._--Eng. +_Thurkle_. (Hence is borrowed as supposed the Gaelic Torquil.) + + +Ang.-Sax. _theod_, "people." + +(_Bald_, fortis), A.S. Theodbald--Tidbald _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Theobald_, +_Tidball_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Theodahar, Tudhari--A.S. +Theodhere--Eng. _Theodore_, _Tudor_. (_Ran_, raven), O.G. Teutran--Eng. +_Teuthorn_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Tiadman--Eng. _Tidman_. (_Mar_, famous), +O.G. Thiudemer--A.S. Dydemer--Eng. _Tidemore_. (_Ric_, rule), A.S. +Theodric--Eng. _Todrig_, _Doddridge_. + + +_Wad_, _Wat_, "to go," in the sense of activity? + +(_Gis_, hostage), O.G. Watgis--Eng. _Watkiss_. (_Gar_, spear), O.G. +Waddegar--Eng. _Waddicar_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Vadomar--Eng. +_Wadmore_. (_New_, young), O.G. Wattnj--Eng. _Watney_. + + +_Wald_, signifying "power" or "rule." + +(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Waldhar--A.S. Wealdhere--Eng. _Walter_. (_Man_) +O.G. Waldman--Eng. _Waldman_. (_Ran_, raven), O.G. +Walderannus--Walteranus _Domesday_--Eng. _Waldron_. + + +_Wal_, "stranger" or "foreigner." + +(_And_, life, spirit), O.G. Waland--Eng. _Waland_. (_Frid_, peace), O.G. +Walahfrid--Eng. _Wallfree_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Walaheri, +Walher--Eng. _Wallower_, _Waller_. (_Had_, war), O.G. Wallod--Eng. +_Wallet_. (_Raven_), Gothic Valerauan--Walrafan _Lib. Vit._--Eng. +_Wallraven_ (_Suffolk Surnames_). (_Rand_, shield), O.G. +Walerand--Walerandus _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Walrond_. + + +_War_, perhaps signifying "defence."[24] + +(_Bald_, bold), O.G. Warbalt--Eng. _Warbolt_. (_Burg_, protection), O.G. +Warburg--Eng. _Warbrick_. (_Gar_, spear), O.G. Weriger--Eng. _Warraker_. +(_Goz_, Goth), O.G. Werigoz--Eng. _Vergoose_ (_Suffolk Surnames_). +(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Warher--Eng. _Warrior_. (_Laik_, play), O.G. +Warlaicus--Warloc _Hund. Rolls_--Eng. _Warlock_. (_Man_), O.G. +Warman--A.S. Wearman--Eng. _Warman_. (_Mar_, famous). O.G. Werimar--Eng. +_Warmer_. (_Lind_, gentle), O.G. Waralind--Eng. _Warland_. + + +_Wern_, in the sense of "nationality." + +(_Burg_, protection), O.G. Warinburg--Eng. _Warrenbury_. (_Frid_, +peace), O.G. Warnefrid--Eng. _Warneford_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. +Warenher, Warner--Eng. _Warrener_, _Warner_. (_Had_, war), O.G. +Warnad--Eng. _Warnett_. + + +_Wag_, _way_, to "wave, brandish." + +(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Wagher--Eng. _Wager_. (_Bert_, famous), O.G. +Wagpraht--Eng. _Weybret_. + + +_Wid_, _wit_, of uncertain meaning.[25] + +(_Brord_, sword), A.S. Wihtbrord, Wihtbrod--Witbred _Hund. Rolls_--Eng. +_Whitbread_. (_Gar_, spear), O.G. Witker--A.S. Wihtgar--Eng. +_Whittaker_, _Whitecar_. (_Hard_), O.G. Witart--Eng. _Whitehart_. +(_Ron_, raven), O.G. Widrannus--Eng. _Witheron_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. +Withar, Wither _Domesday_--Eng. _Wither_, _Whiter_. (_Ring_, armour), +O.G. Witering--Eng. _Wittering_. (_Lag_, law), A.S. Wihtlæg,--Eng. +_Whitelegg_, _Whitlaw_. (_Laic_, play), O.G. Widolaic,--A.S. +Wihtlac--Eng. _Wedlake_, _Wedlock_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Wideman, +Witman--Eng. _Wideman_, _Whiteman_. (_Mar_, famous), Goth. +Widiomar--Uitmer _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Whitmore_. (_Rad_, counsel), O.G. +Widerad, Witerat--A.S. Wihtræd--Eng. _Withered_, _Whitethread_, +_Whiterod_. (_Ric_, rule), Goth. Witirich--A.S. Wihtric--Eng. +_Witherick_, _Whitridge_. + + +_Will_, in the sense of "resolution"? + +(_Bern_, bear), O.G. Wilbernus--Eng. _Wilbourn_. (_Gom_, man), O.G. +Willicomo--Uilcomæ _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Wilcomb_, _Welcome_. (_Frid_, +peace), A.S. Wilfrid--Eng. _Wilford_. (_Gis_, hostage), A.S. +Wilgis--Eng. _Willgoss_. (_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Willard--A.S. +Willeard--Eng. _Willard_. (_Heit_, state, "hood") O.G. Williheit--Eng. +_Willett_. (_Helm_), A.S. Wilhelm--Eng. _Williams_. (_Mar_, famous), +O.G. Willemar--Eng. _Willmore_. (_Mot_, courage), O.G. Willimot--Eng. +_Willmot_. (_Mund_, protection), A.S. Wilmund--Uilmund, _Lib. +Vit._--Eng. _Willament_. + + +_Wind_, _Wend_, supposed "from the people." + +(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Winidhar--Eng. _Winder_. (_Ram_, raven), O.G. +Winidram--Eng. _Windram_. (_Rad_, counsel)--Eng. _Windred_. + + +_Wine_, "friend." + +(_Bald_, fortis), O.G. Winebald--Eng. _Winbolt_. (_Cof_, strenuous), +A.S. Wincuf--Eng. _Wincup_. (_Gaud_, Goth), O.G. Winegaud--Eng. +_Wingood_. (_Gar_, spear), O.G. Wineger, Vinegar--A.S. Winagar--Eng. +_Winegar_, _Vinegar_. (_Hari_, warrior), A.S. Wyner--Eng. _Winer_. +(_Laic_, play), O.G. Winleich--Uinlac _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Winlock_. +(_Man_, vir), O.G. Winiman--A.S. Winemen--Eng. _Wineman_, _Winmen_. +(_Stan_, stone), A.S. Wynstan--Eng. _Winston_. + + +_Wig_, _Wick_, "war." + +(_Bert_, famous), O.G. Wigbert, Wibert--Eng. _Vibert_. (_Burg_, +protection), O.G. Wigburg--Wiburch _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Wyberg_, _Wybrow_. +(_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Wighard, Wiart--A.S. Wigheard--Uigheard _Lib. +Vit._--Eng. _Wyard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Wigheri, Wiccar, +Wiher--Uigheri _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Wicker_, _Vicary_, _Wire_. (_Helm_), +A.S. Wighelm--Uighelm _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Whigam_. (_Ram_, raven), O.G. +Wigram--Eng. _Wigram_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Wigmar, Wimar--Wimar _Lib. +Vit._--Eng. _Wymer_.[26] (_Gern_, eager), O.G. Wicchern--A.S. +Weogern--Eng. _Waghorn_. (_Had_, war), O.G. Wicod, Wihad--A.S. +Wigod--Eng. _Wiggett_, _Wichett_, _Wyatt_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. +Wigman--Eng. _Wigman_, _Wyman_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G. Wigirich--Eng. +_Vickridge_. + + +Ang.-Sax. _wulf_, "wolf." + +(_Bert_, famous), O.G. Wolfbert--Eng. _Woolbert_. (_Gar_, spear), A.S. +Wulfgar--Eng. _Woolgar_. (_Gaud_, Goth), O.G. Wulfegaud--A.S. +Wulfgeat--Eng. _Woolcot_. (_Hard_, fortis), A.S. Wulfheard--Eng. +_Woollard_. (_Had_, war), O.G. Wolfhad--Eng. _Woollat_. (_Helm_), A.S. +Wulfhelm--Eng. _Woollams_. (_Heh_, high), A.S. Wulfheh--Eng. _Woolley_. +(_Mar_, famous), A.S. Wulfmer--Eng. _Woolmer_. (_Noth_, bold), A.S. +Wulfnoth--Eng. _Woolnoth_. (_Ric_, rule), A.S. Wulfric--Eng. _Woolrych_. +(_Sig_, victory), A.S. Wulfsig--Eng. _Wolsey_. (_Stan_, stone), A.S. +Wulfstan--Eng. _Woolston_. + + +Ang.-Sax. _jû_, O.H.G. _êwa_ "law."[27] + +(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Euhar--Eng. _Ewer_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. +Eoman--perhaps Iman and Iiman on Roman pottery--Eng. _Yeoman_, _Yeaman_. +(_Ric_, rule), O.G. Eoricus--Eng. _Yorick_. (_Wald_, rule), O.G. +Ewald--Eng. _Ewald_. (_Ward_, guardian), O.G. Euvart--Eng. _Ewart_, +_Yeoward_. (_Wolf_), O.G. Eolf--Eng. _Yealfe_. + + +The foregoing is not put forward as by any means an exhaustive list of +the ancient compounds represented in our names, but only of the more +common and more important. And there are some ancient stems well +represented in other forms, such as those referred to in Chapter II., +from which I have not been able to trace any compounds. It will be +observed that I have in two or three instances assigned a place to an +English name, without finding an ancient form to correspond. This indeed +I might have done to a greater extent than I have done, for when we have +such a well-defined system, with the same forms of compounds regularly +recurring, we may in many cases assign a place to a name even though the +ancient equivalent may not yet have come to light. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[10] Hence I take to be the name of the fairy king Oberon. Albruna was +also the name of a "wise woman" among the ancient Germans referred to by +Tacitus. + +[11] Probably also A.S. Haluiu--Eng. _Halloway_. + +[12] Here probably the name Biracrus, on Roman pottery, corresponding +with an O.G. form, Berecar. + +[13] Or perhaps of beauty, like a Celtic stem _tac_, found in names of +men, and perhaps a corresponding word. + +[14] As an ending also _frid_ commonly becomes _free_, as in Humphrey +from Humfrid, Godfrey from Godfred, Geoffry from Galfrid. + +[15] This name might perhaps be from the Irish Cwaran, whence probably +the present _Curran_. This name appears also to have been sometimes +borrowed by the Northmen, as in the case of Olaf Cwaran. + +[16] But not in a Christian sense, the stem being much older than +Christian times. There is another stem _gaud_, supposed to mean Goth, +very liable to intermix. + +[17] As a prefix this may mean "army," but as an ending, where it is +often _hari_ or _heri_ (and perhaps was originally always so), it may be +taken, as suggested by Grimm, to mean warrior. + +[18] Also as a contracted form, Ang.-Sax. Leommann (=Leofmann, Eng. +_Lemon_). + +[19] This seems to be a name of an exceptional kind, the ending _drud_ +being a female one. That our name Liptrot (which I take from Lower), is +really from the above origin is rendered the more probable by the +corresponding name Liebetrut as a present German name, similarly derived +by Foerstemann. But it may well be that the ending in this case is from +a different word to that which, see p. 19, forms the endings of women's +names, viz. O.H.G. _trut_, amicus, which, as a prefix, enters into +several men's names. + +[20] From the mythological kettle of the gods, which enters into many +Old Norse men's names. + +[21] "The Anglo-Saxons seem to have used sallow in the sense of dark. +The raven is called sallow both by Cædmon and the author of Judith," +_Skeat_. It seems to me, however, a question whether, seeing how +frequently the names of nationalities enter into Teutonic men's names, +the word contained in the above stem may not be "Salian." This, however, +still leaves open the question as to what is the origin of Salian. + +[22] A corresponding name may be the Dutch Tadema, if _ma_, as is +supposed, stands for _man_. + +[23] Probably from the mythological kettle of the Æsir. + +[24] So many different words might be suggested in this case that the +meaning must be left uncertain. It is most probable that there may be an +admixture. + +[25] Three different words found in ancient names intermix so as to be +hardly separable, viz., Anglo-Saxon _wiht_, strength or courage; _wid_, +wood; and _wit_, wisdom. + +[26] The name of Wigmore Street seems to imply a man's name _Wigmore_, +but I do not know of it at present. + +[27] Hence probably the name of the Eows, a tribe or family mentioned in +the "Traveller's Song." Also probably the name Eawa, in the genealogy of +the Mercian kings. The stem is represented in our names by _Ewe_, _Yeo_, +and _Yea_, and we have also the patronymic _Ewing_ (Euing in +_Domesday_). + + + + +CHAPTER IV. + +THE MEN WHO CAME IN WITH THE SAXONS. + + +The researches of Mr. Kemble, supplemented by those of Mr. Taylor, in +connection with the early Saxon settlements in England, have an +important bearing upon the subject of our existing surnames. Mr. Kemble +was the first to call attention to the fact that very many of the names +of places in England, as disclosed by the forms in which these names +appear in ancient charters, consist of a personal name in a patronymic +form. Some of these names consist simply of a nominative plural in +_ingas_, as Æscingas, the sons or descendants of Æsc, others of a +genitive plural in _inga_, with _ton_, _ham_, &c., appended, as in +Billingatun, the town of the Billings, _i.e._ sons or descendants of +Billa. These he takes to denote tribal or family settlements, forming +the Anglo-Saxon "mark," consisting of a certain area of cultivated land, +surrounded by a belt of pasture land enjoyed by all the settlers in +common, the whole inclosed by the forest. + +Of these names he has made two lists, the one derived from the names +found in ancient charters, and so perfectly trustworthy, the other +inferred from existing names of places which appear to be in the same +form. The latter list is of course subject to considerable correction +and deduction, inasmuch as it depends entirely upon the ancient forms in +which these names would appear whether they would come under this +category or not. Thus, if a name were anciently Billing_a_ham, it would +be "the home of the Billings," while if it were Billingham, it would +simply be the home of an individual man called Billing. And in looking +through this list, a few names will be found, which a comparison with +his own index of place-names shows to be incorrectly assigned. Thus he +infers Impingas from Impington in Cambridgeshire, and Tidmingas from +Tidmington in Worcester, whereas it appears from his index that the +ancient name of the one was Impintun, and of the other Tidelminctun, +both being thus from the name of an individual and not of a tribe or +family. Sempringham again in Lincolnshire, whence he derives Sempringas, +I find to have been Sempingaham, and so used already for Sempingas. I +also feel very great doubt about names taken from places ending in _by_, +_thorp_, and _toft_, in Lincolnshire and the ancient Denelaga, as being +Scandinavian, and given at a distinctly later period. Indeed I have a +certain amount of distrust of all names taken from the North of England, +in the absence, as far as I know, of any distinct proof in any one case. +Northumberland would perhaps be the county to which, as containing the +greatest number of such forms, any such doubt would the least strongly +apply. Moreover, I do not feel at all sure that _ing_ is not in some +cases simply a form of the possessive, and that Dunningland, for +instance, is not simply Dunn's land. This doubt is considerably +strengthened when the name is that of a woman, as in Cyneburginctun (now +Kemerton in Glouc). Cyneburg is certainly a woman's name, and as such +could not, I should suppose--though the question is one for more +experienced Anglo-Saxon scholars--form a patronymic, in which case +Cyneburginctun can only be "Cyneburg's tun." And if it be so in one +case, it may of course be so in others. Mr. Kemble's second list, then, +requires to be used with a certain amount of caution, though in the main +his deductions may be taken as trustworthy. + +The corresponding forms in Germany have since been collected by +Professor Foerstemann from ancient charters up to the eleventh century, +and must all be considered therefore as trustworthy. His list contains +upwards of a thousand different names, but inasmuch as many of these +names are found in different parts of Germany, the total number of such +names must amount to many thousands. These consist sometimes of a form +in _ingas_, same as in England, and this obtains more particularly in +Bavaria, sometimes of a form in _inga_, which he takes to be also a +nominative plural, but most commonly of a dative plural, in _ingen_, as +in Herlingen, "to the Harlings." This dative plural explains the origin +of many existing names of places in Germany, as Göttingen, Dettingen, +Tübingen, &c. A dative plural also occurs occasionally in England in the +corresponding Anglo-Saxon form _ingum_, as in Godelmingum, now +Godalming, Angemeringum, now Angmering, &c. + +Meanwhile Mr. Taylor has instituted a detailed and very important +comparison between the names contained in Mr. Kemble's two lists, and +those of a corresponding kind in Germany, not indeed from ancient +records, but from existing place-names. And he has further supplemented +this by a list of similar forms disclosed by his own very interesting +discovery of a Saxon area in France opposite to the shore of England, +and which we can hardly doubt to be, as he considers it to be, the +result of a Saxon emigration from England. He has, moreover, given some +similar instances of German occupation in the north of Italy, and it can +hardly be doubted that a more detailed examination would add to their +number. + +The question now to be considered is--what is the value of these various +forms in _ingas_, _inga_, and _ingen_, in England and in Germany? In +Anglo-Saxon and other Teutonic dialects _ing_ is a patronymic, as in +Bruning, son of Brûn. But it has also a wider sense implying any +connection with a person or thing, and in certain of the names under +consideration both in England and in Germany, it seems very clear that +it is used simply in a geographical sense. Thus we cannot doubt that +Madelungen and Lauringen, in Germany, signify, as Foerstemann suggests, +the people of the Madel and of the Lauer, on which two rivers the places +in question are respectively situated. Also that Salzungen signifies the +people of the salt springs, in the neighbourhood of which the name is +found.[28] So in England it seems clear that the Leamingas found in +Leamington signifies the people of the Leam, on which river the place is +situated. So also the Heretuningas, the Hohtuningas, and the +Suthtuningas, must mean simply the people respectively of Heretun, of +Hohtun, and of Suthtun, the Beorganstedingas the people of Beorgansted, +the Eoforduningas the people of Eofordun, and the Teofuntingas, the +people dwelling by the two fountains. But with these and perhaps one or +two other exceptions, the word contained is simply a personal name, and +the question is--in what connection is it used? Does Billingas mean the +descendants of the man Bill or Billa, under whose leadership the +settlement was made, or does it, as Mr. Kemble seems to think, refer to +some older, perhaps mythical ancestor from whom the Billings claimed a +traditional descent? Now, considering the great number of these names, +amounting to more than a thousand in England alone, seeing the manner in +which they are dispersed, not only over different counties of England, +but as the annexed table will show, over the length and breadth of +Germany, it seems to me utterly impossible to consider them as anything +else than the every-day names of men common to the great German family. +I am quite in accord then with the view taken by Sir J. Picton +(Ethnology of Wiltshire).[29] "When the Saxons first invaded England, +they came in tribes and families headed by their patriarchal leaders. +Each tribe was called by its leader's name, with the termination _ing_, +signifying family, and where they settled they gave their patriarchal +name to the _mark_ or central point round which they clustered." This +is also the view taken by Foerstemann with regard to the German names, +and I cannot doubt that Mr. Kemble, if he had had the opportunity of +extending his survey over this wider area, would have come to the same +conclusion. I take it then that the name contained in these forms is +simply that of the leader under whose guidance these little settlements +were made, and that, inasmuch as members of the same family would +generally keep together, it is in most cases that of the patriarch or +head of the family. Each man would no doubt have his own individual +name, but as a community exercising certain rights in common, from which +outsiders were excluded, they would require some distinctive +appellation, and what so natural as that of their leader. + +I now come to consider some points of difference between the Anglo-Saxon +settlements and the German. While all the settlements in England must be +taken to have been made by a Low German race, a large proportion of +those in Germany must be taken to have been made by a High German +people. Thus when we find Bæbingas in England represented by Papinga in +Austria, Bassingas by Pasingas, and Bædingas by Patinga in Bavaria, we +have the distinction between High and Low German, which might naturally +be expected. So when we find Eastringas represented by Austringa in +Baden, we have again a High German form to compare with a Low German. +But this distinction is by no means consistently maintained throughout, +and we seem to have a considerable mixture of High and Low German forms. +Thus we have both Bæcgingas and Pæccingas, Dissingas and Tissingas, +Gâringas and Coringas, Edingas and Odingas (representing as it seems the +Anglo-Saxon _ead_ or _ed_, and the High German _aud_ or _od_). And even +in some cases the rule seems to be reversed, and we have the High German +in England, as in Eclingas against Egilinga in Bavaria, Hoppingas +against Hobinga in Alsace, Ticcingas against Dichingen, &c. It would +seem as if our settlements were made, at least in part, by a people who +if not High German, had at any rate considerable High German affinities. +To what extent the speech of the Angles which I suppose to have been the +main element in the Northumbrian dialect, would answer these conditions, +I would rather leave to our higher Anglo-Saxon scholars to decide. But +it seems to me, so far as I may venture to give an opinion, that +Lappenberg's theory, that the Saxons were accompanied by Franks, +Frisians, and Lombards, would perhaps better than any other meet all the +requirements of the case. Whence for instance could come such a form as +Cwichelm for Wighelm, apparently a rather strongly marked Frankish form? +Or Cissa (Chissa) for, as I suppose, Gisa, which would be apparently in +conformity with a Frisian form? I have endeavoured to go into this +subject more fully in a subsequent chapter, more particularly with +regard to the Franks, and to show that there are a number of names in +Anglo-Saxon times which might be of Frankish origin, and which perhaps +it would be difficult to account for on any other theory. And it must be +borne in mind that the earlier date now generally assigned for the first +Teutonic settlements, naturally tends to give greater latitude to the +inquiry as to the races by whom those settlements were made. + +Another difference to be noted is that whereas all our settlements seem +to have been made in heathen times, those of Germany extend into +Christian times, as shown by such names as Johanningen, Jagobingen, and +Steveningen, containing the scriptural names John, Jacob and Stephen. +There is another and a curious name, Satanasinga, which, the place to +which it is applied being a waste, seems to describe the people who +lived in it, or around it, perhaps in reference to their forlorn +condition, as "the children of Satan." The adoption of scriptural names +seems to have taken place at a later period in England than either in +Germany or in France. And we have not, as I believe, a single instance +in our surnames of a scriptural name in an Anglo-Saxon patronymic form, +as the Germans, judging from the above, might--possibly may--have. + +Another point of difference between the Anglo-Saxon and the German +settlements would seem to be this, that while the German list contains a +considerable proportion of compound names, such as Willimundingas and +Managoldingas, the Anglo-Saxon list consists almost exclusively of names +formed of a single word, and the exceptions may almost be counted upon +the fingers. With this I was at first considerably puzzled, but on +looking more carefully into the lists, it seemed to me apparent that +many of the names assumed by Mr. Kemble from names of places were in +reality compound names in a disguised and contracted form. And as +Tidmington, whence he derives Tidmingas, was properly Tidhelmingtun, so +I conceive that Osmingas derived from Osmington, ought properly to be +Oshelmingas, and Wylmingas, found in Wilmington, to be Wilhelmingas. So +also I take it that Wearblingas, found in Warblington, ought to be +Warboldingas, that Weomeringas, deduced from Wymering, ought to be +Wigmeringas, and that Horblingas, found in Horbling, ought to be +Horbaldingas. There are several other names, such as Scymplingas, +Wramplingas, Wearmingas, Galmingas, &c., that seem as they stand, to be +scarcely possible for names of men, and which may also contain compounds +in a corrupted or contracted form. In addition to this, I note the +following, found in ancient charters, which Mr. Kemble seems to have +overlooked, Ægelbyrhtingas, found in Ægelbyrtingahyrst, No. 1041, +Ceolredingas, found in Colredinga gemerc, 1149, and Godhelmingas found +in Godelmingum, 314. If all these were taken into account, the +difference, though it would still exist, might not be so great as to be +unaccountable, considering that our settlements were made to a +considerable extent at an earlier date, and by tribes more or less +differing from those of Germany. It raises, moreover the question, dealt +with in a very thorough manner by Stark, as to the extent to which these +short and simple names may be contractions of compound names. I have +referred to the subject in another place, and I will only observe at +present that from the instances he cites the practice seems to have been +rather specially common among the Frisians. Now it will be found on +comparing the names of our ancient settlers with the Frisian names past +and present cited by Outzen and Wassenberg, that there is a very strong +family likeness between them, though we need not take it to amount to +more than this, that the Frisian names may be taken as a type of the +kind of names prevalent among the other neighbouring Low German tribes, +until it can be more distinctly shown that there were settlements made +by the Frisians themselves. And I have brought these names into the +comparison simply as being the nearest representatives that I can find. + +Notwithstanding the complete and valuable tables drawn up by Mr. Taylor +for the purpose of comparing the Anglo-Saxon settlements with those of +Germany, I have thought it useful to supplement them by another confined +exclusively to the names drawn from ancient German records, and +therefore, so far as they go, entirely trustworthy. And I take the +opportunity to compare our existing surnames with these ancient names +thus shown to be common to the great Teutonic family. + +In the following table I have given then, first the Anglo-Saxon names +from Kemble's lists, then the corresponding Old German from that of +Foerstemann, with the district in which it is found, and, wherever +identified, the existing name of the place, then names corresponding +from the _Liber Vitæ_ or elsewhere to show continued Anglo-Saxon use, +with also Frisian names as already mentioned, and finally, the existing +English surnames with which I compare them. It will be seen that these +surnames in not a few cases retain an ancient vowel-ending in _a_, _i_, +or _o_, as explained in a preceding chapter. + + _THE EARLY SAXON SETTLEMENTS COMPARED WITH THOSE OF GERMANY._ + + Anglo-Saxon. German. Locality (L.V.), Liber Vitæ. English + in Germany. (F.), Frisian. Surnames. + + Aldingas} Aldinge {Now Aldingen,} {Alda (L.V.),} {_Allday_, _Allt_, + Oldingas} {in Würtemburg} { Alte (F.) } { _Old_, _Olding_. + + Æceringas[30] Aguringas {Now Egringen} Aker (L.V.) _Ager_, _Acres_. + { in Bavaria} + + Ælingas Allingen Bavaria {Alli (L.V.),} _Alley_, _Allo_. + { Alle (F.) } + + Ælfingas} Albungen Hesse Cassell Alef (F.) {_Aulph_, _Alpha_, + Ælpingas} { _Elvy_. + + Æfeningas {Heveningare Appenzell Afun (L.V.) _Heaven? Evening_. + { marca + + Antingas Endinga {Now Endingen,} Anta (A.S.) {_And_, _Andoe_, + { in Baden } { _Hand_. + + Æscingas Esginga ..... Æsc (A.S.) _Ask_, _Ashe_. + + Ætingas Adinga Pruss. Saxony {Atta (A.S.),} _Hatt_. + { Atte (F.) } + + Bæbingas Papinga {Now Pabing, } {Babba (A.S.),} _Babb_. + { in Austria} { Babe (F.) } + + Baningas Boninge ..... {Beana (L.V.),} {_Bann_, + { Banne (F.) } { _Banning_. + + Bædingas } {Now Beddingen, } {Bada, } {_Batt_, _Batty_, + } Patinga { in Brunswick; } { Betti (L.V.)} { _Betty_, + Beadingas} { also Baden, } { _Batting_. + { Prussia, Austria} + + Bassingas Pasingas Bavaria Bass (A.S.) _Bass_, _Pass_. + + Bæcgingas} Bachingen Würtemburg } {Baga, } {_Bagge_, _Back_, + Beccingas} Beckinga Rhenish Prussia} {Backa (L.V.)} { _Beck_, _Peck_. + Pæccingas} + + Bensingas Pinsinga Bavaria Benza (L.V.) _Bence_. + + Bircingas Biricchingen ..... ..... _Birch_. + + Bebingas Bebingun Bavaria, Würtg. Bebba (A.S.) {_Bibb_, _Bibby_, + { _Beeby_. + + Billingas Bilinga {Hess., Würt.,} ..... {_Bill_, _Billow_, + { Friesland } { _Billing_. + + Binningas Binnungen {Now Bingen, } {Bynni (L.V.),} {_Binney_, + { on Rhine } {Binne (F.) } { _Binning_. + + Bydelingas Budilingen {Luxembg.,} Botel (F.) _Biddle_. + { Austria} + + Briningas ..... ..... Bryni (L.V.) {_Brine_, + { _Brinney_. + + Beorningas Pirninga Würtemburg Beorn (L.V.) {_Burn_, + { _Burning_. + + Bondingas ..... ..... Bonde (L.V., F.) _Bond_. + + Beormingas Bermingahem ..... ..... _Breem_. + + Brydingas Breidinge {Hesse Cass., } ..... _Bride_, _Bird_. + { Pruss. Sax.} + + Bridlingas Britlingi {Now Brütlingen,} ..... _Bridle_. + { in Hanr. } + + Blæcingas ..... ..... Blaca (L.V.) _Black_. + + Bruningas Brunninga Austria {Brôn (L.V.),} {_Brown_, + {Bruyn (F.) } { _Browning_. + + Beorhtingas} Perhtingen Bavaria {Bercht (L.V.),} {_Burt_, + Byrtingas } { Berti (F.) } { _Bright_, + { _Brighty_, + { _Brighting_. + + Brihtlingas Bertelingas Rhen. Prussia ..... {_Brightly_, + { _Brittell_. + + Buccingas Puchinga ..... {Bocco, } _Buck_, _Puck_. + { Buco (F.)} + Bullingas Bollinga {Bullingen, in } Bolle (F.) {_Bull_, _Bolley_, + { Rh. Pruss. } { _Bulling_. + {Also Tyrol and} + { Westphal. } + + Byttingas} Buddinga {Baden, Würt.,} Bota (L.V.) {_Budd_, _Butt_, + { Friesland } { _Botting_. + + Potingas } Potingin {Baden, Aust.,} Botte (F.) {_Pott_, _Potto_. + { Friesland } + + Bobingas } Bobinga {Bobingen,} {Bofa (L.V.),} {_Boby_, _Poppy_. + Bofingas } { in Bav.} { Poppe (F.)} + + Bosingas Bosinga Austria, Würt. Bosa (L.V.) {_Boss_, _Bossey_. + + Buslingas Buselingen {Büssling, } ..... _Bussell_. + { by Schaffhausen} + + Burringas Buringen Würtemburg. {Burra (L.V.),} _Burr_. + { Bore (F.) } + + Cægingas Cachinga ..... Kay, Key (F.) {_Kay_, _Key_ + { (see p. 10). + + Callingas Callinge Holland Kalle (F.) _Call_, _Callow_. + + Ceaningas Conninge Würtemburg {Canio (L.V.),} {_Cann_, + { Keno (F.) } { _Canning_. + + Cearlingas Chirlingen {Kierling, } {Karl (L.V.),} {_Charley_, + { in Austria} { Carl (F.) } { _Charles_. + + Cifíngas Cheffingin Würtemburg Ceefi (L.V.) {_Chaff_, + { _Chaffey_. + + Ceopingas Chuppinga Würtemburg ..... {_Chope_, _Chubb_. + + Copingas Cofunga Hesse Cassel {Cufa, Coifi } {_Coffey_, _Cuff_, + { (Ang.-Sax.)} { _Cuffey_. + + Codingas } Cuttingas Near Metz {Goda, (L.V.) } {_Goad_, _Codd_, + Cotingas } Gotinga Bavaria { Gode (F.) } { _Coate_, + { _Godding_. + + Colingas Cholinga Ceolla (L.V.) ..... {_Coll_, _Collie_, + { _Colling_. + + Cocingas Gukkingin {Gugging, } ..... _Cock_. + { in Austria} + + Cressingas Chresinga Würtemberg ..... _Cressy_. + + Cnottingas Knutingen ..... Cnut (L.V.) _Knott_. + + Cnudlingas Cnutlinga Baden ..... _Nuttall_. + + Cenesingas[31] {Kenzinga Kenzingen, } + in Baden } ..... _Chance?_ + {Gensingen Gensungen, } + Hess. Cass.} + + Centingas Gandingen Friesland Kaenta (L.V.) {_Cant_, _Gant_, + { _Gandy_. + + Culingas ..... ..... ..... {_Cull_, + { _Cooling_. + + Denningas Daningen Baden Dene (L.V.) {_Dane_, _Dana_, + { _Denn_, + { _Denning_. + Dillingas Dilinga {Dillengen,} + { in Bav. } {Tilli (L.V.),} {_Dill_, _Till_, + { Tilo (F.) } { _Tilly_. + + Deorlingas} Darlingin Brunswick ..... {_Darrell_, + Teorlingas} { _Darling_. + + Dissingas} Tisinga Bavaria Tisa, Disa (F.) {_Dyce_, _Dicey_, + Tissingas} { _Tisoe_. + + Ticcangas Dichingen Friesland, Bav. Tycca (A.S.) _Dick_. + + Dyclingas Tuchilingen Now Tuchling ..... {_Dickle_, + { _Tickle_. + + Doccingas Dockinga Friesland {Tocki (L.V.),} {_Dock_, + { Tocke (F.) } { _Tocque_, + { _Docking_. + + Dodingas ..... ..... Doda (F.) _Dodd_, _Todd_. + + Dunningas Tuningas ..... Duna (L.V.) {_Dunn_, _Dunning_. + + Eastringas Austringa {Oestringen,} ..... _Easter_. + { in Baden } + + Edingas } Edinga {Holland, } {Ede (L.V.),} _Eddy_. + { Baden, Bav.} { Edde (F.)} + Oddingas} Odinga {Westphal., } {Oda (L.V.),} _Oddy_. + { Bav. } Odde (F.) } + + Elcingas ..... ..... ..... {_Elk_, _Elcy_, + { _Elgee_. + + Ecgingas Eginga {Schaffhausen,} {Ecga (L.V.),} _Egg_. + { Bav. } {Egga (F.) } + + Eclingas Egilinga Bavaria Ecgel (A.S.) {_Edgell_, _Egle_. + + Elsingas Elisingun Hesse {Elsi (L.V.),} {_Else_, _Elsey_, + { Ealse (F.)} { _Elliss_. + + Eppingas} Ebinga Baden, Austria Ebbi (L.V.) {_Epps_. + Ippingas} Ippinga {Ippingen, } Eppe (F.) {_Hipp_. + { on Danube} + + Everingas } Eburingen Pruss. Silesia ..... {_Ever_, _Every_, + Eoforingas} { _Heber_. + + Eorpingas Arpingi ..... {Earbe (L.V.),} _Harp_, _Earp_. + { Arpe (F.) } + + Fearingas Faringa {Upper Bav. ..... {_Farre_, + { & L. Constance { _Farrow_. + + Fearningas ..... ..... Forne (L.V.) _Fearn_. + + Finningas Finninga ..... Finn (A.S.) {_Finn_, _Finney_. + + Fincingas ..... ..... {Finc (A.S.),} _Finch_. + { surname } + + Folcingas Fulchingen ..... Folco (L.V.) _Fulke_. + + Frodingas ..... ..... Frode (L.V.) _Froude_. + + Gâringas} Geringen Würtemberg ..... _Gore_, _Cory_. + Coringas} + + Gestingas ..... ..... ..... {_Guest_, + { _Gasting_. + + Geofuningas Gebeningen Austria _Giffen_. + + Gisilingas} Gisilinga Bavaria {Gisle, } _Gill_. + Gillingas } { Gille (L.V.)} + + Gealdingas} Geltingen {Gelting, } {Golde (A.S.),} {_Gold_, _Galt_, + Goldingas } { in Bav.} { Giolt (F.) } { _Golding_. + + Hallingas Halinge Bavaria Halle (L.V.) {_Hall_, + { _Halling_. + + Hæglingas Hegelinge Bavaria Hagel (A.S.) {_Hail_, + { _Hailing_. + + Hanesingas Anzinga Bavaria ..... _Hance_. + + Heardingas} Hardinghen Pas de Calais Hart (F.) {_Hard_, _Hardy_. + Heartingas} Hertingen Bavaria ..... {_Hart_, + { _Harding_. + + Hæslingas} Hasalinge Near Bremen {Esel (L.V.), } _Hasell_. + Æslingas } { Hessel (F.)} + + Hanningas} Heninge ..... {Anna (L.V.),} {_Hann_, _Hanning_, + Heningas } { Hanne, } { _Henn_, + Anningas } { Enno (F.) } { _Anning_, + { _Anne_. + + Hillingas} Illingun {Illingen, {Ylla (L.V.),} _Hill_. + Illingas } { in Baden { Hille (F.)} + + Honingas Oningas {Oeningen, } {Ona (L.V.),} _Hone_. + { on L. } {Onno (F.) } + { Constance} + + Horningas ..... ..... Horn (A.S.) _Horne, Horning_. + + Herelingas Herlingun Austria Harrol (F.) {_Harle_, _Harley_, + { _Harling_. + + Hoppingas Hobinga Near Metz {Obbe, } {_Hopp_, _Hoby_, + { Hobbe (F.)} { _Hopping_. + + Hæcingas Hahhinga {Haching, {Hacci (L.V.),} {_Hack_, + { near Munich { Acke (F.) } { _Hacking_. + + Hafocingas Hauechingas Rhen. Pruss. Hauc (L.V.) _Hawke_. + + Hocingas Hohingun {Near Cologne} Hoco (F.) _Hockey_. + { and Zurich} + + Hucingas Huchingen Friesland ..... _Hook_. + + Huningas Huninga {Hüningen, } {Una (L.V.), } _Hunn_, _Honey_. + { near Basle} { Hunne (F.)} + + Huntingas Huntingun Baden ..... _Hunt, Hunting_. + + Ifingas ..... ..... Ivo (L.V.) _Ive, Ivy_. + + Immingas Eminga {Emmingen, } {Imma (L.V.),} {_Eames_, _Yems_, + { in Würt.} { Emo, } { _Hime_. + { Imme (F.) } + + Læferingas Livaringa Near Salzburg ..... _Laver_. + + Lullingas Lolinga {Lullingen, in} Lolle (F.) _Lull_, _Lully_. + { Rh. Pruss. } + + Luddingas Liutingen Baden {Lioda (L.V.),} _Lyde_, _Lutto_. + { Ludde (F.) } + + Lofingas Luppinge ..... {Lufe (L.V.),} {_Love_, + { Lubbe (F.)} { _Loving_. + + Lidelingas Lutilinga Würtemburg ..... _Liddle_. + + Locingas ..... ..... Locchi (L.V.) {_Lock_, + { _Lockie_. + + Leasingas Lasingi ..... Leising (L.V.) _Lees_, _Lessy_. + + Manningas Meningen ..... {Man (L.V.), } {_Mann_, _Manning_. + { Manno (F.)} + + Massingas Masingi ..... Mæssa (A.S.) {_Massey_, + { _Messing_. + + Madingas Madungen Sax-Weimar ..... _Maddey_. + + Mægdlingas[32] ..... ..... Mædle _Madle_. + + {Maching, in } { + { Bavaria } Mecga (A.S.) {_Maggy_, _May_. + Mæccingas Maginga {Mechingen, by } { + { L. Constance} Mekke (F.) { + + Mycgingas ..... ..... ..... {_Mico_, _Michie_. + + Merlingas Marlingen Bavaria ..... {_Merrill_, _Marl_, + { _Marling_. + + Mundlingas Mundilinga Bavaria ..... {_Mundell_. + + Marringas Maringen Baden, Würt. Mar (A.S.) _Marr_. + + Meringas Meringa Hanover ..... _Merry_. + + Millingas Milinga {Bav., Rhen.} Milo (L.V.) {_Millie_, _Milo_, + { Pruss. } { _Millinge_. + + Myrcingas[33] Mirchingen Lower Austria Murk (F.) {_Murch_, + { _Murchie_. + + + Nydingas } Nidinga {Neidingen, in} {Nytta (L.V.),} _Need_, _Neate_. + Neddingas} { Rh. Pruss. } { Nette (F.) } + + Nottingas Notingen Upper Bavaria Noedt (F.) {_Nott_, + { _Nutting_. + + Ossingas Ossingen Rh. Bavaria Hosa (L.V.) _Hose_. + + Palingas ..... ..... Paelli (L.V.) {_Palev_, + { _Paling_. + + Pegingas Biginga Westphalia Pega (L.V.) _Pegg_, _Bigg_. + + Penningas Penningin North Germany Benna (A.S.) _Penn_, _Benn_. + + Puningas Buninga ..... Buna (A.S.) _Bunn_. + + Pitingas Pidingun Austria ..... _Pitt_. + + Poclingas Puchilinga {Pückling, } ..... {_Puckle_, + { on Danube} { _Buckle_. + + Piperingas ..... ..... ..... _Piper_. + + Readingas Radinga {Reding, Reid (F.) _Read_. + { in Luxembg. + Riccingas ..... ..... Riki (F.) {_Rich_, _Richey_. + + Ridingas Ridingin {Rieding, } ..... {_Riddy_, _Rita_, + { in Upp. Bav.} { _Ridding_. + + Riclingas Richilinga {Reichling,} Rykle (F.) {_Regal_, + { on Rhine} { _Wrigley_. + + Riplingas Rupilinga Upper Bavaria ..... _Ripley_. + + Rollingas Roldingen {Rolingen, } Rolle (F.) _Rolle_. + { in Luxembg.} + + Ræfningas Ravininge Bavaria Reuen (L.V.) _Raven_. + + Rodingas Hrotthingun {Rh. Pruss.,} {Rudda (L.V.),} {_Rodd_, _Rudd_, + { Bav. } { Rode (F.) } { _Rudding_. + + Rossingas Rossunga ..... Russe (F.) _Ross_. + + Ruscingas ..... ..... Rosce (L.V.) _Rush_. + + Rocingas Roggingun Bavaria {Rogge, } _Rock_. + { Rocche (F.)} + + Rucingas ..... ..... Rouke (F.) {_Rugg_, _Ruck_. + + Sandringas Sinderingum Würtemburg Sander (F.) _Sander_. + + Swaningas Swaningun {Schwanningen, } + { near } Suan (L.V.) _Swan_. + { Schaffhausen} + + Syclingas Sikilingin {Sittling,} ..... {_Sickle_, + { in Bav.} { _Sickling_. + + Seaxlingas Saxlinga ..... ..... _Satchell?_ + + Sceardingas Scardinga Bavaria ..... {_Scard_, _Scarth_. + + Scytingas Scithingi ..... Scytta (A.S.) {_Skitt_, _Skeat_, + { _Shute_. + + Surlingas ..... ..... Serlo (L.V.) {_Sarle_, _Searle_. + + Scyrlingas Skirilinga Schierling, in Bav. ..... _Shirley_. + + Sælingas ..... ..... Salla (L.V.) _Sale_, _Sala_. + + Sceafingas Sceuinge ..... ..... _Sheaf_. + + Scealingas Scelinga ..... Sceal (L.V.) {_Scally_, + { _Scales_. + + Snoringas {Snoringer} Rh. Bav. Snearri (L.V.) _Snare_. + { marca } + + Snotingas Snudinga ..... Snod (A.S.) _Snoad_. + + Sealfingas Selvingen ..... ..... {_Self_, _Selvey_. + + Stubingas Staubingen {Staubing, } Stuf (A.S.) {_Stubbs_, + { in Bavaria} { _Stubbing_. + + Secgingas Siggingahem Belgium Sigga (L.V.) {_Siggs_, _Sick_. + + Specingas Speichingas {Spaichengen, Spech (Domesday) _Speck_. + { in Westph. + + Sceaflingas Schuffelinga {Schiflingen, } ..... _Shovel_. + { in Luxembg.} + + Stæningas ..... ..... {Stean (L.V.),} {_Stone_, + { Steen (F.) } { _Stenning_. + + Sinningas Siningas ..... Sinne (F.) {_Siney_, _Shinn_. + + Stellingas ..... ..... ..... _Stell_. + + Tædingas Tattingas {Dettingen,} Tade (F.) {_Tadd_, _Taddy_. + { in Bav. } + Tælingas Telingen Bavaria {Tella (L.V.),} {_Tall_, + { Tiele (F.) } { _Telling_. + + Dorringas Torringun {Törring, } Tori (L.V.) _Torr_. + { in Austria + + Tutlingas Tutlingun Dutling, in Bav. ..... _Tuttle_. + + Trumpingas[34] ..... ..... ..... {_Trump_, + { _Trumpy_. + + Thorningas Thurninga {Dürningen, } ..... {_Thorne_, + { in Alsace} { _Thorning_. + + Terringas ..... ..... Terri (L.V.) _Terry_. + + Tucingas Tuginga Switzerland {Tuk (A.S.), } _Tuck_, _Duck_. + { Duce (L.V.)} + + Duringas Turinga Würtemburg ..... {_Turr_, _Durre_, + { _Turing_. + + Uffingas Uffingen {Oeffingen, } Offa (L.V.) {_Ough_, _Hough_, + { in Würtemburg} { _Huff_. + + Wearningas Warningas ..... Warin (L.V.) {_Warren_, _Warne_. + + Waceringas Wacheringa Friesland and Bav. ..... _Waker_. + + Wealdringas Waltringen ..... Wealdere (A.S.) {_Walder_, + { _Walter_. + + Wasingas Wasunga {Würtg., Sax.} Wasso (A.S.) _Wass_. + { Mein. } + + Wippingas ..... ..... ..... _Whipp_. + + Wittingas Wittungen Pruss. Sax. {Uitta (L.V.),} _Whit_. + { Witte (F.) } + + Willingas Willinga Bavaria Wille (F.) {_Will_, _Willow_, + { _Willing_. + + Winingas Winninge {Winningen,} {Wynna, } {_Wine_, _Winn_, + { on Rhine} { Uini (L.V.)} { _Winning_. + + Wealdingas Waltingun Austria {Wald (A.S.),} {_Waldie_, _Waldo_. + { Walte (F.)} + + Wælsingas Walasingas ..... ..... _Walsh_. + + Watingas Waddinga {Weddingen, } {Uada (L.V.),} {_Watt_, _Waddy_. + { in Rh. Pruss.} { Uatto (F.)} + + Wellingas Wellingen Baden ..... _Well_. + + Wigingas } Wikinka Bavaria {Uicga (L.V.),} {_Wigg_, + Wiccingas} { Wigge, } { _Wicking_. + { Wicco (F.)} + + Wylfingas Vulfinga ..... Wulf (A.S.) _Wolf_. + + Wrihtingas Wirtingen Austria ..... _Wright_. + + Watringas Wateringas {Wettringen, } ..... _Water_. + { in Westph.} + + Wendlingas Wenilinga Near Strasburg Windel (A.S.) {_Windle_, + { _Wintle_. + + Wrihtlingas Riutilinga {Reutlingen, ..... _Riddle_. + { in Würtg. + + Wealcingas ..... ..... {Walch (L.V.),} {_Walk_, _Walkey_, + { Walke (F.) } { _Walking_. + + Wealcringas ..... ..... Wealcere (A.S.) _Walker_. + + Wealingas {Walanger } On the Lahn Walls (F.) _Wall_. + { marca } + + Waplingas Waplinga ..... ..... _Waple_. + + Wræningas ..... ..... ..... {_Wren_, _Rennie_. + + Wilrincgas Williheringa {Willering, Wyller (A.S.) _Willer_. + { on Danube + +I may observe with regard to the Anglo-Saxon names in the above lists +that there is occasionally a little corruption in their forms. The +English trouble with the letter _h_ seems to have been present even at +this early day. We have Allingas and Hallingas, Anningas and Hanningas, +Eslingas and Haslingas, Illingas and Hillingas, in all of which cases +the analogy of Old German names would show the _h_ to be in all +probability an intruder. And the same applies to the Hanesingas, the +Honingas, and the Hoppingas. There is also an occasional intrusion of +_b_ or _p_, thus the Trumpingas, whence the name of Trumpington, should +be properly, I take it, Trumingas, A.S. _trum_, firm, strong. Stark +suggests a Celtic word, _drumb_, but the intrusion of _p_ is so easy +that I think any other explanation hardly necessary. The Sempingas, +found in Sempingaham, now Sempringham, should also, I take it, be +Semingas, which would be in accordance with Teutonic names, whereas +_semp_ is a scarcely possible form. Basingstoke, the original of which +was Embasingastoc, owes its name to a similar mistake. It would be +properly I think Emasingastoc, which would correspond with a Teutonic +name-stem. A similar intrusion of _t_ occurs in the case of +Glæstingabyrig (now Glastonbury), which should I think be +Glæssingabyrig; this again would correspond with an ancient name-stem, +which in its present form it does not. So also I take it that Distingas, +found in Distington in Cumberland, is only a phonetic corruption of +Dissingas, if indeed, (which I very strongly doubt) Distington is from a +tribe-name at all. Both of these intrusions are natural from a phonetic +point of view, tending as they do to give a little more backbone to a +word, and they frequently occur, as I shall have elsewhere occasion to +note, in the range of English names. + +My object in the present chapter has been more especially to show the +intimate connection between our early Saxon names, and those of the +general Teutonic system. But now I come to a possible point of +difference. All the names of Germany would tend to come to England, but +if Anglo-Saxon England made any names on her own account, they would not +go back to Germany. For the tide of men flows ever west-ward, and there +was no return current in those days. Now there do seem to be certain +name-stems peculiar to Anglo-Saxon England, and one of these is _peht_ +or _pect_, which may be taken to represent Pict. The Teutonic peoples +were in the habit of introducing into their nomenclature the names of +neighbouring nations even when aliens or enemies. Thus the Hun and the +Fin were so introduced, the latter more particularly by the +Scandinavians who were their nearest neighbours. There is a tendency +among men to invest an enemy upon their borders, of whom they may be in +constant dread, with unusual personal characteristics of ferocity or of +giant stature. Thus the word _Hun_, as Grimm observes, seems to have +become a synonym of giant, and Ohfrid, a metrical writer of the ninth +century, describes the giant Polyphemus as the "grosse hun." Something +similar I have noted (in a succeeding chapter on the names of women, _in +voce_ Emma) as possibly subsisting between the Saxons and their Celtic +neighbours. The Fins again, who as a peculiarly small people could not +possibly be magnified into giants, were invested with magical and +unearthly characteristics, and the word became almost, if not quite, +synonymous with magician. This then seems to represent something of the +general principle, upon which such names have found their way into the +Teutonic system of nomenclature. + +While then England received all the names formed from peoples throughout +the Teutonic area, the Goth, the Vandal, the Bavarian, the Hun, and the +Fin, in the names of men, there was one such stem which she had and +which the rest of Germany had not, for she alone was neighbour to the +Pict. Perhaps I should qualify this statement so far as the Old Saxons +of the seaboard are concerned, for they were also neighbours, though as +far as we know, the Pict did not figure in their names of men. From the +stem _pect_ the Anglo-Saxons had a number of names, as Pecthun or +Pehtun, Pecthath, Pectgils, Pecthelm, Pectwald, Pectwulf, all formed in +accordance with the regular Teutonic system, but none of them found +elsewhere than in Anglo-Saxon England. Of these names we may have one, +Pecthun, in our surname _Picton_, perhaps also the other form Pehtun in +_Peyton_ or _Paton_. The Anglo-Saxons no doubt aspirated the _h_ in +Pehtun, but we seem in such cases either to drop it altogether, or else +to represent it by a hard _c_, according perhaps as it might have been +more or less strongly aspirated. Indeed the Anglo-Saxons themselves +would seem to have sometimes dropped it altogether, if the name Piott, +in a will of Archbishop Wulfred, A.D. 825, is the same word (which +another name Piahtred about the same period would rather seem to +indicate). And this suggests that our name _Peat_ may be one of its +present representatives. We have again a name _Picture_, which might +represent an Anglo-Saxon Pecther (_heri_, warrior) not yet turned up, +but a probable name, the compound being a very common one. + +I do not think it necessary to go into the case of any other name-stem +which I do not find except among the Anglo-Saxons, inasmuch as, there +being in their case no such reason for the restriction as in that to +which I have been referring, it may only be that they have not as yet +been disinterred. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[28] From a similar origin is the name of the Scandinavian Vikings, +Vik-ing, from _vik_, a bay. + +[29] _Archæological Journal._ + +[30] The reader must bear in mind that Ang.-Sax. _æ_ is pronounced as +_a_ in "ant." + +[31] I take the word contained herein to be "ganz," an ancient stem in +names. + +[32] Properly, I think, "Mædlingas," as it has nothing to do with +Ang.-Sax. "mægd," _maid_. + +[33] The same, I take it, as the "Myrgingas" in the _Traveller's Tale_. + +[34] Properly, I take it, "Trumingas," Ang.-Sax. "_trum_" firm, strong. + + + + +CHAPTER V. + +MEN'S NAMES IN PLACE-NAMES. + + +We have seen in a preceding chapter that the earliest Saxon place-names +in England are derived from a personal name, and that the idea contained +is that of a modified form of common right. We shall find that a very +large proportion of the later Anglo-Saxon place-names are also derived +from the name of a man, but that the idea contained is now that of +individual ownership or occupation. The extent to which English +place-names are derived from ancient names of men is, in my judgment, +very much greater than is generally supposed. And indeed, when we come +to consider it, what can be so naturally associated with a _ham_ as the +name of the man who lived in that home, of a _weorth_ as that of the man +to whom that property belonged, of a Saxon _tun_ or a Danish _by_ or +_thorp_ as that of the man to whom the place owed its existence? If we +turn to Kemble's list of Anglo-Saxon names of places as derived from +ancient charters, in the days when the individual owner had succeeded to +the community, we cannot fail to remark to how large an extent this +obtains, and how many of these names are in the possessive case. Now, +it must be observed that there are in Anglo-Saxon two forms of the +possessive, and that when a man's name had the vowel ending in _a_, as +noted at p. 24, it formed its possessive in _an_, while otherwise it +formed its possessive in _es_. Thus we have Baddan byrig, "Badda's +borough," Bennan beorh, "Benna's barrow" or grave, and in the other form +we have Abbodes byrig, "Abbod's borough," Bluntes ham, "Blunt's home," +and Sylces wyrth, "Silk's worth" or property. And as compound names did +not take a vowel ending, such names invariably form their possessive in +_es_, as in Haywardes ham, "Hayward's home," Cynewardes gemæro, +"Cyneward's boundary," &c. I am not at all sure that _ing_ also has not, +in certain cases, the force of a possessive, and that Ælfredincgtun, for +instance, may not mean simply "Alfred's town" and not Alfreding's town. +But I do not think that this is at any rate the general rule, and it +seems scarcely possible to draw the line. From the possessive in _an_ I +take to be most probably our present place-names Puttenham, Tottenham, +and Sydenham, (respecting the last of which there has been a good deal +of discussion of late in _Notes and Queries_), containing the +Anglo-Saxon names _Putta_, _Totta_, and _Sida_. With regard to the last +I have not fallen in with the name _Sida_ itself. But I deduce such a +name from Sydanham, C.D. 379, apparently a place in Wilts, also perhaps +from Sidebirig, now Sidbury, in Devon; and there is, moreover, a +corresponding O.G. _Sido_, the origin being probably A.S. _sidu_, +manners, morals. Further traces of such a stem are found in _Sidel_ +deduced from Sidelesham, now Sidlesham, in Sussex, and also from the +name _Sydemann_ in a charter of Edgar, these names implying a +pre-existing stem _sid_ upon which they have been formed. + +As well as with the _ham_ or the _byrig_ in which he resided, a man's +name is often found among the Anglo-Saxons, connected with the +boundary--whatever that might be--of his property, as in Abbudes mearc, +Abbud's mark or boundary, and Baldrices gemæro, Baldrick's boundary. +Sometimes that boundary might be a hedge, as in Leoferes haga and +Danehardes hegeræw, "Leofer's hedge," and "Danehard's hedge-row." +Sometimes it might be a stone, as in Sweordes stân, sometimes a ridge, +as in Eppan hrycg, "Eppa's ridge," sometimes a ditch or dyke, as in +Tilgares dic and Colomores sîc (North. Eng. syke, wet ditch). A tree was +naturally a common boundary mark, as in Potteles treôw, Alebeardes âc +(oak), Bulemæres thorn, Huttes æsc (ash), Tatmonnes apoldre +(apple-tree). Sometimes, again, a man's name is found associated with +the road or way that led to his abode, as in Wealdenes weg (way), +Sigbrihtes anstige (stig, a footpath), Dunnes stigele (stile). Another +word which seems to have something of the meaning of "stile" is _hlip_, +found in Freobearnes hlyp and in Herewines hlipgat. In Anglo-Saxon, +_hlypa_ signified a stirrup, and a "hlipgat" must, I imagine, have been +a gate furnished with some contrivance for mounting over it. Of a +similar nature might be Alcherdes ford, and Brochardes ford, and also +Geahes ofer, Byrhtes ora, and Æscmann's yre (_ofer_, contr. _ore_, shore +or landing-place). Something more of the rights of water may be +contained in Fealamares brôc (brook), Hykemeres strêm (stream), and +Brihtwoldes wêre (weir); the two latter probably referring to +water-power for a mill. The sense of property only seems to be that +which is found in Cybles weorthig, Æscmere's weorth (land or property), +Tilluces leah (lea), Rumboldes den (_dene_ or valley), Bogeles pearruc +(paddock), Ticnes feld (field). Also in Grottes grâf (grove), Sweors +holt (grove), Pippenes pen (pen or fold), Willeardes hyrst (grove), +Leofsiges geat (gate), Ealdermannes hæc (hatch), and Winagares stapol +(stall, market, perhaps a place for the sale or interchange of produce). +The site of a deserted dwelling served sometimes for a mark, as in +Sceolles eald cotan (Sceolles old cot), and Dearmodes ald tun +(Deormoda's old town, or inclosure, dwelling and appurtenances?). + +But it is with a man's last resting-place that his name will be found in +Anglo-Saxon times to be most especially associated. The principal words +used to denote a grave are _beorh_ (barrow), _byrgels_, and _hloew_ +(low), in all of which the idea seems to be that of a mound raised over +the spot. We have Weardes beorh, "Weard's barrow," also Lulles, Cartes, +Hornes, Lidgeardes, and many others. We have Scottan byrgels, "Scotta's +barrow," also Hôces, Wures, and Strenges. And we have Lortan hlæw, +"Lorta's low," also Ceorles, Wintres, Hwittuces, and others. There is +another word _hô_, which seems to be the same as the O.N. _haugr_, +North. Eng, _how_, a grave-mound. It is found in Healdenes hô, Piccedes +hô, Scotehô Tilmundes hô, Cægeshô, and Fingringahô. It would hardly +seem, from the location of four of them, Worcester, Essex, Beds, Sussex, +that they can be of Scandinavian origin. Can the two words, _haugr_ and +_hlau_ (_how_, and _hlow_), be from the same origin, the one assuming, +or the other dropping an _l_? + +I take the names of persons thus to be deduced from Anglo-Saxon +place-names, and which are in general correspondence with the earlier +names in the preceding chapter, though containing some new forms and a +greater number of compound names, to give as faithful a representation +as we can have of the every-day names of Anglo-Saxons. And as I have +before compared the names of those primitive settlers with our existing +surnames, so now I propose to extend the comparison to the names of more +settled Anglo-Saxon times. + + + Anglo-Saxon + Men's Names. Place-Names. English Surnames. + + Abbod Abbodesbyrig } _Abbott_ + Abbud Abbudesmearc } + Æcemann Æcemannes ceaster _Ackman, Aikman_ + Acen Acenes feld _Aikin_ + Ægelweard Ægelweardes mearc _Aylward_ + Alberht Alcherdes ford _Allcard_ + Alder Aldrestub _Alder_ + Ælfgar Ælfgares gemæro _Algar_ + Ælfred Ælfredes beorh _Alfred_, _Allfrey_ + Ælfher, or } + Ælfheri } Ælfheres stapol _Alvary_ + Æscmer Æscmeres weorth _Ashmore_ + Æscmann Æscmannes yre _Ashman_ + Alebeard Alebeardes âc _Halbard_ + Amber Ambresbyrig _Amber_ + Æthelstan Æthelstanes tûn _Ethelston_ + + Babel Babeles beorh _Bable_ + Badherd Badherdes sled _Beddard_ + Baldher Baldheresberg _Balder_ + Baldric Baldrices gemæro _Baldridge_ + Baldwin Baldwines heath _Baldwin_ + Beored, or Beoret Beoredes treôw _Berrette_ + Beornheard Beornheardes lond _Bernard_ + Beornwold Beornwoldes sætan _Bernold_ + Blunt Bluntesham _Blunt_ + Bogel Bogeles pearruc _Bogle_ + Bohmer Bohmeres stigele _Bowmer_ + Bregen Bregnesford _Brain_ + Brochard Brochardes ford _Brocard_ + Buga Buganstôc } _Bugg_ + Bugga Bugganbrôc } + Bulemær Bulemæres thorn _Bulmer_ + Buntel Bunteles pyt _Bundle_ + Bunting Buntingedîc _Bunting_ + Burhgeard Burhgeardeswerthig _Burchard_ + + Carda Cardan hlæw _Card_, _Cart_ + Ceapa Ceapan hlæw _Cheape_ + Ceawa Ceawan hlæw _Chew_ + Cerda Cerdan hlæw _Chard_ + Cissa Cissan anstige _Cheese_ + Chetol (Danish) Chetoles beorh _Kettle_ + Creoda Creodan âc } _Creed_ + Cridd Criddes hô } + Cumen Cumenes ora _Cummin_ + Ceatewe Ceatewesleah _Chattoway_ + Ceada Ceadanford _Chad_ + Catt Cattes stoke _Cat_, _Catty_ + Cæstæl Cæstælesham _Castle_ + Cludd Cludesleah _Cloud_ + Coten Cotenesfeld _Cotton_ + Cruda Crudan sceat _Crowd_ + Colomor Colomores sîc _Colmer_ + Cydd Cyddesige _Kidd_ + Cyble Cybles weorthig _Keble_ + Celc Celces ora _Kelk_ + Cylman Cylmanstun _Killman_ + Cynlaf Cynlafes stan _Cunliffe_ + Cynric Cynrices gemæro _Kenrick_ + Cyneward Cynewardes gemæro _Kenward_ + Cyppa Cyppanham _Chipp_ + + Dægel, or Dæglesford } _Dale_ + Deil Deilsford } + Dearnagel Dearnagles ford _Darnell_ + Dæneheard Dæneheardes hegerawe _Denhard_ + Deorlaf Deorlafestun _Dearlove_ + Deormod[35] Deormodes ald tun _Dermott_ + Dodd Doddesthorp } _Dodd_ + Dodda Doddan hlæw } + Dolemann Dolemannes beorh _Dollman_ + Duceman Ducemannestun _Duckman_ + Ducling Duclingtun _Duckling_ + Dunn Dunnes stigele _Dunn_ + Dogod Dogodeswel _Doggett_, _Dugood_ + Dydimer Dydimertun _Tidemore_ + + Ealder Ealderscumb _Alder_ + Ealdmann Ealdmannes wyrth _Altman_ + Ealdermann[36] Ealdermannes hæc _Alderman_ + Ealmund Ealmundes treow _Almond_ + Eanulf Eanulfestun _Enough_ + Earn Earnesbeorh _Earney_ + + Eastmond Eastmondestun _Esmond_ + Ecgell Ecgeles stiel _Edgell_, _Eagle_ + + Fealamar Fealamares brôc { _Fillmore_ + { _Phillimore_ + Flegg Flegges garan _Flew_ + Focga Focgancrundel _Fogg_, _Foggo_ + Freobearn Freobearnes hlyp _Freeborn_ + Frigedæg Frigedæges treôw _Friday_ + Fuhgel Fuhgeles beorh _Fuggle_, _Fowl_ + + Gandar Gandrandun _Gander_ + Gæcg Gæcges stapol { _Gay_ + Geah Geahes ofer { + Gatehlinc Gatehlinces heafod _Gatling_ + Geleca Gelecancamp _Jellicoe_ + Geyn Geynes thorn _Gain_ + Giselher Gislhereswurth _Giller_ + Godincg Godincges gemæro _Godding_ + Godmund Godmundesleah _Godmund_ + Godwin Godwines gemæro _Godwin_ + Grobb Grobbes den _Grove_, _Grubb_ + Grott Grottes grâf _Grote_ + Gund Gundestige _Gunn_, _Gundey_ + + Hærred Hærredesleah _Herod_ + Heafoc Heafoceshamme _Hawk_ + Hassuc Hassuces môr _Haskey_ + Hering Heringesleah _Herring_ + Hnibba Hnibbanleah _Knibb_, _Knipe_ + Hayward Haywardes ham _Hayward_ + Healda Healdan grâf _Hald_ + Healden Healdenes hô _Haldan_ + Helm Helmes treow _Helme_ + Helfær Helfæres gemæro _Helper_ + Help Helpestonne _Helps_ + Herebritt Herebrittes comb _Herbert_ + Herewin Herewines hlipgat _Irwine_ + Hiccemann Hiccemannes stân _Hickman_ + Humbald Humbalding grâf _Humble_ + Hycemer, or } + Higemar } Hycemeres strêm _Highmore_ + Hnæf Hnæfes scylf _Knapp_ + Hocg Hocgestun _Hogg_, _Hodge_ + Horn Hornes beorh _Horne_ + Hringwold Hringwoldes beorh _Ringold_ + Hwittuc Hwittuces leah _Whittock_ + Hutt Huttes æsc _Hutt_ + Hygelac[37] Hygelaces git _Hillock_ + + Kyld Kyldesby _Kilt_ + + Leofer Leoferes haga _Lover_ + Laferca Lafercanbeorh _Laverick_ + Leofmann Leofmannes gemæro _Loveman_ + Leommann Leommannes grâf _Lemon_ + Leofsig Leofsiges geat _Lovesy_ + Leofric Leofrices gemæro _Loveridge_ + Lidgeard Lidgeardes beorh _Ledgard_ + Lipperd Lipperdes gemæro _Leopard_ + Lower Lowereslege _Lower_ + Locer Loceresweg _Locker_ + Lorta Lortanberwe _Lord_ + Lorting Lortinges bourne _Lording_ + Luder Luderston _Luther_ + Ludmann Ludmannes put _Lutman_ + Lull Lulles beorh _Lull_, _Lully_ + + Myceld Myceldefer _Muckelt_ + Mûl Muleshlæw _Moule_ + + Negle Neglesleah _Nagle_ + Næl Nælesbrôc _Nail_ + Nybba Nybban beorh _Nibbs_ + + Oslac Oslaces lea _Hasluck_ + Ogged Oggedestun _Hodgett_, _Howitt_ + Oswald Oswaldes mere _Oswald_ + Orlaf Orlafestun _Orlop_ + Owun Owunes hild _Owen_ + + Pehtun Pehtuns treow _Peyton_ + Pender Penderes clif _Pender_ + Picced Piccedes hô _Pickett_ + Pinnel Pinnelesfeld _Pennell_ + Pippen Pippenes fen _Pippin_ + Pyttel Pittelesford _Piddel_ + Pitterich Piterichesham _Betteridge_ + Pottel Potteles treow _Pottle_ + Potten Pottenestreow _Potten_ + Punt Puntes stân _Punt_ + Puntel Punteles treow _Bundle_ + Prentsa Prentsan hlaw _Prentiss_ + + Redwin Redwines thorn _Readwin_ + Rahulf Rahulfes furlong _Ralph_ + Rugebeorg Rugebeorges gemæro _Rubery_ + Rumbold Rumboldes den _Rumbold_ + + Sceaft Sceaftesbirig _Shaft_, _Shafto_ + Sceoll Sceolles ealdcotan _Sholl_ + Scytta Scyttandun _Skeat_, _Shute_ + Scyter[38] Scyteres flôd _Shuter_ + Scealc Scealces hom _Shawkey_, _Chalk?_ + Scyld Scyldes treow _Shield_ + Simær Simæres ford _Seymour_ + Secmær Secmæres ora _Sycamore_ + Sigbriht Sigbrihtes anstige _Sibert_ + Sibriht Sibrihtesweald _Seabright_[39] + Siger Sigeres âc _Segar_ + Snell Snellesham _Snell_ + Snod Snodes hyl _Snoad_ + Streng Strenges hô _Strong_ + Stut Stutes hyl _Stout_, _Stott_ + Stutard Stutardes cumb _Stothard_, _Studeard_ + Sucga Sucgangrâf _Sugg_ + Sumer Sumeresham _Summer_ + Sumerled (Danish) Sumerledetun _Sommerlat_ + Sunemann Sunemannes wyrthig _Sunman_ + Sweor Sweores holt _Swire_, _Swears_ + Sweord Sweordes stân _Sword_ + + Tæcel Tæcelesbrôc _Tackle_ + Tatmonn Tatmonnes apoldre _Tadman_ + Tatel Tatlestrop _Tattle_ + Thuner Thunresfeld _Thunder_ + Thurgar (Danish) Thurgartun _Thurgur_ + Thrista Thristan den _Trist_ + Theodher Theoderpoth _Theodore_ + Thurold (Danish) Thuroldes gemæro _Thorold_ + Toma Tomanworthig _Tomey_ + Ticcen Ticnesfeld _Dickin_ + Tilgar Tilgares dîc _Dilger_ + Tilluc Tilluces leah _Tillick_, _Dilke_ + Tilmann Tilmannes den _Tilman_ + Titferth Titferthes geat _Titford_ + + Upicen Upicenes hlyw _Hopkin_ + + Wahgen Wahgenes gemæro _Wain_ + Wealden Wealdenes weg _Walden_ + + Wealder Wealderes weg _Walter_ + Westan Westanes treow _Weston_ + Wigheard Wigheardes stapol _Wyard_ + Wighelm Wighelmes land _Whigam_ + Wihtlac Wihtlaces ford _Whitelock_ + Wihtric Wihtricesham _Whitridge_ + Wilmund Wilmundes leah _Williment_ + Willher Willheres triow _Willer_ + Wicg Wicgestan _Wigg_ + Uuigga Wuiggangeat + Winagar Winagares stapul _Winegar_ + Wileard Wileardes hyrste _Willard_ + Wistan for } Wistanes gemæro _Whiston_ + Wigstan? } + Wulfsig Wulfsiges croft _Wolsey_ + Wulfgar Wulfgares gemæro _Woolgar_ + Wulfmer Wulfmeres myln _Woolmer_ + Wulfric Wulfrices gemæro _Woolrych_ + Wyner Wyneres stig _Winer_ + Waring Wæring wîc _Waring_ + Wifel Wifelesham _Whipple_ + Woden[40] Wodnesbeorg _Woodin?_ + Wydda Wyddanbeorh _Widow_ + +The above names are deduced entirely from the names of places found by +Mr. Kemble in ancient charters. The list is not by any means an +exhaustive one, as I have not included a number of names taken into +account in Chap. IV., and as also the same personal name enters +frequently into several place-names. With very few exceptions these +names may be gathered to the roll of Teutonic name-stems, +notwithstanding a little disguise in some of their forms, and a great, +sometimes a rather confusing, diversity of spelling. I take names such +as the above to be the representatives of the every-day names of men in +Anglo-Saxon times, rather than the names which come before us in history +and in historical documents. For it seems to me that a kind of fashion +prevailed, and that while a set of names of a longer and more dignified +character were in favour among the great, the mass of the people still, +to a great extent, adhered to the shorter and more simple names which +their fathers had borne before them. Thus, when we find an Æthelwold who +was also called Mol, an Æthelmer who was also called Dodda, and a Queen +Hrothwaru who was also called Bucge, I am disposed to take the simple +names, which are such as the earlier settlers brought over with them, to +have been the original names, and superseded by names more in accordance +with the prevailing fashion. Valuable then as is the _Liber Vitæ_ of +Durham, as a continuous record of English names for many centuries, yet +I am inclined to think that inasmuch as that the persons who come before +us as benefactors to the shrine of St. Cuthbert may be taken to be as a +general rule of the upper ranks of life, they do not afford so faithful +a representation of the every-day names of Anglo-Saxons as do the little +freeholders who lived and died in their country homes. And, moreover, +these are, as it will be seen, more especially the kind of names which +have been handed down from Anglo-Saxon times to the present day. + +In connection with this subject, it may be of interest to present a list +of existing names of places formed from an Anglo-Saxon personal name, as +derived from the same ancient charters dealt with in the previous list. +And in so doing I confine myself exclusively to the places of which the +present names have been positively identified by Mr. Kemble. And in the +first place I will take the place-names which consist simply of the name +of a tribe or family unqualified by any local term whatever. + + Name in + Anglo-Saxon + Charters. Present Name. + + Æfeningas Avening Gloucestershire + Angemeringum Angmering Sussex + Ascengas Eashing Surrey + Banesingas Bensington Oxfordshire + Bærlingas Barling Kent + Beadingum Beden Gloucestershire + Berecingas Barking Essex + Brahcingum Braughin Herts. + Byrhtlingas Brightling Sussex + Cerringes Charing Kent + Ciwingum Chewing Herts. + Culingas Cooling Kent + Cytringas Kettering Northampton + Diccelingas Ditchling Sussex + Geddingas Yeading Middlesex + Godelmingum Godalming Surrey + Hallingas Halling Kent + Herlinge Harling Norfolk + Horningga Horning Norfolk + Meallingas Malling Kent + Pæccingas Patching Sussex + Puningas Poynings Surrey + Readingan Reading Berkshire + Rodinges Roothing Essex + Stæningas Steyning Sussex + Swyrdhlincas } Swarling Kent + (Swyrdlingas) } + Terringes Tarring Sussex + Terlinges Terling Essex + Totingas Tooting Surrey + Wellingum Wellwyn Herts. + Werhornas Warehorne Kent + Wihttringas Wittering Surrey + Uoccingas Woking Surrey + Wyrtingas Worting Hants. + +I will now take the places which in a later and more settled time have +been derived from the name of a single man, as representing his +dwelling, his domain, or in not a few cases his grave. + + Anglo-Saxon + Man's Name. Place-Name. Present Name. + + Abba Abbandun Abingdon Berks. + { Ægelesbyrig Aylesbury Bucks. + Ægel { Æglesford Aylesford Kent + { Ægeleswurth Aylesworth Nthmptn. + Agmod Agmodesham Agmondesham Bucks. + Æsc Æscesbyrig Ashbury Berks. + Æscmer Æscmeres weorth Ashmansworth Hants. + Amber { Ambresbyrig Amesbury Wilts. + { Ambresleah Ombersley Worc. + Ælfreding Ælfredincgtun Alfreton Derby. + + Badda Baddanby Badby Nthmptn. + Badhelming Badimyncgtun Badminton Glouc. + Baldher Baldheresberg Baltonsborough Somerset. + Becca Beccanleah Beckley Sussex. + Beda Bedanford Bedford Beds. + Benna Bennanham Beenham Berks. + Benning Benningwurth Bengworth Worc. + Bledda Bleddanhlæw Bledlow Bucks. + Blunt Bluntesham Bluntisham Hunts. + Bodeca Bodecanleah Butleigh Somerset. + Bodek Bodekesham Bottisham Camb. + Bocga Bocganora Bognor Sussex. + Bordel Bordelestun Burleston Dorset. + Brand Brandesburh Bransbury Hants. + Bregen Bregnesford Bransford Worc. + + Cada Cadandun Chadlington Oxford. + Cæg Cægeshô Keysoe Beds. + Calmund Calmundes den Calmsden Glouc. + Ceadela Ceadelanwurth Chaddleworth Berks. + Ceadel Ceadeleshunt Chadshunt Warw. + Ceader Ceadresleah Chaseley Worc. + Cendel Cendeles funta Chalfont Bucks. + Celta Celtenhom Cheltenham Glouc. + Ceol Ceolesig Cholsey Berks. + Cippa Cippenham Chippenham Wilts. + Ceolbalding Ceolbaldinctun Chilbolton Hants. + Ceort Ceortesege Chertsey Surrey + Cinhild (woman) Cinildewyrth Kenilworth Warw. + Cissa Cissanceaster Chichester Sussex. + Coda Codanford Codford Wilts. + Codda Coddanhrycg Cotheridge Worc. + Coling Colingham Collingham Notts. + Crym Crymesham Crimsham Sussex. + Croppa Croppanthorn Cropthorn Worc. + Cumen Cumenora Cumnor Berks. + Cungar Cungaresbyrig Congressbury Somerset. + Cwichelm Cwichelmes hlæw Cuckamslow hill Berks. + Cyneburging[41] Cyneburgincton Kemerton Glouc. + Cynlaf Kynleveden Kelvedon Essex. + Ketel (Danish) Kitlebig Kettleby Linc. + + Dæcca, or } Daccanhaam Dagenham Essex. + Dægga } + Dægel Dæglesford Daylesford Worc. + Deôrlaf Deorlafestun Darlaston Staffs. + Dodda Doddanford Dodford Nthmptn. + Dodd Doddesthorp Dogsthorp Nthmptn. + Dogod Dogodeswel Dowdswell Glouc. + Domec Domecesige Dauntsey Wilts. + Duceling Duceling dun Ducklington Oxford. + Dunning Dunnincland Donyland Essex. + Dideling Didelingtun Didlington Dorset. + + Eadric Eadricestun Edstone Warw. + Eccing Eccingtun Eckington Worc. + Eccle, or Egil Eccleshale Exhall Warw. + Effing Effingeham Effingham Surrey. + Erping Erpingham Erpingham Norfolk. + Eof, or Eofa Eofesham Evesham Worc. + + Fecca Feccanhom Feckenham Worc. + Flæda Flædanburg Fladbury Worc. + Folc Folcesstan Folkstone Kent. + + Gidding Giddincford Gidding Suffolk. + Gyseling Gyselingham Gislingham Suffolk. + Godmer Godmeresham Godmersham Kent. + Grim Grimaston Grimstone Norfolk. + Gun or Gund Gunthorpe Gunthorp Nthmptn. + Gyp Gypeswich Ipswich Suffolk. + + Hauek Hauekestun Hauxton Camb. + Hæfar Hæfaresham Haversham Bucks. + Hamela Hamelendûn Hambledon Hants. + Hærigeard Hærigeardesham Harrietsham Kent. + Haling Halington Hallington Linc. + Hanekyn Hanekynton Hankerton Wilts. + Hanning Hanningtun Hannington Hants. + Hæda Hædanham Haddenham Camb. + Helming Helmyngton Hemington Nthmptn. + Help Helpestonne Helpstone Nthmptn. + Hemming Hemmingford { Hemingford } Hunts. + { Abbots } + Hengest { Hengesteshricg Henstridge Somerset. + { Hengestesige Hinksey Berks. + Hild Hildesdûn Hillersdon Bucks. + Heorulf Heorelfestun Harleston Staff. + Heorting Heortingtun Hardington Somerset. + Honekyn Honekynton Hankerton Wilts. + Honing Honingtun Honington Linc. + Horning { Horningeseie Horningsea Camb. + { Horningges hæth Horningsheath Suffolk + Hôd Hôdesâc Hodsoak Worc. + Hunewald Hunewaldesham Windlesham Surrey + Hunta Huntandun Huntingdon Hants. + Hwiting Hwitingtun Whittington Worc. + + Kyld Kyldesby Kilsby Nthmptn. + + Laua Lauanham Lavenham Suffolk + Lauing Lauingtun Barlavington Sussex + Lamb (Danish?) Lambehith Lambeth + Lott Lottisham Lottisham Somerset. + + Mealdhelm Mealdumesburg Malmsbury Wilts. + Myceld Myceldefer Mitcheldover Hants. + Mûl { Mûleseige Moulsey Surrey + { Mûlesham Moulsham Essex + Munda Mundanham Mundham Sussex + + Neteling Netelingtun Nettleton Wilts. + + Offa Offanleah Offley Herts. + Orlaf Orlafestun Orleston Derby. + Orm (Danish) Ormisby Ormsby Norfolk + Osgot Osgotbi Osgodby Linc. + Oshelming Osmingtun Osmington Dorset + Oswald Oswaldeshlaw Oswaldslow Worc. + + Pading Padingtun Paddington + Parting Partingtun Patrington Yorks. + Peda Pedanhrycg Petridge Surrey + Peada Peadanwurth Padworth Berks. + Peatting Peattingtun Pattingham Salop + Pecga Pecganham Pagham Sussex + Peden Pednesham Pensham Worc. + Piterich Piterichesham Petersham Worc. + Port Portesham Portisham Dorset. + + Raculf Raculfcestre Reculver Kent + Remn[42] for Raven Remnesdun Ramsden Sussex + Rydemær, or } Rydemæreleah Redmarley Worc. + Redmer } + Riking Rikinghal Rickinghall Suffolk + Ring Ringestede Ringstead Norfolk + Rodda Roddanbeorg Rodborough Glouc. + Rolf, for Rolfestun Rolleston Staffs. + Rodulf Rollesby Rollesby Norfolk + + Sidel Sidelesham Sidlesham Sussex + Sceaft Sceaftesbirig Shaftesbury Dorset. + Secg Secgesbearue Sedgeberrow Worc. + Snodd Snoddesbyrig Upton Snodsbury Worc. + Snoding Snodingland Snodland Worc. + Sumer Sumeresham Somersham Hunts. + Sumerled (Danish) Sumerledetun Somerleyton Suffolk + Sunna Sunnandun Sundon Beds. + Swythbriht Swythbrihtesweald Sibbertswold Kent + Swithreding Swithrædingden Surrenden Kent + Sylc Sylceswyrth Silksworth Durham + + Tadmær Tadmærtun Tadmarton Oxford. + + Tæfing Tæfingstoc Tavistock Devon. + Teotting Teottingtun Teddington Wor. + Taling Talingtun Tallington Linc. + Toda Todanhom Toddenham Glouc. + Toma Tomanworthig Tamworth Warw. + Theogen Theogendethorp Theddlethorp Linc. + Thunar Thunresfeld Thundersfield Surrey + Ticen Ticnesfeld Tichfield Hants. + Tidhelming Tidelminctun Tidmington Worc. + Tilling Tillingham Tillingham Essex + Tocca Toccanham Tockenham Wilts. + Toting Totingtun Tottington Norfolk + Treding { Tredingtun Tredington Glouc. + { Tredinctun Tredington Worc. + Trosting Trostingtun Troston Suffolk + Tuding Tudingtun Teddington Middlsx. + Tunweald Tunwealdes stân Tunstone Glouc. + Turca Turcanden Turkdean Glouc. + Twica Tuicanham Twickenham Middlsx. + Thurgar (Danish) Thurgartun Thurgarton Norfolk + + Ufing Ufinctun Ovington Hants. + + Wacen Uacenesfeld Watchfield Berks. + Watling Uætlinctun Watlington Oxford. + Wassing Wassingburg Washingborough Linc. + Wald Waldeswel Woldswell Glouc. + Weard Weardesbeorh Warborough Oxford. + Wifel { Wifeles cumb Wiveliscomb Somerset. + { Wifelesford Wilsford Wilts. + Wilburg (Woman) { Wilburgeham Wilbraham Camb. + { Wilburhtun Wilburton Camb. + Willer Willerseia Willersey Glouc. + Weogern Weogernacester Worcester Worc. + Wine { Uines hlau Winslow Bucks. + { Wines hyl Winshill Derby. + Wrening Wreningham Wreningham Norfolk + Werot Uurotaham Wrotham Kent + Wulfwarding Wulfweardigleâ Wolverley Worc. + Wendel, or Wendlesora, or Windsor Berks. + Windel Windlesora + +The last name, Windsor, is an amusing instance of the older attempts at +local etymology. First it was supposed, as being an exposed spot, to +have taken its name from the "wind is sore;" then it was presumed that +it must have been a ferry, and that the name arose from the constant cry +of "wind us o'er" from those waiting to be ferried across. It was a +great step in advance when the next etymologist referred to the ancient +name and found it to be Windelsora, from _ora_, shore, (a contraction of +_ofer?_) Still, the etymon he deduced therefrom of "winding shore" is +one that could not be adopted without doing great violence to the word; +whereas, without the change of a letter, we have Windels ore, "Windel's +shore," most probably in the sense of landing-place. The name Windel +forms several other place-names; it was common in ancient times, and it +has been taken to mean Vandal. I refer to this more especially to +illustrate the importance of taking men's names into account in +considering the origin of a place-name. + +The above names are confined entirely, as I have before mentioned, to +the places that have been positively identified by Mr. Kemble. And as +these constitute but a small proportion of the whole number, the +comparison will serve to give an idea of the very great extent to which +place-names are formed from men's names. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[35] Cf. also Diormod, moneyer on Anglo-Saxon coins, minted at +Canterbury. There is, however, an Irish Diarmaid which might in certain +cases intermix, and whence we must take _McDermott_. + +[36] I take Ealdermann to be, as elsewhere noted, a corruption of +Ealdmann. + +[37] Mr. Kemble, in default of finding Hygelac as a man's name in +Anglo-Saxon times, has taken the above place-name to be from the +legendary hero of that name. The fact is, however, that Hygelac occurs +no fewer than four times as an early man's-name in the _Liber Vitæ_, so +that there does not seem to be any reason whatever for looking upon it +as anything else than the every-day name of an Anglo-Saxon. + +[38] From a similar origin is probably Shooter's Hill, near London. + +[39] There is also an A.S. Sæbriht, from _sæ_, sea, whence _Seabright_ +might be derived. + +[40] Upon the whole I am inclined to think that Woden is here an +Anglo-Saxon man's name, though the traces of it in such use are but +slight. There is a Richard Wodan in the _Lib. Vit._ about the 15th +century. And Wotan occurs once as a man's name in the _Altdeutsches +Namenbuch_. + +[41] Or Cyneburg; see p. 71. + +[42] It seems clear from the names collated by German writers that +_ramn_, _remn_, and _ram_ in ancient names are contractions of raven. +Compare the names of the ports, Soderhamn, Nyhamn, and Sandhamn, for, no +doubt, Soderhaven, Nyhaven, and Sandhaven. + + + + +CHAPTER VI. + +CORRUPTIONS AND CONTRACTIONS. + + +Corruptions may be divided broadly into two kinds, those which proceed +from a desire to improve the sound of a name, and those which proceed +from a desire to make some kind of sense out of it. The former, which we +may call phonetic, generally consists in the introduction of a letter, +either to give more of what we may call "backbone" to a word, or else to +make it run more smoothly. For the former purpose _b_ or _p_ is often +used--thus we have, even in Anglo-Saxon times, _trum_ made into _trump_, +_sem_ into _semp_, and _emas_ into _embas_. So among our names we have +_Dumplin_, no doubt for Dumlin (O.G. Domlin), _Gamble_ for Gamel, and +_Ambler_ for Ameler, though in these names something of both the two +principles may apply. In a similar manner we have _glas_ made into +_glast_ in Glæstingabyrig, now Glastonbury (p. 88). So _d_ seems +sometimes to be brought in to strengthen the end of a word, and this, it +appears to me, may be the origin of our names _Field_, _Fielding_, +_Fielder_. The forms seem to show an ancient stem, but as the word +stands, it is difficult to make anything out of it, whereas, as Fiell, +Fielling, &c., the names would fall in with a regular stem, as at p. +50. So also our name _Hind_ may perhaps be the same, assuming a final +_d_, as another name, _Hine_, which, presuming the _h_ not to be +organic, may be from the unexplained stem _in_ or _ine_, as in the name +of Ina, King of Wessex. In which case _Hyndman_ might be the same name +as _Inman_. Upon the same principle it may be that we have the name +_Nield_ formed upon the Celtic Niel. So also _f_ appears to be sometimes +changed for a similar purpose into _p_, as in _Asprey_ and _Lamprey_ for +Asfrid (or Osfrid) and Landfrid. The ending _frid_ commonly becomes +_frey_ (as in Godfrey, Humphrey, Geoffrey), and when we have got Asfrey +and Lanfrey (and we have Lanfrei in the _Liber Vitæ_), the rest is easy. + +The most common phonetic intrusion is that of _r_, and one of the ways +in which it most frequently occurs is exhibited in the following group +of names: _Pendgast_, _Pendegast_, _Prendergast_, _Prendergrass_. +Pendgast is, I take it, an ancient compound, from the stem _bend_ (p. +44), with _gast_, hospes. It first takes a medial vowel between the two +words of the compound, and becomes Pend-e-gast. Then _e_ naturally +becomes _er_, passing the very slight barrier which English +pronunciation affords, and the name, having become Pendergast, finds the +need of a second _r_ to balance the first, and becomes Prendergast. In +the last name, Prendergrass, the other principle comes in, and a slight +effort is made to give a shade of meaning to the word.[43] One of the +features in men's names, it will be seen, is that as they have +(differently to what is the case with regard to the words of the +language) become crystallised in all stages, one is sometimes permitted +to see the various steps of a process. + +Now it is in such a way as that described above that the Anglo-Saxon +name Ealdermann (whence our name _Alderman_) has, according to my +opinion, been formed. There is another Anglo-Saxon name, Ealdmann, an +ancient compound. Now if you, as in the previous case, introduce a +medial vowel, and make it Eald-e-mann, there is virtually nothing left +between that and Ealdermann. Such a name, as derived from the office, +would be impossible as a regular Anglo-Saxon name. The only other +alternative would be that he had been so called as a _sobriquet_ by his +office till it had superseded his regular name. And there does appear to +have been such a case, viz., that of a man called Preost who _was_ a +priest, but the way which I have suggested seems to me to account more +easily for the name. From a similar origin I take to be our name +_Ackerman_, and the present German _Ackermann_. There is an Anglo-Saxon +Æcemann (p. 96), from which, on the principle described above, they +might be derived. So also _Sigournay_ may be formed in a similar manner +from an old German name Siginiu (_niu_, "new," perhaps in the sense of +"young"), and _Alderdice_ from an old Frankish Aldadeus (_deus_, +servant). + +I have taken Prendergast for Pendgast as an illustration of the +intrusion of _r_, and there is even in Anglo-Saxon times an example of +the very same word as so treated. This is the name Prentsa (p. 101), +(whence our _Prentiss_), and which I take to be properly Pentsa. This +would bring it in as a regular Anglo-Saxon stem (_Cf._ Penda, Pender, +Penduald, Pendwine), whereas otherwise it is difficult to know what to +make of it. Among English surnames thus treated we have _Bellringer_ for +Bellinger, _Sternhold_ for Stonhold (p. 63), _Proudfoot_ for _Puddefoot_ +(_bud_, messenger), and possibly _Cardwell_ for the Anglo-Saxon +Cadweal.[44] On the same principle I think that _Wordsworth_, a name of +local origin, may be, with an intrusive _r_, the same as Wodsworth or +Wadsworth (Wad's property or estate). There is certainly a stem _wurd_ +(supposed to mean fate, destiny), in ancient names, but it is of rare +occurrence, and I do not know of it in English names, though we have +_Orde_, which I take to be from the Scandinavian form of it. On the +other hand we have an instance in Anglo-Saxon times of the reverse +process, viz., the elision of _r_, in the case of Wihtbrord, Minister of +Edward the Elder, who, though he spells his names both ways, spells it +more frequently Wihtbrod, the other being no doubt etymologically the +correct form (_brord_, sword), though euphony is certainly promoted by +the elision. This may probably be the origin of our name _Whitbread_, +with the variation _Wheatbread_. + +The intrusion of _d_ has had the effect of changing a man's name into a +woman's in two cases, _Mildred_ and _Kindred_. The former should be +properly Milred, answering to an Anglo-Saxon Milred, and the latter +should be Kenred, answering to the German Conrad; Mildryd and Cynedryd +were, and could only be, Anglo-Saxon women's names. + +On the other hand, the loss of an _r_ has had such a disastrous effect +in the case of an American _Bedbug_ as to compel him to apply, like his +English namesake, for a change of name. For while, in America, all +insects of the beetle tribe are called by the name of "bug," the +"bedbug" is that particular insect which is a "terror by night," so that +the name was pointedly disagreeable. It ought properly to be, I doubt +not, Bedburg, a name of local origin, and the same as Bedborough. + +Before going on to deal with the corruptions which originate in the +desire to make some kind of sense out of a name, I propose to refer +briefly to some of the changes and contractions which are more strictly +in accordance with regular phonetic principles. I have referred at p. 9 +to a final _g_ as opposed to the English ear, and to two different ways +in which it is got rid of, viz., by changing it into _dg_, and by +dropping it altogether. There is yet a third way, that of changing it +into _f_, as in Anglo-Saxon _genug_, English _enough_. And we can show +examples of all these in the same name, from the ancient stem _wag_, +probably signifying to wave, brandish, as in the name Wagbrand +("wave-sword"), in the genealogy of the Northumbrian kings. For we have +the name in all four forms, _Wagg_, _Way_, _Wadge_, _Waugh_ (Waff). The +common ending in Teutonic names of _wig_, war, often, anciently even, +softened into _wi_, most commonly in such case becomes in our names +_way_. Thus we have _Alloway_ from an ancient Alewih, _Chattoway_ from +Ceatewe, _Dalloway_ from Daliweh, _Galloway_ from Geilwih, _Garroway_ +from Gerwi, _Hathaway_ from Hathuwi, _Kennaway_ from Kenewi, _Lanoway_ +from Lantwih, _Reddoway_ from Redwi, and _Ridgway_ from Ricwi. I cite +this as a case in which a number of coincidences prove a principle, +which the reader, if he confined his attention to one particular case, +might be disposed to question. We also generally drop the _g_ in the +middle of a word in such names as _Payne_, from A.S. Pagen,[45] _Wain_ +from A.S. Wahgen, _Gain_ from A.S. Gagen, _Nail_ from A.S. Negle. So +also in _Sibbald_ for Sigebald, _Sibert_ for Sigebert, _Seymore_ for +Sigimar, _Wyatt_ for Wighad, &c. There is also a frequent dropping of +_d_, though I think that in this case the names have more frequently +come down to us from ancient times in such contracted form, the practice +being more specially common among the Franks, from whom I think that +most of the names in question have been derived. Thus we have _Cobbold_ +for Codbald or Godbold, _Cobbett_ for Godbet or Codbet, _Lucas_ (Lucas, +_Lib. Vit._), from a Frankish Liucoz for Liudgoz, _Boggis_ from a Boggis +for Bodgis, _Lewis_ for Leodgis, _Rabbit_ for Radbod, _Chabot_ for +Chadbod. So also _Ralph_ and _Rolfe_ for Radulf and Hrodulf (though also +for Ragulf and Hrogulf), _Roland_ for Rodland, _Roman_ for Rodman, &c. +So _f_ is often dropped when it is followed by _m_ or _n_, as in A.S. +Leomman for Leofmann, whence our _Lemon_. It is probable that our +_Limmer_ is a similar contraction of A.S. Leofmer. + +As a case of transposition I may note _Falstaff_ from, as supposed, the +O.G. name Fastulf. It may be a question whether this is not an Old +Frankish name come to us through the Normans, for at Gambetta's funeral +the French Bar was represented by M. _Falsteuf_. + +I now come to corruptions which arise from the attempt to give to a name +something of an apparent meaning in English. Let me observe that, almost +as an invariable rule, corruptions are made towards a meaning and not +away from it; the ancient name Irminger might be corrupted into +Ironmonger, but Ironmonger could not be corrupted into Irminger. It is +natural to men to try to get some semblance of meaning out of a name, +and all the more that it approaches to something which has a familiar +sound to their ears. Thus H.M. ship, the _Bellerophon_, was called by +the sailors the "Billy Ruffian," and a vessel owned by a fore-elder of +mine, and which he christened the _Agomemnon_, invariably went among the +sailors by the name of the "Mahogany Tom." Thus the Anglo-Saxon Trumbald +has first become _Trumbull_ and then _Tremble_, and as suggested by Mr. +Charnock, _Turnbull_. So we have the Old Norse name Thorgautr (Turgot, +_Domesday_) variously made into _Target_ and into _Thoroughgood_.[46] In +some cases a very slight change suffices to give a new complexion to +the name, thus the Old Frankish Godenulf, (_ulf_, wolf), through a +Norman Godeneuf, is scarcely changed in our _Goodenough_. Similarly we +might have had Badenough (O.G. Badanulf), and Richenough (A.S. Ricnulf). +We have _Birchenough_ (reminding us of Dr. Busby) no doubt from a name +of similar formation not yet turned up. Then we have several names as +_Garment_, _Rayment_, _Argument_, _Element_, _Merriment_, _Monument_, +from ancient names ending in _mund_ or _munt_, supposed to mean +protection, with only the change of a letter. I have referred in an +earlier part of this chapter to the name Pendgast, and to the phonetic +corruptions to which it has been subjected. But it seems also to have +been subjected to a corruption of the other kind, for I take it that our +name _Pentecost_ is properly Pentecast, as another or High German form +of Pendegast. Another case of a corruption easily made is that of our +name _Whitethread_ which seems obviously the Anglo-Saxon name Wihtræd, +of which also we have another obvious corruption in _Whiterod_. So also +the Anglo-Saxon name Weogern, p. 111 (more properly Wiggern, _wig_, war, +and _gern_, eager), by an easy transition becomes _Waghorn_. And in this +way also the paradoxical-looking name _Fairfoul_, by a slight change of +spelling, may be explained as Farefowl, "wandering bird," as a name +probably given by the Saxon or Danish sea-rovers. + +Let us take a name of a different kind, _Starbuck_, no doubt of local +origin, from the place called Starbeck in Yorkshire. Now beck is a +Northern word signifying brook; it is probably of Danish origin, +inasmuch as its use precisely corresponds with the limits of the Danish +occupation. So long then as Starbeck lived in the north among his own +people, to whom _beck_ is a familiar word, there would be no fear of his +name being corrupted. But when he migrated to a part of England where +_beck_ has no meaning, then by and by the natural craving for some kind +of a meaning would assert itself, and, as the best it could do, change +_beck_ into _buck_. But the name of the place itself affords an +illustration of the same principle. For _star_ is in all probability the +same word as _stour_, so common as a river-name (Arm. ster, water, +river), made into _star_ in the craving for some kind of a meaning. + +Let us take another name with the same ending, _Clutterbuck_, also, I +doubt not, a name of local origin, though I am unable in this case to +identify the place. But _clutter_ seems evidently to be from the +Anglo-Saxon, _hluttor_, clear, pure, limpid, and the word must have been +_hluttorbeck_, "clear brook," so that this is another case of a similar +corruption. The Anglo-Saxons, no doubt, strongly aspirated the initial +_h_, so that the name has become Clutterbuck. + +Another name which may be taken to be of the same kind is _Honeybun_, no +doubt a corruption of another name _Honeyburn_, from _burn_, a brook, +_honey_ being apparently used by the Anglo-Saxons as an epithet to +describe sweet waters. But to the modern ear Honey_bun_ is a much more +natural association than Honey_burn_, particularly since the Anglo-Saxon +_burn_ for _brook_ has passed out of use in England. + +Among the Germans, corruptions towards a meaning are also common, as in +such names as _Guttwein_ for Godwine or Gotwine, _Warmbadt_ for +Warinbod, _Leutenant_ for Liutnand (_liud_, people, _nant_, daring). +There is a curious-looking and seemingly profane name _Heiliggheist_, as +if from the third person of the Trinity, which may, however, be a +corruption of an ancient name, perhaps of the name Haldegast. + +The odd-looking names _Oyster_ and _Oysterman_ in _Suffolk Surnames_ are +probably the German names Oster and Ostermann (_oster_, orientalis) in +an anglicised form, the marvellous power of assimilation possessed by +the great Republic evincing itself, among other things, in the way in +which it anglicises foreign names. Thus the name _Crumpecker_, placed by +Bowditch among names from birds, is, we can hardly doubt, a corruption +of a German Krumbacher, _i.e._ "a native of Krumbach," of which name +there are several places in Germany. So also the ending _thaler_ in +German names, from _thal_, valley, is changed into "dollar" as its +supposed equivalent. Hence the Americans have _Milldolar, Barndollar_, +and _Cashdollar_, corruptions of some such German names as Mühlthaler, +Bernthaler, and Käsenthaler, signifying an inhabitant respectively of +Mühlthal, of Bernthal, and of Käsenthal. It would seem as if a man +coming to this new world, where everything around him is +changed--presumably for the better--accepts it as, among other things, a +part of the new dispensation, that whereas his name has hitherto been, +say Käsenthaler, he shall henceforth answer to the name--perhaps not an +inauspicious one--of Cashdollar. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[43] There is another name _Snodgrass_, which may be a similar +corruption of Snodgast, from the stem _snod_, A.S. _snot_, wise. + +[44] This however is by no means certain, inasmuch as there is a stem +_card_ or _gard_ from which it might be formed, though the corresponding +ancient name has not turned up. On the other hand it is to be observed +that _wealh_ is not one of the more common endings. + +[45] Pagan occurs as an A.S. name, (_Thorpe_, p. 648), and may probably be +referred to _bagan_, to contend. _Cf._ also Pagingas among the early +settlers. + +[46] According, no doubt, as the ancient name appeared as Thorgaut or +Thorgaud. + + + + +CHAPTER VII. + +THE OLD FRANKS AND THE PRESENT FRENCH. + + +To any one who takes note of the large proportion of French Christian +names which are of German origin, the question, one would think, might +naturally suggest itself--If such be the case with Christian names, may +it not also be the case with regard to surnames? The Christian names +_Albert_, _Adolphe_, _Alfonse_, _Charles_, _Claude_, _Edouard_, +_Edmonde_, _Ferdinand_, _Gerard_, _Henri_, _Louis_, _Philibert_, +_Robert_, _Richarde_, _Rudolfe_, _Guillaume_, and the women's _Adèle_, +_Clotilde_, _Louise_, _Mathilde_, _Hélöise_, and many others, serve to +remind us that the French have come of the Franks. That the same holds +good also of French surnames I have in a previous work endeavoured to +prove in considerable detail, and I will not go over the ground again +further than at the end of this chapter to present as an illustration of +my views upon the subject one or two stems complete with their branches. + +The Franks being a branch of a High German, and the Saxons of a Low +German stock, it follows that French names, as compared with English, +should, in names of Teutonic origin, exhibit High German forms in +comparison with our Low German. One of these differences is, for +instance, _au_ for _ea_, as in German auge, Anglo-Saxon, _eage_, +English, _eye_. Thus the Anglo-Saxon _ead_, happiness, prosperity, so +common in men's names, is in Frankish represented by _aud_, or +_od_--hence the name of the Norman bishop Odo is the counterpart of an +Anglo-Saxon Eada or Eda, and the name of the Lombard king Audoin +(Audwin), is the counterpart of the Anglo-Saxon Eadwin. It will be seen +then that the French Christian name _Edouard_ is not a true Frankish +form--the proper form is shown in two French surnames, _Audouard_ and +_Audevard_. I cannot account for the particular case of this Christian +name on any other ground than that simply of euphony. The corresponding +Italian Christian name, _Odoardo_, come to them through the Franks or +the Lombards, represents, it will be seen, the proper High German form. +The High German forms, then, that appear in English names may be taken +to a great extent to represent Old Frankish names that have come to us +through the Normans. But the number of such names appears to be greater +than could reasonably be thus accounted for, and moreover we seem, as I +have noted at p. 75, to have had such forms even in Anglo-Saxon times, +_e.g._ both the forms _ead_ or _ed_, and _aud_ or _od_, in the names of +our early settlers. And it appears to me therefore that Lappenberg's +theory that Franks, Lombards, and Frisians were among the early +settlers, is one that deserves most careful consideration. And I propose +at present to deal with the subject, so far as the Franks are concerned, +and to trace out to the best of my ability, the Frankish forms that seem +to present themselves in Anglo-Saxon times, and also in our existing +surnames. In so doing, I wish to disclaim any assumption of philological +knowledge such as might be implied by dealing with the niceties of +ancient dialects. All that I proceed upon is this--I find from German +writers that certain forms prevailed in Frankish names, and I compare +them with certain forms apparently of the same kind which I find in +Anglo-Saxon times. + +Now the ancient Frankish speech, along with the ordinary characteristics +of a High German dialect, had some special peculiarities of its own, and +it is through these that we have the best chance of obtaining +satisfactory indications. Of these there are three forms in particular, +with each of which I propose to deal in turn, placing at the head the +group of surnames which I take to owe their origin to this source. And +as assisting to throw light upon the subject I have in some cases +introduced the present French names corresponding. + + +CHAD, CHATTO, CHATTING, CHADDOCK, CHABOT, CHADBORN, CHADMAN, CHADWICK, +CHATTOWAY, CHATWIN, CHATWOOD, CHARD, CHART, CHARTER, CHAIN, CHANEY, +CHILDAR, CHILDREN, CHILL, CHILLMAN, CHILLMAID, CHUBB, CHUBBACK, CHOPPIN. + +One of the peculiarities of the Frankish dialect especially during the +Merovingian period, was the prefix of _c_ before names beginning with +_h_, as in Childebert and Childeric for Hildebert and Hilderic. Of this +there seem to be considerable traces in Anglo-Saxon times, as will be +seen from the following:-- + + +_Chad_ for _had_, war. + +A.S. Chad, bishop of Lichfield--Ceada, found in Ceadanford--Cedda, found +in Ceddanleah--Frankish, Chaddo. Eng. Chad, Chatto. + + +_Diminutive._ + +Frnk. Chadichus. Eng. Chaddock. + + +_Patronymic._ + +Eng. Chatting. + + +_Compounds._ + +(_Bad_, war), Frnk. Chadbedo, Chabedo--Eng. Chabot.[47] (_Wine_, +friend), Frnk. Chaduin--Eng. Chadwin, Chatwin. (_Wig_, war), A.S. +Chatewe (_wi_ for wig) found in Ceatewesleah--Eng. Chadwick, Chattoway. + +(We have also the other form Hathaway, O.G. Hathuwi, to compare with +Chattaway.) + +Then we have a stem _chard, chart_, which it seems to me may be a +similar Frankish form of _hard_ or _hart_, durus, fortis, a very common +stem for men's names. + + +_Chard_ for _hard_. + +A.S. Cerda (Cherda) found in Cerdanhlæw. Ceorta, found in Ceortan +stapol. Ceort, found in Ceortesege, now Chertsey. Eng. Chard, Chart. + + +_Diminutive._ + +A.S. Cerdic, king of Wessex. Also Ceardic, found in Ceardices beorh. + + +_Compound._ + +(_Har_, warrior), Frnk. Charterius--Eng. Charter. + +In the next group, _child_ for _hild_, war, the Anglo-Saxon names seem +rather uncertain, and though the Franks had many names from it, I only +find one to compare in that form. + + +_Child_ for _hild_, war. + +A.S. Cild, found in Cildeswic--Cilta found in Ciltancumb, now Chilcomb +in Hants--Frnk. Childi, Cheldio, Chillo--Eng. Child, Chill. + + +_Compounds._ + +(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Hilder--Eng. Childar. (_Man_, vir), O.G. +Hildman--Childman, _Hund_. _Rolls_--Eng. Chillman, French, Chilman. +(_Mod_, courage), O.G. Hildemod--Eng. Chillmaid. (_Ran_, raven), Frnk. +Childerannus--Eng. Children. + +We have a number of other names beginning with _ch_, which might with +more or less certainty be brought in here, as Chaine comparing with an +A.S. Chen, found in Chenestun, and with a Frankish Chaino for Chagno +(Hagen-spinosus). Also Chubb and Choppin comparing with the Ceopingas +(Chopingas) in Kemble's list. He has also Hoppingas and Upingas, +different forms I take it, of the same name, and upon these might be +formed by the prefix in question, the form Ceopingas. Compare also the +present French names, Choupe, Chopin, Chopard. + +CLAUDE, CLOADE, CLODD, CLOUD, CLOUT, CLUCAS, CLOUDMAN, CLOUTMAN, +CLOTHIER. CROAD, CROWD, CROWDY, CRUTE, CROTTY, CRUDEN, CROWDER, CROGER. +CROKE, CROCK, CROOKE, CROTCH, CRUTCH, CROKER. CREED, CREEDY, CRIDDLE. + +Another peculiarity of the Frankish dialect was the change of _hl_ at +the beginning of a name into _cl_ or _chl_, and _hr_ into _cr_ or +_chr_. Hence the names of the Frankish kings Clothar, Chlodomir, and +Clodowich, for Hlothar, Hlodomir, and Hlodowich. Of this form there +appear to be considerable traces in Anglo-Saxon times; there are three +names in Kemble's list of early settlers which may find a place here, +the Crangas, the Cramlingas, and the Crucgingas. The name Crangas, as it +stands, is difficult to deal with, and I should suppose it to be +properly either Cringas or Craningas--in the former case from _hring_, +circle, perhaps in the sense of shield--in the latter from _chrann_, as +a Frankish form of _raban_ or raven, Cf. Chrannus in the genealogy of +the Merovingian kings. Cramlingas again compares with a Frankish name +Chramlin from the same stem, while Crucgingas seems to be a Frankish +form of Rucingas, also on Kemble's list. + +The first group of names, Claude, Cloud, &c., are referred to O.H.G. +_laut_, loud, in the supposed sense of famous. + + +_Clod_ for _hlod_, fame. + +A.S. Clodd (found in Cloddes heal), Clott (found in Clottismôr), Clud +(found in Cludesleah)[48]--Frnk. Chlodio, Cludio, 5th cent.--Eng. +Claude, Cloade, Clodd, Cloud, Clout. + + +_Compounds._ + +(_Gis_ or _kis_, hostage), O.G. Hludokis--Eng. Clukas (for Cludkis?). +(_Hari_, warrior), Frnk. Clothar, Chluthar--Eng. Clothier, Clutter. +(_Man_, vir), Eng. Cloudman, Cloutman (for which no ancient equivalents +as yet turn up.) + +The next group, Croad, Crowd, &c., may be referred to _hrod_, glory, the +stem from which are formed Robert, Roland, Roger, &c. + + +_Crod_ for _hrod_. + +A.S. Cruda, found in Crudan sceat--Frnk. Chrodo, Crodio--Eng. Croad, +Crowd, Crowdy, Croot, Crout. + + +Ending in _en_, p. 27. + +Frnk. Chrodin--Eng. Cruden. + + +_Compounds._ + +(_Har_, warrior), Frnk. Chrodohar--Eng. Crowder. (_Gar_, spear), Frnk. +Crodeger--Eng. Croger (=Roger). (_Mar_, famous), A.S. Cruddemor, found +in Cruddemores lacu--Frnk. Chrodmar--Eng. Cromar. + +The next group, Croke, Crock, &c., are from a stem _hroc_, the +root-meaning of which seems to be the same as Eng. _croak_, and the idea +of which, as in some other stems (see _im_ in voce Emma), may probably +be that of strength, fierceness, or huge stature, derived from a harsh +and gruff voice. Cf. O.N. _hrokr_, vir fortis et grandis. + + +_Crock_ for _hroc_. + +A.S. Crucga, found in Crucgingas; Croch, found in Crochestun, now +Croxton in Norf.--Frnk. Crocus, Cruccus--Eng. Croke, Crock, Crooke, +Crotch, Crutch. + + +_Compounds._ + +(_Her, heri_, warrior), O.G. Roacheri--Eng. Croker, Crocker. Eng. +Crockett might represent a Frankish Crochad or Crochat (_had_, war), not +turned up. + +Perhaps from a similar origin may be the name of Crida or Creoda, king +of Mercia, as representing a stem, _hrad_, or _hred_ (O.H.G. _hradi_, +celer), whence probably the Hræda in the Traveller's Song. Kemble has +two tribe-names, Creotingas and Cridlingas (the latter, derived from a +place in Yorkshire, being perhaps doubtful so far as regards the tribe, +though a man's name all the same). + + +_Crad_ for _hrad_. + +A.S. Creoda, found in Creodan âc, Creodan hyl, Creodan treow--Cridda, +found in Criddan wyl--Cridd, found in Criddes hô--Creota, found in +Creotingas--Cretta, _lib. vit._--Eng. Creed, Creedy. + + +Ending in _el_. + +A.S. Cridel, found in Cridlingas--Eng. Criddle. + +Perhaps the most characteristic peculiarity of the Frankish dialect is +the prefix of _g_, or its sharper form _c_, before names beginning with +_w_.[49] Hence it is that the French have such a word as guerre +(=gwerre) which is _g_ prefixed to a German _wer_ or _war_. And such +names as Guillaume, Gualtier, and Guiscard, which are from _g_ prefixed +to Wilhelm, Walter, and Wiscard (our Wishart). Hence, also, such a +place-name as Quilleboeuf in Normandy, being, with a _c_ prefixed, the +same, I take it, as an English Willaby (_boeuf_, as Mr. Taylor has +shown, representing the Danish _by_). I have referred, p. 75, to the +name Cwichelm for Wighelm or Wichelm as a strongly-marked Frankish form, +but I cannot say that I find such forms generally prevalent in +Anglo-Saxon times. Kemble has three tribe-names in this form, +Cwædringas, Cwæringas, and Queningas. The Cwædringas answer to the +Wætringas, and the Wedringas, both also on Kemble's list, and both, I +take it, different forms of the same name; the Cwæringas to the Wæringas +and the Werringas, also different forms of the same name; the Queningas +to the Weningas or the Winingas. One or two of our names beginning with +_gw_, as Gwilliams, Gwatkin, and perhaps Gwalter, are probably due to +the Welsh, of which this prefix is also a characteristic. As +representing the Frankish form, we have more names in the sharper form +cw, which is represented by _q_. Under the present head comes the name +of the highest lady in the land, _Guelph_ (further referred to in next +chapter), being a Frankish form of Welf (O.H.G. _hwelf_; Eng. _whelp_). +The names _Welp_, _Whelps_, and _Guelpa_, appear in _Suff. Surn._, but +whether English or not does not appear. + +QUARE, QUARY, QUARRY, QUEAR, QUERY, QUARRIER, QUARMAN. QUIDDY, QUITMAN, +QUITTACUS. QUIG, QUICK, QUY, QUIGGLE, GWYER, QUIER, QUIRE. GUILLE, +GUILY, QUILL, QUILKE, GWILLAM, QUILLMAN, QUILLINAN. GUINEY, QUIN, QUEEN, +QUEENEY, GUINAN, QUINAN, QUEENAN, QUINER. QUAIL, QUALEY, QUINT. QUAINT, +QUANTOCK. GWILT, QUILT, QUILTY, QUILTER, QUAKER, QUASH. + +The meaning of the stem _war_ is very uncertain; Foerstemann proposes +five different words, without including O.H.G. _werra_, Eng. _war_, and +it seems very probable that there may be a mixture of different words. + + +_Gwar, cwar_, for war. + +A.S. Cwara, found in Cwæringas--Frnk. Guario--Eng. Quare, Quary, Quarry, +Quear, Query--French Querrey. + + +_Compounds._ + +(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Warher--Eng. Quarrier. (_Man_, vir), O.G. +Warman--Eng. Quarman--French Guermain. + +The stem _wid_, on which is formed _guid_ and _cwid_, may perhaps be +referred to O.H.G. _wid_, wood, in the sense of weapon (see next chapter +_in voce_ Guido), though in this case also there may probably be a +mixture of words. + + +_Gwid, cwid_, for _wid_. + +Frnk. Guid, Guido, Quido--Eng. Quiddy--French, Guidé. + + +_Compounds._ + +(_Man_, vir), O.G. Witman--Eng. Quitman. (Gis, hostage), O.G. +Witichis--Eng. Quittacus (_Suff. Surn._). + +The stem _wig_ or _wic_, on which are formed _gwig_ and _cwic_, may be +taken to be from _wig_, war. + + +_Gwig_, _cwic_, for _wig_, _wic_. + +Frnk. Gwigo--Eng. Quig, Quick, Quy--Fr. Guiche, Quyo. + + +Ending in _el_. + +O.G. Wigilo--Eng. Quiggle. + + +_Compound._ + +O.G. Wigger, Wiher--Eng. Gwyer, Quier, Quire. + +The stem _will_, on which are formed _guill_ and _cwill_, may be +referred to Goth. _wilya_, will, perhaps, in the sense of resolution. + + +_Guil, cwil_, for _will_. + +Frnk. Guila--Eng. Guille, Guily, Quill--Fr. Guille, Quille. + + +_Diminutive_ + +O.G. Willic--Eng. Quilke--Fr. Quillac. + + +_Compounds._ + +(_Helm_, helmet), Frnk. Guilhelm--Eng. Gwillam--Fr. Guillaume. (_Man_, +vir), O.G. Wilman--Eng. Quillman--Fr. Guillemain. (_Nand_, daring), O.G. +Willinand--Eng. Quillinan. + +I am inclined, from the way in which the names run into each other, to +take _cwen_ and _cwin_ to be one and the same stem, and to refer them to +A.S. _wine_, friend. + + +_Gwin, cwin, cwen_, for _win_. + +A.S. Cwena, found in Cweningas; Quena, found in Quenanden--Frnk. Guuine, +Quino--Eng. Guiney, Quin, Queen, Queeney--Fr. Gueneau, Quenay, Quineau. + + +Ending in _en_, p. 27. + +A.S. Cwenen, found in Cwenenabrôc--Eng. Guinan, Quinan, Queenan--Fr. +Guenin. + + +_Compounds._ + +(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Winiheri--Eng. Quiner--Fr. Guinier, Guinery, +Quinier. (_Bert_, famous), Frnk. Quinabert--Eng. Guinibert. + +From the Ang.-Sax. _wealh_, stranger, foreigner, may be the following +stem: + + +_Gual, cwal_, for _wal_. + +Frnk. Gualo, Guala--Eng. Quail, Qualey--Fr. Guala. + +Then there are some other stems not sufficiently represented to make it +worth while to put them into a tabular form, as Quint, a Frankish form +of Wind (the stem being supposed to mean Wend), with the present French, +Quinty. Also Quaint and Quantock, representing Old German names, Wando +and Wendico, the stem being perhaps as in the previous case. And Gwilt, +Quilt, Quilty, and Quilter, which seem to be formed similarly on Wild +(ferus) and Wilder. Also Quart for Ward or Wart, and perhaps Quaker for +Waker and Quash for Wass (as in Washington from Wassingation). + +With regard to this last Frankish peculiarity, which I conceive not to +be of such ancient date as the preceding ones, I am inclined to suppose +that the greater part of the English names in which it appears have come +to us through the Normans. And with regard to the others I would venture +the general remark that inasmuch as the Anglo-Saxons in all probability +more or less aspirated an initial _h_, it would perhaps be going too far +to conclude that, in all cases where it has been hardened into a _c_, +Frankish influence is necessarily to be presumed. Still, I think that +the general result of the comparison which I have instituted, more +especially considering the comparatively limited area from which the +Anglo-Saxon examples have been drawn, is such as to give considerable +support to the theory that Franks were among the early settlers. + +Besides the names of Old Frankish, _i.e._ German origin, which have come +to us through the Normans, we have also received from them some names, +mostly of a religious character, from the Latin, and from the Hebrew. I +have even ventured to suggest, in the next chapter, that it is to the +Franks that the Italians are indebted for the name of Dante (Durante) +from Lat. _durans_. More certainly it is from them that the +corresponding name _Durand_ has come to us. The early Frankish +Christians adopted several such names, some from the Latin, as +Stabilis, Clarus, Celsus, Electus (perhaps in some cases from the names +of Roman saints), some from the Hebrew, not only scriptural names of men +and women, but also such words as Pasc (passover), Seraphim, Osanna, +&c., and these they often mixed up with the Old German words to which +they had been accustomed, the names of the Apostles Peter and Paul being +so dealt with, and even the name of Christ himself. This probably arose +from the desire of parents to connect the names of their children with +their own, as seems clearly shown in the case of a woman called Electa, +who gives to her two children the same name with a German addition, +calling one Electard, and the other Electrudis. From one of these hybrid +Frankish names, Clarembald, come our _Claringbold_ and _Claringbull_ and +the French _Clérambault_. From the above word, _pasc_, we have _Pascoe_, +_Paske_, and _Pash_, and the French have _Pasquin_, corresponding with a +Frankish Pascoin (Pascwin). There is one Richard Osannas, a witness to +an acquittance in the later Anglo-Saxon times, the name being probably +from the Frankish Osanna, which seems, however, to have been originally +a woman's name. In the same charter occurs also Jordan, another of these +old Frankish names, taken presumably from the river--whence I take to be +our _Jordan_, and the French _Jordan_, _Jourdan_, and _Jourdain_, +probably also the name of the Dutch painter _Jordaens_. The name Crist, +which seems most probably from this origin (Cristeus in the _Pol. Irm._) +is not very uncommon in France; it occurs also in Germany, and though I +have not met with it in England, yet Bowditch gives it as the name of a +member of the New York legislature, where it may, however, possibly be +German. It is rather amusing to see how the learned Germans are +occasionally a little mystified by these Old Frankish Scriptural names. +Stark, for instance, sets down Elisaba (Elischeba, the Hebrew form, I +take it, of Elisabeth) as Celtic, and Foerstemann, excusably perhaps, is +posed with Erispa (Rispah, the daughter of Aiah?), though I think he +might have guessed Osanna. + +Before concluding this chapter I may refer to the _Roll of Battle +Abbey_, containing the names of the principal Normans who came over with +the Conqueror. This has been severely impugned by some excellent +antiquaries on the ground that some of the names are, on the face of +them, regular English names, and such as could not reasonably be +supposed to have been borne by Normans. And hence it has been supposed +that interpolations must have been made to gratify the vanity of certain +families who wished their names to appear in the Roll. This in itself +does not seem an improbable suspicion, and I do not desire to go into +the question further than to express the opinion that so far as the +names themselves are concerned, there is not one that might not be a +genuine Norman name. Indeed, the undisguised English form of some of +them is to me rather a proof of the honesty of the scribe, for it would +have been so easy to have given them a thin Norman disguise. The +suspicious-seeming names are of two kinds, names which appear to be from +English place-names, as Argentoune, Chaworth, Newborough, Sanford, +Valingford, Harewell; and names which seem to be from English surnames +of occupation, or description, as Hayward, Archere, Loveday. The former +did present a genuine difficulty, and did justify suspicion till now +that Mr. Taylor's discovery of an area in the north of France full of +regular Anglo-Saxon place-names, and no doubt settled by Anglo-Saxons, +has disclosed the source from which they could be derived. I opine then +that the English scribe has done nothing more in the case of such names +than restore them to the original form from which they had been more or +less corrupted. Nor indeed has he done it to as great an extent as he +might have done, for I find several others which may be brought back to +an Anglo-Saxon form, and it may be of some little interest to take a few +of these Norman surnames derived from place-names of the kind discovered +by Mr. Taylor, and compare them with corresponding Anglo-Saxon +place-names in England. I will take the names ending in _uil_, "well," +of which the scribe has Anglicised one (Harewell), and show how many +more there might have been. We have Bereneuile and Boranuile, +corresponding with A.S. Bernewell (now Barnwell, in Northamptonshire), +from A.S. _brune_, brook, of which the well might be the source. Then we +have Rinuuill, corresponding with an A.S. Runawel (now, Runwell in +Essex), _i.e._ a running or flowing well, Berteuilay corresponding with +A.S. Beorhtanwyl (now Brightwell, in Oxfordshire), and Vauuruile with an +A.S. Werewell (now Wherwell, in Hants), an inclosed well; from A.S. +_woer_, inclosure. Then we have Beteruile comparing with an A.S. +Buterwyel (Butterwell, butter and honey being used apparently to +describe sweet waters), Greneuile (Greenwell), and Glateuile, probably +from A.S. _glade_, brook, and so same as Bernewell. + +With respect to the second class of suspected names, such as Hayward, +Archere, and Loveday, these are all Old Frankish names, and the +resemblance to anything English is only an accident. Hayward represents +an ancient Agward or Egward, and would be more properly Ayward, though +we find it as Hayward (see p. 99) even in Anglo-Saxon times. So also +Archere (see p. 42) and Loveday (p. 57) fall into their places as +ancient Frankish names. Such names again as Brown and Gray, though a +little Anglicised in spelling, are names common to the whole Teutonic +system, and, as far as we are concerned, both came in with the Saxons, +being found in Kemble's list of original settlers. + +I do not think it necessary to go more at length into the ancient +Frankish names contained in that Roll, but before leaving the subject I +would call attention to some of the names derived from the Danish +place-names of Normandy. There are four names, Dabitott, Leuetot, +Lovetot, and Tibtote (our name _Tiptoft_), from the ending _tot_, which, +as Mr. Taylor has shown, represents the Scandinavian _toft_. And two +names, Duilby and Linnebey, representing the Danish _by_; house, +habitation, village, so common in Yorkshire and Lincolnshire; also two +more, Braibuf and Olibef, with the ending _buf_ or _boeuf_, which, as +Mr. Taylor has shown, also represents the Danish _by_, Olibef being, +perhaps, Olafby, from the Danish name Olaf. Seeing this to be the case, +I venture to hint a suspicion as to the redoubtable name Front-de-boeuf, +and to suggest that it may after all be properly nothing more than one +of these Norman place-names ending in _boeuf_. Such a name as, for +instance, Frodeboeuf, from a Danish man's name, Frodi, might give it. On +the other hand, the plebeian-looking name _Chasseboeuf_, which Volney is +said to have changed rather than have it supposed that any one of his +ancestors had been a cow-boy, is, I doubt not, from a similar origin. +Such a name as Shaftsby (from the Anglo-Saxon man's name Shaft) would, +when _by_ became corrupted into _boeuf_, naturally be made into +Chasseboeuf. I take, however, the name _Leboeuf_ to be from a different +origin, viz. from a Frankish Libolf or Liubolf. There is yet one more +name, Lascales (our _Lascelles_), which I think may be also from a +Danish place-name, the word _scale_ (O.N. _skali_, a wooden hut) being +common, particularly in the Lake District--in Cumberland and +Westmoreland. + +I purpose to conclude this chapter with a few stems illustrative of the +common Teutonic element in French, English, and German names, including +such Italian names as I have been able to fall in with. The first stem, +from A.S. _til_, bonus, præstans, seems to have been more common among +the Saxons than among the Franks, and there are, consequently, more +names corresponding in English than in French. + + +_Dill, till, bonus._ + +A.S. Dilla, Tilla, in Dillingas and Tillingas--O.G. Dilli, Tilli, Thilo; +Tilli, _Lib. Vit._; Dill, Tilly, Tillé, _Hund. Rolls_--Eng. _Dill_, +_Dilley_, _Dillow_, _Till_, _Tilley_--Germ. _Dill_, _Till_, _Tilo_--Fr. +_Dilly_, _Dillé_, _Tilly_, _Tillé_--Ital. _Tilli_. + + +Ending in _ec_, probably diminutive. + +A.S. Tilluc--Eng. _Dillick_, _Dilke_, _Tillick_, _Tilke_--Fr. _Dilhac_. + + +_Patronymic._ + +Eng. _Tilling_--Germ. _Dilling_. + + +Ending in _en_, p. 27. + +Tilne, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Dillon_--Germ. _Dillen_--Fr. _Dillon_, +_Tillon_. + + +_Compounds._ + +(_Fred_, peace), Tilfred, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Tilford_. (_Gar_, spear), +A.S. Tilgar--Dilker, _Hund. Rolls_--Eng. _Dilger_, _Dillicar_. (_Had_, +var), Tilhaed, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Tillott_--Fr. _Dillet_, _Tillot_. +(_Man_, vir), A.S. Tillman--Tilmon, _Lib. Vit._--Tileman, _Hund. +Rolls_--Eng. _Dillman_, _Tillman_, _Tileman_--Germ. _Dillemann_, +_Tilmann_--Dutch. _Tillemans_--Fr. _Tilman_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. +Tilemir--Eng. _Dillimore_. (_Mund_, protection), A.S. Tilmund--Fr. +_Tilmant_. (_Wine_, friend), Tiluini, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Dillwyn_. +(_Her_, _heri_, warrior), A.S. Tilhere (Bishop of Worcester)--Eng. +_Diller_, _Tiller_, _Tillier_--Fr. _Dillery_, _Tillier_. + +The following stem may be taken to be from A.S. _hyge_; O.H.G. _hugu_, +mind, thought; A.S. _hogian_, to study, meditate. The form _hig_, which +seems to be more particularly Saxon, intermixes considerably in the +English names. + + +Hig, hog, hug, _thought_, _study_. + +A.S. Hig, Hicca, Hocg--O.G. Hugo, Hug, Huc, Hughi, Hogo--Eng. _Hugo_, +_Hug_, _Hugh_, _Huie_, _Huck_, _Hogg_, _Hodge_, _Hoe_, _Hick_, +_Hickie_--Germ. _Huge_, _Hugo_, _Hucke_, _Hoge_--Fr. _Hugo_, _Hugé_, +_Hug_, _Huc_, _Hue_, _Hua_--Ital. _Ugo_. + + +Ending in _el_, probably diminutive. + +A.S. Hicel--O.G. Hugila, Huckili--Eng. _Hugall_, _Huckell_, _Whewell_, +_Hickley_--Germ. _Hügel_--Fr. _Hugla_, _Huel_--Ital. _Ughelli_. + + +Ending in _lin_, probably diminutive. + +A.S. Hugelin (Chamberlain to Edward the Confessor)--Hugelinus, +_Domesday_--Hueline, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Huelin, Hicklin_--Fr. _Huguelin, +Higlin_--Ital. _Ugolino_. + + +Ending in _et_, probably diminutive. + +A.S. Hocget--O.G. Huetus, thirteenth century--Hueta, _Domesday_--Eng. +_Huggett, Howitt, Hewitt_--Fr. _Hugot, Huet_--Ital. _Ughetti_. + + +Ending in _es_, probably diminutive. + +O.G. Hugizo--Eng. _Hughes, Hewish, Hodges_--Fr. _Hugues_. + + +_Kin_, diminutive. + +Hogcin, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Hodgkin_. + + +Ending in _en_, p. 27. + +A.S. Hyeken--Hygine, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Hoggin, Hucken, Higgen_--Fr. +_Hugan, Hogan, Huan, Hoin, Hienne_. + + +_Compounds._ + +(_Bald_, fortis), A.S. Higbald (Bishop of Lindisfarne), Hibald--O.G. +Hugibald, Hubald--Eng. _Hibble, Hubble_--Fr. _Hubault_--Ital. _Ubaldo_, +_Ubald_(_ini_). (_Bert_, famous), A.S. Higbert (Bishop of +Worcester)--O.G. Hugubert, Hubert--Eng. _Hibbert, Hubbard_--Germ. +_Hubert_--Fr. _Hubert_. (_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Hugihart, Hugard--Eng. +_Huggard, Heward_--Fr. _Hugard, Huard, Huart_. (_Laic_, play), A.S. +Hygelac--O.G. Hugilaih--O.N. Hugleikr--Eng. _Hillock, Hullock_--Fr. +_Hulek_. (_Lat_, terrible,?), Hugolot, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Hewlet, +Higlet_. (_Lind_, mild), O.G. Hugilind--Eng. _Hewland_. (_Man_, vir), +A.S. Hiccemann--Eng. _Hugman, Hughman, Human, Higman, Hickman_--Germ. +_Hieckmann_--Fr. _Humann_. (_Mot_, courage), O.G. Hugimot--Eng. +_Hickmot_. (_Mar_, famous), A.S. Hykemer--O.G. Hugimar--Eng. _Hogmire, +Homer, Highmore_. (_Wald_, power), O.G. Hugold--Fr. _Huault_. Perhaps +also, from _noth_, bold, though I do not find an ancient name to +correspond--Eng. _Hignett_, and Fr. _Hugnot, Hognet_. + +I will take for the last example the stem _magin, main_; A.S. _mægin_, +strength, force; Eng. _main_, which is rather better represented in +French names than in English. There are names, Maianus and Meinus on +Roman pottery, which might, however, be either German or Celtic. + +O.G. Magan, Main--Main, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Magnay, Mayne_--Germ. +_Mehne_--Fr. _Magné, Magney_--Ital. _Magini_. + + +_Compounds._ + +(Bald, fortis), O.G. Meginbold--Fr. _Magnabal_. (_Burg_, protection), +O.G. Meginburg--Fr. _Mainbourg_. (_Frid_, peace), O.G. Maginfrid--Fr. +_Mainfroy_. (_Gald_, value), O.G. Megingald--Fr. _Maingault_. (_Ger_, +spear), O.G. Meginger--Eng. _Manger_. (_Gaud_, Goth), O.G. Megingaud Fr. +_Maingot_. (_Had_, war), O.G. Magenad--Fr. _Maginot_--(_Hard_, fortis), +O.G. Maginhard, Mainard--Eng. _Maynard_--Germ. _Meinert_--Fr. _Magnard, +Maynard_--Ital. _Mainardi_--(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Maganhar, +Mayner--Germ. _Meiner_--Fr. _Magnier, Maynier_--Ital. _Maineri_. + +Perhaps also to this stem (with _nant_, daring) we may put Magnentius, +the name of a German who usurped the imperial purple and was slain A.D. +353, also the Fr. _Magnan_ and _Maignan_. + +These three stems, in one of which the Anglo-Saxon predominates, and in +another the Frankish or High German, while in a third there are two +parallel forms, Anglo-Saxon and Frankish, running side by side, may be +taken as fairly representative of the system upon which Teutonic names +are formed. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[47] This name may be, not improbably, one of those that were brought +over after the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes. + +[48] We also find the other form, Hlud, in Hludes beorh, Hlud's barrow, +or grave. + +[49] Some further remarks on this Frankish prefix will be found in the +succeeding chapter on Italian names. + + + + +CHAPTER VIII. + +THE GERMAN ORIGIN OF GREAT ITALIANS AS EVIDENCED IN THEIR NAMES. + + +The successive waves of German invasion that swept over Italy, leaving +their record in the name of one of its fairest provinces, while they +added a few German words to the language, left a much larger number of +German patronymics in the names of its families. The Christian names +borne by well-known Italians, such as _Alberto, Arnolfo, Bernardo, +Carlo, Enrico, Federigo_ (Frederic), _Francesco, Leonardo, Luigi, +Ludovico, Mainardo, Odoardo_ (Edward), _Ridolphi, Sinibaldo, Ugo_ (Hugo +or Hugh), _Onofrio_ (Humphrey), all of German origin, sufficiently +attest this to have been the case. And I think we shall be warranted in +assuming, as in the case of France, that if this be the case with +Christian names, it cannot be essentially different with regard to +surnames. + +But inasmuch as I have not had the same opportunity of collating and +examining the mass of Italian surnames that I have had in the case of +those of France, I propose to shape the comparison into a rather +different form, and, without departing from its etymological purpose, +to endeavour to give it something of an ethnical interest as well. This +admixture of German blood could not fail to have an influence--and, we +can hardly doubt, an invigorating influence--upon the character of the +softer and more receptive Italian race. It may not then be without +interest--though we need not attach more importance to the result than +it deserves--to endeavour to trace the result of that admixture in the +names of illustrious Italians. For it is somewhat remarkable how many of +the men most distinguished in the council and in the field, in science, +literature, and in art, bear names which testify to a German origin. And +we are even able, in certain cases, to indicate with a fair amount of +probability the particular race of Germans from whom these names may be +taken to be derived. The rule laid down by Max Müller (_Science of +Language_) that words in Italian beginning with _gua_, _gue_, _gui_, may +be taken to be pretty certainly of German origin, holds good also of +Italian names. Now this form of _gua_, _gue_, _gui_ represents the +prefix of _g_ before _w_, which was a special characteristic of the +Franks, as it is still of their descendants, the French, in such names +as Guillaume (=Gwillaume) for Wilhelm or William. In some cases, though +more rarely, this prefix of _g_, in accordance with a High German +tendency, becomes a hard _c_ and is represented by _q_, as in _Queringi_ +and perhaps _Quirini_. Such names then as _Gualdo_, _Guardi_, _Guido_, +_Guicciardini_, _Guarnerius_, may be taken as certainly of German, and I +think, more especially of Frankish origin. + +To begin with the names of warriors, the list may well be headed by that +of the old hero, _Garibaldi_. Garibald (_gar_, spear, and _bald_, bold) +was a well-known Old German name, being borne, among others, by a Duke +in Bavaria in the sixth century, by six bishops in the three centuries +following, and, what is more to the purpose, by two Lombard kings in +Italy. We ourselves have the name in its Saxon form (_gor_ for _gar_) as +_Gorbold_ and _Corbould_ (O.G. Kerbald), and the French have it as +_Gerbault_. "Blind old _Dandalo_" may also be claimed as German; +Dandalo, corresponding with an O.G. Dantulo, being formed as a +diminutive from the Old German name Dando. I have elsewhere made the +suggestion, which I venture here to reproduce, that _Bonaparte_ may also +be a name of German origin, slightly changed to give it a seeming +meaning in Italian. The case stands thus. Bonibert and Bonipert are +found as Old Frankish names, respectively of the seventh and the ninth +centuries. In that part of Italy which was overrun by the Franks, namely +at Turin, is to be found the present Italian name _Boniperti_, which we +can hardly doubt to be derived from the Old Frankish Bonipert. Now from +this part of Italy came originally also the Bonapartes, and the question +is simply this, May not the name _Bonaparte_ originate in an attempt to +give something of an Italian meaning to this other name _Boniperti_, +which would convey no sense to an Italian ear? The French still have the +Old Frankish name as _Bompart_ (changing _n_ before a labial into _m_, +as they do in Edimbourg for Edinburgh); there was a vice-admiral of +that name who proved his courage by engaging, though unsuccessfully, an +English frigate of superior force. And we--or at any rate the +Americans--have it in a Saxon form as _Bonbright_ (_Suffolk Surnames_). +And very appropriate, if we were to translate it, would be the +meaning--_bona_, a slayer, and _bert_ or _pert_, illustrious. + +The two distinguished families of the _Adimari_ at Florence and of the +_Grimaldi_ at Genoa both give evidence of German descent in their names +(O.G. Adimar and Grimwald); as regards the latter indeed it is to be +traced historically, though the position of the present representative, +as ruler of the principality of Monaco and recipient of its doubtful +gains, is perhaps hardly in accordance with the higher traditions of his +family. The name, _Alphonso_, of a Duke of Ferrara in the middle ages, +was one given also by the Germans to a still more illustrious lineage in +Spain. Alphonso is a contraction of the O.G. Adalfuns (_adal_, noble, +_funs_, eager). The Saxon form of _funs_ being _fus_, it seems to me +that our name _Adolphus_ may be properly Adel-fus, and not a +latinization of Adolph. German also are the names of the two great rival +factions of the _Guelphs_ and the _Ghibellines_, Guelph being a Frankish +form of Welf or Welp, Eng. whelp, and the Ghibellines deriving from an +Old German name Gibilin, traced by Mone to a Burgundian origin. Thus the +Guelphs, given originally by Germany to Italy, were afterwards +transplanted again to Germany, and thence to England, to rule far above +all factions. And again, we find the Bonaparte, whose ancestor was +expelled from Italy as a Ghibelline, come forward to pursue on a +grander scale his hereditary feud with the Guelphs. + +In the names of scholars and men of science the German element is very +strongly represented. We find _Accolti_ (O.G. Achiolt for Agiovald[50]), +_Alamanni_ (O.G. Alaman), _Algarotti_ (O.G. Algar for Adelgar), +_Ansaldi_ (O.G. Ansald for Ansovald), _Audifredi_ (O.G. Audifred), +_Bertrandi_ (O.G. Bertrand), _Gualdo_ (O.G. Waldo), _Giraldi_ (O.G. +Girald), _Gosselini_ (O.G. Gosselin), _Guicciardini_ (O.G. Wichard), +_Lanzi_ (O.G. Lanzi), _Lamberti_ (O.G. Lambert for Landbert), _Manfredi_ +(O.G. Manfred), _Maraldi_ (O.G. Marald), _Odevico_ (O.G. Ottwic for +Audewic), _Orlandi_ (O.G. Arland for Hariland), _Raimondi_ (O.G. +Raimund), _Rolandini_ (O.G. Roland for Rodland), _Roberti_ (O.G. Robert +for Rodbert), _Sacchi_ (O.G. Sacco), _Quirini_ (O.G. Guerin, Werin). We +may add to the list the name of the historian _Sismondi_ (Sigismund), +who, though born at Geneva, must, I apprehend, have been of Italian +origin. The name in its uncontracted form, _Sigismondi_, is also found +in Italy. + +Among the names of distinguished explorers and discoverers, we have +_Americus_ (O.G. Emrich), who gave his name to America, and _Belzoni_ +(O.G. Belzo). German are also the names of the Pope _Aldobrandini_ (O.G. +Aldebrand), and of the philanthropist _Odeschalchi_ (O.G. Odalschalch), +whose name, if translated, would be the appropriate one of "Servant of +his country." + +The painters are not quite so strongly represented as the men of letters +and science, the two principal names being those of _Lionardo_ (O.G. +Leonhard) and of _Guido_. Guido is one of the Frankish forms to which I +have before alluded, and is formed by the prefix of _g_ to the name Wido +or Wito,--it was not an uncommon name among the Old Franks, and is found +at present among the French as _Videau, Viteau_, and _Guidé_. The +ill-omened name of the assassin _Guiteau_ I take to be from the same +origin, and to be of French extraction. So also may be our own name +_Widow_, which corresponds with a Wido of about the twelfth or +thirteenth century in the _Liber Vitæ_. There is another Italian name, +_Guidubaldi_, that of a Duke of Urbino, in the middle ages, formed on +the same stem with the addition of _bald_, bold, and corresponding with +a Frankish Guidobald. The word concerned seems to be most probably Goth. +_vidus_, O.H.G. _witu_, wood, used in a poetical sense for weapon.[51] + +Other names of painters are _Baldi_ (O.G. Baldo), _Baldovin_(_etti_) +(O.G. Baldwin), _Anselmi_ (O.G. Anshelm), _Ansuini_ (O.G. Answin), +_Aldighiero_ (O.G. Aldegar), _Algardi_ (O.G. Alagart), _Alberti_ (O.G. +Albert for Adalbert), _Alloisi_ (O.G. Alois = Alwis), _Ghiberti_ (O.G. +Gibert), _Gherardini_ (O.G. Gerard), _Gennari_ (O.G. Genear), +_Ghirlandaio_ (O.G. Gerland), _Tibaldi_ (O.G. Tiebald for Theudobald). +Also _Guardi_, another of the Frankish forms before referred to, +representing an O.G. Wardi, and the same name as Eng. _Ward_, for which +we find a corresponding A.S. Weard. + +Of those eminent in the sister art of music, we have _Castoldi_ (O.G. +Castald for Castwald), and _Frescobaldi_. This last name does not figure +in Foerstemann's list, but we can hardly doubt its German origin, _bald_ +being a typical German ending, while Fresc, as a Teutonic name, is found +in the Fresc(ingas), early Saxon settlers in England, another instance +of the common tie which binds all Teutonic names together. We may add to +the list, as the name of a living composer, _Guglielmo_ = Wilhelm or +William. Among those who were accessory to music as instrument-makers, +we have _Stradivarius_ and _Guarnerius_ (O.G. Guarner for Warinhar) +corresponding with our own names _Warriner_ and _Warner_, and present +French names _Ouarnier_ and _Guernier_. It will not be out of keeping +with what we should expect if we find the German element develop itself +in the conception rather than in the execution of music, and in the +combination of science and patience which led to the success of the old +instrument-makers. + +But it is in the names of immortal singers that we find the German +element most conspicuously represented. Dante himself bears a name +which, though not in itself German, may yet have been given to Italy by +the Germans, while as to his second title, _Alighieri_, there seems +hardly any doubt of its German origin.[52] Dante is a contraction of +_Durante_, which seems to be derived most naturally from Latin +_durans_, and it might seem something of a paradox to suppose a Latin +race to be indebted to the Germans for a Latin name. And yet I think +that there are some grounds for supposing it to be a name adopted by the +early Frankish converts to Christianity, and by them transmitted to the +Italians. For we find Durant, Durand, and Durann as not uncommon German +names, apparently Frankish, in the eighth and the ninth centuries. And +we find the word moreover made up into a German compound as Durandomar +(_mar_, famous). The French have moreover at present, derived we may +presume from their Frankish ancestors, another name, _Durandard_, +similarly formed (_hard_, fortis). Now this is precisely the same +principle as that on which the early Frankish converts, as we find from +the _Pol. Irm._ and the _Pol. Rem._, used to form many of their names, +taking a word of Christian import from the Latin or otherwise, and +mixing it up with the Old German compounds to which they had been +accustomed. Thus, for an example, we find that a woman called Electa, +which we can hardly doubt means "elect," gives to her son the name of +Electard, a similar compound to Durandard. There seems then, on the +whole, a fair amount of probability for this suggestion, which would +moreover sufficiently account for the manner in which the name is common +to France, Italy, Germany, and England. The French have it as _Durand_, +_Durant_, and _Durandeau_ (besides _Durandard_ already noted); the +Italians as _Durante_, _Duranto_, and _Durandi_; the Germans as _Durand_ +and _Dorand_; and we ourselves as _Durand_ and _Durant_. Our names came +to us no doubt through the Normans,--there is a Durand in the _Roll of +Battle Abbey_, and it is not till after this period that we find it as +an English name. + +For the German origin of _Tasso_ a rather stronger case can be made out, +Tasso and Taso being found as ancient German names, and the latter in +particular being a Lombard leader in Italy. But there was another +Lombard called Taso, who, as a man of remarkable sanctity of life, and +as the founder of a monastery at Volterra, was eminently likely to leave +a name behind him in Italy. _Tasso_ is still a current name in that +country, and our surname _Tassie_, along with the French _Tassy_, may be +taken to be the same name. Both we and the French have also _Tassell_, +formed from it and corresponding with Tassilo, the name of a Bavarian +king of the sixth century. The meaning of the word has not been +satisfactorily explained, and this may be one of the cases in which the +original word has either greatly changed in meaning, or else has +perished out of the language. + +Another name which we may take pretty certainly to be of German origin +is _Leopardi_, corresponding with the O.G. Leopard, for Liubhard +(_liub_, love, and _hard_, fortis). There was a Lombard named Leopard +who was abbot of Nonantola in Italy in the tenth century. Then we have +_Amalungi_, from the O.G. Amalung, fifth century, a patronymic form, +"son of Amal or Amala," the (perhaps mythical) forerunner of the Goths. +The French have the name, _Hamel_ and _Ameling_, and we have _Hammill_, +_Hamling_, and _Hambling_. This is another of the cases in which a name +has outlived its etymon; we know that _amal_ was a word of honourable +meaning, but as to its origin even the patient research of the Germans +has failed to find a clue. The name _Amalthius_ may also be taken as +certainly German, from _amal_ as above, and the common Old German ending +_thius_, _dio_, or _tio_, servant, though we do not find a name to +correspond in the _Altdeutsches Namenbuch_. There was also a painter +_Amalteo_, whose name is a variation of the same. Another name which I +take to be German, without finding the ancient name to correspond, is +_Boiardo_, _boi_ (supposed by the Germans to mean Bavarian) being a +common prefix in Old German names, and _hard_ one of the most common +endings. The French have, among other names derived from their Frankish +ancestors, the corresponding names _Boyard_ and _Poyard_, and we +ourselves have _Byard_, which I take to be from the same origin. Then we +have _Berni_ (O.G. Berno), _Bernini_ (O.G. Bernin), and _Beroaldus_ +(O.G. Berowald). + +There remain yet two distinguished names, _Alfieri_ and _Guarini_. The +former may be from the O.G. Alfheri, _alf_, elf, and _heri_, warrior, +the sense contained in the former word being perhaps that of occult +wisdom. Hence it would correspond with our surnames _Albery_ and +_Aubery_, Alfheri and Albheri being convertible Old German names. +_Guarini_ may, with somewhat more of certainty, be taken to be from the +Old Frankish name Guarin, formed on the principle already referred to on +other Old German names, Warin and Warno. Hence our names _Warren_ and +_Warne_, and the French _Guérin_. The Wearningas, "sons or descendants +of Wearn," are among the early Saxon settlers referred to in Chapter +IV., and Warin is found as an early name in the _Liber Vitæ_. There are +some other names which may very possibly be of German origin, but the +form of which is not sufficiently distinct to make the connection +generally intelligible. + +I conclude this chapter with a suggestion as to the possibly German +origin of one who but of late occupied a considerable place in European +politics, viz. _Gambetta_. This name is of Italian origin, and I venture +to think may be one of those given to Italy by the Germans, and perhaps +most probably by the Lombards. There was a Gambad who ruled over Ticino +in the ancient duchy of Milan, and was subsequently driven out by +Pertharit, who thereupon became the ruler of the whole of Lombardy. +Gambad seems to be probably a Lombard form of Ganbad (_gan_, magic, or +fascination, and _bad_, war), or it might be of Gandbad (_gand_, wolf), +both ancient German stems. This name Gambad would in French take the +form of Gambette,[53] and in Italian of Gambetta. It would be curious if +this name were one left behind by the Lombards (or possibly even the +Franks) in their invasion of Italy, and restored to France to rouse her +to a gallant though unavailing attempt to stem the tide of another +German invasion. And very suitable too would be the name, in the sense +of magic or fascination, to one whose energy and eloquence acted as such +a potent spell to revive the drooping courage of his countrymen. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[50] When there are two Old German names, the former is that which is +found in a form most nearly corresponding with the Italian, the latter +is that which may be taken to be the most correct form. + +[51] Names of a similar kind are the O.G. Gervid, our _Garwood_, +signifying "spear-wood." Also the O.G. Asquid, whence the Ascuit in +_Domesday_, and our present names _Asqwith_ and _Ashwith_, signifying +"ash-wood," of which spears used to be made. + +[52] Diez takes it to be a contraction of Adalgar. + +[53] As in the French names _Gerbet_ and _Herbette_, representing the +Old Frankish names Gerbad and Herbad. + + + + +CHAPTER IX. + +VARIOUS UNENUMERATED STEMS. + + +In the present chapter I propose to include a few stems which were not +taken into account in my previous work, or respecting which I may have +something more to say. + +I have referred, at page 75, to Lappenberg's theory, that Franks, +Lombards, and Frisians were associated with the Saxons in the early +invasions of England. His theory seems to be based only upon the general +relations which subsisted between these different tribes, and the +various other occasions on which they are found to have been acting in +concert. I have, in a previous chapter, referred to the subject so far +as the Franks are concerned, and endeavoured to show that there were in +Anglo-Saxon times, and that there are in our names at present, certain +peculiarities which are in accordance with Frankish forms, and so far +favour the theory that Franks were among the early settlers. + +There is another peculiarity which seems to be found in some of the +names of Anglo-Saxon times, the form _ch_ for (as I suppose) _g_, as in +such a name as Cissa (Chissa) and Cippa (Chippa). Cissa I should +suppose to be the same name as Gisa, that of a bishop in the time of +Edward the Confessor, and Cippa the same as Gyp in Gypeswich. May not +this be a Frisian form? Chippo comes before us as a name apparently +Frisian. + + +CHIPP, CHIPPING, CHIPMAN, CHEESE, CHESSON, CHESMAN, CHESNUT, CHURN, +CHIRNIE, CHITTY. + +If the above be correct, Chipp, corresponding with an Anglo-Saxon Cippa +found in Cippenham, a Ceapa found in Ceapan hlæw, and Cypa in Cypingas, +also with a Chippo probably Frisian, would be another form of Gibb or +Gipp, _geban_, to give. And Cheese, which appears as Chese in the +_Hundred Rolls_, may represent Cissa as another form of Gisa (_gis_, +hostage). There is a present Friesic name Tsjisse, which, though it +looks more like an attempt to represent a sneeze than anything else, I +take to have the sound of Chissa. Chesson may be taken to be from the +ending in _en_, p. 27, and Chesnut might be from the ending _noth_, +bold, frequent in Anglo-Saxon names. Churn and Chirney, corresponding +with an O.G. Chirno, and perhaps with the Cearningas among the early +settlers, might come in here as another form of _gern_, eager. And +Chitty, perhaps the same name as that found in the Cidingas, may +possibly be, on the same principle, another form of Giddy, Kiddy, or +Kitty (stem _gid_, hilaris). + + +MUMM, MUMMY, MUMMERY. + +There are a few Old German names, mostly of women, in Mam and Mum. And +there are also two Old Frankish women's names, Mamma and Momma +(apparently overlooked by Foerstemann), in the _Pol. Irm._ It seems +difficult to take these names as from anything else than the +widely-spread word signifying mother. In an age when names sat much more +lightly than they do now, one might fancy such a word superseding a +woman's original name. I can even conceive the possibility of such a +name, its origin having somewhat passed out of sight, being given in a +masculine form to a son. We have several instances in the _Pol. Irm._ of +such a custom; for instance, where, the mother being called Genesia, the +son is called Genesius, and the mother being called Deodata, the son is +called Deodatus. However, this cannot be taken for anything more than a +somewhat speculative suggestion. As in present use, the French name Mumm +is well known in connection with dry champagne; the Germans have Muhm, +and though I am not quite certain of Mumm as an English name, I think we +may count upon Mummy (ending in _i_, p. 24). Mummery might be a compound +(_hari_, warrior), but from the facility with which _n_ passes into _m_, +I should be more disposed to take it to be a corruption of Munnery, +corresponding with an O.G. Munihari, Goth. _munan_, to think. + + +BODY, FREEBODY, GOODBODY, LIGHTBODY, PEABODY, HANDSOMEBODY. + +_Body_ I take to be from O.N. _bodi_, envoy or messenger. It is found as +an ending in many ancient names, particularly among the Saxons. And in +our surnames it appears sometimes as representing ancient names, and +sometimes more probably as a sobriquet of a later period. In the +"Household Expences" of Eleanor, Countess of Montford, A.D. 1265, the +names of her three messengers are given as Treubodi, Gobithesty, and +Slingaway. These are all sobriquets,--Treubody is "trusty messenger," +Gobithesty is from A.S. _sti_, a footpath, hence the name may be +equivalent to "short-cut," and the last explains itself. Our name +Handsomebody has clearly been a sobriquet of the same kind, and, +referring to the older sense of "handsome," means a handy or useful +messenger. Peabody, which I think may have been originally Pipbody, from +_pipr_, swift, active, may also have been a sobriquet. So may Goodbody +and Lightbody, but it is by no means certain. We might take our +Lightfoot to have been a sobriquet, but we find a corresponding name, +Lytafus (_fus_, foot) on Roman pottery. Freebody probably represents the +O.G. Frithubodo, compounded with _frith_, peace. + + +BRAGG, BRACKIE, BRAY, PRAY, BRAGAN, BRACKEN, BRAIN, BRACKING, BRACKETT, +BRAYMAN, BRAKEMAN, BREWIN. + +There are two different origins from which this stem might be derived, +A.S. _brego_, king, ruler, and A.S. _bracan_, to break, subdue, crush, +the former being perhaps preferable upon the whole. There are but very +few names in Old German, and Foerstemann does not make any suggestion as +to the origin. + +A.S. Bræg (found in Brægeshale), Bracca (found in Braccanheal). O.G. +Brachio, Thuringian, sixth century. Eng. Bragg, Brackie, Bray, Pray. + + +Ending in _en_, p. 27. + +A.S. Bregen (found in Bregnesford). Eng. Bragan, Bracken, Brain. + + +Ending in _el_, prob. diminutive. + +A.S. Brakel (found in Brakelesham). Eng. Breakell. + + +_Patronymic._ + +Eng. Bracking. + + +_Compounds._ + +(_Had_, war?), A.S. Breged (found in Bregedeswere)--Eng. Brackett. +(_Man_, vir), Eng. Brakeman, Brayman (Mod. G. Brackmann, French +Braquemin). (_Wine_, friend), A.S. Bregowin (Archbishop of +Canterbury)--Eng. Brewin. + + +LORD, LORDING. + +We may take the above to be the same as an A.S. Lorta and Lorting, p. +100. And whatever may be the origin, it is certainly not A.S. _hlaford_, +Eng. "lord." There are two isolated names in the _Altdeutsches +Namenbuch_, Laurad and Lorad, both seventh century, of which the +Anglo-Saxon name seems not improbably to be a contraction. The word +concerned might be A.S. _lâr_, lore, learning, Old North. _lærdr_ +(larad?), learned. Stark however seems to take Laurad and Lorad to be +Celtic. But in the genealogy of the sons of Woden in the _Edda_ of +Snorro occurs the name Loride, which, though Snorro's names are not +always trustworthy, seems to point to the existence of an ancient +Teutonic name corresponding with those in the _Altdeutsches Namenbuch_, +and so far to favour the derivation which I have suggested. + + +STUDD, STOTT, STOUT, STUTTER, STODDART, STUDEARD. STITT, STEED, STADD, +STIDOLPH. + +We find Anglo-Saxon names to account for all the names of the former of +these two groups, viz., Stut, Stuter (_her_, warrior), and Stutard +(_hard_, fortis). The word concerned does not seem to have anything to +do with Eng. "stout," which seems to have lost an _l_, and to have been +originally _stolt_. The group is no doubt parallel with the second +group, which is more distinctly represented in Old German names, and +which may be referred to O.N. _stedia_, firmare, _staddr_, constitutus, +A.S. _stide_, _stith_, firm, steadfast; our Stidolph corresponding with +an O.G. Stadolf, and a Stithuulf in the _Liber Vitæ_. + + +FOGG, FOGGO, FUDGE, FEW. + +There are Old German names Focco and Fucco, for which Foerstemann +proposes O.N. _fok_, flight. And there is a Fuca, rather probably a +corresponding name, on Roman pottery. Among the Anglo-Saxons we have +Focingas, early settlers in Kent. Also Focga and Fucg, deduced from +place-names, p. 99. Foerstemann seems to take this as the stem on which +is formed _fugal_, fowl, bird. + + +FLAGG, FLACK, FLECK, FLUCK, FLY, FLEA, FLEW. + +The Fleccingas are among the early settlers inferred by Mr. Kemble. And +there are also Anglo-Saxon names Flegg, Flecg, and Flogg, deduced from +place-names, p. 99. The name Flôki, of a Northman in the _Landnamabôk_, +also comes in here. There is also another Northman called Flugu-Grimr, +"Fly or Flyer Grim," a kind of inverted surname. The origin may be taken +to be A.S. _fleogan_, O.N. _fliuga_, to fly. And this group may be taken +to be fundamentally parallel with the last. + + +CLEAN, CLINE, KLYNE. + +There is a Clen in the genealogy of the Merovingian kings, and there is +perhaps an A.S. Clena to be deduced from the place-names Clenanford, +Clenancrundel, &c. It may probably be from A.S. _clêne_, clean, pure. +"The original sense seems to have been bright."--_Skeat_. This may +probably be the sense in names. + + +SWEARS, SWEARING, SWIRE, SQUIRE, SQUARE, SQUAREY, SQUIRRELL. + +The stem _swar_, _swer_, in O.G. names, is referred by Foerstemann to +O.H.G. _suari_, weighty, important, Goth. _swers_, honourable. There is +an A.S. Sweor found in a place-name, p. 102, and there is an O.G. +Suaring corresponding with our Swearing. Also a Suara on Roman pottery, +which I take to be German, and to represent the stem of which Suaring is +a patronymic. I take Squire and Square to be phonetic corruptions of +Swire and Swear, and Squirrell to be properly Swirrell, a diminutive. + + +LUMB, LUMP, LUMPKIN. + +Lumbe is also a present German name, and seems to be the same as an O.G. +Lumpe, which Stark takes to be a contraction of some compound name, +perhaps Lundbert. Lump and the diminutive Lumpkin are from _Suffolk +Surnames_, and may be German and not English. + + +KNELL, NELLY, NILL, KNELLER. + +Of the Cnyllingas, settled in Northamptonshire, I find no further trace +in Anglo-Saxon times, nor anything to correspond in Old German names. +The name is also a very uncommon one at present, the above Knell, Nelly, +and Nill being all taken from _Suffolk Surnames_, though Knell at all +events was an English name. Kneller, as the name of the painter, is of +Dutch origin; it seems to be a compound from this stem (_hari_, +warrior). The origin may perhaps be found in O.N. _hnalla_, to beat. + + +KNAPP, KNAPPING, KNIBB, KNIPE, KNIPPING, NAF NAPP, NAPKIN, KNIFE, +KNYVETT. + +One of the oldest Low German names on record is Hnaf, mentioned in the +"Traveller's Song," written, as supposed, about the fifth century. There +is a corresponding O.G. Hnabi, eighth century, the origin being, no +doubt, A.S. _cnapa_, _cnafa_, son, boy. To this may be placed our names +Knapp, Napp, and the patronymic Knapping. (The name Naf, in _Suffolk +Surnames_, may possibly not be English.) I also take the A.S. Cnebba[54] +to come in here, also Hnibba, found in Hnibbanleah (Hnibba's lea), and +Nybba, found in Nybbanbeorh (Nybba's barrow), and so connect also our +names Knibb, Knipe, and Knipping. Stark also brings in here the name +Cniva, of a Gothic king of the third century, and Cnivida, also the +name of a Goth, placed by Foerstemann to A.S. _cnif_, knife. If this be +correct, our name Knife might also come in here, parallel with Knipe, +and also Knyvet as probably a diminutive. Also Napkin, another +diminutive = Germ. _knabchen_. + + +PIM, PYM. + +The father of the Lombard king Rachis was called Pimo. There is also a +Pymma about the tenth century in the _Liber Vitæ_. As to the origin of +the name, I am unable to offer any suggestion. It may be, as Stark +opines, a contraction of some compound name. + + +WAMBEY, WAMPEN. + +Wamba was the name of a West-Gothic king in the seventh century, and +there was also a deacon of the same name a few years earlier. I do not +know of it as an Anglo-Saxon name, but I suppose Scott must have had +some authority for introducing it as the name of the jester in +_Ivanhoe_. The only derivation that can be suggested is from the Goth. +_wamba_, belly, giving it the meaning of "paunchey." But it was not a +nickname in the case of the Gothic king, for he bore it upon his coins, +and it is difficult, as Stark observes, to suppose such a name for a +king. Finding, however, on certain of his coins the variation Wanba, +Stark is inclined to think that it may be a contraction of some name +such as Wanbert. Was it by literary intuition that Scott pitched upon +such a name for the jester, or did he know of its supposed meaning of +"paunchey"? + +The name may be represented in our Wambey, though it is perhaps quite +as likely to be from some Danish place-name in _by_, such as Wanby or +Wandby. Wampen, however, if there is such a stem, might be placed to it. + + +STRANG, STRONG, STRANK, STRANGWARD, STRANGWICK, STRINGLE, STRINGFELLOW. + +There are two A.S. forms, _strang_ and _streng_, represented in the +above. The only Anglo-Saxon names that I can find are a Stranglic dux in +a charter of Ina, and a Streng, found in Strengeshô, "Streng's +grave-mound." Stranglic is the A.S. _stranglic_, strong, and looks like +a sobriquet which had superseded his original name. Streng might be the +same as far as it is itself concerned, but there is an O.G. Strangulf +(_ulf_, wolf) which, along with our own names Strangward and Strangwick, +strongly suggests an ancient baptismal name, and a formation in +accordance with the Teutonic system. The last name, Stringfellow, must +have been a sobriquet,--it probably represents a mediæval Strengfelaw, +and has been rather curiously corrupted, owing to the meaning of +_streng_ not being recognised. + + +STRAY, STRAW, STRETCH, STREEK, STRAIN, STRICKETT, STRAIGHT. + +Closely allied to _strang_ and _streng_ are A.S. _strac_ and _strec_, +violent, powerful, brave, whence I take the above. The only ancient +names to correspond are an O.G. Strago, ninth century, and Strocgo, +eighth century. Strain and Straight represent respectively the forms +Stragin and Stragget, formed with the endings in _en_ and in _et_ +referred to in Chapter II. + + +STARK, STARKIE, STARR, STARCH, STURGE, STURGIN, STURGEON, STERICKER. + +From the A.S. _stearc_, _sterc_, O.H.G. _starah_, _starh_, stiff, +strong, I take the above. This form _starc_ seems formed by metathesis +from the above _strac_,--indeed, all the three forms, _strang_, +_strack_, and _stark_, are etymologically very closely allied. This stem +enters distinctly into the Teutonic system, but besides the simple form +Stark, corresponding with O.G. Starco and Staracho, we have only +Stericker, corresponding with an O.G. Starcher (_her_, warrior). + + +EAVESTAFF, LANGSTAFF, WAGSTAFF, HACKSTAFF, SHAKESTAFF, COSTIFF. + +These names ending in _staff_ might naturally be taken to have been +sobriquets, to be classed along with Shakespear, Breakspear, and other +names of the same kind. But as regards two of them at least, Hackstaff +and Shakestaff, there may be something more to be said. There is an +ending _staf_ in Teutonic names, for which Grimm, referring to Gustaf, +thinks of O.H.G. _stab_, A.S. _staf_, staff,--in the sense, as I should +suppose, of baton, or staff of office. There are only discovered as yet +two Old German names with this ending, Chustaff and Sigestab. The +former, which seems to be from _cunst_ or _cust_, science, learning, may +be the original of the Swedish Gustaf, and possibly of Costiff, one of +the curious names gathered by Mr. Lower. Corresponding with the O.G. +Sigestab, we find an A.S. Sigistef, a moneyer of Coenwulf. And there is +also a Hehstaf, witness to a charter (_Thorpe_, p. 69). Shakestaff, +then, might be a not very difficult corruption of Sigestef (which in +the form of Sicestaf would approach still nearer). And Hackstaff might +represent the A.S. Hehstaf, in which the second _h_ was no doubt +strongly aspirated, and might be more like a hard _c_. I, however, only +bring this forward as a possible explanation; there is quite as much to +be said for the other view, unless other ancient names turn up. + + +NAGLE, NAIL, HARTNOLL, DARNELL, TUFFNELL, HORSENAIL, HOOFNAIL, ISNELL, +BRAZNELL, COPPERNOLL. + +There is in my view no more curious or puzzling set of names than those +which, as above, are derived from _nagel_ or nail, clavis. It appears to +me, though the line is difficult to draw, that they may be divided into +two groups, one of which is the representative of ancient baptismal +names, and the other of surnames of a later, perhaps a mediæval, date. + +Connected with the former we have Nagle and Nail, corresponding with an +O.G. Nagal, ninth century, and an A.S. Negle and Næle, found in +place-names, p. 101. Then there are two Old German compounds, Hartnagal +(hard nail) and Swarnagal (heavy nail), respectively of the eighth and +ninth centuries. The former of these two names we have as Hartnoll, and +the Germans have it as Härtnagel. Then I find two more examples among +the Anglo-Saxons, Spernægle in a charter of manumission at Exeter, and +Dearnagle in a place-name, p. 98. Spernægle is "spear-nail," and +Dearnagle is probably the same, from O.N. _dörr_, spear. The latter of +these two names we seem to have as Darnell, and the Germans as +Thürnagel. Then we have Tuffnell, which, as Mr. Lower mentions, was in +the seventeenth century spelt Tufnaile, and might be taken to mean +"tough-nail," but for this we find no corresponding ancient name. There +is a Celtic Dufnal, to which, as being a name adopted from them by the +Northmen, and so having an increased chance of being represented, it +might perhaps be placed. But if this be the case (which I rather doubt), +it would have nothing to do with the present group. The sense in these +ancient names may be taken to be a warlike one, as in the case of other +names having the meaning of point or edge, acies. We find Nægling as the +name given by an Anglo-Saxon to his sword, in accordance with the +ancient custom, prevalent both among the Celts and the Saxons, of giving +names to weapons, and this assists to point the meaning as that of edge, +acies. And it seems to me hardly necessary to assume, with Mone +(_Heldensage_), any connection with the mythological smith, Weland. + +Then there is another set of names of which we have a considerable +number, and the Germans still more, which appear to have been given at a +later period, and to be perhaps, at least in some cases, derived from +trade. Such are Horsnail, and the corresponding German Rosnagel; +Hoofnail, and the German Hufnagel; while there are others, such as +Isnell (iron nail), Coppernoll (and Germ. Kupfernagel), about which I +hardly know what to think. + + +HONE, HEAN, HEANEY, ONKEN, ENNOR, HONNER, HENFREY, ENRIGHT, ONWHYN, +ENOUGH. + +A very common stem in A.S. names is _ean_, the meaning of which remains +yet unexplained. We seem to have received it both in the Low German +form _ean_ and the High German form _aun_ or _on_. The Honingas +(Oningas) among the early settlers must, I think, be placed to it. It is +very apt to intermix with another stem _an_, to which I formerly placed +a few names which I think should come in here. + + +Stem _ean_, _en_, _aun_, _on_. + +A.S. Eana, Enna (found in Ennanbeorh), Hean (found in Heanspôl, &c). +Also Onna (found in Onnandun). Hona, found in Honingas. Ona, _Lib. Vit._ +O.G. Ono, Oni. Eng. Hean, Heaney, Hone. Fries. Onno. + + +_Diminutive._ + +A.S. Honekyn (found in Honekyntûn, now Hankerton). Eng. Onken. + + +_Compounds._ + +(_Frid_, peace), A.S. Eanfrith--O.G. Aunefrit, Onfred--Eng. Henfrey.[55] +(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Onheri--O.N. Onar--Eng. Honnor, Ennor. (_Rad_, +_Red_, counsel), A.S. Eanred--O.G. Onrada--Eng. Enright (=Enrat?). +(_Wine_, friend), A.S. Eanwini, Inwine (found in Inwines burg)--Eng. +Onwhyn. (_Wulf_, wolf), A.S. Eanulf--O.G. Aunulf brother of Odoaker, +fifth century--Eng. Enough. (_Ward_ guardian), Eng. Onword. + + +IMPEY, EMPEY, HEMP, HAMP, HAMPER, HEMPER. + +Mr. Kemble finds Impingas in Impington, in Cambridgeshire, though it +would seem incorrectly, as far as the tribe or family is concerned, the +name being only that of a man, Impin. The name Impa is found also in +Ympanleage, in Worcestershire. A sufficient meaning may perhaps be found +in A.S. _impan_, to plant, engraft. To this stem I place Impey, Hemp, +and probably Hamp, while Hamper and Hemper may be compounds (_hari_, +warrior). There is a stem _umb_ in Old German names, which may perhaps +claim relationship. + + +CAUNCE, CHANCE, CHANCEY, CHANCELL, CANSICK, KENSAL, KENSETT. + +The Cenesingas, found by Kemble in Kensington, would, if the +Anglo-Saxons had possessed the requisite letters, have been better +represented by Kenzingas, being, as I take it, from a stem _ganz_, +_genz_, _kenz_, referred by Foerstemann to _ganz_, integer. I am +inclined to take our names Chance, Chancey, &c., to represent the form +_kanz_ in a softened form, come to us through the Normans. The forms of +the name in the _Roll of Battle Abbey_, Kancey, Cauncy, and Chauncy, and +the present French names, Cance, Chanceau, and Chanzy, seem to be in +conformity with this view. The French seem to have some other names from +the same stem, as Cançalon (O.G. Gansalin) and Gantzère (O.G. Gentsar). +The forms Cansick, Kensal (both diminutives, and the latter answering to +Chancel), and Kensett, may be taken to represent the native form of the +stem as found in Kenzingas. + + +SNOAD, SNODIN, SNOWDEN (?), SNODGRASS. + +Of the Snotingas, who gave the name to Snotingaham, now Nottingham, we +have not many traces, either in Anglo-Saxon times or at present. There +are three Anglo-Saxon names, Snode, Snodd, and Snoding, derived from +place-names, p. 102. In Old German names it only occurs as the ending of +two or three names of women. The meaning is to be found in A.S. _snot_, +prudent, sagacious. The name Snodgrass may be a compound from this stem +as a corruption of Snodgast, though no ancient correspondent has turned +up,--compare Prendergrass, p. 114. + + +THRALE. + +This is a very uncommon name; I never knew of an instance other than +that of the brewer who is handed down to posterity as the friend of +Johnson. So also in ancient times there is only one name on record, +Thralo, for which Foerstemann proposes Old Friesic, _thrall_, swift, +nimble. + + +EARWAKER, EDDIKER. + +The curious-looking name Earwaker is no doubt the same as an Eueruacer +(Everwacer), in _Domesday_, from _evor_, boar, and _wacar_, watchful, +and it is of interest as supplying a missing link in the study of Old +German names. For the Old German name corresponding to this appears as +Eburacer, and while some other German writers have taken the ending to +be _acer_ (Eng. _acre_), Foerstemann has, rightly as it is proved, +suggested that it is a contraction of _wacer_. Similarly the ancient +name Odoacer, of the king of the Heruli, is proved by corresponding +Anglo-Saxon names, Edwaker in a charter of manumission at Exeter, and +Edwacer on coins minted at Norwich (A.S. _ed_ = O.H.G. _od_), to be +properly Odwacer. From this A.S. Edwaker may be our name Eddiker; and +some others of our names, as _Goodacre_ and _Hardacre_, may represent +ancient names not yet turned up.[56] The second part of the compound, +_wacer_ (whence our _Waker_), is itself a very ancient stem, being found +on the one hand in the Wacer(ingas), among the early Saxon settlers, and +on the other in the name Vacir, probably Frankish, on Roman pottery. + + +SHAWKEY, CHALKEY, CHALK, CAULK, KELK, CHALKLEN, CALKING, CHALKER, +CHAUCER. + +We may take it that our name Shawkey (Shalkey) is the same as an A.S. +Scealc, p. 101, and as an O.G. Scalco, from _scalc_, servant. And the +question is, whether our names Caulk, Chalk, and Chalkey, corresponding +with an A.S. Cealca (found apparently in Cealcan gemero), and our name +Kelk, corresponding with an A.S. Celc, p. 98, may not be forms of the +same name without the initial _s_. Or whether they may be, as I before +suggested, from the tribe-name of the Chauci or Cauci, one of the +peoples included in the Frankish confederation. Of such a stem, however, +there is not any trace in the _Altdeutsches Namenbuch_, which one might +rather expect to be the case, seeing how fully Old Frankish names are +therein represented. However, I am not able to come to any definite +conclusion respecting this stem, which the forms above cited show to be +an ancient one. The French names Chaussy, Chaussée, Cauche, Cauchy, seem +to be in correspondence, as also Chaussier, comparing with Chaucer, +which, as a softened form, I think may have come through the Normans. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[54] Kemble explains Cnebba as "he that hath a beak," which would seem +to make it a sobriquet. But it certainly seems more reasonable to bring +it into an established stem. + +[55] This name might also be deduced from another stem. + +[56] Unless, as seems possible, Goodacre may represent the Old German +name Gundachar. + + + + +CHAPTER X + +NAMES WHICH ARE NOT WHAT THEY SEEM. + + +It follows inevitably that, among the multitude of names such as are +included within the scope of this work, there must be many which, though +being of ancient origin, accidentally coincide with other words of +modern meaning. And thus there are several which might be taken to be +from names of women, such as the following:-- + + +ANNE, NANNY, BETTY, SALL, MOLL, PEGG, BABB, MAGG, MEGGY, MAY, MAYO, +NELLY, LUCY, KITTY, HANNAH, MAUDE. + +These are all English surnames, and have sometimes been accounted for on +the supposition of illegitimacy. Now, I am very much inclined to doubt +the existence, at least in England, of any names derived from women, +inasmuch as in the whole range of our surnames I do not know of one that +is _unmistakably_ so derived. There is certainly a case, referred to at +p. 57, of a surname ending in _trud_, a specially female ending, but, as +I have there remarked, it does not necessarily follow that the word is +the same as that used in women's names. There is, moreover, another name +which a little puzzles me, _Goodeve_, which looks as if it were from +the A.S. Godgefa, later Godiva. This is from a special female ending, +and I know of no corresponding masculine. But this might be an +exceptional case, for I doubt not that many a child in England, and +possibly even boys, with an unwonted masculine ending, might be called +after the noble woman who freed her people from the tax-- + + "And made herself an everlasting name." + +However, whether this might be so or not, the case seems scarcely +sufficient of itself to establish the principle. And with regard to +names such as those of which I am now treating, the resemblance is only +apparent, and, as I shall proceed to show, these are all in reality +ancient names of men. Anna, for instance, was a king of the East Angles, +and Moll the name of a king of Northumbria. Anna, Betti, Salla, Moll, +Pega, are early men's names in the _Liber Vitæ_, and all of the above +are to be found in some kindred form in the _Altdeutsches Namenbuch_. +And some of these names still bear their ancient meaning on their front, +thus Pegg is the "pegger," and Moll (or Maule, the more proper form) is +the "mauler," the stem being referred to Goth. _mauljan_, to maul. + +To take, then, these names in order, Anne, which corresponds with many +ancient names besides that of the king of the East Angles, among others +with that of an Anna, Archbishop of Cologne in the eleventh century, may +be referred to O.H.G. _ano_, ancestor. And Hannah (more properly Hanna) +is, with the ending in _a_, p. 24, the same as Hanney and Hann, probably +from the same stem, the _h_ being falsely assumed. Nanny corresponds +with an O.G. Nanno, referred to Goth. _nanthian_, audere. Betty, along +with which we must take Batty, is to be referred to A.S. _beado_, O.H.G. +_bado_, war, found in many ancient names. Sall, along with Sala, is from +a stem, p. 62, supposed by Foerstemann to mean dark. Kitty, along with +Kitt and Kitto, and also Kidd, corresponding with an A.S. Cydd, p. 98, +and a Cyda, in the _Liber Vitæ_, is from a stem _gid_, _kit_, referred +to A.S. _giddian_, to sing. Babb, corresponding with an A.S. Babba, the +name of a moneyer, and other ancient names, is from a stem which +Foerstemann thinks must have been originally derived from "children's +speech." Magg and Meggy, corresponding with an A.S. Mæg and Mecga, and +an O.G. Megi, are from a stem referred to Goth. _magan_, posse, valere; +and May, along with Mayo, corresponding with an O.G. Maio, and perhaps +with a Maio on Roman pottery, is a softened form of the same. Lucy +corresponds with an O.G. Liuzi, a High German form from _liud_, people, +and I think must have come to us through the Normans. Nelly, along with +Knell, is referred to at p. 161, as probably from O.N. _hnalla_, to +beat. Maude stands on a somewhat different footing from the rest, the +surname being really in this case from the same origin as the woman's +name. But the woman's name, as I shall endeavour to show in the next +chapter, owes its origin to an ancient mistake, and is properly a man's +name. + + +_Names apparently from Animals._ + +Many of the names apparently from animals are also to be otherwise +explained. A few of the nobler animals, as the bear, the wolf, and the +boar, are to be found in the names of men throughout the Teutonic +system. The lion also and the horse occur, though by no means so +commonly. The _urus_, or wild ox, appears to have contributed a few +names, of which our _Ure_ may be one. I have met with the fox in one +single instance, that of a Northman, Füks, on a runic inscription quoted +by Stevens, though it is rather probable that Foxes beorh, "Fox's +barrow" (Kemble, _Cod. Dip._), may also be from the name of a man. Among +birds, the eagle, the raven, and the swan were common throughout the +Teutonic system, the last, among the Germans, more especially in the +names of women. To account for this, Weinhold observes that along with +the beauty of the swan was contained a warlike sense derived from the +swan plumage of the maids of Odin. But among the Danes and the Saxon +sea-rovers Swan seems to have been common as a man's name, and in this +case the idea was more probably that of the way in which the swan rides +the waters as the ideal of a rover's life. The eagle, the raven, the +swan, the hawk, and the finch seem to be found in the Earningas, the +Ræfningas, the Suaningas, the Haucingas, and the Fincingas, among our +early settlers, though the two last do not seem to occur in the Teutonic +system generally. I doubt all names that appear to be from fishes, and, +with one notable exception, all names that appear to be from reptiles or +insects. That exception is the snake, which was in special favour for +the names of men among the Danes and Northmen, there being no fewer than +twenty-four men called Ormr (worm or snake) in the _Landnamabôk_ of +Iceland. Hence the name _Orme_, rather common among us, and the Saxon +form _Worm_, not by any means common. Among the Germans the snake was, +according to Weinhold, who looks upon it as the type of fascination and +insinuation, in especial favour for the names of women. The two +principal words in use among them were _lind_ (O.H.G. _lint_, snake) and +_ling_ (O.N. _lingvi_, serpent). Hence may be our _Lind_ and _Lindo_, +corresponding with an O.G. Linto; and _Ling_ and _Lingo_, corresponding +with an O.G. Lingo, and an O.N. Lingi. But both of these derivations are +somewhat uncertain, and especially the former, for I venture to think +that _lind_, gentle, is at least as appropriate for women as _lind_, +snake. To come then to the names which I take to be otherwise explained. + + +CAMEL, LEOPARD, BUCK, PIGG, RABBIT, CAT, RAT, MOUSE, SQUIRRELL. GOOSE, +GOSLING, GANDER, DUCK, DUCKLING, OSTRICH, LARK, WREN. FISH, SHARK, +DOLPHIN, SALMON, TROUT, WHITING, SMELT, HADDOCK, HERRING, TUNNY, SPRATT, +MINNOW, LAMPREY. MOTH, MOTE, FLY, FLEA, EARWIG, EMMETT. + +Of the above, Camel is another form of Gamol, signifying old; there is a +Northman called Kamol in a runic inscription in Stevens. Leopard (see p. +151) is a corruption of Liubhard. Buck is found among the early Saxon +settlers, also as an O.G. Bucco, and a Buccus, rather probably German, +on Roman pottery, and may be taken to be another form of Bugg, p. 3. +Pigg, corresponding with an O.G. Pigo, must be referred to the same stem +as Pegg, viz. _bichen_, to slash. Rabbit is no doubt the same as a +Rabbod, a "Duke of the Frisians" mentioned by Roger of Wendover, a +contraction of Radbod, p. 119. Catt, along with Cattey, is another form +of Gatty, corresponding with an O.G. Gatto (_gatten_, to unite). Ratt, +corresponding with a French Ratte, may be referred to an O.G. Rato +(_rad_ or _rat_, counsel). Along with Mouse I take Moss, also a present +German Muss, and a French Mousse, all of which may be referred to an +O.G. Muoza, a High German form of _môd_, _môt_, courage; this name +having rather probably come to us through the Normans. Squirrell I have +referred to at p. 160. Goose and Gosling I also take to have probably +come to us through the Normans, as representing a High German form of +the stem _gaud_ (supposed to mean Goth). There are to compare French +names Gousse, Gosselin, Josselin, corresponding with Old German names +Gauso and Gauzelin, the latter a diminutive. Hence also, as a Christian +name, Jocelyn, of Old Frankish origin, come to us through the Normans. +Gander is from an A.S. Gandar, referred to in its place as a compound of +_gand_, probably signifying wolf. Duck, corresponding with a Duce (hard +_c_) in the _Liber Vitæ_, is another form of Tuck, as in the Tucingas, +early settlers in Kemble's list, from the stem _dug_, A.S. _dugan_, to +be "doughty." And Duckling, corresponding with an A.S. Duceling, p. 98, +and an O.G. Dugelin, is a diminutive (like Gosling) from the same stem. +Ostrich represents an O.G. Austoric, and an A.S. Estrich (_Auster_ or +_Easter_ orientalis). Wren, along with Rennie and Renno, is from a stem +referred to _ran_, rapine; though it may also be the same name as Rain, +from _ragin_, counsel. Lark and Laverock are perhaps a little uncertain; +we find Anglo-Saxon names Lauerc, Lauroca, and Laferca, which might be +from the A.S. _laferc_, O.E. _laverock_, lark. On the whole, however, I +am rather more disposed to take them to be from Lafer among the early +settlers (not I think a compound) with the diminutive ending _ec_, and +similarly I would take Leverett to be formed from the same word, _lafer_ +or _lefer_, with the (perhaps also diminutive) ending _et_. + +Coming to names apparently from fishes, I question very much whether +Fiske and Fish are from A.S. _fisc_, pisces, though Foerstemann, in +default of a better, gives that meaning in an ancient name, Fisculf. I +think it is one of the cases in which a meaning is to be got from the +Celtic, and take it that the Welsh _ffysg_, impetuous, supplies the +sense that is required, of which also some slight traces are to be found +in Teutonic dialects. Shark and Sharkey I take to be the same name as +Sere in the _Liber Vitæ_, from A.S. _serc_, Sco. "sark," shirt, in the +sense of a shirt of mail. It is formed, according to Diefenbach, upon a +stem _sar_ or _ser_, signifying armatura, p. 62; whence an O.G. Saracho, +corresponding with the above. The Sercings are a tribe or family +mentioned in the "Traveller's Song," and in connection with the Serings: + + "With the Sercings I was, and with the Serings." + +The connection between the two, however, is here probably only for the +sake of the alliteration. Dolphin is the Danish name Dolgfinnr, p. 48. +There was a Dolfin, presumably of Scandinavian origin, governor of +Carlisle in the time of Rufus. Herring and Whiting are both from the +Anglo-Saxon patronymic, p. 28, and Haddock, with the M.G. Hädicke, is a +diminutive from the stem _had_, war, p. 54. Tunny, along with Tunn and +Tunno (Tunna, _Lib. Vit._), is another form of Dunn, a common +Anglo-Saxon name. Spratt I class along with Sprout and Sprott, comparing +them with an O.G. Sprutho, as from Goth, _sprauto_, nimble, active. And +Minnow, along with Minn and Minney, corresponding with an O.G. Minna, +may be taken to be from A.S. _myn_, love, affection. Salmon is the same +as an O.G. Salaman, from, as supposed, _salo_, dark; and Trout may be +the same as an O.G. Truto, probably signifying beloved. Smelt may be +taken to be from A.S. _smelt_, gentle; it occurs once as the name of an +Anglo-Saxon, but does not seem to be a word entering into the Teutonic +system, and may have been originally a sobriquet. Lamprey I have already +referred to, p. 115, as a probable corruption of Landfred. + +Of names apparently from insects, Moth and Mote (Mote, _Hund. Rolls_) +are probably the same as an O.G. Moata, from _môd_, _môt_, courage, +German _muth_. Fly and Flea are included in a stem, p. 159; and Emmet +may be taken to be from A.S. _emita_, quies, found in several ancient +names. Earwig I have taken, p. 49, to be a contraction of Evorwig, as +Earheart of Everhard, and Earwaker of Evorwacer.[57] Many other names of +the same sort might be adduced, but those I have given will I think be +sufficient for the purpose. + + +_Names apparently from Office or Occupation_: + +LORD, EARL, ABBOTT, NUNN, BISHOP, PRIEST, ALDERMAN, PRENTICE, PRINCE, +HAYWARD, HOWARD, ANGLER, ARCHER, AUTHER, FARRIER, HURLER, PLAYER, +MARINER, WARNER, WALKER, PLOWMAN, ARKWRIGHT, HARTWRIGHT, SIEVEWRIGHT, +GOODWRIGHT. + +Lord, as noted at p. 158, can hardly be from A.S. _hlaford_, Eng. lord. +Earl, however, along with Early, seems to be the same word as Eng. +"earl," though as a name entering into the Teutonic system it is only a +word of general honorific meaning, and may not represent any man who +ever bore the title. Abbott I take to be the same as an A.S. Abbod, p. +96, the stem being, as supposed, from Goth. _aba_, man. Nunn, along with +Nunney and Noon, compares with Nun, the name of a kinsman of Ina, king +of Wessex, and with O.G. Nunno and Nunni, the meaning of which seems +somewhat obscure. Bishop, at least in its origin, can hardly have been +from the office, for there is a Biscop in the genealogy of the kings of +the Lindisfari, who must of course have been a heathen. The name in this +case may be a compound of _bis_ (closely allied to _bas_, p. 5) and A.S. +_côf_, strenuous, which we find as the ending of some other A.S. names. +But after the advent of Christianity, a man, though inheriting the old +name, would no doubt wear it with a difference. Priest must, I think, be +what it seems, there is a witness to a charter (_Thorpe_, p. 69) whose +name is Preost, and whose description is "presbyter"; his original name, +whatever it was, must have been so completely superseded by that of his +office that at last he accepted it himself, and signed accordingly. +Alderman I have taken, p. 116, to be, even in Anglo-Saxon times, a +corruption. Such a name, as derived from office, could hardly be borne +by an Anglo-Saxon, unless, indeed, as a sobriquet, superseding his +original name. So also Prentice, from an A.S. Prentsa, I take to be due +to a corruption in Anglo-Saxon times. I am not sure that Prince may not +be from the same name, Prentsa, dropping the vowel-ending and becoming +Prents. A name which has been mistakenly supposed to be from some +office of agricultural oversight is Hayward; it is however an ancient +name, more properly Agward or Egward. Howard, which has been sometimes +confounded with it, is an entirely different name, the O.N. Hâvardr +(_hâ_, high), introduced I think by the Danes or Northmen. + +Some names formed with _wright_, as Arkwright, Hartwright, Sievewright, +and Goodwright, will be found in their places in Chapter III. as, +according to my view, ancient compounds. I might perhaps add Boatwright, +from an O.G. Buotrit, and also Cheesewright, for which we have the stem, +p. 155, though no ancient form to represent this particular compound. +The Wrihtingas, in Kemble's list of early settlers, I take to be +properly Ritingas, from a stem _rit_, supposed to be the same as Eng. +"ride," though perhaps in an older and more general sense of rapid +motion. Many names ending in _er_, as Ambler, Angler, Archer, Auther, +&c., are in reality from an ancient ending in _har_, signifying warrior. +Ambler represents an O.G. Amalher, p. 42, Angler an O.G. Angilher, p. +42, Archer an O.G. Erchear, p. 42, and Auther an O.G. Authar, p. 42. +Farrier, along with Ferrier, may represent an O.G. Feriher, p. 49, and +Hurler an O.G. Erlehar, from the stem _erl_ already referred to. Gambler +represents an O.G. Gamalher, and Player is the same as an A.S. Plegher, +from _pleg_, play, probably the play of battle. Then we have Mariner and +Marner, which, with French Marinier and Marnier, may be referred to an +O.G. Marnehar (_mar_, famous), and in a similar manner Warrener and +Warner may be taken to be from an O.G. Warnehar (Warin = Wern). Among +names of this class we may also include Walker, of which there is +abundant instance as an ancient name. Kemble has Wealceringas among the +early settlers, as well as also Wealcingas representing the stem on +which it is formed, probably A.S. _wealh_, stranger. There was in after +Anglo-Saxon times a Walchere, bishop of Lindisfarne, and Ualcar is found +in a runic inscription in Stevens; while, as O.G. names, we have +Walachar and Walchar, and as a present German name we have Walcher. +However, in view of the commonness of this name, it is perhaps only +reasonable to suppose an admixture from A.S. _wealcere_, a fuller. + +I may here observe that this same ending, _har_, so common in ancient +names, give us many names which have the appearance of a comparative, +such as _Harder_, _Paler_, _Richer_, &c., and in its other form, _hari_, +many names such as _Armory_, _Buttery_, _Gunnery_, _Flattery_, which we +have also in the other form as _Armor_, _Butter_, _Gunner_, and +_Flatter_ (_flat_, formosus). + + +_Names apparently from Times and Seasons._ + +The names of this sort have generally been supposed to be derived from a +person having been born at some particular time. That there are names of +this sort, such as Christmas, Noel, and Midwinter, we cannot for a +moment doubt, but, judging by the early records of our names, they are +of very rare occurrence, and I conceive that in the majority of cases +names of such appearance are to be otherwise accounted for. + + +SUNDAY, MONDAY, FRIDAY, HOLIDAY, LOVEDAY, HOCKADAY, PENTECOST, LAMMAS, +LAMAISON, SUMMER, WINTER, JANUARY. + +Sunday may be Sunda, comparing with an O.G. Sundo, and an A.S. Sunta, +perhaps from _sund_, sea. Similarly Munday may be Munda, to be referred, +along with Mundy, to _mund_, protection, and comparing with an O.G. +Mundo. The other four names ending in _day_ seem to represent ancient +compounds, and in what sense these were given it is difficult to say. +Friday corresponds with an O.G. Frittag and with an A.S. Frigedæg, p. +99, Holiday with an O.G. Halegdag, Loveday (Luiedai in Domesday) with an +O.G. Liopdag (_liub_, love), and Hockaday, with a present French Hocedé, +with an O.G. Hodag (_hoh_ or _hoch_, high). From the character of these +names, compounded with "high," "holy," "peace," and "love," they might +be supposed to have been given in a religious sense, and their date, the +ninth century, would be in conformity. The Anglo-Saxon name Frigedæg, it +will be observed, is from the same word as our "Friday," and not the +same as the Old German name, which is from _frid_, peace. But it seems +to me quite possible that the Anglo-Saxons, having received the name, +might mistake its meaning and spell it according to their own views. +This they seem to do in some other cases, as, for instance, the stem +_wit_, common to the Teutonic system, and rather probably from _wid_, +wood, they seem to take as from _wiht_, man, and spell it accordingly. +Summer and Winter are both ancient names; in the _Cod. Dip. Alamanniæ_ +there are two brothers called respectively Sumar and Winter, A.D. 858. +Winter was also the name of one of the companions of Hereward the Saxon. +Pentecost I have elsewhere supposed, p. 120, to be a corruption of +Pentecast, as an ancient name. I rather doubt Lammas, which is found as +Lammasse in the _Hundred Rolls_, and which corresponds with a French +Lamas. Lamisso was the name of a Lombard king of the fifth century, and +was derived, according to an old chronicler, from _lama_, water, because +in his youth the king had been rescued from drowning--a derivation which +may perhaps be regarded with some suspicion. Taking Lammas then as the +representative of an ancient name, we might get from it our name +Lamaison (ending in _en_, p. 27), though if Lammas were from the +diminutive ending is, _es_, p. 32, it could not take a German _en_ in +addition; in this case the ending must be Romanic, which, from the +French form of the name, seems very possible. As to the name January, I +am inclined to look upon it as a corruption of another name, Jennery, +which, along with Jenner, I take to be the same as the Old German names +Genear and Ginheri, from, as supposed, _gan_, magic or fascination. + + +_Names apparently from Parts of the Body._ + +HEAD, BODY, ARMS, LEGG, LEGGY, LEGLESS, FINGER, HEART, EARHEART, SIDE, +BACK, ELBOW, FOOTE, TONGUE. (LAWLESS, BOOKLESS, FAIRLESS, RECKLESS), +FAIRFOOT, TRUEFITT. + +With the exception of Foote and Tongue, I do not think that any of the +above are what they seem. Head seems to be probably the same as A.S. +Hedda, which, like another name, Hada, seems to be from _had_, war. +Body is clearly from _bodi_, messenger, p. 157, and Arms is from an +ancient origin, p. 19. Legg I take to be the same as Law, A.S. _lag_, +found in several ancient names. Hence I take Legless to be the same as +Lawless, and both to mean "learned in the law," from an ancient ending +_leis_, explained by Foerstemann as "learned." This gives something like +a meaning to some other names, as Bookless; "book-learned"; Fairless, +"travel-learned"; perhaps Reckless (A.S. _reccan_, to reck, understand). +Finger is a Scandinavian name, p. 50, Heart is a false spelling of +_hart_, hard, and Earheart is Everard, p. 49. Side is from an A.S. Sida, +p. 93, and Back (Bacca and Bacga in the _Lib. Vit._) is another form of +Bagge, _bagan_, to contend. Elbow I take to be Elbo, from _alb_ or +_alf_, signifying "elf." Foote may be taken to be what it seems, though +I think that such a name must have had a vowel-ending, as its meaning +must be "footy," _i.e._ nimble, as "handy," from hand. Comparing with +our Foote there is a name Fus on Roman pottery, which, see p. 4, it is +clear from his little joke, that the owner took to be from _fus_, foot. +It does not follow, as a matter of course, that the old potter knew the +meaning of his own name; there is a word _funs_, sometimes _fus_, +occurring in O.G. names in the supposed meaning of eager; this word +would more appropriately be used without a vowel-ending than would +_fus_, foot. Foerstemann has a name, Fussio, which does not, however, +throw any light upon it. Another name, however, also found on Roman +pottery, Lytafus, corresponding with our Lightfoot, rather seems to +favour the meaning of _fus_, foot. Two other names of a similar kind to +Lightfoot are Fairfoot (properly Farefoot; _faran_, to go, travel), and +Truefitt (properly Truefoot) a name like Treubodi, p. 26. The last name, +Tongue, corresponds with an O.G. Tungo, which I take to be from _tung_, +lingua, probably in the sense of eloquence. We must presume the name not +to be High German. + + +_Names apparently from Trees._ + +Names from trees have been generally taken to be derived from a local +origin, as marking the site of a man's habitation. There are, however, a +number of names which I take in some, or in all cases, to be from a +different origin. + + +ASH, ASKE, ASKEY, BEECH, BIRCH, ALDER, OAKE, OAKEY, IVY, LINDEN, THORNE, +HASELL, WILLOW, SYCAMORE, CHESNUT, ROWANTREE. + +Aske or Ashe represents an ancient stem in Teutonic names, perhaps +derived from a mythological origin, man being feigned to have been +created out of an ash-tree, perhaps from being the wood out of which +spears were made (Cf. _Asquith_, p. 148). The Ascingas were among the +early settlers, and Æsc was the name of the son of Hengest. Hence I take +our names, Ash, Aske, and Askey, with several compounds. The Bircingas +were also among the early settlers; the stem seems to be _birg_, +supposed to mean protection, and entering into a number of names +throughout the Teutonic system. Alder, which corresponds with an A.S. +Aldher, and an O.G. Althar, is a compound of _ald_, old, and _hari_, +warrior. The oak, as the symbol of strength, would seem suitable for +men's names, but upon the whole it seems more probable that Oake and +Oakey, Aikin (A.S. Acen, p. 96) and Aikman (A.S. Æcemann, p. 96), are +from _ac_, _ec_, perhaps "edge," acies. Ivy is the same as Ive with a +vowel-ending, and compares with an O.G. Ivo, and an A.S. Iffa, perhaps +from O.N. _yfa_, to rage. Linden is from _lind_, p. 175, with the ending +in _en_, p. 27. Hasel and Thorn are both found in the list of early +settlers, the former I take to be properly Asel, corresponding with an +O.G. Asilo, from _as_ or _os_, semideus; the latter, which does not seem +to occur in the Teutonic system generally, I rather suppose to be a +contraction of O.N. _thoran_, boldness. Willow, along with Will and +Willey, is also found in the list of early settlers, and corresponds +with an O.G. Willo, perhaps from _will_ in the sense of resolution. +Sycamore is from an O.G. Sicumar, p. 162, and Chestnut is referred to at +p. 155. Rowantree is no doubt from the tree, and may perhaps have +reference to its supposed magical powers. Rointru is also a French name, +perhaps a relic of the many Scotchmen who have at different times taken +refuge in that country, though possibly of older origin. + +There are a few other names which may be included here. + + +STUBBE, STUBBING, GROVE (GRUBB), TWIGG, SPRIGG (TWINE, TWINING, TWISS, +SPRAGUE, SPRACK, SPARK, SPRACKLIN, SPRECKLY). + +Stubbe might be taken to be of local origin, for nothing would be more +appropriate to mark a locality than a stub. But the patronymic Stubbing +points to an origin of a different kind, and moreover we find Stubingas +among the early settlers. And there was also a Stuf, nephew of Cerdic, +and a Northman called Stufr in the _Laxdæla-saga_. The origin is to be +found in O.N. _stufr_, _stubbr_, A.S. _styb_, branch, shoot, probably in +the honorific sense of race or lineage. I take Grove, along with which I +put Grubb, to be from Germ. _grob_, Dan. _grov_, coarse, clumsy; but no +doubt in an older sense more suitable for men's names, and probably +cognate with Eng. "gruff," the idea being that of great size and +strength. We find Grobb as an Anglo-Saxon name, p. 99, and Griubinc (son +of Griub) as an Old German name, of which, however, Foerstemann does not +offer any explanation. Grobe and Grove are present German names (the +latter Low German), and Grub and Grubi are found in France. Here also I +may take Twigg, corresponding with an A.S. Twicga, moneyer of St. +Edmund, also with a Tuica found in Tuicanham, now Twickenham. I take it +to be from the same root as "twig," viz. A.S. _tweg_, two, and to have +perhaps the meaning of "twin." (Names of a similar kind may be Twine, +with its patronymic Twining, and also Twiss, corresponding with an O.G. +Zuiso, A.S. _twis_, twin.) Sprigg I class along with Sprague, Sprack, +and Spark, corresponding with a Spraga in the _Lib. Vit._, as from O.N. +_sprackr_, Prov. Eng. _spragg_, _sprack_, smart, active. We have also, +as a diminutive, Spracklin, corresponding with a Spraclingus in the +_Lib. Vit._, and we have Spreckley, probably the same name as that of +Sprakaleg, brother of Sweyn, king of Denmark, from O.N. _spræklegr_, +sprightly. + + +_Names apparently from Complexion or Colour of Hair._ + +Such names as Black, White, Brown, have been no doubt in many, probably +in most cases, original surnames. Nevertheless they are also ancient +baptismal names, and it is not by any means certain that these are from +the same origin as the surnames. + + +BLACK, BLACKER, BLAKE, BLANK, BLANCHARD, WHITE, BROWN, DUNN, GRAY, +GREGG, CRAIG, MURCH, MURCHIE, SMIRKE. + +The Blacingas were among the early settlers. Blecca was the name of a +governor of Lincoln, A.D. 627; Blaca is an early name in the _Liber +Vitæ_, and Blac is a name in _Domesday_. I am inclined to take Black, +along with Blake, to be (of course as an ancient name) the same word as +_blic_, found in some Old German names, and to find the sense concerned +in A.S. blican, to shine (which indeed is the root of _black_), hence to +give it, like Bright, the sense of "illustrious." Hence I take our +Blacker and the French Blacher to be the same as an O.G. Blicker +(_hari_, warrior)--the ancient family of Blacker, I believe, trace their +origin to Nancy. I further take Blank and Blanchard (_hard_, fortis) to +be a nasalised form of the above, and to have the same meaning. The stem +will be found in more detail p. 46. + +I take White, so far as it may be of ancient origin, not to be from +colour; in some cases it may be from _wid_, wood, and perhaps in others +from _wit_, wisdom. In Anglo-Saxon names it is spelt _wiht_, as if from +_wiht_, man--Cf. O.G. Witgar, A.S. Wihtgar, O.G. Witleg, A.S. Wihtlæg, +O.G. Widrad, A.S. Wihtræd, though, as I take it, it is the same word +common to the Teutonic system. + +The Brownings (Brûningas) were also among the early settlers, and Brûn +frequently occurs in after Anglo-Saxon times; among others there is a +Brûn bydel, "Brown the beadle," in a charter of manumission. Bruno also +occurs as an Old German name, and Brûni was not an uncommon name among +the Northmen. I am rather disposed to question the derivation from +brown, _fuscus_, and as in the case of Black, to take the sense +contained in the root, which seems to be that of burning or brightness. +One of the Northmen, called Brûni, was surnamed "the white," so that in +his case, at any rate, the name was not derived from complexion. Dunn is +another name that is found among the early settlers, and also in after +Anglo-Saxon times. It seems to me to be at least as probably from O.N. +_duna_, thunder, as from _dun_, fuscus. + +The Grægingas (A.S. _græeg_, grey) are also found in the list of early +settlers, though the name does not seem to figure much in after +Anglo-Saxon times. There are Old German names Grao and Grawo, and +various compounds. The root-meaning seems to contain the sense of +"horror," which may be that which is present in names, the idea being of +course that of one who is a terror to others. As well as Gray, we have +Gregg, and perhaps as another form Craig,[58] and the Germans have Grau. +The Myrcingas among the early settlers may perhaps be represented in our +Murch and Murchie (whence Murchison), possibly also in S(mirke). Whether +the name is from A.S. _mirc_, dark, mirk, may be uncertain; Professor +Skeat thinks of _marc_, limes, for the Myrcingas, who are probably the +same as the Myrgingas of the "Traveller's Song." + + +_Names apparently from Scriptural Personages._ + +While names taken from the eminent characters of Scripture have, ever +since the advent of Christianity, been in favour for the names of men, +there are among our surnames some names which we must reasonably suppose +are to be otherwise explained. + + +PHAROAH, HEROD, ESAU, CAIN, JAEL, POTIPHAR PUDDIFER (ABLARD). + +Of the above, Pharaoh is only a misleading spelling of an O.G. name +Faro, perhaps come to us through the Normans. And Esau is a similar +perversion of another O.G. name Eso, probably from _as_ or _os_, +semi-deus. Cain is, along with Gain, from the name Gagin, Cagen, p. 10, +probably signifying victory. Herod is, no doubt, the same as an A.S. +Herrid in a charter of Wihtræd, from, as supposed, A.S. _herad_, +principatus, found also in some Old German names. Jael I take to be most +probably a softened form of Gale, from a stem referred to A.S. _galan_, +to sing. Potiphar, along with Puddifer, a French Potefer, and perhaps a +Low German Bötefur,[59] I take to represent an ancient name not turned +up, from _bod_, _bud_, or _pot_, envoy or messenger, and _faran_, to +travel, found as an ending in some Old German names. Abel is a name +which, as frequently used for a Christian name, might also be found in +surnames. But there is a Teutonic word _abal_, signifying strength, +which may be more probably that which is found in the French Abeillard, +with which we have a name Ablard to correspond. + + +_Names apparently Descriptive of Moral Characteristics._ + +There are a number of names which, if they had been found as Christian +names, might have been supposed to be of Puritan origin, but which as +surnames must be otherwise accounted for. + + +GOODHEART, STONEHEART, GODWARD, LOVEGOD, LOVEGOOD, LOVEMAN, MANLOVE, +GOODLIFFE, FULLALOVE, GODLIMAN, GOODENOUGH, THOROUGHGOOD, HUMBLE, SAINT, +BADMAN, PAGAN, BIGOT, GODDAM, SWEARS, SWEARING, SCAMP. + +Of the above, Goodheart and Stoneheart are compounds of _hart_, hard, +pp. 53, 63. So also Godward Lovegod, Lovegood, Loveman, Manlove, +Goodliffe, and Fullalove will be found in their places as ancient +compounds in Chap. III. Godliman I take to be a corruption of an O.G. +Godalmand (the _l_ being introduced in accordance with a principle +referred to at p. 114) Goodenough is referred to at p. 119, and +Thoroughgood at p. 120. Humble I take to be the same name as the German +Humboldt, from an O.G. Hunbald, the ending _bald_ often in our names +becoming _ble_. Saint I take to be the same as Sant, _sand_ or _sant_, +verus, the stem on which is formed Sander in the list of early settlers. + +Of the names apparently of an opposite character, Badman, corresponding +with a Badumon in the _Liber Vitæ_, is a compound of _bad_, war. Goddam +stands for Godhelm as William for Willihelm. Swears and Swearing are +explained, p. 160. Scamp corresponds with an O.G. Scemphio, derived by +Foerstemann from O.H.G. _scimph_, jocus. This may possibly be the older +sense of the word, and Scamp may have been nothing worse than a wag. +Pagan, with its contracted form Paine, I have referred to p. 118. Bigot, +along with Pigot, Pickett, and probably Beckett, and a Pigota and +Picotus in the _Liber Vitæ_, may be the same as an A.S. Picced, p. 101, +which I take to represent the form Pichad or Bighad, from the stem +_big_, with _had_, war. There is, however, another explanation suggested +by our name Bidgood. This name, for which the ancient equivalent has not +turned up, seems to be from _bad_, war, and might have been Bidgod (for +_god_ and _good_ constantly interchange), which would readily contract +into Bigod or Bigot. + + +_Names apparently from Nationalities._ + +While we have a number of names derived from nations or races in +accordance with the Teutonic system, there are some others which might +seem more obviously than most others to be from such an origin, and yet +which must I think be referred to some other source. Three of these, +England, Scotland, and Ireland, I have already referred to at p. 9. + + +ENGLISH, INGLIS, ROMAN, NORMAN, GENESE, TURK, SPAIN. + +English I take to be a phonetic corruption of Inglis, which seems to be +the same as an Ingliseus in the _Pol. Irm._, and which I rather suppose +to be a transposition of an Anglo-Saxon Ingils, for Ingisil, from the +stem _ing_, p. 56. Roman, I doubt not, is contracted from Rodman, p. 61, +as Robert is from Rodbert, and Roland from Rodland. I introduce Norman +here as not being, in my view, from "Norman" as we generally understand +the term, but as representing more probably the word in its original +sense of "Northman." Nordman was a Scandinavian name, and hence it is I +think that we have the name, which seems to occur more especially in +Scotland and the Danish districts of England. Genese I take to be most +probably from the old Frankish name Genesius, perhaps from a stem _gan_, +p. 52, with the ending in _es_, p. 33. Turk corresponds with an A.S. +Turca, p. 111, which again is probably the same as a Gothic Turicus of +the fifth century, a diminutive from the stem _dur_ or _tur_ found among +the early settlers, and of uncertain meaning. Spain I take to be from +the A.S. _spanan_, allicere, found in some ancient names, and from which +I take to be our name Spenlove, (_leof_, dear) with the corruption, +Spendlove. The name Spegen, corresponding with our Spain, occurs in the +_Liber Vitæ_ more than once--Is its aspirated form due to the +Northumbrian dialect? + +Of the names which are truly derived from nationality I will here only +refer to one as an illustration of successive forms built one upon the +other in accordance with the principle referred to in treating of the +ending _en_, p. 27. + + +BOY, BYE, PYE, BOYER, BYARD, BOYMAN, PYMAN, BEYERMAN, BYRON. + +There are three forms, the first representing the form _boi_, as found +in the name of the Boii, who gave the name to Boioaria or Bavaria, the +second representing the extended form found in German _Baviar_, the +third the further extended form as found in _Bavarian_. + + +SIMPLE FORM BOI. + +O.G. Boio, Beio, Peio, ninth century. A.S. Boia (in a charter of Cnut). +Eng. Boy, Bye, Pye. Germ. Boye French, Boy, Boye, Poy, Poyé. + + +_Compounds._ + +(_Hard_, fortis), Eng. Byard--French Boyard, Poyart--Italian Boiardo. +(_Man_, vir), Eng. Boyman, Pyman. + + +EXTENDED FORM BOYER. + +O.G. Baior, Peior, ninth century. English, Boyer, Byer. French, Boyer, +Boyreau, Poyer. + + +_Compound._ + +(_Man_, vir), English Beyerman. + + +FURTHER EXTENDED FORM--BAVARIAN. + +O.G. Beiarin, eighth century. English Byron. French Boiron, Boyron. + + +_Names apparently from abbreviated Christian names of men._ + +As I began this chapter with names apparently from women, such as Moll, +Betty, Pegge, so now I propose to conclude it with names of a similar +kind derived apparently from men. + + +BILL, BILLY, BILLOW, WILL, WILLY, WILLOEE, WILKE, WILKIE, WILKIN, +WILLIS, WILLING, DICK, DICKLE, TICKLE, DICKEN, BENN, BENNEY, BENNOCH, +BENNELL, TOM, TOMB, TOOMEY, TOMEY, DUME, DUMMELOW, DUMBELL, TOMMELL, +TOMLIN, DUMLIN, DUMPLIN, HARRY, JACK, JAGO, JACKLIN, BOBY, BOFFEY, BUBB, +BOBBIN. + +No one would take our name Billing to be other than from the Anglo-Saxon +Billing, of which so many traces are to be found in English place +names. And no one, I venture to say, who looks into the subject, would +dispute the ancient compounds formed on the stem, p. 45. Why then should +any one doubt Bill himself, the father of them all, or Billy, ending in +_i_, p. 24, and Billow, ending in _o_ and corresponding with an O.G. +Bilo? Moreover the name is common to all the races who share with us in +a Teutonic ancestry; the Germans have Bille, the Danes have Bille, and +the French have Bille and Billey. The same remarks apply to Will, +Willey, and Willoe, with the diminutives Wilke, Wilkie, Wilkin, Willis, +patronymic Willing, and compounds, p. 66. Dick I take to be the same +word as found in Ticcingas, and suggest for it the meaning of power or +vigour which seems to lie at the root. Hence Dickle and Tickle are the +same as the Diccel found in Diccelingas, and Dicken is the same as an +A.S. Ticcen, p. 102, while Dixie (Dicksie) may be from the ending in +_es_, p. 33. Benn and Benny represent the stem on which are formed the +compounds, p. 45. We have also as diminutives Bennoch, corresponding +with an O.G. Bennico, an A.S. Benoc (in the genealogy of Ida, king of +Bernicia), and a name Bennic (Bennici manû), on Roman pottery; and +Bennell, corresponding with a Gothic [Greek: Benilos], in Procopius, +besides other names in correspondence with ancient forms. Tom has its +vowel shortened, but I take it to be the same as Tomb, Toomey, Tomey, +and Dume, probably from A.S. _dôm_, O.H.G. _tuom_, judgment, "doom," +ancient names in correspondence being Toma, p. 111, Tumma _Lib. Vit._, +and Tomy _Roll. Batt. Abb._ With regard to the last, I may observe that +the French still have corresponding names, as Thomé, Tombe, Thom, Dome, +&c. Then, as diminutives, we have Dummelow, Dumbell, and Tommell, +corresponding with O.G. Duomelo, Tomila, Tumila; and we have Tomlin, +Dumlin (whence Dumplin), corresponding with O.G. Domlin, names in +accordance with both of the above being also found in Germany and +France. Harry, along with Harrow, and Harre, I take to represent the +stem from which we have so many compounds, p. 55. Jack, along with Jago, +and corresponding with an O.G. Jacco, I take to be from O.H.G. _jagon_, +to hunt. Hence as a diminutive, we have Jacklin, corresponding with +Jagelinus and Jachelinus (_Domesday_), and with present German Jacklin, +and French Jacquelin. The stem seems to be somewhat better represented +in French names than in English; among others they have Jacquard +(_ward_, guardian), who gave his name to the Jacquard loom. Boby, +Boffey, and Bubb I take to be the same as Boba, in a charter of Egbert, +and Bofa, dux, in a charter of Ceolwulf of Mercia, also as Old German +names, Bobo, Bovo, Boffo, and Bubo, the word concerned being probably to +be found in German _bube_, Dutch _boef_, boy. Kemble has both Bobbingas +and Bovingas, different forms, I take it, of the same name, in his list +of early settlers. Our name Bobbin, which corresponds with an O.G. +Bobin, may be taken as an example of the ending in _en_, p. 27. + +I trust that I have succeeded in making it clear, from the definite +place which the foregoing are shown to occupy in the Teutonic system, +that they are not, as they have been generally supposed to be, familiar +contractions of Christian names. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[57] Cf. also Eng. "e'er" for "ever." + +[58] There seems probably an Anglo-Saxon name Crecga in Crecganford, now +Crayford. + +[59] Nomen honestissimæ familiæ Hamburgensis (_Richey_). He evidently +takes it as a sobriquet "beet (_i.e._ make up) the fire." + + + + +CHAPTER XI. + +CHRISTIAN NAMES OF WOMEN.[60] + + +The names of women, so far as they are of German origin, enter into the +Teutonic system precisely as do the names of men, and there is, as far +as I know, no instance of a stem used exclusively for the names of +women. But in regard to the second part of the compound, which is that +which governs the name, there are certain words which are only used for +women. Some of these are such as from their meaning would not be +suitable for anything else, such as _trud_, from which we have +_Gertrude_ and _Ermentrude_, both of which seem to be of Frankish +origin, and to have come to us through the Normans. The Anglo-Saxon form +appears to be _dryth_ or _thryth_, as in Mildthryth, from which comes +our _Mildred_, the only name, as far as I know, in that form. Another +feminine ending among the Anglo-Saxons was _gith_, which, as elsewhere +noted, I have supposed to mean woman or goddess. The only name we have +with this ending is _Edith_, unless, as seems not impossible, an +Anglo-Saxon _Godgith_ (Godith, _Lib. Vit._) has got mixed up with +_Judith_. Another specially female ending was _fled_, in H.G. _flat_, +the meaning of which seems to be beauty. As a prefix this word enters +into the names of men, and we may have some names from it, as _Flatt_, +_Flattery_, _Flatman_, &c. As an ending there may have been some word +corresponding with O.N. _fliôd_, a beautiful woman, which has caused its +special application. Then there are certain words, such as _hild_, war, +and _burg_, in which the meaning (condere, servare) may perhaps imply in +such case modesty or chastity; which, as endings, are used almost +exclusively for names of women. But as a general rule the same range of +words forms indifferently names of men and women, the latter being +distinguished only by having the ending in _a_. + +My object in this chapter is only to deal with a few names, in regard to +which I desire to correct some wrong impressions, or to throw some new +light upon the subject. And in the first place I have to refer to the +connection between Isabel and Elizabeth, and to the manner in which I +suppose the former name to have originated. + + +ISABEL _another form of_ ELIZABETH, _and how it came to be so_. + +Miss Yonge in her _History of Christian Names_, is no doubt right in +taking Isabel to be another form of Elizabeth, with which it is +historically shown to have interchanged. But the etymological process by +which this has been brought about has been always somewhat of a puzzle, +and it is upon this point that I have to suggest an explanation. Now the +key to the puzzle is this: that the early Frankish converts in the time +of Charlemagne, introduced the name, not only in its Latin form of +Elizabeth, but also, and indeed more frequently, in its Hebrew form of +Elischeba--it was Elischeba that was made into Isabel and not Elizabeth. +Protected by its strong ending, Elizabeth has retained its form +unchanged. Elischeba has been entirely lost to sight under a cloud of +transformations. Slightly modified to suit Frankish pronunciation, it +was introduced in the first instance as Elisaba, Elisabia, Alisabia, and +Elisavia, all names of women in the _Polyptique de l'Abbé Irminon_ and +the _Polyptique de Saint Remi de Reims_. In the fourteenth century (if, +indeed, it did not take place earlier) we find this old Frankish form +El(isaba) abbreviated into Isabeau, its ending being made to conform to +French ideas of spelling. Isabeau was the name of the wife of Charles +VI. of France, and the name was still recognised as being the same as +Elizabeth. We have got to forge the connecting link between Isabeau and +Isabel, but the process is not a violent one. It would not be difficult +to suppose that the French idea of the fitness of things in the case of +a woman's name would lead them to change this masculine-seeming ending, +_beau_, into what they would conceive to be its appropriate feminine, +and so make Isabeau into Isabelle. We need not suppose that this took +place all at once, or that because one man changed Isabeau into Isabel, +everybody else forthwith proceeded to follow his example. It is more +probable that the two names existed side-by-side, together, for some +time before the struggle for existence terminated in the survival of +(what seemed) the fitter. Throughout all these changes the identity of +the name with Elizabeth had always been recognised; but when Isabel had +finally succeeded in establishing its claim as the representative, the +deposed Isabeau, its origin having been forgotten, might have become a +man's name, and so capable of transmitting surnames, which would account +for Isabeau as a family name in France at the present day. + +But these are not the only changes which have come over this unfortunate +name, for we find Elisavia, another of the old Frankish forms before +noted, forthwith abbreviated into Lisvia, and further corrupted into +Lisavir and Lisabir, all names of women in the two old Frankish +chronicles before referred to. And if we can again suppose the name +Lisavir (or rather Elisavir), its origin having been forgotten, to have +become a man's name (towards which its masculine-looking ending, _vir_, +might have assisted) it might well give the origin of the name Elzevir, +of the famous printers at Amsterdam. Not that the name would necessarily +be of Frankish origin, for the Hebrew form seems also to have been +introduced into Germany, where we find the woman's name, Elisba, in the +ninth century; and, it might be also into Holland, while the phonetic +principles which regulate such changes are more or less of general +application. Again, it seems not improbable that the Spanish woman's +name, Elvira, for which no derivation at all satisfactory has been +suggested, might be properly Elzvira, and so again another form derived +from Elischeba. The question might naturally be asked how it is, seeing +the various contractions which Elischeba has undergone, that Elizabeth +has not been treated in the same way. In point of fact it seems probable +that it has, for we find a solitary name Isabeth in the _Liber Vitæ_ +about the thirteenth century. This was before Elizabeth had come into +use in England, and the name might probably be an importation. But +abbreviate Elizabeth as you will you cannot disguise it, and this is +what I meant in referring to it as "protected by its strong ending." And +now, having dealt with the diversified forms that have grown up around +Elisabeth, I shall have, in a succeeding note, to endeavour to show that +Eliza, which might more certainly than any other form be supposed to be +derived from it, is, in fact, of entirely different origin, and a name +that was in use long before Elizabeth was introduced; though at the same +time we cannot doubt that as soon as ever that potent name came in, +Eliza would be at once appropriated by it. + + +ANNABELLA, ARABELLA, CLARIBEL, CRISTABEL, ROSABEL. + +But in the meantime I may refer to some other names which seem cast in +the same form as Isabel; as for instance, Annabella, Arabella, Claribel, +Christabel, and Rosabel. With regard to these names, I am disposed to +come to the conclusion, that though moulded into the same shape, they +are not by any means all of a similar origin. Annabella would be a very +natural corruption of Amabilla, a name in the _Liber Vitæ_ of Durham. +The same record contains, as names of women, Amabilis, Amabel, and +Mabilla, of course from Latin _amabilis_--whence our Mabel, on this +theory the same name as Annabella. Arabella, again, might be a +corruption of the old Frankish Heribolda--_bold_, as an ending often +changing into _bel_, as in our surnames Grimble and Wimble, from +Grimbald and Winibald, and Tremble (most infelicitously), from Trumbald +(A.S. _trum_, firm, strong). So, also, Claribel might be from an old +Frankish Clarebalda, of which, however, we have only on record the +masculine form, Clarebald. This appears to be from Latin _clarus_, +illustrious, and is not the only case in which the old Franks at that +period mixed up Latin and German in the same name. It is possible that +Christabel might be from a similar origin; for the early Frankish +converts at that period freely adopted the name of Christ, and mixed it +up with German compounds, such as Cristhildis, a woman's name, from +_hild_, war. But on the whole I am rather disposed to suggest a +different origin for Christabel. Finding among the Franks at that period +such names as Firmatus, Stabilis, Constabulis,[61] and the woman's name, +Constabilla, in the sense, no doubt, of "established in the faith," it +might not be unreasonable to suggest such a compound as Christabila, +"established in Christ," as the origin of Christabel.[62] As to the last +named, Rosabel, the ordinarily-received expression of "fair rose" would +be a natural and graceful name for women if the French had to form names +at a later period. But there is a woman's name, Rosibia, in the _Pol. +Irminon_, which suggests a possible process like that in the case of +Isabel--viz., a corruption into Rosibeau, and then a change into +Rosibel. However, as in this case the connecting links are wanting, I +can only put this forward as a conjecture. + + +MAUD _properly a man's name. Its interchange with_ MATILDA _an ancient +mistake_. + +As Isabel interchanged in former times with Elizabeth, so did Maud with +Matilda, among other instances being that of the daughter of Henry I., +who was called by both names. Yet, etymologically, Maud can no more be +derived from Matilda than can Giles from Ægidius, by which it used +formerly to be always Latinized. And the interchange is rendered all the +more curious by the fact that Maud, when traced up to its origin, seems +to be properly a man's name. There has evidently been some ancient +mistake or misappropriation, the origin of which I hope to be able to +account for. The names Mald, Maald, Mauld (all names of women), found in +the _Liber Vitæ_ before the introduction of surnames, and the Christian +name Maulde, found in the fifteenth century, show the form from which +our Maud is immediately derived. Then we have the older forms, Mahald, +Mahalt, and Maholt, all also apparently names of women. And in one case, +about the twelfth or thirteenth century, the name stands as "Mahald vel +Matilda." Now no one who has given attention to the subject can doubt +that Mahald, Mahalt, and the French form, Mahault, are the same as an +Old Frankish Magoald, eighth century, from Gothic _magan_, posse, +valere, and _wald_ power. This is distinctly a man's name; indeed, +_wald_, as an ending, is almost exclusively confined to men's names, as +the ending _hild_, as in Matilda, is to those of women. There is but one +way that I can see out of the difficulty, and it is this. There is in +the _Liber Vitæ_ another name, Mahild, which is no doubt the same as an +Old Frankish Mahilda, which Foerstemann (_Altdeutsches Namenbuch_) takes +to be a contraction of Matilda. It would seem, then, that some mistake +or confusion has in old times arisen between these two names, and that +Mahild, which really represents Matilda, has been set aside in favour of +Mahald, an entirely different name. The fact, however, of our having +Maude as a surname would rather seem to show that this misappropriation +was not universal, for surnames are not--unless it be in some very +exceptional cases--taken from the names of women. + + +ALICE, ALICIA, ELIZA, ADELIZA, ALISON. + +ALICE _properly a man's name, and_ ELIZA _its proper Feminine_. + +I have seen it stated, though I cannot at present recall the authority, +that in one of our ancient families Alice is a name given to the sons +and not to the daughters. This would at any rate be etymologically +correct, for Alice is properly a man's name, and not a woman's. It is, +there seems little doubt, derived from the Anglo-Saxon Adelgis, of which +the female form was Adelgisa. It is clear that Alice (Aliss) represents +Adelgis, and not Adelgisa, and that the proper female form would be +Alisa, or, for euphony, Aliza. I venture to suggest that our Eliza, +generally and very naturally assumed to be an abbreviation of Elizabeth, +is in fact this missing name. Now, for the proofs of Aliza as the +representative of Adelgisa, we must refer to the _Liber Vitæ_ of Durham, +in which we can trace the changes that have taken place in Adelgisa +since the first noble lady of that name laid her gift upon the altar. +First we find it contracted into Adeliza, and then, from about the +twelfth century into Aaliza and Aliza, the latter name being +henceforward rather a common one. The former of these two contracted +forms, Adeliza, though not a name in common use, is one still given to +the daughters of certain of our noble families; the latter form, Aliza, +I take to be the origin of our Eliza. (The initial vowel is of no +account, the ancient name beginning indifferently with _a_ or _e_, and +Alice in some families appearing as Ellice). But concurrently with the +above forms in the _Liber Vitæ_, we have also Adaliz, Adliz, and Alis, +at an early date, some of them at least being certainly names of women, +so that the misappropriation is at any rate an ancient one. + +Towards the close of the record, and about the end of the fourteenth +century, another form, Alicia, begins to make its appearance in the +_Liber Vitæ_, and appears to have become at once a very favourite name. +Then, as now, fashion seems to have ruled, and when a new name came in, +there seems to have been a run upon it. But by this time Elizabeth had +come into use, and as soon as ever that took place, the two names, Eliza +and Elizabeth, would begin to get mixed up together as they are now, so +that a new female form would, so to speak, be required for Alice. +Alicia (or more properly Alisia), is an attempt to supply the euphony +which is lacking in Alisa, by supplementing it with a vowel, just as, +for the same reason, Amala has been made into Amelia. + +About the beginning of the fifteenth century another Christian name for +women, Alison, begins to make its appearance in the _Liber Vitæ_. This +name, however, I take to be from an entirely different origin. There is +an old Frankish woman's name, Alesinda, Elesind, Alesint, of the eighth +century, from which, dropping the final _d_, it would naturally come, +and which is derived by Grimm from Gothic _alja_, alius (in the probable +sense of stranger or foreigner), and _sind_ in the sense of companion or +attendant. + + +JANET: _Not from_ JANE _or any female form of_ JOHN. + +It may seem rather a paradox to suggest that Janet has nothing to do +with Jane, and yet I think that a pretty good case can be made out. We +find Geneta as a woman's name in the _Liber Vitæ_ in the thirteenth +century, before Jane or Joan or Johanna were in use. And in the two +following centuries we have Gennet, Janeta, Janette, and Janet, of +common occurrence as Christian names. (One of these cases is a very +curious one. It is that of one Willelmus Richerdson and his wife +Christina, who having a family of eighteen children, seem to have been +so completely at their wits' end for names to give them, that two of the +sons are called Johannes, two Willelmus, after their father, two of the +daughters Christine, after their mother, and no fewer than three called +Janet. Such reduplication of Christian names does not, however, seem to +have been unusual at that time.) Now it seems clear that the above name, +Geneta, is the same as our Janet, and equally clear that it is not +derived from any female form of John. Foerstemann (_Altdeutsches +Namenbuch_) has an old Frankish woman's name, Genida, tenth century, +from a Codex of Lorraine. And I find also the woman's name, Genitia, in +the _Pol. Rem._, one of the old Frankish chronicles before referred to. +These old Frankish names might well leave a woman's name behind in +France, which in after times might get mixed up with Jean, and from +which our name may also have been derived. I may observe that we have +also Gennet and Jennett as surnames, and the Germans have also Genett. +But these, though from the same stem, must be taken to be from another +form of it--viz., from Genad, eighth century, a man's name. From the +same stem Foerstemann derives the woman's name, Genoveva, sixth century; +whence, through the French, our Genevieve. As to the etymology of _gen_, +the Germans are not agreed, Leo suggesting a borrowed Celtic word, with +the meaning of love or affection, while Foerstemann seems to prefer Old +High German _gan_, magic or fascination. + + +EMMA: _Its Place in the Teutonic System_. + +The ordinary derivation of Emma from a Teutonic word signifying +grandmother, or nurse, becomes impossible in face of the fact that among +the Old Franks, from whom, through the Normans, we received it, the +man's name Emmo was quite as common as the woman's, Emma. But in point +of fact the stem, of which the older form seems to have been _im_, was +one common to the whole Teutonic system, including the Low Germans +settled in England. And the Immingas, descendants or followers of Imma, +are ranged by Kemble among the early settlers. But among the +Anglo-Saxons, with whom the ending of men's names (other than compounds) +was generally in _a_, Imma would obviously not be suitable for names of +women; and in point of fact it always appears in England, at that time, +as a man's name. And probably, for this reason, the Frankish princess +Emma, on becoming the wife of Cnut of England, considered it necessary +to assume a Saxon name in addition to her own, and so become known as +Ælfgifu Imma. But a few centuries later, when the simple old Saxon names +in _a_ had very much died out, Emma coming in as something quite new, +and with the stamp of Norman prestige, became at once, as appears from +the _Liber Vitæ_, a name in favour. As to the etymology, which is +considered by the Germans to be obscure, I have elsewhere ventured to +suggest Old Northern _ymia_, stridere; whence the name of the giant +Ymir, in Northern mythology. The sense is that of a harsh and loud +voice, which suggests huge stature. So, from Gaelic _fuaim_, noise, +strepitus, comes _fuaimhair_, a giant, of which we may possibly have a +lingering tradition in the nursery--"Fee, Fa, _Fum_" representing the +giant's dreaded war-cry. And from what follows, "I smell the blood of an +_Englishman_," one might almost think of the nurse as a Saxon, and the +ogre as one of the earlier Celtic race, who might in those days be +dangerous neighbours. + +I give below the stem, with its branches, so far as it forms names of +women. It also enters into some compounds, one of which, Americo, +bequeathed by the Franks or Lombards to Italy, has the honour of giving +the name to America. + + +Stem _im_ or _em_. + +_Names of men._--O.G. Immo, Himmo, Emmo (among others, three bishops in +the seventh and ninth centuries). A.S. Imma, found in Imman beorh, +"Imma's barrow, or grave." Imma, Hemma, Hemmi, about the tenth century +in the _Liber Vitæ_. Eama, Anglo-Saxon moneyer. + +_Names of women._--O.G. Imma, Emma (among others Emma, daughter of +Charlemagne). + +_Present surnames._--Eng. Him (?), Yem (?). Germ. Imm, Ihm. French, Eme, +Emy. + + +With the ending in _en_, p. 27. + +_Names of men._--O.G. Imino, Emino, eighth century. A.S. Immine, a +Mercian general, seventh century. Emino, _Liber Vitæ_. + +_Names of women._--O.G. Immina, Emmina, eighth century. Early Eng. +Ymana, Ymaine, _Liber Vitæ_. + +_Present surnames._--Eng. Emeney. Fr. Emmon. + + +Ending in _lin_, p. 31. + +_Names of women._--O.G. Emelina, eleventh century. Emalina, twelfth +century, _Liber Vitæ_. + +_Present Christian name._--Eng. Emmeline. + + +ETHEL, ADELA, ADELINE, ADELAIDE. + +Ethel and Adela are different forms of the same word, _adal_, _athal_, +_ethel_, signifying noble. But while Adela is a correctly formed +feminine, Ethel can hardly be said to be so. Both as a man's name and as +a woman's it had usually a vowel-ending, and though this was not +invariably the case, yet a name appearing without it would be rather +assumed to be a man's name. Adeline is a diminutive like Eveline and +Caroline; it represents the old name Adalina, eighth century, and +Adalina, about the twelfth century, in the _Liber Vitæ_, and comes +probably through the French, the ending in _e_ preserving the feminine +by lengthening the syllable. Adelaide is from _adal_, as above, and H.G. +_haid_, corresponding with Saxon _hood_, as in manhood. Hence the name +seems to contain the abstract sense of nobility. The name must have come +to us through the Normans; indeed, a woman's name could hardly be so +formed among the Anglo-Saxons, for, curiously enough, this ending was a +feminine one among the High Germans, and a masculine one among the +Saxons. Hence perhaps it is that we have as surnames such names as +_Manhood_ and _Mahood_, the latter perhaps signifying boyhood, A.S. +_mæg_, boy. + + +EDITH. + +Edith is the only representative in women's names of A.S. _ead_, +happiness, prosperity, from which we have so many men's names, as +Edward, Edwin, Edmund, Edgar. It represents an A.S. Editha, a +contraction of Eadgitha, and the question, which is not without a little +difficulty, is, What is the origin of _githa_? Is it a phonetic +variation of _gifa_ (A.S. _gifu_, gift), so common in Anglo-Saxon names +of women, as in God-gifa (Godiva), Sungefa (Suneva), &c., or is it a +separate word? I am disposed to come to the conclusion, upon the whole, +that it is a separate word, and though the traces of it as such are not +strong, yet there are some traces. There is a woman's name Githa in the +_Liber Vitæ_, and this seems to be the same as an Old Norse woman's name +Gyda in the _Landnamabôk_. There was also a Gytha, daughter of Swend, +king of Denmark. Then there are two Old German names of women with the +endings respectively _gid_ and (H.G.) _kid_. And the origin of all I +should take to be found in O.N. _gydia_, goddess, the exalted conception +of womanhood. + + +EVELYN, EVELINA, EVELINE. + +There does not seem to be sufficient ground for Miss Yonge's suggestion +that Eveline, a name which we have from the Normans, was borrowed by +them from the Celts. On the contrary, they seem to have derived it from +their Frankish ancestors, among whom we find it in the eleventh century +in the form Avelina. This appears to be the original form, for we find +it as Avelina in the _Liber Vitæ_ about the twelfth century. And again +in the thirteenth century we find that one of the Earls of Albemarle +married a lady named Aveline. It is probably a diminutive from the stem +_av_, which Foerstemann refers to Goth. _avo_, in the probable sense of +ancestor. The names Evelyn and Eveline should be kept sharply distinct, +the former being a man's name, and the latter a woman's, being the +French form of Evelina, as is Louise of Louisa. + +From the same stem, _av_, is formed also the female name Avice, now +become very rare. It appears as Auiza and Avicia in the _Liber Vitæ_, +and its original form I take to be found in Avagisa, eighth century, in +the _Altdeutsches Namenbuch_, from _gis_, hostage. From a similar +origin, but from the masculine form Avagis, may probably be _Avis_, +included by Mr. Lower among Latinized surnames. + +Another name from the same stem which seems to have been formerly rather +common, but which now seems quite obsolete, is Avina. + + +HAVEYS, HAWOISE. + +This is another woman's name which has become almost extinct, and, +seeing how uncomfortable a name it is to pronounce, I do not wonder that +it should be so. It appears in the _Liber Vitæ_ as Hawysa, and in the +_Pol. Irminon_ as Hauis, but its proper form is to be traced up to the +older name Hathewiza in the _Liber Vitæ_, from _hath_, war, and _wisa_, +leader. A surname corresponding, though of course from the masculine +form of the name, may probably be the well-known one of _Haweis_. + + +_Some other Obsolete or Obsolescent Names._ + +The name Helwis occurs in the _Liber Vitæ_ about the thirteenth century, +and a more perfect form, Helewiza, about two centuries earlier. It seems +rather probable, however, that its proper form would be Hildwisa, from +_hild_, war, and _wisa_, leader. It occurs as Helois in the _Pol. Irm._, +and is the same as the French Heloise (=Helwise). This name I take to be +quite obsolete with us. + +A name given by Miss Yonge as still in use is Amice or Amicia. It may +probably be the same as the woman's name Amisa, Ameza, or Emeza of the +eighth century in the _Altd. Nam._, which Foerstemann takes to be from +A.S. _emeta_, quies. In that case it would probably be the same name in +another form as Emmota, formerly not uncommon as a woman's name. + +Another name which I rather suppose to be obsolete is Agace, Agaze, or +Igusa, found in the _Liber Vitæ_ up to the fourteenth century, and +probably the same as an O.G. Eggiza, eleventh century, from a stem _ag_, +supposed to mean point or edge. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[60] The principal part of this chapter appeared in the _Antiquary_ for +March, 1882. + +[61] Possibly, at least in some cases, the origin of the surname +Constable. + +[62] The earliest mention of this name that I have seen, occurs A.D. +1431, in the _Liber Vitæ_, when one John Duckett, having died at the +remarkable age of 127, his children, one of whom was called Cristabel, +presented offerings at the shrine of St. Cuthbert. These would seem to +be of the nature of propitiatory offerings on behalf of the dead, of +which there are various instances recorded. One of these is that of one +Maria del Hay, who in a large-hearted spirit, seems to have included in +her offering, not only all who had gone before, but all who were to come +after her. The entry is, "Maria del Hay, cum omnibus suis progenitoribus +et successoribus." + + + + +LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL WORKS CONSULTED. + + + FOERSTEMANN.--Altdeutsches Namenbuch.--Vol. I. Personennamen.--Vol. + II. Ortsnamen. London, Williams Norgate. + + POTT.--Personennamen. Leipzig, 1853. + + STARK.--Beitrage zur kunde Germanischer Personennamen. Vienna, + 1857.--Die Kosenamen der Germanen. Vienna, 1868. + + WEINHOLD.--Die Deutschen Frauen in dem Mittelalter. Vienna, 1851. + + GLUCK.--Die bei C. Julius Cæsar vorkommenden Keltischen Namen. + Vienna, 1857. + + WASSENBERG.--Verhandeling over de Eigennaamen der Friesen. Franeker, + 1774. + + Islands Landnamabôk. Copenhagen. + + Scriptores Rerum Langobardicarum et Italicarum, Sæc. 6-9. Hanover, + 1878. + + Polyptique de l'Abbé Irminon, ou denombrement des manses, des serfs, + et des revenus de l'Abbaye de Saint Germain-des-Prés sous le regne + de Charlemagne. Paris, 1844. + + Polyptique de l'Abbaye de Saint Remi de Reims, ou denombrement des + manses, des serfs, et des revenus de cette abbaye vers le milieu du + neuvième siècle. Paris, 1853. + + [asterism] The above two Old Frankish records contain a list of the + names of all the serfs and dependants of the respective abbeys, with + the names also of their wives and children. + + KEMBLE.--Codex diplomaticus Ævi Saxonici. London, 1845-48. + + THORPE.--Diplomatorium Anglicum Ævi Saxonici. London, 1865. + + TAYLOR.--Names and Places. London, 1864. + + STEPHENS.--The Old Runic Monuments of Scandinavia and England. + London. + + MISS YONGE.--History of Christian Names. London, 1863. + + LOWER.--Patronymica Britannica. London, 1860. + + BOWDITCH.--Suffolk Surnames. Boston, U.S.A. + + Liber Vitæ Ecclesiæ Dunelmensis. Published by the Surtees Society, + London, 1841. + + + + +ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. + + +Page 17. + +We have also _Tray_ as a man's name, and from the same origin as that +which I have supposed for the dog's name, though the one is from the +German and the other from the Celtic. The stem in men's names is +referred to Goth, _tragjan_, to run, and may probably include also +_Trail_ (=Tragel) and _Train_ (=Tragen), with the respective endings in +_el_ and _en_. Also, from the interchange of _d_ and _t_, we may include +_Dray_ and _Drain_. + + +Page 20. + +Among names of the first century is that of Ingomar, uncle of Arminius, +which is represented in America by the dreadful name _Inkhammer_, though +whether of English or of German origin seems uncertain. + + +Page 29. + +From _Shilling_, as a man's name, is derived _Shillingsworth_, as a name +of local origin (A.S. _weorth_, property), a name like Wordsworth, +Dodsworth, &c. + + +Page 120. + +Some doubt may be thrown upon the derivation I have suggested for +_Pentecost_ by the name Osbern Pentecost, which comes before us in +Anglo-Saxon times. The name seems here to be a surname, and if so would +be derived most naturally from the festival. + + +Page 159. + +From this stem, as found in an A.S. Flogg, may be formed the Anglo-Saxon +name Flohere (_Thorpe_, p. 636), from _hari_, warrior, whence may be our +surnames _Floyer_, _Flower_, and _Flowry_. + + +Page 171. + +Among other names apparently from women are _Ella_, _Eva_, and _Louisa_, +in _Suffolk Surnames_. Of these, the first is a regular Saxon man's +name, and the second is, I doubt not, the same, corresponding with Eafa +found in Eafingas, and with Eafha, the name of a Mercian alderman. +Louisa I should suppose to be the name Louis with a Romanic, perhaps +Spanish, but not female, ending. + + + + +INDEX OF NAMES. + + +[asterism] _All foreign names are printed in italic type, with the +letters distinguishing their nationality within parentheses after them, +thus--(D.) Dutch; (Dan.) Danish; (F.) French; (G.) German; (I.) Italian; +(S.) Spanish_. + + + A. + + Abba, 25 + + Abbe, 25 + + Abbey, 25 + + Abbiss, 32 + + Abbott, 96, 178, 179 + + Abingdon, 106 + + Ablard, 190 + + _Accolti_ (I.), 147 + + Ackerman, 115 + + _Ackermann_ (G.), 115 + + Ackman, 96 + + Acres, 79 + + Adcock, 35 + + Addicott, 34, 35, 43 + + Adela, 209 + + Adelaide, 209, 210 + + _Adèle_ (F.), 123 + + Adeline, 209 + + Adeliza, 204, 206 + + Adier, 43 + + _Adimari_ (I.), 146 + + Adlam, 40 + + Adlard, 40 + + Adolph, 43 + + _Adolphe_ (F.), 123 + + Adolphus, 146 + + Agar, 40 + + Ager, 79 + + Agmondesham, 106 + + Aikin, 96, 185 + + Aikman, 40, 96, 185 + + Ailger, 41 + + Ailman, 41 + + _Alamanni_ (I.), 147 + + Albert, 96 + + _Albert_ (F.), 123 + + _Alberti_ (I.), 148 + + _Alberto_ (I.), 143 + + Albery, 41, 152 + + Albutt, 43 + + Alcock, 34, 35 + + Alcott, 35 + + Aldebert, 41 + + Alder, 41, 96, 98, 185 + + Alderdice, 115 + + Alderman, 98, 115, 178, 180 + + _Aldighiero_ (I.), 148 + + _Aldobrandini_ (I.), 147 + + Aldred, 41 + + Aldrich, 41 + + Aldritt, 41 + + _Alfieri_ (I.), 152 + + _Alfonse_ (F.), 123 + + Alfred, 41, 96 + + Alfreton, 106 + + Algar, 96 + + _Algardi_ (I.), 148 + + _Algarotti_ (I.), 147 + + Alger, 42 + + Alice, 204-206 + + Alicia, 204-206 + + _Alighieri_ (I.), 149 + + Alison, 204-206 + + Allard, 42 + + Allaway, 43 + + Allcard, 96 + + Allday, 79 + + Alley, 26, 79 + + Allfrey, 42, 96 + + Allgood, 43 + + Allnut, 42 + + Allo, 79 + + _Alloisi_ (I.), 148 + + Alloway, 118 + + Allt, 79 + + Allward, 42 + + Allwin, 43 + + Allwood, 42 + + Almar, 42 + + Alment, 42 + + Almiger, 41 + + Almond, 42, 98 + + Alpha, 79 + + _Alphonso_ (I.), 146 + + Altman, 41, 98 + + Altree, 41 + + Alvary, 41, 96 + + Alvert, 41 + + Amabel, 201 + + _Amalteo_ (I.), 152 + + _Amalthius_ (I.), 152 + + _Amalungi_ (I.), 151 + + Ambler, 41, 180 + + _Ameling_ (F.), 151 + + _Americus_ (I.), 147, 208, 209 + + Amesbury, 106 + + Amice, 212 + + Amicia, 212 + + And, 79 + + Andoe, 79 + + Angleman, 42 + + Angler, 42, 178, 180 + + Angmering, 71, 105 + + Anhault, 43 + + Annabella, 201 + + Anne, 83, 171 + + Anning, 83 + + _Ansaldi_ (I.), 147 + + Ansell, 30 + + Anselme, 42 + + _Anselmi_ (I.), 148 + + Anser, 42 + + Anslow, 30 + + _Ansuini_ (I.), 148 + + Applin, 30 + + Arabella, 201 + + _Arbogast_ (F.), 21 + + Archard, 16, 42 + + Archbold, 16, 42 + + Archbutt, 16, 42 + + Archer, 42, 137, 138, 178, 180 + + Ardouin, 55 + + Argent, 16 + + Argument, 16, 42, 120 + + Arkwright, 42, 178, 180 + + _Armandet_ (F.), 19 + + Armat, 43 + + Armgold, 19, 43 + + Armiger, 19, 43 + + Armine, 18 + + Arminer, 19, 44 + + _Armingaud_ (F.), 19, 34 + + Arminger, 19, 44 + + Armor, 181 + + Armory, 43, 181 + + Armour, 19, 43 + + Arms, 19, 183, 184 + + Arney, 26 + + Arnold, 44 + + _Arnolfo_ (I.), 143 + + Arnulfe, 44 + + Arnum, 44 + + Ascough, 44 + + Ash, 185 + + Ashbold, 44 + + Ashbury, 106 + + Ashe, 79 + + Asher, 44 + + Ashkettle, 59 + + Ashman, 44, 96 + + Ashmansworth, 106 + + Ashmore, 44, 96 + + Ashpart, 44 + + Ashwin, 44 + + Ashwith, 44, 148_n_ + + Ask, 79 + + Aske, 185 + + Askey, 185 + + Aslock, 59 + + Asman, 59 + + Asprey, 114 + + Asquith, 44, 148_n_, 185 + + Atkiss, 43 + + Atmore, 43 + + Attride, 43 + + Attridge, 43 + + Auberon, 41 + + Aubery, 152 + + Aubrey, 41 + + _Aucoq_ (F.), 34 + + _Audevard_ (F.), 124 + + _Audifredi_ (I.), 147 + + _Audouard_ (F.), 124 + + Audrey, 41 + + Aulph, 79 + + Auterac, 42 + + Auther, 42, 178, 180 + + Autram, 42 + + Avening, 105 + + Avina, 211 + + Avis, 211 + + Aylard, 41 + + Aylesbury, 106 + + Aylesford, 106 + + Aylesworth, 106 + + Ayliffe, 41 + + Aylmar, 13 + + Aylmer, 41 + + Aylward, 41, 96 + + Aylwin, 41 + + + B. + + Babb, 79, 171 + + Bable, 30, 97 + + Back, 79, 183, 184 + + Badby, 106 + + Badder, 44 + + Badman, 44, 191 + + Badminton, 106 + + Bagge, 79 + + _Balcoq_ (F.), 34 + + Balder, 44, 97 + + _Baldi_ (I.), 148 + + _Baldovinetti_ (I.), 148 + + Baldridge, 44, 97 + + Baldry, 44 + + Baldwin, 44, 97 + + Balmer, 47 + + Balton's borough, 106 + + Banderet, 44 + + Bann, 79 + + Banning, 79 + + Barehard, 45 + + Barking, 105 + + Barlavington, 109 + + Barling, 105 + + Barmore, 45 + + Barnacle, 45 + + Barndollar, 122 + + Barnwell, 137 + + Barwise, 45 + + Baschurch, 6 + + Basin, 6 + + Basingstoke, 88 + + Bass, 4, 79 + + Bather, 44 + + Batt, 79 + + Batting, 79 + + Batty, 79, 173 + + _Baudeau_ (F.), 27 + + Beck, 79 + + Beckett, 192 + + Beckley, 106 + + Bedbug, 114 + + Beddard, 44, 97 + + Beden, 105 + + Bedford, 106 + + Beeby, 79 + + Beech, 185 + + Beenham, 106 + + Belfry, 45 + + Bell, 25 + + Bellmore, 47 + + Bellow, 25 + + Bellringer, 116 + + Belly, 25 + + Belment, 45 + + Belmore, 45 + + _Belzoni_ (I.), 147 + + Bence, 79 + + Beneman, 45 + + Benger, 45 + + Bengworth, 106 + + Benn, 85, 194, 195 + + Bennell, 194, 195 + + Benner, 45 + + Bennet, 45 + + Benney, 194, 195 + + Bennoch, 194, 195 + + Bensington, 105 + + Berger, 45 + + Bernard, 45, 97 + + _Bernardo_ (I.), 143 + + Berner, 45 + + _Berni_ (I.), 152 + + _Bernini_ (I.), 152 + + Bernold, 45, 97 + + _Beroaldus_ (I.), 152 + + Berrette, 97 + + Berrier, 45 + + Berringer, 45 + + Bertram, 46 + + Bertrand, 46 + + _Bertrandi_ (I.), 147 + + Berward, 45 + + Betteridge, 44, 101 + + Betty, 1, 26, 79, 171 + + Beyerman, 193, 194 + + Bibb, 79 + + Bibby, 79 + + Biddle, 80 + + Biddulph, 44 + + Bigg, 85 + + Bigot, 191, 192 + + Bill, 1, 79, 194, 195 + + Billamore, 45 + + _Bille_ (F.), 195 + + _Bille_ (G.), 195 + + _Bille_ (Dan.), 195 + + _Billecoq_ (F.), 34 + + _Billey_ (F.), 195 + + Billiard, 45 + + Billing, 79, 194 + + Billow, 74, 194, 195 + + Billy, 1, 194, 195 + + Billyald, 45 + + Binney, 26, 179 + + Binning, 79 + + Birch, 79, 185 + + Birchenough, 120 + + Bird, 80 + + Bishop, 178, 179 + + _Blacker_ (F.), 188 + + Black, 80, 188 + + Blacker, 46, 188 + + Blackman, 46 + + Blackwin, 46 + + Blake, 188 + + Blakeman, 46 + + Blaker, 46 + + Blanchard, 188 + + Blank, 188 + + Bledlow, 107 + + Blunt, 97 + + Bluntisham, 107 + + Bobbin, 194, 196 + + Bobby, 194, 196 + + Boby, 80 + + Bodicker, 46 + + Bodmer, 46 + + Body, 156, 183, 184 + + Boffey, 194, 196 + + Boggis, 46, 118 + + Bogle, 97 + + Bognor, 107 + + _Boiardo_ (I.), 152, 194 + + _Boiron_ (F.), 194 + + Bold, 27 + + Bolden, 27 + + Boldery, 44 + + Bolley, 80 + + _Bompart_ (F.), 145 + + _Bonaparte_ (F.), 145, 146 + + Bonbright, 146 + + Bond, 80 + + _Boniperti_ (I.), 145 + + Bookless, 183, 184 + + Boss, 80 + + Bossey, 80 + + _Bötefur_ (L.G.), 190 + + Botright, 46 + + Botting, 80 + + Bottisham, 107 + + Bowmer, 97 + + Boy, 193, 194 + + _Boy_ (F.), 194 + + _Boyard_ (F.), 152, 194 + + _Boye_ (F.), 194 + + _Boye_ (G.), 194 + + Boyer, 193, 194 + + _Boyer_ (F.), 194 + + Boyman, 193, 194 + + _Boyreau_ (F.), 194 + + _Boyron_ (F.), 194 + + Bracken, 157 + + Brackett, 157 + + Brackie, 157 + + Bracking, 157 + + _Brackmann_ (G.), 158 + + Bragan, 157 + + Bragg, 157 + + Brain, 97, 157 + + Brakeman, 157 + + Brand, 25 + + Brandy, 25 + + Bransbury, 107 + + Bransford, 107 + + _Braquemin_ (F.), 158 + + Braughin, 105 + + Bray, 157 + + Brayman, 157 + + Braznell, 165 + + Breakell, 158 + + Breem, 80 + + Brewin, 157 + + Bride, 80 + + Bridle, 80 + + Bright, 80 + + Brighting, 80 + + Brightland, 46 + + Brightling, 105 + + Brightly, 30, 80 + + Brightmore, 46 + + Brightwell, 137 + + Brightwine, 46 + + Brighty, 80 + + Brine, 80 + + Brinney, 80 + + Brittell, 80 + + Brocard, 97 + + Brown, 80, 138, 188, 189 + + Browning, 28, 80 + + Bubb, 194, 196 + + Buck, 80, 175 + + Buckle, 85 + + Bucklin, 31 + + Budd, 24, 80 + + Budden, 24 + + Budding, 24 + + Buddle, 24 + + Buddrich, 24, 46 + + Budmore, 24 + + Bugg, 3, 97 + + Bulger, 46 + + Bull, 80 + + Bullard, 46 + + Buller, 46 + + Bulling, 28, 80 + + Bulmer, 46, 97 + + Bundle, 97, 101 + + Bunn, 85 + + Bunting, 97 + + Burchard, 46, 97 + + Burger, 46 + + Burgwin, 46 + + Burleston, 107 + + Burman, 45 + + Burn, 80 + + Burness, 33 + + Burning, 28, 80 + + Burnish, 33 + + Burr, 80 + + Burt, 80 + + Bussell, 80 + + Butleigh, 107 + + Butt, 80 + + Butter, 46, 181 + + Butterick, 46 + + Butterwell, 138 + + Buttery, 46, 181 + + Byard, 152 + + Bye, 193, 194 + + Byron, 193, 194 + + + C. + + Cadman, 50 + + Cage, 9 + + Cain, 10, 190 + + Calderon, 52 + + Caledonia, 8 + + Calking, 170 + + Call, 80 + + Callow, 80 + + Calmsden, 107 + + Camel, 175 + + Cane, 10 + + Cann, 80 + + Canning, 28, 80 + + Cansick, 168 + + Cant, 81 + + Carary, 51 + + Caravan, 51 + + Card, 97 + + Carder, 52 + + Cardwell, 116 + + _Carlo_ (I.), 143 + + Carrier, 51 + + Cart, 97 + + Carthen, 52 + + Cartridge, 52 + + Cashdollar, 122 + + Castle, 97 + + _Castoldi_ (I.), 149 + + Cat, 97, 175 + + Cattey, 175 + + Catty, 97 + + _Cauche_ (F.), 170 + + _Cauchy_ (F.), 170 + + Caulk, 170 + + Caunce, 168 + + Chabot, 118, 125, 126 + + Chad, 97, 125, 126 + + Chadborn, 125 + + Chaddleworth, 107 + + Chaddock, 125, 126 + + Chadlington, 107 + + Chadman, 125 + + Chadshunt, 107 + + Chadwick, 125, 126 + + Chadwin, 126 + + Chaff, 81 + + Chaffey, 81 + + Chain, 125 + + Chalfont, 107 + + Chalk, 101, 170 + + Chalkey, 170 + + Chalklen, 170 + + Chance, 81, 168 + + Chancell, 168 + + Chancey, 168 + + Chaney, 125 + + Chantrey, 51 + + Chard, 97, 125, 126 + + Charing, 105 + + Charles, 80 + + _Charles_ (F.), 123 + + Charley, 80 + + Chart, 125, 126 + + Charter, 125, 126 + + Chaseley, 107 + + _Chasseboeuf_ (F.), 139 + + Chattaway, 126 + + Chatting, 125, 126 + + Chatto, 125, 126 + + Chattoway, 97, 118, 125, 126 + + Chatwin, 125, 126 + + Chatwood, 125 + + Chaucer, 170 + + _Chaussée_ (F.), 170 + + _Chaussy_ (F.), 170 + + Cheape, 97 + + Cheese, 97, 155 + + Cheltenham, 107 + + Chertsey, 107, 126 + + Chesnut, 155, 185 + + Chesman, 155 + + Chesson, 155 + + Chew, 97 + + Chewing, 105 + + Chichester, 107 + + Chilbolton, 107 + + Chilcomb, 127 + + Child, 127 + + Childar, 125, 126 + + Children, 125, 126 + + Chill, 125, 126 + + Chillmaid, 125, 126 + + Chillman, 125, 126 + + Chipman, 155 + + Chipp, 98, 155 + + Chippenham, 107 + + Chipping, 155 + + Chirnie, 155 + + Chitty, 155 + + Cholsey, 107 + + _Chopard_ (F.), 127 + + Chope, 81 + + Choppin, 125, 127 + + _Choupe_ (F.), 127 + + Christabel, 201, 202 and _n_ + + Chubb, 81, 125 + + Chubback, 125 + + Churn, 155 + + Claribel, 201 + + Claringbold, 135 + + Claringbull, 135 + + Claude, 127 + + _Claude_ (F.), 123 + + Clean, 160 + + _Clérambault_ (F.), 135 + + Cline, 160 + + Cloade, 127 + + Clodd, 1, 127 + + Clothier, 127 + + _Clotilde_ (F.), 123 + + Cloud, 97, 127 + + Cloudman, 127 + + Clout, 1, 127 + + Cloutman, 127 + + Clucas, 127 + + Clutterbuck, 121 + + Coate, 81 + + Cobbett, 118 + + Cobbold, 53, 118 + + Cock, 81 + + Codd, 81 + + Codford, 107 + + Coffey, 81 + + Colbran, 47 + + Colburn, 47 + + Coll, 81 + + Collamore, 47 + + Collard, 47 + + Collie, 81 + + Colling, 81 + + Collingham, 107 + + Colman, 47 + + Colmer, 97 + + Conder, 54 + + Congressbury, 107 + + Cooling, 81, 105 + + Coppernoll, 165 + + Corbould, 51 + + Cory, 82 + + Cosier, 54 + + Cossart, 53 + + Costall, 30 + + Costello, 30 + + Costiff, 164 + + Costly, 30 + + Cotheridge, 107 + + Cottiss, 20 + + Cotton, 97 + + Coulthred, 52 + + Craig, 188, 189 + + Creed, 97, 127 + + Creedy, 127 + + Cressy, 81 + + Criddle, 127 + + Crimsham, 107 + + _Crist_ (I. and G.), 135 + + Croad, 127 + + Crock, 127 + + Croger, 127 + + Croke, 127 + + Croker, 127 + + Crooke, 127 + + Cropthorn, 107 + + Crotch, 127 + + Crotty, 127 + + Crowd, 97, 127 + + Crowder, 127 + + Crowdy, 127 + + Cruden, 127 + + Crumpecker, 122 + + Crutch, 127 + + Crute, 127 + + Cuckhamstow hill, 107 + + Cuff, 81 + + Cuffey, 81 + + Cull, 81 + + Cummin, 97 + + Cumnor, 107 + + Cunliffe, 56, 98 + + Curran, 51_n_ + + Curwen, 51 + + Custard, 47 + + + D. + + Dacker, 47 + + Dacombe, 47 + + Dagenham, 108 + + Dagger, 47 + + Daggesell, 47 + + Daisy, 32 + + Dale, 98 + + Dalloway, 47, 118 + + Dalman, 47 + + Damer, 47 + + Dana, 25, 81 + + Dand, 25 + + _Dandalo_ (I.), 145 + + Dando, 25 + + Dandy, 25 + + Dane, 25, 81 + + Danger, 48 + + _Dante_ (I.), 134 + + Darlaston, 108 + + Darling, 81 + + Darnell, 48, 98, 165 + + Darrell, 81 + + Darrigon, 48 + + Darwin, 48 + + Daunsey, 108 + + Daybell, 47 + + Dayer, 47 + + Daylesford, 108 + + Daymont, 47 + + Dearlove, 48, 98 + + Dearman, 48 + + Deary, 26 + + Deller, 47 + + Demaid, 48 + + Demon, 48 + + Denhard, 48, 98 + + Denolf, 48 + + Denn, 81 + + Denning, 81 + + Dermott, 48, 98 + + Derwin, 48 + + _Dettingen_ (G.), 71 + + Dialogue, 48 + + Diamond, 48 + + Dick, 81, 194, 195 + + Dicken, 194, 195 + + Dickin, 102 + + Dickle, 81, 194, 195 + + Dicksie, 195 + + Didlington, 108 + + Dilger, 102, 140 + + _Dilhac_ (F.), 140 + + Dilke, 24, 102, 140 + + Dill, 24, 81, 139 + + _Dill_ (G.), 139 + + _Dillé_ (F.), 139 + + _Dillemann_ (G.), 140 + + Dillen, 24 + + _Dillen_ (G.), 140 + + Diller, 140 + + _Dillery_ (F.), 140 + + _Dillet_ (F.), 140 + + Dilley, 139 + + Dillicar, 140 + + Dillick, 140 + + Dillimore, 140 + + Dilling, 24 + + _Dilling_ (G.), 140 + + Dillman, 140 + + Dillon, 140 + + _Dillon_ (F.), 140 + + Dillow, 24, 139 + + Dillwyn, 24, 140 + + Dilly, 24 + + _Dilly_ (F.), 139 + + Distington, 88 + + Ditchling, 105 + + Dixie, 195 + + Dock, 81 + + Docking, 81 + + Dodd, 81, 98 + + Doddridge, 64 + + Dodford, 108 + + Doggett, 49, 98 + + Dogthorpe, 108 + + Dollman, 98 + + Dolman, 48 + + Dolphin, 48, 175, 176 + + _Dome_ (F.), 196 + + Doniland, 108 + + Doran, 27 + + _Dorand_ (G.), 150 + + Dore, 27 + + Dowdeswell, 108 + + Drain, 215 + + Dray, 215 + + Duck, 86, 175, 176 + + Duckling, 98, 175, 176 + + Ducklington, 108 + + Duckman, 48, 98 + + Dugmore, 49 + + Dugood, 49, 98 + + Dumbell, 194, 196 + + Dume, 194, 195 + + Dumlin, 194, 196 + + Dummelow, 194, 196 + + Dummer, 48 + + Dummert, 48 + + Dumplin, 113, 194, 196 + + Dunn, 82, 98, 188, 189 + + Dunning, 82 + + Durand, 134, 150 + + _Durand_ (G.), 150 + + _Durand_ (F.), 150 + + _Durandard_ (F.), 150 + + _Durandeau_ (F.), 150 + + _Durandi_ (I.), 150 + + Durant, 151 + + _Durant_ (F.), 150 + + _Durante_ (I.), 134, 149, 150 + + _Duranto_ (I.), 150 + + Durre, 86 + + Dyce, 81 + + Dycey, 81 + + + E. + + Eager, 40 + + Eagle, 99 + + Eames, 83 + + Earheart, 49, 178, 183, 184 + + Earl, 25, 178 + + Early, 25 + + Earney, 98 + + Earp, 21, 82 + + Earwaker, 49, 169, 178 + + Earwig, 2, 49, 175, 178 + + Eashing, 105 + + Easter, 82 + + Eavestaff, 164 + + Eckington, 108 + + Edbrook, 49 + + Eddiker, 49, 169 + + Eddy, 82 + + Edgar, 49, 210 + + Edgell, 82, 99 + + Edith, 197, 210 + + Edlery, 40 + + Edmond, 49, 210 + + _Edmond_ (F.), 123 + + Edmund, 210 + + Edolph, 49 + + _Edouard_ (F.), 123, 124 + + Edridge, 49 + + Edstone, 108 + + Edward, 13, 49, 210 + + Edwick, 49 + + Effingham, 108 + + Egg, 82 + + Egle, 82 + + Elbow, 183, 184 + + Elcy, 82 + + Eldred, 41 + + Element, 43, 120 + + Elgar, 43 + + Elgee, 82 + + Elgood, 43 + + Eliza, 204-206 + + Elk, 82 + + Ella, 216 + + Ellard, 43 + + Ellery, 43 + + Elliss, 82 + + Elmore, 43 + + Else, 82 + + Elsey, 26, 82 + + _Elvira_ (S.), 200 + + Elvy, 79 + + Elwin, 43 + + Elwood, 43 + + _Elzevir_ (D.), 200 + + _Eme_ (F.), 209 + + Emeler, 41 + + Emeney, 209 + + Emma, 89, 207-209 + + Emmeline, 209 + + Emmett, 175, 178 + + _Emmon_ (F.), 209 + + Empey, 167 + + _Emy_ (F.), 209 + + England, 9 + + Engleburt, 42 + + Engleheart, 42 + + English, 192 + + Ennor, 166 + + Enough, 98, 117, 166 + + _Enrico_ (I.), 143 + + Enright, 166 + + Epps, 82 + + Ermentrude, 19, 197 + + Ermine, 18 + + _Ermingcard_ (F.), 19 + + Erpingham, 108 + + Esau, 190 + + Esmond, 99 + + Ethel, 209 + + Ethelston, 40, 96 + + Eva, 216 + + Evelina, 211 + + Eveline, 211 + + Evelyn, 211 + + Evening, 79 + + Ever, 82 + + Everard, 49 + + Evered, 49 + + Everett, 49 + + Every, 49, 82 + + Evesham, 108 + + Ewald, 68 + + Ewart, 68 + + Ewe, 2, 68_n_ + + Ewer, 68 + + Ewing, 68_n_ + + Exhall, 108 + + + F. + + Fairfoot, 183, 185 + + Fairfoul, 120 + + Fairless, 183 + + Fairman, 49 + + Falstaff, 119 + + _Falsteuf_ (F.), 119 + + Faragut, 34 + + _Farcot_ (F.), 34 + + Farragut, 49 + + Farre, 27, 82 + + Farren, 27 + + Farrier, 178, 180 + + Farrimond, 49 + + Farrow, 82 + + Farthing, 28 + + Fearn, 82 + + Feckenham, 108 + + _Federigo_ (I.), 143 + + Ferdinand, 50 + + _Ferdinand_ (F.), 123 + + Ferrand, 49 + + Ferrier, 49, 180 + + Few, 159 + + Field, 113 + + Fielder, 113 + + Fielding, 113 + + Filbert, 50 + + Fileman, 50 + + Filldew, 50 + + Fillmer, 50 + + Fillmore, 99 + + Fin, 89 + + Finbow, 50 + + Finch, 82 + + Finger, 50, 183 + + Finn, 82 + + Finney, 82 + + Fish, 175, 177 + + Fiske, 177 + + Flack, 159 + + Fladbury, 108 + + Flagg, 159 + + Flatt, 198 + + Flatter, 181 + + Flattery, 181, 198 + + Flattman, 198 + + Flea, 3, 159, 175, 178 + + Fleck, 159 + + Flew, 99, 159 + + Flower, 216 + + Flowry, 216 + + Floyer, 216 + + Fluck, 159 + + Fly, 159, 175, 178 + + Fogg, 99, 159 + + Foggo, 99, 159 + + Folkstone, 108 + + Foote, 183, 184 + + Forder, 50 + + Fordred, 50 + + Forget, 49 + + Fortyman, 50 + + Forward, 49 + + Fowl, 99 + + _Francesco_ (I.), 143 + + Franklin, 31 + + _Fredeau_ (F.), 27 + + Frederic, 13 + + Frederick, 50 + + Freebody, 50, 156 + + Freeborn, 50, 99 + + Freebout, 50 + + Freeland, 50 + + Freestone, 50 + + _Frescobaldi_ (I.), 149 + + Friday, 99, 182 + + Froude, 82 + + Fudge, 159 + + Fuggle, 99 + + Fulke, 82 + + Fullagar, 50 + + Fullalove, 50, 191 + + + G. + + Gaffery, 52 + + Gage, 9, 10 + + Gain, 10, 99, 118, 190 + + Galland, 51 + + Gallant, 51 + + Gallard, 51 + + Galloway, 51, 118 + + Galt, 82 + + _Gambetta_ (F.), 153 + + Gamble, 113 + + Gambler, 180 + + Gambling, 2, 28 + + Gander, 51, 99, 175 + + Gandy, 81 + + Gant, 81 + + Ganter, 51 + + Garbett, 51 + + Garbrand, 51 + + Garbutt, 51 + + Garden, 28 + + Garforth, 51 + + _Garibaldi_ (I.), 145 + + Garlick, 51 + + Garman, 51 + + Garment, 51, 120 + + Garnett, 51 + + Garrard, 51 + + Garrod, 51 + + Garrold, 51 + + Garroway, 51, 118 + + Garstin, 51 + + Garter, 52 + + Garvey, 51 + + Garwood, 51, 148_n_ + + Gasting, 82 + + Gatliffe, 50 + + Gatling, 99 + + Gatty, 175 + + Gay, 9, 10, 99 + + Gedge, 9, 10 + + Genese, 192, 193 + + _Genett_ (G.), 207 + + Genevieve, 207 + + _Gennari_ (I.), 148 + + Genner, 52 + + Gennett, 52, 207 + + Gentery, 51 + + Gentry, 51 + + Geoffry, 50_n_, 51 + + _Gerard_ (F.), 23 + + _Gerbault_ (F.), 145 + + _Gerbet_ (F.), 153 + + Gerloff, 51 + + Gertrude, 19, 197 + + _Geu_ (G.), 10 + + _Gey_ (G.), 10 + + _Gherardini_ (I.), 148 + + _Ghibellines_ (I.), 146 + + _Ghiberti_ (I.), 148 + + _Ghirlandaio_ (I.), 148 + + Gidding, 108 + + Giddy, 155 + + Giffard, 52 + + Giffen, 82 + + Gilbert, 52 + + Gildawie, 52 + + Gilder, 52 + + Gildert, 52 + + Gill, 82 + + Gillard, 53 + + Giller, 53, 99 + + Gillett, 53 + + Gillford, 53 + + Gilliam, 53 + + Gillibrand, 52 + + Gillman, 53 + + Gilmore, 53 + + Gimbert, 52 + + Gippert, 52 + + Gipsy, 33 + + Gislingham, 108 + + Goad, 81 + + Godalming, 71, 105 + + Godbold, 53 + + Godbolt, 53 + + Goddam, 191 + + Goddard, 53 + + Goddier, 53 + + Godding, 81, 99 + + Goddiss, 20 + + _Godeau_ (F.), 27 + + Godfrey, 50_n_, 53 + + Godhead, 53 + + Godiso, 20 + + Godiva, 172 + + Godizo, 20 + + Godkin, 31 + + Godliman, 191 + + Godman, 53 + + Godmersham, 108 + + Godmund, 53, 99 + + Godrick, 53 + + Godsell, 53 + + Godskall, 53 + + Godsoe, 20, 32 + + Godward, 191 + + Godwin, 53, 99 + + Gold, 82 + + Goldbourne, 52 + + Golding, 82 + + Goldrick, 52 + + Goldwin, 52 + + Goodacre, 170 + + Goodbody, 156 + + Goodenough, 120, 191 + + Goodeve, 171 + + Goodheart, 53, 191 + + Goodlake, 53 + + Goodland, 53 + + Goodliffe, 53, 191 + + Goodnow, 53 + + Goodram, 53 + + Goodred, 53 + + Goodwright, 53, 178, 180 + + Goodyear, 53 + + Goose, 175 + + Gorbold, 51 + + Gore, 82 + + Gorebrown, 51 + + Gosbell, 53 + + Gosland, 54 + + Gosling, 175 + + Gosmer, 54 + + _Gosselin_ (F.), 175, 176 + + _Gosselini_ (I.), 147 + + Goswold, 54 + + _Göttingen_ (G.), 71 + + _Gousse_ (F.), 175, 176 + + Gozar, 54 + + Gozzard, 53 + + _Grau_ (G.), 189 + + Gray, 138, 188, 189 + + Greenwell, 138 + + Gregg, 188, 189 + + Grimbald, 54 + + Grimble, 54, 202 + + Grimerd, 54 + + Grimmer, 54 + + Grimmond, 54 + + Grimstone, 108 + + _Grobe_ (G.), 187 + + Grote, 99 + + Grove, 99, 186, 187 + + _Grove_ (G.), 187 + + _Grub_ (F.), 187 + + Grubb, 99, 186, 187 + + _Grubi_ (F.), 187 + + _Guala_ (F.), 133 + + _Gualdo_ (I.), 144, 147 + + _Gualtier_ (F.), 130 + + _Guardi_ (I.), 144, 148 + + _Guarini_ (I.), 152 + + _Guarnerius_ (I.), 144, 149 + + Guelpa, 131 + + _Guelph_ (I.), 131, 146 + + _Gueneau_ (F.), 133 + + _Guenin_ (F.), 133 + + _Guérin_ (F.), 152 + + _Guermain_ (F.), 132 + + _Guernier_ (F.), 149 + + Guest, 82 + + _Guglielmo_ (I.), 149 + + _Guicciardini_ (I.), 144, 147 + + _Guiche_ (F.), 132 + + _Guidé_ (F.), 132, 148 + + _Guido_ (I.), 144, 148 + + _Guidubaldi_ (I.), 148 + + _Guillaume_ (F.), 123, 130, 133 + + Guille, 131, 132 + + _Guille_ (F.), 132 + + _Guillemain_ (F.), 133 + + Guily, 131, 132 + + Guinan, 131 + + _Guinery_ (F.), 133 + + Guiney, 131, 133 + + _Guinier_ (F.), 133 + + _Guiscard_ (F.), 130 + + _Guiteau_ (F.), 148 + + Gumboil, 2, 54 + + Gundey, 99 + + Gundry, 54 + + Gunn, 99 + + Gunner, 181 + + Gunnery, 181 + + Gunston, 54 + + Gunter, 54 + + Gunthorp, 108 + + Guttwein, 122 + + Gwillam, 131, 133 + + Gwilt, 131 + + Gwyer, 131, 132 + + Gye, 9, 10 + + + H. + + Hack, 83 + + Hacking, 83 + + Hackstaff, 164 + + Haddenham, 108 + + Haddock, 175 + + Hadkiss, 54 + + Hadrott, 54 + + Hadwen, 54 + + Haggard, 40 + + Hail, 83 + + Hailing, 83 + + Halbard, 96 + + Hald, 99 + + Haldan, 99 + + Hall, 83 + + Hallgreen, 33 + + Halling, 28, 83, 105 + + Hallington, 108 + + Halloway, 43 + + Hambledon, 108 + + Hambling, 150 + + _Hamel_ (F.), 150 + + Hamling, 150 + + Hammill, 150 + + Hammond, 41 + + Hamp, 166 + + Hamper, 166 + + Hance, 83 + + Hand, 79 + + Handsomebody, 156 + + Hanger, 42 + + Hankerton, 108, 109 + + Hanman, 43 + + Hann, 27, 83, 172 + + Hannah, 171 + + Hannen, 27 + + Hanney, 172 + + Hanning, 83 + + Hannington, 108 + + Hanrot, 43 + + Hansard, 43 + + Hansom, 43 + + Harbert, 55 + + Harboard, 55 + + Harbud, 55 + + Hard, 83 + + Hardacre, 170 + + Harder, 54, 181 + + Harding, 28, 83 + + Hardington, 109 + + Hardland, 54 + + Hardman, 55 + + Hardoff, 55 + + Hardwick, 55 + + Hardy, 83 + + Hargood, 55 + + Harker, 55 + + Harland, 55 + + Harle, 83 + + Harleston, 109 + + Harley, 83 + + Harling, 83, 105 + + Harman, 55 + + Harme, 19 + + Harmer, 55 + + Harmond, 55 + + Harmony, 18 + + Harnor, 44 + + Harnott, 55 + + Harold, 15_n_, 20, 55 + + Harp, 21 + + Harre, 196 + + Harrietsham, 108 + + Harrow, 196 + + Harry, 194, 196 + + Harryman, 55 + + Hart, 83 + + Hartnoll, 55, 165 + + Hartridge, 55 + + Hartry, 55 + + Hartwright, 55, 178, 180 + + Harvest, 21 + + Harvey, 55 + + Harward, 55 + + Harwin, 55 + + Harwood, 55 + + Hasell, 83, 185, 186 + + Haskey, 99 + + Hasluck, 59, 101 + + Hathaway, 54, 118, 126 + + Hatt, 79 + + Hattemore, 54 + + Hattrick, 54 + + Hauxton, 108 + + Haversham, 108 + + Haveys, 212 + + Haweis, 212 + + Hawk, 99 + + Hawke, 83 + + Hawoise, 212 + + Hayman, 41 + + Hayward, 41, 99, 137, 138, 178, 180 + + Head, 183 + + Hean, 166 + + Heaney, 166 + + Heart, 183, 184 + + Heasman, 56 + + Heaven, 79 + + Helme, 99 + + _Héloïse_ (F.), 123, 212 + + Helper, 99 + + Helps, 99 + + Helpstone, 109 + + Hemingford Abbots, 109 + + Hemington, 109 + + Hemp, 166 + + Hemper, 166 + + Henfrey, 43, 166 + + Henman, 43 + + Henn, 83 + + Henniker, 43 + + _Henri_ (F.), 123 + + Henstridge, 109 + + Herbert, 55, 99 + + _Herbette_ (F.), 153 + + Herepath, 55 + + Heringaud, 34 + + Herod, 99, 190 + + Herring, 99, 175 + + Hersant, 55 + + Heward, 141 + + Hewish, 141 + + Hewitt, 32, 141 + + Hewland, 141 + + Hewlet, 141 + + Hibbert, 141 + + Hibble, 141 + + Hick, 140 + + Hickie, 140 + + Hickley, 140 + + Hicklin, 141 + + Hickman, 100, 141 + + Hickmot, 141 + + _Hieckmann_ (G.), 141 + + _Hienne_ (F.), 141 + + Higgen, 141 + + Highmore, 100, 141 + + Higlet, 141 + + _Higlin_ (F.), 141 + + Higman, 141 + + Hignett, 142 + + Hildebrand, 55 + + Hilder, 55 + + Hildreth, 56 + + Hildyard, 55 + + Hill, 83 + + Hillersdon, 109 + + Hillman, 56 + + Hillock, 100, 141 + + Hillyer, 55 + + Hilmer, 56 + + Hilridge, 56 + + Him, 209 + + Hime, 83 + + Hind, 114 + + Hine, 114 + + Hinksey, 109 + + Hipkin, 31 + + Hoby, 83 + + _Hocedé_ (F.), 182 + + Hockaday, 182 + + Hockey, 83 + + Hodge, 100, 140 + + Hodges, 141 + + Hodgett, 101 + + Hodgkin, 31, 141 + + Hodsoak, 109 + + Hoe, 140 + + _Hogan_ (F.), 141 + + _Hoge_ (G.), 140 + + Hogg, 100, 140 + + Hoggin, 141 + + Hogmire, 141 + + _Hognet_ (F.), 142 + + _Hoin_ (F.), 141 + + Holiday, 182 + + Homer, 141 + + Hone, 83, 166 + + Honey, 83 + + Honeybun, 120 + + Honeyburn, 120 + + Honeyman, 54 + + Honner, 166 + + Honnington, 109 + + Hoofnail, 165 + + Hook, 83 + + Hopkin, 102 + + Hopp, 83 + + Hopping, 28, 83 + + Horne, 83, 100 + + Horning, 83, 105 + + Horningsea, 109 + + Horningsheath, 109 + + Horsenail, 165 + + Hose, 84 + + Hough, 89 + + Howard, 178, 180 + + Howitt, 32, 101, 141 + + _Hua_ (F.), 140 + + _Huan_ (F), 141 + + _Huard_ (F.), 141 + + _Huart_ (F.), 141 + + _Huault_ (F.), 142 + + _Hubault_ (F.), 141 + + Hubbard, 141 + + _Hubbert_ (G.), 141 + + Hubble, 141 + + _Hubert_ (F.), 141 + + _Huc_ (F.), 140 + + Huck, 140 + + _Hucke_ (G.), 140 + + Huckell, 140 + + Hucken, 141 + + _Hue_ (F.), 140 + + _Huel_ (F.), 140 + + Huelin, 141 + + _Huet_ (F.), 141 + + Huff, 86 + + _Hufnagel_ (G.), 166 + + Hug, 140 + + _Hug_ (F.), 140 + + Hugall, 140 + + _Hugan_ (F.), 141 + + _Hugard_ (F.), 141 + + _Hugé_ (F.), 140 + + _Huge_ (G.), 140 + + _Hügel_(G.), 140 + + Huggard, 141 + + Huggett, 32, 141 + + Hugh, 140 + + Hughes, 141 + + Hughman, 141 + + _Hugla_ (F.), 140 + + Hugman, 141 + + _Hugnot_ (F.), 142 + + Hugo, 140 + + _Hugo_ (F.), 140 + + _Hugo_ (G.), 140 + + _Hugot_ (F.), 141 + + _Huguelin_ (F.), 141 + + _Hugues_ (F.), 141 + + Huie, 140 + + _Hulek_ (F.), 141 + + Hullock, 141 + + Human, 141 + + _Humann_ (F.), 141 + + Humble, 100, 191 + + _Humboldt_ (G.), 191 + + Humphrey, 50_n_, 54 + + Hun, 89 + + Hunger, 54 + + Hunhold, 54 + + Hunibal, 54 + + Hunn, 83 + + Hunnard, 54 + + Hunt, 83 + + Hunting, 83 + + Huntingdon, 109 + + Hurlbat, 49 + + Hurlburt, 49 + + Hurler, 49, 178, 180 + + Hutt, 100 + + Hyndman, 114 + + + I. + + Ibbett, 32 + + _Ihm_ (G.), 209 + + _Imm_ (G.), 209 + + Impey, 167 + + Inchbald, 56 + + Inchboard, 56 + + Ingledew, 42 + + Inglesent, 42 + + Inglis, 192 + + Ingold, 56 + + Ingram, 56 + + Ingrey, 56 + + Inkhammer, 215 + + Ipswich, 108 + + Ireland, 9 + + Iremonger, 19 + + Irminger, 19, 44 + + Irwine, 99 + + Isabel, 198 + + _Isabelle_ (F.), 199 + + Isburg, 56 + + Ismer, 56 + + Isnard, 56 + + Isnell, 165 + + Isner, 56 + + Ive, 83 + + Ivy, 83, 185, 186 + + Izod, 56 + + + J. + + Jack, 194, 196 + + Jacklin, 194, 196 + + _Jacklin_ (G.), 196 + + _Jacquard_ (F.), 196 + + _Jacquelin_ (F.), 196 + + Jael, 190 + + Jago, 194, 196 + + Jane, 206, 207 + + Janet, 206, 207 + + January, 182, 183 + + Jarman, 51 + + Jeannerett, 52 + + Jeffcock, 35 + + Jeffcott, 35 + + Jellicoe, 31 + + Jenner, 183 + + Jennery, 52, 183 + + Jennett, 207 + + Jervis, 51 + + Jocelyn, 176 + + _Jordaens_ (D.), 135 + + Jordan, 135 + + _Jordan_ (F.), 135 + + _Josselin_ (F.), 176 + + _Jourdain_ (F.), 135 + + _Jourdan_ (F.), 135 + + Judith, 196 + + + K. + + Kay, 9, 10, 80 + + Keble, 98 + + Kedge, 9, 10 + + Kegg, 9, 10 + + Keho, 11 + + Kelk, 98, 170 + + Kelvedon, 107 + + Kemerton, 71, 107 + + Kenilworth, 107 + + Kennard, 56 + + Kennaway, 56, 118 + + Kenrick, 56, 98 + + Kensal, 168 + + Kensett, 168 + + Kenward, 56, 98 + + Keogh, 11 + + Kettering, 105 + + Kettle, 97 + + Kettleby, 107 + + Key, 9, 10, 80 + + Keysoe, 107 + + Kidd, 98, 173 + + Kiddy, 155 + + Killer, 53 + + Killman, 53, 98 + + Kilsby, 109 + + Kindred, 117 + + Kinmonth, 56 + + Kinnaird, 56 + + Kinney, 26 + + Kitt, 100, 173 + + Kitto, 173 + + Kitty, 155, 170 + + Klyne, 160 + + Knapp, 100, 161 + + Knapping, 161 + + Knall, 161, 173 + + Kneller, 161 + + Knibb, 99, 161 + + Knife, 161 + + Knipe, 99, 161 + + Knipping, 161 + + Knott, 81 + + Knyvett, 161 + + _Kupfernagel_ (G.), 166 + + + L. + + Lamaison, 182 + + _Lamas_ (F.), 183 + + Lambert, 56 + + _Lamberti_ (I.), 147 + + Lambeth, 109 + + Lambrook, 56 + + Lammas, 182, 183 + + Lamprey, 56, 115, 175, 178 + + Lanaway, 57 + + Lander, 56 + + Landfear, 56 + + Landlord, 57 + + Landridge, 57 + + Landward, 57 + + Lanfear, 56 + + Langstaff, 164 + + Lanoway, 118 + + Lanwer, 57 + + _Lanzi_ (I.), 147 + + Lark, 175, 176 + + Lascelles, 139 + + Lateward, 57 + + Laundry, 57 + + _Lauringen_ (G.), 72 + + Lavenham, 109 + + Laver, 83 + + Laverick, 100 + + Laverock, 176 + + Lawless, 183, 184 + + Laycock, 34 + + Leamington, 73 + + Leathart, 57 + + Leather, 57 + + _Leboeuf_ (F.), 139 + + _Lecoq_ (F.), 34 + + Ledgard, 57, 100 + + Ledger, 57 + + Ledward, 57 + + Lees, 84 + + Legg, 183, 184 + + Leggy, 183 + + Legless, 183, 184 + + Lemon, 57_n_, 100, 119 + + _Leonardo_ (I.), 142 + + Leopard, 57, 100, 173 + + _Leopardi_ (I.), 151 + + Lessy, 84 + + Leverett, 177 + + Lewis, 34, 118 + + Liddard, 57 + + Liddle, 84 + + Lightfoot, 184 + + Limmer, 119 + + Lind, 175 + + Linden, 185, 186 + + Lindo, 175 + + Ling, 27, 175 + + Lingen, 27 + + Lingo, 175 + + _Lionardo_ (I.), 148 + + Liptrot, 57 + + Lock, 84 + + Locker, 100 + + Lockie, 84 + + Lord, 100, 158, 178 + + Lording, 100, 158 + + Lottisham, 109 + + _Louis_ (F.), 123 + + Louisa, 216 + + _Louise_ (F.), 123, 211 + + Love, 84 + + Loveday, 57, 137, 138, 182 + + Lovegod, 57 + + Lovegood, 57, 191 + + Loveland, 57 + + Loveman, 57, 100, 191 + + Lover, 57, 100 + + Loveridge, 57, 100 + + Lovesy, 100 + + Lovick, 31 + + Loving, 28, 84 + + Lower, 100 + + Lubbock, 31 + + Lucas, 34, 57, 118 + + Lucy, 171 + + Ludbrook, 57 + + _Ludovico_ (I.), 143 + + _Luigi_ (I.), 142 + + Lull, 84, 100 + + Lully, 84, 100 + + Lumb, 160 + + Lump, 160 + + Lumpkin, 160 + + Luther, 57, 100 + + Lutman, 57, 100 + + Lutto, 84 + + Lutwidge, 57 + + Lyde, 84 + + + M. + + Mabel, 201 + + McDermott, 98_n_ + + McKay, 11 + + McKie, 11 + + Madam, 58 + + Maddey, 84 + + _Madelungen_ (G.), 72 + + Madle, 84 + + Mager, 58 + + Magg, 171 + + Maggot, 58 + + Maggy, 84 + + _Magini_ (I.), 142 + + _Maginot_ (F.), 142 + + _Magnabal_ (F.), 142 + + _Magnan_ (F.), 142 + + _Magnard_ (F.), 142 + + Magnay, 142 + + _Magné_ (F.), 142 + + _Magney_ (F.), 142 + + _Magnier_ (F.), 142 + + _Mahault_ (F.), 204 + + Mahood, 210 + + Maiden, 28 + + Maidman, 59 + + _Maignan_ (F.), 142 + + _Mainardi_ (I.), 142 + + _Mainardo_ (I.), 142 + + _Mainbourg_ (F.), 142 + + _Maineri_ (I.), 142 + + _Mainfroy_ (F.), 142 + + _Maingault_ (F.), 142 + + _Maingot_ (F.), 34, 142 + + Maliff, 58 + + Mallard, 58 + + Malling, 105 + + Mallory, 58 + + Malmsbury, 109 + + Malthus, 58 + + Maltwood, 59 + + Manfred, 58 + + _Manfredi_ (I.), 147 + + Manger, 58, 142 + + Manhood, 210 + + Manigault, 58 + + Manlove, 58, 191 + + Mann, 84 + + Manning, 28, 84 + + _Maraldi_ (I.), 147 + + Marcher, 59 + + Margot, 58 + + Marigold, 58 + + Mariner, 178, 180 + + _Marinier_ (F.), 181 + + Marker, 59 + + Marklove, 59 + + Markwick, 59 + + Marl, 84 + + Marling, 84 + + _Marnier_ (F.), 181 + + Marr, 25, 84 + + Marrow, 25 + + Marry, 25 + + Marvey, 58 + + Marvin, 58 + + Marwick, 58 + + Massey, 84 + + Mather, 58 + + _Mathilde_ (F.), 123 + + Matilda, 203, 204 + + Maud, 203, 204 + + Maude, 171 + + May, 84, 171 + + Mayer, 58 + + Maynard, 58, 142 + + _Maynard_ (F.), 142 + + Mayne, 142 + + _Maynier_ (F.), 142 + + Mayo, 171, 173 + + Meadway, 59 + + Meddiman, 59 + + Medland, 59 + + Medlar, 59 + + Medlicott, 34, 59 + + Medlock, 59 + + Medwin, 59 + + Meggy, 171 + + Megrin, 58 + + _Mehne_ (G.), 142 + + _Meiner_ (G.), 142 + + _Meinert_ (G.), 142 + + Melloday, 59 + + Mellowdew, 59 + + Melody, 59 + + Merrill, 84 + + Merriment, 120 + + Merry, 85 + + Messing, 84 + + Methold, 59 + + Michie, 84 + + Mico, 84 + + Mildred, 116, 197 + + Millard, 59 + + Milldolar, 122 + + Millie, 84 + + Millinge, 84 + + Milo, 84 + + Minn, 178 + + Minney, 178 + + Minnow, 175, 178 + + Mitcheldover, 109 + + Moder, 59 + + Moll, 1, 171 + + Monday, 182 + + Monument, 120 + + Moore, 11 + + Mote, 175, 178 + + Moth, 175, 178 + + Mottram, 59 + + Moule, 100 + + Moulsey, 109 + + Moulsham, 109 + + Mouse, 175 + + _Mousse_ (F.), 176 + + Muckett, 100 + + Mudridge, 59 + + Mumm, 155 + + Mummery, 155 + + Mummy, 155 + + Munday, 182 + + Mundell, 30, 84 + + Mundella, 30 + + Mundham, 109 + + Mundy, 182 + + Murch, 84, 188, 189 + + Murchie, 84, 188, 189 + + Murchison, 189 + + Mutrie, 59 + + + N. + + Naf, 161 + + Nagle, 101, 165 + + Nail, 101, 165 + + Nanny, 2, 171 + + Napkin, 161 + + Napp, 1, 161 + + Neate, 84 + + Need, 84 + + Nelly, 161, 171 + + Nettleton, 109 + + Nibbs, 101 + + Nield, 114 + + Nielson, 12 + + Nill, 161 + + Noon, 179 + + Norcock, 34, 35 + + Norcott, 35 + + Norman, 192, 193 + + Northcott, 34 + + Nott, 84 + + Nunn, 178, 179 + + Nunney, 179 + + Nuttall, 81 + + Nutting, 84 + + + O. + + Oake, 185, 186 + + Oakey, 185, 186 + + _Odeschalchi_ (I.), 147 + + _Odevico_ (I.), 147 + + _Odoardo_ (I.), 124, 143 + + Offley, 109 + + Old, 79 + + Oldacre, 41 + + Olding, 79 + + Oldridge, 41 + + Ombersley, 106 + + Onken, 166 + + _Onofrio_ (I.), 142 + + Onwhyn, 166 + + _Orlandi_ (I.), 147 + + Orleston, 109 + + Orlop, 101 + + Orme, 174 + + Ormerod, 43 + + Ormsby, 109 + + Osborn, 59 + + Osgodby, 109 + + Osgood, 59 + + Osman, 59 + + Osmer, 59 + + Osmington, 109 + + Osmond, 60 + + Ostrich, 175 + + Oswald, 60, 101 + + Oswaldslow, 109 + + Oswin, 60 + + _Ouarnier_ (F.), 149 + + Ough, 86 + + Outram, 42 + + Ovington, 111 + + Owen, 101 + + Oyster, 122 + + Oysterman, 122 + + + P. + + Paddington, 110 + + Padworth, 110 + + Pagan, 191, 192 + + Pagham, 110 + + Paine, 118, 192 + + Paler, 181 + + Paley, 26, 84 + + Palfrey, 47 + + Paling, 84 + + Papillon, 31 + + Paragreen, 45 + + Paramore, 45 + + Parez, 33 + + Paris, 33 + + Partrick, 46 + + Partridge, 46 + + Pascoe, 135 + + Pash, 135 + + Paske, 135 + + _Pasquin_ (F.), 135 + + Pass, 79 + + Patching, 105 + + Paton, 90 + + Patrington, 110 + + Pattingham, 110 + + Payne, 118 + + Peabody, 156 + + Peat, 91 + + Peck, 79 + + Pegg, 2, 85, 171 + + Pendegast, 114 + + Pender, 44, 101 + + Pendered, 44 + + Pendgast, 114, 115 + + _Penicaud_ (F.), 34 + + Penman, 45 + + Penn, 85 + + Pennell, 101 + + Pennycad, 34, 45 + + Pensham, 110 + + Pentecast, 120, 183 + + Pentecost, 120, 182, 183, 215 + + Perman, 45 + + Perriam, 45 + + Perrott, 45 + + Petersham, 110 + + Petridge, 110 + + Peyton, 90, 101 + + Pharoah, 190 + + _Philibert_ (F.), 123 + + Phillimore, 50, 99 + + Pickett, 101, 192 + + Picton, 90 + + Picture, 91 + + Piddel, 101 + + Pigot, 192 + + Pilgrim, 45 + + Pim, 162 + + Pindard, 44 + + Piper, 85 + + Pippin, 101 + + Pirner, 45 + + Pitt, 83 + + Player, 178, 180 + + Plowman, 178, 180 + + Pollard, 46 + + Poppy, 80 + + Portisham, 110 + + _Potefer_ (F.), 190 + + Potiphar, 190 + + Pott, 80 + + Potten, 101 + + Pottle, 101 + + Potto, 80 + + _Poy_ (F.), 194 + + _Poyard_ (F.), 152 + + _Poyart_ (F.), 194 + + _Poyé_ (F.), 194 + + _Poyer_ (F.), 194 + + Poynings, 105 + + Pray, 157 + + Prendergast, 114, 115 + + Prendergrass, 114 + + Prentice, 178, 179 + + Prentiss, 32, 101, 116 + + Priest, 178, 179 + + Prince, 178, 179 + + Proudfoot, 116 + + Puck, 80 + + Puckle, 85 + + Puddifer, 190 + + Punt, 101 + + Purdue, 45 + + Purgold, 46 + + Purland, 45 + + Pye, 193, 194 + + Pym, 162 + + Pyman, 193, 194 + + + Q. + + Quail, 131, 133 + + Quaint, 131, 133 + + Quaker, 131 + + Qualey, 131, 133 + + Quantock, 131, 133 + + Quare, 131 + + Quarman, 131, 132 + + Quarrier, 131, 132 + + Quarry, 131 + + Quart, 134 + + Quary, 131 + + Quash, 131 + + Quear, 131 + + Queen, 131, 133 + + Queenan, 131, 133 + + Queeney, 131, 133 + + _Quenay_ (F.), 133 + + _Querrey_ (F.), 131 + + Query, 131 + + Quick, 131, 132 + + Quiddy, 131, 132 + + Quier, 131, 132 + + Quig, 131, 132 + + Quiggle, 131, 132 + + Quil, 131, 132 + + Quilke, 131, 133 + + _Quillac_ (F.), 133 + + _Quillé_ (F.), 132 + + Quillinan, 131, 133 + + Quillman, 131, 133 + + Quilt, 131, 134 + + Quilter, 131, 134 + + Quilty, 131, 134 + + Quin, 131, 133 + + Quinan, 131, 133 + + _Quineau_ (F.), 133 + + Quiner, 131, 133 + + _Quinier_ (F.), 133 + + Quint, 131, 133 + + _Quinty_ (F.), 133 + + Quire, 131, 132 + + _Quirini_ (I.), 147 + + Quitman, 131, 132 + + Quittacus, 131, 132 + + Quy, 131, 132 + + _Quyo_ (F.), 132 + + + R. + + Rabbit, 118 + + Raddish, 33 + + Rackham, 60 + + Radmore, 60 + + _Raimondi_ (I.), 147 + + Rain, 176 + + Rainbird, 60 + + Rainford, 60 + + Ralph, 60, 101, 118 + + Ramsden, 110 + + Ranacre, 60 + + Ranger, 60 + + Rarey, 60 + + Rathbold, 60 + + Rathbone, 60 + + Rather, 60 + + Ratliffe, 60 + + Rattham, 60 + + Rattray, 60 + + Raven, 85 + + Raybauld, 60 + + Raybolt, 60 + + Rayment, 60, 120 + + Raymond, 60 + + Raynbold, 60 + + Raynham, 60 + + Read, 83 + + Reading, 105 + + Readwin, 60, 101 + + Reckless, 183 + + Redband, 60 + + Reddaway, 60 + + Reddish, 33 + + Redgill, 60 + + Redman, 60, 61 + + Redmarley, 110 + + Redmond, 60 + + Redmore, 60 + + Redwar, 60 + + Regal, 85 + + Reginald, 13 + + Regnard, 60 + + Rennie, 86, 176 + + Renno, 176 + + Reulver, 110 + + Reynard, 60 + + Reyner, 60 + + Reynolds, 60 + + Riccard, 61 + + Rich, 85 + + Richard, 61 + + _Richarde_ (F.), 123 + + Richbell, 61 + + Richer, 61, 181 + + Riches, 32 + + Richey, 85 + + _Richez_ (F.), 32 + + Richman, 61 + + Richmond, 61 + + Richold, 61 + + Rickinghall, 110 + + Rickman, 61 + + Ridding, 85 + + Riddle, 86 + + Riddy, 85 + + Ridgway, 61 + + Ridgyard, 61 + + _Ridolphi_ (I.), 143 + + Ringer, 61 + + Ringold, 61, 100 + + Ringstead, 110 + + Ripley, 83 + + Ritta, 85 + + Robert, 61 + + _Robert_ (F.), 123 + + _Roberti_ (I.), 147 + + Rock, 85 + + Rodber, 61 + + Rodbourn, 61 + + Rodborough, 110 + + Rodd, 85 + + Rodgard, 61 + + Rodger, 61 + + Rodman, 61, 192 + + Rodney, 61 + + Rodrick, 61 + + Rodyard, 61 + + _Rointru_ (F.), 186 + + Roland, 118 + + _Rolandini_ (I.), 147 + + Rolfe, 61, 118 + + Rolland, 61 + + Rolle, 85 + + Rollesby, 110 + + Rolleston, 110 + + Roman, 61, 118, 192 + + Roothing, 105 + + Rosbert, 61 + + Roskell, 61 + + _Rosnagel_ (G.), 166 + + Ross, 85 + + Rotherham, 61 + + Rothery, 61 + + Rowantree, 185, 186 + + Rubery, 101 + + Ruck, 85 + + Rudd, 85 + + Rudder, 61 + + Rudding, 85 + + _Rudolfe_ (F.), 123 + + Rudwick, 61 + + Rugg, 85 + + Rumbold, 62, 101 + + Rummer, 62 + + Runwell, 137 + + Rush, 85 + + Rutledge, 61 + + + S. + + _Sacchi_ (I.), 147 + + Saint, 191 + + Sala, 86 + + Salaman, 178 + + Sale, 86 + + Salloway, 62 + + Salmon, 62, 175, 178 + + Sander, 85 + + Sargood, 66 + + Sarle, 85 + + Sarratt, 62 + + Satchell, 83 + + Scales, 86 + + Scally, 86 + + Scamp, 191 + + Scard, 83 + + Scarth, 85 + + _Schilling_ (G.), 29 + + Scotland, 8 + + Scott, 6 + + Scotten, 8 + + Scotting, 8 + + Scotto, 8 + + Seaber, 63 + + Seaborn, 63 + + Seabright, 63, 102_n_ + + Seabrook, 63 + + Seabury, 63 + + Searight, 63 + + Searle, 85 + + Seawall, 63 + + Seaward, 63 + + Sedgeberrow, 110 + + Sedgewick, 62 + + Sefowl, 63 + + Segar, 62, 102 + + Seguin, 62 + + Self, 85 + + Sellar, 62 + + Selvey, 86 + + Sempringham, 88 + + Serbutt, 62 + + Sermon, 62 + + Seward, 63 + + Seyfried, 62 + + Seymore, 15, 20, 62, 118 + + Seymour, 102 + + Shaft, 101 + + Shaftesbury, 110 + + Shafto, 101 + + Shakestaff, 164 + + Shark, 175, 177 + + Sharkey, 175 + + Shawkey, 101, 170 + + Sheaf, 86 + + Shield, 29, 101 + + Shilling, 29, 215 + + Shillingsworth, 215 + + Shinn, 86 + + Shirley, 86 + + Sholl, 101 + + Shovel, 86 + + Shute, 85, 101 + + Shuter, 101 + + Sibbald, 62, 118 + + Sibbertswold, 110 + + Sibert, 62, 102, 118 + + Sick, 86 + + Sickle, 83 + + Sickling, 85 + + Sickman, 62 + + Side, 183 + + Sidlesham, 110 + + Sievewright, 63, 178, 180 + + Siggs, 86 + + Sigournay, 115 + + Siksworth, 110 + + Simmond, 62 + + Siney, 86 + + _Sinibaldo_ (I.), 143 + + _Sismondi_ (I.), 147 + + Skeat, 85, 101 + + Skitt, 85 + + Smelt, 175, 178 + + Smirke, 188, 189 + + Snare, 86 + + Snell, 102 + + Snoad, 86, 168 + + Snodd, 102 + + Snodgast, 169 + + Snodgrass, 114_n_, 168 + + Snodin, 168 + + Snodland, 110 + + Snowden, 168 + + Somerleyton, 110 + + Somersham, 110 + + Sommerlat, 102 + + Spain, 192, 193 + + Spark, 186, 187 + + Speck, 86 + + Spendlove, 193 + + Spenlove, 193 + + Sprack, 186, 187 + + Spracklin, 186, 187 + + Sprague, 186, 187 + + Spratt, 175, 177 + + Spreckly, 186, 187 + + Sprigg, 186, 187 + + Sprott, 177 + + Sprout, 177 + + Square, 160 + + Squarey, 160 + + Squire, 160 + + Squirrell, 160, 175 + + Stadd, 159 + + Stainburn, 63 + + Stainer, 63 + + Starbuck, 120 + + Starch, 164 + + Stark, 164 + + Starkie, 164 + + Starr, 164 + + Steamburg, 63 + + Steed, 159 + + Stell, 86 + + Stenning, 86 + + Stericker, 164 + + Sternhold, 63, 116 + + Steyning, 106 + + Stidolph, 159 + + Stitt, 159 + + Stoddart, 159 + + Stonard, 63 + + Stone, 86 + + Stoneheart, 63, 191 + + Stoner, 63 + + Stonhold, 63 + + Stothard, 102 + + Stott, 102, 159 + + Stout, 102, 159 + + _Stradivarius_ (I.), 149 + + Straight, 163 + + Strain, 163 + + Strang, 163 + + Strangward, 163 + + Strangwick, 163 + + Strank, 163 + + Straw, 163 + + Stray, 163 + + Streek, 163 + + Stretch, 163 + + Strickett, 163 + + Stringfellow, 163 + + Stringle, 163 + + Strong, 102, 163 + + Stubbe, 186 + + Stubbing, 86, 186 + + Stubbs, 86 + + Studd, 159 + + Studeard, 102, 159 + + Sturge, 164 + + Sturgeon, 164 + + Sturgin, 164 + + Stutter, 159 + + Sugg, 102 + + Summer, 102, 182 + + Sunday, 182 + + Sundon, 110 + + Sunman, 102 + + Surrenden, 110 + + Swan, 83, 174 + + Swarling, 106 + + Swearing, 2, 28, 160, 191 + + Swears, 102, 160, 191 + + Swire, 102, 160 + + Sword, 102 + + Sycamore, 62, 102, 185, 186 + + _Sycamore_ (G.), 20 + + + T. + + Tackabarry, 47 + + Tackle, 102 + + Tadd, 86 + + Taddy, 86 + + Tadman, 63, 102 + + Tadmarton, 110 + + Talbert, 47 + + Tall, 86 + + Tallington, 111 + + Tallman, 47 + + Tamworth, 111 + + Tancred, 63 + + Tankard, 63 + + Tankeray, 63 + + Target, 119 + + Tarring, 106 + + Tassell, 151 + + _Tassell_ (F.), 151 + + Tassie, 151 + + _Tasso_ (I.), 151 + + _Tassy_ (F.), 151 + + Tattle, 102 + + Tatwin, 63 + + Tavistock, 111 + + Tayburn, 47 + + Teather, 63 + + Tedder, 63 + + Teddington, 111 + + Telfer, 47 + + Telling, 28, 86 + + Terling, 106 + + Terry, 26, 86 + + Teuthorn, 64 + + Thackeray, 63 + + Theddlethorpe, 111 + + Theobald, 64 + + Theodore, 64, 102 + + Thirkettle, 64 + + _Thom_ (F.), 196 + + _Thomé_ (F.), 196 + + Thorburn, 63 + + Thorgur, 64 + + Thorne, 86, 185, 186 + + Thorning, 86 + + Thorold, 64, 102 + + Thoroughgood, 64, 110, 191 + + Thorowood, 64 + + Thrale, 169 + + Thunder, 102 + + Thundersfield, 111 + + Thurgar, 102 + + Thurgarton, 111 + + Thurgood, 64 + + Thurkle, 64 + + Thurmot, 64 + + Thurstan, 64 + + _Tibaldi_ (F.), 148 + + Tichfield, 111 + + Tickle, 81 + + Tidball, 64 + + Tidemore, 64, 98 + + Tidman, 64 + + Tidmington, 111 + + Tidy, 26 + + Tileman, 140 + + Tilford, 140 + + Tilke, 140 + + Till, 81, 139 + + _Till_ (G.), 139 + + _Tillé_ (F.), 139 + + _Tillemans_ (D.), 140 + + Tiller, 140 + + Tilley, 26, 139 + + _Tilli_ (I.), 139 + + Tillick, 102, 140 + + Tillier, 140 + + _Tillier_ (F.), 140 + + Tilling, 140 + + Tillingham, 111 + + Tillman, 140 + + _Tillon_ (F.), 140 + + _Tillot_ (F.), 140 + + Tillott, 140 + + Tilly, 81 + + _Tilly_ (F.), 139 + + Tilman, 102 + + _Tilman_ (F.), 140 + + _Tilmann_ (G.), 140 + + _Tilmant_ (F.), 140 + + _Tilo_ (G.), 139 + + Tiptoft, 138 + + Tisoe, 81 + + Titford, 102 + + Tockenham, 111 + + Tocque, 81 + + Todd, 25, 81 + + Toddenham, 111 + + Toddy, 25 + + Todrig, 64 + + Tom, 194, 196 + + Tomb, 194, 196 + + _Tombe_ (F.), 196 + + Tomey, 102, 194, 196 + + Tomkies, 48 + + Tomlin, 31, 194, 196 + + Tommell, 194, 196 + + Toomey, 194, 196 + + Tooting, 106 + + Torr, 86 + + Tottington, 111 + + Trail, 215 + + Train, 215 + + Tray, 17, 215 + + Tredington, 111 + + Tremble, 2, 119, 202 + + Trist, 102 + + Troston, 111 + + Trout, 175, 177, 178 + + Truefitt, 183, 185 + + Trumbull, 2, 119 + + Trumby, 86 + + Trump, 86 + + Trumpington, 88 + + _Tübingen_ (G.), 71 + + Tuck, 86 + + Tudor, 64 + + Tuffnell, 165 + + Tugman, 48 + + Tunn, 177 + + Tunno, 177 + + Tunny, 175, 177 + + Tunstone, 111 + + Turing, 86 + + Turk, 192, 193 + + Turkdean, 111 + + Turpin, 64 + + Turr, 86 + + Tuttle, 86 + + Twickenham, 111, 187 + + Twigg, 186, 187 + + Twine, 186, 187 + + Twining, 186, 187 + + Twiss, 186, 187 + + + U. + + _Ubaldo_ (I.), 141 + + _Ubaldini_ (I.), 141 + + _Ughelli_ (I.), 140 + + _Ughetti_ (I.), 141 + + _Ugo_ (I.), 140, 143 + + _Ugolino_ (I.), 141 + + Upton Snodsbury, 110 + + Ure, 174 + + Urlwin, 49 + + + V. + + Varnish, 33 + + Vergoose, 65 + + Vibert, 67 + + Vicary, 67 + + Vickridge, 67 + + _Videau_ (F.), 148 + + _Videcocq_ (F.), 34 + + Viking, 72 + + _Vilcocq_ (F.), 34 + + Vinegar, 67 + + _Viteau_ (F.), 148 + + + W. + + Waddicar, 64 + + Waddy, 87 + + Wadge, 117 + + Wadmore, 64 + + Wager, 65 + + Wagg, 117 + + Waghorn, 67, 120 + + Wagstaff, 164 + + Wain, 102 + + Wake, 11 + + Waker, 87 + + Waland, 65 + + _Walcher_ (G.), 181 + + Walden, 102 + + Walder, 87 + + Waldie, 87 + + Waldman, 64 + + Waldo, 87 + + Waldron, 64, 65 + + Walk, 87 + + Walker, 87, 178, 181 + + Walkey, 87 + + Walking, 28, 87 + + Wall, 87 + + Waller, 65 + + Wallet, 65 + + Wallfree, 65 + + Wallower, 65 + + Wallraven, 65 + + Walsh, 87 + + Walter, 64, 87, 103 + + Wambey, 162 + + Wampen, 162 + + Waple, 87 + + Warbolt, 65 + + Warborough, 111 + + Warbrick, 65 + + Ward, 149 + + Warden, 28 + + Warehorne, 106 + + Waring, 103 + + Warland, 65 + + Warlock, 65 + + Warman, 65 + + Warmbadt, 122 + + Warmer, 65 + + Warne, 87, 152, 181 + + Warneford, 65 + + Warner, 65, 149, 178, 180 + + Warnett, 65 + + Warraker, 65 + + Warren, 87, 152, 181 + + Warrenbury, 65 + + Warrener, 65, 181 + + Warringer, 149 + + Warrior, 65 + + Washingborough, 111 + + Washington, 134 + + Wass, 87 + + Watchfield, 111 + + Water, 87 + + Watkiss, 64 + + Watlington, 111 + + Watney, 64 + + Watt, 87 + + Waugh, 117 + + Way, 117 + + Wedlake, 66 + + Wedlock, 66 + + Welcome, 66 + + Well, 87 + + Wellwyn, 106 + + Welp, 131 + + Weston, 103 + + Weybret, 65 + + Wheatbread, 116 + + Whelp, 131 + + Wherwell, 137, 140 + + Whigam, 67, 103 + + Whipp, 87 + + Whipple, 103 + + Whiston, 103 + + Whit, 87 + + Whitbread, 66, 116 + + Whitecar, 66 + + Whiteheart, 66 + + Whitelaw, 66 + + Whitelegg, 66 + + Whitelock, 103 + + Whiteman, 66 + + Whitemore, 66 + + Whiter, 66 + + Whiteridge, 66 + + Whiterod, 66, 120 + + Whitethread, 66, 100 + + Whiting, 175, 177 + + Whitridge, 103 + + Whittaker, 66 + + Whittington, 109 + + Whittock, 100 + + Wichett, 67 + + Wicker, 67 + + Wicking, 87 + + Wideman, 66 + + Widow, 103, 148 + + Wigg, 87, 103 + + Wigget, 67 + + Wigman, 67 + + Wigmore, 67_n_ + + Wigram, 67 + + Wilbourn, 66 + + Wilbraham, 111 + + Wilburton, 111 + + Wilcomb, 66 + + Wilford, 66 + + Wilkie, 31, 194, 195 + + Wilkin, 31, 194, 195 + + Will, 87, 194, 195 + + Willament, 66 + + Willard, 66, 103 + + Willer, 87, 103 + + Willeroey, 111 + + Willett, 66 + + Willgoss, 66 + + Williams, 66 + + Williment, 103 + + Willing, 28, 87, 194, 195 + + Willis, 32, 194, 195 + + Willmore, 66 + + Willmot, 66 + + Willock, 31, 34 + + Willoe, 195 + + Willof, 194, 195 + + Willow, 87, 185, 186 + + Willy, 194, 195 + + Wilsford, 111 + + Wimble, 202 + + Wimbolt, 67 + + Wincup, 67 + + Winder, 66 + + Windle, 87 + + Windlesham, 109 + + Windram, 66 + + Windred, 66 + + Windsor, 112 + + Wine, 87 + + Winegar, 67, 103 + + Wineman, 67 + + Winer, 67, 103 + + Winfarthing, 2, 29 + + Wingood, 67 + + Winlock, 67 + + Winmen, 67 + + Winn, 87 + + Winning, 87 + + Winshill, 111 + + Winslow, 111 + + Winston, 67 + + Winter, 182, 183 + + Wintle, 87 + + Wire, 67 + + Wither, 66 + + Withered, 66 + + Witherick, 66 + + Witheron, 66 + + Wittering, 66, 106 + + Wiveliscomb, 111 + + Woking, 106 + + Woldswell, 111 + + Wolf, 87 + + Wolsey, 68, 103 + + Wolverley, 112 + + Woodcock, 34 + + Woodin (?), 103 + + Woolbert, 67 + + Woolcot, 34, 67 + + Wooley, 67 + + Woolgar, 67, 103 + + Woollams, 67 + + Woollard, 67 + + Woollat, 67 + + Woolmer, 68, 103 + + Woolnoth, 68 + + Woolrych, 68, 103 + + Woolston, 68 + + Worcester, 111 + + Wordsworth, 116 + + Worm, 175 + + Worting, 106 + + Wren, 87, 175, 176 + + Wreningham, 111 + + Wright, 87 + + Wrigley, 85 + + Wrotham, 112 + + Wyard, 67, 103 + + Wyatt, 67 + + Wyberg, 67 + + Wybrow, 67 + + Wyman, 67 + + Wymer, 67 + + + Y. + + Yea, 2, 68_n_ + + Yeading, 105 + + Yealfe, 68 + + Yeaman, 68 + + Yems, 83 + + Yeo, 2, 68_n_ + + Yeoman, 68 + + Yeoward, 68 + + Yorick, 68 + + +THE END. + + + + +LONDON: + +R. CLAY, SONS, AND TAYLOR, + +BREAD STREET HILL, E.C. + + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's Surnames as a Science, by Robert Ferguson + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SURNAMES AS A SCIENCE *** + +***** This file should be named 37520-8.txt or 37520-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/7/5/2/37520/ + +Produced by StevenGibbs, Jane Hyland and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +http://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need, are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +http://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at http://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit http://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. +To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + http://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. diff --git a/37520-8.zip b/37520-8.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..6e24e1c --- /dev/null +++ b/37520-8.zip diff --git a/37520-h.zip b/37520-h.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..d5a81fa --- /dev/null +++ b/37520-h.zip diff --git a/37520-h/37520-h.htm b/37520-h/37520-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e694af3 --- /dev/null +++ b/37520-h/37520-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,9737 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> + + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of Surnames as a Science, by Robert Ferguson + </title> + <style type="text/css"> + p { margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; + } + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; + } + hr { width: 33%; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; + } + + table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;} + + body{margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + } + .mynote {background-color: #DDE; color: #000; padding: .5em; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 90%;} + .pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: smaller; + text-align: right; + } /* page numbers */ + + .linenum {position: absolute; top: auto; left: 4%;} /* poetry number */ + .blockquot{margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 10%;} + .sidenote {width: 20%; padding-bottom: .5em; padding-top: .5em; + padding-left: .5em; padding-right: .5em; margin-left: 1em; + float: right; clear: right; margin-top: 1em; + font-size: smaller; color: black; background: #eeeeee; border: dashed 1px;} + + .bb {border-bottom: solid 2px;} + .bl {border-left: solid 2px;} + .bt {border-top: solid 2px;} + .br {border-right: solid 2px;} + .bbox {border: solid 2px;} + + .center {text-align: center;} + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + .u {text-decoration: underline;} + + .caption {font-weight: bold;} + + .figcenter {margin: auto; text-align: center;} + + .figleft {float: left; clear: left; margin-left: 0; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: + 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 0; text-align: center;} + + .figright {float: right; clear: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; + margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 0; padding: 0; text-align: center;} + + .footnotes {border: dashed 1px;} + .footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} + .footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} + .fnanchor {vertical-align: super; font-size: .8em; text-decoration: none;} + + .poem {margin-left:10%; margin-right:10%; text-align: left;} + .poem br {display: none;} + .poem .stanza {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;} + .poem span.i0 {display: block; margin-left: 0em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + .poem span.i2 {display: block; margin-left: 2em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + .poem span.i4 {display: block; margin-left: 4em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Surnames as a Science, by Robert Ferguson + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Surnames as a Science + +Author: Robert Ferguson + +Release Date: September 24, 2011 [EBook #37520] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SURNAMES AS A SCIENCE *** + + + + +Produced by StevenGibbs, Jane Hyland and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_i" id="Page_i">[Pg i]</a></span></p> + + +<h1>SURNAMES AS A SCIENCE</h1> + +<h4>BY</h4> +<h3>ROBERT FERGUSON, M.P.,</h3> +<h5>F.S.A., F.S.A. (SCOT.);<br /> +AUTHOR OF "THE TEUTONIC NAME-SYSTEM."</h5> + +<h5>LONDON:<br /> +GEORGE ROUTLEDGE AND SONS,<br /> +BROADWAY, LUDGATE HILL,<br /> +NEW YORK: 9, LAFAYETTE PLACE.<br /> +1883.<br /><br /></h5> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_ii" id="Page_ii">[Pg ii]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h5>LONDON:<br /> +R. CLAY, SONS, AND TAYLOR,<br /> +BREAD STREET HILL.<br /><br /></h5> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_iii" id="Page_iii">[Pg iii]</a></span></p> + +<h4>TO<br /><br /></h4> +<h3>MRS. R.H. DANA (<i>née</i> LONGFELLOW),<br /><br /></h3> +<h4>OF BOSTON, MASS.,<br /><br /> +IN MEMORY OF EARLY AND VALUED FRIENDSHIP, AND OF DAYS<br /><br /> +NOT TO BE FORGOTTEN, PASSED AT CRAGIE HOUSE,<br /><br /> +THIS LITTLE VOLUME IS INSCRIBED<br /><br /></h4> +<h3>BY THE AUTHOR.</h3> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">[Pg iv-v]</a></span></p> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>PREFACE.</h2> + + +<p>That portion of our surnames which dates back to Anglo-Saxon times, and +so forms a part of the general system by which Teutonic names are +governed, is distinctly a branch of a science, and as such has been +treated by the Germans, upon whose lines I have generally endeavoured to +follow.</p> + +<p>It has been a part of my object to show that this portion of our +surnames is a very much larger one than has been generally supposed, and +that it includes a very great number of names which have hitherto been +otherwise accounted for, as well as of course a great number for which +no explanation has been forthcoming.</p> + +<p>Nevertheless, while claiming for my subject the dignity of a science, I +am very well aware that the question as to how far I have myself +succeeded in treating it scientifically is an entirely different one,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">[Pg vi]</a></span> +and one upon which it will be for others than myself to pronounce an +opinion.</p> + +<p>This work is of the nature of a supplement to one which I published some +time ago under the title of <i>The Teutonic Name-system applied to the +Family-names of France, England, and Germany</i> (Williams and Norgate), +though I have been obliged, in order to render my system intelligible, +to a certain extent to go over the same ground again.</p> + +<p>I will only say, in conclusion, that in dealing with this subject—one +in which all persons may be taken to be more or less interested—I have +endeavoured as much as possible to avoid technicalities and to write so +as to be intelligible to the ordinary reader.</p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 30em;" class="smcap">Robert Ferguson.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap">Morton, Carlisle.</span><br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[Pg vii]</a></span></p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<div class="mynote"><p class="center"><span>Transcriber's note: A letter with a circumflex that could not be +properly displayed in this e-text is represented by an ^ as in [^y]</span></p></div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>CONTENTS.</h2> + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="contents"> +<tr><td align='center'>CHAPTER I.</td><td align='right'>PAGE</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>THE ANTIQUITY AND THE UNSUSPECTED DIGNITY OF SOME OF OUR COMMON NAMES</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>CHAPTER II.</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>CLUE TO SOME OF THE ANCIENT FORMS REPRESENTED IN ENGLISH NAMES</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_23">23</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>CHAPTER III.</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>NAMES REPRESENTING ANCIENT COMPOUNDS</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_36">36</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>CHAPTER IV.</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>THE MEN WHO CAME IN WITH THE SAXONS</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_69">69</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>CHAPTER V.</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>MEN'S NAMES IN PLACE-NAMES</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_92">92</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>CHAPTER VI.</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>CORRUPTIONS AND CONTRACTIONS</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_113">113</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>CHAPTER VII.</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>THE OLD FRANKS AND THE PRESENT FRENCH</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_123">123</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>CHAPTER VIII.</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>THE GERMAN ORIGIN OF GREAT ITALIANS AS EVIDENCED IN THEIR NAMES</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_143">143</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>CHAPTER IX.</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>VARIOUS UNENUMERATED STEMS</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_154">154</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>CHAPTER X.</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>NAMES WHICH ARE NOT WHAT THEY SEEM</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_171">171</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>CHAPTER XI.</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>CHRISTIAN NAMES OF WOMEN<br /></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_197">197</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">List of the Principal Works Consulted</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_213">213</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Additions and Corrections</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_215">215</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Index of Names</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_217">217</a></td></tr> +</table></div> + +<h4>CONTRACTIONS.</h4> + +<p class="center"> +A.S. Anglo-Saxon.<br /> +O.N. Old Northern.<br /> +O.G. Old German.<br /> +O.H.G. Old High German.<br /> +</p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>SURNAMES AS A SCIENCE.</h2> + +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_I" id="CHAPTER_I"></a>CHAPTER I.</h2> + +<p class="center">THE ANTIQUITY AND THE UNSUSPECTED DIGNITY OF SOME OF OUR COMMON NAMES.</p> + + +<p>As some things that seem common, and even ignoble, to the naked eye, +lose their meanness under the revelations of the microscope, so, many of +our surnames that seem common and even vulgar at first sight, will be +found, when their origin is adequately investigated, to be of high +antiquity, and of unsuspected dignity. <i>Clodd</i>, for instance, might seem +to be of boorish origin, and <i>Clout</i> to have been a dealer in old rags. +But I claim for them that they are twin brothers, and etymologically the +descendants of a Frankish king. <i>Napp</i> is not a name of distinguished +sound, yet it is one that can take us back to that far-off time ere yet +the history of England had begun, when, among the little kinglets on the +old Saxon shore, "Hnaf ruled the Hôcings."<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> <i>Moll</i>, <i>Betty</i>,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span> <i>Nanny</i>, +and <i>Pegg</i> sound rather ignoble as the names of men, yet there is +nothing of womanliness in their warlike origin. <i>Bill</i> seems an honest +though hardly a distinguished name, unless he can claim kinship with +Billing, the "noble progenitor of the royal house of Saxony." Now +Billing, thus described by Kemble, is a patronymic, "son of Bill or +Billa," and I claim for our Bill (as a surname) the right, as elsewhere +stated, to be considered as the progenitor. Among the very shortest +names in all the directory are <i>Ewe</i>, <i>Yea</i>, and <i>Yeo</i>, yet theirs also +is a pedigree that can take us back beyond Anglo-Saxon times. Names of a +most disreputable appearance are <i>Swearing</i> and <i>Gambling</i>, yet both, +when properly inquired into, turn out to be the very synonyms of +respectability. <i>Winfarthing</i> again would seem to be derived from the +most petty gambling, unless he can be rehabilitated as an Anglo-Saxon +Winfrithing (patronymic of Winfrith.) A more unpleasant name than +<i>Gumboil</i> (<i>Lower</i>) it would not be easy to find, and yet it represents, +debased though be its form, a name borne by many a Frankish warrior, and +by a Burgundian king fourteen centuries ago. Its proper form would be +Gumbald (Frankish for Gundbald), and it signifies "bold in war." Another +name which wofully belies its origin is <i>Tremble</i>, for, of the two words +of which it is composed, one signifies steadfast or firm, and the other +signifies valiant or bold. Its proper form is Trumbald, and the first +step of its descent is <i>Trumbull</i>. A name which excites anything but +agreeable associations is <i>Earwig</i>. Yet it is at any rate a name that +goes back to Anglo-Saxon times, there being an<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span> Earwig, no doubt a man +of some consideration, a witness to a charter (<i>Thorpe</i>, p. 333). And +the animal which it represents is not the insect of insidious repute, +but the sturdy boar so much honoured by our Teuton forefathers, <i>ear</i> +being, as elsewhere noted, a contraction of <i>evor</i>, boar, so that Earwig +is the "boar of battle." Of more humiliating seeming than even Earwig is +<i>Flea</i> (vouched for by Lower as an English surname). And yet it is at +all events a name of old descent, for Flea—I do not intend it in any +equivocal sense, for the stem is found in Kemble's list of early +settlers—came in with the Saxons. And though it has nothing to do with +English "flea," yet it is no doubt from the same root, and expresses the +same characteristic of agility so marvellously developed in the insect.</p> + +<p>Even <i>Bugg</i>, if he had seen his name under this metaphorical microscope, +might have felt himself absolved from changing it into Howard, for Bugg +is at least as ancient, and etymologically quite as respectable. It is a +name of which great and honourable men of old were not ashamed; there +was, for instance, a Buga, minister to Edward of Wessex, who signs his +name to many a charter. And there was also an Anglo-Saxon queen, +Hrothwaru, who was also called Bucge, which I have elsewhere given +reasons for supposing to have been her original name. There are moreover +to be found, deduced from place-names, two Anglo-Saxons named +respectively Buga and Bugga, owners of land, and therefore respectable. +In Germany we find Bugo, Bugga, and Bucge, as ancient names of men and +women in the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span><i>Altdeutsches Namenbuch</i>. And Bugge is at present a name +both among the Germans and the Scandinavians, being, among others, that +of a distinguished professor at Christiania. As to its origin, all that +we can predicate with anything like confidence is that it is derived +from a word signifying to bend, and of the various senses thus derived, +that of ring or bracelet (O.N. <i>baugr</i>) seems to me the most +appropriate. The bracelet was of old an honourable distinction, and the +prince, as the fountain of honour, was the "bracelet-giver."<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></p> + +<p>My object then at present is to show that many of our short and +unpretending names are among the most ancient that we have, being such +as our Saxon forefathers brought with them when they first set foot upon +our shores, and such as we find whenever history gives us a yet earlier +glimpse of the Teuton in his home. <i>Bass</i>, for instance, whose red +pyramid to-day stamps authenticity on many a bottle, was in ancient +times a well-known potter's name on the beautiful red Samian ware of the +Romans. The seat of this manufacture was on the banks of the Rhine, and +in the long list of potters' names, mostly of course Roman, there are +not a few that are those of Germans or of Gauls. And there is one +interesting case, that of a lamp found along the line of the Roman wall, +in which the German potter, one Fus, has asserted his own nationality by +stamping his ware with the print of a naked human foot, within which is +inscribed his name, thus proving, by the play upon his name, that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span> <i>fus</i> +meant "foot" in the language which he spoke. Little perhaps the old +potter thought, as he chuckled over his conceit, that when fifteen +centuries had passed away, his trade-mark would remain to attest his +nationality.</p> + +<p>But to return to Bass, let us see what can be done to bridge the gulf +between the princely brewers of to-day and the old potter on the banks +of the Rhine. And first, as to Anglo-Saxon England, we find Bass as a +mass-priest, and Bassus as a valiant soldier of King Edwin in the +Anglo-Saxon <i>Chronicle</i>, as also a Bassa in the genealogy of the Mercian +kings. Basing, the Anglo-Saxon patronymic, "son of Bass," occurs about +the twelfth century, in the <i>Liber Vitæ</i>. And Kemble, in his list of +Anglo-Saxon "marks," or communities of the early settlers, finds +Bassingas, <i>i.e.</i> descendants or followers of Bass, in Cambridgeshire +and in Notts, while Mr. Taylor finds offshoots of the same family on the +opposite coast in Artois. In Germany we find many instances of Bass, and +its High German form Pass, from the seventh century downwards. And in +the neighbourhood of the Wurm-See, in Bavaria, we find, corresponding +with our Bassings, a community of Pasings, <i>i.e.</i> descendants or +followers of Pass. We may take it then that our name <i>Pass</i> is only +another form of <i>Bass</i>, both names being also found at present in +Germany. As to the origin of the name, for which no sufficient +explanation is to be found in the Old German dialects, Foerstemann has +to turn to the kindred dialect of the Old Northern, where he finds it in +<i>basa</i>, anniti, to strive contend.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span></p> + +<p>Thus far we have had to do with Bass as a name of Teutonic origin. But +it appears to have been a Celtic name as well, for Bassa, a name +presumably Welsh, occurs in the pathetic lament of Llywarch, written in +the sixth century, the name being, on the authority of the late Dr. +Guest, still retained in Baschurch near Shrewsbury. The name Bass, then, +or Pass, on Roman pottery might be either that of a German or of a Gaul, +but more probably the former, especially as we find also Bassico, a form +more particularly German, and some other forms more probably Teutonic.</p> + +<p>Before parting with Bass, I may refer to one in particular of his +progeny, the name <i>Basin</i>, formed from it by the ending <i>en</i> or <i>in</i>, +referred to in a subsequent chapter. The original of our Basin has been +supposed to have been a barber, the mediæval leech, but I claim for him +a different origin, and connect his name, which is found as Basin in +Domesday, with the name Basin of a Thuringian king of the fifth century.</p> + +<p>Let us take another of our common surnames, <i>Scott</i>. This has been +generally assumed to have been an original surname derived from +nationality, and we need not doubt that it has been so in many, perhaps +in most, cases. But Scott, as a man's name, is, not to say older than +the introduction of surnames, but as old probably as the name of the +nation itself. To begin with England, it occurs in the thirteenth +century, in the <i>Liber Vitæ</i>, where it is the reverse of a surname, +Scott Agumdessune (no doubt for Agemundessune). I do not think, +however,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span> that Agumdessune is here a surname, but only an individual +description, an earnest of surnames that were to be. For there is +another Scott who signs about the same time, and it might be necessary +to distinguish between these two men. There is in the same record yet +another Scott, described as "Alstani filius," who, in the time of +William the Conqueror, "for the redemption of his soul, and with the +consent of his sons and of all his friends," makes a gift of valuable +lands to the Church. Scott again occurs in an Anglo-Saxon charter of +boundaries quoted by Kemble, "Scottes heal," <i>i.e.</i> "Scot's hall." And +Scotta occurs in another in "Scottan byrgels," <i>i.e.</i> "Scotta's burial +mound." In Germany Scot occurs in the ninth century in the Book of the +Brotherhood of St. Peter at Salzburg, where it is classed by Foerstemann +as a German name, which seems justified by the fact that Scotardus, a +German compound (<i>hard</i>, fortis), occurs as an Old Frankish name in the +time of Charlemagne. In Italy, where, as I shall show in a subsequent +chapter, the Germans have left many Teutonic names behind them, we find +a Scotti, duke of Milan, in the middle ages, whose name is probably due +to that cause. Scotto is a surname at present among the Frisians, while +among the Germans generally it is most commonly softened into Schott.</p> + +<p>Scot however, as a man's name, seems to have been at least as common +among the Celts as among the Teutons; Gluck cites four instances of it +from ancient, chiefly Latin, authors, in only one of which, however, +that of a Gaul, is the particular nationality distinguished. As to the +origin of the name, all that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span> can be said is that it is most probably +from the same origin, whatever that may be, as the name of the nation; +just as another Celtic man's name, Caled, signifying hard, durus, is +probably from the same origin as that of Caledonia, "stern and wild."</p> + +<p>Lastly, among the names on Roman pottery, we have Scottus, Scoto, and +Scotni, the last being a genitive, "Scotni manû." Of these three names +the first is the Latinisation of Scott; the second has the ending in <i>o</i> +most common for men's names among the old Franks, but also found among +the Celts; the third, as a genitive, presumably represents the form +Scotten, the ending in <i>en</i>, hereafter referred to, running through the +whole range of Teutonic names, but being also found in Celtic. Upon the +whole, then, there does not seem anything sufficiently distinctive to +stamp these names as either Teutonic or Celtic. I may observe that all +these three forms, <i>Scott</i>, <i>Scotto</i>, and <i>Scotten</i>, are found in our +surnames, as well as <i>Scotting</i>, the Anglo-Saxon patronymic, which +assists to mark the name as in Anglo-Saxon use. We have also <i>Scotland</i>, +which has been supposed to have been an original surname derived from +nationality, and so I dare say it may be in some cases. But Scotland +appears as a man's name in the <i>Liber Vitæ</i> about the twelfth or +thirteenth century, and before surnames begin to make their appearance. +Scotland again occurs as the name of a Norman in the <i>Acta Sanctorum</i>, +where it seems more probably of Frankish origin, and cannot at any rate +be from nationality. The fact seems to be that <i>land</i>, terra, was formed +into compounds, like <i>bald</i>, and <i>fred</i>, and <i>hard</i>, without reference +perhaps to any<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span> particular meaning. Similarly we find Old German, +apparently Frankish, names, Ingaland and Airland (more properly +Heriland), which might account in a similar way for our surnames +<i>England</i> and <i>Ireland</i>.</p> + +<p>Let us take yet one more name, <i>Gay</i>, a little more complicated in its +connections than the others, and endeavour to trace it up to its origin. +"Nay! but what better origin can we have," I can fancy the reader saying +at starting, "than our own word 'gay', French <i>gai</i>?" I would not +undertake to say that our name is not in any instance from this origin, +but what I say is that a proved Anglo-Saxon <i>name</i> is better than any +assumed <i>word</i>, however suitable its meaning may seem to be. Moreover, +the same Anglo-Saxon word will account, not only for Gay, but for a +whole group of names, <i>Gay</i>, <i>Gye</i>, <i>Gedge</i>, <i>Gage</i>, <i>Kay</i>, <i>Key</i>, +<i>Kegg</i>, <i>Kedge</i>, <i>Cage</i>,—all variations, according to my view, of one +original name. It must inevitably be the case that a name dating back to +a remote antiquity, and in use over a wide area, must be subject to many +phonetic variations. And it matters nothing to etymology, so long as her +own strict rules are complied with, if some of these names have not a +single letter in common. Given, then, an Anglo-Saxon name Gagg, Gegg, +with its alternative form Cagg, Keg, and we get from it all the forms +that are required. For the English ear is averse, as a matter of +euphony, to a final <i>g</i>, and while it most commonly changes it into <i>y</i> +(which is in effect dropping it), as in A.S. <i>dag</i>, Eng. <i>day</i>, A.S. +<i>cæg</i>, Eng. <i>key</i>, it also not unfrequently changes it into <i>dg</i>, as in +A.S. <i>bricg</i>, Eng. <i>bridge</i>, &c. To come, then,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span> to the Anglo-Saxon +names concerned, Kemble, in his list of original settlers, has both +Gagingas, <i>i.e.</i> descendants or followers of Gag, and Cægingas, <i>i.e.</i> +descendants or followers of Cæg. And the Anglo-Saxon names cited below, +one of them the exact counterpart of Gay, are deduced from place-names +of a later period. The Old German names do not, in this case, throw any +light upon the subject, as, on account of the stem not being so +distinctly developed as it is in Anglo-Saxon, they have been placed by +Foerstemann to, as I consider, a wrong stem, viz. <i>gaw</i>, patria.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Anglo-Saxon names.</i>—Gæcg, Geagga, Geah, Cæg, +Ceagga, Ceahha (Gæging, Gaing, <i>patronymics</i>).<br /> +<i>Old German names.</i>—Gaio, Geio, Kegio, Keyo, Keio.<br /> +<i>Present German.</i>—Gey, Geu.<br /> +<i>Present Friesic.</i>—Kay, Key.<br /> +<i>English surnames.</i>—Gay, Gye, Gedge, Gage, Kay, +Key, Kegg, Kedge, Cage.</p></div> + +<p>As to the origin and meaning of the word, I can offer nothing more than +a somewhat speculative conjecture. There is a stem <i>gagen</i>, <i>cagen</i>, in +Teutonic names, and which seems to be derived most probably from O.N. +<i>gagn</i>, gain, victory. We find it in Anglo-Saxon in Gegnesburh, now +Gainsborough, and in Geynesthorn, another place-name, and we have it in +our names <i>Gain</i>, <i>Cain</i>, <i>Cane</i>. It is very possible, and in accordance +with the Teutonic system, that <i>gag</i> may represent the older and simpler +form, standing to <i>gagen</i> in the same relation as English<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> <i>ward</i> does +to <i>warden</i>, and A.S. <i>geard</i> (inclosure), to <i>garden</i>.</p> + +<p>As in the two previous cases, so also in this case, there is an ancient +Celtic name, Geio, to take into account, and to this may be placed the +names <i>Keogh</i> and <i>Keho</i>, if these names be, as I suppose, Irish and not +English. Also the Kay and the Kie in <i>McKay</i> and <i>McKie</i>. Lastly, in +this, as in the other two cases, there is also a name on Roman pottery, +Gio, which might, as it seems, be either German or Celtic. Can there be +any connection, I venture to inquire, between these ancient names, +Celtic or Teutonic, and the Roman Gaius and Caius? Several well-known +Roman names are, as elsewhere noted, referred by German writers to a +Celtic origin.</p> + +<p>It will be seen then that, in the case of all the three names of which I +have been treating, there is an ancient Celtic name in a corresponding +form which might in some cases intermix. And there are many more cases +of the same kind among our surnames. <i>Wake</i>, for instance, may represent +an ancient name, either German or Celtic; for the German a sufficient +etymon may be found in <i>wak</i>, watchful, while for the Celtic there is +nothing, observes Gluck, in the range of extant dialects to which we can +reasonably refer it. So <i>Moore</i> represents an ancient stem for names +common to the Celts, the Germans, and the Romans, though at least as +regards the Germans, the origin seems obscure.<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span></p> + +<p>Now it is quite possible, particularly in the case of such monosyllabic +words as these, that there might be an accidental coincidence between a +Celtic and a Teutonic name, without their having anything in common in +their root. It is possible, again, that the one nation may have borrowed +a name from the other, as the Northmen, for instance, sometimes did from +the Irish or the Gael, one of their most common names, Niel(sen), being +thus derived; while, on the other hand, both the Irish and the Gael +received, as Mr. Worsaae has shown, many names from the Northmen. So +also the Romans seem to have borrowed names from the Celts, several +well-known names, as Plinius, Livius, Virgilius,<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> Catullus, and +Drusus, being, in the opinion of German scholars, thus derived.</p> + +<p>But though no doubt both these principles apply to the present case, yet +there is also, as it seems to me, something in the relationship between +Celtic and Teutonic names which can hardly be accounted for on either of +the above principles. And I venture to throw out the suggestion that +when ancient Celtic names shall have been as thoroughly collected and +examined as, by the industry of the Germans, have been the Teutonic, +comparative philology may<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span>—perhaps within certain lines—find something +of the same kinship between them that it has already established in the +case of the respective languages. Meanwhile, I venture to put forward, +derived from such limited observations as I have been able to make, +certain points of coincidence which I think go some way to justify the +opinion expressed above. In so doing I am not so much putting forward +etymological views of my own, as collecting together, so as to shape +them into a comparison, the conclusions which have, in various +individual cases, been arrived at by scholars such as Zeuss. There are, +then, four very common endings in Teutonic names,—<i>ward</i>, as in Edward, +<i>ric</i>, as in Frederic, <i>mar</i>, as in Aylmar, and <i>wald</i>, as in Reginald +(=Reginwald). The same four words, in their corresponding forms, are +also common as the endings of Celtic names, <i>ward</i> taking the form of +<i>guared</i> or <i>guaret</i>, the German <i>ric</i> taking generally the form of +<i>rix</i> (which appears also to have been the older form in the German, all +names of the first century being so given by Latin authors), <i>wald</i> +taking the form of <i>gualed</i> or <i>gualet</i>, and <i>mar</i> being pretty much the +same in both. Of these four cases of coincidence, there is only one +(<i>wald = gualet</i>) which I have not derived from German authority. And +with respect to this one, I have assumed the Welsh <i>gualed</i>, order, +arrangement, whence <i>gualedyr</i>, a ruler, to be the same word as German +<i>wald</i>, Gothic <i>valdan</i>, to rule. But we can carry this comparison still +further, and show all these four endings in combination with one and the +same prefix common to both tongues. This prefix is the Old German <i>had</i>, +<i>hat</i>, <i>hath</i>, signifying war, the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> corresponding word to which is in +Celtic <i>cad</i> or <i>cat</i>. (Note that in the earliest German names on +record, as the Catumer and the Catualda of Tacitus, the German form is +<i>cat</i>, same as the Celtic. This seems to indicate that at that early +period the Germans so strongly aspirated the <i>h</i> in <i>hat</i>, that the word +sounded to Roman ears like <i>cat</i>, and it assists perhaps to give us an +idea of the way in which such variations of tongues arise.)</p> + +<p>I subjoin then the following names which, <i>mutatis mutandis</i>, are the +same in both tongues, and which, judging them by the same rules which +philology has applied to the respective languages, might be taken to be +from some earlier source common to both races:—</p> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="table"> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Ancient German Names.</i></td><td align='left'><i>Ancient Celtic Names.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hadaward.</td><td align='left'>Catguaret (<i>Book of Llandaff</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Haduric.</td><td align='left'>Caturix (<i>Orelli</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hadamar (Catumer, <i>Tacitus</i>).</td><td align='left'>Catmôr (<i>Book of Llandaff</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hadold (=Hadwald).</td><td align='left'>Catgualet (<i>British king of Gwynedd</i>, <span class="smcap">a.d.</span> 664).</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Catualda (<i>Tacitus</i>).</td><td align='left'>Cadwalladyr (<i>British king</i>)</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'> (Catgualatyr, <i>Book of Llandaff</i>)</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>In comparing Catualda with the British Cadwalladyr I am noting an +additional point of coincidence. Catualda is not, like other Old German +names, from <i>wald</i>, rule, but from <i>walda</i>, ruler. There is only one +other Old German name in the same form, Cariovalda,<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> also a very +ancient name, being of the first<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span> century. This then may represent the +older form, though this is not what I wish at present to note, but that +Catualda is the counterpart of the British Cadwalladyr, which also is +not from <i>gualed</i>, rule, but from <i>gualedyr</i>, ruler.</p> + +<p>In suggesting that this coincidence may be confined within certain lines +I mean to guard against the assumption that it would, as in the case of +the language, be found to pervade the whole system, many of the +formations of which may be of a more recent time. There are some other +stems, considered by the Germans to be in coincidence, to only one of +which I will refer at present, the Old Celtic <i>tout</i>, Welsh <i>tûd</i> = the +Gothic <i>thiuda</i>. Hence the name Tudric, of a British king of Glamorgan, +would be the counterpart of that of the Gothic king Theuderic, or +Theoderic. I will take one more instance of a name presumed to be common +to the Germans and to the Celts as an illustration of the manner in +which—men's names being handed down from generation to generation +without, even in ancient times, any thought of their meaning—a name may +survive, while the word from which it was originally derived has +perished out of the language, or is retained in a sense so changed as +hardly to be recognised. The German name in question is that of Sigimar, +the brother of Arminius, dating from the first century of our era, a +name which we still have as <i>Seymore</i>,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> and in its High German form +Sicumar we have as <i>Sycamore</i>, intermediate Anglo-Saxon names being +found for both. The prefix <i>sig</i> is taken, with as much certainty as +there can be in anything of the kind, to be from <i>sig</i>, victory; the +ending <i>mar</i>, signifying famous, is a word to which I have already +referred as common both to the Germans and to the Celts. Segimar was +also an ancient Celtic name, but while the ending <i>mar</i> has a meaning +to-day in Celtic speech, the prefix <i>seg</i> is a word of which they are +hardly able to render any account. Only in the Old Irish (which seems to +contain some of the most ancient elements) Gluck, finding a word <i>seg</i> +with the meaning of the wild ox, <i>urus</i>, deduces from it the ancient +meaning of strength (Sansc. <i>sahas</i>, vis, robor), and infers an original +meaning akin to the German.</p> + +<p>It happens, perhaps yet more frequently, that a German name, which +cannot be explained by anything within the range of Teutonic dialects, +may find a sufficient etymon from the Celtic. That is to suppose that a +word originally common to the Teutonic and the Celtic, has dropped out +of the former, and been retained only in the latter. Thus there is a +word <i>arg</i>, <i>arch</i>, found in many Teutonic names, and from which we have +several names, as <i>Archbold</i>, <i>Archbutt</i>, <i>Archard</i>, <i>Argent</i>, +<i>Argument</i>, for which the meaning that can be derived from the German +seems very inadequate, but for which the Irish <i>arg</i>, hero or champion, +seems to offer as good a meaning as could be desired. So also <i>all</i>, +from which, as elsewhere shown, there are a number of names, in its +Teutonic sense of <i>omnis</i>, does not seem to give by any means<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span> so +satisfactory a result as in its Celtic sense of "great" or, +"illustrious." Many other instances might be adduced on both sides to +show the way in which a word has dropped out of the one language and +been retained in the other.</p> + +<p>Before passing from this part of the subject, I may be allowed to adduce +an illustration—a striking one I think, albeit that the name in this +case is not that of a man but of a dog—of the way in which a name may +be retained in familiar use, though the word from which it is derived +has perished out of the language, though the language itself has passed +out of use among us for more than a thousand years, and though the word +itself is only used in a sort of poetical or sentimental sense. Who has +not heard, in verse or in prose, of the "poor dog <i>Tray</i>"? And yet who +ever heard, excepting in books, of a dog being called Tray, a word which +conveys no meaning whatever to an English ear? What then is the origin, +and what is the meaning, of the name? It is, I venture to think, the +ancient British name for a dog, which is not to be found in any living +dialect of the Celtic, and which is only revealed to us in a casual line +of a Roman poet:—</p> + +<p class="center">Non sibi, sed domino, venatur <i>vertragus</i> acer,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Illæsum leporem qui tibi dente feret.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 15em;"><i>Martial.</i></span></p> + +<p>The British <i>vertrag</i> must have been something of the nature of a +greyhound, though, from the description of his bringing back the game +unmangled to his master, perhaps capable of a higher training<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> than the +greyhound generally attains to. Now the <i>ver</i> in <i>vertrag</i> is in the +Celtic tongues an intensitive, and as prefixed to a word, gives the +sense of preeminence. The ancient British word for a dog in general must +have been <i>trag</i>, a word of which we find a trace in the Irish <i>traig</i>, +foot, allied, no doubt, to Gothic <i>thragjan</i>, Greek τρεχειν, +Sanscrit <i>trag</i>, to run. The ancient British name then for a dog, <i>trag</i> +signified the "runner," and with the intensitive prefix <i>ver</i>, as in +<i>vertrag</i>, the "swift runner."<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> And <i>trag</i> is, I take it, the word +from which, <i>g</i> as usual in English becoming <i>y</i>, is formed our word +Tray.</p> + +<p>It may be of interest, in connection with the antiquity of our names, to +take a few of the oldest Teutonic names of which history gives us a +record, and endeavour to show the relationship which they bear to our +existing surnames. It will be seen that not only have we the +representatives of these ancient names, but also in certain cases names +which represent a still more ancient form of the word.</p> + +<p>And first let us take the name, dating back to the first century of our +era, of the old German hero Arminius, brought before us with such +magnanimous fairness by Tacitus. The old idea, let me observe, that +Armin is properly <i>herman</i>, leader or warrior, has long been given up by +the Germans. The name, of which the most correct form is considered to +be Irmin, is formed from one single word of which the root is <i>irm</i>, and +the meaning of which is, as Grimm observes, entirely obscure. We have +then as English surnames <i>Armine</i>, <i>Ermine</i>, and <i>Harmony</i>, the last,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> +no doubt, a slight corruption, though, as far as the prefix of <i>h</i> is +concerned, it is as old as Anglo-Saxon times, for we find "Harmines +den," Harmine's valley, in a charter quoted by Kemble. Then we have +compounded with <i>gar</i>, spear, and corresponding with an O.G. +Irminger—<i>Arminger</i>, <i>Irminger</i>,<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> and again as a corruption, +<i>Iremonger</i>. And, compounded with <i>hari</i>, warrior, and corresponding +with an O.G. Irminhar, we have <i>Arminer</i>. And, as a Christian name of +women, one at least of our old families still retains the ancient name +<i>Ermentrude</i>, the ending <i>trude</i>, as found also in <i>Gertrude</i>, being +perhaps from the name Thrud, of one of the <i>Valkyrjur</i>, or +battle-maidens of Odin. The French also, among the many names derived +from their Frankish ancestors, have <i>Armingaud</i>, <i>Armandet</i>, and +<i>Ermingcard</i>, corresponding with the ancient names Irmingaud, Irmindeot, +and Irmingard. And <i>Irminger</i>, as I write, comes before me in the daily +papers as the name of a Danish admiral. But Irmin is not the oldest form +of the name,—"the older and the simple form," observes Foerstemann, +"runs in the form Irm or Irim," and with this also we can claim +connection in our family names. For we have the simple form as <i>Arms</i> +and <i>Harme</i>; and as compounds we have <i>Armiger</i>, corresponding with an +O.G. Ermgar; <i>Armour</i>, with an O.G. Ermhar; and <i>Armgold</i>, with an O.G. +Ermegild. Lastly, I may observe that both Irm and Irmin are found also +by Stark as ancient Celtic names. And certainly there is no stem more +likely than this, of the origin of which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> all trace is lost in the +darkness of the past, to be one that is older than the Arian separation.</p> + +<p>The name Sigimar, of the brother of Arminius, I have already shown that +we have, not only in its own form as <i>Seymore</i>, but also in its High +German form as <i>Sycamore</i>, the Anglo-Saxon names from which they may be +taken to be more immediately derived being also found in the chapter on +place-names. And I have also shown that we have the name Cariovalda (or +Harwald) of a prince of the Batavi, of the first century, in our +<i>Harold</i>.</p> + +<p>There was another old hero of the German race, not so fortunate as +Arminius in finding an historian in a generous foe, whose name only +comes before us in a line of Horace:—</p> + +<p class="center"> +Occidit Daci Cotisonis agmen.<br /> +</p> + +<p>Cotiso must have been a leader of some High German tribe, perhaps +somewhere on the Upper Danube, and he must have made a gallant stand +against the Roman arms, inasmuch as his final overthrow is deemed by the +Roman poet a worthy subject on which to congratulate his imperial +patron. Cotiso is a High German form of another name, Godiso or Godizo, +elsewhere referred to, and hence may be represented, I venture to think, +in our names <i>Godsoe</i> and <i>Goddiss</i>, while Cotiso itself may be +represented in our <i>Cottiss</i>, the ancient vowel-ending being in our +names, as I shall show in the next chapter, sometimes dropped and +sometimes retained.</p> + +<p>Another name which goes back to the first century of our era is Arpus, +that of a prince of the Catti in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span> Tacitus. The Eorpingas, descendants or +followers of Eorpa, were among the original settlers, and seem to have +confined themselves to Norfolk, where alone we have any traces of them. +The name may perhaps be referred to Anglo-Saxon <i>eorp</i>, wolf, though +other derivations have also been proposed. We have the name at present +as <i>Earp</i> (the name of a member of the House of Commons), and also as +<i>Harp</i>. Upon this stem is formed the name Arbogastes (<i>gast</i>, guest) of +a Frankish general under the Emperor Gratian in the fourth century; and +<i>Arbogast</i> is still a family name among the French.</p> + +<p>Lastly, let us take the name of the German king, Ariovistus, brought +before us by Cæsar. The proper form of this name, there seems little +doubt, is Arefastus, as found in some other O.G. names. There was also +an Arfast, bishop of East Anglia, in the time of William the Conqueror. +And Arfast is a present name among the Frisians, according to Outzen, +who compares it—rightly, as it seems to me—with the old name +Ariovistus. The corresponding name Arinfast (<i>aro</i>, <i>arin</i>, eagle) was +also in ancient use among the Danes. It seems to me that our name +<i>Harvest</i> may easily be a corruption of Arfast; it has generally no +doubt been derived from a man's having been born at such a season, but I +distrust, as a general rule, as elsewhere stated, derivations of this +kind.</p> + +<p>In connection with the subject of the antiquity of Teutonic names +generally, and of English names as derived from them, I shall have, in a +subsequent chapter, to refer to the names of original settlers in +England as deduced by Kemble from ancient charters,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> and compare them +with names of a similar kind found in Germany. The coincidence that will +be found in these names at that early period, from England and Friesland +in the north to Bavaria in the south, will, I think, be a very strong +argument to show that these names could not have originated within the +Teutonic area itself, and so dispersed themselves over it in its length +and breadth, but that they must have been brought with them by the +Teutonic invaders from their earlier homes.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span></p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> From the old Saxon fragment called the "Traveller's Song." +Hnaf is no doubt from the Ang.-Sax. <i>cnafa</i>, <i>cnapa</i>, son, boy, the +Anglo-Saxons often representing <i>c</i> by a (no doubt aspirated) <i>h</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Stark also adduces an instance in the eleventh century of +Buggo as a contraction of Burchard.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> So at least Foerstemann seems to think, observing that we +can scarcely derive it from Maur, Æthiops, English "Moor." +Nevertheless, seeing the long struggle between the Teutons +and the Moors in Spain, it seems to me that such a derivation +would be quite in accordance with Teutonic practice. See +some remarks on the general subject at the end of Chapter +IV.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> So that we may take it that Virgilius, as the name of a Scot +who became bishop of Salzburg in the time of Boniface, was his +own genuine Celtic name, and not derived from that of the +Roman poet.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> This name, that of a prince of the Batavi, is considered by +the Germans to be properly Hariovalda, from <i>har</i>, army, and +hence is another instance of an initial <i>h</i> being represented +among the Romans by a <i>c</i>. The name is the same as the +Anglo-Saxon Harald, and as our present name <i>Harold</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> For this explanation of <i>vertragus</i> I am indebted to Gluck.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> There was an English admiral of this name, though I do +not know of it at present.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_II" id="CHAPTER_II"></a>CHAPTER II.</h2> + +<p class="center">CLUE TO SOME OF THE ANCIENT FORMS REPRESENTED IN ENGLISH NAMES.</p> + + +<p>So long as our surnames are treated as if each name were something +standing apart by itself, very little progress can be made in their +elucidation; it is by collation and comparison that, in this as in any +other science, definite results are to be obtained. And a moderate +amount of attention to the forms in which these names appear, and to the +various endings prevalent among them, will enable many names, otherwise +unrecognisable, to be brought within the pale of classification and of +possible explanation. I am of course referring to that portion of our +surnames—a much larger one according to my judgment than is generally +acknowledged—which dates back to Anglo-Saxon times, and so forms a part +of the general system by which Teutonic names are governed.</p> + +<p>I shall have, in the course of this work, frequently to refer to the +Teutonic system, and to names which do, or do not, according to my +judgment, enter into it. And I will therefore, before going further,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> +endeavour to explain what I mean by the Teutonic system. There is, then, +a class of words which, at a time of remote antiquity, have been adopted +as stems upon which, in some cases by a sort of phonetic accretion, in +some cases by the addition of a diminutive ending, in some cases by +forming a patronymic, in some cases by taking in another word as a +compound, a number of other names have been formed. Thus, when we find +such a group of names as <i>Dill</i>, <i>Dilly</i>, <i>Dillow</i>, <i>Dillen</i>, <i>Dilling</i>, +<i>Dilke</i>, <i>Dilwyn</i>, or as <i>Budd</i>, <i>Budden</i>, <i>Buddle</i>, <i>Budding</i>, +<i>Buddrich</i>, <i>Budmore</i>, we may take it that these are all ancient names, +of which <i>Dill</i> and <i>Budd</i> are respectively the stems. And whenever we +find a group of names with endings such as it is my object in the +present chapter to explain, and in compounds such as will be dealt with +in a succeeding chapter, we shall be warranted in assuming the antiquity +of the group.</p> + + +<p class="center">The endings in <i>a</i>, <i>ay</i>, <i>ah</i>, <i>ey</i>, <i>ie</i>, <i>o</i>, <i>oe</i>, <i>ow</i>.</p> + +<p>And in the first place, let us take the endings in <i>a</i>, <i>i</i>, and <i>o</i>, of +which the above are nothing more than arbitrary variations of spelling. +Now ancient Teutonic names formed of one single word had commonly, +though not invariably (and the same thing applies also to ancient Celtic +names), a vowel-ending in <i>a</i>, <i>i</i>, or <i>o</i>; this ending is in our names +sometimes dropped and at other times retained. (It is to be observed, +however, that even in Anglo-Saxon times it is not an unfrequent thing to +find the same name variously with and without a vowel-ending, of which +some instances may be noted in Chapter V.) Thus<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span> we have <i>Abbe</i>, <i>Abba</i>, +and <i>Abbey</i>, we have <i>Bell</i>, <i>Belly</i>, and <i>Bellow</i>, we have <i>Earl</i> and +<i>Early</i>, we have <i>Dand</i>, <i>Dandy</i>, and <i>Dando</i>, we have <i>Brand</i> and +<i>Brandy</i>, we have <i>Todd</i> and <i>Toddy</i>, we have <i>Dane</i> and <i>Dana</i>, we have +<i>Marr</i>, <i>Marry</i>, and <i>Marrow</i>. These are all ancient names, variously +with and without the vowel-ending, and it will be readily seen how apt +the addition is to disguise the name, and to give it the appearance of +something else.</p> + +<p>The question now to consider is—What is the value and meaning of this +vowel-ending, which was only given to simple names and never to +compounds? It might be, in some cases, used simply as a sort of euphonic +rounding-off of a name which might seem meagre and insignificant without +something of the sort. We ourselves appear to use <i>s</i> in the same manner +in the case of some very short names, such as Wills and Epps, in which +the final <i>s</i> may perform the same service that was rendered by the +vowel-ending. But there is also another principle which I think obtains, +and which, indeed, may be the guiding principle in such cases. In +Anglo-Saxon (and the same principle applied to other Teutonic dialects), +the addition of <i>a</i> to a word implied connection with it. Thus, from +<i>scip</i>, a ship, is formed <i>scipa</i>, one connected with a ship, a sailor. +Now, going back to the remote origin of names, there were many cases in +which a man took a name from an abstraction, such as war, peace, glory, +victory, or from a weapon, as the sword or the spear, and it is obvious +that in such cases he required something to connect his name with it, +and this is, as it seems to me, what was effected by the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span> ending in +question. And the principle is still a living one among us, and we form +names daily in accordance with it, though we no longer use the ending in +<i>a</i>, which has been superseded by that in <i>i</i>.<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> A connection with +anything whatever is expressed by this ending, as when a stupid person +is called "Duncey," one with a remarkable nose "Nosey," or one with a +halting gait "Stumpy." The French seem to have retained their old +ending, and, when they form names of this sort, to do it with the ending +in <i>o</i> (<i>eau</i>) which appears to be in accordance with the genius of +their language, as that in <i>i</i> (<i>ey</i>) is with that of ours.</p> + +<p>Of these three endings, that in <i>a</i> is the one which was in use among +the Goths, in such names as Cniva, Totila, Ulfila. And the same was also +the case among the Saxons, a branch of the same Low German stock, in +such names as Anna, Ella, Penda, Dodda. The ending in <i>i</i> was also +common among the Old Saxons, and, if we may judge by the <i>Liber Vitæ</i> of +Durham (which might naturally be supposed to contain a large proportion +of Northern names), was also prevalent in the ancient Northumbria. We +have in that record the names Alli, Arni, Bynni, Betti, Cyni, Diori, +Elsi, Paelli, Tidi, Tilli, Terri, all of which are found in our present +names <i>Alley</i>, <i>Arney</i>, <i>Binney</i>, <i>Betty</i>, <i>Kinney</i>, <i>Deary</i>, <i>Elsey</i>, +<i>Paley</i>, <i>Tidy</i>, <i>Tilley</i>, <i>Terry</i>. The ending in <i>o</i> was that which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span> +was in favour among the Franks and the High Germans generally, the +oldest instance on record being probably that of Cotiso, p. <a href="#Page_20">20</a>. This is +the usual ending in French names (so far as they are of Old Frankish +origin, and come under this head), the form being generally <i>eau</i>, as in +<i>Baudeau</i>, <i>Godeau</i>, <i>Fredeau</i>, representing the ancient names Baldo, +Godo, Fredo. Hence our names ending in <i>o</i> may be taken to be, to some +extent, names of Old Frankish origin come to us through the Normans. But +the number of such names is larger than could reasonably be accounted +for in such a way, and in point of fact, we meet occasionally with such +names at a much earlier period. The Frisians certainly seem to have had +names in this form, and it is a question whether such names may not be +partly due to them. It must be observed, then, that names with these +three various endings represent the stem just the same as those that are +without it.</p> + +<p class="center">The ending in <i>an</i>, <i>en</i>, <i>in</i>, or <i>on</i>.</p> + +<p>This ending runs through the whole range of Teutonic names, and is +common in English surnames. Hence we have <i>Doran</i>, <i>Lingen</i>, <i>Bolden</i>, +<i>Hannen</i>, <i>Farren</i>, the names on which they are formed being represented +in <i>Dore</i>, <i>Ling</i>, <i>Bold</i>, <i>Hann</i>, <i>Farre</i>. As to the value and meaning +of this ending, we have nothing more to guide us than its parallel use +in the languages most nearly concerned, where it is what may be called +formative. That is to say, it is a form of speech which is used to form +the endings of words, not adding anything to the meaning, but forming a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> +kind of euphonic rounding-off of the word. Thus from A.S. <i>wearda</i> is +formed <i>warden</i>, from <i>geard</i> (inclosure) is formed <i>garden</i>, from +<i>Brytta</i> is formed Briton, from <i>mægd</i>, maid, is formed <i>maiden</i>. Cf. +also the old word <i>ratten</i> for <i>rat</i>, still used in provincial speech. +In many cases in Teutonic names we have words thus formed, and also the +simpler forms on which they have been founded, <i>e.g.</i> we have <i>bero</i>, +bear, and also <i>berin</i>, we have <i>aro</i>, eagle, and also <i>arin</i> (=A.S. +<i>earn</i>), both forming the stems on which a number of other names have +been built. I take the ending in <i>en</i>, then, to be most probably a kind +of phonetic accretion, adding nothing to the sense, but sometimes +representing a secondary word, and starting a stem on its own account.</p> + + +<p class="center">The ending in <i>ing</i>.</p> + +<p>This is the Anglo-Saxon and ancient German patronymic, as in <i>Browning</i>, +"son of Brown," <i>Dunning</i>, "son of Dunn," <i>Winning</i>, "son of Winn." It +must have been superseded during, or very soon after, Anglo-Saxon times, +by the patronymic in <i>son</i>, inasmuch as no names of Scriptural origin +appear to be formed with it. Hence we have such names as <i>Bulling</i>, +<i>Burning</i>, <i>Canning</i>, <i>Gambling</i>, <i>Halling</i>, <i>Harding</i>, <i>Hopping</i>, +<i>Loving</i>, <i>Manning</i>, <i>Swearing</i>, <i>Telling</i>, <i>Walking</i>, <i>Willing</i>, some +of which have been popularly supposed to be from the present participle. +All of the above except two, <i>Swearing</i> and <i>Gambling</i>, are found in the +list of early Saxon settlers, and of these two (which are found in after +Anglo-Saxon times) <i>Swearing</i>, which corresponds with an Old German<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> +Suaring, finds its stem in an Anglo-Saxon name Sweor, signifying +important, honourable; and <i>Gambling</i> (properly Gamling) is the +patronymic of an A.S. and O.N. name, Gamol, signifying "old," probably +in the honorific sense of old descent. From this origin, I take it, are +also our names <i>Farthing</i> and <i>Shilling</i>, the former from the stem +<i>fard</i>, or <i>farth</i>, signifying "travel," found in several ancient names, +and which I rather take to be the same as <i>ford</i>, found in the Fordingas +among the early settlers. And <i>Shilling</i>, which corresponds with a +present German <i>Schilling</i>, is probably the same as the Scilling in the +"Traveller's Song," a supposed contraction of Scilding, from A.S. +<i>scyld</i>, shield, in which case our name <i>Shield</i> would be the parent of +<i>Shilling</i>. I have referred at the beginning of this book to the +curious-looking name <i>Winfarthing</i> (quoted from Lower) as perhaps a +corruption of an A.S. Winfrithing, though it is a case in which I do not +feel much certainty, finding one or two other such names as <i>Turnpenny</i>, +which may have been sobriquets.</p> + + +<p class="center">The ending in <i>el</i> or <i>il</i>.</p> + +<p>This ending in Teutonic names may be taken, as a general rule, to be a +diminutive, though in a few cases it may be more probably, like that in +<i>en</i>, formative. Thus in the list of early A.S. settlers we have +Bryd(ingas) and we have Brydl(ingas), representing the words <i>bride</i> and +<i>bridle</i>. Now, as German writers have taken the word <i>brid</i> in ancient +names to mean "bridle," comparing it with French <i>bride</i>, it would seem +probable that, in the above A.S. name, Brydl is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span> not a diminutive, but +the extended word "bridle." However, as a general rule, it may be +presumed to be a diminutive, and in such sense I take the following, +premising that this, as well as all other diminutives, except <i>kin</i>, +<i>lin</i>, and <i>et</i>, is subject to a vowel-ending just the same as simple +forms. We have <i>Bable</i>, corresponding with an A.S. Babel, and an O.G. +Babilo; <i>Ansell</i> and <i>Anslow</i> (Ansilo), corresponding with an O.G. +Ansila; <i>Mundell</i> and <i>Mundella</i>, with a Gothic Mundila;<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> <i>Costall</i>, +<i>Costello</i>, and <i>Costly</i>, with an O.G. Costila. <i>Costly</i> is properly +Costili, with the ending in <i>i</i>, as also <i>Brightly</i> is Brightili, and +some other names with an adverbial look may be similarly explained.</p> + + +<p class="center">The ending in <i>ec</i> or <i>ic</i>.</p> + +<p>This ending, with rare exceptions, may also be taken to be a diminutive. +The oldest instance on record is stated by Stark as that of the Vandal +general Stilicho in the fourth century, though, as found on Roman +pottery (in the names Bassico and Bennicus), it may be still older. It +seems rather singular that, though, according to Grimm, this ending was +more particularly in favour among the Saxons, not a single instance of +it occurs among the names of our early settlers, nor indeed any other +form of diminutive except that in <i>el</i>, though the form in question is +not uncommon in after Anglo-Saxon times. This diminutive is still in +living use among us, at least in Scotland, where a "mile and a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span> bittock" +(little bit) has proved a snare to many a tourist. We have <i>Willock</i>, +<i>Wilkie</i>, and <i>Wilke</i>, corresponding with an O.G. Willico, and an A.S. +Uillech; <i>Lovick</i> and <i>Lubbock</i>, corresponding with O.G. Liuvicho; +<i>Jellicoe</i>, corresponding with O.G. Geliko, Jeliko, and an A.S. Geleca, +some of these examples being with, and some without, the vowel-ending.</p> + + +<p class="center">The ending in <i>lin</i>.</p> + +<p>This ending, which is also a diminutive, is probably formed from that in +<i>el</i>, by the addition of <i>en</i>. It is found in Foerstemann's list as +early as the fifth century, but, as found on Roman pottery, must +probably be still older. We have <i>Bucklin</i>, corresponding with a +Buccellin, general of the Alemanni in the sixth century, and with a +Buccellan on Roman pottery. Also <i>Tomlin</i>, corresponding with an O.G. +Domlin; <i>Applin</i>, with an O.G. Abbilin; <i>Franklin</i>, with an O.G. +Francolin; <i>Papillon</i>, with an O.G. Babolen, &c. This form of diminutive +never takes a vowel-ending.</p> + + +<p class="center">The ending in <i>kin</i>.</p> + +<p>This diminutive ending is formed from that in <i>ec</i> by the addition of +<i>en</i>. It is the youngest-born of all, not being found, unless in rare +cases, before the tenth century. And it is one that is still in living +use both in England and in Germany, in the latter country more +especially. We have <i>Wilkin</i>, corresponding with an O.G. Williken, and +an O.N. Vilkinr; <i>Godkin</i>, with an O.G. Gotichin; <i>Hipkin</i>, with an O.G. +Ibikin or Ipcin; and <i>Hodgkin</i>, with an A.S. Hogcin.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center">The ending in <i>et</i>.</p> + +<p>There is an ending in <i>d</i> or <i>t</i> in O.G. names, which may be taken, +though perhaps not with anything like certainty, to have the force of a +diminutive. Hence might be such a name as <i>Ibbett</i>, corresponding with +O.G. names Ibed and Ibet, from an unexplained stem <i>ib</i>; also our names +<i>Huggett</i>, <i>Howitt</i>, and <i>Hewitt</i>, corresponding with an Anglo-Saxon +Hocget, and an O.G. Huetus, from the stem <i>hog</i>, <i>hug</i>, signifying study +or thought. But some other endings are so liable to intermix, and +particularly the common one <i>had</i>, war, that there is very seldom +anything like certainty.</p> + + +<p class="center">The ending in <i>es</i> or <i>is</i>.</p> + +<p>I take this ending also to be diminutive, and to be possibly akin to our +<i>ish</i>, as in blue-<i>ish</i>, which, as signifying a "little blue," seems to +have the force of a diminutive. Hence we have <i>Riches</i>, corresponding +with an O.G. Richizo, and a present French <i>Richez</i>; and <i>Willis</i>, +corresponding with an O.G. Willizo. Then we have <i>Godsoe</i>, corresponding +with an O.G. Godizo, of which Cotiso, mentioned in Horace (p. 20), is a +High German form; and <i>Abbiss</i>, corresponding with the name, Abissa, of +the son of Hengest, from, as supposed, Gothic <i>aba</i>, man. And we have +<i>Prentiss</i>, corresponding with an A.S. Prentsa (=Prentisa), respecting +which I have elsewhere suggested that the name should be properly +Pentsa. Another name which I take to be from this ending is <i>Daisy</i>. +There is an A.S. Dægsa, which as Dagsi, with the alternative ending in +<i>i</i>, would give us <i>Daisy</i>. We have another<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span> name, <i>Gipsy</i>, which I take +to be from Gibb or Gipp (A.S. <i>geban</i>, to give) with this ending. This +ending in <i>is</i> is naturally very apt to be corrupted into <i>ish</i>, and it +is from this source, I take it, that we have such names as <i>Radish</i>, +<i>Reddish</i>, <i>Varnish</i>, <i>Burnish</i>, and <i>Parish</i>, the two last of which we +have also in their proper form as <i>Burness</i>, and <i>Parez</i> or <i>Paris</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center">The ending in <i>cock</i>.</p> + +<p>This ending is not one that enters into the Teutonic system, unless so +far as it may turn out to be a corruption of something else. I have not +met with it earlier than A.D. 1400, nor do I know of anything to make me +think that it is much older. There has been at different times a good +deal of discussion as to its origin in <i>Notes and Queries</i> and +elsewhere. Mr. Lower has supposed it to be a diminutive, for which I do +not think that any etymological sanction can be found, unless indeed we +can suppose it to be a corruption of the diminutive <i>eck</i> or <i>ock</i> +before referred to, which seems not impossible. But on the whole I am +disposed to agree with the suggestion of a writer in <i>Notes and Queries</i> +that <i>cock</i> is a corruption of <i>cot</i>,—not, however, in the sense which +I suppose him to entertain, of <i>cot</i> as a local word, but of <i>cot</i> as an +ancient ending, the High German form of <i>gaud</i> or <i>got</i>, signifying, as +supposed, "Goth." So far as the phonetic relationship between the two +words <i>cock</i> and <i>cot</i> is concerned, we have an instance, among others, +in our word <i>apricot</i>, which was originally <i>apricock</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span></p> + +<p>I am influenced very much in coming to the above conclusion by finding +<i>coq</i> as a not unfrequent ending in French names, as in <i>Balcoq</i> and +<i>Billecoq</i>, also in <i>Aucoq</i>, <i>Lecoq</i>, <i>Videcocq</i>, <i>Vilcocq</i>, which +latter seem to be names corresponding with our <i>Alcock</i>, <i>Laycock</i>, +<i>Woodcock</i>, and <i>Willcock</i>. They might all be formed on Teutonic stems, +if we suppose <i>Lecoq</i> and <i>Laycock</i> to have lost a <i>d</i>, like <i>Lewis</i> and +<i>Lucas</i>, from <i>leod</i>, people. Now, that the ending <i>gaud</i>, with its +alternative forms <i>got</i>, <i>caud</i>, <i>cot</i>, is present in French names as +well as in English will be clearly seen from the following. From the Old +German Faregaud we have <i>Faragut</i>, and the French have <i>Farcot</i>; from +the O.G. Benigaud they have <i>Penicaud</i>, and we have <i>Pennycad</i>; from the +O.G. Ermingaud they have <i>Armingaud</i>, and from Megingaud they have +<i>Maingot</i>; from the O.G. Aringaud we have <i>Heringaud</i>, from Wulfegaud we +have <i>Woolcot</i>, from Adogoto we have <i>Addicott</i>, and from Madalgaud we +have <i>Medlicott</i>. I am also disposed on the same principle to take +<i>Northcott</i>, notwithstanding its local appearance, to represent the O.G. +name Nordgaud, and in this case we have also the name <i>Norcock</i> to +compare.</p> + +<p>Presuming the above derivation to be the correct one, the question then +arises,—Has this ending come to us through the French, or has the +corruption proceeded simultaneously in both countries? That the latter +has been the case, the French <i>Videcocq</i>, as compared with our +<i>Woodcock</i>, goes some way to show, the one having the High German form +<i>vid</i> or <i>wid</i>, and the other the Saxon form <i>wud</i>. I may also mention, +as being, so far as it goes, in accordance<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span> with the above theory, that +we have a number of names both in the form of <i>cot</i> and <i>cock</i>, as +<i>Adcock</i> and <i>Addicott</i>, <i>Alcock</i> and <i>Alcott</i>, <i>Norcott</i> and <i>Norcock</i>, +<i>Jeffcock</i> and <i>Jeffcott</i>. I do not, however, desire to come to a +definite conclusion, though, as far as I am able to carry it, the +inquiry seems in favour of the view which I have advocated. But the +whole subject will bear some further elucidation.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span></p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> How or when this change took place is a question that +awaits solving, but I observe that, in 1265, the Countess of +Montford, giving names (or sobriquets) to her servants, calls +one of her messengers Treubodi (trusty messenger), and not +Treuboda, as the Anglo-Saxon form would have been.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> This name appears as Μουνδιλας in Procopius, but, judging +by the present pronunciation of Greek, it would sound as +Mundila.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_III" id="CHAPTER_III"></a>CHAPTER III.</h2> + +<p class="center">NAMES REPRESENTING ANCIENT COMPOUNDS.</p> + + +<p>The subject of the relative antiquity of simple names (<i>i.e.</i> those +formed from one single word) and of compound names is one which has +occupied a good deal of the attention of the Germans. And the conclusion +at which some of them at least seem to have arrived, and which perhaps +has been stated the most distinctly by Stark, is that the compound names +are the older of the two. And the principal ground upon which this +conclusion is based seems to be this, that in a very great number of +cases we find that a simple name was used as a contraction of a compound +name, just as we use Will for William, and Ben for Benjamin. Stark, in +particular, has gone into the subject with German thoroughness, and +produced a most complete list of instances of such contractions, such as +Freddo for Fredibert, Wulf for Wulfric, Benno for Bernhard; and among +the Anglo-Saxons, Eada for Edwine, and Siga for Siwerd, &c., from which +he seems to arrive at the general conclusion that simple names are in +all cases contractions of compound names.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span></p> + +<p>Nevertheless, I must say that it seems to me that to assume the compound +to be older than the simple looks very much like something that is +contrary to first principles, and indeed the very fact that simple names +are so often used in place of compounds appears to me to show that they +are more natural to men, and that men would generally adopt them if they +could. I cannot but think then, going back to the far remote origin of +Teutonic names, that the vocabulary of single words must have been +exhausted before men began to take to the use of compounds. When this +period arrived, and when the confusion arising from so many men being +called by the same name could no longer be endured, some other course +required to be adopted. And the course that was adopted was—I put this +forward only as a theory—when the range of single names was exhausted, +to <i>put two names together</i>. The number of changes that could be thus +introduced was sufficient for all purposes, and there is, as I believe, +no established case of a Teutonic name being formed of more than two +words. From this point of view Teutonic names would not be translatable, +or formed with any view to a meaning, and this is, as it seems to me, +what was in fact the case, as a general rule, though I should be very +far from laying it down as a universal principle. If names were formed +with a view to a meaning, it does not seem very probable that we should +have a name compounded with two words, both of which signify war; still +less with two words, one of which signifies peace and the other war. +"Bold in war" might have a meaning, but "bold in peace," if it means +anything,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span> seems satirical. In point of fact, there was a certain set of +words on which the changes were rung in forming names without any +apparent reference either to meaning or congruity. Thus we find that the +early Frankish converts in the time of Charlemagne, the staple of whose +names was German derived from their heathen ancestors, adopted not a few +words of Christian import from the Latin or the Hebrew, and mixed them +up with the old words to which they had been accustomed in their names. +Thus a woman called Electa, no doubt meaning "elect," calls her son +Electardus (<i>hard</i>, fortis); thus from <i>pasc</i> (passover) is formed +Pascoin (<i>wine</i>, friend); from the name of Christ himself is formed +Cristengaudus (<i>gaud</i>, Goth.) Now these are three of the common endings +of German names, but no one can suppose that any sense was intended to +be made out of them here, or that they were given for any other reason +than that they were the sort of words out of which men had been +accustomed to form their names. Indeed, the idea present to the minds of +the parents seems to have been in many cases to connect the names of +their children with their own, rather than anything else, by retaining +the first word of the compound and varying the second. Thus a man called +Girveus and his wife Ermengildis give their children the names of +Giroardus, Girfridis, Gertrudis, Ermena, and Ermengardis, three of the +names connecting with that of the father, and two with that of the +mother. In the case of a man called Ratgaudus and his wife Deodata, the +names of four of the children are Ratharius, Ratgarius, Ratrudis, and +Deodatus, the names of two<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span> other children being different. Many other +instances might be given of this sort of yearning for some kind of a +connecting-link in the names of a family. Now the people by whom these +names were given were common peasants and serfs, so that the case was +not one like that of the Anglo-Saxon kings of Northumbria, among whose +names the prefix <i>os</i>, signifying "semi-deus," and expressive of a claim +to a divine lineage, was of such frequent recurrence. It may be a +question then whether, while the former word of the compound connected +with the father or the mother, the latter part did not sometimes connect +with some other relative whose name it was desired to commemorate, +giving the effect that is now frequently expressed by a Christian name +and a surname. Again, when we look at the remote origin of these names, +when we find in the opening century of our era, and who can tell for how +many centuries before, precisely the same names that have been current +in all these centuries since, we can hardly doubt that some of these +names, derived from words that had long died out from the language, must +have been used even in ancient times without any more thought of their +meaning than parents have now when they call a child Henry or John. I +desire, however, to put forward the above theory as to the origin of +compound names rather with a view of raising the question than of +expressing a definite conclusion.</p> + +<p>The vowel ending in <i>a</i>, <i>i</i>, or <i>o</i>, to which I have referred as in +general use in the case of simple names was not used in the case of +compounds, unless indeed it happened to be an original part of the +second word<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span> as in Frithubodo, from <i>bodo</i>, messenger. Only in the case +of women, to mark the sex, the ending in <i>a</i> was given. And in the case +of some names, such as <i>Gertrud</i>, in which the second part is a word +that could only be given to a woman, as no vowel-ending was required, so +none was given.</p> + +<p>I now proceed to give a list of the principal compounds occurring in +English names, with the ancient forms corresponding. I have been +obliged, as a matter of necessity, to compare our names more frequently +with Old German than with Anglo-Saxon equivalents, on account of the +former having been collected and collated—a work which it remains for +some one of our well qualified Anglo-Saxon scholars to do with regard to +the latter.</p> + +<p>The meanings which I have assigned for these names are such as have been +most generally adopted by the German writers who have made a special +study of the subject. But it must be borne in mind that this study is +one in which there is no context by which conclusions can be verified, +and that in the vast majority of cases we have nothing more to go upon +than a reasonable presumption.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Adal</i>, <i>athel</i>, <i>ethel</i>, "noble."</p> + +<p>(<i>Hard</i>, fortis), Old Germ. Adalhard—Ang.-Sax. Ethelhard—Eng. +<i>Adlard</i>. (<i>Helm</i>), O.G. Adalhelm—Eng. <i>Adlam</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, warrior), A.S. +Ethilheri—Eng. <i>Edlery</i>. (<i>Stan</i>, stone), A.S. Æthelstan—Eng. +<i>Ethelston</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Ag</i>, <i>ac</i>, <i>ec</i>, "point, edge."</p> + +<p>(<i>Hard</i>, fortis), O.G. Agihard—Eng. <i>Haggard</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. +Agiher, Egiher—Eng. <i>Agar</i>, <i>Eager</i>. (<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span><i>Leof</i> dear), O.N. Eylifr—Eng. +<i>Ayliffe</i>. (<i>Man</i>, vir), O.G. Egiman—A.S. Æcemann—Eng. <i>Hayman</i>, +<i>Aikman</i>. (<i>Mund</i>, protection), A.S. Agemund—Eng. <i>Hammond</i>. (<i>Ward</i>), +O.G. Eguard—A.S. Hayward—Eng. <i>Hayward</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Agil</i>, <i>Ail</i>, of uncertain meaning, but perhaps formed on the previous +stem <i>Ag</i>.</p> + +<p>(<i>Gar</i>, spear), O.G. Egilger, Ailger—Eng. <i>Ailger</i>. (<i>Hard</i>, fortis), +O.G. Agilard, Ailard—Eng. <i>Aylard</i>. (<i>Man</i>), O.G. Aigliman—Eng. +<i>Ailman</i>. (<i>Mar</i>, famous), O.G. Agilmar, Ailemar—Eng. <i>Aylmer</i>. +(<i>Ward</i>, guardian), O.G. Agilward, Ailward—Eng. <i>Aylward</i>. (<i>Wine</i>, +friend), A.S. Aegelwine—Eng. <i>Aylwin</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Alb</i>, <i>Alf</i>, signifying "elf."</p> + +<p>(<i>Hard</i>, fortis), O.G. Alfhard—Eng. <i>Alvert</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, warrior), A.S. +Ælfhere—O.G. Alfheri, Albheri—Eng. <i>Alvary</i>, <i>Albery</i>, <i>Aubrey</i>. +(<i>Rad</i>, <i>red</i>, counsel), O.G. Alberat—A.S. Alfred—Eng. <i>Alfred</i>. +(<i>Run</i>, mystery), O.G. Albrun<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a>—Eng. <i>Auberon</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Ald</i>, signifying "old."</p> + +<p>(<i>Bert</i>, famous), O.G. Aldebert—Eng. <i>Aldebert</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, warrior), +A.S. Aldheri—Eng. <i>Alder</i>, <i>Audrey</i>. (<i>Gar</i>, spear), A.S. Eldecar +(Moneyer of Edmund)—Eng. <i>Oldacre</i> (?). (<i>Rad</i>, <i>red</i>, counsel), O.G. +Aldrad—Eng. <i>Aldred</i>, <i>Eldred</i>. (<i>Rit</i>, ride), O.G. Aldarit—Eng. +<i>Aldritt</i>. (<i>Ric</i>, rule), O.G. Alderich, Olderich, Altrih—Eng. +<i>Aldrich</i>, <i>Oldridge</i>, <i>Altree</i>. (<i>Man</i>, vir), A.S. Ealdmann—Eng. +<i>Altman</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Amal</i>, of uncertain meaning.</p> + +<p>(<i>Gar</i>, spear), O.G. Amalgar—Eng. <i>Almiger</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. +Amalhari, Amalher—Eng. <i>Ambler</i>, <i>Emeler</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Angel</i>, signifying "hook, barb"(?).</p> + +<p>(<i>Bert</i>, famous), O.G. Engilbert—Eng. <i>Engleburt</i>. (<i>Hard</i>, fortis), +O.G. Englehart—Eng. <i>Engleheart</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. +Angelher—Eng. <i>Angler</i>. (<i>Man</i>), O.G. Angilman—Eng. <i>Angleman</i>. +(<i>Dio</i>, servant), O.G. Engildeo—A.S. Angeltheow—Eng. <i>Ingledew</i>. +(<i>Sind</i>, companion), O.G. Ingilsind—Eng. <i>Inglesent</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Ans</i>, High Germ, form of A.S. <i>os</i>, "semi-deus."</p> + +<p>(<i>Hard</i>, fortis), O.G. Ansard—Eng. <i>Hansard</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. +Ansher—Eng. <i>Anser</i>. (<i>Helm</i>), O.G. Anshelm—Eng. <i>Anselme</i>, <i>Hansom</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Ark</i>, <i>Arch</i> (see page <a href="#Page_16">16</a>).</p> + +<p>(<i>Bald</i>, bold), Eng. <i>Archbold</i>. (<i>Bud</i>, envoy), O.G. Argebud—Eng. +<i>Archbutt</i>. (<i>Hard</i>, fortis), O.G. Archard—Eng. <i>Archard</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, +warrior), O.G. Erchear—Archere, <i>Roll of Battle Abbey</i>—Eng. <i>Archer</i>. +(<i>Rat</i>, counsel), O.G. Archarat—Eng. <i>Arkwright</i>(?). (<i>Mund</i>, +protection), O.G. Argemund—Eng. <i>Argument</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Aud</i>, <i>Aut</i>, High Germ. form of A.S. <i>ead</i>, "prosperity."</p> + +<p>(<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. Authar—Eng. <i>Auther</i>. (<i>Ric</i>, rule), O.G. +Audricus—Eng. <i>Auterac</i>. (<i>Ram</i>, raven), O.G. Audram—Eng. <i>Autram</i>, +<i>Outram</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>All</i> (see page <a href="#Page_16">16</a>).</p> + +<p>(<i>Frid</i>, peace), O.G. Alufrid—Eng. <i>Allfrey</i>. (<i>Gar</i>, spear), A.S. +Algar—Eng. <i>Alger</i>. (<i>Hard</i>, fortis), A.S. Ealhard—Eng. <i>Allard</i>. +(<i>Mar</i>, famous), O.G. Alamar—Eng. <i>Almar</i>. (<i>Mund</i>, protection), A.S. +Ealmund—O.G. Alamunt—Eng. <i>Almond</i>, <i>Alment</i>. (<i>Noth</i>, bold), A.S. +Ælnoth—Eng. <i>Allnut</i>. (<i>Ward</i>), O.G. Aloard—A.S. Alwerd—Eng. +<i>Allward</i>. (<i>Wid</i>, wood), O.G. Aluid—Eng. <i>Allwood</i>. (<i>Wig</i>, <i>wi</i>, +war), A.S.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span> Alewih—Eng. <i>Allaway</i>.<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> (<i>Wine</i>, friend), O.G. +Allowin—Eng. <i>Alwin</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Al</i>, <i>el</i>, probably "foreigner."</p> + +<p>(<i>Bod</i>, envoy), O.G. Ellebod—Eng. <i>Albutt</i>. (<i>Gaud</i>, Goth), O.G. +Eligaud—Eng. <i>Allgood</i>, <i>Elgood</i>. (<i>Gar</i>, spear), O.G. Elger—Eng. +<i>Elgar</i>. (<i>Hard</i>, fortis), O.G. Eleard—Eng. <i>Ellard</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, +warrior), O.G. Elier—Eng. <i>Ellery</i>. (<i>Mar</i>, famous), O.G. Alimer—Eng. +<i>Elmore</i>. (<i>Mund</i>, protection), Elmund, <i>Domesday</i>—Eng. <i>Element</i>. +(<i>Wine</i>, friend), Elwin, <i>Lib. Vit.</i>—Eng. <i>Elwin</i>. (<i>Wood</i>), Elwod, +<i>Lib. Vit.</i>—Eng. <i>Elwood</i>. (<i>Gern</i>, eager), O.G. Aligern—Eng. +<i>Hallgreen</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Ad</i>, <i>at</i> (Gothic, <i>atta</i>), "father."</p> + +<p>(<i>Gis</i>, hostage), O.G. Atgis—Eng. <i>Atkiss</i>. (<i>Gaud</i>, Goth), O.G. +Adogoto—Eng. <i>Addicott</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. Adohar—Eng. <i>Adier</i>. +(<i>Mar</i>, famous), O.G. Adamar—Eng. <i>Atmore</i>. (<i>Ric</i>, rule), A.S. +Ætheric—Eng. <i>Attridge</i>. (<i>Rid</i>, ride), O.G. Atharid—Eng. <i>Attride</i>. +(<i>Wulf</i>), A.S. Athulf—Eng. <i>Adolph</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>An</i>, <i>han</i> (O.H.G. <i>ano</i>), "ancestor."</p> + +<p>(<i>Fred</i>, peace), O.G. Enfrid—Eng. <i>Henfrey</i>. (<i>Gar</i>, spear), O.G. +Anager, Eneger—Eng. <i>Hanger</i>, <i>Henniker</i>. (<i>Man</i>, vir), O.G. +Enman—Eng. <i>Hanman</i>, <i>Henman</i>. (<i>Rad</i>, counsel), O.G. Henred—Eng. +<i>Hanrot</i>. (<i>Wald</i>, rule), O.G. Anawalt—Eng. <i>Anhault</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Arm</i>, of uncertain meaning.</p> + +<p>(<i>Gar</i>, spear), O.G. Ermgar—Eng. <i>Armiger</i>. (<i>Gild</i>, value?) O.G. +Ermegild—Eng. <i>Armgold</i>. (<i>Had</i>, war), O.G. Ermhad—Eng. <i>Armat</i>. +(<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. Ermhar—Eng. <i>Armour</i>, <i>Armory</i>. (<i>Rad</i>, +counsel), O.G. Ermerad—Eng. <i>Ormerod</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Armin</i>, of uncertain meaning</p> + +<p>(<i>Gar</i>, spear), O.G. Irminger—Eng. <i>Irminger</i>, <i>Arminger</i> (<i>Hari</i>, +warrior), O.G. Irminhar—Eng. <i>Arminer</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Arn</i>, <i>ern</i> (A.S. <i>earn</i>), "eagle."</p> + +<p>(<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. Arnheri—Eng. <i>Harnor</i>. (<i>Helm</i>), O.G. +Arnhalm—Eng. <i>Arnum</i>. (<i>Wald</i>, rule), O.G. Arnoald—Eng. <i>Arnold</i>. +(<i>Wulf</i>), O.G. Arnulf—Eng. <i>Arnulfe</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Ask</i>, <i>ash</i>, perhaps in the sense of "spear."</p> + +<p>(<i>Bert</i>, famous), A.S. <i>Æscbyrht</i>—Eng. <i>Ashpart</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, warrior), +A.S. Æschere—Eng. <i>Asher</i>. (<i>Bald</i>, fortis), Eng. <i>Ashbold</i>. (<i>Man</i>, +vir), A.S. Æscmann—Aschmann, <i>Hund</i>. <i>Rolls</i>—Eng. <i>Ashman</i>. (<i>Mar</i>, +famous), A.S. Æscmer—Eng. <i>Ashmore</i>. (<i>Wid</i>, wood), O.G. +Asquid—Ascuit, <i>Domesday</i>—Eng. <i>Asquith</i>, <i>Ashwith</i>. (<i>Wine</i>, friend), +A.S. Æscwine—Eng. <i>Ashwin</i>. (<i>Wulf</i>), O.G. Ascolf—Eng. <i>Ascough</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center">A.S. <i>beado</i>, "war."</p> + +<p>(<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. Bathari—Eng. <i>Badder</i>, <i>Bather</i>. (<i>Hard</i>, +fortis), A.S. Badherd—Beadheard, <i>Lib. Vit.</i>—Eng. <i>Beddard</i>. (<i>Man</i>, +vir), Badumon, <i>Lib. Vit.</i>—Eng. <i>Badman</i>. (<i>Ric</i>, rule), O.G. +Betterich—A.S. Bædric—Eng. <i>Betteridge</i>. (<i>Ulf</i>, wolf), O.G. +Badulf—Eng. <i>Biddulph</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Bald</i>, "fortis."</p> + +<p>(<i>Hari</i>, warrior), A.S. Baldhere—Eng. <i>Balder</i>, <i>Boldery</i>. (<i>Ric</i>, +rule), O.G. Baldric, Baldrih—Eng. <i>Baldridge</i>, <i>Baldry</i>. (<i>Wine</i>, +friend), A.S. Baldwine—Eng. <i>Baldwin</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center">A.S. <i>band</i>, <i>bend</i>, "crown, chaplet."</p> + +<p>(<i>Hard</i>, fortis), O.G. Pantard—Eng. <i>Pindard</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, warrior), A.S. +Pender—Eng. <i>Pender</i>. (<i>Rad</i>, counsel), O.G. Bandrad—Eng. <i>Banderet</i>, +<i>Pendered</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center">A.S. <i>ben</i>, "wound."</p> + +<p>(<i>Gar</i>, spear), O.G. Benegar—Eng. <i>Benger</i>. (<i>Gaud</i>, Goth), O.G. +Benegaud—Eng. <i>Pennycad</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. Beniher—Eng. +<i>Benner</i>. (<i>Man</i>, vir), Eng. <i>Beneman</i>, A.D. 1535, <i>Penman</i>. (<i>Nid</i>, +strife), O.G. Bennid—Eng. <i>Bennet</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center">A.S. <i>bera</i>, "bear."</p> + +<p>(<i>Gar</i>, spear), O.G. Bereger<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a>—Eng. <i>Berger</i>. (<i>Grim</i>, fierce), O.G. +Peragrim—Eng. <i>Paragreen</i>. (<i>Hard</i>, fortis), O.G. Berhard—Eng. +<i>Barehard</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. Beriher—Eng. <i>Berrier</i>. (<i>Helm</i>), +O.G. Perrhelm—Eng. <i>Perriam</i>. (<i>Land</i>, terra), O.G. Perelant—Eng. +<i>Purland</i>. (<i>Man</i>, vir), O.G. Berman—Eng. <i>Burman</i>, <i>Perman</i>. (<i>Mar</i>, +famous), O.G. Bermar—Eng. <i>Barmore</i>, <i>Paramore</i>. (<i>Rat</i>, counsel), O.G. +Perratt—Eng. <i>Perrott</i>. (<i>Dio</i>, servant), O.G. Peradeo—Eng. <i>Purdue</i>. +(<i>Ward</i>), O.G. Beroward—Eng. <i>Berward</i>. (<i>Wise</i>, sapiens), O.G. Berois +(=Berwis)—Eng. <i>Barwise</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Berin</i>, <i>bern</i>, "bear."</p> + +<p>(<i>Gar</i>, spear), O.G. Beringar—Eng. <i>Berringer</i>. (<i>Hard</i>, fortis), O.G. +Berinhard—Eng. <i>Bernard</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. Bernher, +Pernher—Eng. <i>Berner</i>, <i>Pirner</i>. (<i>Wald</i>, rule), O.G. Berneold—Eng. +<i>Bernold</i>. (<i>Kel</i>, for <i>Ketil</i>), O.N. Biornkel—Eng. <i>Barnacle</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Bil</i>, supposed to mean "mildness, gentleness."</p> + +<p>(<i>Frid</i>, peace), O.G. Bilfrid—Eng. <i>Belfry</i>. (<i>Grim</i>, fierce), O.G. +Biligrim, Pilgrim—Eng. <i>Pilgrim</i>. (<i>Mar</i>, famous), O.G. Belemar—Eng. +<i>Billamore</i>, <i>Belmore</i>. (<i>Gard</i>, protection), O.G. Biligard—Eng. +<i>Billiard</i>. (<i>Mund</i>, protection), O.G. Pilimunt—Eng. <i>Belment</i>. +(<i>Wald</i>, rule), Biliald, <i>Lib. Vit.</i>—Eng. <i>Billyald</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Bert</i>, "bright, illustrious."</p> + +<p>(<i>Ram</i>, raven), O.G. Bertram—Eng. <i>Bertram</i>. (<i>Land</i>, terra), O.G. +Bertland—Eng. <i>Brightland</i>. (<i>Mar</i>, famous), A.S. Brihtmar—Eng. +Brightmore. (<i>Rand</i>, shield), O.G. Bertrand—Eng. <i>Bertrand</i>. (<i>Ric</i>, +rule), O.G. Perhtric—A.S. Brihtric—Partriche, <i>Hund. Rolls</i>—Eng. +<i>Partrick</i>, <i>Partridge</i>. (<i>Wine</i>, friend), A.S. Brihtwine—Eng. +<i>Brightwine</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Black</i>, <i>blake</i>, signifying "brightness."</p> + +<p>(<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. Blicher—Eng. <i>Blacker</i>, <i>Blaker</i>. (<i>Man</i>), A.S. +Blæcman (genealogy of the kings of Northumbria), Blacman (Moneyer at +Norwich)—Blaecmon, <i>Lib. Vit.</i>—Blacheman, <i>Domesday</i>—Eng. <i>Blackman</i>, +<i>Blakeman</i>. (<i>Wine</i>, friend), Eng. <i>Blackwin</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Bod</i>, <i>bud</i>, "envoy."</p> + +<p>(<i>Gar</i>, spear), O.G. Baudochar—Eng. <i>Bodicker</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. +Botthar—Boterus, <i>Domesday</i>—Eng. <i>Butter</i>, <i>Buttery</i>. (<i>Gis</i>, +hostage), O.G. Boutgis, Boggis—Eng. <i>Boggis</i>. (<i>Mar</i>, famous), O.G. +Baudomir—Eng. <i>Bodmer</i>. (<i>Ric</i>, rule), O.G. Buttericus, Bauderich—Eng. +<i>Butterick</i>, <i>Buddrich</i>. (<i>Rid</i>, rit, "ride"), O.G. Bodirid, +Buotrit—Eng. <i>Botright</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Boll</i>, <i>bull</i> (prob. M.H.G. <i>buole</i>), "friend."</p> + +<p>(<i>Gar</i>, spear), O.G. Pulgar—Eng. <i>Bulger</i>. (<i>Hard</i>), Pollardus, +Domesday—Eng. <i>Bullard</i>, <i>Pollard</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. +Bolheri—Eng. <i>Buller</i>. (<i>Mar</i>, famous), A.S. Bulemær—Eng. <i>Bulmer</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Burg</i>, signifying "protection."</p> + +<p>(<i>Hard</i>), A.S. Burghard—Eng. <i>Burchard</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. +Burghar—Eng. <i>Burger</i>. (<i>Wald</i>, rule), O.G. Burgoald—Eng. <i>Purgold</i>. +(<i>Wine</i>, friend), Eng. <i>Burgwin</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Ball</i>, <i>bale</i>, signifying "bale, woe."</p> + +<p>(<i>Frid</i>, peace), O.G. Palfrid—Eng. <i>Palfrey</i>. (<i>Mar</i>, famous), O.G. +Ballomar, Belimar—Eng. <i>Balmer</i>, <i>Bellmore</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Coll</i>, signifying "helmet."</p> + +<p>(<i>Brand</i>, sword), A.S. Colbrand—Eng. <i>Colbran</i>. (<i>Biorn</i>, bear), O.N. +Kolbiorn—Eng. <i>Colburn</i>. (<i>Man</i>, vir), A.S. Colman—Eng. <i>Colman</i>. +(<i>Mar</i>, famous), A.S. Colomôr—Eng. <i>Collamore</i>. (<i>Hard</i>), A.S. +Ceolheard—Eng. <i>Collard</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Cost</i>, <i>cust</i>, "skill, science" (Germ, <i>kunst</i>).</p> + +<p>(<i>Hard</i>), O.G. Custard—Eng. <i>Custard</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Dag</i>, "day," in the sense of brightness, glory.<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a></p> + +<p>(<i>Bald</i>, bold), O.G. Tagapald—Daegbald, <i>Lib. Vit.</i>—Eng. <i>Daybell</i>. +(<i>Bern</i>, bear), O.G. Tagapern—Eng. <i>Tayburn</i>. (<i>Burg</i>, protection), +O.G. Tagabirg—Eng. <i>Tackabarry</i>. (<i>Gisil</i>, hostage), O.G. +Daigisil—Eng. <i>Daggesell</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. Daiher—Dacher, +<i>Lib. Vit.</i>—Eng. <i>Dagger</i>, <i>Dacker</i>, <i>Dayer</i>. (<i>Helm</i>), O.G. +Dachelm—Eng. <i>Dacombe</i>. (<i>Mund</i>, protection), O.G. Dagamund—A.S. +Daiemond—Eng. <i>Daymont</i>. (<i>Mar</i>, famous), O.G. Dagemar—Dagemar on +Roman pottery—Eng. <i>Damer</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Dall</i>, <i>dell</i>, as supposed, "illustrious."</p> + +<p>(<i>Bert</i>, famous), O.G. Dalbert—Talbercht, <i>Lib. Vit.</i>—Eng. <i>Talbert</i>. +(<i>Fare</i>, travel), O.G. Dalferi—Eng. <i>Telfer</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. +Dealher—Eng. <i>Deller</i>. (<i>Man</i>), O.G. Dalman—Eng. <i>Dalman</i>, <i>Tallman</i>. +(<i>Wig</i>, <i>wi</i>, war), Daliwey, <i>Hund. Rolls</i>—Eng. <i>Dalloway</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Dan</i>, <i>den</i>, of uncertain meaning, perhaps, "Dane."</p> + +<p>(<i>Hard</i>), A.S. Dæneheard—Eng. <i>Denhard</i>. (<i>Gar</i>, spear), O.G. +Thangar—Eng. <i>Danger</i>. (<i>Wulf</i>), A.S. Denewulf—Eng. <i>Denolf</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Dar</i>, signifying "spear."</p> + +<p>(<i>Nagel</i>, nail), A.S. Dearnagel—Eng. <i>Darnell</i>. (<i>Gund</i>, war), O.G. +Taragun—Eng. <i>Darrigon</i>. (<i>Wine</i>, friend), O.G. Daroin—- Eng. +<i>Darwin</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Dear</i>, "carus."</p> + +<p>(<i>Leof</i>, dear), A.S. Deorlaf—Eng. <i>Dearlove</i>. (<i>Man</i>, vir), Dereman, +<i>Domesday</i>—Eng. <i>Dearman</i>. (<i>Môd</i>, courage), A.S. Deormod—Eng. +<i>Dermott</i>. (<i>Wine</i>, friend), A.S. Deorwyn—Eng. <i>Derwin</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center">Gothic, <i>thius</i> (O.H.G. <i>dio</i>), "servant."</p> + +<p>(<i>Log</i>, <i>loh</i>, clean?), O.G. Thioloh—Eng. <i>Dialogue</i>. (<i>Mad</i>, +reverence), O.G. Deomad—Eng. <i>Demaid</i>. (<i>Man</i>, vir), O.G. Dioman—Eng. +<i>Demon</i>. (<i>Mund</i>, protection), O.G. Thiomunt—Eng. <i>Diamond</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center">Old North. <i>dolgr</i>, "foe."</p> + +<p>(<i>Fin</i>, people's name), O.N. Dolgfinnr—Eng. <i>Dolphin</i>. (<i>Man</i>, vir), +A.S. Dolemann—Eng. <i>Dolman</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center">A.S. <i>dôm</i> (O.H.G. <i>tuom</i>), "judgment."</p> + +<p>(<i>Gis</i>, hostage), O.G. Domigis, Tomichis—Eng. <i>Tomkies</i>. (<i>Hard</i>, +fortis), O.G. Domard—Eng. <i>Dummert</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. +Domarius—Domheri, <i>Lib. Vit.</i>—Eng. <i>Dummer</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center">A.S. <i>dugan</i>, to be "doughty."</p> + +<p>(<i>Man</i>, vir), O.G. Dugiman, Tugeman—A.S. Ducemann—Eng. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span><i>Tugman</i>, +<i>Duckman</i>. (<i>Mar</i>, famous), O.G. Daumerus—Eng. <i>Dugmore</i>. Probably from +the noun, <i>duguth</i>, virtue, A.S. Dogod—Eng. <i>Doggett</i>, <i>Dugood</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Erl</i>, supposed same as "earl."</p> + +<p>(<i>Bad</i>, war), O.G. Erlebad—Eng. <i>Hurlbat</i> (<i>Bert</i>, famous), O.G. +Erlebert—Eng. <i>Hurlburt</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. Erleher—Eng. +<i>Hurler</i>. (<i>Wine</i>, friend), O.G. Erliwin, A.S. Herlawine—Eng. <i>Urlwin</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Evor</i>, "boar."</p> + +<p>(<i>Hard</i>, fortis), O.G. Everhard—Eng. <i>Everard</i>, <i>Earheart</i>. (<i>Rad</i>, +counsel), O.G. Eburrad—Eng. <i>Evered</i>, <i>Everett</i>. (<i>Ric</i>, rule), O.G. +Eburicus—Eng. <i>Every</i>. (<i>Wacar</i>, watchful), O.G. Eburacar—Eureuuacre, +<i>Domesday</i>—Eng. <i>Earwaker</i>. (<i>Wig</i>, war), O.G. Eberwic—A.S. +Earwig—Eng. <i>Earwig</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center">Anglo-Saxon <i>eâd</i>, "prosperity."</p> + +<p>(<i>Burg</i>, protection), A.S. Eadburh—Eng. <i>Edbrook</i>. (<i>Gar</i>, spear), A.S. +Eadgar—Eng. <i>Edgar</i>. (<i>Mund</i>, protection), A.S. Eadmund—Eng. <i>Edmond</i>. +(<i>Ric</i>, rule), A.S. Eadric—Eng. <i>Edridge</i>. (<i>Ward</i>), A.S. +Eadweard—Eng. <i>Edward</i>. (<i>Wig</i>, war), A.S. Eadwig—Eng. <i>Edwick</i>. +(<i>Wulf</i>), A.S. Eadwulf—Eng. <i>Edolph</i>. (<i>Wacar</i>, watchful), O.G. +Odoacer—A.S. Edwaker—Eng. <i>Eddiker</i>?</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Far</i>, <i>fare</i>, signifying "travel."</p> + +<p>(<i>And</i>, life, spirit), O.G. Ferrand, Eng. <i>Ferrand</i>. (<i>Gaud</i>, Goth), +O.G. Faregaud—Eng. <i>Farragut</i>, <i>Forget</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. +Feriher—Eng. <i>Ferrier</i>. (<i>Man</i>), O.G. Faraman—Fareman, <i>Hund. +Rolls</i>—Eng. <i>Fairman</i>. (<i>Mund</i>, protection), O.G. Faramund—Eng. +<i>Farrimond</i>. (<i>Ward</i>), O.G. Faroard—Eng. <i>Forward</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Fard</i>, also signifying "travel."</p> + +<p>(<i>Hari</i>, warrior), A.S. Forthere—Eng. <i>Forder</i>. (<i>Man</i>), O.G. +Fartman—Eng. <i>Fortyman</i>. (<i>Nand</i>, daring), O.G. Ferdinand—Eng. +<i>Ferdinand</i>. (<i>Rad</i>, counsel), Forthred, <i>Lib. Vit.</i>,—Eng. <i>Fordred</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Fil</i>, <i>ful</i>, signifying "great."</p> + +<p>(<i>Bert</i>, famous), O.G. Filibert—Eng. <i>Filbert</i>. (<i>Gar</i>, spear),—Eng. +<i>Fullagar</i>. (<i>Leof</i>, dear), O.G. Filuliub—Eng. <i>Fullalove</i>. (<i>Man</i>), +O.G. Filiman—Eng. <i>Fileman</i>. (<i>Mar</i>, famous), A.S. Fealamar, O.G. +Filomor—Eng. <i>Fillmer</i>, <i>Phillimore</i>. (<i>Dio</i>, <i>thius</i>, servant), O.G. +Filethius—Eng. <i>Filldew</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Frid</i>, <i>free</i>,<a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a> signifying "peace."</p> + +<p>(<i>Bad</i>, war), O.G. Fridibad—Eng. <i>Freebout</i>. (<i>Bern</i>, bear), O.G. +Fridubern—Friebern <i>Domesday</i>—Eng. <i>Freeborn</i>. (<i>Bod</i>. envoy), O.G. +Frithubodo—Eng. <i>Freebody</i>. (<i>Lind</i>, gentle), O.G. Fridulind—Frelond +<i>Hund</i>. <i>Rolls</i>—Eng. <i>Freeland</i>. (<i>Ric</i>, rule), O.G. Frithuric—Eng. +<i>Frederick</i>. (<i>Stan</i>, stone), A.S. Frithestan—Eng. <i>Freestone</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Fin</i>, supposed from "the nation."</p> + +<p>(<i>Bog</i>, bow), Old Norse, Finbogi—Eng. <i>Finbow</i>. (<i>Gar</i>, spear), Old +Norse, Finngeir—Eng. <i>Finger</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Gad</i>, of uncertain meaning, perhaps "friend."</p> + +<p>(<i>Man</i>, vir), A.S. Cædmon—Eng. <i>Cadman</i>. (<i>Leof</i>, dear),—Eng. +<i>Gatliffe</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Gal</i>, signifying "spirit, cheerfulness."</p> + +<p>(<i>And</i>, life, spirit), Galaunt, <i>Hund. Rolls</i>—Eng. <i>Galland</i>, +<i>Gallant</i>. (<i>Frid</i>, peace), A.S. Galfrid, Gaufrid—Eng. <i>Geoffry</i>. +(<i>Hard</i>), Gallard <i>Hund. Rolls</i>—Eng. <i>Gallard</i>. (<i>Wig</i>, war), O.G. +Geilwih—Galaway, <i>Hund. Rolls</i>—Eng. <i>Galloway</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Gand</i>, signifying "wolf."</p> + +<p>(<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. Ganthar—A.S. Gandar—Eng. <i>Gander</i>, <i>Ganter</i>. +(<i>Ric</i>, rule), O.G. Gendirih, Cantrih—Eng. <i>Gentery</i>, <i>Gentry</i>, +<i>Chantrey</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Gar</i>, signifying "spear."</p> + +<p>(<i>Bad</i>, war), O.G. Kerpat—Eng. <i>Garbett</i>. (<i>Bald</i>), O.G. Garibald, +Kerbald—Eng. <i>Gorbold</i>, <i>Corbould</i>. (<i>Brand</i>, sword), O.G. +Gerbrand—Eng. <i>Garbrand</i>. (<i>Brun</i>, bright), O.G. Gerbrun—Eng. +<i>Gorebrown</i>. (<i>Bod</i>, envoy), O.G. Gaerbod—Gerbode <i>Lib. Vit.</i>—Eng. +<i>Garbutt</i>. (<i>Hard</i>), O.G. Garehard—Eng. Garrard. (Hari, warrior), O.G. +Garoheri, Caroheri—Eng. <i>Carary</i>, <i>Carrier</i>. (<i>Lac</i>, play), O.G. +Gerlac—Eng. <i>Garlick</i>. (<i>Man</i>), O.G. Garaman—A.S. Jaruman—Eng. +<i>Garman</i>, <i>Jarman</i>. (<i>Mund</i>, protection), O.G. Garimund—Eng. <i>Garment</i>. +(<i>Noth</i>, bold), O.G. Garnot—Eng. <i>Garnett</i>. (<i>Rod</i>, red), O.G. +Kaerrod—Old Norse, Geirraudr Eng. <i>Garrod</i>. (<i>Laif</i>, relic), O.G. +Gerlef—Eng. <i>Gerloff</i>. (<i>Ferhth</i>, life, spirit), Gerferth, <i>Lib. +Vit.</i>—Eng. <i>Garforth</i>. (<i>Stan</i>, stone), O.G. Kerstin—Eng. <i>Garstin</i>. +(<i>Wald</i>, power), O.G. Garold—Eng. <i>Garrold</i>. (<i>Was</i>, keen), O.G. +Gervas—Eng. <i>Jervis</i>. (<i>Wid</i>, wood), O.G. Gervid—Eng. <i>Garwood</i>. +(<i>Wig</i>, war), O.G. Garavig, Gerwi—Eng. <i>Garroway</i>, <i>Garvey</i>. (<i>Wine</i>, +friend), O.G. Gerwin, Caroin—Eng. <i>Curwen</i>?<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> (<i>Van</i>, beauty), O.G. +Geravan—Eng. <i>Caravan</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Gan</i>, <i>gen</i>, supposed to mean "magic, sorcery."</p> + +<p>(<i>Bert</i>, famous), O.G. Gimbert—Eng. <i>Gimbert</i>. (<i>Had</i>, war), O.G. +Genad—Eng. <i>Gennett</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. Genear, Ginheri—Eng. +<i>Genner</i>, <i>Jennery</i>. (<i>Rid</i>, ride), O.G. Generid—Eng. <i>Jeannerett</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Gab</i>, <i>Geb</i>, Eng. "give."</p> + +<p>(<i>Bert</i>, famous), O.G. Gibert—Eng. <i>Gippert</i>. (<i>Hard</i>), O.G. Gebahard, +Givard—Eng. <i>Giffard</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. Gebaheri—Eng. +<i>Gaffery</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Gart</i>, <i>cart</i>, signifying "protection."</p> + +<p>(<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. Gardar, Karthar—Eng. <i>Garter</i>, <i>Carder</i>. +(<i>Dio</i>, servant), O.G. Cartdiuha—Eng. <i>Carthew</i>. (<i>Ric</i>, rule), A.S. +Gyrdhricg—Eng. <i>Cartridge</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Gald</i>, <i>gold</i>, "reddere, valere."</p> + +<p>(<i>Birin</i>, bear), O.G. Goldpirin—Eng. <i>Goldbourne</i>. (<i>Red</i>, counsel), +O.G. Goltered—Eng. <i>Coulthred</i>. (<i>Ric</i>, rule), O.G. Goldericus—Eng. +<i>Goldrick</i>. (<i>Run</i>, mystery), O.G. Goldrun, Coldrun—Coldrun <i>Lib. +Vit.</i>—Eng <i>Calderon</i>. (<i>Wine</i>, friend), O.G. Gildewin—Eng. <i>Goldwin</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Geld</i>, <i>gild</i>, probably same as above.</p> + +<p>(<i>Hard</i>), O.G. Gildard—Eng. <i>Gildert</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. +Gelther—Eng. <i>Gilder</i>. (<i>Wig</i>, <i>wi</i>, war), O.G. Geltwi—Eng. +<i>Gildawie</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Gisal</i>, <i>gil</i>, "hostage."</p> + +<p>(<i>Bert</i>, famous), O.G. Gisalbert, Gilbert—Eng. <i>Gilbert</i>. (<i>Brand</i>, +sword), O.G. Gislebrand—Eng. <i>Gillibrand</i>. (<i>Frid</i>,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span> peace), O.G. +Gisalfred—Eng. <i>Gillford</i>. (<i>Hard</i>), O.G. Giselhard—Eng. <i>Gillard</i>. +(<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. Gisalhar—- A.S. Gislher—Eng. <i>Giller</i>, +<i>Killer</i>. (<i>Had</i>, war), O.G. Gislehad—Eng. <i>Gillett</i>. (<i>Helm</i>), O.G. +Gisalhelm—Eng. <i>Gilliam</i>. (<i>Man</i>), O.G. Gisleman—Eng. <i>Gillman</i>, +<i>Killman</i>. (<i>Mar</i>, famous), O.G. Gisalmer—Eng. <i>Gilmore</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>God</i>, supposed to mean "Deus."<a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a></p> + +<p>(<i>Bald</i>), O.G. Godebald—Godebaldus, <i>Domesday</i>—Eng. <i>Godbold</i>, +<i>Godbolt</i>, <i>Cobbold</i>. (<i>Frid</i>, peace), O.G. Godafrid—Eng. <i>Godfrey</i>. +(<i>Gisil</i>, hostage), O.G. Godigisil—Eng. Godsell. (Heid, state, "hood"), +O.G. Gotaheid—Eng. <i>Godhead</i>. (<i>Hard</i>), O.G. Godehard—Eng. <i>Goddard</i>, +<i>Goodheart</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. Godehar—Eng. <i>Goddier</i>, +<i>Goodyear</i>. (<i>Laif</i>, relic), O.G. Godolef—Eng. <i>Goodliffe</i>. (<i>Lac</i>, +play), O.G. Godolec—Eng. <i>Goodlake</i>. (<i>Land</i>), O.G. Godoland—Godland +<i>Lib. Vit.</i>—Eng. <i>Goodland</i>. (<i>Man</i>), O.G. Godeman—Godeman <i>Lib. +Vit.</i>—Eng. <i>Godman</i>. (<i>Mund</i>, protection), A.S. Godemund—Eng. +<i>Godmund</i>. (<i>Niu</i>, young), O.G. Godeniu—Eng. <i>Goodnow</i>. (<i>Ram</i>, raven), +O.G. Godramnus—Eng. <i>Goodram</i>. (<i>Rad</i>, counsel), O.G. Gotrat—Eng. +<i>Goodred</i>. (<i>Rit</i>, ride), O.G. Guderit—Godritius <i>Domesday</i>—Eng. +<i>Goodwright</i>. (<i>Ric</i>, rule), Godricus <i>Domesday</i>—Eng. <i>Godrick</i>. +(<i>Scalc</i>, servant), O.G. Godscalc—Eng. <i>Godskall</i>. (<i>Ward</i>), O.G. +Godeward—Eng. <i>Godward</i>. (<i>Wine</i>, friend), A.S. Godwine—Eng. <i>Godwin</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Goz</i>, <i>Gos</i>, supposed High Germ. form of <i>gaud</i>=Goth.</p> + +<p>(<i>Bald</i>), O.G. Gauzebald—Eng. <i>Gosbell</i>. (<i>Hard</i>), O.G. Gozhart, +Cozhart—Eng. <i>Gozzard</i>, <i>Cossart</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, warrior),<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span> O.G. Gauzer, +Cozhere—Eng. <i>Gozar</i>, <i>Cosier</i>. (<i>Lind</i>, gentle), O.G. Gauzlind—Eng. +<i>Gosland</i>. (<i>Mar</i>, famous), O.G. Gozmar—Eng. <i>Gosmer</i>. (<i>Wald</i>, power), +O.G. Gausoald—Eng. <i>Goswold</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Grim</i>, "fierce, terrible."</p> + +<p>(<i>Bald</i>), O.G. Grimbald—Eng. <i>Grimbald</i>, <i>Grimble</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, warrior), +O.G. Grimhar—Eng. <i>Grimmer</i>. (<i>Mund</i>, protection), O.G. Grimund—Eng. +<i>Grimmond</i>. (<i>Hard</i>), O.G. Grimhard—Eng. <i>Grimerd</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Gund</i>, <i>gun</i>, signifying "war."</p> + +<p>(<i>Bald</i>), O.G. Gundobald, Gumbald—Eng. <i>Gumboil</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, warrior), +O.G. Gunther, Cundher—Eng. <i>Gunter</i>, <i>Conder</i>. (<i>Ric</i>, rule), O.G. +Gunderih—Eng. <i>Gundry</i>. (<i>Stan</i>, stone), Old Norse, Gunstein—Eng. +<i>Gunston</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Hun</i>, probably from "the people."</p> + +<p>(<i>Bald</i>), O.G. Hunibald—Eng. <i>Hunibal</i>. (<i>Frid</i>, peace), O.G. Hunfrid, +Humfrid—Eng. <i>Humphrey</i>. (<i>Gar</i>, spear), O.G. Hunger—Eng. <i>Hunger</i>. +(<i>Hard</i>), O.G. Hunard—Eng. <i>Hunnard</i>. (<i>Man</i>), Huniman <i>Hund. +Rolls</i>—Eng. <i>Honeyman</i>. (<i>Wald</i>, power), O.G. Hunewald—Hunewald, <i>Lib. +Vit.</i>—Eng. <i>Hunhold</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Had</i>, <i>hath</i>, signifying "war."</p> + +<p>(<i>Gis</i>, hostage), O.G. Hadegis—Eng. <i>Hadkiss</i>. (<i>Mar</i>, famous), O.G. +Hadamar—Eng. <i>Hattemore</i>. (<i>Rat</i>, counsel), O.G. Hadarat—Eng. +<i>Hadrott</i>. (<i>Ric</i>, rule), O.G. Hadaricus—Eng. <i>Hattrick</i>. (<i>Wig</i>, war), +O.G. Hathuwi—Eng. <i>Hathaway</i>. (<i>Wine</i>, friend), O.G. Hadawin—Eng. +<i>Hadwen</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Hard</i>, <i>hart</i>, "strong, hardy."</p> + +<p>(<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. Hardier—Eng. <i>Harder</i>. (<i>Land</i>, terra), O.G. +Artaland—Eng. <i>Hardland</i>. (<i>Man</i>, vir), O.G.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span> Hartman—Eng. <i>Hardman</i>. +(<i>Mund</i>, protection), O.G. Hartomund—Eng. <i>Hardiment</i>. (<i>Nagel</i>, nail), +O.G. Hartnagel—Eng. <i>Hartnoll</i>. (<i>Nid</i>, strife), O.G. Hartnit—Eng. +<i>Hartnott</i>. (<i>Rat</i>, counsel), O.G. Hartrat—Eng. <i>Hartwright</i>. (<i>Ric</i>, +rule), O.G. Harderich, Hertrih—Eng. <i>Hartridge</i>, <i>Hartry</i>. (<i>Wulf</i>), +O.G. Hardulf—Eng. <i>Hardoff</i>. (<i>Wig</i>, war), O.G. Hardwic—Eng. +<i>Hardwick</i>. (<i>Wine</i>, friend), O.G. Hardwin—Eng. <i>Ardouin</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Har</i>, <i>her</i>, "army" or "soldier."<a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a></p> + +<p>(<i>Bad</i>, war), O.G. Heripato—Eng. <i>Herepath</i>. (<i>Bert</i>, famous), O.G. +Hariberaht—A.S. Herebritt—Eng. <i>Harbert</i>, <i>Herbert</i>. (<i>Bord</i>, shield), +O.G. Heribord—Eng. <i>Harboard</i>. (<i>Bod</i>, envoy), O.G. Heribod—Eng. +<i>Harbud</i>. (<i>Gar</i>, spear), O.G. Hariker—A.S. Hereger—Eng. <i>Harker</i>. +(<i>Gaud</i>, Goth), O.G. Haregaud—Eng. <i>Hargood</i>. (<i>Land</i>, terra), O.G. +Hariland—Eng. <i>Harland</i>. (<i>Man</i>, vir), O.G. Hariman—Eng. <i>Harryman</i>, +<i>Harman</i>. (<i>Mar</i>, famous), O.G. Harmar—Eng. <i>Harmer</i>. (<i>Mund</i>, +protection), O.G. Herimund—Eng. <i>Harmond</i>. (<i>Sand</i>, envoy), O.G. +Hersand—Eng. <i>Hersant</i>. (<i>Wald</i>, rule), A.S. Harald—Eng. <i>Harold</i>. +(<i>Ward</i>), A.S. Hereward—Eng. <i>Harward</i>. (<i>Wid</i>, wood), O.G. Erwid—Eng. +<i>Harwood</i>. (<i>Wig</i>, war), O.G. Herewig, Hairiveo—Eng. <i>Harvey</i>. (<i>Wine</i>, +friend), O.G. Harwin—A.S. Herewine—Eng. <i>Harwin</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Hild</i>, <i>hil</i>, "war."</p> + +<p>(<i>Brand</i>, sword), O.G. Hildebrand—Eng. <i>Hildebrand</i>. (<i>Gard</i>, +protection), O.G. Hildegard—Eng. <i>Hildyard</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. +Hildier—Eng. <i>Hilder</i>, <i>Hillyer</i>. (<i>Man</i>, vir),<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span> O.G. Hildeman—Eng. +<i>Hillman</i>. (<i>Mar</i>, famous), O.G. Hildemar—Eng. <i>Hilmer</i>. (<i>Rad</i>, +counsel), O.G. Hildirad—Eng. <i>Hildreth</i>. (<i>Ric</i>, rule), O.G. +Hilderic—Eng. <i>Hilridge</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Ing</i>, <i>ink</i>, "son, descendant."</p> + +<p>(<i>Bald</i>), O.G. Ingobald, Incbald—Eng. <i>Inchbald</i>. (<i>Bert</i>, famous), +O.G. Ingobert—Eng. <i>Inchboard</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. Inguheri—Eng. +<i>Ingrey</i>. (<i>Ram</i>, raven), O.G. Ingram—Eng. <i>Ingram</i>. (<i>Wald</i>, power), +O.G. Ingold—Eng. <i>Ingold</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Ise</i>, signifying "iron."</p> + +<p>(<i>Burg</i>, protection), O.G. Hisburg—Eng. <i>Isburg</i>. (<i>Man</i>), O.G. +Isman—A.S. Hysemann—Eng. <i>Heasman</i>. (<i>Mar</i>, famous), O.G. Ismar—Eng. +<i>Ismer</i>. (<i>Odd</i>, dart), Old Norse, Isodd—Eng. <i>Izod</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Isen</i>, signifying "iron."</p> + +<p>(<i>Hard</i>), O.G. Isanhard—Eng. <i>Isnard</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. +Isanhar—Eng. <i>Isner</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Ken</i>, <i>kin</i>, "nobility."</p> + +<p>(<i>Hard</i>), A.S. Cyneheard—Eng. <i>Kennard</i>, <i>Kinnaird</i>. (<i>Laf</i>, relic), +A.S. Cynlaf—Eng. <i>Cunliffe</i>. (<i>Mund</i>, protection), A.S. Cynemund—Eng. +<i>Kinmonth</i>. (<i>Ric</i>, rule), A.S. Cynric—Eng. <i>Kenrick</i>. (<i>Ward</i>), A.S. +Cyneweard—Eng. <i>Kenward</i>. (<i>Wig</i>, war), Kenewi, <i>Hund. Rolls</i>—Eng. +<i>Kennaway</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Land</i>, "terra."</p> + +<p>(<i>Bert</i>, famous), O.G. Landbert, Lambert—Eng. <i>Lambert</i>. (<i>Burg</i>, +protection), O.G. Landburg—Eng. <i>Lambrook</i>. (<i>Frid</i>, peace), O.G. +Landfrid—Lanfrei <i>Lib. Vit.</i>—Eng. <i>Landfear</i>, <i>Lanfear</i>, <i>Lamprey</i>. +(<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. Landar—Eng. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span><i>Lander</i>. (<i>Ric</i>, rule), O.G. +Landerich—Landric <i>Domesday</i>—Eng. <i>Landridge</i>, <i>Laundry</i>. (<i>Wig</i>, +war), O.G. Lantwih—Eng. <i>Lanaway</i>. (<i>War</i>, defence), O.G. Landoar—Eng. +<i>Lanwer</i>. (<i>Ward</i>), O.G. <i>Landward</i>—Eng. <i>Landlord?</i></p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Laith</i>, <i>let</i>, "terrible."</p> + +<p>(<i>Hara</i>), O.G. Lethard—Eng. <i>Leathart</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. +Lethar—Eng. <i>Leather</i>. (<i>Ward</i>), O.G. Lethward—Eng. <i>Lateward</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Led</i>, <i>lud</i>, "people."</p> + +<p>(<i>Burg</i>, protection), O.G. Luitburc—Eng. <i>Ludbrook</i>. (<i>Gar</i>, spear), +O.G. Leodegar—Eng. <i>Ledger</i>. (<i>Gard</i>), O.G. Liudgard—A.S. +Lidgeard—Eng. <i>Ledgard</i>. (<i>Goz</i>. Goth), O.G. Luitgoz, Luikoz—Lucas +<i>Lib. Vit.</i>—Eng. <i>Lucas</i>. (<i>Hard</i>), O.G. Luidhard—Eng. <i>Liddard</i>. +(<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. Liuthari—A.S. Luder—Eng. <i>Luther</i>. (<i>Man</i>), +O.G. Liudman—A.S. Ludmann—Eng. <i>Lutman</i>. (<i>Ward</i>), O.G. Liudward—Eng. +<i>Ledward</i>. (<i>Wig</i>, war), O.G. Liudwig—Eng. <i>Lutwidge</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center">Anglo-Saxon <i>leof</i>, "dear."</p> + +<p>(<i>Dag</i>, day), O.G. Leopdag—Luiedai, <i>Domesday</i>—Eng. <i>Loveday</i>. +(<i>Hard</i>), O.G. Luibhard, Leopard—A.S. Lipperd—Eng. <i>Leopard</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, +warrior), O.G. Liubheri, Libher—A.S. Leofer—Eng. <i>Lover</i>. (<i>Lind</i>, +gentle), O.G. Liublind—Eng. <i>Loveland</i>. (<i>Man</i>), O.G. Liubman—A.S. +Leofmann—Eng. <i>Loveman</i>.<a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a> (<i>Mar</i>, famous), O.G. Liubmar—Eng. +<i>Livemore</i>. (<i>Ric</i>, rule), A.S. Leofric—Eng. <i>Loveridge</i>. (<i>Drud</i>, +friend), O.G. Lipdrud—Eng. <i>Liptrot</i>.<a name="FNanchor_19_19" id="FNanchor_19_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a> (<i>Gaud</i>, <i>goz</i>, Goth), O.G. +Liobgoz—Eng. <i>Lovegod</i>, <i>Lovegood</i>.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Mal</i>, signifying to "maul."</p> + +<p>(<i>Hard</i>), O.G. Mallard—Maularde, <i>Roll. Batt. Abb.</i>—Eng. <i>Mallard</i>. +(<i>Ric</i>, rule), O.G. Malarich—Eng. <i>Mallory</i>. (<i>Thius</i>, servant), O.G. +Malutheus—Eng. <i>Malthus</i>. (<i>Wulf</i>), O.G. Malulf—Eng. <i>Maliff</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Man</i>, as the type of "manliness."</p> + +<p>(<i>Frid</i>, peace), O.G. Manfrit—Eng. <i>Manfred</i>. (<i>Gar</i>, spear), O.G. +Mangar—Eng. <i>Manger</i>. (<i>Leof</i>, dear), A.S. Manlef—Eng. <i>Manlove</i>. +(<i>Gald</i>, value), O.G. Managold—Eng. <i>Manigault</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Mar</i>, signifying "famous."</p> + +<p>(<i>Gaud</i>, Goth), Merigeat <i>Lib. Vit.</i>—Eng. <i>Margot</i>. (<i>Gild</i>, value), +O.G. Margildus—Eng. <i>Marigold</i>. (<i>Wig</i>, war), O.G. Merovecus, +Maroveus—Eng. <i>Marwick</i>, <i>Marvey</i>. (<i>Wine</i>, friend), O.G. +Maruin—Mervinus <i>Lib. Vit.</i>—Eng. <i>Marvin</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Mag</i>, <i>may</i>, Goth. <i>magan</i>, "valere."</p> + +<p>(<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. Magher—Eng. <i>Mager</i>, <i>Mayer</i>. (<i>Had</i>, war), +O.G. Magodius—Magot <i>Lib. Vit.</i>—Eng. <i>Maggot</i>. (<i>Ron</i>, raven), O.G. +Megiran—Eng. <i>Megrin</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Main</i>, also signifying "strength, vigour."</p> + +<p>(<i>Hard</i>), O.G. Mainard—Eng. <i>Maynard</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Mad</i>, <i>med</i>, Anglo-Saxon <i>math</i>, "reverence."</p> + +<p>(<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. Mather—Eng. <i>Mather</i>. (<i>Helm</i>), <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span>O.G. +Madelm—Eng. <i>Madam</i>. (<i>Lac</i>, play), O.G. Mathlec—Eng. <i>Medlock</i>. +(<i>Land</i>), O.G. Madoland—Eng. <i>Medland</i>. (<i>Man</i>), O.G. Medeman—Eng. +<i>Maidman</i>, <i>Meddiman</i>. (<i>Wald</i>, power), O.G. Meduald—Eng. <i>Methold</i>. +(<i>Wine</i>, friend), Eng. <i>Medwin</i>. (<i>Wig</i>, war), O.G. Medoveus—Eng. +<i>Meadway</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Madel</i>, <i>medal</i>, "discourse, eloquence."</p> + +<p>(<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. Madalhar—Eng. <i>Medlar</i>. (<i>Gaud</i>, Goth), O.G. +Madalgaud—Eng. <i>Medlicott</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Mil</i>, <i>mel</i>, of uncertain meaning.</p> + +<p>(<i>Dio</i>, servant), O.G. Mildeo—Eng. <i>Mellodew</i>, <i>Melody</i>, <i>Melloday</i>. +(<i>Hard</i>), O.G. Milehard—Eng. <i>Millard</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Mald</i>, Anglo-Saxon <i>meald</i>, "strife, friction."</p> + +<p>(<i>Wid</i>, wood), O.G. Maldvit—Maldwith, <i>Domesday</i>—Eng. <i>Maltwood</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center">Ang.-Sax. <i>môd</i>. O.H.G. <i>môt</i>, "courage."</p> + +<p>(<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. Muatheri, Modar—Eng. <i>Mutrie</i>, <i>Moder</i>. (<i>Ram</i>, +<i>ran</i>, raven), O.G. Moderannus—Eng. <i>Mottram</i>. (<i>Ric</i>, rule), O.G. +Moderich—Eng. <i>Mudridge</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Mark</i>, of uncertain meaning.</p> + +<p>(<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. Marcher—A.S. Marker—Eng. <i>Marcher</i>, <i>Marker</i>. +(<i>Leif</i>, relic), O.G. Marcleif—Eng. <i>Marklove</i>. (<i>Wig</i>, war), O.G. +Marcovicus—Eng. <i>Markwick</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center">Old North. <i>âs</i>, Ang.-Sax. <i>ôs</i>, "semi-deus."</p> + +<p>(<i>Beorn</i>, bear), A.S. Osbeorn—Eng. <i>Osborn</i>. (<i>Got</i>, goth), A.S. +Osgot—Eng. <i>Osgood</i>. (<i>Lac</i>, play), A.S. Oslac—O.N. Asleikr—Eng. +<i>Aslock</i>, <i>Hasluck</i>. (<i>Man</i>, vir), O.G. Asman, Osman—Asseman <i>Hund. +Rolls</i>—Eng. <i>Asman</i>, <i>Osman</i>. (<i>Mar</i>, famous), O.G. Osmer—Osmer, +<i>Domesday</i>—Eng. <i>Osmer</i>. (<i>Ketil</i>), O.N. Asketil—Eng. <i>Ashkettle</i>. +(<i>Mund</i>,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span> protection), A.S. Osmond—Eng. <i>Osmond</i>. (<i>Wald</i>, rule), A.S. +Oswald—Eng. <i>Oswald</i>. (<i>Wine</i>, friend), A.S. Oswin—Eng. <i>Oswin</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Rad</i>, <i>red</i>, signifying "counsel."</p> + +<p>(<i>Brand</i>, sword), O.G. Redbrand—Eng. <i>Redband</i>. (<i>Geil</i>, elatus), O.G. +Ratgeil—Eng. <i>Redgill</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. Rathere, Rateri—Eng. +<i>Rather</i>, <i>Rattray</i>. (<i>Helm</i>), O.G. Rathelm—Eng. <i>Rattham</i>. (<i>Leif</i>, +relic), O.G. Ratleib—Eng. <i>Ratliffe</i>. (<i>Man</i>, vir), O.G. Redman—Eng. +<i>Redman</i>. (<i>Mar</i>, famous), O.G. Radmar, Redmer—Eng. <i>Radmore</i>, +<i>Redmore</i>. (<i>Mund</i>, protection), O.G. Redemund—Eng. <i>Redmond</i>. (<i>War</i>, +defence), O.G. Ratwar—Eng. <i>Redwar</i>. (<i>Wig</i>, war), O.G. Redwi—Eng. +<i>Reddaway</i>. (<i>Wine</i>, friend), A.S. Redwin—Eng. <i>Readwin</i>. (<i>Bald</i>, +fortis), O.G. Ratbold—Eng. <i>Rathbold</i>. (<i>Bern</i>, bear), O.G. Ratborn, +Ratbon—Eng. <i>Rathbone</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Rag</i>, <i>ray</i>, signifying "counsel."</p> + +<p>(<i>Bald</i>, fortis), O.G. Ragibald—Eng. <i>Raybauld</i>, <i>Raybolt</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, +warrior), O.G. Racheri—Eng. <i>Rarey</i> (=Ragheri). (<i>Helm</i>), O.G. +Rachelm—Eng. <i>Rackham</i>. (<i>Mund</i>, protection), O.G. Raimond—Eng. +<i>Raymond</i>, <i>Rayment</i>. (<i>Ulf</i>, wolf), A.S. Rahulf—Raaulf, <i>Lib. +Vit.</i>—Eng. <i>Ralph</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Ragin</i>, <i>rain</i>, same as above.</p> + +<p>(<i>Bert</i>, famous), O.G. Raginbert, Reinbert—Eng. <i>Rainbird</i>. (<i>Bald</i>, +fortis), O.G. Raginbald—Eng. <i>Raynbold</i>. (<i>Frid</i>, peace), O.G. +Rainfred—Eng. <i>Rainford</i>. (<i>Gar</i>, spear), O.G. Raingar, Reginker—Eng. +<i>Ranger</i>, <i>Ranacre</i>. (<i>Hard</i>, fortis), O.G. Regnard, Rainhard—Eng. +<i>Regnard</i>, <i>Reynard</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. Reginhar—A.S. +Reiner—Eng. <i>Reyner</i>. (<i>Helm</i>), O.G. Rainelm—Eng. <i>Raynham</i>, (<i>Wald</i>, +rule), O.G. Reginold—A.S. Reinald—Eng. <i>Reynolds</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Ric</i>, <i>rich</i>, signifying "rule."</p> + +<p>(<i>Bald</i>, fortis), O.G. Richbold—Eng. <i>Richbell</i>. (<i>Gard</i>, protection), +O.G. Richgard—Eng. <i>Ridgyard</i>. (<i>Hard</i>, fortis), O.G. Ricohard—Eng. +<i>Riccard</i>, <i>Richard</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. Richer—Richerus, +<i>Domesday</i>—Eng. <i>Richer</i>. (<i>Man</i>, vir), O.G. Ricman—Eng. <i>Rickman</i>, +<i>Richman</i>. (<i>Mund</i>, protection), O.G. Richmund—Eng. <i>Richmond</i>. +(<i>Wald</i>, rule), O.G. Ricoald—Eng. <i>Richold</i>. (<i>Wig</i>, war), O.G. +Ricwi—Eng. <i>Ridgway</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Ring</i>, perhaps signifying "armour."</p> + +<p>(<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. Rincar—Eng. <i>Ringer</i>. (<i>Wald</i>, rule), A.S. +Hringwold—Eng. <i>Ringold</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Rod</i>, signifying "glory."</p> + +<p>(<i>Bero</i>, bear), O.G. Hruadbero—Eng. <i>Rodber</i>. (<i>Bern</i>, bear), O.G. +Roudbirn—Eng. <i>Rodbourn</i>. (<i>Bert</i>, famous), O.G. Hrodebert—Eng. +<i>Robert</i>. (<i>Gar</i>, spear), O.G. Hrodgar—Eng. <i>Rodger</i>. (<i>Gard</i>, +protection), O.G. Hrodgard—Eng. <i>Rodgard</i>, <i>Rodyard</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, +warrior), O.G. Hrodhari, Rotheri, Rudher—Eng. <i>Rothery</i>, <i>Rudder</i>. +(<i>Land</i>), O.G. Rodland—Eng. <i>Rolland</i>. (<i>Leik</i>, play), O.G. +Rutleich—Eng. <i>Rutledge</i>. (<i>Ram</i>, raven), O.G. Rothram—Eng. +<i>Rotheram</i>. (<i>Man</i>, vir), O.G. Hrodman—Eng. <i>Rodman</i>, <i>Roman</i>. (<i>Niw</i>, +young), O.G. Hrodni—Eng. <i>Rodney</i>. (<i>Ric</i>, rule), O.G. Hrodric—Eng. +<i>Rodrick</i>. (<i>Wig</i>, war), O.G. Hrodwig—Eng. <i>Rudwick</i>. (<i>Ulf</i>, wolf), +O.G. Hrodulf—Roolf, <i>Lib. Vit.</i>—Eng. <i>Rolfe</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Ros</i>, perhaps signifying "horse."</p> + +<p>(<i>Bert</i>, famous), O.G. Rospert—Eng. <i>Rosbert</i>. (<i>Kel</i>, contraction of +Ketel),<a name="FNanchor_20_20" id="FNanchor_20_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a> Old Norse Hroskel—Eng. <i>Roskell</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Rum</i>, O.H.G. hruam, "glory."</p> + +<p>(<i>Bald</i>, bold), A.S. Rumbold—Eng. <i>Rumbold</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. +Rumhar—Eng. <i>Rummer</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Sal</i>, perhaps meaning "dark."<a name="FNanchor_21_21" id="FNanchor_21_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a></p> + +<p>(<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. Salaher—Eng. <i>Sellar</i>. (<i>Man</i>, vir), O.G. +Salaman—Eng. <i>Salmon</i>. (<i>Wig</i>, war), O.G. Selwich—Eng. <i>Salloway</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Sar</i>, signifying "armour" or anything used for defence.</p> + +<p>(<i>Bod</i>, envoy), O.G. Sarabot—Eng. <i>Serbutt</i>. (<i>Gaud</i>, Goth), O.G. +Saregaud—Eng. <i>Sargood</i>. (<i>Man</i>, vir), O.G. Saraman—Eng. <i>Sermon</i>. +(<i>Had</i>, war), O.G. Sarratt—Eng. <i>Sarratt</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Sig</i>, signifying "victory."</p> + +<p>(<i>Bald</i>, bold), A.S. Sigebald—Eng. <i>Sibbald</i>. (<i>Bert</i>, famous), A.S. +Sigiberht, Sibriht—Eng. <i>Sibert</i>. (<i>Fred</i>, peace), A.S. Sigefred—Eng. +<i>Seyfried</i>. (<i>Gar</i>, spear), A.S. Siggær—Eng. <i>Segar</i>. (<i>Man</i>), O.G. +Sigeman—Eng. <i>Sickman</i>. (<i>Suff.</i>, <i>Surn.</i>). (<i>Mar</i>, famous), O.G. +Sigimar, Sicumar—A.S. Simær, Secmær—Eng. <i>Seymore</i>, <i>Sycamore</i>. +(<i>Mund</i>, protection), O.G. Sigimund—Eng. <i>Simmond</i>. (<i>Wig</i>, war), O.G. +Sigiwic—Eng. <i>Sedgewick</i>. (<i>Wine</i>, friend), O.G. Sigiwin—Seguin, <i>Roll +Batt. Abb.</i>—Eng. <i>Seguin</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Sea</i>, "mare."</p> + +<p>(<i>Bera</i>, bear), Sebar, <i>Lib. Vit.</i>—Eng. <i>Seaber</i>. (<i>Bern</i>, bear), Old +Norse Sæbiorn—Sberne, <i>Domesday</i>—Eng. <i>Seaborn</i>. (<i>Bert</i>, famous), +A.S. Sæberht—Eng. <i>Seabright</i>. (<i>Burg</i>, protection), O.G. Seburg, +Seopurc—Seaburch <i>Lib. Vit.</i>—Eng. <i>Seabrook</i>, <i>Seabury</i>. (<i>Rit</i>, +ride), O.G. Seuerit—Eng. <i>Searight</i>, <i>Sievewright</i>. (<i>Wald</i>, rule), +O.G. Sewald—Eng. <i>Seawall</i>. (<i>Ward</i>), O.G. Sæward—Eng. <i>Seaward</i>, +<i>Seward</i>. (<i>Fugel</i>, fowl), A.S. Sæfugl—Eng. <i>Sefowl</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Stain</i>, "stone," in the sense of firmness or hardness.</p> + +<p>(<i>Biorn</i>, bear), O.N. Steinbiörn—Eng. <i>Stainburn</i>. (<i>Burg</i>, +protection), O.G. Stemburg—Eng. <i>Steamburg</i>. (<i>Hard</i>), O.G. +Stainhard—Stannard <i>Domesday</i>—Eng. <i>Stonard</i>, <i>Stoneheart</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, +warrior), O.N. Steinhar—Eng. <i>Stainer</i>, <i>Stoner</i>. (<i>Wald</i>, rule), O.G. +Stainold—Eng. <i>Stonhold</i>, and perhaps <i>Sternhold</i> as a corruption.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Tank</i>, perhaps "thought."</p> + +<p>(<i>Hard</i>), O.G. Tanchard—Eng. <i>Tankard</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. +Thancheri—Eng. <i>Tankeray</i>, <i>Thackeray</i> (Scandinavian form). (<i>Rad</i>, +counsel), O.G. Tancrad—Eng. <i>Tancred</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Tad</i>, supposed "father."</p> + +<p>(<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. Tether—Eng. <i>Tedder</i>, <i>Teather</i>. (<i>Man</i>, vir), +A.S. Tatmonn—Eng. <i>Tadman</i>.<a name="FNanchor_22_22" id="FNanchor_22_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a> (<i>Wine</i>, friend), O.G. Daduin—Eng. +<i>Tatwin</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Thor</i>, supposed from the name of the god, a stem specially Danish.</p> + +<p>(<i>Biorn</i>, bear), O.N. Thorbiorn—Thurbern <i>Lib. Vit.</i>—Eng. <i>Thorburn</i>. +(<i>Gaut</i>, Goth), O.N. Thorgautr—Turgod<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span> <i>Lib. Vit.</i>—Eng. <i>Thurgood</i>, +<i>Thoroughgood</i>. (<i>Geir</i>, spear), O.N. Thorgeir—Eng. <i>Thorgur</i>. (<i>Fin</i>, +nation), O.N. Thorfinnr—Thurfin <i>Lib. Vit.</i>—Eng. <i>Turpin</i>. (<i>Môd</i>, +courage), O.N. Thormodr—Eng. <i>Thurmot</i>. (<i>Stein</i>, stone), O.N. +Thorsteinn—Turstin <i>Lib. Vit.</i>—Eng. <i>Thurstan</i>. (<i>Wald</i>, rule), O.N. +Thorvaldr—Eng. <i>Thorold</i>. (<i>Vid</i>, wood), O.N. Thorvidr—Eng. +<i>Thorowood</i>. (<i>Ketil</i><a name="FNanchor_23_23" id="FNanchor_23_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a>) O.N. Thorketil—Eng. <i>Thirkettle</i>. (<i>Kel</i>, +contraction of <i>ketel</i>), O.N. Thorkel—Turkillus <i>Lib. Vit.</i>—Eng. +<i>Thurkle</i>. (Hence is borrowed as supposed the Gaelic Torquil.)</p> + + +<p>Ang.-Sax. <i>theod</i>, "people."</p> + +<p>(<i>Bald</i>, fortis), A.S. Theodbald—Tidbald <i>Lib. Vit.</i>—Eng. <i>Theobald</i>, +<i>Tidball</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. Theodahar, Tudhari—A.S. +Theodhere—Eng. <i>Theodore</i>, <i>Tudor</i>. (<i>Ran</i>, raven), O.G. Teutran—Eng. +<i>Teuthorn</i>. (<i>Man</i>, vir), O.G. Tiadman—Eng. <i>Tidman</i>. (<i>Mar</i>, famous), +O.G. Thiudemer—A.S. Dydemer—Eng. <i>Tidemore</i>. (<i>Ric</i>, rule), A.S. +Theodric—Eng. <i>Todrig</i>, <i>Doddridge</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Wad</i>, <i>Wat</i>, "to go," in the sense of activity?</p> + +<p>(<i>Gis</i>, hostage), O.G. Watgis—Eng. <i>Watkiss</i>. (<i>Gar</i>, spear), O.G. +Waddegar—Eng. <i>Waddicar</i>. (<i>Mar</i>, famous), O.G. Vadomar—Eng. +<i>Wadmore</i>. (<i>New</i>, young), O.G. Wattnj—Eng. <i>Watney</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Wald</i>, signifying "power" or "rule."</p> + +<p>(<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. Waldhar—A.S. Wealdhere—Eng. <i>Walter</i>. (<i>Man</i>) +O.G. Waldman—Eng. <i>Waldman</i>. (<i>Ran</i>, raven), O.G. +Walderannus—Walteranus <i>Domesday</i>—Eng. <i>Waldron</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Wal</i>, "stranger" or "foreigner."</p> + +<p>(<i>And</i>, life, spirit), O.G. Waland—Eng. <i>Waland</i>. (<i>Frid</i>, peace), O.G. +Walahfrid—Eng. <i>Wallfree</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. Walaheri, +Walher—Eng. <i>Wallower</i>, <i>Waller</i>. (<i>Had</i>, war), O.G. Wallod—Eng. +<i>Wallet</i>. (<i>Raven</i>), Gothic Valerauan—Walrafan <i>Lib. Vit.</i>—Eng. +<i>Wallraven</i> (<i>Suffolk Surnames</i>). (<i>Rand</i>, shield), O.G. +Walerand—Walerandus <i>Lib. Vit.</i>—Eng. <i>Walrond</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>War</i>, perhaps signifying "defence."<a name="FNanchor_24_24" id="FNanchor_24_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a></p> + +<p>(<i>Bald</i>, bold), O.G. Warbalt—Eng. <i>Warbolt</i>. (<i>Burg</i>, protection), O.G. +Warburg—Eng. <i>Warbrick</i>. (<i>Gar</i>, spear), O.G. Weriger—Eng. <i>Warraker</i>. +(<i>Goz</i>, Goth), O.G. Werigoz—Eng. <i>Vergoose</i> (<i>Suffolk Surnames</i>). +(<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. Warher—Eng. <i>Warrior</i>. (<i>Laik</i>, play), O.G. +Warlaicus—Warloc <i>Hund. Rolls</i>—Eng. <i>Warlock</i>. (<i>Man</i>), O.G. +Warman—A.S. Wearman—Eng. <i>Warman</i>. (<i>Mar</i>, famous). O.G. Werimar—Eng. +<i>Warmer</i>. (<i>Lind</i>, gentle), O.G. Waralind—Eng. <i>Warland</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Wern</i>, in the sense of "nationality."</p> + +<p>(<i>Burg</i>, protection), O.G. Warinburg—Eng. <i>Warrenbury</i>. (<i>Frid</i>, +peace), O.G. Warnefrid—Eng. <i>Warneford</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. +Warenher, Warner—Eng. <i>Warrener</i>, <i>Warner</i>. (<i>Had</i>, war), O.G. +Warnad—Eng. <i>Warnett</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Wag</i>, <i>way</i>, to "wave, brandish."</p> + +<p>(<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. Wagher—Eng. <i>Wager</i>. (<i>Bert</i>, famous), O.G. +Wagpraht—Eng. <i>Weybret</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Wid</i>, <i>wit</i>, of uncertain meaning.<a name="FNanchor_25_25" id="FNanchor_25_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a></p> + +<p>(<i>Brord</i>, sword), A.S. Wihtbrord, Wihtbrod—Witbred <i>Hund. Rolls</i>—Eng. +<i>Whitbread</i>. (<i>Gar</i>, spear), O.G. Witker—A.S. Wihtgar—Eng. +<i>Whittaker</i>, <i>Whitecar</i>. (<i>Hard</i>), O.G. Witart—Eng. <i>Whitehart</i>. +(<i>Ron</i>, raven), O.G. Widrannus—Eng. <i>Witheron</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. +Withar, Wither <i>Domesday</i>—Eng. <i>Wither</i>, <i>Whiter</i>. (<i>Ring</i>, armour), +O.G. Witering—Eng. <i>Wittering</i>. (<i>Lag</i>, law), A.S. Wihtlæg,—Eng. +<i>Whitelegg</i>, <i>Whitlaw</i>. (<i>Laic</i>, play), O.G. Widolaic,—A.S. +Wihtlac—Eng. <i>Wedlake</i>, <i>Wedlock</i>. (<i>Man</i>, vir), O.G. Wideman, +Witman—Eng. <i>Wideman</i>, <i>Whiteman</i>. (<i>Mar</i>, famous), Goth. +Widiomar—Uitmer <i>Lib. Vit.</i>—Eng. <i>Whitmore</i>. (<i>Rad</i>, counsel), O.G. +Widerad, Witerat—A.S. Wihtræd—Eng. <i>Withered</i>, <i>Whitethread</i>, +<i>Whiterod</i>. (<i>Ric</i>, rule), Goth. Witirich—A.S. Wihtric—Eng. +<i>Witherick</i>, <i>Whitridge</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Will</i>, in the sense of "resolution"?</p> + +<p>(<i>Bern</i>, bear), O.G. Wilbernus—Eng. <i>Wilbourn</i>. (<i>Gom</i>, man), O.G. +Willicomo—Uilcomæ <i>Lib. Vit.</i>—Eng. <i>Wilcomb</i>, <i>Welcome</i>. (<i>Frid</i>, +peace), A.S. Wilfrid—Eng. <i>Wilford</i>. (<i>Gis</i>, hostage), A.S. +Wilgis—Eng. <i>Willgoss</i>. (<i>Hard</i>, fortis), O.G. Willard—A.S. +Willeard—Eng. <i>Willard</i>. (<i>Heit</i>, state, "hood") O.G. Williheit—Eng. +<i>Willett</i>. (<i>Helm</i>), A.S. Wilhelm—Eng. <i>Williams</i>. (<i>Mar</i>, famous), +O.G. Willemar—Eng. <i>Willmore</i>. (<i>Mot</i>, courage), O.G. Willimot—Eng. +<i>Willmot</i>. (<i>Mund</i>, protection), A.S. Wilmund—Uilmund, <i>Lib. +Vit.</i>—Eng. <i>Willament</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Wind</i>, <i>Wend</i>, supposed "from the people."</p> + +<p>(<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. Winidhar—Eng. <i>Winder</i>. (<i>Ram</i>, raven), O.G. +Winidram—Eng. <i>Windram</i>. (<i>Rad</i>, counsel)—Eng. <i>Windred</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Wine</i>, "friend."</p> + +<p>(<i>Bald</i>, fortis), O.G. Winebald—Eng. <i>Winbolt</i>. (<i>Cof</i>, strenuous), +A.S. Wincuf—Eng. <i>Wincup</i>. (<i>Gaud</i>, Goth), O.G. Winegaud—Eng. +<i>Wingood</i>. (<i>Gar</i>, spear), O.G. Wineger, Vinegar—A.S. Winagar—Eng. +<i>Winegar</i>, <i>Vinegar</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, warrior), A.S. Wyner—Eng. <i>Winer</i>. +(<i>Laic</i>, play), O.G. Winleich—Uinlac <i>Lib. Vit.</i>—Eng. <i>Winlock</i>. +(<i>Man</i>, vir), O.G. Winiman—A.S. Winemen—Eng. <i>Wineman</i>, <i>Winmen</i>. +(<i>Stan</i>, stone), A.S. Wynstan—Eng. <i>Winston</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Wig</i>, <i>Wick</i>, "war."</p> + +<p>(<i>Bert</i>, famous), O.G. Wigbert, Wibert—Eng. <i>Vibert</i>. (<i>Burg</i>, +protection), O.G. Wigburg—Wiburch <i>Lib. Vit.</i>—Eng. <i>Wyberg</i>, <i>Wybrow</i>. +(<i>Hard</i>, fortis), O.G. Wighard, Wiart—A.S. Wigheard—Uigheard <i>Lib. +Vit.</i>—Eng. <i>Wyard</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. Wigheri, Wiccar, +Wiher—Uigheri <i>Lib. Vit.</i>—Eng. <i>Wicker</i>, <i>Vicary</i>, <i>Wire</i>. (<i>Helm</i>), +A.S. Wighelm—Uighelm <i>Lib. Vit.</i>—Eng. <i>Whigam</i>. (<i>Ram</i>, raven), O.G. +Wigram—Eng. <i>Wigram</i>. (<i>Mar</i>, famous), O.G. Wigmar, Wimar—Wimar <i>Lib. +Vit.</i>—Eng. <i>Wymer</i>.<a name="FNanchor_26_26" id="FNanchor_26_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a> (<i>Gern</i>, eager), O.G. Wicchern—A.S. +Weogern—Eng. <i>Waghorn</i>. (<i>Had</i>, war), O.G. Wicod, Wihad—A.S. +Wigod—Eng. <i>Wiggett</i>, <i>Wichett</i>, <i>Wyatt</i>. (<i>Man</i>, vir), O.G. +Wigman—Eng. <i>Wigman</i>, <i>Wyman</i>. (<i>Ric</i>, rule), O.G. Wigirich—Eng. +<i>Vickridge</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center">Ang.-Sax. <i>wulf</i>, "wolf."</p> + +<p>(<i>Bert</i>, famous), O.G. Wolfbert—Eng. <i>Woolbert</i>. (<i>Gar</i>, spear), A.S. +Wulfgar—Eng. <i>Woolgar</i>. (<i>Gaud</i>, Goth), O.G. Wulfegaud—A.S. +Wulfgeat—Eng. <i>Woolcot</i>. (<i>Hard</i>, fortis), A.S. Wulfheard—Eng. +<i>Woollard</i>. (<i>Had</i>, war), O.G. Wolfhad—Eng. <i>Woollat</i>. (<i>Helm</i>), A.S. +Wulfhelm—Eng. <i>Woollams</i>. (<i>Heh</i>, high), A.S. Wulfheh—Eng. <i>Woolley</i>. +(<i>Mar</i>, famous),<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span> A.S. Wulfmer—Eng. <i>Woolmer</i>. (<i>Noth</i>, bold), A.S. +Wulfnoth—Eng. <i>Woolnoth</i>. (<i>Ric</i>, rule), A.S. Wulfric—Eng. <i>Woolrych</i>. +(<i>Sig</i>, victory), A.S. Wulfsig—Eng. <i>Wolsey</i>. (<i>Stan</i>, stone), A.S. +Wulfstan—Eng. <i>Woolston</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center">Ang.-Sax. <i>jû</i>, O.H.G. <i>êwa</i> "law."<a name="FNanchor_27_27" id="FNanchor_27_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_27_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a></p> + +<p>(<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. Euhar—Eng. <i>Ewer</i>. (<i>Man</i>, vir), O.G. +Eoman—perhaps Iman and Iiman on Roman pottery—Eng. <i>Yeoman</i>, <i>Yeaman</i>. +(<i>Ric</i>, rule), O.G. Eoricus—Eng. <i>Yorick</i>. (<i>Wald</i>, rule), O.G. +Ewald—Eng. <i>Ewald</i>. (<i>Ward</i>, guardian), O.G. Euvart—Eng. <i>Ewart</i>, +<i>Yeoward</i>. (<i>Wolf</i>), O.G. Eolf—Eng. <i>Yealfe</i>.</p> + + +<p>The foregoing is not put forward as by any means an exhaustive list of +the ancient compounds represented in our names, but only of the more +common and more important. And there are some ancient stems well +represented in other forms, such as those referred to in Chapter II., +from which I have not been able to trace any compounds. It will be +observed that I have in two or three instances assigned a place to an +English name, without finding an ancient form to correspond. This indeed +I might have done to a greater extent than I have done, for when we have +such a well-defined system, with the same forms of compounds regularly +recurring, we may in many cases assign a place to a name even though the +ancient equivalent may not yet have come to light.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span></p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> Hence I take to be the name of the fairy king Oberon. +Albruna was also the name of a "wise woman" among the +ancient Germans referred to by Tacitus.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> Probably also A.S. Haluiu—Eng. <i>Halloway</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> Here probably the name Biracrus, on Roman pottery, +corresponding with an O.G. form, Berecar.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> Or perhaps of beauty, like a Celtic stem <i>tac</i>, found in names +of men, and perhaps a corresponding word.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> As an ending also <i>frid</i> commonly becomes <i>free</i>, as in Humphrey +from Humfrid, Godfrey from Godfred, Geoffry from +Galfrid.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> This name might perhaps be from the Irish Cwaran, whence +probably the present <i>Curran</i>. This name appears also to have +been sometimes borrowed by the Northmen, as in the case of +Olaf Cwaran.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> But not in a Christian sense, the stem being much older +than Christian times. There is another stem <i>gaud</i>, supposed to +mean Goth, very liable to intermix.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> As a prefix this may mean "army," but as an ending, where +it is often <i>hari</i> or <i>heri</i> (and perhaps was originally always so), +it may be taken, as suggested by Grimm, to mean warrior.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> Also as a contracted form, Ang.-Sax. Leommann (=Leofmann, +Eng. <i>Lemon</i>).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_19_19" id="Footnote_19_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> This seems to be a name of an exceptional kind, the ending +<i>drud</i> being a female one. That our name Liptrot (which I take +from Lower), is really from the above origin is rendered the +more probable by the corresponding name Liebetrut as a present +German name, similarly derived by Foerstemann. But it may +well be that the ending in this case is from a different word to +that which, see p. <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, forms the endings of women's names, +viz. O.H.G. <i>trut</i>, amicus, which, as a prefix, enters into several +men's names.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_20_20" id="Footnote_20_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> From the mythological kettle of the gods, which enters into +many Old Norse men's names.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_21_21" id="Footnote_21_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> "The Anglo-Saxons seem to have used sallow in the sense +of dark. The raven is called sallow both by Cædmon and the +author of Judith," <i>Skeat</i>. It seems to me, however, a question +whether, seeing how frequently the names of nationalities enter +into Teutonic men's names, the word contained in the above +stem may not be "Salian." This, however, still leaves open the +question as to what is the origin of Salian.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_22_22" id="Footnote_22_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> A corresponding name may be the Dutch Tadema, if <i>ma</i>, +as is supposed, stands for <i>man</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_23_23" id="Footnote_23_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> Probably from the mythological kettle of the Æsir.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_24_24" id="Footnote_24_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> So many different words might be suggested in this case +that the meaning must be left uncertain. It is most probable +that there may be an admixture.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_25_25" id="Footnote_25_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> Three different words found in ancient names intermix so as +to be hardly separable, viz., Anglo-Saxon <i>wiht</i>, strength or +courage; <i>wid</i>, wood; and <i>wit</i>, wisdom.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_26_26" id="Footnote_26_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26_26"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> The name of Wigmore Street seems to imply a man's +name <i>Wigmore</i>, but I do not know of it at present.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_27_27" id="Footnote_27_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> Hence probably the name of the Eows, a tribe or family +mentioned in the "Traveller's Song." Also probably the name +Eawa, in the genealogy of the Mercian kings. The stem is +represented in our names by <i>Ewe</i>, <i>Yeo</i>, and <i>Yea</i>, and we have +also the patronymic <i>Ewing</i> (Euing in <i>Domesday</i>).</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IV" id="CHAPTER_IV"></a>CHAPTER IV.</h2> + +<p class="center">THE MEN WHO CAME IN WITH THE SAXONS.</p> + + +<p>The researches of Mr. Kemble, supplemented by those of Mr. Taylor, in +connection with the early Saxon settlements in England, have an +important bearing upon the subject of our existing surnames. Mr. Kemble +was the first to call attention to the fact that very many of the names +of places in England, as disclosed by the forms in which these names +appear in ancient charters, consist of a personal name in a patronymic +form. Some of these names consist simply of a nominative plural in +<i>ingas</i>, as Æscingas, the sons or descendants of Æsc, others of a +genitive plural in <i>inga</i>, with <i>ton</i>, <i>ham</i>, &c., appended, as in +Billingatun, the town of the Billings, <i>i.e.</i> sons or descendants of +Billa. These he takes to denote tribal or family settlements, forming +the Anglo-Saxon "mark," consisting of a certain area of cultivated land, +surrounded by a belt of pasture land enjoyed by all the settlers in +common, the whole inclosed by the forest.</p> + +<p>Of these names he has made two lists, the one derived from the names +found in ancient charters, and so perfectly trustworthy, the other +inferred from<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span> existing names of places which appear to be in the same +form. The latter list is of course subject to considerable correction +and deduction, inasmuch as it depends entirely upon the ancient forms in +which these names would appear whether they would come under this +category or not. Thus, if a name were anciently Billing<i>a</i>ham, it would +be "the home of the Billings," while if it were Billingham, it would +simply be the home of an individual man called Billing. And in looking +through this list, a few names will be found, which a comparison with +his own index of place-names shows to be incorrectly assigned. Thus he +infers Impingas from Impington in Cambridgeshire, and Tidmingas from +Tidmington in Worcester, whereas it appears from his index that the +ancient name of the one was Impintun, and of the other Tidelminctun, +both being thus from the name of an individual and not of a tribe or +family. Sempringham again in Lincolnshire, whence he derives Sempringas, +I find to have been Sempingaham, and so used already for Sempingas. I +also feel very great doubt about names taken from places ending in <i>by</i>, +<i>thorp</i>, and <i>toft</i>, in Lincolnshire and the ancient Denelaga, as being +Scandinavian, and given at a distinctly later period. Indeed I have a +certain amount of distrust of all names taken from the North of England, +in the absence, as far as I know, of any distinct proof in any one case. +Northumberland would perhaps be the county to which, as containing the +greatest number of such forms, any such doubt would the least strongly +apply. Moreover, I do not feel at all sure that <i>ing</i> is not in some +cases simply a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span> form of the possessive, and that Dunningland, for +instance, is not simply Dunn's land. This doubt is considerably +strengthened when the name is that of a woman, as in Cyneburginctun (now +Kemerton in Glouc). Cyneburg is certainly a woman's name, and as such +could not, I should suppose—though the question is one for more +experienced Anglo-Saxon scholars—form a patronymic, in which case +Cyneburginctun can only be "Cyneburg's tun." And if it be so in one +case, it may of course be so in others. Mr. Kemble's second list, then, +requires to be used with a certain amount of caution, though in the main +his deductions may be taken as trustworthy.</p> + +<p>The corresponding forms in Germany have since been collected by +Professor Foerstemann from ancient charters up to the eleventh century, +and must all be considered therefore as trustworthy. His list contains +upwards of a thousand different names, but inasmuch as many of these +names are found in different parts of Germany, the total number of such +names must amount to many thousands. These consist sometimes of a form +in <i>ingas</i>, same as in England, and this obtains more particularly in +Bavaria, sometimes of a form in <i>inga</i>, which he takes to be also a +nominative plural, but most commonly of a dative plural, in <i>ingen</i>, as +in Herlingen, "to the Harlings." This dative plural explains the origin +of many existing names of places in Germany, as Göttingen, Dettingen, +Tübingen, &c. A dative plural also occurs occasionally in England in the +corresponding Anglo-Saxon form <i>ingum</i>, as in Godelmingum, now +Godalming, Angemeringum, now Angmering, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span>&c.</p> + +<p>Meanwhile Mr. Taylor has instituted a detailed and very important +comparison between the names contained in Mr. Kemble's two lists, and +those of a corresponding kind in Germany, not indeed from ancient +records, but from existing place-names. And he has further supplemented +this by a list of similar forms disclosed by his own very interesting +discovery of a Saxon area in France opposite to the shore of England, +and which we can hardly doubt to be, as he considers it to be, the +result of a Saxon emigration from England. He has, moreover, given some +similar instances of German occupation in the north of Italy, and it can +hardly be doubted that a more detailed examination would add to their +number.</p> + +<p>The question now to be considered is—what is the value of these various +forms in <i>ingas</i>, <i>inga</i>, and <i>ingen</i>, in England and in Germany? In +Anglo-Saxon and other Teutonic dialects <i>ing</i> is a patronymic, as in +Bruning, son of Brûn. But it has also a wider sense implying any +connection with a person or thing, and in certain of the names under +consideration both in England and in Germany, it seems very clear that +it is used simply in a geographical sense. Thus we cannot doubt that +Madelungen and Lauringen, in Germany, signify, as Foerstemann suggests, +the people of the Madel and of the Lauer, on which two rivers the places +in question are respectively situated. Also that Salzungen signifies the +people of the salt springs, in the neighbourhood of which the name is +found.<a name="FNanchor_28_28" id="FNanchor_28_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a> So in England it seems clear that the Leamingas<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span> found in +Leamington signifies the people of the Leam, on which river the place is +situated. So also the Heretuningas, the Hohtuningas, and the +Suthtuningas, must mean simply the people respectively of Heretun, of +Hohtun, and of Suthtun, the Beorganstedingas the people of Beorgansted, +the Eoforduningas the people of Eofordun, and the Teofuntingas, the +people dwelling by the two fountains. But with these and perhaps one or +two other exceptions, the word contained is simply a personal name, and +the question is—in what connection is it used? Does Billingas mean the +descendants of the man Bill or Billa, under whose leadership the +settlement was made, or does it, as Mr. Kemble seems to think, refer to +some older, perhaps mythical ancestor from whom the Billings claimed a +traditional descent? Now, considering the great number of these names, +amounting to more than a thousand in England alone, seeing the manner in +which they are dispersed, not only over different counties of England, +but as the annexed table will show, over the length and breadth of +Germany, it seems to me utterly impossible to consider them as anything +else than the every-day names of men common to the great German family. +I am quite in accord then with the view taken by Sir J. Picton +(Ethnology of Wiltshire).<a name="FNanchor_29_29" id="FNanchor_29_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_29_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a> "When the Saxons first invaded England, +they came in tribes and families headed by their patriarchal leaders. +Each tribe was called by its leader's name, with the termination <i>ing</i>, +signifying family, and where they settled they gave their patriarchal +name to the <i>mark</i> or central point<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span> round which they clustered." This +is also the view taken by Foerstemann with regard to the German names, +and I cannot doubt that Mr. Kemble, if he had had the opportunity of +extending his survey over this wider area, would have come to the same +conclusion. I take it then that the name contained in these forms is +simply that of the leader under whose guidance these little settlements +were made, and that, inasmuch as members of the same family would +generally keep together, it is in most cases that of the patriarch or +head of the family. Each man would no doubt have his own individual +name, but as a community exercising certain rights in common, from which +outsiders were excluded, they would require some distinctive +appellation, and what so natural as that of their leader.</p> + +<p>I now come to consider some points of difference between the Anglo-Saxon +settlements and the German. While all the settlements in England must be +taken to have been made by a Low German race, a large proportion of +those in Germany must be taken to have been made by a High German +people. Thus when we find Bæbingas in England represented by Papinga in +Austria, Bassingas by Pasingas, and Bædingas by Patinga in Bavaria, we +have the distinction between High and Low German, which might naturally +be expected. So when we find Eastringas represented by Austringa in +Baden, we have again a High German form to compare with a Low German. +But this distinction is by no means consistently maintained throughout, +and we seem to have a considerable mixture of High and Low German forms. +Thus we have both Bæcgingas and Pæccingas,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span> Dissingas and Tissingas, +Gâringas and Coringas, Edingas and Odingas (representing as it seems the +Anglo-Saxon <i>ead</i> or <i>ed</i>, and the High German <i>aud</i> or <i>od</i>). And even +in some cases the rule seems to be reversed, and we have the High German +in England, as in Eclingas against Egilinga in Bavaria, Hoppingas +against Hobinga in Alsace, Ticcingas against Dichingen, &c. It would +seem as if our settlements were made, at least in part, by a people who +if not High German, had at any rate considerable High German affinities. +To what extent the speech of the Angles which I suppose to have been the +main element in the Northumbrian dialect, would answer these conditions, +I would rather leave to our higher Anglo-Saxon scholars to decide. But +it seems to me, so far as I may venture to give an opinion, that +Lappenberg's theory, that the Saxons were accompanied by Franks, +Frisians, and Lombards, would perhaps better than any other meet all the +requirements of the case. Whence for instance could come such a form as +Cwichelm for Wighelm, apparently a rather strongly marked Frankish form? +Or Cissa (Chissa) for, as I suppose, Gisa, which would be apparently in +conformity with a Frisian form? I have endeavoured to go into this +subject more fully in a subsequent chapter, more particularly with +regard to the Franks, and to show that there are a number of names in +Anglo-Saxon times which might be of Frankish origin, and which perhaps +it would be difficult to account for on any other theory. And it must be +borne in mind that the earlier date now generally assigned for the first +Teutonic settlements, naturally tends to give greater<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span> latitude to the +inquiry as to the races by whom those settlements were made.</p> + +<p>Another difference to be noted is that whereas all our settlements seem +to have been made in heathen times, those of Germany extend into +Christian times, as shown by such names as Johanningen, Jagobingen, and +Steveningen, containing the scriptural names John, Jacob and Stephen. +There is another and a curious name, Satanasinga, which, the place to +which it is applied being a waste, seems to describe the people who +lived in it, or around it, perhaps in reference to their forlorn +condition, as "the children of Satan." The adoption of scriptural names +seems to have taken place at a later period in England than either in +Germany or in France. And we have not, as I believe, a single instance +in our surnames of a scriptural name in an Anglo-Saxon patronymic form, +as the Germans, judging from the above, might—possibly may—have.</p> + +<p>Another point of difference between the Anglo-Saxon and the German +settlements would seem to be this, that while the German list contains a +considerable proportion of compound names, such as Willimundingas and +Managoldingas, the Anglo-Saxon list consists almost exclusively of names +formed of a single word, and the exceptions may almost be counted upon +the fingers. With this I was at first considerably puzzled, but on +looking more carefully into the lists, it seemed to me apparent that +many of the names assumed by Mr. Kemble from names of places were in +reality compound names in a disguised and contracted form. And as<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span> +Tidmington, whence he derives Tidmingas, was properly Tidhelmingtun, so +I conceive that Osmingas derived from Osmington, ought properly to be +Oshelmingas, and Wylmingas, found in Wilmington, to be Wilhelmingas. So +also I take it that Wearblingas, found in Warblington, ought to be +Warboldingas, that Weomeringas, deduced from Wymering, ought to be +Wigmeringas, and that Horblingas, found in Horbling, ought to be +Horbaldingas. There are several other names, such as Scymplingas, +Wramplingas, Wearmingas, Galmingas, &c., that seem as they stand, to be +scarcely possible for names of men, and which may also contain compounds +in a corrupted or contracted form. In addition to this, I note the +following, found in ancient charters, which Mr. Kemble seems to have +overlooked, Ægelbyrhtingas, found in Ægelbyrtingahyrst, No. 1041, +Ceolredingas, found in Colredinga gemerc, 1149, and Godhelmingas found +in Godelmingum, 314. If all these were taken into account, the +difference, though it would still exist, might not be so great as to be +unaccountable, considering that our settlements were made to a +considerable extent at an earlier date, and by tribes more or less +differing from those of Germany. It raises, moreover the question, dealt +with in a very thorough manner by Stark, as to the extent to which these +short and simple names may be contractions of compound names. I have +referred to the subject in another place, and I will only observe at +present that from the instances he cites the practice seems to have been +rather specially common among the Frisians. Now it will be found on +comparing the names of our ancient settlers with the Frisian names<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span> past +and present cited by Outzen and Wassenberg, that there is a very strong +family likeness between them, though we need not take it to amount to +more than this, that the Frisian names may be taken as a type of the +kind of names prevalent among the other neighbouring Low German tribes, +until it can be more distinctly shown that there were settlements made +by the Frisians themselves. And I have brought these names into the +comparison simply as being the nearest representatives that I can find.</p> + +<p>Notwithstanding the complete and valuable tables drawn up by Mr. Taylor +for the purpose of comparing the Anglo-Saxon settlements with those of +Germany, I have thought it useful to supplement them by another confined +exclusively to the names drawn from ancient German records, and +therefore, so far as they go, entirely trustworthy. And I take the +opportunity to compare our existing surnames with these ancient names +thus shown to be common to the great Teutonic family.</p> + +<p>In the following table I have given then, first the Anglo-Saxon names +from Kemble's lists, then the corresponding Old German from that of +Foerstemann, with the district in which it is found, and, wherever +identified, the existing name of the place, then names corresponding +from the <i>Liber Vitæ</i> or elsewhere to show continued Anglo-Saxon use, +with also Frisian names as already mentioned, and finally, the existing +English surnames with which I compare them. It will be seen that these +surnames in not a few cases retain an ancient vowel-ending in <i>a</i>, <i>i</i>, +or <i>o</i>, as explained in a preceding chapter.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span></p> + +<p class="center"><i>THE EARLY SAXON SETTLEMENTS COMPARED WITH THOSE OF GERMANY.</i></p> + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="settlements"> +<tr><td align='left'><h4>Anglo-Saxon.</h4></td><td align='left'><h4>German.</h4></td><td align='left'><h4>Locality in Germany.</h4></td><td align='left'><h4>(L.V.), Liber Vitæ.<br />(F.), Frisian.</h4></td><td align='left'><h4>English Surnames.</h4></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Aldingas }<br />Oldingas }</td><td align='left'>Aldinge</td><td align='left'>Now Aldingen, in Würtemburg</td><td align='left'>Alda (L.V.), Alte (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Allday</i>, <i>Allt</i>, <i>Old</i>, <i>Olding</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Æceringas<a name="FNanchor_30_30" id="FNanchor_30_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_30_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a></td><td align='left'>Aguringas</td><td align='left'>Now Egringen in Bavaria</td><td align='left'>Aker (L.V.)</td><td align='left'><i>Ager</i>, <i>Acres</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ælingas</td><td align='left'>Allingen</td><td align='left'>Bavaria</td><td align='left'>Alli (L.V.), Alle (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Alley</i>, <i>Allo</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ælfingas }<br />Ælpingas }</td><td align='left'>Albungen</td><td align='left'>Hesse Cassell</td><td align='left'>Alef (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Aulph</i>, <i>Alpha</i>, <i>Elvy</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Æfeningas</td><td align='left'>{Heveningare<br />{ marca</td><td align='left'>Appenzell</td><td align='left'>Afun (L.V.)</td><td align='left'><i>Heaven? </i><i>Evening</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Antingas</td><td align='left'>Endinga</td><td align='left'>Now Endingen, in Baden</td><td align='left'>Anta (A.S.)</td><td align='left'><i>And</i>, <i>Andoe</i>, <i>Hand</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Æscingas</td><td align='left'>Esginga</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>Æsc (A.S.)</td><td align='left'><i>Ask</i>, <i>Ashe</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ætingas</td><td align='left'>Adinga</td><td align='left'>Pruss. Saxony</td><td align='left'>Atta (A.S.), Atte (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Hatt</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bæbingas</td><td align='left'>Papinga</td><td align='left'>Now Pabing, in Austria</td><td align='left'>Babba (A.S.), Babe (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Babb</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Baningas</td><td align='left'>Boninge</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>Beana (L.V.), Banne (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Bann</i>, <i>Banning</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bædingas }<br />Beadingas }</td><td align='left'>Patinga</td><td align='left'>{Now Beddingen, in Brunswick; <br />{also Baden, Prussia, Austria</td> +<td align='left'>Bada, Betti (L.V.)</td><td align='left'><i>Batt</i>, <i>Batty</i>, <i>Betty</i>, <i>Batting</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bassingas</td><td align='left'>Pasingas</td><td align='left'>Bavaria</td><td align='left'>Bass (A.S.)</td><td align='left'><i>Bass</i>, <i>Pass</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bæcgingas }<br />Beccingas }<br />Pæccingas }</td><td align='left'>Bachingen<br />Beckinga</td><td align='left'>Würtemburg<br />Rhenish Prussia</td> +<td align='left'>Baga, Backa (L.V.)</td><td align='left'><i>Bagge</i>, <i>Back</i>, <i>Beck</i>, <i>Peck</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bensingas</td><td align='left'>Pinsinga</td><td align='left'>Bavaria</td><td align='left'>Benza (L.V.)</td><td align='left'><i>Bence</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bircingas</td><td align='left'>Biricchingen</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Birch</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bebingas</td><td align='left'>Bebingun</td><td align='left'>Bavaria, Würtg.</td><td align='left'>Bebba (A.S.)</td><td align='left'><i>Bibb</i>, <i>Bibby</i>, <i>Beeby</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Billingas</td><td align='left'>Bilinga</td><td align='left'>Hess., Würt., Friesland</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Bill</i>, <i>Billow</i>, <i>Billing</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Binningas</td><td align='left'>Binnungen</td><td align='left'>Now Bingen, on Rhine</td><td align='left'>Bynni (L.V.), Binne (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Binney</i>, <i>Binning</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bydelingas</td><td align='left'>Budilingen</td><td align='left'>Luxembg., Austria</td><td align='left'>Botel (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Biddle</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Briningas</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>Bryni (L.V.)</td><td align='left'><i>Brine</i>, <i>Brinney</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Beorningas</td><td align='left'>Pirninga</td><td align='left'>Würtemburg</td><td align='left'>Beorn (L.V.)</td><td align='left'><i>Burn</i>, <i>Burning</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bondingas</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>Bonde (L.V., F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Bond</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Beormingas</td><td align='left'>Bermingahem</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Breem</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Brydingas</td><td align='left'>Breidinge</td><td align='left'>Hesse Cass., Pruss. Sax.</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Bride</i>, <i>Bird</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bridlingas</td><td align='left'>Britlingi</td><td align='left'>Now Brütlingen, in Hanr.</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Bridle</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Blæcingas</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>Blaca (L.V.)</td><td align='left'><i>Black</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bruningas</td><td align='left'>Brunninga</td><td align='left'>Austria</td><td align='left'>Brôn (L.V.), Bruyn (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Brown</i>, <i>Browning</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Beorhtingas }<br />Byrtingas }</td><td align='left'>Perhtingen</td><td align='left'>Bavaria</td><td align='left'>Bercht (L.V.), Berti (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Burt</i>, <i>Bright</i>, <i>Brighty</i>, <i>Brighting</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Brihtlingas</td><td align='left'>Bertelingas</td><td align='left'>Rhen. Prussia</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Brightly</i>, <i>Brittell</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Buccingas</td><td align='left'>Puchinga</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>Bocco, Buco (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Buck</i>, <i>Puck</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bullingas</td><td align='left'>Bollinga</td><td align='left'>{Bullingen, in Rh. Pruss.<br />{Also Tyrol and Westphal.</td><td align='left'>Bolle (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Bull</i>, <i>Bolley</i>, <i>Bulling</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Byttingas }</td><td align='left'>Buddinga</td><td align='left'>Baden, Würt., Friesland</td><td align='left'>Bota (L.V.)</td><td align='left'><i>Budd</i>, <i>Butt</i>, <i>Botting</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Potingas }</td><td align='left'>Potingin</td><td align='left'>Baden, Aust., Friesland</td><td align='left'>Botte (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Pott</i>, <i>Potto</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bobingas }<br />Bofingas }</td><td align='left'>Bobinga</td><td align='left'>Bobingen, in Bav.</td><td align='left'>Bofa (L.V.), Poppe (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Boby</i>, <i>Poppy</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bosingas</td><td align='left'>Bosinga</td><td align='left'>Austria, Würt.</td><td align='left'>Bosa (L.V.)</td><td align='left'><i>Boss</i>, <i>Bossey</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Buslingas</td><td align='left'>Buselingen</td><td align='left'>Büssling, by Schaffhausen</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Bussell</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Burringas</td><td align='left'>Buringen</td><td align='left'>Würtemburg.</td><td align='left'>Burra (L.V.), Bore (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Burr</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cægingas</td><td align='left'>Cachinga</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>Kay, Key (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Kay</i>, <i>Key</i> (see p. <a href="#Page_10">10</a>).</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Callingas</td><td align='left'>Callinge</td><td align='left'>Holland</td><td align='left'>Kalle (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Call</i>, <i>Callow</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ceaningas</td><td align='left'>Conninge</td><td align='left'>Würtemburg</td><td align='left'>Canio (L.V.), Keno (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Cann</i>, <i>Canning</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cearlingas</td><td align='left'>Chirlingen</td><td align='left'>Kierling, in Austria</td><td align='left'>Karl (L.V.), Carl (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Charley</i>, <i>Charles</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cifíngas</td><td align='left'>Cheffingin</td><td align='left'>Würtemburg</td><td align='left'>Ceefi (L.V.)</td><td align='left'><i>Chaff</i>, <i>Chaffey</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ceopingas</td><td align='left'>Chuppinga</td><td align='left'>Würtemburg</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Chope</i>, <i>Chubb</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Copingas</td><td align='left'>Cofunga</td><td align='left'>Hesse Cassel</td><td align='left'>Cufa, Coifi (Ang.-Sax.)</td><td align='left'><i>Coffey</i>, <i>Cuff</i>, <i>Cuffey</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Codingas }</td><td align='left'>Cuttingas</td><td align='left'>Near Metz</td><td align='left'>Goda, (L.V.)</td><td align='left' rowspan="2"><i>Goad</i>, <i>Codd</i>, <i>Coate</i>, <i>Godding</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cotingas }</td><td align='left'>Gotinga</td><td align='left'>Bavaria</td><td align='left'>Gode (F.)</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Colingas</td><td align='left'>Cholinga</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>Ceolla (L.V.)</td><td align='left'><i>Coll</i>, <i>Collie</i>, <i>Colling</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cocingas</td><td align='left'>Gukkingin</td><td align='left'>Gugging, in Austria</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Cock</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cressingas</td><td align='left'>Chresinga</td><td align='left'>Würtemberg</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Cressy</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cnottingas</td><td align='left'>Knutingen</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>Cnut (L.V.)</td><td align='left'><i>Knott</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cnudlingas</td><td align='left'>Cnutlinga</td><td align='left'>Baden</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Nuttall</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cenesingas<a name="FNanchor_31_31" id="FNanchor_31_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_31_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a></td><td align='left'>{Kenzinga<br />{Gensingen</td><td align='left'>Kenzingen, in Baden<br />Gensungen, Hess. Cass.</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Chance?</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Centingas</td><td align='left'>Gandingen</td><td align='left'>Friesland</td><td align='left'>Kaenta (L.V.)</td><td align='left'><i>Cant</i>, <i>Gant</i>, <i>Gandy</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Culingas</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Cull</i>, <i>Cooling</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Denningas</td><td align='left'>Daningen</td><td align='left'>Baden</td><td align='left'>Dene (L.V.)</td><td align='left'><i>Dane</i>, <i>Dana</i>, <i>Denn</i>, <i>Denning</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Dillingas</td><td align='left'>Dilinga</td><td align='left'>Dillengen, in Bav.</td><td align='left'>Tilli (L.V.), Tilo (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Dill</i>, <i>Till</i>, <i>Tilly</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Deorlingas }<br />Teorlingas }</td><td align='left'>Darlingin</td><td align='left'>Brunswick</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Darrell</i>, <i>Darling</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Dissingas }<br />Tissingas }</td><td align='left'>Tisinga</td><td align='left'>Bavaria</td><td align='left'>Tisa, Disa (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Dyce</i>, <i>Dicey</i>, <i>Tisoe</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ticcangas</td><td align='left'>Dichingen</td><td align='left'>Friesland, Bav.</td><td align='left'>Tycca (A.S.)</td><td align='left'><i>Dick</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Dyclingas</td><td align='left'>Tuchilingen</td><td align='left'>Now Tuchling</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Dickle</i>, <i>Tickle</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Doccingas</td><td align='left'>Dockinga</td><td align='left'>Friesland</td><td align='left'>Tocki (L.V.), Tocke (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Dock</i>, <i>Tocque</i>, <i>Docking</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Dodingas</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>Doda (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Dodd</i>, <i>Todd</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Dunningas</td><td align='left'>Tuningas</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>Duna (L.V.)</td><td align='left'><i>Dunn</i>, <i>Dunning</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Eastringas</td><td align='left'>Austringa</td><td align='left'>Oestringen, in Baden</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Easter</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Edingas }</td><td align='left'>Edinga</td><td align='left'>Holland, Baden, Bav.</td><td align='left'>Ede (L.V.), Edde (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Eddy</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Oddingas }</td><td align='left'>Odinga</td><td align='left'>Westphal., Bav.</td><td align='left'>Oda (L.V.), Odde (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Oddy</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Elcingas</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Elk</i>, <i>Elcy</i>, <i>Elgee</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ecgingas</td><td align='left'>Eginga</td><td align='left'>Schaffhausen, Bav.</td><td align='left'>Ecga (L.V.), Egga (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Egg</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Eclingas</td><td align='left'>Egilinga</td><td align='left'>Bavaria</td><td align='left'>Ecgel (A.S.)</td><td align='left'><i>Edgell</i>, <i>Egle</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Elsingas</td><td align='left'>Elisingun</td><td align='left'>Hesse</td><td align='left'>Elsi (L.V.), Ealse (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Else</i>, <i>Elsey</i>, <i>Elliss</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Eppingas }</td><td align='left'>Ebinga</td><td align='left'>Baden, Austria</td><td align='left'>Ebbi (L.V.)</td><td align='left'>{<i>Epps</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ippingas }</td><td align='left'>Ippinga</td><td align='left'>Ippingen, on Danube</td><td align='left'>Eppe (F.)</td><td align='left'>{<i>Hipp</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Everingas }<br />Eoforingas }</td><td align='left'>Eburingen</td><td align='left'>Pruss. Silesia</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Ever</i>, <i>Every</i>, <i>Heber</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Eorpingas</td><td align='left'>Arpingi</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>Earbe (L.V.), Arpe (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Harp</i>, <i>Earp</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Fearingas</td><td align='left'>Faringa</td><td align='left'>Upper Bav. & L. Constance</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Farre</i>, <i>Farrow</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Fearningas</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>Forne (L.V.)</td><td align='left'><i>Fearn</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Finningas</td><td align='left'>Finninga</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>Finn (A.S.)</td><td align='left'><i>Finn</i>, <i>Finney</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Fincingas</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>Finc (A.S.), surname</td><td align='left'><i>Finch</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Folcingas</td><td align='left'>Fulchingen</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>Folco (L.V.)</td><td align='left'><i>Fulke</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Frodingas</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>Frode (L.V.)</td><td align='left'><i>Froude</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Gâringas }<br />Coringas }</td><td align='left'>Geringen</td><td align='left'>Würtemberg</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Gore</i>, <i>Cory</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Gestingas</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Guest</i>, <i>Gasting</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Geofuningas</td><td align='left'>Gebeningen</td><td align='left'>Austria</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Giffen</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Gisilingas }<br />Gillingas }</td><td align='left'>Gisilinga</td><td align='left'>Bavaria</td><td align='left'>Gisle, Gille (L.V.)</td><td align='left'><i>Gill</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Gealdingas }<br />Goldingas }</td><td align='left'>Geltingen</td><td align='left'>Gelting, in Bav.</td><td align='left'>Golde (A.S.), Giolt (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Gold</i>, <i>Galt</i>, <i>Golding</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hallingas</td><td align='left'>Halinge</td><td align='left'>Bavaria</td><td align='left'>Halle (L.V.)</td><td align='left'><i>Hall</i>, <i>Halling</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hæglingas</td><td align='left'>Hegelinge</td><td align='left'>Bavaria</td><td align='left'>Hagel (A.S.)</td><td align='left'><i>Hail</i>, <i>Hailing</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hanesingas</td><td align='left'>Anzinga</td><td align='left'>Bavaria</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Hance</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Heardingas }</td><td align='left'>Hardinghen</td><td align='left'>Pas de Calais</td><td align='left'>Hart (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Hard</i>, <i>Hardy</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Heartingas }</td><td align='left'>Hertingen</td><td align='left'>Bavaria</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Hart</i>, <i>Harding</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hæslingas }<br />Æslingas }</td><td align='left'>Hasalinge</td><td align='left'>Near Bremen</td><td align='left'>Esel (L.V.), Hessel (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Hasell</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hanningas }<br />Heningas }<br />Anningas }</td><td align='left'>Heninge</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>Anna (L.V.), Hanne, Enno (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Hann</i>, <i>Hanning</i>, <i>Henn</i>, <i>Anning</i>, <i>Anne</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hillingas }<br />Illingas }</td><td align='left'>Illingun</td><td align='left'>Illingen, in Baden</td><td align='left'>Ylla (L.V.), Hille (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Hill</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Honingas</td><td align='left'>Oningas</td><td align='left'>Oeningen, on L. Constance</td><td align='left'>Ona (L.V.), Onno (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Hone</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Horningas</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>Horn (A.S.)</td><td align='left'><i>Horne, Horning</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Herelingas</td><td align='left'>Herlingun</td><td align='left'>Austria</td><td align='left'>Harrol (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Harle</i>, <i>Harley</i>, <i>Harling</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hoppingas</td><td align='left'>Hobinga</td><td align='left'>Near Metz</td><td align='left'>Obbe, Hobbe (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Hopp</i>, <i>Hoby</i>, <i>Hopping</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hæcingas</td><td align='left'>Hahhinga</td><td align='left'>Haching, near Munich</td><td align='left'>Hacci (L.V.), Acke (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Hack</i>, <i>Hacking</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hafocingas</td><td align='left'>Hauechingas</td><td align='left'>Rhen. Pruss.</td><td align='left'>Hauc (L.V.)</td><td align='left'><i>Hawke</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hocingas</td><td align='left'>Hohingun</td><td align='left'>Near Cologne and Zurich</td><td align='left'>Hoco (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Hockey</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hucingas</td><td align='left'>Huchingen</td><td align='left'>Friesland</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Hook</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Huningas</td><td align='left'>Huninga</td><td align='left'>Hüningen, near Basle</td><td align='left'>Una (L.V.), Hunne (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Hunn</i>, <i>Honey</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Huntingas</td><td align='left'>Huntingun</td><td align='left'>Baden</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Hunt, Hunting</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ifingas</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>Ivo (L.V.)</td><td align='left'><i>Ive, Ivy</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Immingas</td><td align='left'>Eminga</td><td align='left'>Emmingen, in Würt.</td><td align='left'>Imma (L.V.), Emo, Imme (F.)</td><td><i>Eames</i>, <i>Yems</i>, <i>Hime</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Læferingas</td><td align='left'>Livaringa</td><td align='left'>Near Salzburg</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Laver</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Lullingas</td><td align='left'>Lolinga</td><td align='left'>Lullingen, in Rh. Pruss.</td><td align='left'>Lolle (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Lull</i>, <i>Lully</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Luddingas</td><td align='left'>Liutingen</td><td align='left'>Baden</td><td align='left'>Lioda (L.V.), Ludde (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Lyde</i>, <i>Lutto</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Lofingas</td><td align='left'>Luppinge</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>Lufe (L.V.), Lubbe (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Love</i>, <i>Loving</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Lidelingas</td><td align='left'>Lutilinga</td><td align='left'>Würtemburg</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Liddle</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Locingas</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>Locchi (L.V.)</td><td align='left'><i>Lock</i>, <i>Lockie</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Leasingas</td><td align='left'>Lasingi</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>Leising (L.V.)</td><td align='left'><i>Lees</i>, <i>Lessy</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Manningas</td><td align='left'>Meningen</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>Man (L.V.), Manno (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Mann</i>, <i>Manning</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Massingas</td><td align='left'>Masingi</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>Mæssa (A.S.)</td><td align='left'><i>Massey</i>, <i>Messing</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Madingas</td><td align='left'>Madungen</td><td align='left'>Sax-Weimar</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Maddey</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Mægdlingas<a name="FNanchor_32_32" id="FNanchor_32_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_32_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a></td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>Mædle (L.V.)</td><td align='left'><i>Madle</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Mæccingas</td><td align='left'>Maginga</td><td align='left'>{Maching, in Bavaria<br />{Mechingen, by L. Constance</td><td align='left'>Mecga (A.S.)<br />Mekke (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Maggy</i>, <i>May</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Mycgingas</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Mico</i>, <i>Michie</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Merlingas</td><td align='left'>Marlingen</td><td align='left'>Bavaria</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Merrill</i>, <i>Marl</i>, <i>Marling</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Mundlingas</td><td align='left'>Mundilinga</td><td align='left'>Bavaria</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Mundell</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Marringas</td><td align='left'>Maringen</td><td align='left'>Baden, Würt.</td><td align='left'>Mar (A.S.)</td><td align='left'><i>Marr</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Meringas</td><td align='left'>Meringa</td><td align='left'>Hanover</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Merry</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Millingas</td><td align='left'>Milinga</td><td align='left'>Bav., Rhen. Pruss. </td><td align='left'>Milo (L.V.)</td><td align='left'><i>Millie</i>, <i>Milo</i>, <i>Millinge</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Myrcingas<a name="FNanchor_33_33" id="FNanchor_33_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_33_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a></td><td align='left'>Mirchingen</td><td align='left'>Lower Austria</td><td align='left'>Murk (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Murch</i>, <i>Murchie</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Nydingas }<br />Neddingas }</td><td align='left'>Nidinga</td><td align='left'>Neidingen, in Rh. Pruss.</td><td align='left'>Nytta (L.V.), Nette (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Need</i>, <i>Neate</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Nottingas</td><td align='left'>Notingen</td><td align='left'>Upper Bavaria</td><td align='left'>Noedt (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Nott</i>, <i>Nutting</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ossingas</td><td align='left'>Ossingen</td><td align='left'>Rh. Bavaria</td><td align='left'>Hosa (L.V.)</td><td align='left'><i>Hose</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Palingas</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>Paelli (L.V.)</td><td align='left'><i>Palev</i>, <i>Paling</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Pegingas</td><td align='left'>Biginga</td><td align='left'>Westphalia</td><td align='left'>Pega (L.V.)</td><td align='left'><i>Pegg</i>, <i>Bigg</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Penningas</td><td align='left'>Penningin</td><td align='left'>North Germany</td><td align='left'>Benna (A.S.)</td><td align='left'><i>Penn</i>, <i>Benn</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Puningas</td><td align='left'>Buninga</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>Buna (A.S.)</td><td align='left'><i>Bunn</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Pitingas</td><td align='left'>Pidingun</td><td align='left'>Austria</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Pitt</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Poclingas</td><td align='left'>Puchilinga</td><td align='left'>Pückling, on Danube</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Puckle</i>, <i>Buckle</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Piperingas</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Piper</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Readingas</td><td align='left'>Radinga</td><td align='left'>Reding, in Luxembg.</td><td align='left'>Reid (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Read</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Riccingas</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>Riki (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Rich</i>, <i>Richey</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ridingas</td><td align='left'>Ridingin</td><td align='left'>Rieding, in Upp. Bav.</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Riddy</i>, <i>Rita</i>, <i>Ridding</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Riclingas</td><td align='left'>Richilinga</td><td align='left'>Reichling, on Rhine</td><td align='left'>Rykle (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Regal</i>, <i>Wrigley</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Riplingas</td><td align='left'>Rupilinga</td><td align='left'>Upper Bavaria</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Ripley</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Rollingas</td><td align='left'>Roldingen</td><td align='left'>Rolingen, in Luxembg.</td><td align='left'>Rolle (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Rolle</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ræfningas</td><td align='left'>Ravininge</td><td align='left'>Bavaria</td><td align='left'>Reuen (L.V.)</td><td align='left'><i>Raven</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Rodingas</td><td align='left'>Hrotthingun</td><td align='left'>Rh. Pruss., Bav.</td><td align='left'>Rudda (L.V.), Rode (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Rodd</i>, <i>Rudd</i>, <i>Rudding</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Rossingas</td><td align='left'>Rossunga</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>Russe (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Ross</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ruscingas</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>Rosce (L.V.)</td><td align='left'><i>Rush</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Rocingas</td><td align='left'>Roggingun</td><td align='left'>Bavaria</td><td align='left'>Rogge, Rocche (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Rock</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Rucingas</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>Rouke (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Rugg</i>, <i>Ruck</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Sandringas</td><td align='left'>Sinderingum</td><td align='left'>Würtemburg</td><td align='left'>Sander (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Sander</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Swaningas</td><td align='left'>Swaningun</td><td align='left'>Schwanningen, near Schaffhausen</td><td align='left'>Suan (L.V.)</td><td align='left'><i>Swan</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Syclingas</td><td align='left'>Sikilingin</td><td align='left'>Sittling, in Bav.</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Sickle</i>, <i>Sickling</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Seaxlingas</td><td align='left'>Saxlinga</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Satchell?</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Sceardingas</td><td align='left'>Scardinga</td><td align='left'>Bavaria</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Scard</i>, <i>Scarth</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Scytingas</td><td align='left'>Scithingi</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>Scytta (A.S.)</td><td align='left'><i>Skitt</i>, <i>Skeat</i>, <i>Shute</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Surlingas</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>Serlo (L.V.)</td><td align='left'><i>Sarle</i>, <i>Searle</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Scyrlingas</td><td align='left'>Skirilinga</td><td align='left'>Schierling, in Bav.</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Shirley</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Sælingas</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>Salla (L.V.)</td><td align='left'><i>Sale</i>, <i>Sala</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Sceafingas</td><td align='left'>Sceuinge</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Sheaf</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Scealingas</td><td align='left'>Scelinga</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>Sceal (L.V.)</td><td align='left'><i>Scally</i>, <i>Scales</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Snoringas</td><td align='left'>Snoringer<br /> marca </td><td align='left'>Rh. Bav.</td><td align='left'>Snearri (L.V.)</td><td align='left'><i>Snare</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Snotingas</td><td align='left'>Snudinga</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>Snod (A.S.)</td><td align='left'><i>Snoad</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Sealfingas</td><td align='left'>Selvingen</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Self</i>, <i>Selvey</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Stubingas</td><td align='left'>Staubingen</td><td align='left'>Staubing, in Bavaria</td><td align='left'>Stuf (A.S.)</td><td align='left'><i>Stubbs</i>, <i>Stubbing</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Secgingas</td><td align='left'>Siggingahem</td><td align='left'>Belgium</td><td align='left'>Sigga (L.V.)</td><td align='left'><i>Siggs</i>, <i>Sick</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Specingas</td><td align='left'>Speichingas</td><td align='left'>Spaichengen, in Westph.</td><td align='left'>Spech (Domesday)</td><td align='left'><i>Speck</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Sceaflingas</td><td align='left'>Schuffelinga</td><td align='left'>Schiflingen, in Luxembg.</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Shovel</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Stæningas</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>Stean (L.V.), Steen (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Stone</i>, <i>Stenning</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Sinningas</td><td align='left'>Siningas</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>Sinne (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Siney</i>, <i>Shinn</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Stellingas</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Stell</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Tædingas</td><td align='left'>Tattingas</td><td align='left'>Dettingen, in Bav.</td><td align='left'>Tade (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Tadd</i>, <i>Taddy</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Tælingas</td><td align='left'>Telingen</td><td align='left'>Bavaria</td><td align='left'>Tella (L.V.), Tiele (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Tall</i>, <i>Telling</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Dorringas</td><td align='left'>Torringun</td><td align='left'>Törring, in Austria</td><td align='left'>Tori (L.V.)</td><td align='left'><i>Torr</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Tutlingas</td><td align='left'>Tutlingun</td><td align='left'>Dutling, in Bav.</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Tuttle</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Trumpingas<a name="FNanchor_34_34" id="FNanchor_34_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_34_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a></td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Trump</i>, <i>Trumpy</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Thorningas</td><td align='left'>Thurninga</td><td align='left'>Dürningen, in Alsace</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Thorne</i>, <i>Thorning</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Terringas</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>Terri (L.V.)</td><td align='left'><i>Terry</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Tucingas</td><td align='left'>Tuginga</td><td align='left'>Switzerland</td><td align='left'>Tuk (A.S.), Duce (L.V.)</td><td align='left'><i>Tuck</i>, <i>Duck</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Duringas</td><td align='left'>Turinga</td><td align='left'>Würtemburg</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Turr</i>, <i>Durre</i>, <i>Turing</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Uffingas</td><td align='left'>Uffingen</td><td align='left'>Oeffingen, in Würtemburg</td><td align='left'>Offa (L.V.)</td><td align='left'><i>Ough</i>, <i>Hough</i>, <i>Huff</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wearningas</td><td align='left'>Warningas</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>Warin (L.V.)</td><td align='left'><i>Warren</i>, <i>Warne</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Waceringas</td><td align='left'>Wacheringa</td><td align='left'>Friesland and Bav.</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Waker</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wealdringas</td><td align='left'>Waltringen</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>Wealdere (A.S.)</td><td align='left'><i>Walder</i>, <i>Walter</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wasingas</td><td align='left'>Wasunga</td><td align='left'>Würtg., Sax. Mein.</td><td align='left'>Wasso (A.S.)</td><td align='left'><i>Wass</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wippingas</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Whipp</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wittingas</td><td align='left'>Wittungen</td><td align='left'>Pruss. Sax.</td><td align='left'>Uitta (L.V.), Witte (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Whit</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Willingas</td><td align='left'>Willinga</td><td align='left'>Bavaria</td><td align='left'>Wille (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Will</i>, <i>Willow</i>, <i>Willing</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Winingas</td><td align='left'>Winninge</td><td align='left'>Winningen, on Rhine</td><td align='left'>Wynna, Uini (L.V.)</td><td align='left'><i>Wine</i>, <i>Winn</i>, <i>Winning</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wealdingas</td><td align='left'>Waltingun</td><td align='left'>Austria</td><td align='left'>Wald (A.S.), Walte (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Waldie</i>, <i>Waldo</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wælsingas</td><td align='left'>Walasingas</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Walsh</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Watingas</td><td align='left'>Waddinga</td><td align='left'>Weddingen, in Rh. Pruss.</td><td align='left'>Uada (L.V.), Uatto (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Watt</i>, <i>Waddy</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wellingas</td><td align='left'>Wellingen</td><td align='left'>Baden</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Well</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wigingas }<br />Wiccingas }</td><td align='left'>Wikinka</td><td align='left'>Bavaria</td><td align='left'>Uicga (L.V.), Wigge, Wicco (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Wigg</i>, <i>Wicking</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wylfingas</td><td align='left'>Vulfinga</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>Wulf (A.S.)</td><td align='left'><i>Wolf</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wrihtingas</td><td align='left'>Wirtingen</td><td align='left'>Austria</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Wright</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Watringas</td><td align='left'>Wateringas</td><td align='left'>Wettringen, in Westph.</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Water</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wendlingas</td><td align='left'>Wenilinga</td><td align='left'>Near Strasburg</td><td align='left'>Windel (A.S.)</td><td align='left'><i>Windle</i>, <i>Wintle</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wrihtlingas</td><td align='left'>Riutilinga</td><td align='left'>Reutlingen, in Würtg.</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Riddle</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wealcingas</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>Walch (L.V.), Walke (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Walk</i>, <i>Walkey</i>, <i>Walking</i>. </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wealcringas</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>Wealcere (A.S.)</td><td align='left'><i>Walker</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wealingas</td><td align='left'>Walanger<br />marca</td><td align='left'>On the Lahn</td><td align='left'>Walls (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Wall</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Waplingas</td><td align='left'>Waplinga</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Waple</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wræningas</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Wren</i>, <i>Rennie</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wilrincgas</td><td align='left'>Williheringa</td><td align='left'>Willering, on Danube</td><td align='left'>Wyller (A.S.)</td><td align='left'><i>Willer</i>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span></p> +<p>I may observe with regard to the Anglo-Saxon names in the above lists +that there is occasionally a little corruption in their forms. The +English trouble with the letter <i>h</i> seems to have been present even at +this early day. We have Allingas and Hallingas, Anningas and Hanningas, +Eslingas and Haslingas, Illingas and Hillingas, in all of which cases +the analogy of Old German names would show the <i>h</i> to be in all +probability an intruder. And the same applies to the Hanesingas, the +Honingas, and the Hoppingas. There is also an occasional intrusion of +<i>b</i> or <i>p</i>, thus the Trumpingas, whence the name of Trumpington, should +be properly, I take it, Trumingas, A.S. <i>trum</i>, firm, strong. Stark +suggests a Celtic word, <i>drumb</i>, but the intrusion of <i>p</i> is so easy +that I think any other explanation hardly necessary. The Sempingas, +found in Sempingaham, now Sempringham, should also, I take it, be +Semingas, which would be in accordance with Teutonic names, whereas +<i>semp</i> is a scarcely possible form. Basingstoke, the original of which +was Embasingastoc, owes its name to a similar mistake. It would be +properly I think Emasingastoc, which would correspond with a Teutonic +name-stem. A similar intrusion of <i>t</i> occurs in the case of +Glæstingabyrig (now Glastonbury), which should I think be +Glæssingabyrig; this again would correspond with an ancient name-stem, +which in its present form it does not. So also I take it that Distingas, +found in Distington in Cumberland, is only a phonetic corruption of +Dissingas, if indeed, (which I very strongly doubt) Distington is from a +tribe-name at all. Both of these intrusions are natural from a phonetic<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span> +point of view, tending as they do to give a little more backbone to a +word, and they frequently occur, as I shall have elsewhere occasion to +note, in the range of English names.</p> + +<p>My object in the present chapter has been more especially to show the +intimate connection between our early Saxon names, and those of the +general Teutonic system. But now I come to a possible point of +difference. All the names of Germany would tend to come to England, but +if Anglo-Saxon England made any names on her own account, they would not +go back to Germany. For the tide of men flows ever west-ward, and there +was no return current in those days. Now there do seem to be certain +name-stems peculiar to Anglo-Saxon England, and one of these is <i>peht</i> +or <i>pect</i>, which may be taken to represent Pict. The Teutonic peoples +were in the habit of introducing into their nomenclature the names of +neighbouring nations even when aliens or enemies. Thus the Hun and the +Fin were so introduced, the latter more particularly by the +Scandinavians who were their nearest neighbours. There is a tendency +among men to invest an enemy upon their borders, of whom they may be in +constant dread, with unusual personal characteristics of ferocity or of +giant stature. Thus the word <i>Hun</i>, as Grimm observes, seems to have +become a synonym of giant, and Ohfrid, a metrical writer of the ninth +century, describes the giant Polyphemus as the "grosse hun." Something +similar I have noted (in a succeeding chapter on the names of women, <i>in +voce</i> Emma) as possibly subsisting between the Saxons<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span> and their Celtic +neighbours. The Fins again, who as a peculiarly small people could not +possibly be magnified into giants, were invested with magical and +unearthly characteristics, and the word became almost, if not quite, +synonymous with magician. This then seems to represent something of the +general principle, upon which such names have found their way into the +Teutonic system of nomenclature.</p> + +<p>While then England received all the names formed from peoples throughout +the Teutonic area, the Goth, the Vandal, the Bavarian, the Hun, and the +Fin, in the names of men, there was one such stem which she had and +which the rest of Germany had not, for she alone was neighbour to the +Pict. Perhaps I should qualify this statement so far as the Old Saxons +of the seaboard are concerned, for they were also neighbours, though as +far as we know, the Pict did not figure in their names of men. From the +stem <i>pect</i> the Anglo-Saxons had a number of names, as Pecthun or +Pehtun, Pecthath, Pectgils, Pecthelm, Pectwald, Pectwulf, all formed in +accordance with the regular Teutonic system, but none of them found +elsewhere than in Anglo-Saxon England. Of these names we may have one, +Pecthun, in our surname <i>Picton</i>, perhaps also the other form Pehtun in +<i>Peyton</i> or <i>Paton</i>. The Anglo-Saxons no doubt aspirated the <i>h</i> in +Pehtun, but we seem in such cases either to drop it altogether, or else +to represent it by a hard <i>c</i>, according perhaps as it might have been +more or less strongly aspirated. Indeed the Anglo-Saxons themselves +would seem to have sometimes dropped it altogether, if the name Piott, +in a will of Archbishop<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span> Wulfred, A.D. 825, is the same word (which +another name Piahtred about the same period would rather seem to +indicate). And this suggests that our name <i>Peat</i> may be one of its +present representatives. We have again a name <i>Picture</i>, which might +represent an Anglo-Saxon Pecther (<i>heri</i>, warrior) not yet turned up, +but a probable name, the compound being a very common one.</p> + +<p>I do not think it necessary to go into the case of any other name-stem +which I do not find except among the Anglo-Saxons, inasmuch as, there +being in their case no such reason for the restriction as in that to +which I have been referring, it may only be that they have not as yet +been disinterred.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span></p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_28_28" id="Footnote_28_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28_28"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> From a similar origin is the name of the Scandinavian +Vikings, Vik-ing, from <i>vik</i>, a bay.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_29_29" id="Footnote_29_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29_29"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> <i>Archæological Journal.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_30_30" id="Footnote_30_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30_30"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> The reader must bear in mind that Ang.-Sax. <i>æ</i> is pronounced as <i>a</i> in "ant."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_31_31" id="Footnote_31_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31_31"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> I take the word contained herein to be "ganz," an ancient stem in names.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_32_32" id="Footnote_32_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32_32"><span class="label">[32]</span></a> Properly, I think, "Mædlingas," as it has nothing to do with Ang.-Sax. "mægd," <i>maid</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_33_33" id="Footnote_33_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33_33"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> The same, I take it, as the "Myrgingas" in the <i>Traveller's Tale</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_34_34" id="Footnote_34_34"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34_34"><span class="label">[34]</span></a> Properly, I take it, "Trumingas," Ang.-Sax. "<i>trum</i>" firm, strong.</p></div> +</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_V" id="CHAPTER_V"></a>CHAPTER V.</h2> + +<p class="center">MEN'S NAMES IN PLACE-NAMES.</p> + + +<p>We have seen in a preceding chapter that the earliest Saxon place-names +in England are derived from a personal name, and that the idea contained +is that of a modified form of common right. We shall find that a very +large proportion of the later Anglo-Saxon place-names are also derived +from the name of a man, but that the idea contained is now that of +individual ownership or occupation. The extent to which English +place-names are derived from ancient names of men is, in my judgment, +very much greater than is generally supposed. And indeed, when we come +to consider it, what can be so naturally associated with a <i>ham</i> as the +name of the man who lived in that home, of a <i>weorth</i> as that of the man +to whom that property belonged, of a Saxon <i>tun</i> or a Danish <i>by</i> or +<i>thorp</i> as that of the man to whom the place owed its existence? If we +turn to Kemble's list of Anglo-Saxon names of places as derived from +ancient charters, in the days when the individual owner had succeeded to +the community, we cannot fail to remark to how large an extent this +obtains, and how many of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span> these names are in the possessive case. Now, +it must be observed that there are in Anglo-Saxon two forms of the +possessive, and that when a man's name had the vowel ending in <i>a</i>, as +noted at p. <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, it formed its possessive in <i>an</i>, while otherwise it +formed its possessive in <i>es</i>. Thus we have Baddan byrig, "Badda's +borough," Bennan beorh, "Benna's barrow" or grave, and in the other form +we have Abbodes byrig, "Abbod's borough," Bluntes ham, "Blunt's home," +and Sylces wyrth, "Silk's worth" or property. And as compound names did +not take a vowel ending, such names invariably form their possessive in +<i>es</i>, as in Haywardes ham, "Hayward's home," Cynewardes gemæro, +"Cyneward's boundary," &c. I am not at all sure that <i>ing</i> also has not, +in certain cases, the force of a possessive, and that Ælfredincgtun, for +instance, may not mean simply "Alfred's town" and not Alfreding's town. +But I do not think that this is at any rate the general rule, and it +seems scarcely possible to draw the line. From the possessive in <i>an</i> I +take to be most probably our present place-names Puttenham, Tottenham, +and Sydenham, (respecting the last of which there has been a good deal +of discussion of late in <i>Notes and Queries</i>), containing the +Anglo-Saxon names <i>Putta</i>, <i>Totta</i>, and <i>Sida</i>. With regard to the last +I have not fallen in with the name <i>Sida</i> itself. But I deduce such a +name from Sydanham, C.D. 379, apparently a place in Wilts, also perhaps +from Sidebirig, now Sidbury, in Devon; and there is, moreover, a +corresponding O.G. <i>Sido</i>, the origin being probably A.S. <i>sidu</i>, +manners, morals. Further traces of such a stem are found in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span> <i>Sidel</i> +deduced from Sidelesham, now Sidlesham, in Sussex, and also from the +name <i>Sydemann</i> in a charter of Edgar, these names implying a +pre-existing stem <i>sid</i> upon which they have been formed.</p> + +<p>As well as with the <i>ham</i> or the <i>byrig</i> in which he resided, a man's +name is often found among the Anglo-Saxons, connected with the +boundary—whatever that might be—of his property, as in Abbudes mearc, +Abbud's mark or boundary, and Baldrices gemæro, Baldrick's boundary. +Sometimes that boundary might be a hedge, as in Leoferes haga and +Danehardes hegeræw, "Leofer's hedge," and "Danehard's hedge-row." +Sometimes it might be a stone, as in Sweordes stân, sometimes a ridge, +as in Eppan hrycg, "Eppa's ridge," sometimes a ditch or dyke, as in +Tilgares dic and Colomores sîc (North. Eng. syke, wet ditch). A tree was +naturally a common boundary mark, as in Potteles treôw, Alebeardes âc +(oak), Bulemæres thorn, Huttes æsc (ash), Tatmonnes apoldre +(apple-tree). Sometimes, again, a man's name is found associated with +the road or way that led to his abode, as in Wealdenes weg (way), +Sigbrihtes anstige (stig, a footpath), Dunnes stigele (stile). Another +word which seems to have something of the meaning of "stile" is <i>hlip</i>, +found in Freobearnes hlyp and in Herewines hlipgat. In Anglo-Saxon, +<i>hlypa</i> signified a stirrup, and a "hlipgat" must, I imagine, have been +a gate furnished with some contrivance for mounting over it. Of a +similar nature might be Alcherdes ford, and Brochardes ford, and also +Geahes ofer, Byrhtes ora, and Æscmann's yre (<i>ofer</i>, contr. <i>ore</i>, shore +or landing-place). Something more<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span> of the rights of water may be +contained in Fealamares brôc (brook), Hykemeres strêm (stream), and +Brihtwoldes wêre (weir); the two latter probably referring to +water-power for a mill. The sense of property only seems to be that +which is found in Cybles weorthig, Æscmere's weorth (land or property), +Tilluces leah (lea), Rumboldes den (<i>dene</i> or valley), Bogeles pearruc +(paddock), Ticnes feld (field). Also in Grottes grâf (grove), Sweors +holt (grove), Pippenes pen (pen or fold), Willeardes hyrst (grove), +Leofsiges geat (gate), Ealdermannes hæc (hatch), and Winagares stapol +(stall, market, perhaps a place for the sale or interchange of produce). +The site of a deserted dwelling served sometimes for a mark, as in +Sceolles eald cotan (Sceolles old cot), and Dearmodes ald tun +(Deormoda's old town, or inclosure, dwelling and appurtenances?).</p> + +<p>But it is with a man's last resting-place that his name will be found in +Anglo-Saxon times to be most especially associated. The principal words +used to denote a grave are <i>beorh</i> (barrow), <i>byrgels</i>, and <i>hlœw</i> +(low), in all of which the idea seems to be that of a mound raised over +the spot. We have Weardes beorh, "Weard's barrow," also Lulles, Cartes, +Hornes, Lidgeardes, and many others. We have Scottan byrgels, "Scotta's +barrow," also Hôces, Wures, and Strenges. And we have Lortan hlæw, +"Lorta's low," also Ceorles, Wintres, Hwittuces, and others. There is +another word <i>hô</i>, which seems to be the same as the O.N. <i>haugr</i>, +North. Eng, <i>how</i>, a grave-mound. It is found in Healdenes hô, Piccedes +hô, Scotehô Tilmundes hô, Cægeshô, and Fingringahô. It would<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span> hardly +seem, from the location of four of them, Worcester, Essex, Beds, Sussex, +that they can be of Scandinavian origin. Can the two words, <i>haugr</i> and +<i>hlau</i> (<i>how</i>, and <i>hlow</i>), be from the same origin, the one assuming, +or the other dropping an <i>l</i>?</p> + +<p>I take the names of persons thus to be deduced from Anglo-Saxon +place-names, and which are in general correspondence with the earlier +names in the preceding chapter, though containing some new forms and a +greater number of compound names, to give as faithful a representation +as we can have of the every-day names of Anglo-Saxons. And as I have +before compared the names of those primitive settlers with our existing +surnames, so now I propose to extend the comparison to the names of more +settled Anglo-Saxon times.</p> + + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='left'><h4>Anglo-Saxon<br />Men's Names.</h4></td><td> </td><td align='left'><h4>Place-Names.</h4></td><td> </td><td align='left'><h4>English Surnames.</h4></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Abbod</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Abbodesbyrig</td><td rowspan="2">}</td><td align='left' rowspan="2"><i>Abbott</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Abbud</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Abbudesmearc</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Æcemann</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Æcemannes ceaster</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Ackman, Aikman</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Acen</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Acenes feld</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Aikin</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ægelweard</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Ægelweardes mearc</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Aylward</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Alberht</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Alcherdes ford</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Allcard</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Alder</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Aldrestub</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Alder</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ælfgar</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Ælfgares gemæro</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Algar</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ælfred</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Ælfredes beorh</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Alfred</i>, <i>Allfrey</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ælfher, or Ælfheri</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Ælfheres stapol</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Alvary</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Æscmer</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Æscmeres weorth</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Ashmore</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Æscmann</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Æscmannes yre</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Ashman</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Alebeard</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Alebeardes âc</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Halbard</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Amber</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Ambresbyrig</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Amber</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Æthelstan</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Æthelstanes tûn</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Ethelston</i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="5"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Babel</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Babeles beorh</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Bable</i><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Badherd</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Badherdes sled</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Beddard</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Baldher</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Baldheresberg</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Balder</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Baldric</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Baldrices gemæro</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Baldridge</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Baldwin</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Baldwines heath</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Baldwin</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Beored, or Beoret</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Beoredes treôw</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Berrette</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Beornheard</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Beornheardes lond</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Bernard</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Beornwold</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Beornwoldes sætan</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Bernold</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Blunt</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Bluntesham</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Blunt</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bogel</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Bogeles pearruc</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Bogle</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bohmer</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Bohmeres stigele</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Bowmer</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bregen</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Bregnesford</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Brain</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Brochard</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Brochardes ford</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Brocard</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Buga</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Buganstôc</td><td rowspan="2">}</td><td align='left' rowspan="2"><i>Bugg</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bugga</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Bugganbrôc</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bulemær</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Bulemæres thorn</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Bulmer</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Buntel</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Bunteles pyt</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Bundle</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bunting</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Buntingedîc</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Bunting</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Burhgeard</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Burhgeardeswerthig</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Burchard</i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="5"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Carda</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Cardan hlæw</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Card</i>, <i>Cart</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ceapa</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Ceapan hlæw</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Cheape</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ceawa</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Ceawan hlæw</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Chew</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cerda</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Cerdan hlæw</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Chard</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cissa</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Cissan anstige</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Cheese</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Chetol (Danish)</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Chetoles beorh</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Kettle</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Creoda</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Creodan âc</td><td rowspan="2">}</td><td align='left' rowspan="2"><i>Creed</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cridd</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Criddes hô</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cumen</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Cumenes ora</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Cummin</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ceatewe</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Ceatewesleah</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Chattoway</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ceada</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Ceadanford</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Chad</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Catt</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Cattes stoke</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Cat</i>, <i>Catty</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cæstæl</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Cæstælesham</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Castle</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cludd</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Cludesleah</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Cloud</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coten</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Cotenesfeld</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Cotton</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cruda</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Crudan sceat</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Crowd</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Colomor</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Colomores sîc</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Colmer</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cydd</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Cyddesige</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Kidd</i><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cyble</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Cybles weorthig</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Keble</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Celc</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Celces ora</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Kelk</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cylman</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Cylmanstun</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Killman</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cynlaf</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Cynlafes stan</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Cunliffe</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cynric</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Cynrices gemæro</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Kenrick</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cyneward</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Cynewardes gemæro</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Kenward</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cyppa</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Cyppanham</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Chipp</i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="5"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Dægel, or</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Dæglesford</td><td rowspan="2">}</td><td align='left' rowspan="2"><i>Dale</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Deil</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Deilsford</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Dearnagel</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Dearnagles ford</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Darnell</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Dæneheard</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Dæneheardes hegerawe</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Denhard</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Deorlaf</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Deorlafestun</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Dearlove</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Deormod<a name="FNanchor_35_35" id="FNanchor_35_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_35_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a></td><td> </td><td align='left'>Deormodes ald tun</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Dermott</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Dodd</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Doddesthorp</td><td align='left' rowspan="2">}</td><td align='left' rowspan="2"><i>Dodd</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Dodda</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Doddan hlæw</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Dolemann</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Dolemannes beorh</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Dollman</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Duceman</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Ducemannestun</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Duckman</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ducling</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Duclingtun</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Duckling</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Dunn</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Dunnes stigele</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Dunn</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Dogod</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Dogodeswel</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Doggett</i>, <i>Dugood</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Dydimer</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Dydimertun</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Tidemore</i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="5"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ealder</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Ealderscumb</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Alder</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ealdmann</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Ealdmannes wyrth</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Altman</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ealdermann<a name="FNanchor_36_36" id="FNanchor_36_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_36_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a></td><td> </td><td align='left'>Ealdermannes hæc</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Alderman</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ealmund</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Ealmundes treow</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Almond</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Eanulf</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Eanulfestun</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Enough</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Earn</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Earnesbeorh</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Earney</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Eastmond</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Eastmondestun</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Esmond</i><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ecgell</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Ecgeles stiel</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Edgell</i>, <i>Eagle</i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="5"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left' rowspan="2">Fealamar</td><td> </td><td align='left' rowspan="2">Fealamares brôc</td><td rowspan="2">{</td><td align='left'><i>Fillmore</i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Phillimore</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Flegg</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Flegges garan</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Flew</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Focga</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Focgancrundel</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Fogg</i>, <i>Foggo</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Freobearn</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Freobearnes hlyp</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Freeborn</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Frigedæg</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Frigedæges treôw</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Friday</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Fuhgel</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Fuhgeles beorh</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Fuggle</i>, <i>Fowl</i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="5"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Gandar</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Gandrandun</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Gander</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Gæcg</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Gæcges stapol</td><td align='left' rowspan="2">}</td><td align='left' rowspan="2"><i>Gay</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Geah</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Geahes ofer</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Gatehlinc</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Gatehlinces heafod</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Gatling</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Geleca</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Gelecancamp</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Jellicoe</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Geyn</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Geynes thorn</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Gain</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Giselher</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Gislhereswurth</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Giller</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Godincg</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Godincges gemæro</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Godding</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Godmund</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Godmundesleah</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Godmund</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Godwin</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Godwines gemæro</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Godwin</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Grobb</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Grobbes den</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Grove</i>, <i>Grubb</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Grott</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Grottes grâf</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Grote</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Gund</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Gundestige</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Gunn</i>, <i>Gundey</i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="5"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hærred</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Hærredesleah</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Herod</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Heafoc</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Heafoceshamme</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Hawk</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hassuc</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Hassuces môr</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Haskey</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hering</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Heringesleah</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Herring</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hnibba</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Hnibbanleah</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Knibb</i>, <i>Knipe</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hayward</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Haywardes ham</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Hayward</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Healda</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Healdan grâf</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Hald</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Healden</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Healdenes hô</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Haldan</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Helm</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Helmes treow</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Helme</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Helfær</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Helfæres gemæro</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Helper</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Help</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Helpestonne</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Helps</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Herebritt</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Herebrittes comb</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Herbert</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Herewin</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Herewines hlipgat</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Irwine</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hiccemann</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Hiccemannes stân</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Hickman</i><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Humbald</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Humbalding grâf</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Humble</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hycemer, or Higemar</td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'>Hycemeres strêm</td><td> </td><td align="left"><i>Highmore</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hnæf</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Hnæfes scylf</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Knapp</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hocg</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Hocgestun</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Hogg</i>, <i>Hodge</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Horn</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Hornes beorh</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Horne</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hringwold</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Hringwoldes beorh</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Ringold</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hwittuc</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Hwittuces leah</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Whittock</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hutt</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Huttes æsc</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Hutt</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hygelac<a name="FNanchor_37_37" id="FNanchor_37_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_37_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a></td><td> </td><td align='left'>Hygelaces git</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Hillock</i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="5"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Kyld</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Kyldesby</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Kilt</i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="5"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Leofer</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Leoferes haga</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Lover</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Laferca</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Lafercanbeorh</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Laverick</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Leofmann</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Leofmannes gemæro</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Loveman</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Leommann</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Leommannes grâf</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Lemon</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Leofsig</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Leofsiges geat</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Lovesy</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Leofric</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Leofrices gemæro</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Loveridge</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Lidgeard</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Lidgeardes beorh</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Ledgard</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Lipperd</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Lipperdes gemæro</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Leopard</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Lower</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Lowereslege</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Lower</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Locer</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Loceresweg</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Locker</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Lorta</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Lortanberwe</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Lord</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Lorting</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Lortinges bourne</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Lording</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Luder</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Luderston</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Luther</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ludmann</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Ludmannes put</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Lutman</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Lull</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Lulles beorh</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Lull</i>, <i>Lully</i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="5"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Myceld</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Myceldefer</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Muckelt</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Mûl</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Muleshlæw</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Moule</i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="5"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Negle</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Neglesleah</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Nagle</i><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Næl</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Nælesbrôc</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Nail</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Nybba</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Nybban beorh</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Nibbs</i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="5"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Oslac</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Oslaces lea</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Hasluck</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ogged</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Oggedestun</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Hodgett</i>, <i>Howitt</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Oswald</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Oswaldes mere</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Oswald</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Orlaf</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Orlafestun</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Orlop</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Owun</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Owunes hild</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Owen</i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="5"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Pehtun</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Pehtuns treow</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Peyton</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Pender</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Penderes clif</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Pender</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Picced</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Piccedes hô</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Pickett</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Pinnel</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Pinnelesfeld</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Pennell</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Pippen</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Pippenes fen</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Pippin</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Pyttel</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Pittelesford</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Piddel</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Pitterich</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Piterichesham</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Betteridge</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Pottel</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Potteles treow</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Pottle</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Potten</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Pottenestreow</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Potten</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Punt</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Puntes stân</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Punt</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Puntel</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Punteles treow</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Bundle</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Prentsa</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Prentsan hlaw</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Prentiss</i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="5"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Redwin</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Redwines thorn</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Readwin</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Rahulf</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Rahulfes furlong</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Ralph</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Rugebeorg</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Rugebeorges gemæro</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Rubery</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Rumbold</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Rumboldes den</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Rumbold</i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="5"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Sceaft</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Sceaftesbirig</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Shaft</i>, <i>Shafto</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Sceoll</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Sceolles ealdcotan</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Sholl</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Scytta</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Scyttandun</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Skeat</i>, <i>Shute</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Scyter<a name="FNanchor_38_38" id="FNanchor_38_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_38_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a></td><td> </td><td align='left'>Scyteres flôd</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Shuter</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Scealc</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Scealces hom</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Shawkey</i>, <i>Chalk?</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Scyld</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Scyldes treow</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Shield</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Simær</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Simæres ford</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Seymour</i><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Secmær</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Secmæres ora</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Sycamore</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Sigbriht</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Sigbrihtes anstige</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Sibert</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Sibriht</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Sibrihtesweald</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Seabright</i><a name="FNanchor_39_39" id="FNanchor_39_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_39_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Siger</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Sigeres âc</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Segar</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Snell</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Snellesham</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Snell</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Snod</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Snodes hyl</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Snoad</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Streng</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Strenges hô</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Strong</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Stut</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Stutes hyl</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Stout</i>, <i>Stott</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Stutard</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Stutardes cumb</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Stothard</i>, <i>Studeard</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Sucga</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Sucgangrâf</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Sugg</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Sumer</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Sumeresham</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Summer</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Sumerled (Danish)</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Sumerledetun</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Sommerlat</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Sunemann</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Sunemannes wyrthig</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Sunman</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Sweor</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Sweores holt</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Swire</i>, <i>Swears</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Sweord</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Sweordes stân</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Sword</i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="5"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Tæcel</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Tæcelesbrôc</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Tackle</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Tatmonn</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Tatmonnes apoldre</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Tadman</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Tatel</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Tatlestrop</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Tattle</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Thuner</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Thunresfeld</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Thunder</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Thurgar (Danish)</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Thurgartun</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Thurgur</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Thrista</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Thristan den</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Trist</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Theodher</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Theoderpoth</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Theodore</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Thurold (Danish)</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Thuroldes gemæro</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Thorold</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Toma</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Tomanworthig</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Tomey</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ticcen</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Ticnesfeld</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Dickin</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Tilgar</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Tilgares dîc</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Dilger</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Tilluc</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Tilluces leah</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Tillick</i>, <i>Dilke</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Tilmann</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Tilmannes den</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Tilman</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Titferth</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Titferthes geat</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Titford</i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="5"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Upicen</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Upicenes hlyw</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Hopkin</i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="5"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wahgen</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Wahgenes gemæro</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Wain</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wealden</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Wealdenes weg</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Walden</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wealder</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Wealderes weg</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Walter</i><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Westan</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Westanes treow</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Weston</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wigheard</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Wigheardes stapol</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Wyard</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wighelm</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Wighelmes land</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Whigam</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wihtlac</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Wihtlaces ford</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Whitelock</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wihtric</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Wihtricesham</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Whitridge</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wilmund</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Wilmundes leah</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Williment</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Willher</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Willheres triow</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Willer</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wicg</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Wicgestan</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Wigg</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Uuigga</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Wuiggangeat</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Winagar</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Winagares stapul</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Winegar</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wileard</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Wileardes hyrste</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Willard</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wistan for Wigstan?</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Wistanes gemæro</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Whiston</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wulfsig</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Wulfsiges croft</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Wolsey</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wulfgar</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Wulfgares gemæro</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Woolgar</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wulfmer</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Wulfmeres myln</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Woolmer</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wulfric</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Wulfrices gemæro</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Woolrych</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wyner</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Wyneres stig</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Winer</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Waring</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Wæring wîc</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Waring</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wifel</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Wifelesham</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Whipple</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Woden<a name="FNanchor_40_40" id="FNanchor_40_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_40_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a></td><td> </td><td align='left'>Wodnesbeorg</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Woodin?</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wydda</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Wyddanbeorh</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Widow</i></td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The above names are deduced entirely from the names of places found by +Mr. Kemble in ancient charters. The list is not by any means an +exhaustive one, as I have not included a number of names taken into +account in Chap. IV., and as also the same personal name enters +frequently into several place-names. With very few exceptions these +names may be gathered<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span> to the roll of Teutonic name-stems, +notwithstanding a little disguise in some of their forms, and a great, +sometimes a rather confusing, diversity of spelling. I take names such +as the above to be the representatives of the every-day names of men in +Anglo-Saxon times, rather than the names which come before us in history +and in historical documents. For it seems to me that a kind of fashion +prevailed, and that while a set of names of a longer and more dignified +character were in favour among the great, the mass of the people still, +to a great extent, adhered to the shorter and more simple names which +their fathers had borne before them. Thus, when we find an Æthelwold who +was also called Mol, an Æthelmer who was also called Dodda, and a Queen +Hrothwaru who was also called Bucge, I am disposed to take the simple +names, which are such as the earlier settlers brought over with them, to +have been the original names, and superseded by names more in accordance +with the prevailing fashion. Valuable then as is the <i>Liber Vitæ</i> of +Durham, as a continuous record of English names for many centuries, yet +I am inclined to think that inasmuch as that the persons who come before +us as benefactors to the shrine of St. Cuthbert may be taken to be as a +general rule of the upper ranks of life, they do not afford so faithful +a representation of the every-day names of Anglo-Saxons as do the little +freeholders who lived and died in their country homes. And, moreover, +these are, as it will be seen, more especially the kind of names which +have been handed down from Anglo-Saxon times to the present day.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span></p> + +<p>In connection with this subject, it may be of interest to present a list +of existing names of places formed from an Anglo-Saxon personal name, as +derived from the same ancient charters dealt with in the previous list. +And in so doing I confine myself exclusively to the places of which the +present names have been positively identified by Mr. Kemble. And in the +first place I will take the place-names which consist simply of the name +of a tribe or family unqualified by any local term whatever.</p> + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td><h4>Name in Anglo-Saxon<br />Charters.</h4></td><td colspan="2"><h4>Present Name.</h4></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Æfeningas</td><td align='left'>Avening</td><td align='left'>Gloucestershire</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Angemeringum</td><td align='left'>Angmering</td><td align='left'>Sussex</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ascengas</td><td align='left'>Eashing</td><td align='left'>Surrey</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Banesingas</td><td align='left'>Bensington</td><td align='left'>Oxfordshire</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bærlingas</td><td align='left'>Barling</td><td align='left'>Kent</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Beadingum</td><td align='left'>Beden</td><td align='left'>Gloucestershire</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Berecingas</td><td align='left'>Barking</td><td align='left'>Essex</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Brahcingum</td><td align='left'>Braughin</td><td align='left'>Herts.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Byrhtlingas</td><td align='left'>Brightling</td><td align='left'>Sussex</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cerringes</td><td align='left'>Charing</td><td align='left'>Kent</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ciwingum</td><td align='left'>Chewing</td><td align='left'>Herts.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Culingas</td><td align='left'>Cooling</td><td align='left'>Kent</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cytringas</td><td align='left'>Kettering</td><td align='left'>Northampton</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Diccelingas</td><td align='left'>Ditchling</td><td align='left'>Sussex</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Geddingas</td><td align='left'>Yeading</td><td align='left'>Middlesex</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Godelmingum</td><td align='left'>Godalming</td><td align='left'>Surrey</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hallingas</td><td align='left'>Halling</td><td align='left'>Kent</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Herlinge</td><td align='left'>Harling</td><td align='left'>Norfolk</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Horningga</td><td align='left'>Horning</td><td align='left'>Norfolk</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Meallingas</td><td align='left'>Malling</td><td align='left'>Kent</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Pæccingas</td><td align='left'>Patching</td><td align='left'>Sussex</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Puningas</td><td align='left'>Poynings</td><td align='left'>Surrey</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Readingan</td><td align='left'>Reading</td><td align='left'>Berkshire</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Rodinges</td><td align='left'>Roothing</td><td align='left'>Essex</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Stæningas</td><td align='left'>Steyning</td><td align='left'>Sussex<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Swyrdhlincas</td><td align='left' rowspan="2">} Swarling</td><td align='left' rowspan="2">Kent</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(Swyrdlingas)</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Terringes</td><td align='left'>Tarring</td><td align='left'>Sussex</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Terlinges</td><td align='left'>Terling</td><td align='left'>Essex</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Totingas</td><td align='left'>Tooting</td><td align='left'>Surrey</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wellingum</td><td align='left'>Wellwyn</td><td align='left'>Herts.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Werhornas</td><td align='left'>Warehorne</td><td align='left'>Kent</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wihttringas</td><td align='left'>Wittering</td><td align='left'>Surrey</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Uoccingas</td><td align='left'>Woking</td><td align='left'>Surrey</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wyrtingas</td><td align='left'>Worting</td><td align='left'>Hants.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>I will now take the places which in a later and more settled time have +been derived from the name of a single man, as representing his +dwelling, his domain, or in not a few cases his grave.</p> + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='left'><h4>Anglo-Saxon<br />Man's Name.</h4></td><td align='left'><h4>Place-Name.</h4></td><td align='left' colspan="2"><h4>Present Name.</h4></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Abba</td><td align='left'>Abbandun</td><td align='left'>Abingdon</td><td align='left'>Berks.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left' rowspan="3">Ægel</td><td align='left'>{ Ægelesbyrig</td><td align='left'>Aylesbury</td><td align='left'>Bucks.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>{ Æglesford</td><td align='left'>Aylesford</td><td align='left'>Kent</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>{ Ægeleswurth</td><td align='left'>Aylesworth</td><td align='left'>Nthmptn.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Agmod</td><td align='left'>Agmodesham</td><td align='left'>Agmondesham</td><td align='left'>Bucks.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Æsc</td><td align='left'>Æscesbyrig</td><td align='left'>Ashbury</td><td align='left'>Berks.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Æscmer</td><td align='left'>Æscmeres weorth</td><td align='left'>Ashmansworth</td><td align='left'>Hants.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left' rowspan="2">Amber</td><td align='left'>{ Ambresbyrig</td><td align='left'>Amesbury</td><td align='left'>Wilts.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>{ Ambresleah</td><td align='left'>Ombersley</td><td align='left'>Worc.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ælfreding</td><td align='left'>Ælfredincgtun</td><td align='left'>Alfreton</td><td align='left'>Derby.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Badda</td><td align='left'>Baddanby</td><td align='left'>Badby</td><td align='left'>Nthmptn.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Badhelming</td><td align='left'>Badimyncgtun</td><td align='left'>Badminton</td><td align='left'>Glouc.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Baldher</td><td align='left'>Baldheresberg</td><td align='left'>Baltonsborough</td><td align='left'>Somerset.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Becca</td><td align='left'>Beccanleah</td><td align='left'>Beckley</td><td align='left'>Sussex.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Beda</td><td align='left'>Bedanford</td><td align='left'>Bedford</td><td align='left'>Beds.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Benna</td><td align='left'>Bennanham</td><td align='left'>Beenham</td><td align='left'>Berks.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Benning</td><td align='left'>Benningwurth</td><td align='left'>Bengworth</td><td align='left'>Worc.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bledda</td><td align='left'>Bleddanhlæw</td><td align='left'>Bledlow</td><td align='left'>Bucks.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Blunt</td><td align='left'>Bluntesham</td><td align='left'>Bluntisham</td><td align='left'>Hunts.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bodeca</td><td align='left'>Bodecanleah</td><td align='left'>Butleigh</td><td align='left'>Somerset.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bodek</td><td align='left'>Bodekesham</td><td align='left'>Bottisham</td><td align='left'>Camb.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bocga</td><td align='left'>Bocganora</td><td align='left'>Bognor</td><td align='left'>Sussex.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bordel</td><td align='left'>Bordelestun</td><td align='left'>Burleston</td><td align='left'>Dorset.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Brand</td><td align='left'>Brandesburh</td><td align='left'>Bransbury</td><td align='left'>Hants.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bregen</td><td align='left'>Bregnesford</td><td align='left'>Bransford</td><td align='left'>Worc.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cada</td><td align='left'>Cadandun</td><td align='left'>Chadlington</td><td align='left'>Oxford.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cæg</td><td align='left'>Cægeshô</td><td align='left'>Keysoe</td><td align='left'>Beds.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Calmund</td><td align='left'>Calmundes den</td><td align='left'>Calmsden</td><td align='left'>Glouc.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ceadela</td><td align='left'>Ceadelanwurth</td><td align='left'>Chaddleworth</td><td align='left'>Berks.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ceadel</td><td align='left'>Ceadeleshunt</td><td align='left'>Chadshunt</td><td align='left'>Warw.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ceader</td><td align='left'>Ceadresleah</td><td align='left'>Chaseley</td><td align='left'>Worc.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cendel</td><td align='left'>Cendeles funta</td><td align='left'>Chalfont</td><td align='left'>Bucks.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Celta</td><td align='left'>Celtenhom</td><td align='left'>Cheltenham</td><td align='left'>Glouc.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ceol</td><td align='left'>Ceolesig</td><td align='left'>Cholsey</td><td align='left'>Berks.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cippa</td><td align='left'>Cippenham</td><td align='left'>Chippenham</td><td align='left'>Wilts.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ceolbalding</td><td align='left'>Ceolbaldinctun</td><td align='left'>Chilbolton</td><td align='left'>Hants.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ceort</td><td align='left'>Ceortesege</td><td align='left'>Chertsey</td><td align='left'>Surrey</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cinhild (woman)</td><td align='left'>Cinildewyrth</td><td align='left'>Kenilworth</td><td align='left'>Warw.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cissa</td><td align='left'>Cissanceaster</td><td align='left'>Chichester</td><td align='left'>Sussex.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coda</td><td align='left'>Codanford</td><td align='left'>Codford</td><td align='left'>Wilts.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Codda</td><td align='left'>Coddanhrycg</td><td align='left'>Cotheridge</td><td align='left'>Worc.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coling</td><td align='left'>Colingham</td><td align='left'>Collingham</td><td align='left'>Notts.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Crym</td><td align='left'>Crymesham</td><td align='left'>Crimsham</td><td align='left'>Sussex.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Croppa</td><td align='left'>Croppanthorn</td><td align='left'>Cropthorn</td><td align='left'>Worc.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cumen</td><td align='left'>Cumenora</td><td align='left'>Cumnor</td><td align='left'>Berks.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cungar</td><td align='left'>Cungaresbyrig</td><td align='left'>Congressbury</td><td align='left'>Somerset.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cwichelm</td><td align='left'>Cwichelmes hlæw</td><td align='left'>Cuckamslow hill</td><td align='left'>Berks.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cyneburging<a name="FNanchor_41_41" id="FNanchor_41_41"></a><a href="#Footnote_41_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a></td><td align='left'>Cyneburgincton</td><td align='left'>Kemerton</td><td align='left'>Glouc.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cynlaf</td><td align='left'>Kynleveden</td><td align='left'>Kelvedon</td><td align='left'>Essex.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ketel (Danish)</td><td align='left'>Kitlebig</td><td align='left'>Kettleby</td><td align='left'>Linc.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Dæcca, or Dægga</td><td align='left'>Daccanhaam</td><td align='left'>Dagenham</td><td align='left'>Essex.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Dægel</td><td align='left'>Dæglesford</td><td align='left'>Daylesford</td><td align='left'>Worc.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Deôrlaf</td><td align='left'>Deorlafestun</td><td align='left'>Darlaston</td><td align='left'>Staffs.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Dodda</td><td align='left'>Doddanford</td><td align='left'>Dodford</td><td align='left'>Nthmptn.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Dodd</td><td align='left'>Doddesthorp</td><td align='left'>Dogsthorp</td><td align='left'>Nthmptn.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Dogod</td><td align='left'>Dogodeswel</td><td align='left'>Dowdswell</td><td align='left'>Glouc.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Domec</td><td align='left'>Domecesige</td><td align='left'>Dauntsey</td><td align='left'>Wilts.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Duceling</td><td align='left'>Duceling dun</td><td align='left'>Ducklington</td><td align='left'>Oxford.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Dunning</td><td align='left'>Dunnincland</td><td align='left'>Donyland</td><td align='left'>Essex.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Dideling</td><td align='left'>Didelingtun</td><td align='left'>Didlington</td><td align='left'>Dorset.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Eadric</td><td align='left'>Eadricestun</td><td align='left'>Edstone</td><td align='left'>Warw.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Eccing</td><td align='left'>Eccingtun</td><td align='left'>Eckington</td><td align='left'>Worc.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Eccle, or Egil</td><td align='left'>Eccleshale</td><td align='left'>Exhall</td><td align='left'>Warw.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Effing</td><td align='left'>Effingeham</td><td align='left'>Effingham</td><td align='left'>Surrey.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Erping</td><td align='left'>Erpingham</td><td align='left'>Erpingham</td><td align='left'>Norfolk.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Eof, or Eofa</td><td align='left'>Eofesham</td><td align='left'>Evesham</td><td align='left'>Worc.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Fecca</td><td align='left'>Feccanhom</td><td align='left'>Feckenham</td><td align='left'>Worc.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Flæda</td><td align='left'>Flædanburg</td><td align='left'>Fladbury</td><td align='left'>Worc.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Folc</td><td align='left'>Folcesstan</td><td align='left'>Folkstone</td><td align='left'>Kent.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Gidding</td><td align='left'>Giddincford</td><td align='left'>Gidding</td><td align='left'>Suffolk.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Gyseling</td><td align='left'>Gyselingham</td><td align='left'>Gislingham</td><td align='left'>Suffolk.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Godmer</td><td align='left'>Godmeresham</td><td align='left'>Godmersham</td><td align='left'>Kent.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Grim</td><td align='left'>Grimaston</td><td align='left'>Grimstone</td><td align='left'>Norfolk.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Gun or Gund</td><td align='left'>Gunthorpe</td><td align='left'>Gunthorp</td><td align='left'>Nthmptn.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Gyp</td><td align='left'>Gypeswich</td><td align='left'>Ipswich</td><td align='left'>Suffolk.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hauek</td><td align='left'>Hauekestun</td><td align='left'>Hauxton</td><td align='left'>Camb.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hæfar</td><td align='left'>Hæfaresham</td><td align='left'>Haversham</td><td align='left'>Bucks.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hamela</td><td align='left'>Hamelendûn</td><td align='left'>Hambledon</td><td align='left'>Hants.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hærigeard</td><td align='left'>Hærigeardesham</td><td align='left'>Harrietsham</td><td align='left'>Kent.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Haling</td><td align='left'>Halington</td><td align='left'>Hallington</td><td align='left'>Linc.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hanekyn</td><td align='left'>Hanekynton</td><td align='left'>Hankerton</td><td align='left'>Wilts.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hanning</td><td align='left'>Hanningtun</td><td align='left'>Hannington</td><td align='left'>Hants.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hæda</td><td align='left'>Hædanham</td><td align='left'>Haddenham</td><td align='left'>Camb.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Helming</td><td align='left'>Helmyngton</td><td align='left'>Hemington</td><td align='left'>Nthmptn.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Help</td><td align='left'>Helpestonne</td><td align='left'>Helpstone</td><td align='left'>Nthmptn.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hemming</td><td align='left'>Hemmingford</td><td align='left'>Hemingford Abbots</td><td align='left'>Hunts.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left' rowspan="2">Hengest</td><td align='left'>{ Hengesteshricg</td><td align='left'>Henstridge</td><td align='left'>Somerset.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>{ Hengestesige</td><td align='left'>Hinksey</td><td align='left'>Berks.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hild</td><td align='left'>Hildesdûn</td><td align='left'>Hillersdon</td><td align='left'>Bucks.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Heorulf</td><td align='left'>Heorelfestun</td><td align='left'>Harleston</td><td align='left'>Staff.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Heorting</td><td align='left'>Heortingtun</td><td align='left'>Hardington</td><td align='left'>Somerset.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Honekyn</td><td align='left'>Honekynton</td><td align='left'>Hankerton</td><td align='left'>Wilts.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Honing</td><td align='left'>Honingtun</td><td align='left'>Honington</td><td align='left'>Linc.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left' rowspan="2">Horning</td><td align='left'>{ Horningeseie</td><td align='left'>Horningsea</td><td align='left'>Camb.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>{ Horningges hæth</td><td align='left'>Horningsheath</td><td align='left'>Suffolk</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hôd</td><td align='left'>Hôdesâc</td><td align='left'>Hodsoak</td><td align='left'>Worc.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hunewald</td><td align='left'>Hunewaldesham</td><td align='left'>Windlesham</td><td align='left'>Surrey</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hunta</td><td align='left'>Huntandun</td><td align='left'>Huntingdon</td><td align='left'>Hants.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hwiting</td><td align='left'>Hwitingtun</td><td align='left'>Whittington</td><td align='left'>Worc.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Kyld</td><td align='left'>Kyldesby</td><td align='left'>Kilsby</td><td align='left'>Nthmptn.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Laua</td><td align='left'>Lauanham</td><td align='left'>Lavenham</td><td align='left'>Suffolk</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Lauing</td><td align='left'>Lauingtun</td><td align='left'>Barlavington</td><td align='left'>Sussex</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Lamb (Danish?)</td><td align='left'>Lambehith</td><td align='left'>Lambeth</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Lott</td><td align='left'>Lottisham</td><td align='left'>Lottisham</td><td align='left'>Somerset.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Mealdhelm</td><td align='left'>Mealdumesburg</td><td align='left'>Malmsbury</td><td align='left'>Wilts.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Myceld</td><td align='left'>Myceldefer</td><td align='left'>Mitcheldover</td><td align='left'>Hants.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left' rowspan="2">Mûl</td><td align='left'>{ Mûleseige</td><td align='left'>Moulsey</td><td align='left'>Surrey</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>{ Mûlesham</td><td align='left'>Moulsham</td><td align='left'>Essex</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Munda</td><td align='left'>Mundanham</td><td align='left'>Mundham</td><td align='left'>Sussex</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Neteling</td><td align='left'>Netelingtun</td><td align='left'>Nettleton</td><td align='left'>Wilts.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Offa</td><td align='left'>Offanleah</td><td align='left'>Offley</td><td align='left'>Herts.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Orlaf</td><td align='left'>Orlafestun</td><td align='left'>Orleston</td><td align='left'>Derby.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Orm (Danish)</td><td align='left'>Ormisby</td><td align='left'>Ormsby</td><td align='left'>Norfolk</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Osgot</td><td align='left'>Osgotbi</td><td align='left'>Osgodby</td><td align='left'>Linc.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Oshelming</td><td align='left'>Osmingtun</td><td align='left'>Osmington</td><td align='left'>Dorset</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Oswald</td><td align='left'>Oswaldeshlaw</td><td align='left'>Oswaldslow</td><td align='left'>Worc.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Pading</td><td align='left'>Padingtun</td><td align='left'>Paddington<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Parting</td><td align='left'>Partingtun</td><td align='left'>Patrington</td><td align='left'>Yorks.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Peda</td><td align='left'>Pedanhrycg</td><td align='left'>Petridge</td><td align='left'>Surrey</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Peada</td><td align='left'>Peadanwurth</td><td align='left'>Padworth</td><td align='left'>Berks.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Peatting</td><td align='left'>Peattingtun</td><td align='left'>Pattingham</td><td align='left'>Salop</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Pecga</td><td align='left'>Pecganham</td><td align='left'>Pagham</td><td align='left'>Sussex</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Peden</td><td align='left'>Pednesham</td><td align='left'>Pensham</td><td align='left'>Worc.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Piterich</td><td align='left'>Piterichesham</td><td align='left'>Petersham</td><td align='left'>Worc.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Port</td><td align='left'>Portesham</td><td align='left'>Portisham</td><td align='left'>Dorset.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Raculf</td><td align='left'>Raculfcestre</td><td align='left'>Reculver</td><td align='left'>Kent</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Remn<a name="FNanchor_42_42" id="FNanchor_42_42"></a><a href="#Footnote_42_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a> for Raven</td><td align='left'>Remnesdun</td><td align='left'>Ramsden</td><td align='left'>Sussex</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Rydemær, or Redmer</td><td align='left'>Rydemæreleah</td><td align='left'>Redmarley</td><td align='left'>Worc.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Riking</td><td align='left'>Rikinghal</td><td align='left'>Rickinghall</td><td align='left'>Suffolk</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ring</td><td align='left'>Ringestede</td><td align='left'>Ringstead</td><td align='left'>Norfolk</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Rodda</td><td align='left'>Roddanbeorg</td><td align='left'>Rodborough</td><td align='left'>Glouc.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Rolf, for</td><td align='left'>Rolfestun</td><td align='left'>Rolleston</td><td align='left'>Staffs.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Rodulf</td><td align='left'>Rollesby</td><td align='left'>Rollesby</td><td align='left'>Norfolk</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Sidel</td><td align='left'>Sidelesham</td><td align='left'>Sidlesham</td><td align='left'>Sussex</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Sceaft</td><td align='left'>Sceaftesbirig</td><td align='left'>Shaftesbury</td><td align='left'>Dorset.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Secg</td><td align='left'>Secgesbearue</td><td align='left'>Sedgeberrow</td><td align='left'>Worc.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Snodd</td><td align='left'>Snoddesbyrig</td><td align='left'>Upton Snodsbury</td><td align='left'>Worc.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Snoding</td><td align='left'>Snodingland</td><td align='left'>Snodland</td><td align='left'>Worc.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Sumer</td><td align='left'>Sumeresham</td><td align='left'>Somersham</td><td align='left'>Hunts.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Sumerled (Danish)</td><td align='left'>Sumerledetun</td><td align='left'>Somerleyton</td><td align='left'>Suffolk</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Sunna</td><td align='left'>Sunnandun</td><td align='left'>Sundon</td><td align='left'>Beds.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Swythbriht</td><td align='left'>Swythbrihtesweald</td><td align='left'>Sibbertswold</td><td align='left'>Kent</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Swithreding</td><td align='left'>Swithrædingden</td><td align='left'>Surrenden</td><td align='left'>Kent</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Sylc</td><td align='left'>Sylceswyrth</td><td align='left'>Silksworth</td><td align='left'>Durham</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Tadmær</td><td align='left'>Tadmærtun</td><td align='left'>Tadmarton</td><td align='left'>Oxford.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Tæfing</td><td align='left'>Tæfingstoc</td><td align='left'>Tavistock</td><td align='left'>Devon.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Teotting</td><td align='left'>Teottingtun</td><td align='left'>Teddington</td><td align='left'>Wor.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Taling</td><td align='left'>Talingtun</td><td align='left'>Tallington</td><td align='left'>Linc.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Toda</td><td align='left'>Todanhom</td><td align='left'>Toddenham</td><td align='left'>Glouc.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Toma</td><td align='left'>Tomanworthig</td><td align='left'>Tamworth</td><td align='left'>Warw.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Theogen</td><td align='left'>Theogendethorp</td><td align='left'>Theddlethorp</td><td align='left'>Linc.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Thunar</td><td align='left'>Thunresfeld</td><td align='left'>Thundersfield</td><td align='left'>Surrey</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ticen</td><td align='left'>Ticnesfeld</td><td align='left'>Tichfield</td><td align='left'>Hants.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Tidhelming</td><td align='left'>Tidelminctun</td><td align='left'>Tidmington</td><td align='left'>Worc.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Tilling</td><td align='left'>Tillingham</td><td align='left'>Tillingham</td><td align='left'>Essex</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Tocca</td><td align='left'>Toccanham</td><td align='left'>Tockenham</td><td align='left'>Wilts.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Toting</td><td align='left'>Totingtun</td><td align='left'>Tottington</td><td align='left'>Norfolk</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left' rowspan="2">Treding</td><td align='left'>{ Tredingtun</td><td align='left'>Tredington</td><td align='left'>Glouc.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>{ Tredinctun</td><td align='left'>Tredington</td><td align='left'>Worc.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Trosting</td><td align='left'>Trostingtun</td><td align='left'>Troston</td><td align='left'>Suffolk</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Tuding</td><td align='left'>Tudingtun</td><td align='left'>Teddington</td><td align='left'>Middlsx.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Tunweald</td><td align='left'>Tunwealdes stân</td><td align='left'>Tunstone</td><td align='left'>Glouc.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Turca</td><td align='left'>Turcanden</td><td align='left'>Turkdean</td><td align='left'>Glouc.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Twica</td><td align='left'>Tuicanham</td><td align='left'>Twickenham</td><td align='left'>Middlsx.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Thurgar (Danish)</td><td align='left'>Thurgartun</td><td align='left'>Thurgarton</td><td align='left'>Norfolk</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ufing</td><td align='left'>Ufinctun</td><td align='left'>Ovington</td><td align='left'>Hants.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wacen</td><td align='left'>Uacenesfeld</td><td align='left'>Watchfield</td><td align='left'>Berks.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Watling</td><td align='left'>Uætlinctun</td><td align='left'>Watlington</td><td align='left'>Oxford.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wassing</td><td align='left'>Wassingburg</td><td align='left'>Washingborough</td><td align='left'>Linc.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wald</td><td align='left'>Waldeswel</td><td align='left'>Woldswell</td><td align='left'>Glouc.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Weard</td><td align='left'>Weardesbeorh</td><td align='left'>Warborough</td><td align='left'>Oxford.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left' rowspan="2">Wifel</td><td align='left'>{ Wifeles cumb</td><td align='left'>Wiveliscomb</td><td align='left'>Somerset.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>{ Wifelesford</td><td align='left'>Wilsford</td><td align='left'>Wilts.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left' rowspan="2">Wilburg (Woman)</td><td align='left'>{ Wilburgeham</td><td align='left'>Wilbraham</td><td align='left'>Camb.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>{ Wilburhtun</td><td align='left'>Wilburton</td><td align='left'>Camb.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Willer</td><td align='left'>Willerseia</td><td align='left'>Willersey</td><td align='left'>Glouc.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Weogern</td><td align='left'>Weogernacester</td><td align='left'>Worcester</td><td align='left'>Worc.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left' rowspan="2">Wine</td><td align='left'>{ Uines hlau</td><td align='left'>Winslow</td><td align='left'>Bucks.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>{ Wines hyl</td><td align='left'>Winshill</td><td align='left'>Derby.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wrening</td><td align='left'>Wreningham</td><td align='left'>Wreningham</td><td align='left'>Norfolk</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Werot</td><td align='left'>Uurotaham</td><td align='left'>Wrotham</td><td align='left'>Kent<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wulfwarding</td><td align='left'>Wulfweardigleâ</td><td align='left'>Wolverley</td><td align='left'>Worc.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wendel, or Windel</td><td align='left'>Wendlesora, or Windlesora</td><td align='left'>Windsor</td><td align='left'>Berks.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The last name, Windsor, is an amusing instance of the older attempts at +local etymology. First it was supposed, as being an exposed spot, to +have taken its name from the "wind is sore;" then it was presumed that +it must have been a ferry, and that the name arose from the constant cry +of "wind us o'er" from those waiting to be ferried across. It was a +great step in advance when the next etymologist referred to the ancient +name and found it to be Windelsora, from <i>ora</i>, shore, (a contraction of +<i>ofer?</i>) Still, the etymon he deduced therefrom of "winding shore" is +one that could not be adopted without doing great violence to the word; +whereas, without the change of a letter, we have Windels ore, "Windel's +shore," most probably in the sense of landing-place. The name Windel +forms several other place-names; it was common in ancient times, and it +has been taken to mean Vandal. I refer to this more especially to +illustrate the importance of taking men's names into account in +considering the origin of a place-name.</p> + +<p>The above names are confined entirely, as I have before mentioned, to +the places that have been positively identified by Mr. Kemble. And as +these constitute but a small proportion of the whole number, the +comparison will serve to give an idea of the very great extent to which +place-names are formed from men's names.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span></p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_35_35" id="Footnote_35_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35_35"><span class="label">[35]</span></a> Cf. also Diormod, moneyer on Anglo-Saxon coins, minted +at Canterbury. There is, however, an Irish Diarmaid which +might in certain cases intermix, and whence we must take +<i>McDermott</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_36_36" id="Footnote_36_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36_36"><span class="label">[36]</span></a> I take Ealdermann to be, as elsewhere noted, a corruption +of Ealdmann.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_37_37" id="Footnote_37_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37_37"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> Mr. Kemble, in default of finding Hygelac as a man's +name in Anglo-Saxon times, has taken the above place-name +to be from the legendary hero of that name. The fact is, however, +that Hygelac occurs no fewer than four times as an early +man's-name in the <i>Liber Vitæ</i>, so that there does not seem to +be any reason whatever for looking upon it as anything else +than the every-day name of an Anglo-Saxon.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_38_38" id="Footnote_38_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38_38"><span class="label">[38]</span></a> From a similar origin is probably Shooter's Hill, near +London.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_39_39" id="Footnote_39_39"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39_39"><span class="label">[39]</span></a> There is also an A.S. Sæbriht, from <i>sæ</i>, sea, whence +<i>Seabright</i> might be derived.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_40_40" id="Footnote_40_40"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40_40"><span class="label">[40]</span></a> Upon the whole I am inclined to think that Woden is here +an Anglo-Saxon man's name, though the traces of it in such use +are but slight. There is a Richard Wodan in the <i>Lib. Vit.</i> +about the 15th century. And Wotan occurs once as a man's +name in the <i>Altdeutsches Namenbuch</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_41_41" id="Footnote_41_41"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41_41"><span class="label">[41]</span></a> Or Cyneburg; see p. <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_42_42" id="Footnote_42_42"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42_42"><span class="label">[42]</span></a> It seems clear from the names collated by German writers +that <i>ramn</i>, <i>remn</i>, and <i>ram</i> in ancient names are contractions of +raven. Compare the names of the ports, Soderhamn, Nyhamn, +and Sandhamn, for, no doubt, Soderhaven, Nyhaven, and +Sandhaven.</p></div> +</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VI" id="CHAPTER_VI"></a>CHAPTER VI.</h2> + +<p class="center">CORRUPTIONS AND CONTRACTIONS.</p> + + +<p>Corruptions may be divided broadly into two kinds, those which proceed +from a desire to improve the sound of a name, and those which proceed +from a desire to make some kind of sense out of it. The former, which we +may call phonetic, generally consists in the introduction of a letter, +either to give more of what we may call "backbone" to a word, or else to +make it run more smoothly. For the former purpose <i>b</i> or <i>p</i> is often +used—thus we have, even in Anglo-Saxon times, <i>trum</i> made into <i>trump</i>, +<i>sem</i> into <i>semp</i>, and <i>emas</i> into <i>embas</i>. So among our names we have +<i>Dumplin</i>, no doubt for Dumlin (O.G. Domlin), <i>Gamble</i> for Gamel, and +<i>Ambler</i> for Ameler, though in these names something of both the two +principles may apply. In a similar manner we have <i>glas</i> made into +<i>glast</i> in Glæstingabyrig, now Glastonbury (p. <a href="#Page_88">88</a>). So <i>d</i> seems +sometimes to be brought in to strengthen the end of a word, and this, it +appears to me, may be the origin of our names <i>Field</i>, <i>Fielding</i>, +<i>Fielder</i>. The forms seem to show an ancient stem, but as the word +stands, it is difficult to make anything out of it, whereas, as Fiell, +Fielling, &c.,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span> the names would fall in with a regular stem, as at +p. <a href="#Page_50">50</a>. So also our name <i>Hind</i> may perhaps be the same, assuming a final +<i>d</i>, as another name, <i>Hine</i>, which, presuming the <i>h</i> not to be +organic, may be from the unexplained stem <i>in</i> or <i>ine</i>, as in the name +of Ina, King of Wessex. In which case <i>Hyndman</i> might be the same name +as <i>Inman</i>. Upon the same principle it may be that we have the name +<i>Nield</i> formed upon the Celtic Niel. So also <i>f</i> appears to be sometimes +changed for a similar purpose into <i>p</i>, as in <i>Asprey</i> and <i>Lamprey</i> for +Asfrid (or Osfrid) and Landfrid. The ending <i>frid</i> commonly becomes +<i>frey</i> (as in Godfrey, Humphrey, Geoffrey), and when we have got Asfrey +and Lanfrey (and we have Lanfrei in the <i>Liber Vitæ</i>), the rest is easy.</p> + +<p>The most common phonetic intrusion is that of <i>r</i>, and one of the ways +in which it most frequently occurs is exhibited in the following group +of names: <i>Pendgast</i>, <i>Pendegast</i>, <i>Prendergast</i>, <i>Prendergrass</i>. +Pendgast is, I take it, an ancient compound, from the stem <i>bend</i> (p. +<a href="#Page_44">44</a>), with <i>gast</i>, hospes. It first takes a medial vowel between the two +words of the compound, and becomes Pend-e-gast. Then <i>e</i> naturally +becomes <i>er</i>, passing the very slight barrier which English +pronunciation affords, and the name, having become Pendergast, finds the +need of a second <i>r</i> to balance the first, and becomes Prendergast. In +the last name, Prendergrass, the other principle comes in, and a slight +effort is made to give a shade of meaning to the word.<a name="FNanchor_43_43" id="FNanchor_43_43"></a><a href="#Footnote_43_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a> One of the +features in men's<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span> names, it will be seen, is that as they have +(differently to what is the case with regard to the words of the +language) become crystallised in all stages, one is sometimes permitted +to see the various steps of a process.</p> + +<p>Now it is in such a way as that described above that the Anglo-Saxon +name Ealdermann (whence our name <i>Alderman</i>) has, according to my +opinion, been formed. There is another Anglo-Saxon name, Ealdmann, an +ancient compound. Now if you, as in the previous case, introduce a +medial vowel, and make it Eald-e-mann, there is virtually nothing left +between that and Ealdermann. Such a name, as derived from the office, +would be impossible as a regular Anglo-Saxon name. The only other +alternative would be that he had been so called as a <i>sobriquet</i> by his +office till it had superseded his regular name. And there does appear to +have been such a case, viz., that of a man called Preost who <i>was</i> a +priest, but the way which I have suggested seems to me to account more +easily for the name. From a similar origin I take to be our name +<i>Ackerman</i>, and the present German <i>Ackermann</i>. There is an Anglo-Saxon +Æcemann (p. <a href="#Page_96">96</a>), from which, on the principle described above, they +might be derived. So also <i>Sigournay</i> may be formed in a similar manner +from an old German name Siginiu (<i>niu</i>, "new," perhaps in the sense of +"young"), and <i>Alderdice</i> from an old Frankish Aldadeus (<i>deus</i>, +servant).</p> + +<p>I have taken Prendergast for Pendgast as an illustration of the +intrusion of <i>r</i>, and there is even in Anglo-Saxon times an example of +the very same<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span> word as so treated. This is the name Prentsa (p. <a href="#Page_101">101</a>), +(whence our <i>Prentiss</i>), and which I take to be properly Pentsa. This +would bring it in as a regular Anglo-Saxon stem (<i>Cf.</i> Penda, Pender, +Penduald, Pendwine), whereas otherwise it is difficult to know what to +make of it. Among English surnames thus treated we have <i>Bellringer</i> for +Bellinger, <i>Sternhold</i> for Stonhold (p. <a href="#Page_63">63</a>), <i>Proudfoot</i> for <i>Puddefoot</i> +(<i>bud</i>, messenger), and possibly <i>Cardwell</i> for the Anglo-Saxon +Cadweal.<a name="FNanchor_44_44" id="FNanchor_44_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_44_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a> On the same principle I think that <i>Wordsworth</i>, a name of +local origin, may be, with an intrusive <i>r</i>, the same as Wodsworth or +Wadsworth (Wad's property or estate). There is certainly a stem <i>wurd</i> +(supposed to mean fate, destiny), in ancient names, but it is of rare +occurrence, and I do not know of it in English names, though we have +<i>Orde</i>, which I take to be from the Scandinavian form of it. On the +other hand we have an instance in Anglo-Saxon times of the reverse +process, viz., the elision of <i>r</i>, in the case of Wihtbrord, Minister of +Edward the Elder, who, though he spells his names both ways, spells it +more frequently Wihtbrod, the other being no doubt etymologically the +correct form (<i>brord</i>, sword), though euphony is certainly promoted by +the elision. This may probably be the origin of our name <i>Whitbread</i>, +with the variation <i>Wheatbread</i>.</p> + +<p>The intrusion of <i>d</i> has had the effect of changing a man's name into a +woman's in two cases, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span><i>Mildred</i> and <i>Kindred</i>. The former should be +properly Milred, answering to an Anglo-Saxon Milred, and the latter +should be Kenred, answering to the German Conrad; Mildryd and Cynedryd +were, and could only be, Anglo-Saxon women's names.</p> + +<p>On the other hand, the loss of an <i>r</i> has had such a disastrous effect +in the case of an American <i>Bedbug</i> as to compel him to apply, like his +English namesake, for a change of name. For while, in America, all +insects of the beetle tribe are called by the name of "bug," the +"bedbug" is that particular insect which is a "terror by night," so that +the name was pointedly disagreeable. It ought properly to be, I doubt +not, Bedburg, a name of local origin, and the same as Bedborough.</p> + +<p>Before going on to deal with the corruptions which originate in the +desire to make some kind of sense out of a name, I propose to refer +briefly to some of the changes and contractions which are more strictly +in accordance with regular phonetic principles. I have referred at p. <a href="#Page_9">9</a> +to a final <i>g</i> as opposed to the English ear, and to two different ways +in which it is got rid of, viz., by changing it into <i>dg</i>, and by +dropping it altogether. There is yet a third way, that of changing it +into <i>f</i>, as in Anglo-Saxon <i>genug</i>, English <i>enough</i>. And we can show +examples of all these in the same name, from the ancient stem <i>wag</i>, +probably signifying to wave, brandish, as in the name Wagbrand +("wave-sword"), in the genealogy of the Northumbrian kings. For we have +the name in all four forms, <i>Wagg</i>, <i>Way</i>, <i>Wadge</i>, <i>Waugh</i> (Waff). The +common ending in Teutonic names of <i>wig</i>, war,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span> often, anciently even, +softened into <i>wi</i>, most commonly in such case becomes in our names +<i>way</i>. Thus we have <i>Alloway</i> from an ancient Alewih, <i>Chattoway</i> from +Ceatewe, <i>Dalloway</i> from Daliweh, <i>Galloway</i> from Geilwih, <i>Garroway</i> +from Gerwi, <i>Hathaway</i> from Hathuwi, <i>Kennaway</i> from Kenewi, <i>Lanoway</i> +from Lantwih, <i>Reddoway</i> from Redwi, and <i>Ridgway</i> from Ricwi. I cite +this as a case in which a number of coincidences prove a principle, +which the reader, if he confined his attention to one particular case, +might be disposed to question. We also generally drop the <i>g</i> in the +middle of a word in such names as <i>Payne</i>, from A.S. Pagen,<a name="FNanchor_45_45" id="FNanchor_45_45"></a><a href="#Footnote_45_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a> <i>Wain</i> +from A.S. Wahgen, <i>Gain</i> from A.S. Gagen, <i>Nail</i> from A.S. Negle. So +also in <i>Sibbald</i> for Sigebald, <i>Sibert</i> for Sigebert, <i>Seymore</i> for +Sigimar, <i>Wyatt</i> for Wighad, &c. There is also a frequent dropping of +<i>d</i>, though I think that in this case the names have more frequently +come down to us from ancient times in such contracted form, the practice +being more specially common among the Franks, from whom I think that +most of the names in question have been derived. Thus we have <i>Cobbold</i> +for Codbald or Godbold, <i>Cobbett</i> for Godbet or Codbet, <i>Lucas</i> (Lucas, +<i>Lib. Vit.</i>), from a Frankish Liucoz for Liudgoz, <i>Boggis</i> from a Boggis +for Bodgis, <i>Lewis</i> for Leodgis, <i>Rabbit</i> for Radbod, <i>Chabot</i> for +Chadbod. So also <i>Ralph</i> and <i>Rolfe</i> for Radulf and Hrodulf (though also +for Ragulf and Hrogulf), <i>Roland</i> for Rodland, <i>Roman</i> for Rodman, &c. +So <i>f</i> is often<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span> dropped when it is followed by <i>m</i> or <i>n</i>, as in A.S. +Leomman for Leofmann, whence our <i>Lemon</i>. It is probable that our +<i>Limmer</i> is a similar contraction of A.S. Leofmer.</p> + +<p>As a case of transposition I may note <i>Falstaff</i> from, as supposed, the +O.G. name Fastulf. It may be a question whether this is not an Old +Frankish name come to us through the Normans, for at Gambetta's funeral +the French Bar was represented by M. <i>Falsteuf</i>.</p> + +<p>I now come to corruptions which arise from the attempt to give to a name +something of an apparent meaning in English. Let me observe that, almost +as an invariable rule, corruptions are made towards a meaning and not +away from it; the ancient name Irminger might be corrupted into +Ironmonger, but Ironmonger could not be corrupted into Irminger. It is +natural to men to try to get some semblance of meaning out of a name, +and all the more that it approaches to something which has a familiar +sound to their ears. Thus H.M. ship, the <i>Bellerophon</i>, was called by +the sailors the "Billy Ruffian," and a vessel owned by a fore-elder of +mine, and which he christened the <i>Agomemnon</i>, invariably went among the +sailors by the name of the "Mahogany Tom." Thus the Anglo-Saxon Trumbald +has first become <i>Trumbull</i> and then <i>Tremble</i>, and as suggested by Mr. +Charnock, <i>Turnbull</i>. So we have the Old Norse name Thorgautr (Turgot, +<i>Domesday</i>) variously made into <i>Target</i> and into <i>Thoroughgood</i>.<a name="FNanchor_46_46" id="FNanchor_46_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_46_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a> In +some cases a very slight change suffices to give a new complexion<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span> to +the name, thus the Old Frankish Godenulf, (<i>ulf</i>, wolf), through a +Norman Godeneuf, is scarcely changed in our <i>Goodenough</i>. Similarly we +might have had Badenough (O.G. Badanulf), and Richenough (A.S. Ricnulf). +We have <i>Birchenough</i> (reminding us of Dr. Busby) no doubt from a name +of similar formation not yet turned up. Then we have several names as +<i>Garment</i>, <i>Rayment</i>, <i>Argument</i>, <i>Element</i>, <i>Merriment</i>, <i>Monument</i>, +from ancient names ending in <i>mund</i> or <i>munt</i>, supposed to mean +protection, with only the change of a letter. I have referred in an +earlier part of this chapter to the name Pendgast, and to the phonetic +corruptions to which it has been subjected. But it seems also to have +been subjected to a corruption of the other kind, for I take it that our +name <i>Pentecost</i> is properly Pentecast, as another or High German form +of Pendegast. Another case of a corruption easily made is that of our +name <i>Whitethread</i> which seems obviously the Anglo-Saxon name Wihtræd, +of which also we have another obvious corruption in <i>Whiterod</i>. So also +the Anglo-Saxon name Weogern, p. <a href="#Page_111">111</a> (more properly Wiggern, <i>wig</i>, war, +and <i>gern</i>, eager), by an easy transition becomes <i>Waghorn</i>. And in this +way also the paradoxical-looking name <i>Fairfoul</i>, by a slight change of +spelling, may be explained as Farefowl, "wandering bird," as a name +probably given by the Saxon or Danish sea-rovers.</p> + +<p>Let us take a name of a different kind, <i>Starbuck</i>, no doubt of local +origin, from the place called Starbeck in Yorkshire. Now beck is a +Northern word signifying brook; it is probably of Danish origin,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span> +inasmuch as its use precisely corresponds with the limits of the Danish +occupation. So long then as Starbeck lived in the north among his own +people, to whom <i>beck</i> is a familiar word, there would be no fear of his +name being corrupted. But when he migrated to a part of England where +<i>beck</i> has no meaning, then by and by the natural craving for some kind +of a meaning would assert itself, and, as the best it could do, change +<i>beck</i> into <i>buck</i>. But the name of the place itself affords an +illustration of the same principle. For <i>star</i> is in all probability the +same word as <i>stour</i>, so common as a river-name (Arm. ster, water, +river), made into <i>star</i> in the craving for some kind of a meaning.</p> + +<p>Let us take another name with the same ending, <i>Clutterbuck</i>, also, I +doubt not, a name of local origin, though I am unable in this case to +identify the place. But <i>clutter</i> seems evidently to be from the +Anglo-Saxon, <i>hluttor</i>, clear, pure, limpid, and the word must have been +<i>hluttorbeck</i>, "clear brook," so that this is another case of a similar +corruption. The Anglo-Saxons, no doubt, strongly aspirated the initial +<i>h</i>, so that the name has become Clutterbuck.</p> + +<p>Another name which may be taken to be of the same kind is <i>Honeybun</i>, no +doubt a corruption of another name <i>Honeyburn</i>, from <i>burn</i>, a brook, +<i>honey</i> being apparently used by the Anglo-Saxons as an epithet to +describe sweet waters. But to the modern ear Honey<i>bun</i> is a much more +natural association than Honey<i>burn</i>, particularly since the Anglo-Saxon +<i>burn</i> for <i>brook</i> has passed out of use in England.</p> + +<p>Among the Germans, corruptions towards a meaning<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span> are also common, as in +such names as <i>Guttwein</i> for Godwine or Gotwine, <i>Warmbadt</i> for +Warinbod, <i>Leutenant</i> for Liutnand (<i>liud</i>, people, <i>nant</i>, daring). +There is a curious-looking and seemingly profane name <i>Heiliggheist</i>, as +if from the third person of the Trinity, which may, however, be a +corruption of an ancient name, perhaps of the name Haldegast.</p> + +<p>The odd-looking names <i>Oyster</i> and <i>Oysterman</i> in <i>Suffolk Surnames</i> are +probably the German names Oster and Ostermann (<i>oster</i>, orientalis) in +an anglicised form, the marvellous power of assimilation possessed by +the great Republic evincing itself, among other things, in the way in +which it anglicises foreign names. Thus the name <i>Crumpecker</i>, placed by +Bowditch among names from birds, is, we can hardly doubt, a corruption +of a German Krumbacher, <i>i.e.</i> "a native of Krumbach," of which name +there are several places in Germany. So also the ending <i>thaler</i> in +German names, from <i>thal</i>, valley, is changed into "dollar" as its +supposed equivalent. Hence the Americans have <i>Milldolar, Barndollar</i>, +and <i>Cashdollar</i>, corruptions of some such German names as Mühlthaler, +Bernthaler, and Käsenthaler, signifying an inhabitant respectively of +Mühlthal, of Bernthal, and of Käsenthal. It would seem as if a man +coming to this new world, where everything around him is +changed—presumably for the better—accepts it as, among other things, a +part of the new dispensation, that whereas his name has hitherto been, +say Käsenthaler, he shall henceforth answer to the name—perhaps not an +inauspicious one—of Cashdollar.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span></p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_43_43" id="Footnote_43_43"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43_43"><span class="label">[43]</span></a> There is another name <i>Snodgrass</i>, which may be a similar +corruption of Snodgast, from the stem <i>snod</i>, A.S. <i>snot</i>, wise.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_44_44" id="Footnote_44_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44_44"><span class="label">[44]</span></a> This however is by no means certain, inasmuch as there is +a stem <i>card</i> or <i>gard</i> from which it might be formed, though the +corresponding ancient name has not turned up. On the other +hand it is to be observed that <i>wealh</i> is not one of the more +common endings.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_45_45" id="Footnote_45_45"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45_45"><span class="label">[45]</span></a> Pagan occurs as an A.S. name, (<i>Thorpe</i>, p. 648), and may +probably be referred to <i>bagan</i>, to contend. <i>Cf.</i> also Pagingas +among the early settlers.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_46_46" id="Footnote_46_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46_46"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> According, no doubt, as the ancient name appeared as +Thorgaut or Thorgaud.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VII" id="CHAPTER_VII"></a>CHAPTER VII.</h2> + +<p class="center">THE OLD FRANKS AND THE PRESENT FRENCH.</p> + + +<p>To any one who takes note of the large proportion of French Christian +names which are of German origin, the question, one would think, might +naturally suggest itself—If such be the case with Christian names, may +it not also be the case with regard to surnames? The Christian names +<i>Albert</i>, <i>Adolphe</i>, <i>Alfonse</i>, <i>Charles</i>, <i>Claude</i>, <i>Edouard</i>, +<i>Edmonde</i>, <i>Ferdinand</i>, <i>Gerard</i>, <i>Henri</i>, <i>Louis</i>, <i>Philibert</i>, +<i>Robert</i>, <i>Richarde</i>, <i>Rudolfe</i>, <i>Guillaume</i>, and the women's <i>Adèle</i>, +<i>Clotilde</i>, <i>Louise</i>, <i>Mathilde</i>, <i>Hélöise</i>, and many others, serve to +remind us that the French have come of the Franks. That the same holds +good also of French surnames I have in a previous work endeavoured to +prove in considerable detail, and I will not go over the ground again +further than at the end of this chapter to present as an illustration of +my views upon the subject one or two stems complete with their branches.</p> + +<p>The Franks being a branch of a High German, and the Saxons of a Low +German stock, it follows that French names, as compared with English, +should, in names of Teutonic origin, exhibit High German forms<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span> in +comparison with our Low German. One of these differences is, for +instance, <i>au</i> for <i>ea</i>, as in German auge, Anglo-Saxon, <i>eage</i>, +English, <i>eye</i>. Thus the Anglo-Saxon <i>ead</i>, happiness, prosperity, so +common in men's names, is in Frankish represented by <i>aud</i>, or +<i>od</i>—hence the name of the Norman bishop Odo is the counterpart of an +Anglo-Saxon Eada or Eda, and the name of the Lombard king Audoin +(Audwin), is the counterpart of the Anglo-Saxon Eadwin. It will be seen +then that the French Christian name <i>Edouard</i> is not a true Frankish +form—the proper form is shown in two French surnames, <i>Audouard</i> and +<i>Audevard</i>. I cannot account for the particular case of this Christian +name on any other ground than that simply of euphony. The corresponding +Italian Christian name, <i>Odoardo</i>, come to them through the Franks or +the Lombards, represents, it will be seen, the proper High German form. +The High German forms, then, that appear in English names may be taken +to a great extent to represent Old Frankish names that have come to us +through the Normans. But the number of such names appears to be greater +than could reasonably be thus accounted for, and moreover we seem, as I +have noted at p. <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, to have had such forms even in Anglo-Saxon times, +<i>e.g.</i> both the forms <i>ead</i> or <i>ed</i>, and <i>aud</i> or <i>od</i>, in the names of +our early settlers. And it appears to me therefore that Lappenberg's +theory that Franks, Lombards, and Frisians were among the early +settlers, is one that deserves most careful consideration. And I propose +at present to deal with the subject, so far as the Franks are concerned, +and to trace out to the best of my ability, the Frankish forms that seem +to present<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span> themselves in Anglo-Saxon times, and also in our existing +surnames. In so doing, I wish to disclaim any assumption of philological +knowledge such as might be implied by dealing with the niceties of +ancient dialects. All that I proceed upon is this—I find from German +writers that certain forms prevailed in Frankish names, and I compare +them with certain forms apparently of the same kind which I find in +Anglo-Saxon times.</p> + +<p>Now the ancient Frankish speech, along with the ordinary characteristics +of a High German dialect, had some special peculiarities of its own, and +it is through these that we have the best chance of obtaining +satisfactory indications. Of these there are three forms in particular, +with each of which I propose to deal in turn, placing at the head the +group of surnames which I take to owe their origin to this source. And +as assisting to throw light upon the subject I have in some cases +introduced the present French names corresponding.</p> + + +<p class="center">CHAD, CHATTO, CHATTING, CHADDOCK, CHABOT, CHADBORN, CHADMAN, CHADWICK, +CHATTOWAY, CHATWIN, CHATWOOD, CHARD, CHART, CHARTER, CHAIN, CHANEY, +CHILDAR, CHILDREN, CHILL, CHILLMAN, CHILLMAID, CHUBB, CHUBBACK, CHOPPIN.</p> + +<p>One of the peculiarities of the Frankish dialect especially during the +Merovingian period, was the prefix of <i>c</i> before names beginning with +<i>h</i>, as in Childebert and Childeric for Hildebert and Hilderic. Of this +there seem to be considerable traces in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span> Anglo-Saxon times, as will be +seen from the following:—</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Chad</i> for <i>had</i>, war.</p> + +<p>A.S. Chad, bishop of Lichfield—Ceada, found in Ceadanford—Cedda, found +in Ceddanleah—Frankish, Chaddo. Eng. Chad, Chatto.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Diminutive.</i></p> + +<p>Frnk. Chadichus. Eng. Chaddock.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Patronymic.</i></p> + +<p>Eng. Chatting.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Compounds.</i></p> + +<p>(<i>Bad</i>, war), Frnk. Chadbedo, Chabedo—Eng. Chabot.<a name="FNanchor_47_47" id="FNanchor_47_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_47_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a> (<i>Wine</i>, +friend), Frnk. Chaduin—Eng. Chadwin, Chatwin. (<i>Wig</i>, war), A.S. +Chatewe (<i>wi</i> for wig) found in Ceatewesleah—Eng. Chadwick, Chattoway.</p> + +<p>(We have also the other form Hathaway, O.G. Hathuwi, to compare with +Chattaway.)</p> + +<p>Then we have a stem <i>chard, chart</i>, which it seems to me may be a +similar Frankish form of <i>hard</i> or <i>hart</i>, durus, fortis, a very common +stem for men's names.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Chard</i> for <i>hard</i>.</p> + +<p>A.S. Cerda (Cherda) found in Cerdanhlæw. Ceorta, found in Ceortan +stapol. Ceort, found in Ceortesege, now Chertsey. Eng. Chard, Chart.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Diminutive.</i></p> + +<p>A.S. Cerdic, king of Wessex. Also Ceardic, found in Ceardices beorh.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Compound.</i></p> + +<p>(<i>Har</i>, warrior), Frnk. Charterius—Eng. Charter.</p> + +<p>In the next group, <i>child</i> for <i>hild</i>, war, the Anglo-Saxon names seem +rather uncertain, and though the Franks had many names from it, I only +find one to compare in that form.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Child</i> for <i>hild</i>, war.</p> + +<p>A.S. Cild, found in Cildeswic—Cilta found in Ciltancumb, now Chilcomb +in Hants—Frnk. Childi, Cheldio, Chillo—Eng. Child, Chill.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Compounds.</i></p> + +<p>(<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. Hilder—Eng. Childar. (<i>Man</i>, vir), O.G. +Hildman—Childman, <i>Hund</i>. <i>Rolls</i>—Eng. Chillman, French, Chilman. +(<i>Mod</i>, courage), O.G. Hildemod—Eng. Chillmaid. (<i>Ran</i>, raven), Frnk. +Childerannus—Eng. Children.</p> + +<p>We have a number of other names beginning with <i>ch</i>, which might with +more or less certainty be brought in here, as Chaine comparing with an +A.S. Chen, found in Chenestun, and with a Frankish Chaino for Chagno +(Hagen-spinosus). Also Chubb and Choppin comparing with the Ceopingas +(Chopingas) in Kemble's list. He has also Hoppingas and Upingas, +different forms I take it, of the same name, and upon these might be +formed by the prefix in question, the form Ceopingas. Compare also the +present French names, Choupe, Chopin, Chopard.</p> + +<p class="center">CLAUDE, CLOADE, CLODD, CLOUD, CLOUT, CLUCAS, CLOUDMAN, CLOUTMAN, +CLOTHIER. CROAD, CROWD, CROWDY, CRUTE, CROTTY, CRUDEN, CROWDER, CROGER. +CROKE, CROCK, CROOKE, CROTCH, CRUTCH, CROKER. CREED, CREEDY, CRIDDLE.</p> + +<p>Another peculiarity of the Frankish dialect was the change of <i>hl</i> at +the beginning of a name into <i>cl</i> or <i>chl</i>,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span> and <i>hr</i> into <i>cr</i> or +<i>chr</i>. Hence the names of the Frankish kings Clothar, Chlodomir, and +Clodowich, for Hlothar, Hlodomir, and Hlodowich. Of this form there +appear to be considerable traces in Anglo-Saxon times; there are three +names in Kemble's list of early settlers which may find a place here, +the Crangas, the Cramlingas, and the Crucgingas. The name Crangas, as it +stands, is difficult to deal with, and I should suppose it to be +properly either Cringas or Craningas—in the former case from <i>hring</i>, +circle, perhaps in the sense of shield—in the latter from <i>chrann</i>, as +a Frankish form of <i>raban</i> or raven, Cf. Chrannus in the genealogy of +the Merovingian kings. Cramlingas again compares with a Frankish name +Chramlin from the same stem, while Crucgingas seems to be a Frankish +form of Rucingas, also on Kemble's list.</p> + +<p>The first group of names, Claude, Cloud, &c., are referred to O.H.G. +<i>laut</i>, loud, in the supposed sense of famous.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Clod</i> for <i>hlod</i>, fame.</p> + +<p>A.S. Clodd (found in Cloddes heal), Clott (found in Clottismôr), Clud +(found in Cludesleah)<a name="FNanchor_48_48" id="FNanchor_48_48"></a><a href="#Footnote_48_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a>—Frnk. Chlodio, Cludio, 5th cent.—Eng. +Claude, Cloade, Clodd, Cloud, Clout.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Compounds.</i></p> + +<p>(<i>Gis</i> or <i>kis</i>, hostage), O.G. Hludokis—Eng. Clukas (for Cludkis?). +(<i>Hari</i>, warrior), Frnk. Clothar, Chluthar—Eng. Clothier, Clutter. +(<i>Man</i>, vir), Eng. Cloudman, Cloutman (for which no ancient equivalents +as yet turn up.)<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span></p> + +<p>The next group, Croad, Crowd, &c., may be referred to <i>hrod</i>, glory, the +stem from which are formed Robert, Roland, Roger, &c.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Crod</i> for <i>hrod</i>.</p> + +<p>A.S. Cruda, found in Crudan sceat—Frnk. Chrodo, Crodio—Eng. Croad, +Crowd, Crowdy, Croot, Crout.</p> + + +<p class="center">Ending in <i>en</i>, p. <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</p> + +<p>Frnk. Chrodin—Eng. Cruden.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Compounds.</i></p> + +<p>(<i>Har</i>, warrior), Frnk. Chrodohar—Eng. Crowder. (<i>Gar</i>, spear), Frnk. +Crodeger—Eng. Croger (=Roger). (<i>Mar</i>, famous), A.S. Cruddemor, found +in Cruddemores lacu—Frnk. Chrodmar—Eng. Cromar.</p> + +<p>The next group, Croke, Crock, &c., are from a stem <i>hroc</i>, the +root-meaning of which seems to be the same as Eng. <i>croak</i>, and the idea +of which, as in some other stems (see <i>im</i> in voce Emma), may probably +be that of strength, fierceness, or huge stature, derived from a harsh +and gruff voice. Cf. O.N. <i>hrokr</i>, vir fortis et grandis.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Crock</i> for <i>hroc</i>.</p> + +<p>A.S. Crucga, found in Crucgingas; Croch, found in Crochestun, now +Croxton in Norf.—Frnk. Crocus, Cruccus—Eng. Croke, Crock, Crooke, +Crotch, Crutch.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Compounds.</i></p> + +<p>(<i>Her, heri</i>, warrior), O.G. Roacheri—Eng. Croker, Crocker. Eng. +Crockett might represent a Frankish Crochad or Crochat (<i>had</i>, war), not +turned up.</p> + +<p>Perhaps from a similar origin may be the name of Crida or Creoda, king +of Mercia, as representing a stem, <i>hrad</i>, or <i>hred</i> (O.H.G. <i>hradi</i>, +celer), whence<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span> probably the Hræda in the Traveller's Song. Kemble has +two tribe-names, Creotingas and Cridlingas (the latter, derived from a +place in Yorkshire, being perhaps doubtful so far as regards the tribe, +though a man's name all the same).</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Crad</i> for <i>hrad</i>.</p> + +<p>A.S. Creoda, found in Creodan âc, Creodan hyl, Creodan treow—Cridda, +found in Criddan wyl—Cridd, found in Criddes hô—Creota, found in +Creotingas—Cretta, <i>lib. vit.</i>—Eng. Creed, Creedy.</p> + + +<p class="center">Ending in <i>el</i>.</p> + +<p>A.S. Cridel, found in Cridlingas—Eng. Criddle.</p> + +<p>Perhaps the most characteristic peculiarity of the Frankish dialect is +the prefix of <i>g</i>, or its sharper form <i>c</i>, before names beginning with +<i>w</i>.<a name="FNanchor_49_49" id="FNanchor_49_49"></a><a href="#Footnote_49_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a> Hence it is that the French have such a word as guerre +(=gwerre) which is <i>g</i> prefixed to a German <i>wer</i> or <i>war</i>. And such +names as Guillaume, Gualtier, and Guiscard, which are from <i>g</i> prefixed +to Wilhelm, Walter, and Wiscard (our Wishart). Hence, also, such a +place-name as Quillebœuf in Normandy, being, with a <i>c</i> prefixed, the +same, I take it, as an English Willaby (<i>bœuf</i>, as Mr. Taylor has +shown, representing the Danish <i>by</i>). I have referred, p. <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, to the +name Cwichelm for Wighelm or Wichelm as a strongly-marked Frankish form, +but I cannot say that I find such forms generally prevalent in +Anglo-Saxon times. Kemble has three tribe-names in this form, +Cwædringas, Cwæringas, and Queningas. The Cwædringas answer to the +Wætringas, and the Wedringas, both<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span> also on Kemble's list, and both, I +take it, different forms of the same name; the Cwæringas to the Wæringas +and the Werringas, also different forms of the same name; the Queningas +to the Weningas or the Winingas. One or two of our names beginning with +<i>gw</i>, as Gwilliams, Gwatkin, and perhaps Gwalter, are probably due to +the Welsh, of which this prefix is also a characteristic. As +representing the Frankish form, we have more names in the sharper form +cw, which is represented by <i>q</i>. Under the present head comes the name +of the highest lady in the land, <i>Guelph</i> (further referred to in next +chapter), being a Frankish form of Welf (O.H.G. <i>hwelf</i>; Eng. <i>whelp</i>). +The names <i>Welp</i>, <i>Whelps</i>, and <i>Guelpa</i>, appear in <i>Suff. Surn.</i>, but +whether English or not does not appear.</p> + +<p class="center">QUARE, QUARY, QUARRY, QUEAR, QUERY, QUARRIER, QUARMAN. QUIDDY, QUITMAN, +QUITTACUS. QUIG, QUICK, QUY, QUIGGLE, GWYER, QUIER, QUIRE. GUILLE, +GUILY, QUILL, QUILKE, GWILLAM, QUILLMAN, QUILLINAN. GUINEY, QUIN, QUEEN, +QUEENEY, GUINAN, QUINAN, QUEENAN, QUINER. QUAIL, QUALEY, QUINT. QUAINT, +QUANTOCK. GWILT, QUILT, QUILTY, QUILTER, QUAKER, QUASH.</p> + +<p>The meaning of the stem <i>war</i> is very uncertain; Foerstemann proposes +five different words, without including O.H.G. <i>werra</i>, Eng. <i>war</i>, and +it seems very probable that there may be a mixture of different words.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Gwar, cwar</i>, for war.</p> + +<p>A.S. Cwara, found in Cwæringas—Frnk. Guario—Eng. Quare, Quary, Quarry, +Quear, Query—French Querrey.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Compounds.</i></p> + +<p>(<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. Warher—Eng. Quarrier. (<i>Man</i>, vir), O.G. +Warman—Eng. Quarman—French Guermain.</p> + +<p>The stem <i>wid</i>, on which is formed <i>guid</i> and <i>cwid</i>, may perhaps be +referred to O.H.G. <i>wid</i>, wood, in the sense of weapon (see next chapter +<i>in voce</i> Guido), though in this case also there may probably be a +mixture of words.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Gwid, cwid</i>, for <i>wid</i>.</p> + +<p>Frnk. Guid, Guido, Quido—Eng. Quiddy—French, Guidé.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Compounds.</i></p> + +<p>(<i>Man</i>, vir), O.G. Witman—Eng. Quitman. (Gis, hostage), O.G. +Witichis—Eng. Quittacus (<i>Suff. Surn.</i>).</p> + +<p>The stem <i>wig</i> or <i>wic</i>, on which are formed <i>gwig</i> and <i>cwic</i>, may be +taken to be from <i>wig</i>, war.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Gwig</i>, <i>cwic</i>, for <i>wig</i>, <i>wic</i>.</p> + +<p>Frnk. Gwigo—Eng. Quig, Quick, Quy—Fr. Guiche, Quyo.</p> + + +<p class="center">Ending in <i>el</i>.</p> + +<p>O.G. Wigilo—Eng. Quiggle.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Compound.</i></p> + +<p>O.G. Wigger, Wiher—Eng. Gwyer, Quier, Quire.</p> + +<p>The stem <i>will</i>, on which are formed <i>guill</i> and <i>cwill</i>, may be +referred to Goth. <i>wilya</i>, will, perhaps, in the sense of resolution.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Guil, cwil</i>, for <i>will</i>.</p> + +<p>Frnk. Guila—Eng. Guille, Guily, Quill—Fr. Guille, Quille.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Diminutive</i></p> + +<p>O.G. Willic—Eng. Quilke—Fr. Quillac.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Compounds.</i></p> + +<p>(<i>Helm</i>, helmet), Frnk. Guilhelm—Eng. Gwillam—Fr. Guillaume. (<i>Man</i>, +vir), O.G. Wilman—Eng. Quillman—Fr. Guillemain. (<i>Nand</i>, daring), O.G. +Willinand—Eng. Quillinan.</p> + +<p>I am inclined, from the way in which the names run into each other, to +take <i>cwen</i> and <i>cwin</i> to be one and the same stem, and to refer them to +A.S. <i>wine</i>, friend.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Gwin, cwin, cwen</i>, for <i>win</i>.</p> + +<p>A.S. Cwena, found in Cweningas; Quena, found in Quenanden—Frnk. Guuine, +Quino—Eng. Guiney, Quin, Queen, Queeney—Fr. Gueneau, Quenay, Quineau.</p> + + +<p class="center">Ending in <i>en</i>, p. <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</p> + +<p>A.S. Cwenen, found in Cwenenabrôc—Eng. Guinan, Quinan, Queenan—Fr. +Guenin.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Compounds.</i></p> + +<p>(<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. Winiheri—Eng. Quiner—Fr. Guinier, Guinery, +Quinier. (<i>Bert</i>, famous), Frnk. Quinabert—Eng. Guinibert.</p> + +<p>From the Ang.-Sax. <i>wealh</i>, stranger, foreigner, may be the following +stem:</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Gual, cwal</i>, for <i>wal</i>.</p> + +<p>Frnk. Gualo, Guala—Eng. Quail, Qualey—Fr. Guala.</p> + +<p>Then there are some other stems not sufficiently represented to make it +worth while to put them into a tabular form, as Quint, a Frankish form +of Wind (the stem being supposed to mean Wend), with the present French, +Quinty. Also Quaint and Quantock, representing Old German names, Wando +and Wendico, the stem being perhaps as in the previous case. And<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span> Gwilt, +Quilt, Quilty, and Quilter, which seem to be formed similarly on Wild +(ferus) and Wilder. Also Quart for Ward or Wart, and perhaps Quaker for +Waker and Quash for Wass (as in Washington from Wassingation).</p> + +<p>With regard to this last Frankish peculiarity, which I conceive not to +be of such ancient date as the preceding ones, I am inclined to suppose +that the greater part of the English names in which it appears have come +to us through the Normans. And with regard to the others I would venture +the general remark that inasmuch as the Anglo-Saxons in all probability +more or less aspirated an initial <i>h</i>, it would perhaps be going too far +to conclude that, in all cases where it has been hardened into a <i>c</i>, +Frankish influence is necessarily to be presumed. Still, I think that +the general result of the comparison which I have instituted, more +especially considering the comparatively limited area from which the +Anglo-Saxon examples have been drawn, is such as to give considerable +support to the theory that Franks were among the early settlers.</p> + +<p>Besides the names of Old Frankish, <i>i.e.</i> German origin, which have come +to us through the Normans, we have also received from them some names, +mostly of a religious character, from the Latin, and from the Hebrew. I +have even ventured to suggest, in the next chapter, that it is to the +Franks that the Italians are indebted for the name of Dante (Durante) +from Lat. <i>durans</i>. More certainly it is from them that the +corresponding name <i>Durand</i> has come to us. The early Frankish +Christians adopted several such names,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span> some from the Latin, as +Stabilis, Clarus, Celsus, Electus (perhaps in some cases from the names +of Roman saints), some from the Hebrew, not only scriptural names of men +and women, but also such words as Pasc (passover), Seraphim, Osanna, +&c., and these they often mixed up with the Old German words to which +they had been accustomed, the names of the Apostles Peter and Paul being +so dealt with, and even the name of Christ himself. This probably arose +from the desire of parents to connect the names of their children with +their own, as seems clearly shown in the case of a woman called Electa, +who gives to her two children the same name with a German addition, +calling one Electard, and the other Electrudis. From one of these hybrid +Frankish names, Clarembald, come our <i>Claringbold</i> and <i>Claringbull</i> and +the French <i>Clérambault</i>. From the above word, <i>pasc</i>, we have <i>Pascoe</i>, +<i>Paske</i>, and <i>Pash</i>, and the French have <i>Pasquin</i>, corresponding with a +Frankish Pascoin (Pascwin). There is one Richard Osannas, a witness to +an acquittance in the later Anglo-Saxon times, the name being probably +from the Frankish Osanna, which seems, however, to have been originally +a woman's name. In the same charter occurs also Jordan, another of these +old Frankish names, taken presumably from the river—whence I take to be +our <i>Jordan</i>, and the French <i>Jordan</i>, <i>Jourdan</i>, and <i>Jourdain</i>, +probably also the name of the Dutch painter <i>Jordaens</i>. The name Crist, +which seems most probably from this origin (Cristeus in the <i>Pol. Irm.</i>) +is not very uncommon in France; it occurs also in Germany, and though I +have not met with it in England, yet<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span> Bowditch gives it as the name of a +member of the New York legislature, where it may, however, possibly be +German. It is rather amusing to see how the learned Germans are +occasionally a little mystified by these Old Frankish Scriptural names. +Stark, for instance, sets down Elisaba (Elischeba, the Hebrew form, I +take it, of Elisabeth) as Celtic, and Foerstemann, excusably perhaps, is +posed with Erispa (Rispah, the daughter of Aiah?), though I think he +might have guessed Osanna.</p> + +<p>Before concluding this chapter I may refer to the <i>Roll of Battle +Abbey</i>, containing the names of the principal Normans who came over with +the Conqueror. This has been severely impugned by some excellent +antiquaries on the ground that some of the names are, on the face of +them, regular English names, and such as could not reasonably be +supposed to have been borne by Normans. And hence it has been supposed +that interpolations must have been made to gratify the vanity of certain +families who wished their names to appear in the Roll. This in itself +does not seem an improbable suspicion, and I do not desire to go into +the question further than to express the opinion that so far as the +names themselves are concerned, there is not one that might not be a +genuine Norman name. Indeed, the undisguised English form of some of +them is to me rather a proof of the honesty of the scribe, for it would +have been so easy to have given them a thin Norman disguise. The +suspicious-seeming names are of two kinds, names which appear to be from +English place-names, as Argentoune, Chaworth, Newborough,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span> Sanford, +Valingford, Harewell; and names which seem to be from English surnames +of occupation, or description, as Hayward, Archere, Loveday. The former +did present a genuine difficulty, and did justify suspicion till now +that Mr. Taylor's discovery of an area in the north of France full of +regular Anglo-Saxon place-names, and no doubt settled by Anglo-Saxons, +has disclosed the source from which they could be derived. I opine then +that the English scribe has done nothing more in the case of such names +than restore them to the original form from which they had been more or +less corrupted. Nor indeed has he done it to as great an extent as he +might have done, for I find several others which may be brought back to +an Anglo-Saxon form, and it may be of some little interest to take a few +of these Norman surnames derived from place-names of the kind discovered +by Mr. Taylor, and compare them with corresponding Anglo-Saxon +place-names in England. I will take the names ending in <i>uil</i>, "well," +of which the scribe has Anglicised one (Harewell), and show how many +more there might have been. We have Bereneuile and Boranuile, +corresponding with A.S. Bernewell (now Barnwell, in Northamptonshire), +from A.S. <i>brune</i>, brook, of which the well might be the source. Then we +have Rinuuill, corresponding with an A.S. Runawel (now, Runwell in +Essex), <i>i.e.</i> a running or flowing well, Berteuilay corresponding with +A.S. Beorhtanwyl (now Brightwell, in Oxfordshire), and Vauuruile with an +A.S. Werewell (now Wherwell, in Hants), an inclosed well; from A.S. +<i>w[^œ]r</i>, inclosure. Then we have Beteruile<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span> comparing with an A.S. +Buterwyel (Butterwell, butter and honey being used apparently to +describe sweet waters), Greneuile (Greenwell), and Glateuile, probably +from A.S. <i>glade</i>, brook, and so same as Bernewell.</p> + +<p>With respect to the second class of suspected names, such as Hayward, +Archere, and Loveday, these are all Old Frankish names, and the +resemblance to anything English is only an accident. Hayward represents +an ancient Agward or Egward, and would be more properly Ayward, though +we find it as Hayward (see p. <a href="#Page_99">99</a>) even in Anglo-Saxon times. So also +Archere (see p. <a href="#Page_42">42</a>) and Loveday (p. <a href="#Page_57">57</a>) fall into their places as +ancient Frankish names. Such names again as Brown and Gray, though a +little Anglicised in spelling, are names common to the whole Teutonic +system, and, as far as we are concerned, both came in with the Saxons, +being found in Kemble's list of original settlers.</p> + +<p>I do not think it necessary to go more at length into the ancient +Frankish names contained in that Roll, but before leaving the subject I +would call attention to some of the names derived from the Danish +place-names of Normandy. There are four names, Dabitott, Leuetot, +Lovetot, and Tibtote (our name <i>Tiptoft</i>), from the ending <i>tot</i>, which, +as Mr. Taylor has shown, represents the Scandinavian <i>toft</i>. And two +names, Duilby and Linnebey, representing the Danish <i>by</i>; house, +habitation, village, so common in Yorkshire and Lincolnshire; also two +more, Braibuf and Olibef, with the ending <i>buf</i> or <i>bœuf</i>, which, as +Mr. Taylor has shown, also represents the Danish <i>by</i>, Olibef being, +perhaps, Olafby, from the Danish name Olaf.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span> Seeing this to be the case, +I venture to hint a suspicion as to the redoubtable name Front-de-bœuf, +and to suggest that it may after all be properly nothing more than one +of these Norman place-names ending in <i>bœuf</i>. Such a name as, for +instance, Frodebœuf, from a Danish man's name, Frodi, might give it. On +the other hand, the plebeian-looking name <i>Chassebœuf</i>, which Volney is +said to have changed rather than have it supposed that any one of his +ancestors had been a cow-boy, is, I doubt not, from a similar origin. +Such a name as Shaftsby (from the Anglo-Saxon man's name Shaft) would, +when <i>by</i> became corrupted into <i>bœuf</i>, naturally be made into +Chassebœuf. I take, however, the name <i>Lebœuf</i> to be from a different +origin, viz. from a Frankish Libolf or Liubolf. There is yet one more +name, Lascales (our <i>Lascelles</i>), which I think may be also from a +Danish place-name, the word <i>scale</i> (O.N. <i>skali</i>, a wooden hut) being +common, particularly in the Lake District—in Cumberland and +Westmoreland.</p> + +<p>I purpose to conclude this chapter with a few stems illustrative of the +common Teutonic element in French, English, and German names, including +such Italian names as I have been able to fall in with. The first stem, +from A.S. <i>til</i>, bonus, præstans, seems to have been more common among +the Saxons than among the Franks, and there are, consequently, more +names corresponding in English than in French.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Dill, till, bonus.</i></p> + +<p>A.S. Dilla, Tilla, in Dillingas and Tillingas—O.G. Dilli, Tilli, Thilo; +Tilli, <i>Lib. Vit.</i>; Dill, Tilly, Tillé, <i>Hund. Rolls</i>—Eng. <i>Dill</i>, +<i>Dilley</i>, <i>Dillow</i>, <i>Till</i>, <i>Tilley</i>—Germ. <i>Dill</i>, <i>Till</i>, <i>Tilo</i>—Fr. +<i>Dilly</i>, <i>Dillé</i>, <i>Tilly</i>, <i>Tillé</i>—Ital. <i>Tilli</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center">Ending in <i>ec</i>, probably diminutive.</p> + +<p>A.S. Tilluc—Eng. <i>Dillick</i>, <i>Dilke</i>, <i>Tillick</i>, <i>Tilke</i>—Fr. <i>Dilhac</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Patronymic.</i></p> + +<p>Eng. <i>Tilling</i>—Germ. <i>Dilling</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center">Ending in <i>en</i>, p. <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</p> + +<p>Tilne, <i>Lib. Vit.</i>—Eng. <i>Dillon</i>—Germ. <i>Dillen</i>—Fr. <i>Dillon</i>, +<i>Tillon</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Compounds.</i></p> + +<p>(<i>Fred</i>, peace), Tilfred, <i>Lib. Vit.</i>—Eng. <i>Tilford</i>. (<i>Gar</i>, spear), +A.S. Tilgar—Dilker, <i>Hund. Rolls</i>—Eng. <i>Dilger</i>, <i>Dillicar</i>. (<i>Had</i>, +var), Tilhaed, <i>Lib. Vit.</i>—Eng. <i>Tillott</i>—Fr. <i>Dillet</i>, <i>Tillot</i>. +(<i>Man</i>, vir), A.S. Tillman—Tilmon, <i>Lib. Vit.</i>—Tileman, <i>Hund. +Rolls</i>—Eng. <i>Dillman</i>, <i>Tillman</i>, <i>Tileman</i>—Germ. <i>Dillemann</i>, +<i>Tilmann</i>—Dutch. <i>Tillemans</i>—Fr. <i>Tilman</i>. (<i>Mar</i>, famous), O.G. +Tilemir—Eng. <i>Dillimore</i>. (<i>Mund</i>, protection), A.S. Tilmund—Fr. +<i>Tilmant</i>. (<i>Wine</i>, friend), Tiluini, <i>Lib. Vit.</i>—Eng. <i>Dillwyn</i>. +(<i>Her</i>, <i>heri</i>, warrior), A.S. Tilhere (Bishop of Worcester)—Eng. +<i>Diller</i>, <i>Tiller</i>, <i>Tillier</i>—Fr. <i>Dillery</i>, <i>Tillier</i>.</p> + +<p>The following stem may be taken to be from A.S. <i>hyge</i>; O.H.G. <i>hugu</i>, +mind, thought; A.S. <i>hogian</i>, to study, meditate. The form <i>hig</i>, which +seems to be more particularly Saxon, intermixes considerably in the +English names.</p> + + +<p class="center">Hig, hog, hug, <i>thought</i>, <i>study</i>.</p> + +<p>A.S. Hig, Hicca, Hocg—O.G. Hugo, Hug, Huc, Hughi, Hogo—Eng. <i>Hugo</i>, +<i>Hug</i>, <i>Hugh</i>, <i>Huie</i>, <i>Huck</i>, <i>Hogg</i>, <i>Hodge</i>, <i>Hoe</i>, <i>Hick</i>, +<i>Hickie</i>—Germ. <i>Huge</i>, <i>Hugo</i>, <i>Hucke</i>, <i>Hoge</i>—Fr. <i>Hugo</i>, <i>Hugé</i>, +<i>Hug</i>, <i>Huc</i>, <i>Hue</i>, <i>Hua</i>—Ital. <i>Ugo</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center">Ending in <i>el</i>, probably diminutive.</p> + +<p>A.S. Hicel—O.G. Hugila, Huckili—Eng. <i>Hugall</i>, <i>Huckell</i>, <i>Whewell</i>, +<i>Hickley</i>—Germ. <i>Hügel</i>—Fr. <i>Hugla</i>, <i>Huel</i>—Ital. <i>Ughelli</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center">Ending in <i>lin</i>, probably diminutive.</p> + +<p>A.S. Hugelin (Chamberlain to Edward the Confessor)—Hugelinus, +<i>Domesday</i>—Hueline, <i>Lib. Vit.</i>—Eng. <i>Huelin, Hicklin</i>—Fr. <i>Huguelin, +Higlin</i>—Ital. <i>Ugolino</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center">Ending in <i>et</i>, probably diminutive.</p> + +<p>A.S. Hocget—O.G. Huetus, thirteenth century—Hueta, <i>Domesday</i>—Eng. +<i>Huggett, Howitt, Hewitt</i>—Fr. <i>Hugot, Huet</i>—Ital. <i>Ughetti</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center">Ending in <i>es</i>, probably diminutive.</p> + +<p>O.G. Hugizo—Eng. <i>Hughes, Hewish, Hodges</i>—Fr. <i>Hugues</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Kin</i>, diminutive.</p> + +<p>Hogcin, <i>Lib. Vit.</i>—Eng. <i>Hodgkin</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center">Ending in <i>en</i>, p. <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</p> + +<p>A.S. Hyeken—Hygine, <i>Lib. Vit.</i>—Eng. <i>Hoggin, Hucken, Higgen</i>—Fr. +<i>Hugan, Hogan, Huan, Hoin, Hienne</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Compounds.</i></p> + +<p>(<i>Bald</i>, fortis), A.S. Higbald (Bishop of Lindisfarne), Hibald—O.G. +Hugibald, Hubald—Eng. <i>Hibble, Hubble</i>—Fr. <i>Hubault</i>—Ital. <i>Ubaldo</i>, +<i>Ubald</i>(<i>ini</i>). (<i>Bert</i>, famous), A.S. Higbert (Bishop of +Worcester)—O.G. Hugubert, Hubert—Eng. <i>Hibbert, Hubbard</i>—Germ. +<i>Hubert</i>—Fr. <i>Hubert</i>. (<i>Hard</i>, fortis), O.G. Hugihart, Hugard—Eng. +<i>Huggard, Heward</i>—Fr. <i>Hugard, Huard, Huart</i>. (<i>Laic</i>, play), A.S. +Hygelac—O.G. Hugilaih—O.N. Hugleikr—Eng. <i>Hillock, Hullock</i>—Fr. +<i>Hulek</i>. (<i>Lat</i>, terrible,?), Hugolot, <i>Lib. Vit.</i>—Eng. <i>Hewlet, +Higlet</i>. (<i>Lind</i>, mild), O.G. Hugilind—Eng. <i>Hewland</i>. (<i>Man</i>, vir), +A.S. Hiccemann—Eng. <i>Hugman, Hughman, Human, Higman, Hickman</i>—Germ. +<i>Hieckmann</i>—Fr. <i>Humann</i>. (<i>Mot</i>, courage), O.G. Hugimot—Eng. +<i>Hickmot</i>. (<i>Mar</i>, famous), A.S. Hykemer—O.G. Hugimar—Eng. <i>Hogmire, +Homer, Highmore</i>. (<i>Wald</i>,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span> power), O.G. Hugold—Fr. <i>Huault</i>. Perhaps +also, from <i>noth</i>, bold, though I do not find an ancient name to +correspond—Eng. <i>Hignett</i>, and Fr. <i>Hugnot, Hognet</i>.</p> + +<p>I will take for the last example the stem <i>magin, main</i>; A.S. <i>mægin</i>, +strength, force; Eng. <i>main</i>, which is rather better represented in +French names than in English. There are names, Maianus and Meinus on +Roman pottery, which might, however, be either German or Celtic.</p> + +<p>O.G. Magan, Main—Main, <i>Lib. Vit.</i>—Eng. <i>Magnay, Mayne</i>—Germ. +<i>Mehne</i>—Fr. <i>Magné, Magney</i>—Ital. <i>Magini</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Compounds.</i></p> + +<p>(Bald, fortis), O.G. Meginbold—Fr. <i>Magnabal</i>. (<i>Burg</i>, protection), +O.G. Meginburg—Fr. <i>Mainbourg</i>. (<i>Frid</i>, peace), O.G. Maginfrid—Fr. +<i>Mainfroy</i>. (<i>Gald</i>, value), O.G. Megingald—Fr. <i>Maingault</i>. (<i>Ger</i>, +spear), O.G. Meginger—Eng. <i>Manger</i>. (<i>Gaud</i>, Goth), O.G. Megingaud Fr. +<i>Maingot</i>. (<i>Had</i>, war), O.G. Magenad—Fr. <i>Maginot</i>—(<i>Hard</i>, fortis), +O.G. Maginhard, Mainard—Eng. <i>Maynard</i>—Germ. <i>Meinert</i>—Fr. <i>Magnard, +Maynard</i>—Ital. <i>Mainardi</i>—(<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. Maganhar, +Mayner—Germ. <i>Meiner</i>—Fr. <i>Magnier, Maynier</i>—Ital. <i>Maineri</i>.</p> + +<p>Perhaps also to this stem (with <i>nant</i>, daring) we may put Magnentius, +the name of a German who usurped the imperial purple and was slain A.D. +353, also the Fr. <i>Magnan</i> and <i>Maignan</i>.</p> + +<p>These three stems, in one of which the Anglo-Saxon predominates, and in +another the Frankish or High German, while in a third there are two +parallel forms, Anglo-Saxon and Frankish, running side by side, may be +taken as fairly representative of the system upon which Teutonic names +are formed.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span></p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_47_47" id="Footnote_47_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47_47"><span class="label">[47]</span></a> This name may be, not improbably, one of those that were +brought over after the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_48_48" id="Footnote_48_48"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48_48"><span class="label">[48]</span></a> We also find the other form, Hlud, in Hludes beorh, Hlud's +barrow, or grave.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_49_49" id="Footnote_49_49"></a><a href="#FNanchor_49_49"><span class="label">[49]</span></a> Some further remarks on this Frankish prefix will be found +in the succeeding chapter on Italian names.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VIII" id="CHAPTER_VIII"></a>CHAPTER VIII.</h2> + +<p class="center">THE GERMAN ORIGIN OF GREAT ITALIANS AS EVIDENCED IN THEIR NAMES.</p> + + +<p>The successive waves of German invasion that swept over Italy, leaving +their record in the name of one of its fairest provinces, while they +added a few German words to the language, left a much larger number of +German patronymics in the names of its families. The Christian names +borne by well-known Italians, such as <i>Alberto, Arnolfo, Bernardo, +Carlo, Enrico, Federigo</i> (Frederic), <i>Francesco, Leonardo, Luigi, +Ludovico, Mainardo, Odoardo</i> (Edward), <i>Ridolphi, Sinibaldo, Ugo</i> (Hugo +or Hugh), <i>Onofrio</i> (Humphrey), all of German origin, sufficiently +attest this to have been the case. And I think we shall be warranted in +assuming, as in the case of France, that if this be the case with +Christian names, it cannot be essentially different with regard to +surnames.</p> + +<p>But inasmuch as I have not had the same opportunity of collating and +examining the mass of Italian surnames that I have had in the case of +those of France, I propose to shape the comparison into a rather +different form, and, without departing from its etymological<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span> purpose, +to endeavour to give it something of an ethnical interest as well. This +admixture of German blood could not fail to have an influence—and, we +can hardly doubt, an invigorating influence—upon the character of the +softer and more receptive Italian race. It may not then be without +interest—though we need not attach more importance to the result than +it deserves—to endeavour to trace the result of that admixture in the +names of illustrious Italians. For it is somewhat remarkable how many of +the men most distinguished in the council and in the field, in science, +literature, and in art, bear names which testify to a German origin. And +we are even able, in certain cases, to indicate with a fair amount of +probability the particular race of Germans from whom these names may be +taken to be derived. The rule laid down by Max Müller (<i>Science of +Language</i>) that words in Italian beginning with <i>gua</i>, <i>gue</i>, <i>gui</i>, may +be taken to be pretty certainly of German origin, holds good also of +Italian names. Now this form of <i>gua</i>, <i>gue</i>, <i>gui</i> represents the +prefix of <i>g</i> before <i>w</i>, which was a special characteristic of the +Franks, as it is still of their descendants, the French, in such names +as Guillaume (=Gwillaume) for Wilhelm or William. In some cases, though +more rarely, this prefix of <i>g</i>, in accordance with a High German +tendency, becomes a hard <i>c</i> and is represented by <i>q</i>, as in <i>Queringi</i> +and perhaps <i>Quirini</i>. Such names then as <i>Gualdo</i>, <i>Guardi</i>, <i>Guido</i>, +<i>Guicciardini</i>, <i>Guarnerius</i>, may be taken as certainly of German, and I +think, more especially of Frankish origin.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span></p> + +<p>To begin with the names of warriors, the list may well be headed by that +of the old hero, <i>Garibaldi</i>. Garibald (<i>gar</i>, spear, and <i>bald</i>, bold) +was a well-known Old German name, being borne, among others, by a Duke +in Bavaria in the sixth century, by six bishops in the three centuries +following, and, what is more to the purpose, by two Lombard kings in +Italy. We ourselves have the name in its Saxon form (<i>gor</i> for <i>gar</i>) as +<i>Gorbold</i> and <i>Corbould</i> (O.G. Kerbald), and the French have it as +<i>Gerbault</i>. "Blind old <i>Dandalo</i>" may also be claimed as German; +Dandalo, corresponding with an O.G. Dantulo, being formed as a +diminutive from the Old German name Dando. I have elsewhere made the +suggestion, which I venture here to reproduce, that <i>Bonaparte</i> may also +be a name of German origin, slightly changed to give it a seeming +meaning in Italian. The case stands thus. Bonibert and Bonipert are +found as Old Frankish names, respectively of the seventh and the ninth +centuries. In that part of Italy which was overrun by the Franks, namely +at Turin, is to be found the present Italian name <i>Boniperti</i>, which we +can hardly doubt to be derived from the Old Frankish Bonipert. Now from +this part of Italy came originally also the Bonapartes, and the question +is simply this, May not the name <i>Bonaparte</i> originate in an attempt to +give something of an Italian meaning to this other name <i>Boniperti</i>, +which would convey no sense to an Italian ear? The French still have the +Old Frankish name as <i>Bompart</i> (changing <i>n</i> before a labial into <i>m</i>, +as they do in Edimbourg for Edinburgh); there was a vice-<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span>admiral of +that name who proved his courage by engaging, though unsuccessfully, an +English frigate of superior force. And we—or at any rate the +Americans—have it in a Saxon form as <i>Bonbright</i> (<i>Suffolk Surnames</i>). +And very appropriate, if we were to translate it, would be the +meaning—<i>bona</i>, a slayer, and <i>bert</i> or <i>pert</i>, illustrious.</p> + +<p>The two distinguished families of the <i>Adimari</i> at Florence and of the +<i>Grimaldi</i> at Genoa both give evidence of German descent in their names +(O.G. Adimar and Grimwald); as regards the latter indeed it is to be +traced historically, though the position of the present representative, +as ruler of the principality of Monaco and recipient of its doubtful +gains, is perhaps hardly in accordance with the higher traditions of his +family. The name, <i>Alphonso</i>, of a Duke of Ferrara in the middle ages, +was one given also by the Germans to a still more illustrious lineage in +Spain. Alphonso is a contraction of the O.G. Adalfuns (<i>adal</i>, noble, +<i>funs</i>, eager). The Saxon form of <i>funs</i> being <i>fus</i>, it seems to me +that our name <i>Adolphus</i> may be properly Adel-fus, and not a +latinization of Adolph. German also are the names of the two great rival +factions of the <i>Guelphs</i> and the <i>Ghibellines</i>, Guelph being a Frankish +form of Welf or Welp, Eng. whelp, and the Ghibellines deriving from an +Old German name Gibilin, traced by Mone to a Burgundian origin. Thus the +Guelphs, given originally by Germany to Italy, were afterwards +transplanted again to Germany, and thence to England, to rule far above +all factions. And again, we find the Bonaparte, whose ancestor was +expelled from<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span> Italy as a Ghibelline, come forward to pursue on a +grander scale his hereditary feud with the Guelphs.</p> + +<p>In the names of scholars and men of science the German element is very +strongly represented. We find <i>Accolti</i> (O.G. Achiolt for Agiovald<a name="FNanchor_50_50" id="FNanchor_50_50"></a><a href="#Footnote_50_50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a>), +<i>Alamanni</i> (O.G. Alaman), <i>Algarotti</i> (O.G. Algar for Adelgar), +<i>Ansaldi</i> (O.G. Ansald for Ansovald), <i>Audifredi</i> (O.G. Audifred), +<i>Bertrandi</i> (O.G. Bertrand), <i>Gualdo</i> (O.G. Waldo), <i>Giraldi</i> (O.G. +Girald), <i>Gosselini</i> (O.G. Gosselin), <i>Guicciardini</i> (O.G. Wichard), +<i>Lanzi</i> (O.G. Lanzi), <i>Lamberti</i> (O.G. Lambert for Landbert), <i>Manfredi</i> +(O.G. Manfred), <i>Maraldi</i> (O.G. Marald), <i>Odevico</i> (O.G. Ottwic for +Audewic), <i>Orlandi</i> (O.G. Arland for Hariland), <i>Raimondi</i> (O.G. +Raimund), <i>Rolandini</i> (O.G. Roland for Rodland), <i>Roberti</i> (O.G. Robert +for Rodbert), <i>Sacchi</i> (O.G. Sacco), <i>Quirini</i> (O.G. Guerin, Werin). We +may add to the list the name of the historian <i>Sismondi</i> (Sigismund), +who, though born at Geneva, must, I apprehend, have been of Italian +origin. The name in its uncontracted form, <i>Sigismondi</i>, is also found +in Italy.</p> + +<p>Among the names of distinguished explorers and discoverers, we have +<i>Americus</i> (O.G. Emrich), who gave his name to America, and <i>Belzoni</i> +(O.G. Belzo). German are also the names of the Pope <i>Aldobrandini</i> (O.G. +Aldebrand), and of the philanthropist <i>Odeschalchi</i> (O.G. Odalschalch), +whose name, if translated, would be the appropriate one of "Servant of +his country."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span></p> + +<p>The painters are not quite so strongly represented as the men of letters +and science, the two principal names being those of <i>Lionardo</i> (O.G. +Leonhard) and of <i>Guido</i>. Guido is one of the Frankish forms to which I +have before alluded, and is formed by the prefix of <i>g</i> to the name Wido +or Wito,—it was not an uncommon name among the Old Franks, and is found +at present among the French as <i>Videau, Viteau</i>, and <i>Guidé</i>. The +ill-omened name of the assassin <i>Guiteau</i> I take to be from the same +origin, and to be of French extraction. So also may be our own name +<i>Widow</i>, which corresponds with a Wido of about the twelfth or +thirteenth century in the <i>Liber Vitæ</i>. There is another Italian name, +<i>Guidubaldi</i>, that of a Duke of Urbino, in the middle ages, formed on +the same stem with the addition of <i>bald</i>, bold, and corresponding with +a Frankish Guidobald. The word concerned seems to be most probably Goth. +<i>vidus</i>, O.H.G. <i>witu</i>, wood, used in a poetical sense for weapon.<a name="FNanchor_51_51" id="FNanchor_51_51"></a><a href="#Footnote_51_51" class="fnanchor">[51]</a></p> + +<p>Other names of painters are <i>Baldi</i> (O.G. Baldo), <i>Baldovin</i>(<i>etti</i>) +(O.G. Baldwin), <i>Anselmi</i> (O.G. Anshelm), <i>Ansuini</i> (O.G. Answin), +<i>Aldighiero</i> (O.G. Aldegar), <i>Algardi</i> (O.G. Alagart), <i>Alberti</i> (O.G. +Albert for Adalbert), <i>Alloisi</i> (O.G. Alois = Alwis), <i>Ghiberti</i> (O.G. +Gibert), <i>Gherardini</i> (O.G. Gerard), <i>Gennari</i> (O.G. Genear), +<i>Ghirlandaio</i> (O.G. Gerland), <i>Tibaldi</i> (O.G. Tiebald for Theudobald). +Also <i>Guardi</i>, another of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span> the Frankish forms before referred to, +representing an O.G. Wardi, and the same name as Eng. <i>Ward</i>, for which +we find a corresponding A.S. Weard.</p> + +<p>Of those eminent in the sister art of music, we have <i>Castoldi</i> (O.G. +Castald for Castwald), and <i>Frescobaldi</i>. This last name does not figure +in Foerstemann's list, but we can hardly doubt its German origin, <i>bald</i> +being a typical German ending, while Fresc, as a Teutonic name, is found +in the Fresc(ingas), early Saxon settlers in England, another instance +of the common tie which binds all Teutonic names together. We may add to +the list, as the name of a living composer, <i>Guglielmo</i> = Wilhelm or +William. Among those who were accessory to music as instrument-makers, +we have <i>Stradivarius</i> and <i>Guarnerius</i> (O.G. Guarner for Warinhar) +corresponding with our own names <i>Warriner</i> and <i>Warner</i>, and present +French names <i>Ouarnier</i> and <i>Guernier</i>. It will not be out of keeping +with what we should expect if we find the German element develop itself +in the conception rather than in the execution of music, and in the +combination of science and patience which led to the success of the old +instrument-makers.</p> + +<p>But it is in the names of immortal singers that we find the German +element most conspicuously represented. Dante himself bears a name +which, though not in itself German, may yet have been given to Italy by +the Germans, while as to his second title, <i>Alighieri</i>, there seems +hardly any doubt of its German origin.<a name="FNanchor_52_52" id="FNanchor_52_52"></a><a href="#Footnote_52_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a> Dante is a contraction of +<i>Durante</i>, which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span> seems to be derived most naturally from Latin +<i>durans</i>, and it might seem something of a paradox to suppose a Latin +race to be indebted to the Germans for a Latin name. And yet I think +that there are some grounds for supposing it to be a name adopted by the +early Frankish converts to Christianity, and by them transmitted to the +Italians. For we find Durant, Durand, and Durann as not uncommon German +names, apparently Frankish, in the eighth and the ninth centuries. And +we find the word moreover made up into a German compound as Durandomar +(<i>mar</i>, famous). The French have moreover at present, derived we may +presume from their Frankish ancestors, another name, <i>Durandard</i>, +similarly formed (<i>hard</i>, fortis). Now this is precisely the same +principle as that on which the early Frankish converts, as we find from +the <i>Pol. Irm.</i> and the <i>Pol. Rem.</i>, used to form many of their names, +taking a word of Christian import from the Latin or otherwise, and +mixing it up with the Old German compounds to which they had been +accustomed. Thus, for an example, we find that a woman called Electa, +which we can hardly doubt means "elect," gives to her son the name of +Electard, a similar compound to Durandard. There seems then, on the +whole, a fair amount of probability for this suggestion, which would +moreover sufficiently account for the manner in which the name is common +to France, Italy, Germany, and England. The French have it as <i>Durand</i>, +<i>Durant</i>, and <i>Durandeau</i> (besides <i>Durandard</i> already noted); the +Italians as <i>Durante</i>, <i>Duranto</i>, and <i>Durandi</i>; the Germans as <i>Durand</i> +and <i>Dorand</i>; and we ourselves as <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span><i>Durand</i> and <i>Durant</i>. Our names came +to us no doubt through the Normans,—there is a Durand in the <i>Roll of +Battle Abbey</i>, and it is not till after this period that we find it as +an English name.</p> + +<p>For the German origin of <i>Tasso</i> a rather stronger case can be made out, +Tasso and Taso being found as ancient German names, and the latter in +particular being a Lombard leader in Italy. But there was another +Lombard called Taso, who, as a man of remarkable sanctity of life, and +as the founder of a monastery at Volterra, was eminently likely to leave +a name behind him in Italy. <i>Tasso</i> is still a current name in that +country, and our surname <i>Tassie</i>, along with the French <i>Tassy</i>, may be +taken to be the same name. Both we and the French have also <i>Tassell</i>, +formed from it and corresponding with Tassilo, the name of a Bavarian +king of the sixth century. The meaning of the word has not been +satisfactorily explained, and this may be one of the cases in which the +original word has either greatly changed in meaning, or else has +perished out of the language.</p> + +<p>Another name which we may take pretty certainly to be of German origin +is <i>Leopardi</i>, corresponding with the O.G. Leopard, for Liubhard +(<i>liub</i>, love, and <i>hard</i>, fortis). There was a Lombard named Leopard +who was abbot of Nonantola in Italy in the tenth century. Then we have +<i>Amalungi</i>, from the O.G. Amalung, fifth century, a patronymic form, +"son of Amal or Amala," the (perhaps mythical) forerunner of the Goths. +The French have the name, <i>Hamel</i> and <i>Ameling</i>, and we have <i>Hammill</i>, +<i>Hamling</i>, and <i>Hambling</i>. This is another of the cases in which a name<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span> +has outlived its etymon; we know that <i>amal</i> was a word of honourable +meaning, but as to its origin even the patient research of the Germans +has failed to find a clue. The name <i>Amalthius</i> may also be taken as +certainly German, from <i>amal</i> as above, and the common Old German ending +<i>thius</i>, <i>dio</i>, or <i>tio</i>, servant, though we do not find a name to +correspond in the <i>Altdeutsches Namenbuch</i>. There was also a painter +<i>Amalteo</i>, whose name is a variation of the same. Another name which I +take to be German, without finding the ancient name to correspond, is +<i>Boiardo</i>, <i>boi</i> (supposed by the Germans to mean Bavarian) being a +common prefix in Old German names, and <i>hard</i> one of the most common +endings. The French have, among other names derived from their Frankish +ancestors, the corresponding names <i>Boyard</i> and <i>Poyard</i>, and we +ourselves have <i>Byard</i>, which I take to be from the same origin. Then we +have <i>Berni</i> (O.G. Berno), <i>Bernini</i> (O.G. Bernin), and <i>Beroaldus</i> +(O.G. Berowald).</p> + +<p>There remain yet two distinguished names, <i>Alfieri</i> and <i>Guarini</i>. The +former may be from the O.G. Alfheri, <i>alf</i>, elf, and <i>heri</i>, warrior, +the sense contained in the former word being perhaps that of occult +wisdom. Hence it would correspond with our surnames <i>Albery</i> and +<i>Aubery</i>, Alfheri and Albheri being convertible Old German names. +<i>Guarini</i> may, with somewhat more of certainty, be taken to be from the +Old Frankish name Guarin, formed on the principle already referred to on +other Old German names, Warin and Warno. Hence our names <i>Warren</i> and +<i>Warne</i>, and the French <i>Guérin</i>. The Wearningas, "sons or descendants +of Wearn," are among the early<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span> Saxon settlers referred to in Chapter +IV., and Warin is found as an early name in the <i>Liber Vitæ</i>. There are +some other names which may very possibly be of German origin, but the +form of which is not sufficiently distinct to make the connection +generally intelligible.</p> + +<p>I conclude this chapter with a suggestion as to the possibly German +origin of one who but of late occupied a considerable place in European +politics, viz. <i>Gambetta</i>. This name is of Italian origin, and I venture +to think may be one of those given to Italy by the Germans, and perhaps +most probably by the Lombards. There was a Gambad who ruled over Ticino +in the ancient duchy of Milan, and was subsequently driven out by +Pertharit, who thereupon became the ruler of the whole of Lombardy. +Gambad seems to be probably a Lombard form of Ganbad (<i>gan</i>, magic, or +fascination, and <i>bad</i>, war), or it might be of Gandbad (<i>gand</i>, wolf), +both ancient German stems. This name Gambad would in French take the +form of Gambette,<a name="FNanchor_53_53" id="FNanchor_53_53"></a><a href="#Footnote_53_53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a> and in Italian of Gambetta. It would be curious if +this name were one left behind by the Lombards (or possibly even the +Franks) in their invasion of Italy, and restored to France to rouse her +to a gallant though unavailing attempt to stem the tide of another +German invasion. And very suitable too would be the name, in the sense +of magic or fascination, to one whose energy and eloquence acted as such +a potent spell to revive the drooping courage of his countrymen.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span></p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_50_50" id="Footnote_50_50"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50_50"><span class="label">[50]</span></a> When there are two Old German names, the former is that +which is found in a form most nearly corresponding with the +Italian, the latter is that which may be taken to be the most +correct form.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_51_51" id="Footnote_51_51"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51_51"><span class="label">[51]</span></a> Names of a similar kind are the O.G. Gervid, our <i>Garwood</i>, +signifying "spear-wood." Also the O.G. Asquid, whence +the Ascuit in <i>Domesday</i>, and our present names <i>Asqwith</i> and +<i>Ashwith</i>, signifying "ash-wood," of which spears used to be +made.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_52_52" id="Footnote_52_52"></a><a href="#FNanchor_52_52"><span class="label">[52]</span></a> Diez takes it to be a contraction of Adalgar.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_53_53" id="Footnote_53_53"></a><a href="#FNanchor_53_53"><span class="label">[53]</span></a> As in the French names <i>Gerbet</i> and <i>Herbette</i>, representing +the Old Frankish names Gerbad and Herbad.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IX" id="CHAPTER_IX"></a>CHAPTER IX.</h2> + +<p class="center">VARIOUS UNENUMERATED STEMS.</p> + + +<p>In the present chapter I propose to include a few stems which were not +taken into account in my previous work, or respecting which I may have +something more to say.</p> + +<p>I have referred, at page <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, to Lappenberg's theory, that Franks, +Lombards, and Frisians were associated with the Saxons in the early +invasions of England. His theory seems to be based only upon the general +relations which subsisted between these different tribes, and the +various other occasions on which they are found to have been acting in +concert. I have, in a previous chapter, referred to the subject so far +as the Franks are concerned, and endeavoured to show that there were in +Anglo-Saxon times, and that there are in our names at present, certain +peculiarities which are in accordance with Frankish forms, and so far +favour the theory that Franks were among the early settlers.</p> + +<p>There is another peculiarity which seems to be found in some of the +names of Anglo-Saxon times, the form <i>ch</i> for (as I suppose) <i>g</i>, as in +such a name as Cissa (Chissa) and Cippa (Chippa). Cissa I should<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span> +suppose to be the same name as Gisa, that of a bishop in the time of +Edward the Confessor, and Cippa the same as Gyp in Gypeswich. May not +this be a Frisian form? Chippo comes before us as a name apparently +Frisian.</p> + + +<p class="center">CHIPP, CHIPPING, CHIPMAN, CHEESE, CHESSON, CHESMAN, CHESNUT, CHURN, +CHIRNIE, CHITTY.</p> + +<p>If the above be correct, Chipp, corresponding with an Anglo-Saxon Cippa +found in Cippenham, a Ceapa found in Ceapan hlæw, and Cypa in Cypingas, +also with a Chippo probably Frisian, would be another form of Gibb or +Gipp, <i>geban</i>, to give. And Cheese, which appears as Chese in the +<i>Hundred Rolls</i>, may represent Cissa as another form of Gisa (<i>gis</i>, +hostage). There is a present Friesic name Tsjisse, which, though it +looks more like an attempt to represent a sneeze than anything else, I +take to have the sound of Chissa. Chesson may be taken to be from the +ending in <i>en</i>, p. <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, and Chesnut might be from the ending <i>noth</i>, +bold, frequent in Anglo-Saxon names. Churn and Chirney, corresponding +with an O.G. Chirno, and perhaps with the Cearningas among the early +settlers, might come in here as another form of <i>gern</i>, eager. And +Chitty, perhaps the same name as that found in the Cidingas, may +possibly be, on the same principle, another form of Giddy, Kiddy, or +Kitty (stem <i>gid</i>, hilaris).</p> + + +<p class="center">MUMM, MUMMY, MUMMERY.</p> + +<p>There are a few Old German names, mostly of women, in Mam and Mum. And +there are also two<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span> Old Frankish women's names, Mamma and Momma +(apparently overlooked by Foerstemann), in the <i>Pol. Irm.</i> It seems +difficult to take these names as from anything else than the +widely-spread word signifying mother. In an age when names sat much more +lightly than they do now, one might fancy such a word superseding a +woman's original name. I can even conceive the possibility of such a +name, its origin having somewhat passed out of sight, being given in a +masculine form to a son. We have several instances in the <i>Pol. Irm.</i> of +such a custom; for instance, where, the mother being called Genesia, the +son is called Genesius, and the mother being called Deodata, the son is +called Deodatus. However, this cannot be taken for anything more than a +somewhat speculative suggestion. As in present use, the French name Mumm +is well known in connection with dry champagne; the Germans have Muhm, +and though I am not quite certain of Mumm as an English name, I think we +may count upon Mummy (ending in <i>i</i>, p. <a href="#Page_24">24</a>). Mummery might be a compound +(<i>hari</i>, warrior), but from the facility with which <i>n</i> passes into <i>m</i>, +I should be more disposed to take it to be a corruption of Munnery, +corresponding with an O.G. Munihari, Goth. <i>munan</i>, to think.</p> + + +<p class="center">BODY, FREEBODY, GOODBODY, LIGHTBODY, PEABODY, HANDSOMEBODY.</p> + +<p><i>Body</i> I take to be from O.N. <i>bodi</i>, envoy or messenger. It is found as +an ending in many ancient names, particularly among the Saxons. And in +our surnames it appears sometimes as representing<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span> ancient names, and +sometimes more probably as a sobriquet of a later period. In the +"Household Expences" of Eleanor, Countess of Montford, A.D. 1265, the +names of her three messengers are given as Treubodi, Gobithesty, and +Slingaway. These are all sobriquets,—Treubody is "trusty messenger," +Gobithesty is from A.S. <i>sti</i>, a footpath, hence the name may be +equivalent to "short-cut," and the last explains itself. Our name +Handsomebody has clearly been a sobriquet of the same kind, and, +referring to the older sense of "handsome," means a handy or useful +messenger. Peabody, which I think may have been originally Pipbody, from +<i>pipr</i>, swift, active, may also have been a sobriquet. So may Goodbody +and Lightbody, but it is by no means certain. We might take our +Lightfoot to have been a sobriquet, but we find a corresponding name, +Lytafus (<i>fus</i>, foot) on Roman pottery. Freebody probably represents the +O.G. Frithubodo, compounded with <i>frith</i>, peace.</p> + + +<p class="center">BRAGG, BRACKIE, BRAY, PRAY, BRAGAN, BRACKEN, BRAIN, BRACKING, BRACKETT, +BRAYMAN, BRAKEMAN, BREWIN.</p> + +<p>There are two different origins from which this stem might be derived, +A.S. <i>brego</i>, king, ruler, and A.S. <i>bracan</i>, to break, subdue, crush, +the former being perhaps preferable upon the whole. There are but very +few names in Old German, and Foerstemann does not make any suggestion as +to the origin.</p> + +<p>A.S. Bræg (found in Brægeshale), Bracca (found in Braccanheal). O.G. +Brachio, Thuringian, sixth century. Eng. Bragg, Brackie, Bray, Pray.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center">Ending in <i>en</i>, p. <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</p> + +<p>A.S. Bregen (found in Bregnesford). Eng. Bragan, Bracken, Brain.</p> + + +<p class="center">Ending in <i>el</i>, prob. diminutive.</p> + +<p>A.S. Brakel (found in Brakelesham). Eng. Breakell.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Patronymic.</i></p> + +<p>Eng. Bracking.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Compounds.</i></p> + +<p>(<i>Had</i>, war?), A.S. Breged (found in Bregedeswere)—Eng. Brackett. +(<i>Man</i>, vir), Eng. Brakeman, Brayman (Mod. G. Brackmann, French +Braquemin). (<i>Wine</i>, friend), A.S. Bregowin (Archbishop of +Canterbury)—Eng. Brewin.</p> + + +<p class="center">LORD, LORDING.</p> + +<p>We may take the above to be the same as an A.S. Lorta and Lorting, +p. <a href="#Page_100">100</a>. And whatever may be the origin, it is certainly not A.S. <i>hlaford</i>, +Eng. "lord." There are two isolated names in the <i>Altdeutsches +Namenbuch</i>, Laurad and Lorad, both seventh century, of which the +Anglo-Saxon name seems not improbably to be a contraction. The word +concerned might be A.S. <i>lâr</i>, lore, learning, Old North. <i>lærdr</i> +(larad?), learned. Stark however seems to take Laurad and Lorad to be +Celtic. But in the genealogy of the sons of Woden in the <i>Edda</i> of +Snorro occurs the name Loride, which, though Snorro's names are not +always trustworthy, seems to point to the existence of an ancient +Teutonic name corresponding with those in the <i>Altdeutsches Namenbuch</i>, +and so far to favour the derivation which I have suggested.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center">STUDD, STOTT, STOUT, STUTTER, STODDART, STUDEARD. STITT, STEED, STADD, +STIDOLPH.</p> + +<p>We find Anglo-Saxon names to account for all the names of the former of +these two groups, viz., Stut, Stuter (<i>her</i>, warrior), and Stutard +(<i>hard</i>, fortis). The word concerned does not seem to have anything to +do with Eng. "stout," which seems to have lost an <i>l</i>, and to have been +originally <i>stolt</i>. The group is no doubt parallel with the second +group, which is more distinctly represented in Old German names, and +which may be referred to O.N. <i>stedia</i>, firmare, <i>staddr</i>, constitutus, +A.S. <i>stide</i>, <i>stith</i>, firm, steadfast; our Stidolph corresponding with +an O.G. Stadolf, and a Stithuulf in the <i>Liber Vitæ</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center">FOGG, FOGGO, FUDGE, FEW.</p> + +<p>There are Old German names Focco and Fucco, for which Foerstemann +proposes O.N. <i>fok</i>, flight. And there is a Fuca, rather probably a +corresponding name, on Roman pottery. Among the Anglo-Saxons we have +Focingas, early settlers in Kent. Also Focga and Fucg, deduced from +place-names, p. <a href="#Page_99">99</a>. Foerstemann seems to take this as the stem on which +is formed <i>fugal</i>, fowl, bird.</p> + + +<p class="center">FLAGG, FLACK, FLECK, FLUCK, FLY, FLEA, FLEW.</p> + +<p>The Fleccingas are among the early settlers inferred by Mr. Kemble. And +there are also Anglo-Saxon names Flegg, Flecg, and Flogg, deduced from +place-names, p. <a href="#Page_99">99</a>. The name Flôki, of a Northman in the <i>Landnamabôk</i>, +also comes in here. There is also<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span> another Northman called Flugu-Grimr, +"Fly or Flyer Grim," a kind of inverted surname. The origin may be taken +to be A.S. <i>fleogan</i>, O.N. <i>fliuga</i>, to fly. And this group may be taken +to be fundamentally parallel with the last.</p> + + +<p class="center">CLEAN, CLINE, KLYNE.</p> + +<p>There is a Clen in the genealogy of the Merovingian kings, and there is +perhaps an A.S. Clena to be deduced from the place-names Clenanford, +Clenancrundel, &c. It may probably be from A.S. <i>clêne</i>, clean, pure. +"The original sense seems to have been bright."—<i>Skeat</i>. This may +probably be the sense in names.</p> + + +<p class="center">SWEARS, SWEARING, SWIRE, SQUIRE, SQUARE, SQUAREY, SQUIRRELL.</p> + +<p>The stem <i>swar</i>, <i>swer</i>, in O.G. names, is referred by Foerstemann to +O.H.G. <i>suari</i>, weighty, important, Goth. <i>swers</i>, honourable. There is +an A.S. Sweor found in a place-name, p. <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, and there is an O.G. +Suaring corresponding with our Swearing. Also a Suara on Roman pottery, +which I take to be German, and to represent the stem of which Suaring is +a patronymic. I take Squire and Square to be phonetic corruptions of +Swire and Swear, and Squirrell to be properly Swirrell, a diminutive.</p> + + +<p class="center">LUMB, LUMP, LUMPKIN.</p> + +<p>Lumbe is also a present German name, and seems to be the same as an O.G. +Lumpe, which Stark takes to be a contraction of some compound name, +perhaps<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span> Lundbert. Lump and the diminutive Lumpkin are from <i>Suffolk +Surnames</i>, and may be German and not English.</p> + + +<p class="center">KNELL, NELLY, NILL, KNELLER.</p> + +<p>Of the Cnyllingas, settled in Northamptonshire, I find no further trace +in Anglo-Saxon times, nor anything to correspond in Old German names. +The name is also a very uncommon one at present, the above Knell, Nelly, +and Nill being all taken from <i>Suffolk Surnames</i>, though Knell at all +events was an English name. Kneller, as the name of the painter, is of +Dutch origin; it seems to be a compound from this stem (<i>hari</i>, +warrior). The origin may perhaps be found in O.N. <i>hnalla</i>, to beat.</p> + + +<p class="center">KNAPP, KNAPPING, KNIBB, KNIPE, KNIPPING, NAF NAPP, NAPKIN, KNIFE, +KNYVETT.</p> + +<p>One of the oldest Low German names on record is Hnaf, mentioned in the +"Traveller's Song," written, as supposed, about the fifth century. There +is a corresponding O.G. Hnabi, eighth century, the origin being, no +doubt, A.S. <i>cnapa</i>, <i>cnafa</i>, son, boy. To this may be placed our names +Knapp, Napp, and the patronymic Knapping. (The name Naf, in <i>Suffolk +Surnames</i>, may possibly not be English.) I also take the A.S. Cnebba<a name="FNanchor_54_54" id="FNanchor_54_54"></a><a href="#Footnote_54_54" class="fnanchor">[54]</a> +to come in here, also Hnibba, found in Hnibbanleah (Hnibba's lea), and +Nybba, found in Nybbanbeorh (Nybba's barrow), and so connect also our +names Knibb, Knipe, and Knipping. Stark also brings in here the name +Cniva, of a Gothic king of the third<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span> century, and Cnivida, also the +name of a Goth, placed by Foerstemann to A.S. <i>cnif</i>, knife. If this be +correct, our name Knife might also come in here, parallel with Knipe, +and also Knyvet as probably a diminutive. Also Napkin, another +diminutive = Germ. <i>knabchen</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center">PIM, PYM.</p> + +<p>The father of the Lombard king Rachis was called Pimo. There is also a +Pymma about the tenth century in the <i>Liber Vitæ</i>. As to the origin of +the name, I am unable to offer any suggestion. It may be, as Stark +opines, a contraction of some compound name.</p> + + +<p class="center">WAMBEY, WAMPEN.</p> + +<p>Wamba was the name of a West-Gothic king in the seventh century, and +there was also a deacon of the same name a few years earlier. I do not +know of it as an Anglo-Saxon name, but I suppose Scott must have had +some authority for introducing it as the name of the jester in +<i>Ivanhoe</i>. The only derivation that can be suggested is from the Goth. +<i>wamba</i>, belly, giving it the meaning of "paunchey." But it was not a +nickname in the case of the Gothic king, for he bore it upon his coins, +and it is difficult, as Stark observes, to suppose such a name for a +king. Finding, however, on certain of his coins the variation Wanba, +Stark is inclined to think that it may be a contraction of some name +such as Wanbert. Was it by literary intuition that Scott pitched upon +such a name for the jester, or did he know of its supposed meaning of +"paunchey"?</p> + +<p>The name may be represented in our Wambey,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span> though it is perhaps quite +as likely to be from some Danish place-name in <i>by</i>, such as Wanby or +Wandby. Wampen, however, if there is such a stem, might be placed to it.</p> + + +<p class="center">STRANG, STRONG, STRANK, STRANGWARD, STRANGWICK, STRINGLE, STRINGFELLOW.</p> + +<p>There are two A.S. forms, <i>strang</i> and <i>streng</i>, represented in the +above. The only Anglo-Saxon names that I can find are a Stranglic dux in +a charter of Ina, and a Streng, found in Strengeshô, "Streng's +grave-mound." Stranglic is the A.S. <i>stranglic</i>, strong, and looks like +a sobriquet which had superseded his original name. Streng might be the +same as far as it is itself concerned, but there is an O.G. Strangulf +(<i>ulf</i>, wolf) which, along with our own names Strangward and Strangwick, +strongly suggests an ancient baptismal name, and a formation in +accordance with the Teutonic system. The last name, Stringfellow, must +have been a sobriquet,—it probably represents a mediæval Strengfelaw, +and has been rather curiously corrupted, owing to the meaning of +<i>streng</i> not being recognised.</p> + + +<p class="center">STRAY, STRAW, STRETCH, STREEK, STRAIN, STRICKETT, STRAIGHT.</p> + +<p>Closely allied to <i>strang</i> and <i>streng</i> are A.S. <i>strac</i> and <i>strec</i>, +violent, powerful, brave, whence I take the above. The only ancient +names to correspond are an O.G. Strago, ninth century, and Strocgo, +eighth century. Strain and Straight represent respectively the forms +Stragin and Stragget, formed with the endings in <i>en</i> and in <i>et</i> +referred to in Chapter II.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center">STARK, STARKIE, STARR, STARCH, STURGE, STURGIN, STURGEON, STERICKER.</p> + +<p>From the A.S. <i>stearc</i>, <i>sterc</i>, O.H.G. <i>starah</i>, <i>starh</i>, stiff, +strong, I take the above. This form <i>starc</i> seems formed by metathesis +from the above <i>strac</i>,—indeed, all the three forms, <i>strang</i>, +<i>strack</i>, and <i>stark</i>, are etymologically very closely allied. This stem +enters distinctly into the Teutonic system, but besides the simple form +Stark, corresponding with O.G. Starco and Staracho, we have only +Stericker, corresponding with an O.G. Starcher (<i>her</i>, warrior).</p> + + +<p class="center">EAVESTAFF, LANGSTAFF, WAGSTAFF, HACKSTAFF, SHAKESTAFF, COSTIFF.</p> + +<p>These names ending in <i>staff</i> might naturally be taken to have been +sobriquets, to be classed along with Shakespear, Breakspear, and other +names of the same kind. But as regards two of them at least, Hackstaff +and Shakestaff, there may be something more to be said. There is an +ending <i>staf</i> in Teutonic names, for which Grimm, referring to Gustaf, +thinks of O.H.G. <i>stab</i>, A.S. <i>staf</i>, staff,—in the sense, as I should +suppose, of baton, or staff of office. There are only discovered as yet +two Old German names with this ending, Chustaff and Sigestab. The +former, which seems to be from <i>cunst</i> or <i>cust</i>, science, learning, may +be the original of the Swedish Gustaf, and possibly of Costiff, one of +the curious names gathered by Mr. Lower. Corresponding with the O.G. +Sigestab, we find an A.S. Sigistef, a moneyer of Coenwulf. And there is +also a Hehstaf, witness to a charter (<i>Thorpe</i>, p. 69). Shakestaff, +then, might be a not very difficult corruption<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span> of Sigestef (which in +the form of Sicestaf would approach still nearer). And Hackstaff might +represent the A.S. Hehstaf, in which the second <i>h</i> was no doubt +strongly aspirated, and might be more like a hard <i>c</i>. I, however, only +bring this forward as a possible explanation; there is quite as much to +be said for the other view, unless other ancient names turn up.</p> + + +<p class="center">NAGLE, NAIL, HARTNOLL, DARNELL, TUFFNELL, HORSENAIL, HOOFNAIL, ISNELL, +BRAZNELL, COPPERNOLL.</p> + +<p>There is in my view no more curious or puzzling set of names than those +which, as above, are derived from <i>nagel</i> or nail, clavis. It appears to +me, though the line is difficult to draw, that they may be divided into +two groups, one of which is the representative of ancient baptismal +names, and the other of surnames of a later, perhaps a mediæval, date.</p> + +<p>Connected with the former we have Nagle and Nail, corresponding with an +O.G. Nagal, ninth century, and an A.S. Negle and Næle, found in +place-names, p. <a href="#Page_101">101</a>. Then there are two Old German compounds, Hartnagal +(hard nail) and Swarnagal (heavy nail), respectively of the eighth and +ninth centuries. The former of these two names we have as Hartnoll, and +the Germans have it as Härtnagel. Then I find two more examples among +the Anglo-Saxons, Spernægle in a charter of manumission at Exeter, and +Dearnagle in a place-name, p. <a href="#Page_98">98</a>. Spernægle is "spear-nail," and +Dearnagle is probably the same, from O.N. <i>dörr</i>, spear. The latter of +these two names we seem to have as Darnell, and the Germans as +Thürnagel. Then we have Tuffnell, which, as Mr.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span> Lower mentions, was in +the seventeenth century spelt Tufnaile, and might be taken to mean +"tough-nail," but for this we find no corresponding ancient name. There +is a Celtic Dufnal, to which, as being a name adopted from them by the +Northmen, and so having an increased chance of being represented, it +might perhaps be placed. But if this be the case (which I rather doubt), +it would have nothing to do with the present group. The sense in these +ancient names may be taken to be a warlike one, as in the case of other +names having the meaning of point or edge, acies. We find Nægling as the +name given by an Anglo-Saxon to his sword, in accordance with the +ancient custom, prevalent both among the Celts and the Saxons, of giving +names to weapons, and this assists to point the meaning as that of edge, +acies. And it seems to me hardly necessary to assume, with Mone +(<i>Heldensage</i>), any connection with the mythological smith, Weland.</p> + +<p>Then there is another set of names of which we have a considerable +number, and the Germans still more, which appear to have been given at a +later period, and to be perhaps, at least in some cases, derived from +trade. Such are Horsnail, and the corresponding German Rosnagel; +Hoofnail, and the German Hufnagel; while there are others, such as +Isnell (iron nail), Coppernoll (and Germ. Kupfernagel), about which I +hardly know what to think.</p> + + +<p class="center">HONE, HEAN, HEANEY, ONKEN, ENNOR, HONNER, HENFREY, ENRIGHT, ONWHYN, +ENOUGH.</p> + +<p>A very common stem in A.S. names is <i>ean</i>, the meaning of which remains +yet unexplained. We<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span> seem to have received it both in the Low German +form <i>ean</i> and the High German form <i>aun</i> or <i>on</i>. The Honingas +(Oningas) among the early settlers must, I think, be placed to it. It is +very apt to intermix with another stem <i>an</i>, to which I formerly placed +a few names which I think should come in here.</p> + + +<p>Stem <i>ean</i>, <i>en</i>, <i>aun</i>, <i>on</i>.</p> + +<p>A.S. Eana, Enna (found in Ennanbeorh), Hean (found in Heanspôl, &c). +Also Onna (found in Onnandun). Hona, found in Honingas. Ona, <i>Lib. Vit.</i> +O.G. Ono, Oni. Eng. Hean, Heaney, Hone. Fries. Onno.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Diminutive.</i></p> + +<p>A.S. Honekyn (found in Honekyntûn, now Hankerton). Eng. Onken.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Compounds.</i></p> + +<p>(<i>Frid</i>, peace), A.S. Eanfrith—O.G. Aunefrit, Onfred—Eng. Henfrey.<a name="FNanchor_55_55" id="FNanchor_55_55"></a><a href="#Footnote_55_55" class="fnanchor">[55]</a> +(<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. Onheri—O.N. Onar—Eng. Honnor, Ennor. (<i>Rad</i>, +<i>Red</i>, counsel), A.S. Eanred—O.G. Onrada—Eng. Enright (=Enrat?). +(<i>Wine</i>, friend), A.S. Eanwini, Inwine (found in Inwines burg)—Eng. +Onwhyn. (<i>Wulf</i>, wolf), A.S. Eanulf—O.G. Aunulf brother of Odoaker, +fifth century—Eng. Enough. (<i>Ward</i> guardian), Eng. Onword.</p> + + +<p class="center">IMPEY, EMPEY, HEMP, HAMP, HAMPER, HEMPER.</p> + +<p>Mr. Kemble finds Impingas in Impington, in Cambridgeshire, though it +would seem incorrectly, as far as the tribe or family is concerned, the +name being only that of a man, Impin. The name Impa<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span> is found also in +Ympanleage, in Worcestershire. A sufficient meaning may perhaps be found +in A.S. <i>impan</i>, to plant, engraft. To this stem I place Impey, Hemp, +and probably Hamp, while Hamper and Hemper may be compounds (<i>hari</i>, +warrior). There is a stem <i>umb</i> in Old German names, which may perhaps +claim relationship.</p> + + +<p class="center">CAUNCE, CHANCE, CHANCEY, CHANCELL, CANSICK, KENSAL, KENSETT.</p> + +<p>The Cenesingas, found by Kemble in Kensington, would, if the +Anglo-Saxons had possessed the requisite letters, have been better +represented by Kenzingas, being, as I take it, from a stem <i>ganz</i>, +<i>genz</i>, <i>kenz</i>, referred by Foerstemann to <i>ganz</i>, integer. I am +inclined to take our names Chance, Chancey, &c., to represent the form +<i>kanz</i> in a softened form, come to us through the Normans. The forms of +the name in the <i>Roll of Battle Abbey</i>, Kancey, Cauncy, and Chauncy, and +the present French names, Cance, Chanceau, and Chanzy, seem to be in +conformity with this view. The French seem to have some other names from +the same stem, as Cançalon (O.G. Gansalin) and Gantzère (O.G. Gentsar). +The forms Cansick, Kensal (both diminutives, and the latter answering to +Chancel), and Kensett, may be taken to represent the native form of the +stem as found in Kenzingas.</p> + + +<p class="center">SNOAD, SNODIN, SNOWDEN (?), SNODGRASS.</p> + +<p>Of the Snotingas, who gave the name to Snotingaham, now Nottingham, we +have not many traces, either in Anglo-Saxon times or at present. There<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span> +are three Anglo-Saxon names, Snode, Snodd, and Snoding, derived from +place-names, p. <a href="#Page_102">102</a>. In Old German names it only occurs as the ending of +two or three names of women. The meaning is to be found in A.S. <i>snot</i>, +prudent, sagacious. The name Snodgrass may be a compound from this stem +as a corruption of Snodgast, though no ancient correspondent has turned +up,—compare Prendergrass, p. <a href="#Page_114">114</a>.</p> + + +<p class="center">THRALE.</p> + +<p>This is a very uncommon name; I never knew of an instance other than +that of the brewer who is handed down to posterity as the friend of +Johnson. So also in ancient times there is only one name on record, +Thralo, for which Foerstemann proposes Old Friesic, <i>thrall</i>, swift, +nimble.</p> + + +<p class="center">EARWAKER, EDDIKER.</p> + +<p>The curious-looking name Earwaker is no doubt the same as an Eueruacer +(Everwacer), in <i>Domesday</i>, from <i>evor</i>, boar, and <i>wacar</i>, watchful, +and it is of interest as supplying a missing link in the study of Old +German names. For the Old German name corresponding to this appears as +Eburacer, and while some other German writers have taken the ending to +be <i>acer</i> (Eng. <i>acre</i>), Foerstemann has, rightly as it is proved, +suggested that it is a contraction of <i>wacer</i>. Similarly the ancient +name Odoacer, of the king of the Heruli, is proved by corresponding +Anglo-Saxon names, Edwaker in a charter of manumission at Exeter, and +Edwacer on coins minted at Norwich (A.S. <i>ed</i> = O.H.G. <i>od</i>), to be +properly Odwacer. From this A.S. Edwaker may be our name Eddiker; and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span> +some others of our names, as <i>Goodacre</i> and <i>Hardacre</i>, may represent +ancient names not yet turned up.<a name="FNanchor_56_56" id="FNanchor_56_56"></a><a href="#Footnote_56_56" class="fnanchor">[56]</a> The second part of the compound, +<i>wacer</i> (whence our <i>Waker</i>), is itself a very ancient stem, being found +on the one hand in the Wacer(ingas), among the early Saxon settlers, and +on the other in the name Vacir, probably Frankish, on Roman pottery.</p> + + +<p class="center">SHAWKEY, CHALKEY, CHALK, CAULK, KELK, CHALKLEN, CALKING, CHALKER, +CHAUCER.</p> + +<p>We may take it that our name Shawkey (Shalkey) is the same as an A.S. +Scealc, p. <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, and as an O.G. Scalco, from <i>scalc</i>, servant. And the +question is, whether our names Caulk, Chalk, and Chalkey, corresponding +with an A.S. Cealca (found apparently in Cealcan gemero), and our name +Kelk, corresponding with an A.S. Celc, p. <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, may not be forms of the +same name without the initial <i>s</i>. Or whether they may be, as I before +suggested, from the tribe-name of the Chauci or Cauci, one of the +peoples included in the Frankish confederation. Of such a stem, however, +there is not any trace in the <i>Altdeutsches Namenbuch</i>, which one might +rather expect to be the case, seeing how fully Old Frankish names are +therein represented. However, I am not able to come to any definite +conclusion respecting this stem, which the forms above cited show to be +an ancient one. The French names Chaussy, Chaussée, Cauche, Cauchy, seem +to be in correspondence, as also Chaussier, comparing with Chaucer, +which, as a softened form, I think may have come through the Normans.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span></p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_54_54" id="Footnote_54_54"></a><a href="#FNanchor_54_54"><span class="label">[54]</span></a> Kemble explains Cnebba as "he that hath a beak," which +would seem to make it a sobriquet. But it certainly seems more +reasonable to bring it into an established stem.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_55_55" id="Footnote_55_55"></a><a href="#FNanchor_55_55"><span class="label">[55]</span></a> This name might also be deduced from another stem.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_56_56" id="Footnote_56_56"></a><a href="#FNanchor_56_56"><span class="label">[56]</span></a> Unless, as seems possible, Goodacre may represent the +Old German name Gundachar.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_X" id="CHAPTER_X"></a>CHAPTER X</h2> + +<p class="center">NAMES WHICH ARE NOT WHAT THEY SEEM.</p> + + +<p>It follows inevitably that, among the multitude of names such as are +included within the scope of this work, there must be many which, though +being of ancient origin, accidentally coincide with other words of +modern meaning. And thus there are several which might be taken to be +from names of women, such as the following:—</p> + + +<p class="center">ANNE, NANNY, BETTY, SALL, MOLL, PEGG, BABB, MAGG, MEGGY, MAY, MAYO, +NELLY, LUCY, KITTY, HANNAH, MAUDE.</p> + +<p>These are all English surnames, and have sometimes been accounted for on +the supposition of illegitimacy. Now, I am very much inclined to doubt +the existence, at least in England, of any names derived from women, +inasmuch as in the whole range of our surnames I do not know of one that +is <i>unmistakably</i> so derived. There is certainly a case, referred to at +p. <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, of a surname ending in <i>trud</i>, a specially female ending, but, as +I have there remarked, it does not necessarily follow that the word is +the same as that used in women's names. There is, moreover, another name +which a little puzzles me, <i>Goodeve</i>,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span> which looks as if it were from +the A.S. Godgefa, later Godiva. This is from a special female ending, +and I know of no corresponding masculine. But this might be an +exceptional case, for I doubt not that many a child in England, and +possibly even boys, with an unwonted masculine ending, might be called +after the noble woman who freed her people from the tax—</p> + +<p class="center">"And made herself an everlasting name."</p> + +<p>However, whether this might be so or not, the case seems scarcely +sufficient of itself to establish the principle. And with regard to +names such as those of which I am now treating, the resemblance is only +apparent, and, as I shall proceed to show, these are all in reality +ancient names of men. Anna, for instance, was a king of the East Angles, +and Moll the name of a king of Northumbria. Anna, Betti, Salla, Moll, +Pega, are early men's names in the <i>Liber Vitæ</i>, and all of the above +are to be found in some kindred form in the <i>Altdeutsches Namenbuch</i>. +And some of these names still bear their ancient meaning on their front, +thus Pegg is the "pegger," and Moll (or Maule, the more proper form) is +the "mauler," the stem being referred to Goth. <i>mauljan</i>, to maul.</p> + +<p>To take, then, these names in order, Anne, which corresponds with many +ancient names besides that of the king of the East Angles, among others +with that of an Anna, Archbishop of Cologne in the eleventh century, may +be referred to O.H.G. <i>ano</i>, ancestor. And Hannah (more properly Hanna) +is, with the ending in <i>a</i>, p. <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, the same as Hanney and Hann, probably +from the same stem, the <i>h</i> being falsely assumed. Nanny corresponds +with an O.G. Nanno,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span> referred to Goth. <i>nanthian</i>, audere. Betty, along +with which we must take Batty, is to be referred to A.S. <i>beado</i>, O.H.G. +<i>bado</i>, war, found in many ancient names. Sall, along with Sala, is from +a stem, p. <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, supposed by Foerstemann to mean dark. Kitty, along with +Kitt and Kitto, and also Kidd, corresponding with an A.S. Cydd, p. <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, +and a Cyda, in the <i>Liber Vitæ</i>, is from a stem <i>gid</i>, <i>kit</i>, referred +to A.S. <i>giddian</i>, to sing. Babb, corresponding with an A.S. Babba, the +name of a moneyer, and other ancient names, is from a stem which +Foerstemann thinks must have been originally derived from "children's +speech." Magg and Meggy, corresponding with an A.S. Mæg and Mecga, and +an O.G. Megi, are from a stem referred to Goth. <i>magan</i>, posse, valere; +and May, along with Mayo, corresponding with an O.G. Maio, and perhaps +with a Maio on Roman pottery, is a softened form of the same. Lucy +corresponds with an O.G. Liuzi, a High German form from <i>liud</i>, people, +and I think must have come to us through the Normans. Nelly, along with +Knell, is referred to at p. <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, as probably from O.N. <i>hnalla</i>, to +beat. Maude stands on a somewhat different footing from the rest, the +surname being really in this case from the same origin as the woman's +name. But the woman's name, as I shall endeavour to show in the next +chapter, owes its origin to an ancient mistake, and is properly a man's +name.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Names apparently from Animals.</i></p> + +<p>Many of the names apparently from animals are also to be otherwise +explained. A few of the nobler animals, as the bear, the wolf, and the +boar, are to be found in the names of men throughout the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span> Teutonic +system. The lion also and the horse occur, though by no means so +commonly. The <i>urus</i>, or wild ox, appears to have contributed a few +names, of which our <i>Ure</i> may be one. I have met with the fox in one +single instance, that of a Northman, Füks, on a runic inscription quoted +by Stevens, though it is rather probable that Foxes beorh, "Fox's +barrow" (Kemble, <i>Cod. Dip.</i>), may also be from the name of a man. Among +birds, the eagle, the raven, and the swan were common throughout the +Teutonic system, the last, among the Germans, more especially in the +names of women. To account for this, Weinhold observes that along with +the beauty of the swan was contained a warlike sense derived from the +swan plumage of the maids of Odin. But among the Danes and the Saxon +sea-rovers Swan seems to have been common as a man's name, and in this +case the idea was more probably that of the way in which the swan rides +the waters as the ideal of a rover's life. The eagle, the raven, the +swan, the hawk, and the finch seem to be found in the Earningas, the +Ræfningas, the Suaningas, the Haucingas, and the Fincingas, among our +early settlers, though the two last do not seem to occur in the Teutonic +system generally. I doubt all names that appear to be from fishes, and, +with one notable exception, all names that appear to be from reptiles or +insects. That exception is the snake, which was in special favour for +the names of men among the Danes and Northmen, there being no fewer than +twenty-four men called Ormr (worm or snake) in the <i>Landnamabôk</i> of +Iceland. Hence the name <i>Orme</i>, rather common among us, and the Saxon +form <i>Worm</i>, not by any means common. Among<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span> the Germans the snake was, +according to Weinhold, who looks upon it as the type of fascination and +insinuation, in especial favour for the names of women. The two +principal words in use among them were <i>lind</i> (O.H.G. <i>lint</i>, snake) and +<i>ling</i> (O.N. <i>lingvi</i>, serpent). Hence may be our <i>Lind</i> and <i>Lindo</i>, +corresponding with an O.G. Linto; and <i>Ling</i> and <i>Lingo</i>, corresponding +with an O.G. Lingo, and an O.N. Lingi. But both of these derivations are +somewhat uncertain, and especially the former, for I venture to think +that <i>lind</i>, gentle, is at least as appropriate for women as <i>lind</i>, +snake. To come then to the names which I take to be otherwise explained.</p> + + +<p class="center">CAMEL, LEOPARD, BUCK, PIGG, RABBIT, CAT, RAT, MOUSE, SQUIRRELL. GOOSE, +GOSLING, GANDER, DUCK, DUCKLING, OSTRICH, LARK, WREN. FISH, SHARK, +DOLPHIN, SALMON, TROUT, WHITING, SMELT, HADDOCK, HERRING, TUNNY, SPRATT, +MINNOW, LAMPREY. MOTH, MOTE, FLY, FLEA, EARWIG, EMMETT.</p> + +<p>Of the above, Camel is another form of Gamol, signifying old; there is a +Northman called Kamol in a runic inscription in Stevens. Leopard (see p. +<a href="#Page_151">151</a>) is a corruption of Liubhard. Buck is found among the early Saxon +settlers, also as an O.G. Bucco, and a Buccus, rather probably German, +on Roman pottery, and may be taken to be another form of Bugg, p. <a href="#Page_3">3</a>. +Pigg, corresponding with an O.G. Pigo, must be referred to the same stem +as Pegg, viz. <i>bichen</i>, to slash. Rabbit is no doubt the same as a +Rabbod, a "Duke of the Frisians" mentioned by Roger of Wendover, a +contraction of Radbod, p. <a href="#Page_119">119</a>. Catt, along with Cattey,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span> is another form +of Gatty, corresponding with an O.G. Gatto (<i>gatten</i>, to unite). Ratt, +corresponding with a French Ratte, may be referred to an O.G. Rato +(<i>rad</i> or <i>rat</i>, counsel). Along with Mouse I take Moss, also a present +German Muss, and a French Mousse, all of which may be referred to an +O.G. Muoza, a High German form of <i>môd</i>, <i>môt</i>, courage; this name +having rather probably come to us through the Normans. Squirrell I have +referred to at p. <a href="#Page_160">160</a>. Goose and Gosling I also take to have probably +come to us through the Normans, as representing a High German form of +the stem <i>gaud</i> (supposed to mean Goth). There are to compare French +names Gousse, Gosselin, Josselin, corresponding with Old German names +Gauso and Gauzelin, the latter a diminutive. Hence also, as a Christian +name, Jocelyn, of Old Frankish origin, come to us through the Normans. +Gander is from an A.S. Gandar, referred to in its place as a compound of +<i>gand</i>, probably signifying wolf. Duck, corresponding with a Duce (hard +<i>c</i>) in the <i>Liber Vitæ</i>, is another form of Tuck, as in the Tucingas, +early settlers in Kemble's list, from the stem <i>dug</i>, A.S. <i>dugan</i>, to +be "doughty." And Duckling, corresponding with an A.S. Duceling, p. <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, +and an O.G. Dugelin, is a diminutive (like Gosling) from the same stem. +Ostrich represents an O.G. Austoric, and an A.S. Estrich (<i>Auster</i> or +<i>Easter</i> orientalis). Wren, along with Rennie and Renno, is from a stem +referred to <i>ran</i>, rapine; though it may also be the same name as Rain, +from <i>ragin</i>, counsel. Lark and Laverock are perhaps a little uncertain; +we find Anglo-Saxon names Lauerc, Lauroca, and Laferca, which might be +from the A.S. <i>laferc</i>, O.E. <i>laverock</i>, lark. On the whole, however, I +am rather more<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span> disposed to take them to be from Lafer among the early +settlers (not I think a compound) with the diminutive ending <i>ec</i>, and +similarly I would take Leverett to be formed from the same word, <i>lafer</i> +or <i>lefer</i>, with the (perhaps also diminutive) ending <i>et</i>.</p> + +<p>Coming to names apparently from fishes, I question very much whether +Fiske and Fish are from A.S. <i>fisc</i>, pisces, though Foerstemann, in +default of a better, gives that meaning in an ancient name, Fisculf. I +think it is one of the cases in which a meaning is to be got from the +Celtic, and take it that the Welsh <i>ffysg</i>, impetuous, supplies the +sense that is required, of which also some slight traces are to be found +in Teutonic dialects. Shark and Sharkey I take to be the same name as +Sere in the <i>Liber Vitæ</i>, from A.S. <i>serc</i>, Sco. "sark," shirt, in the +sense of a shirt of mail. It is formed, according to Diefenbach, upon a +stem <i>sar</i> or <i>ser</i>, signifying armatura, p. <a href="#Page_62">62</a>; whence an O.G. Saracho, +corresponding with the above. The Sercings are a tribe or family +mentioned in the "Traveller's Song," and in connection with the Serings:</p> + +<p class="center">"With the Sercings I was, and with the Serings."</p> + +<p>The connection between the two, however, is here probably only for the +sake of the alliteration. Dolphin is the Danish name Dolgfinnr, p. <a href="#Page_48">48</a>. +There was a Dolfin, presumably of Scandinavian origin, governor of +Carlisle in the time of Rufus. Herring and Whiting are both from the +Anglo-Saxon patronymic, p. <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, and Haddock, with the M.G. Hädicke, is a +diminutive from the stem <i>had</i>, war, p. <a href="#Page_54">54</a>. Tunny, along with Tunn and +Tunno (Tunna, <i>Lib. Vit.</i>), is another form of Dunn, a common +Anglo-Saxon name. Spratt I class along with Sprout and Sprott, comparing +them with an O.G.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span> Sprutho, as from Goth, <i>sprauto</i>, nimble, active. And +Minnow, along with Minn and Minney, corresponding with an O.G. Minna, +may be taken to be from A.S. <i>myn</i>, love, affection. Salmon is the same +as an O.G. Salaman, from, as supposed, <i>salo</i>, dark; and Trout may be +the same as an O.G. Truto, probably signifying beloved. Smelt may be +taken to be from A.S. <i>smelt</i>, gentle; it occurs once as the name of an +Anglo-Saxon, but does not seem to be a word entering into the Teutonic +system, and may have been originally a sobriquet. Lamprey I have already +referred to, p. <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, as a probable corruption of Landfred.</p> + +<p>Of names apparently from insects, Moth and Mote (Mote, <i>Hund. Rolls</i>) +are probably the same as an O.G. Moata, from <i>môd</i>, <i>môt</i>, courage, +German <i>muth</i>. Fly and Flea are included in a stem, p. <a href="#Page_159">159</a>; and Emmet +may be taken to be from A.S. <i>emita</i>, quies, found in several ancient +names. Earwig I have taken, p. <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, to be a contraction of Evorwig, as +Earheart of Everhard, and Earwaker of Evorwacer.<a name="FNanchor_57_57" id="FNanchor_57_57"></a><a href="#Footnote_57_57" class="fnanchor">[57]</a> Many other names of +the same sort might be adduced, but those I have given will I think be +sufficient for the purpose.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Names apparently from Office or Occupation</i>:</p> + +<p class="center">LORD, EARL, ABBOTT, NUNN, BISHOP, PRIEST, ALDERMAN, PRENTICE, PRINCE, +HAYWARD, HOWARD, ANGLER, ARCHER, AUTHER, FARRIER, HURLER, PLAYER, +MARINER, WARNER, WALKER, PLOWMAN, ARKWRIGHT, HARTWRIGHT, SIEVEWRIGHT, +GOODWRIGHT.</p> + +<p>Lord, as noted at p. <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, can hardly be from A.S. <i>hlaford</i>, Eng. lord. +Earl, however, along<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span> with Early, seems to be the same word as Eng. +"earl," though as a name entering into the Teutonic system it is only a +word of general honorific meaning, and may not represent any man who +ever bore the title. Abbott I take to be the same as an A.S. Abbod, p. +<a href="#Page_96">96</a>, the stem being, as supposed, from Goth. <i>aba</i>, man. Nunn, along with +Nunney and Noon, compares with Nun, the name of a kinsman of Ina, king +of Wessex, and with O.G. Nunno and Nunni, the meaning of which seems +somewhat obscure. Bishop, at least in its origin, can hardly have been +from the office, for there is a Biscop in the genealogy of the kings of +the Lindisfari, who must of course have been a heathen. The name in this +case may be a compound of <i>bis</i> (closely allied to <i>bas</i>, p. <a href="#Page_5">5</a>) and A.S. +<i>côf</i>, strenuous, which we find as the ending of some other A.S. names. +But after the advent of Christianity, a man, though inheriting the old +name, would no doubt wear it with a difference. Priest must, I think, be +what it seems, there is a witness to a charter (<i>Thorpe</i>, p. 69) whose +name is Preost, and whose description is "presbyter"; his original name, +whatever it was, must have been so completely superseded by that of his +office that at last he accepted it himself, and signed accordingly. +Alderman I have taken, p. <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, to be, even in Anglo-Saxon times, a +corruption. Such a name, as derived from office, could hardly be borne +by an Anglo-Saxon, unless, indeed, as a sobriquet, superseding his +original name. So also Prentice, from an A.S. Prentsa, I take to be due +to a corruption in Anglo-Saxon times. I am not sure that Prince may not +be from the same name, Prentsa, dropping the vowel-ending and becoming +Prents. A<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span> name which has been mistakenly supposed to be from some +office of agricultural oversight is Hayward; it is however an ancient +name, more properly Agward or Egward. Howard, which has been sometimes +confounded with it, is an entirely different name, the O.N. Hâvardr +(<i>hâ</i>, high), introduced I think by the Danes or Northmen.</p> + +<p>Some names formed with <i>wright</i>, as Arkwright, Hartwright, Sievewright, +and Goodwright, will be found in their places in Chapter III. as, +according to my view, ancient compounds. I might perhaps add Boatwright, +from an O.G. Buotrit, and also Cheesewright, for which we have the stem, +p. <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, though no ancient form to represent this particular compound. +The Wrihtingas, in Kemble's list of early settlers, I take to be +properly Ritingas, from a stem <i>rit</i>, supposed to be the same as Eng. +"ride," though perhaps in an older and more general sense of rapid +motion. Many names ending in <i>er</i>, as Ambler, Angler, Archer, Auther, +&c., are in reality from an ancient ending in <i>har</i>, signifying warrior. +Ambler represents an O.G. Amalher, p. <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, Angler an O.G. Angilher, p. +<a href="#Page_42">42</a>, Archer an O.G. Erchear, p. <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, and Auther an O.G. Authar, p. <a href="#Page_42">42</a>. +Farrier, along with Ferrier, may represent an O.G. Feriher, p. <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, and +Hurler an O.G. Erlehar, from the stem <i>erl</i> already referred to. Gambler +represents an O.G. Gamalher, and Player is the same as an A.S. Plegher, +from <i>pleg</i>, play, probably the play of battle. Then we have Mariner and +Marner, which, with French Marinier and Marnier, may be referred to an +O.G. Marnehar (<i>mar</i>, famous), and in a similar manner Warrener and +Warner may be taken to be from an O.G. Warnehar (Warin = Wern). Among<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span> +names of this class we may also include Walker, of which there is +abundant instance as an ancient name. Kemble has Wealceringas among the +early settlers, as well as also Wealcingas representing the stem on +which it is formed, probably A.S. <i>wealh</i>, stranger. There was in after +Anglo-Saxon times a Walchere, bishop of Lindisfarne, and Ualcar is found +in a runic inscription in Stevens; while, as O.G. names, we have +Walachar and Walchar, and as a present German name we have Walcher. +However, in view of the commonness of this name, it is perhaps only +reasonable to suppose an admixture from A.S. <i>wealcere</i>, a fuller.</p> + +<p>I may here observe that this same ending, <i>har</i>, so common in ancient +names, give us many names which have the appearance of a comparative, +such as <i>Harder</i>, <i>Paler</i>, <i>Richer</i>, &c., and in its other form, <i>hari</i>, +many names such as <i>Armory</i>, <i>Buttery</i>, <i>Gunnery</i>, <i>Flattery</i>, which we +have also in the other form as <i>Armor</i>, <i>Butter</i>, <i>Gunner</i>, and +<i>Flatter</i> (<i>flat</i>, formosus).</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Names apparently from Times and Seasons.</i></p> + +<p>The names of this sort have generally been supposed to be derived from a +person having been born at some particular time. That there are names of +this sort, such as Christmas, Noel, and Midwinter, we cannot for a +moment doubt, but, judging by the early records of our names, they are +of very rare occurrence, and I conceive that in the majority of cases +names of such appearance are to be otherwise accounted for.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center">SUNDAY, MONDAY, FRIDAY, HOLIDAY, LOVEDAY, HOCKADAY, PENTECOST, LAMMAS, +LAMAISON, SUMMER, WINTER, JANUARY.</p> + +<p>Sunday may be Sunda, comparing with an O.G. Sundo, and an A.S. Sunta, +perhaps from <i>sund</i>, sea. Similarly Munday may be Munda, to be referred, +along with Mundy, to <i>mund</i>, protection, and comparing with an O.G. +Mundo. The other four names ending in <i>day</i> seem to represent ancient +compounds, and in what sense these were given it is difficult to say. +Friday corresponds with an O.G. Frittag and with an A.S. Frigedæg, p. +<a href="#Page_99">99</a>, Holiday with an O.G. Halegdag, Loveday (Luiedai in Domesday) with an +O.G. Liopdag (<i>liub</i>, love), and Hockaday, with a present French Hocedé, +with an O.G. Hodag (<i>hoh</i> or <i>hoch</i>, high). From the character of these +names, compounded with "high," "holy," "peace," and "love," they might +be supposed to have been given in a religious sense, and their date, the +ninth century, would be in conformity. The Anglo-Saxon name Frigedæg, it +will be observed, is from the same word as our "Friday," and not the +same as the Old German name, which is from <i>frid</i>, peace. But it seems +to me quite possible that the Anglo-Saxons, having received the name, +might mistake its meaning and spell it according to their own views. +This they seem to do in some other cases, as, for instance, the stem +<i>wit</i>, common to the Teutonic system, and rather probably from <i>wid</i>, +wood, they seem to take as from <i>wiht</i>, man, and spell it accordingly. +Summer and Winter are both ancient names; in the <i>Cod. Dip. Alamanniæ</i> +there are two brothers called respectively<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span> Sumar and Winter, A.D. 858. +Winter was also the name of one of the companions of Hereward the Saxon. +Pentecost I have elsewhere supposed, p. <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, to be a corruption of +Pentecast, as an ancient name. I rather doubt Lammas, which is found as +Lammasse in the <i>Hundred Rolls</i>, and which corresponds with a French +Lamas. Lamisso was the name of a Lombard king of the fifth century, and +was derived, according to an old chronicler, from <i>lama</i>, water, because +in his youth the king had been rescued from drowning—a derivation which +may perhaps be regarded with some suspicion. Taking Lammas then as the +representative of an ancient name, we might get from it our name +Lamaison (ending in <i>en</i>, p. <a href="#Page_27">27</a>), though if Lammas were from the +diminutive ending is, <i>es</i>, p. <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, it could not take a German <i>en</i> in +addition; in this case the ending must be Romanic, which, from the +French form of the name, seems very possible. As to the name January, I +am inclined to look upon it as a corruption of another name, Jennery, +which, along with Jenner, I take to be the same as the Old German names +Genear and Ginheri, from, as supposed, <i>gan</i>, magic or fascination.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Names apparently from Parts of the Body.</i></p> + +<p class="center">HEAD, BODY, ARMS, LEGG, LEGGY, LEGLESS, FINGER, HEART, EARHEART, SIDE, +BACK, ELBOW, FOOTE, TONGUE. (LAWLESS, BOOKLESS, FAIRLESS, RECKLESS), +FAIRFOOT, TRUEFITT.</p> + +<p>With the exception of Foote and Tongue, I do not think that any of the +above are what they seem. Head seems to be probably the same as A.S. +Hedda, which, like another name, Hada, seems to be from<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span> <i>had</i>, war. +Body is clearly from <i>bodi</i>, messenger, p. <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, and Arms is from an +ancient origin, p. <a href="#Page_19">19</a>. Legg I take to be the same as Law, A.S. <i>lag</i>, +found in several ancient names. Hence I take Legless to be the same as +Lawless, and both to mean "learned in the law," from an ancient ending +<i>leis</i>, explained by Foerstemann as "learned." This gives something like +a meaning to some other names, as Bookless; "book-learned"; Fairless, +"travel-learned"; perhaps Reckless (A.S. <i>reccan</i>, to reck, understand). +Finger is a Scandinavian name, p. <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, Heart is a false spelling of +<i>hart</i>, hard, and Earheart is Everard, p. <a href="#Page_49">49</a>. Side is from an A.S. Sida, +p. <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, and Back (Bacca and Bacga in the <i>Lib. Vit.</i>) is another form of +Bagge, <i>bagan</i>, to contend. Elbow I take to be Elbo, from <i>alb</i> or +<i>alf</i>, signifying "elf." Foote may be taken to be what it seems, though +I think that such a name must have had a vowel-ending, as its meaning +must be "footy," <i>i.e.</i> nimble, as "handy," from hand. Comparing with +our Foote there is a name Fus on Roman pottery, which, see p. <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, it is +clear from his little joke, that the owner took to be from <i>fus</i>, foot. +It does not follow, as a matter of course, that the old potter knew the +meaning of his own name; there is a word <i>funs</i>, sometimes <i>fus</i>, +occurring in O.G. names in the supposed meaning of eager; this word +would more appropriately be used without a vowel-ending than would +<i>fus</i>, foot. Foerstemann has a name, Fussio, which does not, however, +throw any light upon it. Another name, however, also found on Roman +pottery, Lytafus, corresponding with our Lightfoot, rather seems to +favour the meaning of <i>fus</i>, foot. Two other names of a similar kind to +Lightfoot are<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span> Fairfoot (properly Farefoot; <i>faran</i>, to go, travel), and +Truefitt (properly Truefoot) a name like Treubodi, p. <a href="#Page_26">26</a>. The last name, +Tongue, corresponds with an O.G. Tungo, which I take to be from <i>tung</i>, +lingua, probably in the sense of eloquence. We must presume the name not +to be High German.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Names apparently from Trees.</i></p> + +<p>Names from trees have been generally taken to be derived from a local +origin, as marking the site of a man's habitation. There are, however, a +number of names which I take in some, or in all cases, to be from a +different origin.</p> + + +<p class="center">ASH, ASKE, ASKEY, BEECH, BIRCH, ALDER, OAKE, OAKEY, IVY, LINDEN, THORNE, +HASELL, WILLOW, SYCAMORE, CHESNUT, ROWANTREE.</p> + +<p>Aske or Ashe represents an ancient stem in Teutonic names, perhaps +derived from a mythological origin, man being feigned to have been +created out of an ash-tree, perhaps from being the wood out of which +spears were made (Cf. <i>Asquith</i>, p. 148). The Ascingas were among the +early settlers, and Æsc was the name of the son of Hengest. Hence I take +our names, Ash, Aske, and Askey, with several compounds. The Bircingas +were also among the early settlers; the stem seems to be <i>birg</i>, +supposed to mean protection, and entering into a number of names +throughout the Teutonic system. Alder, which corresponds with an A.S. +Aldher, and an O.G. Althar, is a compound of <i>ald</i>, old, and <i>hari</i>, +warrior. The oak, as the symbol of strength, would seem suitable for +men's<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span> names, but upon the whole it seems more probable that Oake and +Oakey, Aikin (A.S. Acen, p. <a href="#Page_96">96</a>) and Aikman (A.S. Æcemann, p. <a href="#Page_96">96</a>), are +from <i>ac</i>, <i>ec</i>, perhaps "edge," acies. Ivy is the same as Ive with a +vowel-ending, and compares with an O.G. Ivo, and an A.S. Iffa, perhaps +from O.N. <i>[^y]fa</i>, to rage. Linden is from <i>lind</i>, p. <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, with the ending +in <i>en</i>, p. <a href="#Page_27">27</a>. Hasel and Thorn are both found in the list of early +settlers, the former I take to be properly Asel, corresponding with an +O.G. Asilo, from <i>as</i> or <i>os</i>, semideus; the latter, which does not seem +to occur in the Teutonic system generally, I rather suppose to be a +contraction of O.N. <i>thoran</i>, boldness. Willow, along with Will and +Willey, is also found in the list of early settlers, and corresponds +with an O.G. Willo, perhaps from <i>will</i> in the sense of resolution. +Sycamore is from an O.G. Sicumar, p. <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, and Chestnut is referred to at +p. <a href="#Page_155">155</a>. Rowantree is no doubt from the tree, and may perhaps have +reference to its supposed magical powers. Rointru is also a French name, +perhaps a relic of the many Scotchmen who have at different times taken +refuge in that country, though possibly of older origin.</p> + +<p>There are a few other names which may be included here.</p> + + +<p class="center">STUBBE, STUBBING, GROVE (GRUBB), TWIGG, SPRIGG (TWINE, TWINING, TWISS, +SPRAGUE, SPRACK, SPARK, SPRACKLIN, SPRECKLY).</p> + +<p>Stubbe might be taken to be of local origin, for nothing would be more +appropriate to mark a locality than a stub. But the patronymic Stubbing +points to an origin of a different kind, and moreover we find<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span> Stubingas +among the early settlers. And there was also a Stuf, nephew of Cerdic, +and a Northman called Stufr in the <i>Laxdæla-saga</i>. The origin is to be +found in O.N. <i>stufr</i>, <i>stubbr</i>, A.S. <i>styb</i>, branch, shoot, probably in +the honorific sense of race or lineage. I take Grove, along with which I +put Grubb, to be from Germ. <i>grob</i>, Dan. <i>grov</i>, coarse, clumsy; but no +doubt in an older sense more suitable for men's names, and probably +cognate with Eng. "gruff," the idea being that of great size and +strength. We find Grobb as an Anglo-Saxon name, p. <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, and Griubinc (son +of Griub) as an Old German name, of which, however, Foerstemann does not +offer any explanation. Grobe and Grove are present German names (the +latter Low German), and Grub and Grubi are found in France. Here also I +may take Twigg, corresponding with an A.S. Twicga, moneyer of St. +Edmund, also with a Tuica found in Tuicanham, now Twickenham. I take it +to be from the same root as "twig," viz. A.S. <i>tweg</i>, two, and to have +perhaps the meaning of "twin." (Names of a similar kind may be Twine, +with its patronymic Twining, and also Twiss, corresponding with an O.G. +Zuiso, A.S. <i>twis</i>, twin.) Sprigg I class along with Sprague, Sprack, +and Spark, corresponding with a Spraga in the <i>Lib. Vit.</i>, as from O.N. +<i>sprackr</i>, Prov. Eng. <i>spragg</i>, <i>sprack</i>, smart, active. We have also, +as a diminutive, Spracklin, corresponding with a Spraclingus in the +<i>Lib. Vit.</i>, and we have Spreckley, probably the same name as that of +Sprakaleg, brother of Sweyn, king of Denmark, from O.N. <i>spræklegr</i>, +sprightly.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Names apparently from Complexion or Colour of Hair.</i></p> + +<p>Such names as Black, White, Brown, have been no doubt in many, probably +in most cases, original surnames. Nevertheless they are also ancient +baptismal names, and it is not by any means certain that these are from +the same origin as the surnames.</p> + + +<p class="center">BLACK, BLACKER, BLAKE, BLANK, BLANCHARD, WHITE, BROWN, DUNN, GRAY, +GREGG, CRAIG, MURCH, MURCHIE, SMIRKE.</p> + +<p>The Blacingas were among the early settlers. Blecca was the name of a +governor of Lincoln, A.D. 627; Blaca is an early name in the <i>Liber +Vitæ</i>, and Blac is a name in <i>Domesday</i>. I am inclined to take Black, +along with Blake, to be (of course as an ancient name) the same word as +<i>blic</i>, found in some Old German names, and to find the sense concerned +in A.S. blican, to shine (which indeed is the root of <i>black</i>), hence to +give it, like Bright, the sense of "illustrious." Hence I take our +Blacker and the French Blacher to be the same as an O.G. Blicker +(<i>hari</i>, warrior)—the ancient family of Blacker, I believe, trace their +origin to Nancy. I further take Blank and Blanchard (<i>hard</i>, fortis) to +be a nasalised form of the above, and to have the same meaning. The stem +will be found in more detail p. <a href="#Page_46">46</a>.</p> + +<p>I take White, so far as it may be of ancient origin, not to be from +colour; in some cases it may be from <i>wid</i>, wood, and perhaps in others +from <i>wit</i>, wisdom. In Anglo-Saxon names it is spelt <i>wiht</i>, as if from +<i>wiht</i>, man—Cf. O.G. Witgar, A.S. Wihtgar, O.G. Witleg, A.S. Wihtlæg, +O.G. Widrad, A.S. Wihtræd, though, as I take it, it is the same word +common to the Teutonic system.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span></p> + +<p>The Brownings (Brûningas) were also among the early settlers, and Brûn +frequently occurs in after Anglo-Saxon times; among others there is a +Brûn bydel, "Brown the beadle," in a charter of manumission. Bruno also +occurs as an Old German name, and Brûni was not an uncommon name among +the Northmen. I am rather disposed to question the derivation from +brown, <i>fuscus</i>, and as in the case of Black, to take the sense +contained in the root, which seems to be that of burning or brightness. +One of the Northmen, called Brûni, was surnamed "the white," so that in +his case, at any rate, the name was not derived from complexion. Dunn is +another name that is found among the early settlers, and also in after +Anglo-Saxon times. It seems to me to be at least as probably from O.N. +<i>duna</i>, thunder, as from <i>dun</i>, fuscus.</p> + +<p>The Grægingas (A.S. <i>græeg</i>, grey) are also found in the list of early +settlers, though the name does not seem to figure much in after +Anglo-Saxon times. There are Old German names Grao and Grawo, and +various compounds. The root-meaning seems to contain the sense of +"horror," which may be that which is present in names, the idea being of +course that of one who is a terror to others. As well as Gray, we have +Gregg, and perhaps as another form Craig,<a name="FNanchor_58_58" id="FNanchor_58_58"></a><a href="#Footnote_58_58" class="fnanchor">[58]</a> and the Germans have Grau. +The Myrcingas among the early settlers may perhaps be represented in our +Murch and Murchie (whence Murchison), possibly also in S(mirke). Whether +the name is from A.S. <i>mirc</i>, dark, mirk, may be uncertain; Professor +Skeat thinks of <i>marc</i>, limes,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span> for the Myrcingas, who are probably the +same as the Myrgingas of the "Traveller's Song."</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Names apparently from Scriptural Personages.</i></p> + +<p>While names taken from the eminent characters of Scripture have, ever +since the advent of Christianity, been in favour for the names of men, +there are among our surnames some names which we must reasonably suppose +are to be otherwise explained.</p> + + +<p class="center">PHAROAH, HEROD, ESAU, CAIN, JAEL, POTIPHAR PUDDIFER (ABLARD).</p> + +<p>Of the above, Pharaoh is only a misleading spelling of an O.G. name +Faro, perhaps come to us through the Normans. And Esau is a similar +perversion of another O.G. name Eso, probably from <i>as</i> or <i>os</i>, +semi-deus. Cain is, along with Gain, from the name Gagin, Cagen, p. <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, +probably signifying victory. Herod is, no doubt, the same as an A.S. +Herrid in a charter of Wihtræd, from, as supposed, A.S. <i>herad</i>, +principatus, found also in some Old German names. Jael I take to be most +probably a softened form of Gale, from a stem referred to A.S. <i>galan</i>, +to sing. Potiphar, along with Puddifer, a French Potefer, and perhaps a +Low German Bötefur,<a name="FNanchor_59_59" id="FNanchor_59_59"></a><a href="#Footnote_59_59" class="fnanchor">[59]</a> I take to represent an ancient name not turned +up, from <i>bod</i>, <i>bud</i>, or <i>pot</i>, envoy or messenger, and <i>faran</i>, to +travel, found as an ending in some Old German names. Abel is a name +which, as frequently used for a Christian name, might also be found in +surnames. But there is a Teutonic word <i>abal</i>, signifying strength, +which may be more<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span> probably that which is found in the French Abeillard, +with which we have a name Ablard to correspond.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Names apparently Descriptive of Moral Characteristics.</i></p> + +<p>There are a number of names which, if they had been found as Christian +names, might have been supposed to be of Puritan origin, but which as +surnames must be otherwise accounted for.</p> + + +<p class="center">GOODHEART, STONEHEART, GODWARD, LOVEGOD, LOVEGOOD, LOVEMAN, MANLOVE, +GOODLIFFE, FULLALOVE, GODLIMAN, GOODENOUGH, THOROUGHGOOD, HUMBLE, SAINT, +BADMAN, PAGAN, BIGOT, GODDAM, SWEARS, SWEARING, SCAMP.</p> + +<p>Of the above, Goodheart and Stoneheart are compounds of <i>hart</i>, hard, +pp. <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>. So also Godward Lovegod, Lovegood, Loveman, Manlove, +Goodliffe, and Fullalove will be found in their places as ancient +compounds in Chap. III. Godliman I take to be a corruption of an O.G. +Godalmand (the <i>l</i> being introduced in accordance with a principle +referred to at p. <a href="#Page_114">114</a>) Goodenough is referred to at p. <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, and +Thoroughgood at p. <a href="#Page_120">120</a>. Humble I take to be the same name as the German +Humboldt, from an O.G. Hunbald, the ending <i>bald</i> often in our names +becoming <i>ble</i>. Saint I take to be the same as Sant, <i>sand</i> or <i>sant</i>, +verus, the stem on which is formed Sander in the list of early settlers.</p> + +<p>Of the names apparently of an opposite character, Badman, corresponding +with a Badumon in the <i>Liber Vitæ</i>, is a compound of <i>bad</i>, war. Goddam +stands for Godhelm as William for Willihelm. Swears and Swearing are +explained, p. <a href="#Page_160">160</a>. Scamp corresponds<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span> with an O.G. Scemphio, derived by +Foerstemann from O.H.G. <i>scimph</i>, jocus. This may possibly be the older +sense of the word, and Scamp may have been nothing worse than a wag. +Pagan, with its contracted form Paine, I have referred to p. <a href="#Page_118">118</a>. Bigot, +along with Pigot, Pickett, and probably Beckett, and a Pigota and +Picotus in the <i>Liber Vitæ</i>, may be the same as an A.S. Picced, p. <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, +which I take to represent the form Pichad or Bighad, from the stem +<i>big</i>, with <i>had</i>, war. There is, however, another explanation suggested +by our name Bidgood. This name, for which the ancient equivalent has not +turned up, seems to be from <i>bad</i>, war, and might have been Bidgod (for +<i>god</i> and <i>good</i> constantly interchange), which would readily contract +into Bigod or Bigot.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Names apparently from Nationalities.</i></p> + +<p>While we have a number of names derived from nations or races in +accordance with the Teutonic system, there are some others which might +seem more obviously than most others to be from such an origin, and yet +which must I think be referred to some other source. Three of these, +England, Scotland, and Ireland, I have already referred to at p. <a href="#Page_9">9</a>.</p> + + +<p class="center">ENGLISH, INGLIS, ROMAN, NORMAN, GENESE, TURK, SPAIN.</p> + +<p>English I take to be a phonetic corruption of Inglis, which seems to be +the same as an Ingliseus in the <i>Pol. Irm.</i>, and which I rather suppose +to be a transposition of an Anglo-Saxon Ingils, for Ingisil, from the +stem <i>ing</i>, p. <a href="#Page_56">56</a>. Roman, I doubt not, is contracted from Rodman, p. <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, +as Robert is from Rodbert, and Roland from Rodland. I introduce<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span> Norman +here as not being, in my view, from "Norman" as we generally understand +the term, but as representing more probably the word in its original +sense of "Northman." Nordman was a Scandinavian name, and hence it is I +think that we have the name, which seems to occur more especially in +Scotland and the Danish districts of England. Genese I take to be most +probably from the old Frankish name Genesius, perhaps from a stem <i>gan</i>, +p. <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, with the ending in <i>es</i>, p. <a href="#Page_33">33</a>. Turk corresponds with an A.S. +Turca, p. <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, which again is probably the same as a Gothic Turicus of +the fifth century, a diminutive from the stem <i>dur</i> or <i>tur</i> found among +the early settlers, and of uncertain meaning. Spain I take to be from +the A.S. <i>spanan</i>, allicere, found in some ancient names, and from which +I take to be our name Spenlove, (<i>leof</i>, dear) with the corruption, +Spendlove. The name Spegen, corresponding with our Spain, occurs in the +<i>Liber Vitæ</i> more than once—Is its aspirated form due to the +Northumbrian dialect?</p> + +<p>Of the names which are truly derived from nationality I will here only +refer to one as an illustration of successive forms built one upon the +other in accordance with the principle referred to in treating of the +ending <i>en</i>, p. <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</p> + + +<p class="center">BOY, BYE, PYE, BOYER, BYARD, BOYMAN, PYMAN, BEYERMAN, BYRON.</p> + +<p>There are three forms, the first representing the form <i>boi</i>, as found +in the name of the Boii, who gave the name to Boioaria or Bavaria, the +second representing the extended form found in German <i>Baviar</i>, the +third the further extended form as found in <i>Bavarian</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center">SIMPLE FORM BOI.</p> + +<p>O.G. Boio, Beio, Peio, ninth century. A.S. Boia (in a charter of Cnut). +Eng. Boy, Bye, Pye. Germ. Boye French, Boy, Boye, Poy, Poyé.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Compounds.</i></p> + +<p>(<i>Hard</i>, fortis), Eng. Byard—French Boyard, Poyart—Italian Boiardo. +(<i>Man</i>, vir), Eng. Boyman, Pyman.</p> + + +<p class="center">EXTENDED FORM BOYER.</p> + +<p>O.G. Baior, Peior, ninth century. English, Boyer, Byer. French, Boyer, +Boyreau, Poyer.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Compound.</i></p> + +<p>(<i>Man</i>, vir), English Beyerman.</p> + + +<p class="center">FURTHER EXTENDED FORM—BAVARIAN.</p> + +<p>O.G. Beiarin, eighth century. English Byron. French Boiron, Boyron.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Names apparently from abbreviated Christian names of men.</i></p> + +<p>As I began this chapter with names apparently from women, such as Moll, +Betty, Pegge, so now I propose to conclude it with names of a similar +kind derived apparently from men.</p> + + +<p class="center">BILL, BILLY, BILLOW, WILL, WILLY, WILLOEE, WILKE, WILKIE, WILKIN, +WILLIS, WILLING, DICK, DICKLE, TICKLE, DICKEN, BENN, BENNEY, BENNOCH, +BENNELL, TOM, TOMB, TOOMEY, TOMEY, DUME, DUMMELOW, DUMBELL, TOMMELL, +TOMLIN, DUMLIN, DUMPLIN, HARRY, JACK, JAGO, JACKLIN, BOBY, BOFFEY, BUBB, +BOBBIN.</p> + +<p>No one would take our name Billing to be other than from the Anglo-Saxon +Billing, of which so<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span> many traces are to be found in English place +names. And no one, I venture to say, who looks into the subject, would +dispute the ancient compounds formed on the stem, p. <a href="#Page_45">45</a>. Why then should +any one doubt Bill himself, the father of them all, or Billy, ending in +<i>i</i>, p. <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, and Billow, ending in <i>o</i> and corresponding with an O.G. +Bilo? Moreover the name is common to all the races who share with us in +a Teutonic ancestry; the Germans have Bille, the Danes have Bille, and +the French have Bille and Billey. The same remarks apply to Will, +Willey, and Willoe, with the diminutives Wilke, Wilkie, Wilkin, Willis, +patronymic Willing, and compounds, p. <a href="#Page_66">66</a>. Dick I take to be the same +word as found in Ticcingas, and suggest for it the meaning of power or +vigour which seems to lie at the root. Hence Dickle and Tickle are the +same as the Diccel found in Diccelingas, and Dicken is the same as an +A.S. Ticcen, p. <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, while Dixie (Dicksie) may be from the ending in +<i>es</i>, p. <a href="#Page_33">33</a>. Benn and Benny represent the stem on which are formed the +compounds, p. <a href="#Page_45">45</a>. We have also as diminutives Bennoch, corresponding +with an O.G. Bennico, an A.S. Benoc (in the genealogy of Ida, king of +Bernicia), and a name Bennic (Bennici manû), on Roman pottery; and +Bennell, corresponding with a Gothic Βενἡλος, in Procopius, +besides other names in correspondence with ancient forms. Tom has its +vowel shortened, but I take it to be the same as Tomb, Toomey, Tomey, +and Dume, probably from A.S. <i>dôm</i>, O.H.G. <i>tuom</i>, judgment, "doom," +ancient names in correspondence being Toma, p. <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, Tumma <i>Lib. Vit.</i>, +and Tomy <i>Roll. Batt. Abb.</i> With regard to the last, I may observe that +the French<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span> still have corresponding names, as Thomé, Tombe, Thom, Dome, +&c. Then, as diminutives, we have Dummelow, Dumbell, and Tommell, +corresponding with O.G. Duomelo, Tomila, Tumila; and we have Tomlin, +Dumlin (whence Dumplin), corresponding with O.G. Domlin, names in +accordance with both of the above being also found in Germany and +France. Harry, along with Harrow, and Harre, I take to represent the +stem from which we have so many compounds, p. <a href="#Page_55">55</a>. Jack, along with Jago, +and corresponding with an O.G. Jacco, I take to be from O.H.G. <i>jagon</i>, +to hunt. Hence as a diminutive, we have Jacklin, corresponding with +Jagelinus and Jachelinus (<i>Domesday</i>), and with present German Jacklin, +and French Jacquelin. The stem seems to be somewhat better represented +in French names than in English; among others they have Jacquard +(<i>ward</i>, guardian), who gave his name to the Jacquard loom. Boby, +Boffey, and Bubb I take to be the same as Boba, in a charter of Egbert, +and Bofa, dux, in a charter of Ceolwulf of Mercia, also as Old German +names, Bobo, Bovo, Boffo, and Bubo, the word concerned being probably to +be found in German <i>bube</i>, Dutch <i>boef</i>, boy. Kemble has both Bobbingas +and Bovingas, different forms, I take it, of the same name, in his list +of early settlers. Our name Bobbin, which corresponds with an O.G. +Bobin, may be taken as an example of the ending in <i>en</i>, p. <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</p> + +<p>I trust that I have succeeded in making it clear, from the definite +place which the foregoing are shown to occupy in the Teutonic system, +that they are not, as they have been generally supposed to be, familiar +contractions of Christian names.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span></p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_57_57" id="Footnote_57_57"></a><a href="#FNanchor_57_57"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> Cf. also Eng. "e'er" for "ever."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_58_58" id="Footnote_58_58"></a><a href="#FNanchor_58_58"><span class="label">[58]</span></a> There seems probably an Anglo-Saxon name Crecga in +Crecganford, now Crayford.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_59_59" id="Footnote_59_59"></a><a href="#FNanchor_59_59"><span class="label">[59]</span></a> Nomen honestissimæ familiæ Hamburgensis (<i>Richey</i>). +He evidently takes it as a sobriquet "beet (<i>i.e.</i> make up) the +fire."</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XI" id="CHAPTER_XI"></a>CHAPTER XI.</h2> + +<p class="center">CHRISTIAN NAMES OF WOMEN.<a name="FNanchor_60_60" id="FNanchor_60_60"></a><a href="#Footnote_60_60" class="fnanchor">[60]</a></p> + + +<p>The names of women, so far as they are of German origin, enter into the +Teutonic system precisely as do the names of men, and there is, as far +as I know, no instance of a stem used exclusively for the names of +women. But in regard to the second part of the compound, which is that +which governs the name, there are certain words which are only used for +women. Some of these are such as from their meaning would not be +suitable for anything else, such as <i>trud</i>, from which we have +<i>Gertrude</i> and <i>Ermentrude</i>, both of which seem to be of Frankish +origin, and to have come to us through the Normans. The Anglo-Saxon form +appears to be <i>dryth</i> or <i>thryth</i>, as in Mildthryth, from which comes +our <i>Mildred</i>, the only name, as far as I know, in that form. Another +feminine ending among the Anglo-Saxons was <i>gith</i>, which, as elsewhere +noted, I have supposed to mean woman or goddess. The only name we have +with this ending is <i>Edith</i>, unless, as seems not impossible, an +Anglo-Saxon <i>Godgith</i> (Godith, <i>Lib. Vit.</i>) has got mixed up<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span> with +<i>Judith</i>. Another specially female ending was <i>fled</i>, in H.G. <i>flat</i>, +the meaning of which seems to be beauty. As a prefix this word enters +into the names of men, and we may have some names from it, as <i>Flatt</i>, +<i>Flattery</i>, <i>Flatman</i>, &c. As an ending there may have been some word +corresponding with O.N. <i>fliôd</i>, a beautiful woman, which has caused its +special application. Then there are certain words, such as <i>hild</i>, war, +and <i>burg</i>, in which the meaning (condere, servare) may perhaps imply in +such case modesty or chastity; which, as endings, are used almost +exclusively for names of women. But as a general rule the same range of +words forms indifferently names of men and women, the latter being +distinguished only by having the ending in <i>a</i>.</p> + +<p>My object in this chapter is only to deal with a few names, in regard to +which I desire to correct some wrong impressions, or to throw some new +light upon the subject. And in the first place I have to refer to the +connection between Isabel and Elizabeth, and to the manner in which I +suppose the former name to have originated.</p> + + +<p class="center">ISABEL <i>another form of</i> ELIZABETH, <i>and how it came to be so</i>.</p> + +<p>Miss Yonge in her <i>History of Christian Names</i>, is no doubt right in +taking Isabel to be another form of Elizabeth, with which it is +historically shown to have interchanged. But the etymological process by +which this has been brought about has been always somewhat of a puzzle, +and it is upon this point that I have to suggest an explanation. Now the +key to the puzzle is this: that the early Frankish converts in the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span> time +of Charlemagne, introduced the name, not only in its Latin form of +Elizabeth, but also, and indeed more frequently, in its Hebrew form of +Elischeba—it was Elischeba that was made into Isabel and not Elizabeth. +Protected by its strong ending, Elizabeth has retained its form +unchanged. Elischeba has been entirely lost to sight under a cloud of +transformations. Slightly modified to suit Frankish pronunciation, it +was introduced in the first instance as Elisaba, Elisabia, Alisabia, and +Elisavia, all names of women in the <i>Polyptique de l'Abbé Irminon</i> and +the <i>Polyptique de Saint Remi de Reims</i>. In the fourteenth century (if, +indeed, it did not take place earlier) we find this old Frankish form +El(isaba) abbreviated into Isabeau, its ending being made to conform to +French ideas of spelling. Isabeau was the name of the wife of Charles +VI. of France, and the name was still recognised as being the same as +Elizabeth. We have got to forge the connecting link between Isabeau and +Isabel, but the process is not a violent one. It would not be difficult +to suppose that the French idea of the fitness of things in the case of +a woman's name would lead them to change this masculine-seeming ending, +<i>beau</i>, into what they would conceive to be its appropriate feminine, +and so make Isabeau into Isabelle. We need not suppose that this took +place all at once, or that because one man changed Isabeau into Isabel, +everybody else forthwith proceeded to follow his example. It is more +probable that the two names existed side-by-side, together, for some +time before the struggle for existence terminated in the survival of +(what seemed) the fitter. Throughout all these changes the identity of +the name with Elizabeth had always<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</a></span> been recognised; but when Isabel had +finally succeeded in establishing its claim as the representative, the +deposed Isabeau, its origin having been forgotten, might have become a +man's name, and so capable of transmitting surnames, which would account +for Isabeau as a family name in France at the present day.</p> + +<p>But these are not the only changes which have come over this unfortunate +name, for we find Elisavia, another of the old Frankish forms before +noted, forthwith abbreviated into Lisvia, and further corrupted into +Lisavir and Lisabir, all names of women in the two old Frankish +chronicles before referred to. And if we can again suppose the name +Lisavir (or rather Elisavir), its origin having been forgotten, to have +become a man's name (towards which its masculine-looking ending, <i>vir</i>, +might have assisted) it might well give the origin of the name Elzevir, +of the famous printers at Amsterdam. Not that the name would necessarily +be of Frankish origin, for the Hebrew form seems also to have been +introduced into Germany, where we find the woman's name, Elisba, in the +ninth century; and, it might be also into Holland, while the phonetic +principles which regulate such changes are more or less of general +application. Again, it seems not improbable that the Spanish woman's +name, Elvira, for which no derivation at all satisfactory has been +suggested, might be properly Elzvira, and so again another form derived +from Elischeba. The question might naturally be asked how it is, seeing +the various contractions which Elischeba has undergone, that Elizabeth +has not been treated in the same way. In point of fact it seems probable +that it has, for we find a solitary name<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span> Isabeth in the <i>Liber Vitæ</i> +about the thirteenth century. This was before Elizabeth had come into +use in England, and the name might probably be an importation. But +abbreviate Elizabeth as you will you cannot disguise it, and this is +what I meant in referring to it as "protected by its strong ending." And +now, having dealt with the diversified forms that have grown up around +Elisabeth, I shall have, in a succeeding note, to endeavour to show that +Eliza, which might more certainly than any other form be supposed to be +derived from it, is, in fact, of entirely different origin, and a name +that was in use long before Elizabeth was introduced; though at the same +time we cannot doubt that as soon as ever that potent name came in, +Eliza would be at once appropriated by it.</p> + + +<p class="center">ANNABELLA, ARABELLA, CLARIBEL, CRISTABEL, ROSABEL.</p> + +<p>But in the meantime I may refer to some other names which seem cast in +the same form as Isabel; as for instance, Annabella, Arabella, Claribel, +Christabel, and Rosabel. With regard to these names, I am disposed to +come to the conclusion, that though moulded into the same shape, they +are not by any means all of a similar origin. Annabella would be a very +natural corruption of Amabilla, a name in the <i>Liber Vitæ</i> of Durham. +The same record contains, as names of women, Amabilis, Amabel, and +Mabilla, of course from Latin <i>amabilis</i>—whence our Mabel, on this +theory the same name as Annabella. Arabella, again, might be a +corruption of the old Frankish Heribolda—<i>bold</i>, as an ending often +changing into<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span> <i>bel</i>, as in our surnames Grimble and Wimble, from +Grimbald and Winibald, and Tremble (most infelicitously), from Trumbald +(A.S. <i>trum</i>, firm, strong). So, also, Claribel might be from an old +Frankish Clarebalda, of which, however, we have only on record the +masculine form, Clarebald. This appears to be from Latin <i>clarus</i>, +illustrious, and is not the only case in which the old Franks at that +period mixed up Latin and German in the same name. It is possible that +Christabel might be from a similar origin; for the early Frankish +converts at that period freely adopted the name of Christ, and mixed it +up with German compounds, such as Cristhildis, a woman's name, from +<i>hild</i>, war. But on the whole I am rather disposed to suggest a +different origin for Christabel. Finding among the Franks at that period +such names as Firmatus, Stabilis, Constabulis,<a name="FNanchor_61_61" id="FNanchor_61_61"></a><a href="#Footnote_61_61" class="fnanchor">[61]</a> and the woman's name, +Constabilla, in the sense, no doubt, of "established in the faith," it +might not be unreasonable to suggest such a compound as Christabila, +"established in Christ," as the origin of Christabel.<a name="FNanchor_62_62" id="FNanchor_62_62"></a><a href="#Footnote_62_62" class="fnanchor">[62]</a> As to the last +named, Rosabel, the ordinarily-received expression of "fair rose" would<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span> +be a natural and graceful name for women if the French had to form names +at a later period. But there is a woman's name, Rosibia, in the <i>Pol. +Irminon</i>, which suggests a possible process like that in the case of +Isabel—viz., a corruption into Rosibeau, and then a change into +Rosibel. However, as in this case the connecting links are wanting, I +can only put this forward as a conjecture.</p> + + +<p class="center">MAUD <i>properly a man's name. Its interchange with</i> MATILDA <i>an ancient +mistake</i>.</p> + +<p>As Isabel interchanged in former times with Elizabeth, so did Maud with +Matilda, among other instances being that of the daughter of Henry I., +who was called by both names. Yet, etymologically, Maud can no more be +derived from Matilda than can Giles from Ægidius, by which it used +formerly to be always Latinized. And the interchange is rendered all the +more curious by the fact that Maud, when traced up to its origin, seems +to be properly a man's name. There has evidently been some ancient +mistake or misappropriation, the origin of which I hope to be able to +account for. The names Mald, Maald, Mauld (all names of women), found in +the <i>Liber Vitæ</i> before the introduction of surnames, and the Christian +name Maulde, found in the fifteenth century, show the form from which +our Maud is immediately derived. Then we have the older forms, Mahald, +Mahalt, and Maholt, all also apparently names of women. And in one case, +about the twelfth or thirteenth century, the name stands as "Mahald vel +Matilda." Now no one who has given attention to the subject can doubt +that Mahald, Mahalt, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</a></span> the French form, Mahault, are the same as an +Old Frankish Magoald, eighth century, from Gothic <i>magan</i>, posse, +valere, and <i>wald</i> power. This is distinctly a man's name; indeed, +<i>wald</i>, as an ending, is almost exclusively confined to men's names, as +the ending <i>hild</i>, as in Matilda, is to those of women. There is but one +way that I can see out of the difficulty, and it is this. There is in +the <i>Liber Vitæ</i> another name, Mahild, which is no doubt the same as an +Old Frankish Mahilda, which Foerstemann (<i>Altdeutsches Namenbuch</i>) takes +to be a contraction of Matilda. It would seem, then, that some mistake +or confusion has in old times arisen between these two names, and that +Mahild, which really represents Matilda, has been set aside in favour of +Mahald, an entirely different name. The fact, however, of our having +Maude as a surname would rather seem to show that this misappropriation +was not universal, for surnames are not—unless it be in some very +exceptional cases—taken from the names of women.</p> + + +<p class="center">ALICE, ALICIA, ELIZA, ADELIZA, ALISON.</p> + +<p class="center">ALICE <i>properly a man's name, and</i> ELIZA <i>its proper Feminine</i>.</p> + +<p>I have seen it stated, though I cannot at present recall the authority, +that in one of our ancient families Alice is a name given to the sons +and not to the daughters. This would at any rate be etymologically +correct, for Alice is properly a man's name, and not a woman's. It is, +there seems little doubt, derived from the Anglo-Saxon Adelgis, of which +the female form was Adelgisa. It is clear that Alice (Aliss) represents +Adelgis, and not Adelgisa, and that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</a></span> the proper female form would be +Alisa, or, for euphony, Aliza. I venture to suggest that our Eliza, +generally and very naturally assumed to be an abbreviation of Elizabeth, +is in fact this missing name. Now, for the proofs of Aliza as the +representative of Adelgisa, we must refer to the <i>Liber Vitæ</i> of Durham, +in which we can trace the changes that have taken place in Adelgisa +since the first noble lady of that name laid her gift upon the altar. +First we find it contracted into Adeliza, and then, from about the +twelfth century into Aaliza and Aliza, the latter name being +henceforward rather a common one. The former of these two contracted +forms, Adeliza, though not a name in common use, is one still given to +the daughters of certain of our noble families; the latter form, Aliza, +I take to be the origin of our Eliza. (The initial vowel is of no +account, the ancient name beginning indifferently with <i>a</i> or <i>e</i>, and +Alice in some families appearing as Ellice). But concurrently with the +above forms in the <i>Liber Vitæ</i>, we have also Adaliz, Adliz, and Alis, +at an early date, some of them at least being certainly names of women, +so that the misappropriation is at any rate an ancient one.</p> + +<p>Towards the close of the record, and about the end of the fourteenth +century, another form, Alicia, begins to make its appearance in the +<i>Liber Vitæ</i>, and appears to have become at once a very favourite name. +Then, as now, fashion seems to have ruled, and when a new name came in, +there seems to have been a run upon it. But by this time Elizabeth had +come into use, and as soon as ever that took place, the two names, Eliza +and Elizabeth, would begin to get mixed up together as they are now, so +that a new female form<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</a></span> would, so to speak, be required for Alice. +Alicia (or more properly Alisia), is an attempt to supply the euphony +which is lacking in Alisa, by supplementing it with a vowel, just as, +for the same reason, Amala has been made into Amelia.</p> + +<p>About the beginning of the fifteenth century another Christian name for +women, Alison, begins to make its appearance in the <i>Liber Vitæ</i>. This +name, however, I take to be from an entirely different origin. There is +an old Frankish woman's name, Alesinda, Elesind, Alesint, of the eighth +century, from which, dropping the final <i>d</i>, it would naturally come, +and which is derived by Grimm from Gothic <i>alja</i>, alius (in the probable +sense of stranger or foreigner), and <i>sind</i> in the sense of companion or +attendant.</p> + + +<p class="center">JANET: <i>Not from</i> JANE <i>or any female form of</i> JOHN.</p> + +<p>It may seem rather a paradox to suggest that Janet has nothing to do +with Jane, and yet I think that a pretty good case can be made out. We +find Geneta as a woman's name in the <i>Liber Vitæ</i> in the thirteenth +century, before Jane or Joan or Johanna were in use. And in the two +following centuries we have Gennet, Janeta, Janette, and Janet, of +common occurrence as Christian names. (One of these cases is a very +curious one. It is that of one Willelmus Richerdson and his wife +Christina, who having a family of eighteen children, seem to have been +so completely at their wits' end for names to give them, that two of the +sons are called Johannes, two Willelmus, after their father, two of the +daughters Christine, after their mother, and no fewer than three called +Janet. Such reduplication of Christian names does not, however,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</a></span> seem to +have been unusual at that time.) Now it seems clear that the above name, +Geneta, is the same as our Janet, and equally clear that it is not +derived from any female form of John. Foerstemann (<i>Altdeutsches +Namenbuch</i>) has an old Frankish woman's name, Genida, tenth century, +from a Codex of Lorraine. And I find also the woman's name, Genitia, in +the <i>Pol. Rem.</i>, one of the old Frankish chronicles before referred to. +These old Frankish names might well leave a woman's name behind in +France, which in after times might get mixed up with Jean, and from +which our name may also have been derived. I may observe that we have +also Gennet and Jennett as surnames, and the Germans have also Genett. +But these, though from the same stem, must be taken to be from another +form of it—viz., from Genad, eighth century, a man's name. From the +same stem Foerstemann derives the woman's name, Genoveva, sixth century; +whence, through the French, our Genevieve. As to the etymology of <i>gen</i>, +the Germans are not agreed, Leo suggesting a borrowed Celtic word, with +the meaning of love or affection, while Foerstemann seems to prefer Old +High German <i>gan</i>, magic or fascination.</p> + + +<p class="center">EMMA: <i>Its Place in the Teutonic System</i>.</p> + +<p>The ordinary derivation of Emma from a Teutonic word signifying +grandmother, or nurse, becomes impossible in face of the fact that among +the Old Franks, from whom, through the Normans, we received it, the +man's name Emmo was quite as common as the woman's, Emma. But in point +of fact the stem, of which the older form seems to have been <i>im</i>, was +one common to the whole Teutonic<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</a></span> system, including the Low Germans +settled in England. And the Immingas, descendants or followers of Imma, +are ranged by Kemble among the early settlers. But among the +Anglo-Saxons, with whom the ending of men's names (other than compounds) +was generally in <i>a</i>, Imma would obviously not be suitable for names of +women; and in point of fact it always appears in England, at that time, +as a man's name. And probably, for this reason, the Frankish princess +Emma, on becoming the wife of Cnut of England, considered it necessary +to assume a Saxon name in addition to her own, and so become known as +Ælfgifu Imma. But a few centuries later, when the simple old Saxon names +in <i>a</i> had very much died out, Emma coming in as something quite new, +and with the stamp of Norman prestige, became at once, as appears from +the <i>Liber Vitæ</i>, a name in favour. As to the etymology, which is +considered by the Germans to be obscure, I have elsewhere ventured to +suggest Old Northern <i>ymia</i>, stridere; whence the name of the giant +Ymir, in Northern mythology. The sense is that of a harsh and loud +voice, which suggests huge stature. So, from Gaelic <i>fuaim</i>, noise, +strepitus, comes <i>fuaimhair</i>, a giant, of which we may possibly have a +lingering tradition in the nursery—"Fee, Fa, <i>Fum</i>" representing the +giant's dreaded war-cry. And from what follows, "I smell the blood of an +<i>Englishman</i>," one might almost think of the nurse as a Saxon, and the +ogre as one of the earlier Celtic race, who might in those days be +dangerous neighbours.</p> + +<p>I give below the stem, with its branches, so far as it forms names of +women. It also enters into some compounds, one of which, Americo, +bequeathed by<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</a></span> the Franks or Lombards to Italy, has the honour of giving +the name to America.</p> + + +<p class="center">Stem <i>im</i> or <i>em</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Names of men.</i>—O.G. Immo, Himmo, Emmo (among others, three bishops in +the seventh and ninth centuries). A.S. Imma, found in Imman beorh, +"Imma's barrow, or grave." Imma, Hemma, Hemmi, about the tenth century +in the <i>Liber Vitæ</i>. Eama, Anglo-Saxon moneyer.</p> + +<p><i>Names of women.</i>—O.G. Imma, Emma (among others Emma, daughter of +Charlemagne).</p> + +<p><i>Present surnames.</i>—Eng. Him (?), Yem (?). Germ. Imm, Ihm. French, Eme, +Emy.</p> + + +<p class="center">With the ending in <i>en</i>, p. <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Names of men.</i>—O.G. Imino, Emino, eighth century. A.S. Immine, a +Mercian general, seventh century. Emino, <i>Liber Vitæ</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Names of women.</i>—O.G. Immina, Emmina, eighth century. Early Eng. +Ymana, Ymaine, <i>Liber Vitæ</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Present surnames.</i>—Eng. Emeney. Fr. Emmon.</p> + + +<p class="center">Ending in <i>lin</i>, p. <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Names of women.</i>—O.G. Emelina, eleventh century. Emalina, twelfth +century, <i>Liber Vitæ</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Present Christian name.</i>—Eng. Emmeline.</p> + + +<p class="center">ETHEL, ADELA, ADELINE, ADELAIDE.</p> + +<p>Ethel and Adela are different forms of the same word, <i>adal</i>, <i>athal</i>, +<i>ethel</i>, signifying noble. But while Adela is a correctly formed +feminine, Ethel can hardly be said to be so. Both as a man's name and as +a woman's it had usually a vowel-ending, and though this was not +invariably the case, yet a name appearing without it would be rather +assumed to be a man's name. Adeline is a diminutive like Eveline and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[Pg 210]</a></span> +Caroline; it represents the old name Adalina, eighth century, and +Adalina, about the twelfth century, in the <i>Liber Vitæ</i>, and comes +probably through the French, the ending in <i>e</i> preserving the feminine +by lengthening the syllable. Adelaide is from <i>adal</i>, as above, and H.G. +<i>haid</i>, corresponding with Saxon <i>hood</i>, as in manhood. Hence the name +seems to contain the abstract sense of nobility. The name must have come +to us through the Normans; indeed, a woman's name could hardly be so +formed among the Anglo-Saxons, for, curiously enough, this ending was a +feminine one among the High Germans, and a masculine one among the +Saxons. Hence perhaps it is that we have as surnames such names as +<i>Manhood</i> and <i>Mahood</i>, the latter perhaps signifying boyhood, A.S. +<i>mæg</i>, boy.</p> + + +<p class="center">EDITH.</p> + +<p>Edith is the only representative in women's names of A.S. <i>ead</i>, +happiness, prosperity, from which we have so many men's names, as +Edward, Edwin, Edmund, Edgar. It represents an A.S. Editha, a +contraction of Eadgitha, and the question, which is not without a little +difficulty, is, What is the origin of <i>githa</i>? Is it a phonetic +variation of <i>gifa</i> (A.S. <i>gifu</i>, gift), so common in Anglo-Saxon names +of women, as in God-gifa (Godiva), Sungefa (Suneva), &c., or is it a +separate word? I am disposed to come to the conclusion, upon the whole, +that it is a separate word, and though the traces of it as such are not +strong, yet there are some traces. There is a woman's name Githa in the +<i>Liber Vitæ</i>, and this seems to be the same as an Old Norse woman's name +Gyda in the <i>Landnamabôk</i>. There was also a Gytha, daughter of Swend, +king of Denmark.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</a></span> Then there are two Old German names of women with the +endings respectively <i>gid</i> and (H.G.) <i>kid</i>. And the origin of all I +should take to be found in O.N. <i>gydia</i>, goddess, the exalted conception +of womanhood.</p> + + +<p class="center">EVELYN, EVELINA, EVELINE.</p> + +<p>There does not seem to be sufficient ground for Miss Yonge's suggestion +that Eveline, a name which we have from the Normans, was borrowed by +them from the Celts. On the contrary, they seem to have derived it from +their Frankish ancestors, among whom we find it in the eleventh century +in the form Avelina. This appears to be the original form, for we find +it as Avelina in the <i>Liber Vitæ</i> about the twelfth century. And again +in the thirteenth century we find that one of the Earls of Albemarle +married a lady named Aveline. It is probably a diminutive from the stem +<i>av</i>, which Foerstemann refers to Goth. <i>avo</i>, in the probable sense of +ancestor. The names Evelyn and Eveline should be kept sharply distinct, +the former being a man's name, and the latter a woman's, being the +French form of Evelina, as is Louise of Louisa.</p> + +<p>From the same stem, <i>av</i>, is formed also the female name Avice, now +become very rare. It appears as Auiza and Avicia in the <i>Liber Vitæ</i>, +and its original form I take to be found in Avagisa, eighth century, in +the <i>Altdeutsches Namenbuch</i>, from <i>gis</i>, hostage. From a similar +origin, but from the masculine form Avagis, may probably be <i>Avis</i>, +included by Mr. Lower among Latinized surnames.</p> + +<p>Another name from the same stem which seems to have been formerly rather +common, but which now seems quite obsolete, is Avina.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[Pg 212]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center">HAVEYS, HAWOISE.</p> + +<p>This is another woman's name which has become almost extinct, and, +seeing how uncomfortable a name it is to pronounce, I do not wonder that +it should be so. It appears in the <i>Liber Vitæ</i> as Hawysa, and in the +<i>Pol. Irminon</i> as Hauis, but its proper form is to be traced up to the +older name Hathewiza in the <i>Liber Vitæ</i>, from <i>hath</i>, war, and <i>wisa</i>, +leader. A surname corresponding, though of course from the masculine +form of the name, may probably be the well-known one of <i>Haweis</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Some other Obsolete or Obsolescent Names.</i></p> + +<p>The name Helwis occurs in the <i>Liber Vitæ</i> about the thirteenth century, +and a more perfect form, Helewiza, about two centuries earlier. It seems +rather probable, however, that its proper form would be Hildwisa, from +<i>hild</i>, war, and <i>wisa</i>, leader. It occurs as Helois in the <i>Pol. Irm.</i>, +and is the same as the French Heloise (=Helwise). This name I take to be +quite obsolete with us.</p> + +<p>A name given by Miss Yonge as still in use is Amice or Amicia. It may +probably be the same as the woman's name Amisa, Ameza, or Emeza of the +eighth century in the <i>Altd. Nam.</i>, which Foerstemann takes to be from +A.S. <i>emeta</i>, quies. In that case it would probably be the same name in +another form as Emmota, formerly not uncommon as a woman's name.</p> + +<p>Another name which I rather suppose to be obsolete is Agace, Agaze, or +Igusa, found in the <i>Liber Vitæ</i> up to the fourteenth century, and +probably the same as an O.G. Eggiza, eleventh century, from a stem <i>ag</i>, +supposed to mean point or edge.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[Pg 213]</a></span></p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_60_60" id="Footnote_60_60"></a><a href="#FNanchor_60_60"><span class="label">[60]</span></a> The principal part of this chapter appeared in the <i>Antiquary</i> +for March, 1882.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_61_61" id="Footnote_61_61"></a><a href="#FNanchor_61_61"><span class="label">[61]</span></a> Possibly, at least in some cases, the origin of the surname +Constable.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_62_62" id="Footnote_62_62"></a><a href="#FNanchor_62_62"><span class="label">[62]</span></a> The earliest mention of this name that I have seen, occurs +<span class="smcap">a.d.</span> 1431, in the <i>Liber Vitæ</i>, when one John Duckett, having +died at the remarkable age of 127, his children, one of whom +was called Cristabel, presented offerings at the shrine of St. +Cuthbert. These would seem to be of the nature of propitiatory +offerings on behalf of the dead, of which there are +various instances recorded. One of these is that of one Maria +del Hay, who in a large-hearted spirit, seems to have included +in her offering, not only all who had gone before, but all who +were to come after her. The entry is, "Maria del Hay, cum +omnibus suis progenitoribus et successoribus."</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL WORKS CONSULTED.</h2> + + +<div>FOERSTEMANN.—Altdeutsches Namenbuch.—Vol. I. Personennamen.—Vol. II. Ortsnamen. London, Williams Norgate. +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</a></span><br /> + +POTT.—Personennamen. Leipzig, 1853.<br /> + +STARK.—Beitrage zur kunde Germanischer Personennamen. Vienna, 1857.—Die Kosenamen der Germanen. Vienna, 1868.<br /> + +WEINHOLD.—Die Deutschen Frauen in dem Mittelalter. Vienna, 1851.<br /> + +GLUCK.—Die bei C. Julius Cæsar vorkommenden Keltischen Namen. Vienna, 1857.<br /> + +WASSENBERG.—Verhandeling over de Eigennaamen der Friesen. Franeker, 1774.<br /> + +Islands Landnamabôk. Copenhagen.<br /> + +Scriptores Rerum Langobardicarum et Italicarum, Sæc. 6-9. Hanover, 1878.<br /> + +Polyptique de l'Abbé Irminon, ou denombrement des manses, des serfs, et des revenus de l'Abbaye de Saint Germain-des-Prés sous le regne +de Charlemagne. Paris, 1844.<br /> + +Polyptique de l'Abbaye de Saint Remi de Reims, ou denombrement des manses, des serfs, et des revenus de cette abbaye vers le milieu du neuvième siècle. Paris, 1853.<br /> + +∵The above two Old Frankish records contain a list of the names of all the serfs and dependants of the respective abbeys, with the names also of their wives and children.<br /> + +KEMBLE.—Codex diplomaticus Ævi Saxonici. London, 1845-48.<br /> + +THORPE.—Diplomatorium Anglicum Ævi Saxonici. London, 1865.<br /> + +TAYLOR.—Names and Places. London, 1864.<br /> + +STEPHENS.—The Old Runic Monuments of Scandinavia and England. London.<br /> + +MISS YONGE.—History of Christian Names. London, 1863.<br /> + +LOWER.—Patronymica Britannica. London, 1860.<br /> + +BOWDITCH.—Suffolk Surnames. Boston, U.S.A.<br /> + +Liber Vitæ Ecclesiæ Dunelmensis. Published by the Surtees Society, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[Pg 215]</a></span>London, 1841.</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="ADDITIONS_AND_CORRECTIONS" id="ADDITIONS_AND_CORRECTIONS"></a>ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.</h2> + + +<p class="center">Page <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.</p> + +<p>We have also <i>Tray</i> as a man's name, and from the same origin as that +which I have supposed for the dog's name, though the one is from the +German and the other from the Celtic. The stem in men's names is +referred to Goth, <i>tragjan</i>, to run, and may probably include also +<i>Trail</i> (=Tragel) and <i>Train</i> (=Tragen), with the respective endings in +<i>el</i> and <i>en</i>. Also, from the interchange of <i>d</i> and <i>t</i>, we may include +<i>Dray</i> and <i>Drain</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center">Page <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</p> + +<p>Among names of the first century is that of Ingomar, uncle of Arminius, +which is represented in America by the dreadful name <i>Inkhammer</i>, though +whether of English or of German origin seems uncertain.</p> + + +<p class="center">Page <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</p> + +<p>From <i>Shilling</i>, as a man's name, is derived <i>Shillingsworth</i>, as a name +of local origin (A.S. <i>weorth</i>, property), a name like Wordsworth, +Dodsworth, &c.</p> + + +<p class="center">Page <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.</p> + +<p>Some doubt may be thrown upon the derivation I have suggested for +<i>Pentecost</i> by the name Osbern Pentecost, which comes before us in +Anglo-Saxon times. The name seems here to be a surname, and if so would +be derived most naturally from the festival.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center">Page <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</p> + +<p>From this stem, as found in an A.S. Flogg, may be formed the Anglo-Saxon +name Flohere (<i>Thorpe</i>, p. 636), from <i>hari</i>, warrior, whence may be our +surnames <i>Floyer</i>, <i>Flower</i>, and <i>Flowry</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center">Page<a href="#Page_171">171</a>.</p> + +<p>Among other names apparently from women are <i>Ella</i>, <i>Eva</i>, and <i>Louisa</i>, +in <i>Suffolk Surnames</i>. Of these, the first is a regular Saxon man's +name, and the second is, I doubt not, the same, corresponding with Eafa +found in Eafingas, and with Eafha, the name of a Mercian alderman. +Louisa I should suppose to be the name Louis with a Romanic, perhaps +Spanish, but not female, ending.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>INDEX OF NAMES.</h2> + + +<p>∵<i>All foreign names are printed in italic type, with the +letters distinguishing their nationality within parentheses after them, +thus—(D.) Dutch; (Dan.) Danish; (F.) French; (G.) German; (I.) Italian; +(S.) Spanish</i>.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<ul class="IX"> +<li>Abba, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> +<li>Abbe, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> +<li>Abbey, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> +<li>Abbiss, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> +<li>Abbott, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li> +<li>Abingdon, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> +<li>Ablard, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li> +<li><i>Accolti</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> +<li>Ackerman, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> +<li><i>Ackermann</i> (G.), <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> +<li>Ackman, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> +<li>Acres, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> +<li>Adcock, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> +<li>Addicott, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> +<li>Adela, <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li> +<li>Adelaide, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li> +<li><i>Adèle</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> +<li>Adeline, <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li> +<li>Adeliza, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li> +<li>Adier, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> +<li><i>Adimari</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> +<li>Adlam, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> +<li>Adlard, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> +<li>Adolph, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> +<li><i>Adolphe</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> +<li>Adolphus, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> +<li>Agar, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> +<li>Ager, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> +<li>Agmondesham, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> +<li>Aikin, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li> +<li>Aikman, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li> +<li>Ailger, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> +<li>Ailman, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> +<li><i>Alamanni</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> +<li>Albert, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> +<li><i>Albert</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> +<li><i>Alberti</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> +<li><i>Alberto</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> +<li>Albery, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> +<li>Albutt, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> +<li>Alcock, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> +<li>Alcott, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> +<li>Aldebert, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> +<li>Alder, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li> +<li>Alderdice, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> +<li>Alderman, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> +<li><i>Aldighiero</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> +<li><i>Aldobrandini</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> +<li>Aldred, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> +<li>Aldrich, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> +<li>Aldritt, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> +<li><i>Alfieri</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> +<li><i>Alfonse</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> +<li>Alfred, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> +<li>Alfreton, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> +<li>Algar, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> +<li><i>Algardi</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> +<li><i>Algarotti</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> +<li>Alger, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> +<li>Alice, <a href="#Page_204">204</a> -<a href="#Page_206">206</a></li> +<li>Alicia, <a href="#Page_204">204</a> -<a href="#Page_206">206</a></li> +<li><i>Alighieri</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li> +<li>Alison, <a href="#Page_204">204</a> -<a href="#Page_206">206</a></li> +<li>Allard, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> +<li>Allaway, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> +<li>Allcard, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> +<li>Allday, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> +<li>Alley, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> +<li>Allfrey, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> +<li>Allgood, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> +<li>Allnut, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> +<li>Allo, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> +<li><i>Alloisi</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> +<li>Alloway, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> +<li>Allt, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> +<li>Allward, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> +<li>Allwin, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> +<li>Allwood, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> +<li>Almar, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> +<li>Alment, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> +<li>Almiger, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> +<li>Almond, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> +<li>Alpha, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> +<li><i>Alphonso</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> +<li>Altman, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> +<li>Altree, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> +<li>Alvary, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> +<li>Alvert, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> +<li>Amabel, <a href="#Page_201">201</a></li> +<li><i>Amalteo</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> +<li><i>Amalthius</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> +<li><i>Amalungi</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> +<li>Ambler, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> +<li><i>Ameling</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> +<li><i>Americus</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li> +<li>Amesbury, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> +<li>Amice, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li> +<li>Amicia, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li> +<li>And, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> +<li>Andoe, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> +<li>Angleman, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> +<li>Angler, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> +<li>Angmering, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> +<li>Anhault, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> +<li>Annabella, <a href="#Page_201">201</a></li> +<li>Anne, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li> +<li>Anning, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> +<li><i>Ansaldi</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> +<li>Ansell, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li> +<li>Anselme, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> +<li><i>Anselmi</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> +<li>Anser, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> +<li>Anslow, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li> +<li><i>Ansuini</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> +<li>Applin, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li> +<li>Arabella, <a href="#Page_201">201</a></li> +<li><i>Arbogast</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li> +<li>Archard, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> +<li>Archbold, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> +<li>Archbutt, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> +<li>Archer, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> +<li>Ardouin, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> +<li>Argent, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li> +<li>Argument, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> +<li>Arkwright, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> +<li><i>Armandet</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> +<li>Armat, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> +<li>Armgold, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> +<li>Armiger, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> +<li>Armine, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li> +<li>Arminer, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> +<li><i>Armingaud</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> +<li>Arminger, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> +<li>Armor, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li> +<li>Armory, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li> +<li>Armour, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> +<li>Arms, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></li> +<li>Arney, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> +<li>Arnold, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> +<li><i>Arnolfo</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> +<li>Arnulfe, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> +<li>Arnum, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> +<li>Ascough, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> +<li>Ash, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li> +<li>Ashbold, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> +<li>Ashbury, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> +<li>Ashe, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> +<li>Asher, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> +<li>Ashkettle, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> +<li>Ashman, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> +<li>Ashmansworth, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> +<li>Ashmore, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> +<li>Ashpart, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> +<li>Ashwin, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> +<li>Ashwith, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a><i>n</i></li> +<li>Ask, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> +<li>Aske, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li> +<li>Askey, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li> +<li>Aslock, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> +<li>Asman, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> +<li>Asprey, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> +<li>Asquith, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a><i>n</i>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li> +<li>Atkiss, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> +<li>Atmore, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> +<li>Attride, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> +<li>Attridge, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> +<li>Auberon, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> +<li>Aubery, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> +<li>Aubrey, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> +<li><i>Aucoq</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> +<li><i>Audevard</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> +<li><i>Audifredi</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> +<li><i>Audouard</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> +<li>Audrey, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> +<li>Aulph, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> +<li>Auterac, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> +<li>Auther, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> +<li>Autram, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> +<li>Avening, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> +<li>Avina, <a href="#Page_211">211</a></li> +<li>Avis, <a href="#Page_211">211</a></li> +<li>Aylard, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> +<li>Aylesbury, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> +<li>Aylesford, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> +<li>Aylesworth, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> +<li>Ayliffe, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> +<li>Aylmar, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li> +<li>Aylmer, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> +<li>Aylward, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> +<li>Aylwin, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> +</ul> + + <ul class="IX"> +<li>Babb, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li> +<li>Bable, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> +<li>Back, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></li> +<li>Badby, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> +<li>Badder, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> +<li>Badman, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li> +<li>Badminton, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> +<li>Bagge, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> +<li><i>Balcoq</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> +<li>Balder, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> +<li><i>Baldi</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> +<li><i>Baldovinetti</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> +<li>Baldridge, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> +<li>Baldry, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> +<li>Baldwin, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> +<li>Balmer, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> +<li>Balton's borough, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> +<li>Banderet, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> +<li>Bann, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> +<li>Banning, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> +<li>Barehard, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> +<li>Barking, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> +<li>Barlavington, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> +<li>Barling, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> +<li>Barmore, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> +<li>Barnacle, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> +<li>Barndollar, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> +<li>Barnwell, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> +<li>Barwise, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> +<li>Baschurch, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> +<li>Basin, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> +<li>Basingstoke, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> +<li>Bass, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> +<li>Bather, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> +<li>Batt, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> +<li>Batting, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> +<li>Batty, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li> +<li><i>Baudeau</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> +<li>Beck, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> +<li>Beckett, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li> +<li>Beckley, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> +<li>Bedbug, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> +<li>Beddard, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> +<li>Beden, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> +<li>Bedford, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> +<li>Beeby, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> +<li>Beech, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li> +<li>Beenham, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> +<li>Belfry, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> +<li>Bell, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> +<li>Bellmore, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> +<li>Bellow, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> +<li>Bellringer, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li> +<li>Belly, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> +<li>Belment, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> +<li>Belmore, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> +<li><i>Belzoni</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> +<li>Bence, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> +<li>Beneman, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> +<li>Benger, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> +<li>Bengworth, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> +<li>Benn, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li> +<li>Bennell, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li> +<li>Benner, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> +<li>Bennet, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> +<li>Benney, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li> +<li>Bennoch, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li> +<li>Bensington, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> +<li>Berger, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> +<li>Bernard, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> +<li><i>Bernardo</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> +<li>Berner, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> +<li><i>Berni</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> +<li><i>Bernini</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> +<li>Bernold, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> +<li><i>Beroaldus</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> +<li>Berrette, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> +<li>Berrier, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> +<li>Berringer, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> +<li>Bertram, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> +<li>Bertrand, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> +<li><i>Bertrandi</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> +<li>Berward, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> +<li>Betteridge, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> +<li>Betty, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li> +<li>Beyerman, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li> +<li>Bibb, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> +<li>Bibby, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> +<li>Biddle, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li>Biddulph, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> +<li>Bigg, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> +<li>Bigot, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li> +<li>Bill, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li> +<li>Billamore, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> +<li><i>Bille</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li> +<li><i>Bille</i> (G.), <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li> +<li><i>Bille</i> (Dan.), <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li> +<li><i>Billecoq</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> +<li><i>Billey</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li> +<li>Billiard, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> +<li>Billing, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li> +<li>Billow, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li> +<li>Billy, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li> +<li>Billyald, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> +<li>Binney, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li> +<li>Binning, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> +<li>Birch, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li> +<li>Birchenough, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> +<li>Bird, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li>Bishop, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li> +<li><i>Blacker</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_188">188</a></li> +<li>Black, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a></li> +<li>Blacker, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a></li> +<li>Blackman, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> +<li>Blackwin, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> +<li>Blake, <a href="#Page_188">188</a></li> +<li>Blakeman, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> +<li>Blaker, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> +<li>Blanchard, <a href="#Page_188">188</a></li> +<li>Blank, <a href="#Page_188">188</a></li> +<li>Bledlow, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> +<li>Blunt, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> +<li>Bluntisham, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> +<li>Bobbin, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> +<li>Bobby, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> +<li>Boby, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li>Bodicker, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> +<li>Bodmer, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> +<li>Body, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></li> +<li>Boffey, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> +<li>Boggis, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> +<li>Bogle, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> +<li>Bognor, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> +<li><i>Boiardo</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li> +<li><i>Boiron</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li> +<li>Bold, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> +<li>Bolden, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> +<li>Boldery, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> +<li>Bolley, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li><i>Bompart</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li> +<li><i>Bonaparte</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> +<li>Bonbright, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> +<li>Bond, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li><i>Boniperti</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li> +<li>Bookless, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></li> +<li>Boss, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li>Bossey, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li><i>Bötefur</i> (L.G.), <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li> +<li>Botright, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> +<li>Botting, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li>Bottisham, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> +<li>Bowmer, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> +<li>Boy, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li> +<li><i>Boy</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li> +<li><i>Boyard</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li> +<li><i>Boye</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li> +<li><i>Boye</i> (G.), <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li> +<li>Boyer, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li> +<li><i>Boyer</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li> +<li>Boyman, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li> +<li><i>Boyreau</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li> +<li><i>Boyron</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li> +<li>Bracken, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li> +<li>Brackett, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li> +<li>Brackie, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li> +<li>Bracking, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li> +<li><i>Brackmann</i> (G.), <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> +<li>Bragan, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li> +<li>Bragg, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li> +<li>Brain, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li> +<li>Brakeman, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li> +<li>Brand, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> +<li>Brandy, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> +<li>Bransbury, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> +<li>Bransford, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> +<li><i>Braquemin</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> +<li>Braughin, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> +<li>Bray, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li> +<li>Brayman, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li> +<li>Braznell, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li> +<li>Breakell, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> +<li>Breem, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li>Brewin, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li> +<li>Bride, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li>Bridle, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li>Bright, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li>Brighting, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li>Brightland, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> +<li>Brightling, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> +<li>Brightly, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li>Brightmore, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> +<li>Brightwell, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> +<li>Brightwine, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> +<li>Brighty, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li>Brine, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li>Brinney, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li>Brittell, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li>Brocard, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> +<li>Brown, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> +<li>Browning, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li>Bubb, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> +<li>Buck, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> +<li>Buckle, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> +<li>Bucklin, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> +<li>Budd, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li>Budden, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li> +<li>Budding, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li> +<li>Buddle, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li> +<li>Buddrich, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> +<li>Budmore, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li> +<li>Bugg, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> +<li>Bulger, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> +<li>Bull, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li>Bullard, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> +<li>Buller, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> +<li>Bulling, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li>Bulmer, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> +<li>Bundle, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> +<li>Bunn, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> +<li>Bunting, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> +<li>Burchard, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> +<li>Burger, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> +<li>Burgwin, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> +<li>Burleston, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> +<li>Burman, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> +<li>Burn, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li>Burness, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li> +<li>Burning, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li>Burnish, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li> +<li>Burr, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li>Burt, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li>Bussell, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li>Butleigh, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> +<li>Butt, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li>Butter, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li> +<li>Butterick, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> +<li>Butterwell, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> +<li>Buttery, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li> +<li>Byard, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> +<li>Bye, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li> +<li>Byron, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li> +</ul> + + <ul class="IX"> +<li>Cadman, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> +<li>Cage, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li> +<li>Cain, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li> +<li>Calderon, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> +<li>Caledonia, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li> +<li>Calking, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> +<li>Call, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li>Callow, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li>Calmsden, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> +<li>Camel, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> +<li>Cane, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li> +<li>Cann, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li>Canning, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li>Cansick, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> +<li>Cant, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> +<li>Carary, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> +<li>Caravan, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> +<li>Card, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> +<li>Carder, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> +<li>Cardwell, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li> +<li><i>Carlo</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> +<li>Carrier, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> +<li>Cart, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> +<li>Carthen, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> +<li>Cartridge, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> +<li>Cashdollar, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> +<li>Castle, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> +<li><i>Castoldi</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li> +<li>Cat, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> +<li>Cattey, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> +<li>Catty, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> +<li><i>Cauche</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> +<li><i>Cauchy</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> +<li>Caulk, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> +<li>Caunce, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> +<li>Chabot, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> +<li>Chad, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> +<li>Chadborn, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> +<li>Chaddleworth, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> +<li>Chaddock, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> +<li>Chadlington, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> +<li>Chadman, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> +<li>Chadshunt, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> +<li>Chadwick, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> +<li>Chadwin, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> +<li>Chaff, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> +<li>Chaffey, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> +<li>Chain, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> +<li>Chalfont, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> +<li>Chalk, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> +<li>Chalkey, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> +<li>Chalklen, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> +<li>Chance, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> +<li>Chancell, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> +<li>Chancey, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> +<li>Chaney, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> +<li>Chantrey, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> +<li>Chard, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> +<li>Charing, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> +<li>Charles, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li><i>Charles</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> +<li>Charley, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li>Chart, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> +<li>Charter, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> +<li>Chaseley, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> +<li><i>Chassebœuf</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> +<li>Chattaway, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> +<li>Chatting, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> +<li>Chatto, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> +<li>Chattoway, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> +<li>Chatwin, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> +<li>Chatwood, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> +<li>Chaucer, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> +<li><i>Chaussée</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> +<li><i>Chaussy</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> +<li>Cheape, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> +<li>Cheese, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li> +<li>Cheltenham, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> +<li>Chertsey, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> +<li>Chesnut, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li> +<li>Chesman, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li> +<li>Chesson, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li> +<li>Chew, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> +<li>Chewing, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> +<li>Chichester, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> +<li>Chilbolton, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> +<li>Chilcomb, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> +<li>Child, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> +<li>Childar, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> +<li>Children, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> +<li>Chill, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> +<li>Chillmaid, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> +<li>Chillman, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> +<li>Chipman, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li> +<li>Chipp, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li> +<li>Chippenham, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> +<li>Chipping, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li> +<li>Chirnie, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li> +<li>Chitty, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li> +<li>Cholsey, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> +<li><i>Chopard</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> +<li>Chope, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> +<li>Choppin, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> +<li><i>Choupe</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> +<li>Christabel, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a> and <i>n</i></li> +<li>Chubb, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> +<li>Chubback, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> +<li>Churn, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li> +<li>Claribel, <a href="#Page_201">201</a></li> +<li>Claringbold, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> +<li>Claringbull, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> +<li>Claude, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> +<li><i>Claude</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> +<li>Clean, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> +<li><i>Clérambault</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> +<li>Cline, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> +<li>Cloade, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> +<li>Clodd, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> +<li>Clothier, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> +<li><i>Clotilde</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> +<li>Cloud, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> +<li>Cloudman, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> +<li>Clout, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> +<li>Cloutman, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> +<li>Clucas, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> +<li>Clutterbuck, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li> +<li>Coate, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> +<li>Cobbett, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> +<li>Cobbold, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> +<li>Cock, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> +<li>Codd, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> +<li>Codford, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> +<li>Coffey, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> +<li>Colbran, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> +<li>Colburn, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> +<li>Coll, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> +<li>Collamore, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> +<li>Collard, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> +<li>Collie, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> +<li>Colling, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> +<li>Collingham, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> +<li>Colman, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> +<li>Colmer, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> +<li>Conder, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> +<li>Congressbury, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> +<li>Cooling, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> +<li>Coppernoll, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li> +<li>Corbould, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> +<li>Cory, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> +<li>Cosier, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> +<li>Cossart, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> +<li>Costall, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li> +<li>Costello, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li> +<li>Costiff, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> +<li>Costly, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li> +<li>Cotheridge, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> +<li>Cottiss, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> +<li>Cotton, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> +<li>Coulthred, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> +<li>Craig, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> +<li>Creed, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> +<li>Creedy, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> +<li>Cressy, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> +<li>Criddle, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> +<li>Crimsham, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> +<li><i>Crist</i> (I. and G.), <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> +<li>Croad, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> +<li>Crock, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> +<li>Croger, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> +<li>Croke, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> +<li>Croker, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> +<li>Crooke, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> +<li>Cropthorn, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> +<li>Crotch, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> +<li>Crotty, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> +<li>Crowd, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> +<li>Crowder, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> +<li>Crowdy, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> +<li>Cruden, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> +<li>Crumpecker, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> +<li>Crutch, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> +<li>Crute, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> +<li>Cuckhamstow hill, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> +<li>Cuff, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> +<li>Cuffey, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> +<li>Cull, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> +<li>Cummin, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> +<li>Cumnor, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> +<li>Cunliffe, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> +<li>Curran, <a href="#Page_51">51</a><i>n</i></li> +<li>Curwen, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> +<li>Custard, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> +</ul> + + <ul class="IX"> +<li>Dacker, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> +<li>Dacombe, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> +<li>Dagenham, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> +<li>Dagger, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> +<li>Daggesell, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> +<li>Daisy, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> +<li>Dale, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> +<li>Dalloway, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> +<li>Dalman, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> +<li>Damer, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> +<li>Dana, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> +<li>Dand, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> +<li><i>Dandalo</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li> +<li>Dando, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> +<li>Dandy, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> +<li>Dane, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> +<li>Danger, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> +<li><i>Dante</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> +<li>Darlaston, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> +<li>Darling, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> +<li>Darnell, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li> +<li>Darrell, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> +<li>Darrigon, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> +<li>Darwin, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> +<li>Daunsey, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> +<li>Daybell, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> +<li>Dayer, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> +<li>Daylesford, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> +<li>Daymont, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> +<li>Dearlove, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> +<li>Dearman, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> +<li>Deary, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> +<li>Deller, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> +<li>Demaid, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> +<li>Demon, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> +<li>Denhard, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> +<li>Denolf, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> +<li>Denn, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> +<li>Denning, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> +<li>Dermott, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> +<li>Derwin, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> +<li><i>Dettingen</i> (G.), <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> +<li>Dialogue, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> +<li>Diamond, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> +<li>Dick, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li> +<li>Dicken, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li> +<li>Dickin, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> +<li>Dickle, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li> +<li>Dicksie, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li> +<li>Didlington, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> +<li>Dilger, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li><i>Dilhac</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li>Dilke, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li>Dill, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> +<li><i>Dill</i> (G.), <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> +<li><i>Dillé</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> +<li><i>Dillemann</i> (G.), <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li>Dillen, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li> +<li><i>Dillen</i> (G.), <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li>Diller, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li><i>Dillery</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li><i>Dillet</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li>Dilley, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> +<li>Dillicar, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li>Dillick, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li>Dillimore, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li>Dilling, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li> +<li><i>Dilling</i> (G.), <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li>Dillman, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li>Dillon, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li><i>Dillon</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li>Dillow, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> +<li>Dillwyn, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li>Dilly, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li> +<li><i>Dilly</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> +<li>Distington, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> +<li>Ditchling, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> +<li>Dixie, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li> +<li>Dock, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> +<li>Docking, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> +<li>Dodd, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> +<li>Doddridge, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> +<li>Dodford, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> +<li>Doggett, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> +<li>Dogthorpe, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> +<li>Dollman, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> +<li>Dolman, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> +<li>Dolphin, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> +<li><i>Dome</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> +<li>Doniland, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> +<li>Doran, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> +<li><i>Dorand</i> (G.), <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> +<li>Dore, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> +<li>Dowdeswell, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> +<li>Drain, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></li> +<li>Dray, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></li> +<li>Duck, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> +<li>Duckling, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> +<li>Ducklington, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> +<li>Duckman, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> +<li>Dugmore, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> +<li>Dugood, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> +<li>Dumbell, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> +<li>Dume, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li> +<li>Dumlin, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> +<li>Dummelow, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> +<li>Dummer, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> +<li>Dummert, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> +<li>Dumplin, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> +<li>Dunn, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> +<li>Dunning, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> +<li>Durand, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> +<li><i>Durand</i> (G.), <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> +<li><i>Durand</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> +<li><i>Durandard</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> +<li><i>Durandeau</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> +<li><i>Durandi</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> +<li>Durant, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> +<li><i>Durant</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> +<li><i>Durante</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> +<li><i>Duranto</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> +<li>Durre, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> +<li>Dyce, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> +<li>Dycey, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> +</ul> + + <ul class="IX"> +<li>Eager, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> +<li>Eagle, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> +<li>Eames, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> +<li>Earheart, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></li> +<li>Earl, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> +<li>Early, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> +<li>Earney, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> +<li>Earp, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> +<li>Earwaker, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> +<li>Earwig, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> +<li>Eashing, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> +<li>Easter, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> +<li>Eavestaff, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> +<li>Eckington, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> +<li>Edbrook, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> +<li>Eddiker, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li> +<li>Eddy, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> +<li>Edgar, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li> +<li>Edgell, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> +<li>Edith, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li> +<li>Edlery, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> +<li>Edmond, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li> +<li><i>Edmond</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> +<li>Edmund, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li> +<li>Edolph, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> +<li><i>Edouard</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> +<li>Edridge, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> +<li>Edstone, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> +<li>Edward, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li> +<li>Edwick, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> +<li>Effingham, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> +<li>Egg, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> +<li>Egle, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> +<li>Elbow, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></li> +<li>Elcy, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> +<li>Eldred, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> +<li>Element, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> +<li>Elgar, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> +<li>Elgee, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> +<li>Elgood, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> +<li>Eliza, <a href="#Page_204">204</a> -<a href="#Page_206">206</a></li> +<li>Elk, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> +<li>Ella, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li> +<li>Ellard, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> +<li>Ellery, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> +<li>Elliss, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> +<li>Elmore, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> +<li>Else, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> +<li>Elsey, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> +<li><i>Elvira</i> (S.), <a href="#Page_200">200</a></li> +<li>Elvy, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> +<li>Elwin, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> +<li>Elwood, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> +<li><i>Elzevir</i> (D.), <a href="#Page_200">200</a></li> +<li><i>Eme</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li> +<li>Emeler, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> +<li>Emeney, <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li> +<li>Emma, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a> -<a href="#Page_209">209</a></li> +<li>Emmeline, <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li> +<li>Emmett, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> +<li><i>Emmon</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li> +<li>Empey, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> +<li><i>Emy</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li> +<li>England, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li> +<li>Engleburt, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> +<li>Engleheart, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> +<li>English, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li> +<li>Ennor, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> +<li>Enough, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> +<li><i>Enrico</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> +<li>Enright, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> +<li>Epps, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> +<li>Ermentrude, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a></li> +<li>Ermine, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li> +<li><i>Ermingcard</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> +<li>Erpingham, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> +<li>Esau, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li> +<li>Esmond, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> +<li>Ethel, <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li> +<li>Ethelston, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> +<li>Eva, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li> +<li>Evelina, <a href="#Page_211">211</a></li> +<li>Eveline, <a href="#Page_211">211</a></li> +<li>Evelyn, <a href="#Page_211">211</a></li> +<li>Evening, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> +<li>Ever, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> +<li>Everard, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> +<li>Evered, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> +<li>Everett, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> +<li>Every, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> +<li>Evesham, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> +<li>Ewald, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> +<li>Ewart, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> +<li>Ewe, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a><i>n</i></li> +<li>Ewer, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> +<li>Ewing, <a href="#Page_68">68</a><i>n</i></li> +<li>Exhall, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> +</ul> + + <ul class="IX"> +<li>Fairfoot, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li> +<li>Fairfoul, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> +<li>Fairless, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li> +<li>Fairman, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> +<li>Falstaff, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> +<li><i>Falsteuf</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> +<li>Faragut, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> +<li><i>Farcot</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> +<li>Farragut, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> +<li>Farre, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> +<li>Farren, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> +<li>Farrier, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> +<li>Farrimond, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> +<li>Farrow, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> +<li>Farthing, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> +<li>Fearn, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> +<li>Feckenham, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> +<li><i>Federigo</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> +<li>Ferdinand, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> +<li><i>Ferdinand</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> +<li>Ferrand, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> +<li>Ferrier, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> +<li>Few, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> +<li>Field, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li> +<li>Fielder, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li> +<li>Fielding, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li> +<li>Filbert, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> +<li>Fileman, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> +<li>Filldew, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> +<li>Fillmer, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> +<li>Fillmore, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> +<li>Fin, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> +<li>Finbow, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> +<li>Finch, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> +<li>Finger, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li> +<li>Finn, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> +<li>Finney, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> +<li>Fish, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> +<li>Fiske, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> +<li>Flack, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> +<li>Fladbury, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> +<li>Flagg, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> +<li>Flatt, <a href="#Page_198">198</a></li> +<li>Flatter, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li> +<li>Flattery, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a></li> +<li>Flattman, <a href="#Page_198">198</a></li> +<li>Flea, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> +<li>Fleck, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> +<li>Flew, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> +<li>Flower, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li> +<li>Flowry, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li> +<li>Floyer, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li> +<li>Fluck, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> +<li>Fly, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> +<li>Fogg, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> +<li>Foggo, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> +<li>Folkstone, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> +<li>Foote, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></li> +<li>Forder, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> +<li>Fordred, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> +<li>Forget, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> +<li>Fortyman, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> +<li>Forward, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> +<li>Fowl, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> +<li><i>Francesco</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> +<li>Franklin, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> +<li><i>Fredeau</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> +<li>Frederic, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li> +<li>Frederick, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> +<li>Freebody, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li> +<li>Freeborn, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> +<li>Freebout, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> +<li>Freeland, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> +<li>Freestone, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> +<li><i>Frescobaldi</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li> +<li>Friday, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li> +<li>Froude, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> +<li>Fudge, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> +<li>Fuggle, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> +<li>Fulke, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> +<li>Fullagar, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> +<li>Fullalove, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li> +</ul> + + <ul class="IX"> +<li>Gaffery, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> +<li>Gage, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li> +<li>Gain, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li> +<li>Galland, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> +<li>Gallant, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> +<li>Gallard, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> +<li>Galloway, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> +<li>Galt, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> +<li><i>Gambetta</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li> +<li>Gamble, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li> +<li>Gambler, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> +<li>Gambling, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> +<li>Gander, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> +<li>Gandy, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> +<li>Gant, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> +<li>Ganter, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> +<li>Garbett, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> +<li>Garbrand, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> +<li>Garbutt, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> +<li>Garden, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> +<li>Garforth, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> +<li><i>Garibaldi</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li> +<li>Garlick, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> +<li>Garman, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> +<li>Garment, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> +<li>Garnett, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> +<li>Garrard, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> +<li>Garrod, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> +<li>Garrold, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> +<li>Garroway, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> +<li>Garstin, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> +<li>Garter, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> +<li>Garvey, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> +<li>Garwood, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a><i>n</i></li> +<li>Gasting, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> +<li>Gatliffe, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> +<li>Gatling, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> +<li>Gatty, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> +<li>Gay, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> +<li>Gedge, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li> +<li>Genese, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li> +<li><i>Genett</i> (G.), <a href="#Page_207">207</a></li> +<li>Genevieve, <a href="#Page_207">207</a></li> +<li><i>Gennari</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> +<li>Genner, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> +<li>Gennett, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a></li> +<li>Gentery, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> +<li>Gentry, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> +<li>Geoffry, <a href="#Page_50">50</a><i>n</i>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> +<li><i>Gerard</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li> +<li><i>Gerbault</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li> +<li><i>Gerbet</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li> +<li>Gerloff, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> +<li>Gertrude, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a></li> +<li><i>Geu</i> (G.), <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li> +<li><i>Gey</i> (G.), <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li> +<li><i>Gherardini</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> +<li><i>Ghibellines</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> +<li><i>Ghiberti</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> +<li><i>Ghirlandaio</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> +<li>Gidding, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> +<li>Giddy, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li> +<li>Giffard, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> +<li>Giffen, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> +<li>Gilbert, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> +<li>Gildawie, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> +<li>Gilder, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> +<li>Gildert, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> +<li>Gill, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> +<li>Gillard, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> +<li>Giller, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> +<li>Gillett, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> +<li>Gillford, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> +<li>Gilliam, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> +<li>Gillibrand, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> +<li>Gillman, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> +<li>Gilmore, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> +<li>Gimbert, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> +<li>Gippert, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> +<li>Gipsy, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li> +<li>Gislingham, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> +<li>Goad, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> +<li>Godalming, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> +<li>Godbold, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> +<li>Godbolt, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> +<li>Goddam, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li> +<li>Goddard, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> +<li>Goddier, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> +<li>Godding, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> +<li>Goddiss, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> +<li><i>Godeau</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> +<li>Godfrey, <a href="#Page_50">50</a><i>n</i>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> +<li>Godhead, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> +<li>Godiso, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> +<li>Godiva, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li> +<li>Godizo, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> +<li>Godkin, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> +<li>Godliman, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li> +<li>Godman, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> +<li>Godmersham, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> +<li>Godmund, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> +<li>Godrick, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> +<li>Godsell, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> +<li>Godskall, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> +<li>Godsoe, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> +<li>Godward, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li> +<li>Godwin, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> +<li>Gold, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> +<li>Goldbourne, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> +<li>Golding, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> +<li>Goldrick, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> +<li>Goldwin, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> +<li>Goodacre, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> +<li>Goodbody, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li> +<li>Goodenough, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li> +<li>Goodeve, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li> +<li>Goodheart, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li> +<li>Goodlake, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> +<li>Goodland, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> +<li>Goodliffe, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li> +<li>Goodnow, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> +<li>Goodram, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> +<li>Goodred, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> +<li>Goodwright, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> +<li>Goodyear, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> +<li>Goose, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> +<li>Gorbold, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> +<li>Gore, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> +<li>Gorebrown, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> +<li>Gosbell, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> +<li>Gosland, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> +<li>Gosling, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> +<li>Gosmer, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> +<li><i>Gosselin</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> +<li><i>Gosselini</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> +<li>Goswold, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> +<li><i>Göttingen</i> (G.), <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> +<li><i>Gousse</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> +<li>Gozar, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> +<li>Gozzard, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> +<li><i>Grau</i> (G.), <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> +<li>Gray, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> +<li>Greenwell, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> +<li>Gregg, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> +<li>Grimbald, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> +<li>Grimble, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a></li> +<li>Grimerd, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> +<li>Grimmer, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> +<li>Grimmond, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> +<li>Grimstone, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> +<li><i>Grobe</i> (G.), <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li> +<li>Grote, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> +<li>Grove, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li> +<li><i>Grove</i> (G.), <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li> +<li><i>Grub</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li> +<li>Grubb, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li> +<li><i>Grubi</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li> +<li><i>Guala</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> +<li><i>Gualdo</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> +<li><i>Gualtier</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> +<li><i>Guardi</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> +<li><i>Guarini</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> +<li><i>Guarnerius</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li> +<li>Guelpa, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> +<li><i>Guelph</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> +<li><i>Gueneau</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> +<li><i>Guenin</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> +<li><i>Guérin</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> +<li><i>Guermain</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> +<li><i>Guernier</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li> +<li>Guest, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> +<li><i>Guglielmo</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li> +<li><i>Guicciardini</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> +<li><i>Guiche</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> +<li><i>Guidé</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> +<li><i>Guido</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> +<li><i>Guidubaldi</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> +<li><i>Guillaume</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> +<li>Guille, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> +<li><i>Guille</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> +<li><i>Guillemain</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> +<li>Guily, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> +<li>Guinan, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> +<li><i>Guinery</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> +<li>Guiney, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> +<li><i>Guinier</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> +<li><i>Guiscard</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> +<li><i>Guiteau</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> +<li>Gumboil, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> +<li>Gundey, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> +<li>Gundry, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> +<li>Gunn, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> +<li>Gunner, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li> +<li>Gunnery, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li> +<li>Gunston, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> +<li>Gunter, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> +<li>Gunthorp, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> +<li>Guttwein, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> +<li>Gwillam, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> +<li>Gwilt, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> +<li>Gwyer, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> +<li>Gye, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li> +</ul> + + <ul class="IX"> +<li>Hack, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> +<li>Hacking, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> +<li>Hackstaff, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> +<li>Haddenham, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> +<li>Haddock, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> +<li>Hadkiss, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> +<li>Hadrott, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> +<li>Hadwen, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> +<li>Haggard, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> +<li>Hail, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> +<li>Hailing, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> +<li>Halbard, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> +<li>Hald, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> +<li>Haldan, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> +<li>Hall, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> +<li>Hallgreen, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li> +<li>Halling, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> +<li>Hallington, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> +<li>Halloway, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> +<li>Hambledon, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> +<li>Hambling, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> +<li><i>Hamel</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> +<li>Hamling, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> +<li>Hammill, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> +<li>Hammond, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> +<li>Hamp, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> +<li>Hamper, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> +<li>Hance, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> +<li>Hand, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> +<li>Handsomebody, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li> +<li>Hanger, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> +<li>Hankerton, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> +<li>Hanman, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> +<li>Hann, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li> +<li>Hannah, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li> +<li>Hannen, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> +<li>Hanney, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li> +<li>Hanning, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> +<li>Hannington, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> +<li>Hanrot, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> +<li>Hansard, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> +<li>Hansom, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> +<li>Harbert, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> +<li>Harboard, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> +<li>Harbud, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> +<li>Hard, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> +<li>Hardacre, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> +<li>Harder, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li> +<li>Harding, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> +<li>Hardington, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> +<li>Hardland, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> +<li>Hardman, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> +<li>Hardoff, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> +<li>Hardwick, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> +<li>Hardy, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> +<li>Hargood, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> +<li>Harker, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> +<li>Harland, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> +<li>Harle, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> +<li>Harleston, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> +<li>Harley, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> +<li>Harling, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> +<li>Harman, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> +<li>Harme, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> +<li>Harmer, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> +<li>Harmond, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> +<li>Harmony, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li> +<li>Harnor, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> +<li>Harnott, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> +<li>Harold, <a href="#Page_15">15</a><i>n</i>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> +<li>Harp, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li> +<li>Harre, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> +<li>Harrietsham, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> +<li>Harrow, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> +<li>Harry, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> +<li>Harryman, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> +<li>Hart, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> +<li>Hartnoll, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li> +<li>Hartridge, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> +<li>Hartry, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> +<li>Hartwright, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> +<li>Harvest, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li> +<li>Harvey, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> +<li>Harward, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> +<li>Harwin, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> +<li>Harwood, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> +<li>Hasell, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a></li> +<li>Haskey, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> +<li>Hasluck, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> +<li>Hathaway, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> +<li>Hatt, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> +<li>Hattemore, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> +<li>Hattrick, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> +<li>Hauxton, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> +<li>Haversham, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> +<li>Haveys, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li> +<li>Haweis, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li> +<li>Hawk, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> +<li>Hawke, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> +<li>Hawoise, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li> +<li>Hayman, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> +<li>Hayward, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> +<li>Head, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li> +<li>Hean, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> +<li>Heaney, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> +<li>Heart, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></li> +<li>Heasman, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> +<li>Heaven, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> +<li>Helme, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> +<li><i>Héloïse</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li> +<li>Helper, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> +<li>Helps, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> +<li>Helpstone, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> +<li>Hemingford Abbots, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> +<li>Hemington, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> +<li>Hemp, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> +<li>Hemper, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> +<li>Henfrey, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> +<li>Henman, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> +<li>Henn, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> +<li>Henniker, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> +<li><i>Henri</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> +<li>Henstridge, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> +<li>Herbert, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> +<li><i>Herbette</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li> +<li>Herepath, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> +<li>Heringaud, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> +<li>Herod, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li> +<li>Herring, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> +<li>Hersant, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> +<li>Heward, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li>Hewish, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li>Hewitt, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li>Hewland, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li>Hewlet, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li>Hibbert, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li>Hibble, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li>Hick, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li>Hickie, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li>Hickley, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li>Hicklin, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li>Hickman, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li>Hickmot, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li><i>Hieckmann</i> (G.), <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li><i>Hienne</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li>Higgen, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li>Highmore, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li>Higlet, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li><i>Higlin</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li>Higman, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li>Hignett, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> +<li>Hildebrand, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> +<li>Hilder, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> +<li>Hildreth, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> +<li>Hildyard, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> +<li>Hill, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> +<li>Hillersdon, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> +<li>Hillman, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> +<li>Hillock, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li>Hillyer, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> +<li>Hilmer, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> +<li>Hilridge, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> +<li>Him, <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li> +<li>Hime, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> +<li>Hind, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> +<li>Hine, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> +<li>Hinksey, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> +<li>Hipkin, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> +<li>Hoby, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> +<li><i>Hocedé</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li> +<li>Hockaday, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li> +<li>Hockey, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> +<li>Hodge, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li>Hodges, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li>Hodgett, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> +<li>Hodgkin, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li>Hodsoak, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> +<li>Hoe, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li><i>Hogan</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li><i>Hoge</i> (G.), <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li>Hogg, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li>Hoggin, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li>Hogmire, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li><i>Hognet</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> +<li><i>Hoin</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li>Holiday, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li> +<li>Homer, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li>Hone, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> +<li>Honey, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> +<li>Honeybun, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> +<li>Honeyburn, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> +<li>Honeyman, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> +<li>Honner, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> +<li>Honnington, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> +<li>Hoofnail, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li> +<li>Hook, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> +<li>Hopkin, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> +<li>Hopp, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> +<li>Hopping, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> +<li>Horne, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> +<li>Horning, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> +<li>Horningsea, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> +<li>Horningsheath, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> +<li>Horsenail, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li> +<li>Hose, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> +<li>Hough, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> +<li>Howard, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> +<li>Howitt, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li><i>Hua</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li><i>Huan</i> (F), <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li><i>Huard</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li><i>Huart</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li><i>Huault</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> +<li><i>Hubault</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li>Hubbard, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li><i>Hubbert</i> (G.), <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li>Hubble, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li><i>Hubert</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li><i>Huc</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li>Huck, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li><i>Hucke</i> (G.), <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li>Huckell, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li>Hucken, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li><i>Hue</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li><i>Huel</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li>Huelin, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li><i>Huet</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li>Huff, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> +<li><i>Hufnagel</i> (G.), <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> +<li>Hug, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li><i>Hug</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li>Hugall, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li><i>Hugan</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li><i>Hugard</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li><i>Hugé</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li><i>Huge</i> (G.), <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li><i>Hügel</i>(G.), <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li>Huggard, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li>Huggett, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li>Hugh, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li>Hughes, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li>Hughman, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li><i>Hugla</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li>Hugman, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li><i>Hugnot</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> +<li>Hugo, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li><i>Hugo</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li><i>Hugo</i> (G.), <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li><i>Hugot</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li><i>Huguelin</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li><i>Hugues</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li>Huie, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li><i>Hulek</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li>Hullock, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li>Human, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li><i>Humann</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li>Humble, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li> +<li><i>Humboldt</i> (G.), <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li> +<li>Humphrey, <a href="#Page_50">50</a><i>n</i>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> +<li>Hun, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> +<li>Hunger, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> +<li>Hunhold, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> +<li>Hunibal, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> +<li>Hunn, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> +<li>Hunnard, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> +<li>Hunt, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> +<li>Hunting, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> +<li>Huntingdon, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> +<li>Hurlbat, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> +<li>Hurlburt, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> +<li>Hurler, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> +<li>Hutt, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> +<li>Hyndman, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> +</ul> + + <ul class="IX"> +<li>Ibbett, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> +<li><i>Ihm</i> (G.), <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li> +<li><i>Imm</i> (G.), <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li> +<li>Impey, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> +<li>Inchbald, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> +<li>Inchboard, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> +<li>Ingledew, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> +<li>Inglesent, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> +<li>Inglis, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li> +<li>Ingold, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> +<li>Ingram, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> +<li>Ingrey, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> +<li>Inkhammer, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></li> +<li>Ipswich, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> +<li>Ireland, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li> +<li>Iremonger, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> +<li>Irminger, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> +<li>Irwine, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> +<li>Isabel, <a href="#Page_198">198</a></li> +<li><i>Isabelle</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li> +<li>Isburg, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> +<li>Ismer, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> +<li>Isnard, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> +<li>Isnell, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li> +<li>Isner, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> +<li>Ive, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> +<li>Ivy, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a></li> +<li>Izod, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> +</ul> + + <ul class="IX"> +<li>Jack, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> +<li>Jacklin, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> +<li><i>Jacklin</i> (G.), <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> +<li><i>Jacquard</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> +<li><i>Jacquelin</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> +<li>Jael, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li> +<li>Jago, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> +<li>Jane, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a></li> +<li>Janet, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a></li> +<li>January, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li> +<li>Jarman, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> +<li>Jeannerett, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> +<li>Jeffcock, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> +<li>Jeffcott, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> +<li>Jellicoe, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> +<li>Jenner, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li> +<li>Jennery, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li> +<li>Jennett, <a href="#Page_207">207</a></li> +<li>Jervis, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> +<li>Jocelyn, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> +<li><i>Jordaens</i> (D.), <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> +<li>Jordan, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> +<li><i>Jordan</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> +<li><i>Josselin</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> +<li><i>Jourdain</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> +<li><i>Jourdan</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> +<li>Judith, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> +</ul> + + <ul class="IX"> +<li>Kay, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li>Keble, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> +<li>Kedge, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li> +<li>Kegg, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li> +<li>Keho, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> +<li>Kelk, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> +<li>Kelvedon, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> +<li>Kemerton, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> +<li>Kenilworth, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> +<li>Kennard, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> +<li>Kennaway, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> +<li>Kenrick, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> +<li>Kensal, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> +<li>Kensett, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> +<li>Kenward, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> +<li>Keogh, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> +<li>Kettering, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> +<li>Kettle, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> +<li>Kettleby, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> +<li>Key, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li>Keysoe, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> +<li>Kidd, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li> +<li>Kiddy, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li> +<li>Killer, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> +<li>Killman, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> +<li>Kilsby, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> +<li>Kindred, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li> +<li>Kinmonth, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> +<li>Kinnaird, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> +<li>Kinney, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> +<li>Kitt, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li> +<li>Kitto, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li> +<li>Kitty, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> +<li>Klyne, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> +<li>Knapp, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> +<li>Knapping, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> +<li>Knall, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li> +<li>Kneller, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> +<li>Knibb, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> +<li>Knife, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> +<li>Knipe, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> +<li>Knipping, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> +<li>Knott, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> +<li>Knyvett, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> +<li><i>Kupfernagel</i> (G.), <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li>Lamaison, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li> +<li><i>Lamas</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li> +<li>Lambert, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> +<li><i>Lamberti</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> +<li>Lambeth, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> +<li>Lambrook, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> +<li>Lammas, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li> +<li>Lamprey, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> +<li>Lanaway, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> +<li>Lander, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> +<li>Landfear, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> +<li>Landlord, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> +<li>Landridge, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> +<li>Landward, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> +<li>Lanfear, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> +<li>Langstaff, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> +<li>Lanoway, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> +<li>Lanwer, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> +<li><i>Lanzi</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> +<li>Lark, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> +<li>Lascelles, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> +<li>Lateward, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> +<li>Laundry, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> +<li><i>Lauringen</i> (G.), <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> +<li>Lavenham, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> +<li>Laver, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> +<li>Laverick, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> +<li>Laverock, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> +<li>Lawless, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></li> +<li>Laycock, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> +<li>Leamington, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> +<li>Leathart, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> +<li>Leather, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> +<li><i>Lebœuf</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> +<li><i>Lecoq</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> +<li>Ledgard, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> +<li>Ledger, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> +<li>Ledward, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> +<li>Lees, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> +<li>Legg, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></li> +<li>Leggy, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li> +<li>Legless, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></li> +<li>Lemon, <a href="#Page_57">57</a><i>n</i>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> +<li><i>Leonardo</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> +<li>Leopard, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li> +<li><i>Leopardi</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> +<li>Lessy, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> +<li>Leverett, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> +<li>Lewis, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> +<li>Liddard, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> +<li>Liddle, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> +<li>Lightfoot, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></li> +<li>Limmer, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> +<li>Lind, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> +<li>Linden, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a></li> +<li>Lindo, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> +<li>Ling, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> +<li>Lingen, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> +<li>Lingo, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> +<li><i>Lionardo</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> +<li>Liptrot, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> +<li>Lock, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> +<li>Locker, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> +<li>Lockie, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> +<li>Lord, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> +<li>Lording, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> +<li>Lottisham, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> +<li><i>Louis</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> +<li>Louisa, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li> +<li><i>Louise</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a></li> +<li>Love, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> +<li>Loveday, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li> +<li>Lovegod, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> +<li>Lovegood, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li> +<li>Loveland, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> +<li>Loveman, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li> +<li>Lover, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> +<li>Loveridge, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> +<li>Lovesy, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> +<li>Lovick, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> +<li>Loving, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> +<li>Lower, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> +<li>Lubbock, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> +<li>Lucas, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> +<li>Lucy, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li> +<li>Ludbrook, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> +<li><i>Ludovico</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> +<li><i>Luigi</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> +<li>Lull, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> +<li>Lully, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> +<li>Lumb, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> +<li>Lump, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> +<li>Lumpkin, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> +<li>Luther, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> +<li>Lutman, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> +<li>Lutto, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> +<li>Lutwidge, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> +<li>Lyde, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> +</ul> + + <ul class="IX"> +<li>Mabel, <a href="#Page_201">201</a></li> +<li>McDermott, <a href="#Page_98">98</a><i>n</i></li> +<li>McKay, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> +<li>McKie, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> +<li>Madam, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> +<li>Maddey, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> +<li><i>Madelungen</i> (G.), <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> +<li>Madle, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> +<li>Mager, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> +<li>Magg, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li> +<li>Maggot, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> +<li>Maggy, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> +<li><i>Magini</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> +<li><i>Maginot</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> +<li><i>Magnabal</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> +<li><i>Magnan</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> +<li><i>Magnard</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> +<li>Magnay, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> +<li><i>Magné</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> +<li><i>Magney</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> +<li><i>Magnier</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> +<li><i>Mahault</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_204">204</a></li> +<li>Mahood, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li> +<li>Maiden, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> +<li>Maidman, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> +<li><i>Maignan</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> +<li><i>Mainardi</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> +<li><i>Mainardo</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> +<li><i>Mainbourg</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> +<li><i>Maineri</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> +<li><i>Mainfroy</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> +<li><i>Maingault</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> +<li><i>Maingot</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> +<li>Maliff, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> +<li>Mallard, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> +<li>Malling, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> +<li>Mallory, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> +<li>Malmsbury, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> +<li>Malthus, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> +<li>Maltwood, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> +<li>Manfred, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> +<li><i>Manfredi</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> +<li>Manger, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> +<li>Manhood, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li> +<li>Manigault, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> +<li>Manlove, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li> +<li>Mann, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> +<li>Manning, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> +<li><i>Maraldi</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> +<li>Marcher, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> +<li>Margot, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> +<li>Marigold, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> +<li>Mariner, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> +<li><i>Marinier</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li> +<li>Marker, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> +<li>Marklove, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> +<li>Markwick, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> +<li>Marl, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> +<li>Marling, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> +<li><i>Marnier</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li> +<li>Marr, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> +<li>Marrow, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> +<li>Marry, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> +<li>Marvey, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> +<li>Marvin, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> +<li>Marwick, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> +<li>Massey, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> +<li>Mather, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> +<li><i>Mathilde</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> +<li>Matilda, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a></li> +<li>Maud, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a></li> +<li>Maude, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li> +<li>May, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li> +<li>Mayer, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> +<li>Maynard, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> +<li><i>Maynard</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> +<li>Mayne, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> +<li><i>Maynier</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> +<li>Mayo, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li> +<li>Meadway, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> +<li>Meddiman, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> +<li>Medland, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> +<li>Medlar, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> +<li>Medlicott, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> +<li>Medlock, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> +<li>Medwin, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> +<li>Meggy, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li> +<li>Megrin, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> +<li><i>Mehne</i> (G.), <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> +<li><i>Meiner</i> (G.), <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> +<li><i>Meinert</i> (G.), <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> +<li>Melloday, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> +<li>Mellowdew, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> +<li>Melody, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> +<li>Merrill, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> +<li>Merriment, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> +<li>Merry, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> +<li>Messing, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> +<li>Methold, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> +<li>Michie, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> +<li>Mico, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> +<li>Mildred, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a></li> +<li>Millard, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> +<li>Milldolar, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> +<li>Millie, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> +<li>Millinge, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> +<li>Milo, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> +<li>Minn, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> +<li>Minney, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> +<li>Minnow, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> +<li>Mitcheldover, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> +<li>Moder, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> +<li>Moll, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li> +<li>Monday, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li> +<li>Monument, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> +<li>Moore, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> +<li>Mote, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> +<li>Moth, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> +<li>Mottram, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> +<li>Moule, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> +<li>Moulsey, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> +<li>Moulsham, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> +<li>Mouse, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> +<li><i>Mousse</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> +<li>Muckett, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> +<li>Mudridge, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> +<li>Mumm, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li> +<li>Mummery, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li> +<li>Mummy, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li> +<li>Munday, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li> +<li>Mundell, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> +<li>Mundella, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li> +<li>Mundham, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> +<li>Mundy, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li> +<li>Murch, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> +<li>Murchie, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> +<li>Murchison, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> +<li>Mutrie, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> +</ul> + + <ul class="IX"> +<li>Naf, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> +<li>Nagle, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li> +<li>Nail, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li> +<li>Nanny, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li> +<li>Napkin, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> +<li>Napp, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> +<li>Neate, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> +<li>Need, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> +<li>Nelly, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li> +<li>Nettleton, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> +<li>Nibbs, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> +<li>Nield, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> +<li>Nielson, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li> +<li>Nill, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> +<li>Noon, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li> +<li>Norcock, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> +<li>Norcott, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> +<li>Norman, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li> +<li>Northcott, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> +<li>Nott, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> +<li>Nunn, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li> +<li>Nunney, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li> +<li>Nuttall, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> +<li>Nutting, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> +</ul> + + <ul class="IX"> +<li>Oake, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a></li> +<li>Oakey, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a></li> +<li><i>Odeschalchi</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> +<li><i>Odevico</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> +<li><i>Odoardo</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> +<li>Offley, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> +<li>Old, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> +<li>Oldacre, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> +<li>Olding, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> +<li>Oldridge, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> +<li>Ombersley, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> +<li>Onken, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> +<li><i>Onofrio</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> +<li>Onwhyn, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> +<li><i>Orlandi</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> +<li>Orleston, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> +<li>Orlop, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> +<li>Orme, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li> +<li>Ormerod, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> +<li>Ormsby, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> +<li>Osborn, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> +<li>Osgodby, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> +<li>Osgood, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> +<li>Osman, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> +<li>Osmer, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> +<li>Osmington, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> +<li>Osmond, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> +<li>Ostrich, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> +<li>Oswald, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> +<li>Oswaldslow, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> +<li>Oswin, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> +<li><i>Ouarnier</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li> +<li>Ough, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> +<li>Outram, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> +<li>Ovington, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> +<li>Owen, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> +<li>Oyster, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> +<li>Oysterman, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> +</ul> + + <ul class="IX"> +<li>Paddington, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> +<li>Padworth, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> +<li>Pagan, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li> +<li>Pagham, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> +<li>Paine, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li> +<li>Paler, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li> +<li>Paley, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> +<li>Palfrey, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> +<li>Paling, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> +<li>Papillon, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> +<li>Paragreen, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> +<li>Paramore, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> +<li>Parez, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li> +<li>Paris, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li> +<li>Partrick, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> +<li>Partridge, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> +<li>Pascoe, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> +<li>Pash, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> +<li>Paske, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> +<li><i>Pasquin</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> +<li>Pass, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> +<li>Patching, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> +<li>Paton, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li> +<li>Patrington, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> +<li>Pattingham, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> +<li>Payne, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> +<li>Peabody, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li> +<li>Peat, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> +<li>Peck, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> +<li>Pegg, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li> +<li>Pendegast, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> +<li>Pender, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> +<li>Pendered, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> +<li>Pendgast, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> +<li><i>Penicaud</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> +<li>Penman, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> +<li>Penn, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> +<li>Pennell, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> +<li>Pennycad, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> +<li>Pensham, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> +<li>Pentecast, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li> +<li>Pentecost, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></li> +<li>Perman, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> +<li>Perriam, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> +<li>Perrott, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> +<li>Petersham, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> +<li>Petridge, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> +<li>Peyton, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> +<li>Pharoah, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li> +<li><i>Philibert</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> +<li>Phillimore, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> +<li>Pickett, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li> +<li>Picton, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li> +<li>Picture, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> +<li>Piddel, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> +<li>Pigot, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li> +<li>Pilgrim, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> +<li>Pim, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> +<li>Pindard, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> +<li>Piper, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> +<li>Pippin, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> +<li>Pirner, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> +<li>Pitt, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> +<li>Player, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> +<li>Plowman, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> +<li>Pollard, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> +<li>Poppy, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li>Portisham, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> +<li><i>Potefer</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li> +<li>Potiphar, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li> +<li>Pott, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li>Potten, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> +<li>Pottle, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> +<li>Potto, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li><i>Poy</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li> +<li><i>Poyard</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> +<li><i>Poyart</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li> +<li><i>Poyé</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li> +<li><i>Poyer</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li> +<li>Poynings, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> +<li>Pray, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li> +<li>Prendergast, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> +<li>Prendergrass, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> +<li>Prentice, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li> +<li>Prentiss, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li> +<li>Priest, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li> +<li>Prince, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li> +<li>Proudfoot, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li> +<li>Puck, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li>Puckle, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> +<li>Puddifer, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li> +<li>Punt, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> +<li>Purdue, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> +<li>Purgold, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> +<li>Purland, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> +<li>Pye, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li> +<li>Pym, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> +<li>Pyman, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li> +</ul> + + <ul class="IX"> +<li>Quail, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> +<li>Quaint, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> +<li>Quaker, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> +<li>Qualey, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> +<li>Quantock, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> +<li>Quare, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> +<li>Quarman, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> +<li>Quarrier, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> +<li>Quarry, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> +<li>Quart, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> +<li>Quary, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> +<li>Quash, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> +<li>Quear, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> +<li>Queen, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> +<li>Queenan, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> +<li>Queeney, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> +<li><i>Quenay</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> +<li><i>Querrey</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> +<li>Query, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> +<li>Quick, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> +<li>Quiddy, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> +<li>Quier, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> +<li>Quig, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> +<li>Quiggle, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> +<li>Quil, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> +<li>Quilke, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> +<li><i>Quillac</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> +<li><i>Quillé</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> +<li>Quillinan, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> +<li>Quillman, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> +<li>Quilt, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> +<li>Quilter, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> +<li>Quilty, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> +<li>Quin, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> +<li>Quinan, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> +<li><i>Quineau</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> +<li>Quiner, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> +<li><i>Quinier</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> +<li>Quint, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> +<li><i>Quinty</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> +<li>Quire, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> +<li><i>Quirini</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> +<li>Quitman, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> +<li>Quittacus, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> +<li>Quy, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> +<li><i>Quyo</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li>Rabbit, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> +<li>Raddish, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li> +<li>Rackham, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> +<li>Radmore, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> +<li><i>Raimondi</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> +<li>Rain, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> +<li>Rainbird, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> +<li>Rainford, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> +<li>Ralph, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> +<li>Ramsden, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> +<li>Ranacre, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> +<li>Ranger, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> +<li>Rarey, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> +<li>Rathbold, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> +<li>Rathbone, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> +<li>Rather, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> +<li>Ratliffe, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> +<li>Rattham, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> +<li>Rattray, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> +<li>Raven, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> +<li>Raybauld, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> +<li>Raybolt, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> +<li>Rayment, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> +<li>Raymond, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> +<li>Raynbold, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> +<li>Raynham, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> +<li>Read, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> +<li>Reading, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> +<li>Readwin, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> +<li>Reckless, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li> +<li>Redband, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> +<li>Reddaway, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> +<li>Reddish, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li> +<li>Redgill, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> +<li>Redman, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> +<li>Redmarley, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> +<li>Redmond, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> +<li>Redmore, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> +<li>Redwar, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> +<li>Regal, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> +<li>Reginald, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li> +<li>Regnard, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> +<li>Rennie, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> +<li>Renno, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> +<li>Reulver, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> +<li>Reynard, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> +<li>Reyner, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> +<li>Reynolds, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> +<li>Riccard, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> +<li>Rich, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> +<li>Richard, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> +<li><i>Richarde</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> +<li>Richbell, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> +<li>Richer, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li> +<li>Riches, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> +<li>Richey, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> +<li><i>Richez</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> +<li>Richman, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> +<li>Richmond, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> +<li>Richold, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> +<li>Rickinghall, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> +<li>Rickman, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> +<li>Ridding, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> +<li>Riddle, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> +<li>Riddy, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> +<li>Ridgway, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> +<li>Ridgyard, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> +<li><i>Ridolphi</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> +<li>Ringer, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> +<li>Ringold, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> +<li>Ringstead, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> +<li>Ripley, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> +<li>Ritta, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> +<li>Robert, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> +<li><i>Robert</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> +<li><i>Roberti</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> +<li>Rock, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> +<li>Rodber, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> +<li>Rodbourn, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> +<li>Rodborough, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> +<li>Rodd, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> +<li>Rodgard, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> +<li>Rodger, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> +<li>Rodman, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li> +<li>Rodney, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> +<li>Rodrick, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> +<li>Rodyard, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> +<li><i>Rointru</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_186">186</a></li> +<li>Roland, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> +<li><i>Rolandini</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> +<li>Rolfe, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> +<li>Rolland, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> +<li>Rolle, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> +<li>Rollesby, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> +<li>Rolleston, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> +<li>Roman, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li> +<li>Roothing, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> +<li>Rosbert, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> +<li>Roskell, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> +<li><i>Rosnagel</i> (G.), <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> +<li>Ross, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> +<li>Rotherham, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> +<li>Rothery, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> +<li>Rowantree, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a></li> +<li>Rubery, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> +<li>Ruck, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> +<li>Rudd, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> +<li>Rudder, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> +<li>Rudding, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> +<li><i>Rudolfe</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> +<li>Rudwick, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> +<li>Rugg, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> +<li>Rumbold, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> +<li>Rummer, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> +<li>Runwell, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> +<li>Rush, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> +<li>Rutledge, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> + <li><i>Sacchi</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> +<li>Saint, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li> +<li>Sala, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> +<li>Salaman, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> +<li>Sale, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> +<li>Salloway, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> +<li>Salmon, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> +<li>Sander, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> +<li>Sargood, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> +<li>Sarle, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> +<li>Sarratt, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> +<li>Satchell, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> +<li>Scales, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> +<li>Scally, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> +<li>Scamp, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li> +<li>Scard, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> +<li>Scarth, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> +<li><i>Schilling</i> (G.), <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li> +<li>Scotland, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li> +<li>Scott, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> +<li>Scotten, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li> +<li>Scotting, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li> +<li>Scotto, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li> +<li>Seaber, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> +<li>Seaborn, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> +<li>Seabright, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a><i>n</i></li> +<li>Seabrook, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> +<li>Seabury, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> +<li>Searight, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> +<li>Searle, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> +<li>Seawall, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> +<li>Seaward, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> +<li>Sedgeberrow, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> +<li>Sedgewick, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> +<li>Sefowl, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> +<li>Segar, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> +<li>Seguin, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> +<li>Self, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> +<li>Sellar, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> +<li>Selvey, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> +<li>Sempringham, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> +<li>Serbutt, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> +<li>Sermon, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> +<li>Seward, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> +<li>Seyfried, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> +<li>Seymore, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> +<li>Seymour, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> +<li>Shaft, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> +<li>Shaftesbury, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> +<li>Shafto, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> +<li>Shakestaff, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> +<li>Shark, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> +<li>Sharkey, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> +<li>Shawkey, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> +<li>Sheaf, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> +<li>Shield, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> +<li>Shilling, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></li> +<li>Shillingsworth, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></li> +<li>Shinn, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> +<li>Shirley, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> +<li>Sholl, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> +<li>Shovel, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> +<li>Shute, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> +<li>Shuter, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> +<li>Sibbald, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> +<li>Sibbertswold, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> +<li>Sibert, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> +<li>Sick, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> +<li>Sickle, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> +<li>Sickling, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> +<li>Sickman, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> +<li>Side, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li> +<li>Sidlesham, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> +<li>Sievewright, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> +<li>Siggs, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> +<li>Sigournay, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> +<li>Siksworth, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> +<li>Simmond, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> +<li>Siney, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> +<li><i>Sinibaldo</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> +<li><i>Sismondi</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> +<li>Skeat, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> +<li>Skitt, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> +<li>Smelt, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> +<li>Smirke, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> +<li>Snare, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> +<li>Snell, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> +<li>Snoad, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> +<li>Snodd, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> +<li>Snodgast, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li> +<li>Snodgrass, <a href="#Page_114">114</a><i>n</i>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> +<li>Snodin, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> +<li>Snodland, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> +<li>Snowden, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> +<li>Somerleyton, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> +<li>Somersham, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> +<li>Sommerlat, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> +<li>Spain, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li> +<li>Spark, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li> +<li>Speck, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> +<li>Spendlove, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li> +<li>Spenlove, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li> +<li>Sprack, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li> +<li>Spracklin, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li> +<li>Sprague, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li> +<li>Spratt, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> +<li>Spreckly, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li> +<li>Sprigg, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li> +<li>Sprott, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> +<li>Sprout, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> +<li>Square, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> +<li>Squarey, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> +<li>Squire, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> +<li>Squirrell, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> +<li>Stadd, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> +<li>Stainburn, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> +<li>Stainer, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> +<li>Starbuck, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> +<li>Starch, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> +<li>Stark, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> +<li>Starkie, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> +<li>Starr, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> +<li>Steamburg, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> +<li>Steed, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> +<li>Stell, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> +<li>Stenning, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> +<li>Stericker, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> +<li>Sternhold, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li> +<li>Steyning, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> +<li>Stidolph, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> +<li>Stitt, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> +<li>Stoddart, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> +<li>Stonard, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> +<li>Stone, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> +<li>Stoneheart, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li> +<li>Stoner, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> +<li>Stonhold, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> +<li>Stothard, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> +<li>Stott, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> +<li>Stout, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> +<li><i>Stradivarius</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li> +<li>Straight, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li> +<li>Strain, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li> +<li>Strang, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li> +<li>Strangward, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li> +<li>Strangwick, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li> +<li>Strank, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li> +<li>Straw, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li> +<li>Stray, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li> +<li>Streek, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li> +<li>Stretch, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li> +<li>Strickett, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li> +<li>Stringfellow, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li> +<li>Stringle, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li> +<li>Strong, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li> +<li>Stubbe, <a href="#Page_186">186</a></li> +<li>Stubbing, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a></li> +<li>Stubbs, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> +<li>Studd, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> +<li>Studeard, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> +<li>Sturge, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> +<li>Sturgeon, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> +<li>Sturgin, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> +<li>Stutter, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> +<li>Sugg, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> +<li>Summer, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li> +<li>Sunday, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li> +<li>Sundon, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> +<li>Sunman, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> +<li>Surrenden, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> +<li>Swan, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li> +<li>Swarling, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> +<li>Swearing, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li> +<li>Swears, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li> +<li>Swire, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> +<li>Sword, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> +<li>Sycamore, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a></li> +<li><i>Sycamore</i> (G.), <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li>Tackabarry, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> +<li>Tackle, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> +<li>Tadd, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> +<li>Taddy, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> +<li>Tadman, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> +<li>Tadmarton, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> +<li>Talbert, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> +<li>Tall, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> +<li>Tallington, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> +<li>Tallman, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> +<li>Tamworth, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> +<li>Tancred, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> +<li>Tankard, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> +<li>Tankeray, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> +<li>Target, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> +<li>Tarring, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> +<li>Tassell, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> +<li><i>Tassell</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> +<li>Tassie, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> +<li><i>Tasso</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> +<li><i>Tassy</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> +<li>Tattle, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> +<li>Tatwin, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> +<li>Tavistock, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> +<li>Tayburn, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> +<li>Teather, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> +<li>Tedder, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> +<li>Teddington, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> +<li>Telfer, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> +<li>Telling, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> +<li>Terling, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> +<li>Terry, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> +<li>Teuthorn, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> +<li>Thackeray, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> +<li>Theddlethorpe, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> +<li>Theobald, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> +<li>Theodore, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> +<li>Thirkettle, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> +<li><i>Thom</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> +<li><i>Thomé</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> +<li>Thorburn, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> +<li>Thorgur, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> +<li>Thorne, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a></li> +<li>Thorning, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> +<li>Thorold, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> +<li>Thoroughgood, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li> +<li>Thorowood, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> +<li>Thrale, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li> +<li>Thunder, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> +<li>Thundersfield, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> +<li>Thurgar, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> +<li>Thurgarton, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> +<li>Thurgood, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> +<li>Thurkle, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> +<li>Thurmot, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> +<li>Thurstan, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> +<li><i>Tibaldi</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> +<li>Tichfield, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> +<li>Tickle, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> +<li>Tidball, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> +<li>Tidemore, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> +<li>Tidman, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> +<li>Tidmington, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> +<li>Tidy, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> +<li>Tileman, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li>Tilford, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li>Tilke, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li>Till, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> +<li><i>Till</i> (G.), <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> +<li><i>Tillé</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> +<li><i>Tillemans</i> (D.), <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li>Tiller, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li>Tilley, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> +<li><i>Tilli</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> +<li>Tillick, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li>Tillier, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li><i>Tillier</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li>Tilling, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li>Tillingham, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> +<li>Tillman, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li><i>Tillon</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li><i>Tillot</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li>Tillott, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li>Tilly, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> +<li><i>Tilly</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> +<li>Tilman, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> +<li><i>Tilman</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li><i>Tilmann</i> (G.), <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li><i>Tilmant</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li><i>Tilo</i> (G.), <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> +<li>Tiptoft, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> +<li>Tisoe, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> +<li>Titford, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> +<li>Tockenham, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> +<li>Tocque, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> +<li>Todd, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> +<li>Toddenham, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> +<li>Toddy, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> +<li>Todrig, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> +<li>Tom, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> +<li>Tomb, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> +<li><i>Tombe</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> +<li>Tomey, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> +<li>Tomkies, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> +<li>Tomlin, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> +<li>Tommell, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> +<li>Toomey, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> +<li>Tooting, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> +<li>Torr, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> +<li>Tottington, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> +<li>Trail, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></li> +<li>Train, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></li> +<li>Tray, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></li> +<li>Tredington, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> +<li>Tremble, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a></li> +<li>Trist, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> +<li>Troston, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> +<li>Trout, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> +<li>Truefitt, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li> +<li>Trumbull, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> +<li>Trumby, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> +<li>Trump, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> +<li>Trumpington, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> +<li><i>Tübingen</i> (G.), <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> +<li>Tuck, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> +<li>Tudor, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> +<li>Tuffnell, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li> +<li>Tugman, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> +<li>Tunn, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> +<li>Tunno, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> +<li>Tunny, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> +<li>Tunstone, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> +<li>Turing, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> +<li>Turk, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li> +<li>Turkdean, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> +<li>Turpin, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> +<li>Turr, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> +<li>Tuttle, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> +<li>Twickenham, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li> +<li>Twigg, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li> +<li>Twine, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li> +<li>Twining, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li> +<li>Twiss, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> + <li><i>Ubaldo</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li><i>Ubaldini</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li><i>Ughelli</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li><i>Ughetti</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li><i>Ugo</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> +<li><i>Ugolino</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li>Upton Snodsbury, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> +<li>Ure, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li> +<li>Urlwin, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> +</ul> + + <ul class="IX"> +<li>Varnish, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li> +<li>Vergoose, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> +<li>Vibert, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> +<li>Vicary, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> +<li>Vickridge, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> +<li><i>Videau</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> +<li><i>Videcocq</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> +<li>Viking, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> +<li><i>Vilcocq</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> +<li>Vinegar, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> +<li><i>Viteau</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li>Waddicar, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> +<li>Waddy, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> +<li>Wadge, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li> +<li>Wadmore, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> +<li>Wager, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> +<li>Wagg, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li> +<li>Waghorn, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> +<li>Wagstaff, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> +<li>Wain, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> +<li>Wake, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> +<li>Waker, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> +<li>Waland, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> +<li><i>Walcher</i> (G.), <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li> +<li>Walden, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> +<li>Walder, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> +<li>Waldie, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> +<li>Waldman, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> +<li>Waldo, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> +<li>Waldron, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> +<li>Walk, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> +<li>Walker, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li> +<li>Walkey, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> +<li>Walking, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> +<li>Wall, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> +<li>Waller, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> +<li>Wallet, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> +<li>Wallfree, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> +<li>Wallower, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> +<li>Wallraven, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> +<li>Walsh, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> +<li>Walter, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> +<li>Wambey, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> +<li>Wampen, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> +<li>Waple, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> +<li>Warbolt, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> +<li>Warborough, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> +<li>Warbrick, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> +<li>Ward, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li> +<li>Warden, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> +<li>Warehorne, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> +<li>Waring, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> +<li>Warland, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> +<li>Warlock, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> +<li>Warman, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> +<li>Warmbadt, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> +<li>Warmer, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> +<li>Warne, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li> +<li>Warneford, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> +<li>Warner, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> +<li>Warnett, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> +<li>Warraker, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> +<li>Warren, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li> +<li>Warrenbury, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> +<li>Warrener, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li> +<li>Warringer, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li> +<li>Warrior, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> +<li>Washingborough, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> +<li>Washington, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> +<li>Wass, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> +<li>Watchfield, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> +<li>Water, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> +<li>Watkiss, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> +<li>Watlington, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> +<li>Watney, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> +<li>Watt, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> +<li>Waugh, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li> +<li>Way, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li> +<li>Wedlake, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> +<li>Wedlock, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> +<li>Welcome, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> +<li>Well, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> +<li>Wellwyn, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> +<li>Welp, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> +<li>Weston, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> +<li>Weybret, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> +<li>Wheatbread, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li> +<li>Whelp, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> +<li>Wherwell, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li>Whigam, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> +<li>Whipp, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> +<li>Whipple, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> +<li>Whiston, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> +<li>Whit, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> +<li>Whitbread, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li> +<li>Whitecar, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> +<li>Whiteheart, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> +<li>Whitelaw, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> +<li>Whitelegg, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> +<li>Whitelock, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> +<li>Whiteman, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> +<li>Whitemore, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> +<li>Whiter, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> +<li>Whiteridge, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> +<li>Whiterod, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> +<li>Whitethread, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> +<li>Whiting, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> +<li>Whitridge, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> +<li>Whittaker, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> +<li>Whittington, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> +<li>Whittock, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> +<li>Wichett, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> +<li>Wicker, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> +<li>Wicking, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> +<li>Wideman, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> +<li>Widow, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> +<li>Wigg, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> +<li>Wigget, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> +<li>Wigman, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> +<li>Wigmore, <a href="#Page_67">67</a><i>n</i></li> +<li>Wigram, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> +<li>Wilbourn, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> +<li>Wilbraham, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> +<li>Wilburton, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> +<li>Wilcomb, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> +<li>Wilford, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> +<li>Wilkie, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li> +<li>Wilkin, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li> +<li>Will, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li> +<li>Willament, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> +<li>Willard, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> +<li>Willer, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> +<li>Willeroey, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> +<li>Willett, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> +<li>Willgoss, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> +<li>Williams, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> +<li>Williment, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> +<li>Willing, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li> +<li>Willis, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li> +<li>Willmore, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> +<li>Willmot, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> +<li>Willock, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> +<li>Willoe, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li> +<li>Willof, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li> +<li>Willow, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a></li> +<li>Willy, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li> +<li>Wilsford, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> +<li>Wimble, <a href="#Page_202">202</a></li> +<li>Wimbolt, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> +<li>Wincup, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> +<li>Winder, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> +<li>Windle, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> +<li>Windlesham, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> +<li>Windram, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> +<li>Windred, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> +<li>Windsor, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> +<li>Wine, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> +<li>Winegar, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> +<li>Wineman, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> +<li>Winer, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> +<li>Winfarthing, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li> +<li>Wingood, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> +<li>Winlock, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> +<li>Winmen, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> +<li>Winn, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> +<li>Winning, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> +<li>Winshill, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> +<li>Winslow, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> +<li>Winston, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> +<li>Winter, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li> +<li>Wintle, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> +<li>Wire, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> +<li>Wither, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> +<li>Withered, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> +<li>Witherick, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> +<li>Witheron, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> +<li>Wittering, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> +<li>Wiveliscomb, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> +<li>Woking, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> +<li>Woldswell, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> +<li>Wolf, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> +<li>Wolsey, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> +<li>Wolverley, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> +<li>Woodcock, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> +<li>Woodin (?), <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> +<li>Woolbert, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> +<li>Woolcot, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> +<li>Wooley, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> +<li>Woolgar, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> +<li>Woollams, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> +<li>Woollard, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> +<li>Woollat, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> +<li>Woolmer, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> +<li>Woolnoth, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> +<li>Woolrych, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> +<li>Woolston, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> +<li>Worcester, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> +<li>Wordsworth, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li> +<li>Worm, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> +<li>Worting, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> +<li>Wren, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> +<li>Wreningham, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> +<li>Wright, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> +<li>Wrigley, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> +<li>Wrotham, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> +<li>Wyard, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> +<li>Wyatt, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> +<li>Wyberg, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> +<li>Wybrow, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> +<li>Wyman, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> +<li>Wymer, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li>Yea, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a><i>n</i></li> +<li>Yeading, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> +<li>Yealfe, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> +<li>Yeaman, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> +<li>Yems, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> +<li>Yeo, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a><i>n</i></li> +<li>Yeoman, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> +<li>Yeoward, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> +<li>Yorick, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> +</ul> +</div> + +<p class="center">THE END.</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p class="center">LONDON:<br /> +<span class="smcap">R. Clay, Sons, and Taylor</span>,<br /> +BREAD STREET HILL, E.C.</p> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's Surnames as a Science, by Robert Ferguson + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SURNAMES AS A SCIENCE *** + +***** This file should be named 37520-h.htm or 37520-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/7/5/2/37520/ + +Produced by StevenGibbs, Jane Hyland and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +http://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need, are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +http://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at http://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit http://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. +To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + http://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. + + +</pre> + +</body> +</html> diff --git a/37520.txt b/37520.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6dbb5da --- /dev/null +++ b/37520.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12595 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Surnames as a Science, by Robert Ferguson + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Surnames as a Science + +Author: Robert Ferguson + +Release Date: September 24, 2011 [EBook #37520] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SURNAMES AS A SCIENCE *** + + + + +Produced by StevenGibbs, Jane Hyland and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + +SURNAMES AS A SCIENCE + +BY +ROBERT FERGUSON, M.P., +F.S.A., F.S.A. (SCOT.); +AUTHOR OF "THE TEUTONIC NAME-SYSTEM." + +LONDON: +GEORGE ROUTLEDGE AND SONS, +BROADWAY, LUDGATE HILL, +NEW YORK: 9, LAFAYETTE PLACE. +1883. + + + + +LONDON: +R. CLAY, SONS, AND TAYLOR, +BREAD STREET HILL. + +TO +MRS. R.H. DANA (_nee_ LONGFELLOW), +OF BOSTON, MASS., +IN MEMORY OF EARLY AND VALUED FRIENDSHIP, AND OF DAYS +NOT TO BE FORGOTTEN, PASSED AT CRAGIE HOUSE, +THIS LITTLE VOLUME IS INSCRIBED +BY THE AUTHOR. + + + + +PREFACE. + + +That portion of our surnames which dates back to Anglo-Saxon times, and +so forms a part of the general system by which Teutonic names are +governed, is distinctly a branch of a science, and as such has been +treated by the Germans, upon whose lines I have generally endeavoured to +follow. + +It has been a part of my object to show that this portion of our +surnames is a very much larger one than has been generally supposed, and +that it includes a very great number of names which have hitherto been +otherwise accounted for, as well as of course a great number for which +no explanation has been forthcoming. + +Nevertheless, while claiming for my subject the dignity of a science, I +am very well aware that the question as to how far I have myself +succeeded in treating it scientifically is an entirely different one, +and one upon which it will be for others than myself to pronounce an +opinion. + +This work is of the nature of a supplement to one which I published some +time ago under the title of _The Teutonic Name-system applied to the +Family-names of France, England, and Germany_ (Williams and Norgate), +though I have been obliged, in order to render my system intelligible, +to a certain extent to go over the same ground again. + +I will only say, in conclusion, that in dealing with this subject--one +in which all persons may be taken to be more or less interested--I have +endeavoured as much as possible to avoid technicalities and to write so +as to be intelligible to the ordinary reader. + + ROBERT FERGUSON. + + MORTON, CARLISLE. + + + + +CONTENTS. + + + CHAPTER I. PAGE + + THE ANTIQUITY AND THE UNSUSPECTED DIGNITY OF SOME OF OUR COMMON NAMES 1 + + CHAPTER II. + + CLUE TO SOME OF THE ANCIENT FORMS REPRESENTED IN ENGLISH NAMES 23 + + CHAPTER III. + + NAMES REPRESENTING ANCIENT COMPOUNDS 36 + + CHAPTER IV. + + THE MEN WHO CAME IN WITH THE SAXONS 69 + + CHAPTER V. + + MEN'S NAMES IN PLACE-NAMES 92 + + CHAPTER VI. + + CORRUPTIONS AND CONTRACTIONS 113 + + CHAPTER VII. + + THE OLD FRANKS AND THE PRESENT FRENCH 123 + + CHAPTER VIII. + + THE GERMAN ORIGIN OF GREAT ITALIANS AS EVIDENCED IN THEIR NAMES 143 + + CHAPTER IX. + + VARIOUS UNENUMERATED STEMS 154 + + CHAPTER X. + + NAMES WHICH ARE NOT WHAT THEY SEEM 171 + + CHAPTER XI. + + CHRISTIAN NAMES OF WOMEN 197 + + LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL WORKS CONSULTED 213 + + ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS 215 + + INDEX OF NAMES 217 + + + +CONTRACTIONS. + + A.S. Anglo-Saxon. + O.N. Old Northern. + O.G. Old German. + O.H.G. Old High German. + + + + +SURNAMES AS A SCIENCE. + +CHAPTER I. + +THE ANTIQUITY AND THE UNSUSPECTED DIGNITY OF SOME OF OUR COMMON NAMES. + + +As some things that seem common, and even ignoble, to the naked eye, +lose their meanness under the revelations of the microscope, so, many of +our surnames that seem common and even vulgar at first sight, will be +found, when their origin is adequately investigated, to be of high +antiquity, and of unsuspected dignity. _Clodd_, for instance, might seem +to be of boorish origin, and _Clout_ to have been a dealer in old rags. +But I claim for them that they are twin brothers, and etymologically the +descendants of a Frankish king. _Napp_ is not a name of distinguished +sound, yet it is one that can take us back to that far-off time ere yet +the history of England had begun, when, among the little kinglets on the +old Saxon shore, "Hnaf ruled the Hocings."[1] _Moll_, _Betty_, _Nanny_, +and _Pegg_ sound rather ignoble as the names of men, yet there is +nothing of womanliness in their warlike origin. _Bill_ seems an honest +though hardly a distinguished name, unless he can claim kinship with +Billing, the "noble progenitor of the royal house of Saxony." Now +Billing, thus described by Kemble, is a patronymic, "son of Bill or +Billa," and I claim for our Bill (as a surname) the right, as elsewhere +stated, to be considered as the progenitor. Among the very shortest +names in all the directory are _Ewe_, _Yea_, and _Yeo_, yet theirs also +is a pedigree that can take us back beyond Anglo-Saxon times. Names of a +most disreputable appearance are _Swearing_ and _Gambling_, yet both, +when properly inquired into, turn out to be the very synonyms of +respectability. _Winfarthing_ again would seem to be derived from the +most petty gambling, unless he can be rehabilitated as an Anglo-Saxon +Winfrithing (patronymic of Winfrith.) A more unpleasant name than +_Gumboil_ (_Lower_) it would not be easy to find, and yet it represents, +debased though be its form, a name borne by many a Frankish warrior, and +by a Burgundian king fourteen centuries ago. Its proper form would be +Gumbald (Frankish for Gundbald), and it signifies "bold in war." Another +name which wofully belies its origin is _Tremble_, for, of the two words +of which it is composed, one signifies steadfast or firm, and the other +signifies valiant or bold. Its proper form is Trumbald, and the first +step of its descent is _Trumbull_. A name which excites anything but +agreeable associations is _Earwig_. Yet it is at any rate a name that +goes back to Anglo-Saxon times, there being an Earwig, no doubt a man +of some consideration, a witness to a charter (_Thorpe_, p. 333). And +the animal which it represents is not the insect of insidious repute, +but the sturdy boar so much honoured by our Teuton forefathers, _ear_ +being, as elsewhere noted, a contraction of _evor_, boar, so that Earwig +is the "boar of battle." Of more humiliating seeming than even Earwig is +_Flea_ (vouched for by Lower as an English surname). And yet it is at +all events a name of old descent, for Flea--I do not intend it in any +equivocal sense, for the stem is found in Kemble's list of early +settlers--came in with the Saxons. And though it has nothing to do with +English "flea," yet it is no doubt from the same root, and expresses the +same characteristic of agility so marvellously developed in the insect. + +Even _Bugg_, if he had seen his name under this metaphorical microscope, +might have felt himself absolved from changing it into Howard, for Bugg +is at least as ancient, and etymologically quite as respectable. It is a +name of which great and honourable men of old were not ashamed; there +was, for instance, a Buga, minister to Edward of Wessex, who signs his +name to many a charter. And there was also an Anglo-Saxon queen, +Hrothwaru, who was also called Bucge, which I have elsewhere given +reasons for supposing to have been her original name. There are moreover +to be found, deduced from place-names, two Anglo-Saxons named +respectively Buga and Bugga, owners of land, and therefore respectable. +In Germany we find Bugo, Bugga, and Bucge, as ancient names of men and +women in the _Altdeutsches Namenbuch_. And Bugge is at present a name +both among the Germans and the Scandinavians, being, among others, that +of a distinguished professor at Christiania. As to its origin, all that +we can predicate with anything like confidence is that it is derived +from a word signifying to bend, and of the various senses thus derived, +that of ring or bracelet (O.N. _baugr_) seems to me the most +appropriate. The bracelet was of old an honourable distinction, and the +prince, as the fountain of honour, was the "bracelet-giver."[2] + +My object then at present is to show that many of our short and +unpretending names are among the most ancient that we have, being such +as our Saxon forefathers brought with them when they first set foot upon +our shores, and such as we find whenever history gives us a yet earlier +glimpse of the Teuton in his home. _Bass_, for instance, whose red +pyramid to-day stamps authenticity on many a bottle, was in ancient +times a well-known potter's name on the beautiful red Samian ware of the +Romans. The seat of this manufacture was on the banks of the Rhine, and +in the long list of potters' names, mostly of course Roman, there are +not a few that are those of Germans or of Gauls. And there is one +interesting case, that of a lamp found along the line of the Roman wall, +in which the German potter, one Fus, has asserted his own nationality by +stamping his ware with the print of a naked human foot, within which is +inscribed his name, thus proving, by the play upon his name, that _fus_ +meant "foot" in the language which he spoke. Little perhaps the old +potter thought, as he chuckled over his conceit, that when fifteen +centuries had passed away, his trade-mark would remain to attest his +nationality. + +But to return to Bass, let us see what can be done to bridge the gulf +between the princely brewers of to-day and the old potter on the banks +of the Rhine. And first, as to Anglo-Saxon England, we find Bass as a +mass-priest, and Bassus as a valiant soldier of King Edwin in the +Anglo-Saxon _Chronicle_, as also a Bassa in the genealogy of the Mercian +kings. Basing, the Anglo-Saxon patronymic, "son of Bass," occurs about +the twelfth century, in the _Liber Vitae_. And Kemble, in his list of +Anglo-Saxon "marks," or communities of the early settlers, finds +Bassingas, _i.e._ descendants or followers of Bass, in Cambridgeshire +and in Notts, while Mr. Taylor finds offshoots of the same family on the +opposite coast in Artois. In Germany we find many instances of Bass, and +its High German form Pass, from the seventh century downwards. And in +the neighbourhood of the Wurm-See, in Bavaria, we find, corresponding +with our Bassings, a community of Pasings, _i.e._ descendants or +followers of Pass. We may take it then that our name _Pass_ is only +another form of _Bass_, both names being also found at present in +Germany. As to the origin of the name, for which no sufficient +explanation is to be found in the Old German dialects, Foerstemann has +to turn to the kindred dialect of the Old Northern, where he finds it in +_basa_, anniti, to strive contend. + +Thus far we have had to do with Bass as a name of Teutonic origin. But +it appears to have been a Celtic name as well, for Bassa, a name +presumably Welsh, occurs in the pathetic lament of Llywarch, written in +the sixth century, the name being, on the authority of the late Dr. +Guest, still retained in Baschurch near Shrewsbury. The name Bass, then, +or Pass, on Roman pottery might be either that of a German or of a Gaul, +but more probably the former, especially as we find also Bassico, a form +more particularly German, and some other forms more probably Teutonic. + +Before parting with Bass, I may refer to one in particular of his +progeny, the name _Basin_, formed from it by the ending _en_ or _in_, +referred to in a subsequent chapter. The original of our Basin has been +supposed to have been a barber, the mediaeval leech, but I claim for him +a different origin, and connect his name, which is found as Basin in +Domesday, with the name Basin of a Thuringian king of the fifth century. + +Let us take another of our common surnames, _Scott_. This has been +generally assumed to have been an original surname derived from +nationality, and we need not doubt that it has been so in many, perhaps +in most, cases. But Scott, as a man's name, is, not to say older than +the introduction of surnames, but as old probably as the name of the +nation itself. To begin with England, it occurs in the thirteenth +century, in the _Liber Vitae_, where it is the reverse of a surname, +Scott Agumdessune (no doubt for Agemundessune). I do not think, +however, that Agumdessune is here a surname, but only an individual +description, an earnest of surnames that were to be. For there is +another Scott who signs about the same time, and it might be necessary +to distinguish between these two men. There is in the same record yet +another Scott, described as "Alstani filius," who, in the time of +William the Conqueror, "for the redemption of his soul, and with the +consent of his sons and of all his friends," makes a gift of valuable +lands to the Church. Scott again occurs in an Anglo-Saxon charter of +boundaries quoted by Kemble, "Scottes heal," _i.e._ "Scot's hall." And +Scotta occurs in another in "Scottan byrgels," _i.e._ "Scotta's burial +mound." In Germany Scot occurs in the ninth century in the Book of the +Brotherhood of St. Peter at Salzburg, where it is classed by Foerstemann +as a German name, which seems justified by the fact that Scotardus, a +German compound (_hard_, fortis), occurs as an Old Frankish name in the +time of Charlemagne. In Italy, where, as I shall show in a subsequent +chapter, the Germans have left many Teutonic names behind them, we find +a Scotti, duke of Milan, in the middle ages, whose name is probably due +to that cause. Scotto is a surname at present among the Frisians, while +among the Germans generally it is most commonly softened into Schott. + +Scot however, as a man's name, seems to have been at least as common +among the Celts as among the Teutons; Gluck cites four instances of it +from ancient, chiefly Latin, authors, in only one of which, however, +that of a Gaul, is the particular nationality distinguished. As to the +origin of the name, all that can be said is that it is most probably +from the same origin, whatever that may be, as the name of the nation; +just as another Celtic man's name, Caled, signifying hard, durus, is +probably from the same origin as that of Caledonia, "stern and wild." + +Lastly, among the names on Roman pottery, we have Scottus, Scoto, and +Scotni, the last being a genitive, "Scotni manu." Of these three names +the first is the Latinisation of Scott; the second has the ending in _o_ +most common for men's names among the old Franks, but also found among +the Celts; the third, as a genitive, presumably represents the form +Scotten, the ending in _en_, hereafter referred to, running through the +whole range of Teutonic names, but being also found in Celtic. Upon the +whole, then, there does not seem anything sufficiently distinctive to +stamp these names as either Teutonic or Celtic. I may observe that all +these three forms, _Scott_, _Scotto_, and _Scotten_, are found in our +surnames, as well as _Scotting_, the Anglo-Saxon patronymic, which +assists to mark the name as in Anglo-Saxon use. We have also _Scotland_, +which has been supposed to have been an original surname derived from +nationality, and so I dare say it may be in some cases. But Scotland +appears as a man's name in the _Liber Vitae_ about the twelfth or +thirteenth century, and before surnames begin to make their appearance. +Scotland again occurs as the name of a Norman in the _Acta Sanctorum_, +where it seems more probably of Frankish origin, and cannot at any rate +be from nationality. The fact seems to be that _land_, terra, was formed +into compounds, like _bald_, and _fred_, and _hard_, without reference +perhaps to any particular meaning. Similarly we find Old German, +apparently Frankish, names, Ingaland and Airland (more properly +Heriland), which might account in a similar way for our surnames +_England_ and _Ireland_. + +Let us take yet one more name, _Gay_, a little more complicated in its +connections than the others, and endeavour to trace it up to its origin. +"Nay! but what better origin can we have," I can fancy the reader saying +at starting, "than our own word 'gay', French _gai_?" I would not +undertake to say that our name is not in any instance from this origin, +but what I say is that a proved Anglo-Saxon _name_ is better than any +assumed _word_, however suitable its meaning may seem to be. Moreover, +the same Anglo-Saxon word will account, not only for Gay, but for a +whole group of names, _Gay_, _Gye_, _Gedge_, _Gage_, _Kay_, _Key_, +_Kegg_, _Kedge_, _Cage_,--all variations, according to my view, of one +original name. It must inevitably be the case that a name dating back to +a remote antiquity, and in use over a wide area, must be subject to many +phonetic variations. And it matters nothing to etymology, so long as her +own strict rules are complied with, if some of these names have not a +single letter in common. Given, then, an Anglo-Saxon name Gagg, Gegg, +with its alternative form Cagg, Keg, and we get from it all the forms +that are required. For the English ear is averse, as a matter of +euphony, to a final _g_, and while it most commonly changes it into _y_ +(which is in effect dropping it), as in A.S. _dag_, Eng. _day_, A.S. +_caeg_, Eng. _key_, it also not unfrequently changes it into _dg_, as in +A.S. _bricg_, Eng. _bridge_, &c. To come, then, to the Anglo-Saxon +names concerned, Kemble, in his list of original settlers, has both +Gagingas, _i.e._ descendants or followers of Gag, and Caegingas, _i.e._ +descendants or followers of Caeg. And the Anglo-Saxon names cited below, +one of them the exact counterpart of Gay, are deduced from place-names +of a later period. The Old German names do not, in this case, throw any +light upon the subject, as, on account of the stem not being so +distinctly developed as it is in Anglo-Saxon, they have been placed by +Foerstemann to, as I consider, a wrong stem, viz. _gaw_, patria. + + _Anglo-Saxon names._--Gaecg, Geagga, Geah, Caeg, Ceagga, Ceahha + (Gaeging, Gaing, _patronymics_). + + _Old German names._--Gaio, Geio, Kegio, Keyo, Keio. + + _Present German._--Gey, Geu. + + _Present Friesic._--Kay, Key. + + _English surnames._--Gay, Gye, Gedge, Gage, Kay, Key, Kegg, Kedge, + Cage. + +As to the origin and meaning of the word, I can offer nothing more than +a somewhat speculative conjecture. There is a stem _gagen_, _cagen_, in +Teutonic names, and which seems to be derived most probably from O.N. +_gagn_, gain, victory. We find it in Anglo-Saxon in Gegnesburh, now +Gainsborough, and in Geynesthorn, another place-name, and we have it in +our names _Gain_, _Cain_, _Cane_. It is very possible, and in accordance +with the Teutonic system, that _gag_ may represent the older and simpler +form, standing to _gagen_ in the same relation as English _ward_ does +to _warden_, and A.S. _geard_ (inclosure), to _garden_. + +As in the two previous cases, so also in this case, there is an ancient +Celtic name, Geio, to take into account, and to this may be placed the +names _Keogh_ and _Keho_, if these names be, as I suppose, Irish and not +English. Also the Kay and the Kie in _McKay_ and _McKie_. Lastly, in +this, as in the other two cases, there is also a name on Roman pottery, +Gio, which might, as it seems, be either German or Celtic. Can there be +any connection, I venture to inquire, between these ancient names, +Celtic or Teutonic, and the Roman Gaius and Caius? Several well-known +Roman names are, as elsewhere noted, referred by German writers to a +Celtic origin. + +It will be seen then that, in the case of all the three names of which I +have been treating, there is an ancient Celtic name in a corresponding +form which might in some cases intermix. And there are many more cases +of the same kind among our surnames. _Wake_, for instance, may represent +an ancient name, either German or Celtic; for the German a sufficient +etymon may be found in _wak_, watchful, while for the Celtic there is +nothing, observes Gluck, in the range of extant dialects to which we can +reasonably refer it. So _Moore_ represents an ancient stem for names +common to the Celts, the Germans, and the Romans, though at least as +regards the Germans, the origin seems obscure.[3] + +Now it is quite possible, particularly in the case of such monosyllabic +words as these, that there might be an accidental coincidence between a +Celtic and a Teutonic name, without their having anything in common in +their root. It is possible, again, that the one nation may have borrowed +a name from the other, as the Northmen, for instance, sometimes did from +the Irish or the Gael, one of their most common names, Niel(sen), being +thus derived; while, on the other hand, both the Irish and the Gael +received, as Mr. Worsaae has shown, many names from the Northmen. So +also the Romans seem to have borrowed names from the Celts, several +well-known names, as Plinius, Livius, Virgilius,[4] Catullus, and +Drusus, being, in the opinion of German scholars, thus derived. + +But though no doubt both these principles apply to the present case, yet +there is also, as it seems to me, something in the relationship between +Celtic and Teutonic names which can hardly be accounted for on either of +the above principles. And I venture to throw out the suggestion that +when ancient Celtic names shall have been as thoroughly collected and +examined as, by the industry of the Germans, have been the Teutonic, +comparative philology may--perhaps within certain lines--find something +of the same kinship between them that it has already established in the +case of the respective languages. Meanwhile, I venture to put forward, +derived from such limited observations as I have been able to make, +certain points of coincidence which I think go some way to justify the +opinion expressed above. In so doing I am not so much putting forward +etymological views of my own, as collecting together, so as to shape +them into a comparison, the conclusions which have, in various +individual cases, been arrived at by scholars such as Zeuss. There are, +then, four very common endings in Teutonic names,--_ward_, as in Edward, +_ric_, as in Frederic, _mar_, as in Aylmar, and _wald_, as in Reginald +(=Reginwald). The same four words, in their corresponding forms, are +also common as the endings of Celtic names, _ward_ taking the form of +_guared_ or _guaret_, the German _ric_ taking generally the form of +_rix_ (which appears also to have been the older form in the German, all +names of the first century being so given by Latin authors), _wald_ +taking the form of _gualed_ or _gualet_, and _mar_ being pretty much the +same in both. Of these four cases of coincidence, there is only one +(_wald = gualet_) which I have not derived from German authority. And +with respect to this one, I have assumed the Welsh _gualed_, order, +arrangement, whence _gualedyr_, a ruler, to be the same word as German +_wald_, Gothic _valdan_, to rule. But we can carry this comparison still +further, and show all these four endings in combination with one and the +same prefix common to both tongues. This prefix is the Old German _had_, +_hat_, _hath_, signifying war, the corresponding word to which is in +Celtic _cad_ or _cat_. (Note that in the earliest German names on +record, as the Catumer and the Catualda of Tacitus, the German form is +_cat_, same as the Celtic. This seems to indicate that at that early +period the Germans so strongly aspirated the _h_ in _hat_, that the word +sounded to Roman ears like _cat_, and it assists perhaps to give us an +idea of the way in which such variations of tongues arise.) + +I subjoin then the following names which, _mutatis mutandis_, are the +same in both tongues, and which, judging them by the same rules which +philology has applied to the respective languages, might be taken to be +from some earlier source common to both races:-- + + _Ancient German Names._ _Ancient Celtic Names._ + + Hadaward. Catguaret (_Book of Llandaff_). + Haduric. Caturix (_Orelli_). + Hadamar (Catumer, _Tacitus_). Catmor (_Book of Llandaff_). + Hadold (=Hadwald). Catgualet (_British king of Gwynedd_, + A.D. 664). + Catualda (_Tacitus_). Cadwalladyr (_British king_) + (Catgualatyr, _Book of Llandaff_) + +In comparing Catualda with the British Cadwalladyr I am noting an +additional point of coincidence. Catualda is not, like other Old German +names, from _wald_, rule, but from _walda_, ruler. There is only one +other Old German name in the same form, Cariovalda,[5] also a very +ancient name, being of the first century. This then may represent the +older form, though this is not what I wish at present to note, but that +Catualda is the counterpart of the British Cadwalladyr, which also is +not from _gualed_, rule, but from _gualedyr_, ruler. + +In suggesting that this coincidence may be confined within certain lines +I mean to guard against the assumption that it would, as in the case of +the language, be found to pervade the whole system, many of the +formations of which may be of a more recent time. There are some other +stems, considered by the Germans to be in coincidence, to only one of +which I will refer at present, the Old Celtic _tout_, Welsh _tud_ = the +Gothic _thiuda_. Hence the name Tudric, of a British king of Glamorgan, +would be the counterpart of that of the Gothic king Theuderic, or +Theoderic. I will take one more instance of a name presumed to be common +to the Germans and to the Celts as an illustration of the manner in +which--men's names being handed down from generation to generation +without, even in ancient times, any thought of their meaning--a name may +survive, while the word from which it was originally derived has +perished out of the language, or is retained in a sense so changed as +hardly to be recognised. The German name in question is that of Sigimar, +the brother of Arminius, dating from the first century of our era, a +name which we still have as _Seymore_, and in its High German form +Sicumar we have as _Sycamore_, intermediate Anglo-Saxon names being +found for both. The prefix _sig_ is taken, with as much certainty as +there can be in anything of the kind, to be from _sig_, victory; the +ending _mar_, signifying famous, is a word to which I have already +referred as common both to the Germans and to the Celts. Segimar was +also an ancient Celtic name, but while the ending _mar_ has a meaning +to-day in Celtic speech, the prefix _seg_ is a word of which they are +hardly able to render any account. Only in the Old Irish (which seems to +contain some of the most ancient elements) Gluck, finding a word _seg_ +with the meaning of the wild ox, _urus_, deduces from it the ancient +meaning of strength (Sansc. _sahas_, vis, robor), and infers an original +meaning akin to the German. + +It happens, perhaps yet more frequently, that a German name, which +cannot be explained by anything within the range of Teutonic dialects, +may find a sufficient etymon from the Celtic. That is to suppose that a +word originally common to the Teutonic and the Celtic, has dropped out +of the former, and been retained only in the latter. Thus there is a +word _arg_, _arch_, found in many Teutonic names, and from which we have +several names, as _Archbold_, _Archbutt_, _Archard_, _Argent_, +_Argument_, for which the meaning that can be derived from the German +seems very inadequate, but for which the Irish _arg_, hero or champion, +seems to offer as good a meaning as could be desired. So also _all_, +from which, as elsewhere shown, there are a number of names, in its +Teutonic sense of _omnis_, does not seem to give by any means so +satisfactory a result as in its Celtic sense of "great" or, +"illustrious." Many other instances might be adduced on both sides to +show the way in which a word has dropped out of the one language and +been retained in the other. + +Before passing from this part of the subject, I may be allowed to adduce +an illustration--a striking one I think, albeit that the name in this +case is not that of a man but of a dog--of the way in which a name may +be retained in familiar use, though the word from which it is derived +has perished out of the language, though the language itself has passed +out of use among us for more than a thousand years, and though the word +itself is only used in a sort of poetical or sentimental sense. Who has +not heard, in verse or in prose, of the "poor dog _Tray_"? And yet who +ever heard, excepting in books, of a dog being called Tray, a word which +conveys no meaning whatever to an English ear? What then is the origin, +and what is the meaning, of the name? It is, I venture to think, the +ancient British name for a dog, which is not to be found in any living +dialect of the Celtic, and which is only revealed to us in a casual line +of a Roman poet:-- + + Non sibi, sed domino, venatur _vertragus_ acer, + Illaesum leporem qui tibi dente feret. + + _Martial._ + + +The British _vertrag_ must have been something of the nature of a +greyhound, though, from the description of his bringing back the game +unmangled to his master, perhaps capable of a higher training than the +greyhound generally attains to. Now the _ver_ in _vertrag_ is in the +Celtic tongues an intensitive, and as prefixed to a word, gives the +sense of preeminence. The ancient British word for a dog in general must +have been _trag_, a word of which we find a trace in the Irish _traig_, +foot, allied, no doubt, to Gothic _thragjan_, Greek [Greek: trechein], +Sanscrit _trag_, to run. The ancient British name then for a dog, _trag_ +signified the "runner," and with the intensitive prefix _ver_, as in +_vertrag_, the "swift runner."[6] And _trag_ is, I take it, the word +from which, _g_ as usual in English becoming _y_, is formed our word +Tray. + +It may be of interest, in connection with the antiquity of our names, to +take a few of the oldest Teutonic names of which history gives us a +record, and endeavour to show the relationship which they bear to our +existing surnames. It will be seen that not only have we the +representatives of these ancient names, but also in certain cases names +which represent a still more ancient form of the word. + +And first let us take the name, dating back to the first century of our +era, of the old German hero Arminius, brought before us with such +magnanimous fairness by Tacitus. The old idea, let me observe, that +Armin is properly _herman_, leader or warrior, has long been given up by +the Germans. The name, of which the most correct form is considered to +be Irmin, is formed from one single word of which the root is _irm_, and +the meaning of which is, as Grimm observes, entirely obscure. We have +then as English surnames _Armine_, _Ermine_, and _Harmony_, the last, +no doubt, a slight corruption, though, as far as the prefix of _h_ is +concerned, it is as old as Anglo-Saxon times, for we find "Harmines +den," Harmine's valley, in a charter quoted by Kemble. Then we have +compounded with _gar_, spear, and corresponding with an O.G. +Irminger--_Arminger_, _Irminger_,[7] and again as a corruption, +_Iremonger_. And, compounded with _hari_, warrior, and corresponding +with an O.G. Irminhar, we have _Arminer_. And, as a Christian name of +women, one at least of our old families still retains the ancient name +_Ermentrude_, the ending _trude_, as found also in _Gertrude_, being +perhaps from the name Thrud, of one of the _Valkyrjur_, or +battle-maidens of Odin. The French also, among the many names derived +from their Frankish ancestors, have _Armingaud_, _Armandet_, and +_Ermingcard_, corresponding with the ancient names Irmingaud, Irmindeot, +and Irmingard. And _Irminger_, as I write, comes before me in the daily +papers as the name of a Danish admiral. But Irmin is not the oldest form +of the name,--"the older and the simple form," observes Foerstemann, +"runs in the form Irm or Irim," and with this also we can claim +connection in our family names. For we have the simple form as _Arms_ +and _Harme_; and as compounds we have _Armiger_, corresponding with an +O.G. Ermgar; _Armour_, with an O.G. Ermhar; and _Armgold_, with an O.G. +Ermegild. Lastly, I may observe that both Irm and Irmin are found also +by Stark as ancient Celtic names. And certainly there is no stem more +likely than this, of the origin of which all trace is lost in the +darkness of the past, to be one that is older than the Arian separation. + +The name Sigimar, of the brother of Arminius, I have already shown that +we have, not only in its own form as _Seymore_, but also in its High +German form as _Sycamore_, the Anglo-Saxon names from which they may be +taken to be more immediately derived being also found in the chapter on +place-names. And I have also shown that we have the name Cariovalda (or +Harwald) of a prince of the Batavi, of the first century, in our +_Harold_. + +There was another old hero of the German race, not so fortunate as +Arminius in finding an historian in a generous foe, whose name only +comes before us in a line of Horace:-- + + Occidit Daci Cotisonis agmen. + +Cotiso must have been a leader of some High German tribe, perhaps +somewhere on the Upper Danube, and he must have made a gallant stand +against the Roman arms, inasmuch as his final overthrow is deemed by the +Roman poet a worthy subject on which to congratulate his imperial +patron. Cotiso is a High German form of another name, Godiso or Godizo, +elsewhere referred to, and hence may be represented, I venture to think, +in our names _Godsoe_ and _Goddiss_, while Cotiso itself may be +represented in our _Cottiss_, the ancient vowel-ending being in our +names, as I shall show in the next chapter, sometimes dropped and +sometimes retained. + +Another name which goes back to the first century of our era is Arpus, +that of a prince of the Catti in Tacitus. The Eorpingas, descendants or +followers of Eorpa, were among the original settlers, and seem to have +confined themselves to Norfolk, where alone we have any traces of them. +The name may perhaps be referred to Anglo-Saxon _eorp_, wolf, though +other derivations have also been proposed. We have the name at present +as _Earp_ (the name of a member of the House of Commons), and also as +_Harp_. Upon this stem is formed the name Arbogastes (_gast_, guest) of +a Frankish general under the Emperor Gratian in the fourth century; and +_Arbogast_ is still a family name among the French. + +Lastly, let us take the name of the German king, Ariovistus, brought +before us by Caesar. The proper form of this name, there seems little +doubt, is Arefastus, as found in some other O.G. names. There was also +an Arfast, bishop of East Anglia, in the time of William the Conqueror. +And Arfast is a present name among the Frisians, according to Outzen, +who compares it--rightly, as it seems to me--with the old name +Ariovistus. The corresponding name Arinfast (_aro_, _arin_, eagle) was +also in ancient use among the Danes. It seems to me that our name +_Harvest_ may easily be a corruption of Arfast; it has generally no +doubt been derived from a man's having been born at such a season, but I +distrust, as a general rule, as elsewhere stated, derivations of this +kind. + +In connection with the subject of the antiquity of Teutonic names +generally, and of English names as derived from them, I shall have, in a +subsequent chapter, to refer to the names of original settlers in +England as deduced by Kemble from ancient charters, and compare them +with names of a similar kind found in Germany. The coincidence that will +be found in these names at that early period, from England and Friesland +in the north to Bavaria in the south, will, I think, be a very strong +argument to show that these names could not have originated within the +Teutonic area itself, and so dispersed themselves over it in its length +and breadth, but that they must have been brought with them by the +Teutonic invaders from their earlier homes. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[1] From the old Saxon fragment called the "Traveller's Song." Hnaf is +no doubt from the Ang.-Sax. _cnafa_, _cnapa_, son, boy, the Anglo-Saxons +often representing _c_ by a (no doubt aspirated) _h_. + +[2] Stark also adduces an instance in the eleventh century of Buggo as a +contraction of Burchard. + +[3] So at least Foerstemann seems to think, observing that we can +scarcely derive it from Maur, AEthiops, English "Moor." Nevertheless, +seeing the long struggle between the Teutons and the Moors in Spain, it +seems to me that such a derivation would be quite in accordance with +Teutonic practice. See some remarks on the general subject at the end of +Chapter IV. + +[4] So that we may take it that Virgilius, as the name of a Scot who +became bishop of Salzburg in the time of Boniface, was his own genuine +Celtic name, and not derived from that of the Roman poet. + +[5] This name, that of a prince of the Batavi, is considered by the +Germans to be properly Hariovalda, from _har_, army, and hence is +another instance of an initial _h_ being represented among the Romans by +a _c_. The name is the same as the Anglo-Saxon Harald, and as our +present name _Harold_. + +[6] For this explanation of _vertragus_ I am indebted to Gluck. + +[7] There was an English admiral of this name, though I do not know of +it at present. + + + + +CHAPTER II. + +CLUE TO SOME OF THE ANCIENT FORMS REPRESENTED IN ENGLISH NAMES. + + +So long as our surnames are treated as if each name were something +standing apart by itself, very little progress can be made in their +elucidation; it is by collation and comparison that, in this as in any +other science, definite results are to be obtained. And a moderate +amount of attention to the forms in which these names appear, and to the +various endings prevalent among them, will enable many names, otherwise +unrecognisable, to be brought within the pale of classification and of +possible explanation. I am of course referring to that portion of our +surnames--a much larger one according to my judgment than is generally +acknowledged--which dates back to Anglo-Saxon times, and so forms a part +of the general system by which Teutonic names are governed. + +I shall have, in the course of this work, frequently to refer to the +Teutonic system, and to names which do, or do not, according to my +judgment, enter into it. And I will therefore, before going further, +endeavour to explain what I mean by the Teutonic system. There is, then, +a class of words which, at a time of remote antiquity, have been adopted +as stems upon which, in some cases by a sort of phonetic accretion, in +some cases by the addition of a diminutive ending, in some cases by +forming a patronymic, in some cases by taking in another word as a +compound, a number of other names have been formed. Thus, when we find +such a group of names as _Dill_, _Dilly_, _Dillow_, _Dillen_, _Dilling_, +_Dilke_, _Dilwyn_, or as _Budd_, _Budden_, _Buddle_, _Budding_, +_Buddrich_, _Budmore_, we may take it that these are all ancient names, +of which _Dill_ and _Budd_ are respectively the stems. And whenever we +find a group of names with endings such as it is my object in the +present chapter to explain, and in compounds such as will be dealt with +in a succeeding chapter, we shall be warranted in assuming the antiquity +of the group. + + +The endings in _a_, _ay_, _ah_, _ey_, _ie_, _o_, _oe_, _ow_. + +And in the first place, let us take the endings in _a_, _i_, and _o_, of +which the above are nothing more than arbitrary variations of spelling. +Now ancient Teutonic names formed of one single word had commonly, +though not invariably (and the same thing applies also to ancient Celtic +names), a vowel-ending in _a_, _i_, or _o_; this ending is in our names +sometimes dropped and at other times retained. (It is to be observed, +however, that even in Anglo-Saxon times it is not an unfrequent thing to +find the same name variously with and without a vowel-ending, of which +some instances may be noted in Chapter V.) Thus we have _Abbe_, _Abba_, +and _Abbey_, we have _Bell_, _Belly_, and _Bellow_, we have _Earl_ and +_Early_, we have _Dand_, _Dandy_, and _Dando_, we have _Brand_ and +_Brandy_, we have _Todd_ and _Toddy_, we have _Dane_ and _Dana_, we have +_Marr_, _Marry_, and _Marrow_. These are all ancient names, variously +with and without the vowel-ending, and it will be readily seen how apt +the addition is to disguise the name, and to give it the appearance of +something else. + +The question now to consider is--What is the value and meaning of this +vowel-ending, which was only given to simple names and never to +compounds? It might be, in some cases, used simply as a sort of euphonic +rounding-off of a name which might seem meagre and insignificant without +something of the sort. We ourselves appear to use _s_ in the same manner +in the case of some very short names, such as Wills and Epps, in which +the final _s_ may perform the same service that was rendered by the +vowel-ending. But there is also another principle which I think obtains, +and which, indeed, may be the guiding principle in such cases. In +Anglo-Saxon (and the same principle applied to other Teutonic dialects), +the addition of _a_ to a word implied connection with it. Thus, from +_scip_, a ship, is formed _scipa_, one connected with a ship, a sailor. +Now, going back to the remote origin of names, there were many cases in +which a man took a name from an abstraction, such as war, peace, glory, +victory, or from a weapon, as the sword or the spear, and it is obvious +that in such cases he required something to connect his name with it, +and this is, as it seems to me, what was effected by the ending in +question. And the principle is still a living one among us, and we form +names daily in accordance with it, though we no longer use the ending in +_a_, which has been superseded by that in _i_.[8] A connection with +anything whatever is expressed by this ending, as when a stupid person +is called "Duncey," one with a remarkable nose "Nosey," or one with a +halting gait "Stumpy." The French seem to have retained their old +ending, and, when they form names of this sort, to do it with the ending +in _o_ (_eau_) which appears to be in accordance with the genius of +their language, as that in _i_ (_ey_) is with that of ours. + +Of these three endings, that in _a_ is the one which was in use among +the Goths, in such names as Cniva, Totila, Ulfila. And the same was also +the case among the Saxons, a branch of the same Low German stock, in +such names as Anna, Ella, Penda, Dodda. The ending in _i_ was also +common among the Old Saxons, and, if we may judge by the _Liber Vitae_ of +Durham (which might naturally be supposed to contain a large proportion +of Northern names), was also prevalent in the ancient Northumbria. We +have in that record the names Alli, Arni, Bynni, Betti, Cyni, Diori, +Elsi, Paelli, Tidi, Tilli, Terri, all of which are found in our present +names _Alley_, _Arney_, _Binney_, _Betty_, _Kinney_, _Deary_, _Elsey_, +_Paley_, _Tidy_, _Tilley_, _Terry_. The ending in _o_ was that which +was in favour among the Franks and the High Germans generally, the +oldest instance on record being probably that of Cotiso, p. 20. This is +the usual ending in French names (so far as they are of Old Frankish +origin, and come under this head), the form being generally _eau_, as in +_Baudeau_, _Godeau_, _Fredeau_, representing the ancient names Baldo, +Godo, Fredo. Hence our names ending in _o_ may be taken to be, to some +extent, names of Old Frankish origin come to us through the Normans. But +the number of such names is larger than could reasonably be accounted +for in such a way, and in point of fact, we meet occasionally with such +names at a much earlier period. The Frisians certainly seem to have had +names in this form, and it is a question whether such names may not be +partly due to them. It must be observed, then, that names with these +three various endings represent the stem just the same as those that are +without it. + +The ending in _an_, _en_, _in_, or _on_. + +This ending runs through the whole range of Teutonic names, and is +common in English surnames. Hence we have _Doran_, _Lingen_, _Bolden_, +_Hannen_, _Farren_, the names on which they are formed being represented +in _Dore_, _Ling_, _Bold_, _Hann_, _Farre_. As to the value and meaning +of this ending, we have nothing more to guide us than its parallel use +in the languages most nearly concerned, where it is what may be called +formative. That is to say, it is a form of speech which is used to form +the endings of words, not adding anything to the meaning, but forming a +kind of euphonic rounding-off of the word. Thus from A.S. _wearda_ is +formed _warden_, from _geard_ (inclosure) is formed _garden_, from +_Brytta_ is formed Briton, from _maegd_, maid, is formed _maiden_. Cf. +also the old word _ratten_ for _rat_, still used in provincial speech. +In many cases in Teutonic names we have words thus formed, and also the +simpler forms on which they have been founded, _e.g._ we have _bero_, +bear, and also _berin_, we have _aro_, eagle, and also _arin_ (=A.S. +_earn_), both forming the stems on which a number of other names have +been built. I take the ending in _en_, then, to be most probably a kind +of phonetic accretion, adding nothing to the sense, but sometimes +representing a secondary word, and starting a stem on its own account. + + +The ending in _ing_. + +This is the Anglo-Saxon and ancient German patronymic, as in _Browning_, +"son of Brown," _Dunning_, "son of Dunn," _Winning_, "son of Winn." It +must have been superseded during, or very soon after, Anglo-Saxon times, +by the patronymic in _son_, inasmuch as no names of Scriptural origin +appear to be formed with it. Hence we have such names as _Bulling_, +_Burning_, _Canning_, _Gambling_, _Halling_, _Harding_, _Hopping_, +_Loving_, _Manning_, _Swearing_, _Telling_, _Walking_, _Willing_, some +of which have been popularly supposed to be from the present participle. +All of the above except two, _Swearing_ and _Gambling_, are found in the +list of early Saxon settlers, and of these two (which are found in after +Anglo-Saxon times) _Swearing_, which corresponds with an Old German +Suaring, finds its stem in an Anglo-Saxon name Sweor, signifying +important, honourable; and _Gambling_ (properly Gamling) is the +patronymic of an A.S. and O.N. name, Gamol, signifying "old," probably +in the honorific sense of old descent. From this origin, I take it, are +also our names _Farthing_ and _Shilling_, the former from the stem +_fard_, or _farth_, signifying "travel," found in several ancient names, +and which I rather take to be the same as _ford_, found in the Fordingas +among the early settlers. And _Shilling_, which corresponds with a +present German _Schilling_, is probably the same as the Scilling in the +"Traveller's Song," a supposed contraction of Scilding, from A.S. +_scyld_, shield, in which case our name _Shield_ would be the parent of +_Shilling_. I have referred at the beginning of this book to the +curious-looking name _Winfarthing_ (quoted from Lower) as perhaps a +corruption of an A.S. Winfrithing, though it is a case in which I do not +feel much certainty, finding one or two other such names as _Turnpenny_, +which may have been sobriquets. + + +The ending in _el_ or _il_. + +This ending in Teutonic names may be taken, as a general rule, to be a +diminutive, though in a few cases it may be more probably, like that in +_en_, formative. Thus in the list of early A.S. settlers we have +Bryd(ingas) and we have Brydl(ingas), representing the words _bride_ and +_bridle_. Now, as German writers have taken the word _brid_ in ancient +names to mean "bridle," comparing it with French _bride_, it would seem +probable that, in the above A.S. name, Brydl is not a diminutive, but +the extended word "bridle." However, as a general rule, it may be +presumed to be a diminutive, and in such sense I take the following, +premising that this, as well as all other diminutives, except _kin_, +_lin_, and _et_, is subject to a vowel-ending just the same as simple +forms. We have _Bable_, corresponding with an A.S. Babel, and an O.G. +Babilo; _Ansell_ and _Anslow_ (Ansilo), corresponding with an O.G. +Ansila; _Mundell_ and _Mundella_, with a Gothic Mundila;[9] _Costall_, +_Costello_, and _Costly_, with an O.G. Costila. _Costly_ is properly +Costili, with the ending in _i_, as also _Brightly_ is Brightili, and +some other names with an adverbial look may be similarly explained. + + +The ending in _ec_ or _ic_. + +This ending, with rare exceptions, may also be taken to be a diminutive. +The oldest instance on record is stated by Stark as that of the Vandal +general Stilicho in the fourth century, though, as found on Roman +pottery (in the names Bassico and Bennicus), it may be still older. It +seems rather singular that, though, according to Grimm, this ending was +more particularly in favour among the Saxons, not a single instance of +it occurs among the names of our early settlers, nor indeed any other +form of diminutive except that in _el_, though the form in question is +not uncommon in after Anglo-Saxon times. This diminutive is still in +living use among us, at least in Scotland, where a "mile and a bittock" +(little bit) has proved a snare to many a tourist. We have _Willock_, +_Wilkie_, and _Wilke_, corresponding with an O.G. Willico, and an A.S. +Uillech; _Lovick_ and _Lubbock_, corresponding with O.G. Liuvicho; +_Jellicoe_, corresponding with O.G. Geliko, Jeliko, and an A.S. Geleca, +some of these examples being with, and some without, the vowel-ending. + + +The ending in _lin_. + +This ending, which is also a diminutive, is probably formed from that in +_el_, by the addition of _en_. It is found in Foerstemann's list as +early as the fifth century, but, as found on Roman pottery, must +probably be still older. We have _Bucklin_, corresponding with a +Buccellin, general of the Alemanni in the sixth century, and with a +Buccellan on Roman pottery. Also _Tomlin_, corresponding with an O.G. +Domlin; _Applin_, with an O.G. Abbilin; _Franklin_, with an O.G. +Francolin; _Papillon_, with an O.G. Babolen, &c. This form of diminutive +never takes a vowel-ending. + + +The ending in _kin_. + +This diminutive ending is formed from that in _ec_ by the addition of +_en_. It is the youngest-born of all, not being found, unless in rare +cases, before the tenth century. And it is one that is still in living +use both in England and in Germany, in the latter country more +especially. We have _Wilkin_, corresponding with an O.G. Williken, and +an O.N. Vilkinr; _Godkin_, with an O.G. Gotichin; _Hipkin_, with an O.G. +Ibikin or Ipcin; and _Hodgkin_, with an A.S. Hogcin. + + +The ending in _et_. + +There is an ending in _d_ or _t_ in O.G. names, which may be taken, +though perhaps not with anything like certainty, to have the force of a +diminutive. Hence might be such a name as _Ibbett_, corresponding with +O.G. names Ibed and Ibet, from an unexplained stem _ib_; also our names +_Huggett_, _Howitt_, and _Hewitt_, corresponding with an Anglo-Saxon +Hocget, and an O.G. Huetus, from the stem _hog_, _hug_, signifying study +or thought. But some other endings are so liable to intermix, and +particularly the common one _had_, war, that there is very seldom +anything like certainty. + + +The ending in _es_ or _is_. + +I take this ending also to be diminutive, and to be possibly akin to our +_ish_, as in blue-_ish_, which, as signifying a "little blue," seems to +have the force of a diminutive. Hence we have _Riches_, corresponding +with an O.G. Richizo, and a present French _Richez_; and _Willis_, +corresponding with an O.G. Willizo. Then we have _Godsoe_, corresponding +with an O.G. Godizo, of which Cotiso, mentioned in Horace (p. 20), is a +High German form; and _Abbiss_, corresponding with the name, Abissa, of +the son of Hengest, from, as supposed, Gothic _aba_, man. And we have +_Prentiss_, corresponding with an A.S. Prentsa (=Prentisa), respecting +which I have elsewhere suggested that the name should be properly +Pentsa. Another name which I take to be from this ending is _Daisy_. +There is an A.S. Daegsa, which as Dagsi, with the alternative ending in +_i_, would give us _Daisy_. We have another name, _Gipsy_, which I take +to be from Gibb or Gipp (A.S. _geban_, to give) with this ending. This +ending in _is_ is naturally very apt to be corrupted into _ish_, and it +is from this source, I take it, that we have such names as _Radish_, +_Reddish_, _Varnish_, _Burnish_, and _Parish_, the two last of which we +have also in their proper form as _Burness_, and _Parez_ or _Paris_. + + +The ending in _cock_. + +This ending is not one that enters into the Teutonic system, unless so +far as it may turn out to be a corruption of something else. I have not +met with it earlier than A.D. 1400, nor do I know of anything to make me +think that it is much older. There has been at different times a good +deal of discussion as to its origin in _Notes and Queries_ and +elsewhere. Mr. Lower has supposed it to be a diminutive, for which I do +not think that any etymological sanction can be found, unless indeed we +can suppose it to be a corruption of the diminutive _eck_ or _ock_ +before referred to, which seems not impossible. But on the whole I am +disposed to agree with the suggestion of a writer in _Notes and Queries_ +that _cock_ is a corruption of _cot_,--not, however, in the sense which +I suppose him to entertain, of _cot_ as a local word, but of _cot_ as an +ancient ending, the High German form of _gaud_ or _got_, signifying, as +supposed, "Goth." So far as the phonetic relationship between the two +words _cock_ and _cot_ is concerned, we have an instance, among others, +in our word _apricot_, which was originally _apricock_. + +I am influenced very much in coming to the above conclusion by finding +_coq_ as a not unfrequent ending in French names, as in _Balcoq_ and +_Billecoq_, also in _Aucoq_, _Lecoq_, _Videcocq_, _Vilcocq_, which +latter seem to be names corresponding with our _Alcock_, _Laycock_, +_Woodcock_, and _Willcock_. They might all be formed on Teutonic stems, +if we suppose _Lecoq_ and _Laycock_ to have lost a _d_, like _Lewis_ and +_Lucas_, from _leod_, people. Now, that the ending _gaud_, with its +alternative forms _got_, _caud_, _cot_, is present in French names as +well as in English will be clearly seen from the following. From the Old +German Faregaud we have _Faragut_, and the French have _Farcot_; from +the O.G. Benigaud they have _Penicaud_, and we have _Pennycad_; from the +O.G. Ermingaud they have _Armingaud_, and from Megingaud they have +_Maingot_; from the O.G. Aringaud we have _Heringaud_, from Wulfegaud we +have _Woolcot_, from Adogoto we have _Addicott_, and from Madalgaud we +have _Medlicott_. I am also disposed on the same principle to take +_Northcott_, notwithstanding its local appearance, to represent the O.G. +name Nordgaud, and in this case we have also the name _Norcock_ to +compare. + +Presuming the above derivation to be the correct one, the question then +arises,--Has this ending come to us through the French, or has the +corruption proceeded simultaneously in both countries? That the latter +has been the case, the French _Videcocq_, as compared with our +_Woodcock_, goes some way to show, the one having the High German form +_vid_ or _wid_, and the other the Saxon form _wud_. I may also mention, +as being, so far as it goes, in accordance with the above theory, that +we have a number of names both in the form of _cot_ and _cock_, as +_Adcock_ and _Addicott_, _Alcock_ and _Alcott_, _Norcott_ and _Norcock_, +_Jeffcock_ and _Jeffcott_. I do not, however, desire to come to a +definite conclusion, though, as far as I am able to carry it, the +inquiry seems in favour of the view which I have advocated. But the +whole subject will bear some further elucidation. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[8] How or when this change took place is a question that awaits +solving, but I observe that, in 1265, the Countess of Montford, giving +names (or sobriquets) to her servants, calls one of her messengers +Treubodi (trusty messenger), and not Treuboda, as the Anglo-Saxon form +would have been. + +[9] This name appears as [Greek: Moundilas] in Procopius, but, judging +by the present pronunciation of Greek, it would sound as Mundila. + + + + +CHAPTER III. + +NAMES REPRESENTING ANCIENT COMPOUNDS. + + +The subject of the relative antiquity of simple names (_i.e._ those +formed from one single word) and of compound names is one which has +occupied a good deal of the attention of the Germans. And the conclusion +at which some of them at least seem to have arrived, and which perhaps +has been stated the most distinctly by Stark, is that the compound names +are the older of the two. And the principal ground upon which this +conclusion is based seems to be this, that in a very great number of +cases we find that a simple name was used as a contraction of a compound +name, just as we use Will for William, and Ben for Benjamin. Stark, in +particular, has gone into the subject with German thoroughness, and +produced a most complete list of instances of such contractions, such as +Freddo for Fredibert, Wulf for Wulfric, Benno for Bernhard; and among +the Anglo-Saxons, Eada for Edwine, and Siga for Siwerd, &c., from which +he seems to arrive at the general conclusion that simple names are in +all cases contractions of compound names. + +Nevertheless, I must say that it seems to me that to assume the compound +to be older than the simple looks very much like something that is +contrary to first principles, and indeed the very fact that simple names +are so often used in place of compounds appears to me to show that they +are more natural to men, and that men would generally adopt them if they +could. I cannot but think then, going back to the far remote origin of +Teutonic names, that the vocabulary of single words must have been +exhausted before men began to take to the use of compounds. When this +period arrived, and when the confusion arising from so many men being +called by the same name could no longer be endured, some other course +required to be adopted. And the course that was adopted was--I put this +forward only as a theory--when the range of single names was exhausted, +to _put two names together_. The number of changes that could be thus +introduced was sufficient for all purposes, and there is, as I believe, +no established case of a Teutonic name being formed of more than two +words. From this point of view Teutonic names would not be translatable, +or formed with any view to a meaning, and this is, as it seems to me, +what was in fact the case, as a general rule, though I should be very +far from laying it down as a universal principle. If names were formed +with a view to a meaning, it does not seem very probable that we should +have a name compounded with two words, both of which signify war; still +less with two words, one of which signifies peace and the other war. +"Bold in war" might have a meaning, but "bold in peace," if it means +anything, seems satirical. In point of fact, there was a certain set of +words on which the changes were rung in forming names without any +apparent reference either to meaning or congruity. Thus we find that the +early Frankish converts in the time of Charlemagne, the staple of whose +names was German derived from their heathen ancestors, adopted not a few +words of Christian import from the Latin or the Hebrew, and mixed them +up with the old words to which they had been accustomed in their names. +Thus a woman called Electa, no doubt meaning "elect," calls her son +Electardus (_hard_, fortis); thus from _pasc_ (passover) is formed +Pascoin (_wine_, friend); from the name of Christ himself is formed +Cristengaudus (_gaud_, Goth.) Now these are three of the common endings +of German names, but no one can suppose that any sense was intended to +be made out of them here, or that they were given for any other reason +than that they were the sort of words out of which men had been +accustomed to form their names. Indeed, the idea present to the minds of +the parents seems to have been in many cases to connect the names of +their children with their own, rather than anything else, by retaining +the first word of the compound and varying the second. Thus a man called +Girveus and his wife Ermengildis give their children the names of +Giroardus, Girfridis, Gertrudis, Ermena, and Ermengardis, three of the +names connecting with that of the father, and two with that of the +mother. In the case of a man called Ratgaudus and his wife Deodata, the +names of four of the children are Ratharius, Ratgarius, Ratrudis, and +Deodatus, the names of two other children being different. Many other +instances might be given of this sort of yearning for some kind of a +connecting-link in the names of a family. Now the people by whom these +names were given were common peasants and serfs, so that the case was +not one like that of the Anglo-Saxon kings of Northumbria, among whose +names the prefix _os_, signifying "semi-deus," and expressive of a claim +to a divine lineage, was of such frequent recurrence. It may be a +question then whether, while the former word of the compound connected +with the father or the mother, the latter part did not sometimes connect +with some other relative whose name it was desired to commemorate, +giving the effect that is now frequently expressed by a Christian name +and a surname. Again, when we look at the remote origin of these names, +when we find in the opening century of our era, and who can tell for how +many centuries before, precisely the same names that have been current +in all these centuries since, we can hardly doubt that some of these +names, derived from words that had long died out from the language, must +have been used even in ancient times without any more thought of their +meaning than parents have now when they call a child Henry or John. I +desire, however, to put forward the above theory as to the origin of +compound names rather with a view of raising the question than of +expressing a definite conclusion. + +The vowel ending in _a_, _i_, or _o_, to which I have referred as in +general use in the case of simple names was not used in the case of +compounds, unless indeed it happened to be an original part of the +second word as in Frithubodo, from _bodo_, messenger. Only in the case +of women, to mark the sex, the ending in _a_ was given. And in the case +of some names, such as _Gertrud_, in which the second part is a word +that could only be given to a woman, as no vowel-ending was required, so +none was given. + +I now proceed to give a list of the principal compounds occurring in +English names, with the ancient forms corresponding. I have been +obliged, as a matter of necessity, to compare our names more frequently +with Old German than with Anglo-Saxon equivalents, on account of the +former having been collected and collated--a work which it remains for +some one of our well qualified Anglo-Saxon scholars to do with regard to +the latter. + +The meanings which I have assigned for these names are such as have been +most generally adopted by the German writers who have made a special +study of the subject. But it must be borne in mind that this study is +one in which there is no context by which conclusions can be verified, +and that in the vast majority of cases we have nothing more to go upon +than a reasonable presumption. + + +_Adal_, _athel_, _ethel_, "noble." + +(_Hard_, fortis), Old Germ. Adalhard--Ang.-Sax. Ethelhard--Eng. +_Adlard_. (_Helm_), O.G. Adalhelm--Eng. _Adlam_. (_Hari_, warrior), A.S. +Ethilheri--Eng. _Edlery_. (_Stan_, stone), A.S. AEthelstan--Eng. +_Ethelston_. + + +_Ag_, _ac_, _ec_, "point, edge." + +(_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Agihard--Eng. _Haggard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. +Agiher, Egiher--Eng. _Agar_, _Eager_. (_Leof_ dear), O.N. Eylifr--Eng. +_Ayliffe_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Egiman--A.S. AEcemann--Eng. _Hayman_, +_Aikman_. (_Mund_, protection), A.S. Agemund--Eng. _Hammond_. (_Ward_), +O.G. Eguard--A.S. Hayward--Eng. _Hayward_. + + +_Agil_, _Ail_, of uncertain meaning, but perhaps formed on the previous +stem _Ag_. + +(_Gar_, spear), O.G. Egilger, Ailger--Eng. _Ailger_. (_Hard_, fortis), +O.G. Agilard, Ailard--Eng. _Aylard_. (_Man_), O.G. Aigliman--Eng. +_Ailman_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Agilmar, Ailemar--Eng. _Aylmer_. +(_Ward_, guardian), O.G. Agilward, Ailward--Eng. _Aylward_. (_Wine_, +friend), A.S. Aegelwine--Eng. _Aylwin_. + + +_Alb_, _Alf_, signifying "elf." + +(_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Alfhard--Eng. _Alvert_. (_Hari_, warrior), A.S. +AElfhere--O.G. Alfheri, Albheri--Eng. _Alvary_, _Albery_, _Aubrey_. +(_Rad_, _red_, counsel), O.G. Alberat--A.S. Alfred--Eng. _Alfred_. +(_Run_, mystery), O.G. Albrun[10]--Eng. _Auberon_. + + +_Ald_, signifying "old." + +(_Bert_, famous), O.G. Aldebert--Eng. _Aldebert_. (_Hari_, warrior), +A.S. Aldheri--Eng. _Alder_, _Audrey_. (_Gar_, spear), A.S. Eldecar +(Moneyer of Edmund)--Eng. _Oldacre_ (?). (_Rad_, _red_, counsel), O.G. +Aldrad--Eng. _Aldred_, _Eldred_. (_Rit_, ride), O.G. Aldarit--Eng. +_Aldritt_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G. Alderich, Olderich, Altrih--Eng. +_Aldrich_, _Oldridge_, _Altree_. (_Man_, vir), A.S. Ealdmann--Eng. +_Altman_. + + +_Amal_, of uncertain meaning. + +(_Gar_, spear), O.G. Amalgar--Eng. _Almiger_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. +Amalhari, Amalher--Eng. _Ambler_, _Emeler_. + + +_Angel_, signifying "hook, barb"(?). + +(_Bert_, famous), O.G. Engilbert--Eng. _Engleburt_. (_Hard_, fortis), +O.G. Englehart--Eng. _Engleheart_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. +Angelher--Eng. _Angler_. (_Man_), O.G. Angilman--Eng. _Angleman_. +(_Dio_, servant), O.G. Engildeo--A.S. Angeltheow--Eng. _Ingledew_. +(_Sind_, companion), O.G. Ingilsind--Eng. _Inglesent_. + + +_Ans_, High Germ, form of A.S. _os_, "semi-deus." + +(_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Ansard--Eng. _Hansard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. +Ansher--Eng. _Anser_. (_Helm_), O.G. Anshelm--Eng. _Anselme_, _Hansom_. + + +_Ark_, _Arch_ (see page 16). + +(_Bald_, bold), Eng. _Archbold_. (_Bud_, envoy), O.G. Argebud--Eng. +_Archbutt_. (_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Archard--Eng. _Archard_. (_Hari_, +warrior), O.G. Erchear--Archere, _Roll of Battle Abbey_--Eng. _Archer_. +(_Rat_, counsel), O.G. Archarat--Eng. _Arkwright_(?). (_Mund_, +protection), O.G. Argemund--Eng. _Argument_. + + +_Aud_, _Aut_, High Germ. form of A.S. _ead_, "prosperity." + +(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Authar--Eng. _Auther_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G. +Audricus--Eng. _Auterac_. (_Ram_, raven), O.G. Audram--Eng. _Autram_, +_Outram_. + + +_All_ (see page 16). + +(_Frid_, peace), O.G. Alufrid--Eng. _Allfrey_. (_Gar_, spear), A.S. +Algar--Eng. _Alger_. (_Hard_, fortis), A.S. Ealhard--Eng. _Allard_. +(_Mar_, famous), O.G. Alamar--Eng. _Almar_. (_Mund_, protection), A.S. +Ealmund--O.G. Alamunt--Eng. _Almond_, _Alment_. (_Noth_, bold), A.S. +AElnoth--Eng. _Allnut_. (_Ward_), O.G. Aloard--A.S. Alwerd--Eng. +_Allward_. (_Wid_, wood), O.G. Aluid--Eng. _Allwood_. (_Wig_, _wi_, +war), A.S. Alewih--Eng. _Allaway_.[11] (_Wine_, friend), O.G. +Allowin--Eng. _Alwin_. + + +_Al_, _el_, probably "foreigner." + +(_Bod_, envoy), O.G. Ellebod--Eng. _Albutt_. (_Gaud_, Goth), O.G. +Eligaud--Eng. _Allgood_, _Elgood_. (_Gar_, spear), O.G. Elger--Eng. +_Elgar_. (_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Eleard--Eng. _Ellard_. (_Hari_, +warrior), O.G. Elier--Eng. _Ellery_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Alimer--Eng. +_Elmore_. (_Mund_, protection), Elmund, _Domesday_--Eng. _Element_. +(_Wine_, friend), Elwin, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Elwin_. (_Wood_), Elwod, +_Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Elwood_. (_Gern_, eager), O.G. Aligern--Eng. +_Hallgreen_. + + +_Ad_, _at_ (Gothic, _atta_), "father." + +(_Gis_, hostage), O.G. Atgis--Eng. _Atkiss_. (_Gaud_, Goth), O.G. +Adogoto--Eng. _Addicott_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Adohar--Eng. _Adier_. +(_Mar_, famous), O.G. Adamar--Eng. _Atmore_. (_Ric_, rule), A.S. +AEtheric--Eng. _Attridge_. (_Rid_, ride), O.G. Atharid--Eng. _Attride_. +(_Wulf_), A.S. Athulf--Eng. _Adolph_. + + +_An_, _han_ (O.H.G. _ano_), "ancestor." + +(_Fred_, peace), O.G. Enfrid--Eng. _Henfrey_. (_Gar_, spear), O.G. +Anager, Eneger--Eng. _Hanger_, _Henniker_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. +Enman--Eng. _Hanman_, _Henman_. (_Rad_, counsel), O.G. Henred--Eng. +_Hanrot_. (_Wald_, rule), O.G. Anawalt--Eng. _Anhault_. + + +_Arm_, of uncertain meaning. + +(_Gar_, spear), O.G. Ermgar--Eng. _Armiger_. (_Gild_, value?) O.G. +Ermegild--Eng. _Armgold_. (_Had_, war), O.G. Ermhad--Eng. _Armat_. +(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Ermhar--Eng. _Armour_, _Armory_. (_Rad_, +counsel), O.G. Ermerad--Eng. _Ormerod_. + + +_Armin_, of uncertain meaning + +(_Gar_, spear), O.G. Irminger--Eng. _Irminger_, _Arminger_ (_Hari_, +warrior), O.G. Irminhar--Eng. _Arminer_. + + +_Arn_, _ern_ (A.S. _earn_), "eagle." + +(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Arnheri--Eng. _Harnor_. (_Helm_), O.G. +Arnhalm--Eng. _Arnum_. (_Wald_, rule), O.G. Arnoald--Eng. _Arnold_. +(_Wulf_), O.G. Arnulf--Eng. _Arnulfe_. + + +_Ask_, _ash_, perhaps in the sense of "spear." + +(_Bert_, famous), A.S. _AEscbyrht_--Eng. _Ashpart_. (_Hari_, warrior), +A.S. AEschere--Eng. _Asher_. (_Bald_, fortis), Eng. _Ashbold_. (_Man_, +vir), A.S. AEscmann--Aschmann, _Hund_. _Rolls_--Eng. _Ashman_. (_Mar_, +famous), A.S. AEscmer--Eng. _Ashmore_. (_Wid_, wood), O.G. +Asquid--Ascuit, _Domesday_--Eng. _Asquith_, _Ashwith_. (_Wine_, friend), +A.S. AEscwine--Eng. _Ashwin_. (_Wulf_), O.G. Ascolf--Eng. _Ascough_. + + +A.S. _beado_, "war." + +(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Bathari--Eng. _Badder_, _Bather_. (_Hard_, +fortis), A.S. Badherd--Beadheard, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Beddard_. (_Man_, +vir), Badumon, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Badman_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G. +Betterich--A.S. Baedric--Eng. _Betteridge_. (_Ulf_, wolf), O.G. +Badulf--Eng. _Biddulph_. + + +_Bald_, "fortis." + +(_Hari_, warrior), A.S. Baldhere--Eng. _Balder_, _Boldery_. (_Ric_, +rule), O.G. Baldric, Baldrih--Eng. _Baldridge_, _Baldry_. (_Wine_, +friend), A.S. Baldwine--Eng. _Baldwin_. + + +A.S. _band_, _bend_, "crown, chaplet." + +(_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Pantard--Eng. _Pindard_. (_Hari_, warrior), A.S. +Pender--Eng. _Pender_. (_Rad_, counsel), O.G. Bandrad--Eng. _Banderet_, +_Pendered_. + + +A.S. _ben_, "wound." + +(_Gar_, spear), O.G. Benegar--Eng. _Benger_. (_Gaud_, Goth), O.G. +Benegaud--Eng. _Pennycad_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Beniher--Eng. +_Benner_. (_Man_, vir), Eng. _Beneman_, A.D. 1535, _Penman_. (_Nid_, +strife), O.G. Bennid--Eng. _Bennet_. + + +A.S. _bera_, "bear." + +(_Gar_, spear), O.G. Bereger[12]--Eng. _Berger_. (_Grim_, fierce), O.G. +Peragrim--Eng. _Paragreen_. (_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Berhard--Eng. +_Barehard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Beriher--Eng. _Berrier_. (_Helm_), +O.G. Perrhelm--Eng. _Perriam_. (_Land_, terra), O.G. Perelant--Eng. +_Purland_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Berman--Eng. _Burman_, _Perman_. (_Mar_, +famous), O.G. Bermar--Eng. _Barmore_, _Paramore_. (_Rat_, counsel), O.G. +Perratt--Eng. _Perrott_. (_Dio_, servant), O.G. Peradeo--Eng. _Purdue_. +(_Ward_), O.G. Beroward--Eng. _Berward_. (_Wise_, sapiens), O.G. Berois +(=Berwis)--Eng. _Barwise_. + + +_Berin_, _bern_, "bear." + +(_Gar_, spear), O.G. Beringar--Eng. _Berringer_. (_Hard_, fortis), O.G. +Berinhard--Eng. _Bernard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Bernher, +Pernher--Eng. _Berner_, _Pirner_. (_Wald_, rule), O.G. Berneold--Eng. +_Bernold_. (_Kel_, for _Ketil_), O.N. Biornkel--Eng. _Barnacle_. + + +_Bil_, supposed to mean "mildness, gentleness." + +(_Frid_, peace), O.G. Bilfrid--Eng. _Belfry_. (_Grim_, fierce), O.G. +Biligrim, Pilgrim--Eng. _Pilgrim_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Belemar--Eng. +_Billamore_, _Belmore_. (_Gard_, protection), O.G. Biligard--Eng. +_Billiard_. (_Mund_, protection), O.G. Pilimunt--Eng. _Belment_. +(_Wald_, rule), Biliald, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Billyald_. + + +_Bert_, "bright, illustrious." + +(_Ram_, raven), O.G. Bertram--Eng. _Bertram_. (_Land_, terra), O.G. +Bertland--Eng. _Brightland_. (_Mar_, famous), A.S. Brihtmar--Eng. +Brightmore. (_Rand_, shield), O.G. Bertrand--Eng. _Bertrand_. (_Ric_, +rule), O.G. Perhtric--A.S. Brihtric--Partriche, _Hund. Rolls_--Eng. +_Partrick_, _Partridge_. (_Wine_, friend), A.S. Brihtwine--Eng. +_Brightwine_. + + +_Black_, _blake_, signifying "brightness." + +(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Blicher--Eng. _Blacker_, _Blaker_. (_Man_), A.S. +Blaecman (genealogy of the kings of Northumbria), Blacman (Moneyer at +Norwich)--Blaecmon, _Lib. Vit._--Blacheman, _Domesday_--Eng. _Blackman_, +_Blakeman_. (_Wine_, friend), Eng. _Blackwin_. + + +_Bod_, _bud_, "envoy." + +(_Gar_, spear), O.G. Baudochar--Eng. _Bodicker_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. +Botthar--Boterus, _Domesday_--Eng. _Butter_, _Buttery_. (_Gis_, +hostage), O.G. Boutgis, Boggis--Eng. _Boggis_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. +Baudomir--Eng. _Bodmer_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G. Buttericus, Bauderich--Eng. +_Butterick_, _Buddrich_. (_Rid_, rit, "ride"), O.G. Bodirid, +Buotrit--Eng. _Botright_. + + +_Boll_, _bull_ (prob. M.H.G. _buole_), "friend." + +(_Gar_, spear), O.G. Pulgar--Eng. _Bulger_. (_Hard_), Pollardus, +Domesday--Eng. _Bullard_, _Pollard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. +Bolheri--Eng. _Buller_. (_Mar_, famous), A.S. Bulemaer--Eng. _Bulmer_. + + +_Burg_, signifying "protection." + +(_Hard_), A.S. Burghard--Eng. _Burchard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. +Burghar--Eng. _Burger_. (_Wald_, rule), O.G. Burgoald--Eng. _Purgold_. +(_Wine_, friend), Eng. _Burgwin_. + + +_Ball_, _bale_, signifying "bale, woe." + +(_Frid_, peace), O.G. Palfrid--Eng. _Palfrey_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. +Ballomar, Belimar--Eng. _Balmer_, _Bellmore_. + + +_Coll_, signifying "helmet." + +(_Brand_, sword), A.S. Colbrand--Eng. _Colbran_. (_Biorn_, bear), O.N. +Kolbiorn--Eng. _Colburn_. (_Man_, vir), A.S. Colman--Eng. _Colman_. +(_Mar_, famous), A.S. Colomor--Eng. _Collamore_. (_Hard_), A.S. +Ceolheard--Eng. _Collard_. + + +_Cost_, _cust_, "skill, science" (Germ, _kunst_). + +(_Hard_), O.G. Custard--Eng. _Custard_. + + +_Dag_, "day," in the sense of brightness, glory.[13] + +(_Bald_, bold), O.G. Tagapald--Daegbald, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Daybell_. +(_Bern_, bear), O.G. Tagapern--Eng. _Tayburn_. (_Burg_, protection), +O.G. Tagabirg--Eng. _Tackabarry_. (_Gisil_, hostage), O.G. +Daigisil--Eng. _Daggesell_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Daiher--Dacher, +_Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Dagger_, _Dacker_, _Dayer_. (_Helm_), O.G. +Dachelm--Eng. _Dacombe_. (_Mund_, protection), O.G. Dagamund--A.S. +Daiemond--Eng. _Daymont_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Dagemar--Dagemar on +Roman pottery--Eng. _Damer_. + + +_Dall_, _dell_, as supposed, "illustrious." + +(_Bert_, famous), O.G. Dalbert--Talbercht, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Talbert_. +(_Fare_, travel), O.G. Dalferi--Eng. _Telfer_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. +Dealher--Eng. _Deller_. (_Man_), O.G. Dalman--Eng. _Dalman_, _Tallman_. +(_Wig_, _wi_, war), Daliwey, _Hund. Rolls_--Eng. _Dalloway_. + + +_Dan_, _den_, of uncertain meaning, perhaps, "Dane." + +(_Hard_), A.S. Daeneheard--Eng. _Denhard_. (_Gar_, spear), O.G. +Thangar--Eng. _Danger_. (_Wulf_), A.S. Denewulf--Eng. _Denolf_. + + +_Dar_, signifying "spear." + +(_Nagel_, nail), A.S. Dearnagel--Eng. _Darnell_. (_Gund_, war), O.G. +Taragun--Eng. _Darrigon_. (_Wine_, friend), O.G. Daroin--- Eng. +_Darwin_. + + +_Dear_, "carus." + +(_Leof_, dear), A.S. Deorlaf--Eng. _Dearlove_. (_Man_, vir), Dereman, +_Domesday_--Eng. _Dearman_. (_Mod_, courage), A.S. Deormod--Eng. +_Dermott_. (_Wine_, friend), A.S. Deorwyn--Eng. _Derwin_. + + +Gothic, _thius_ (O.H.G. _dio_), "servant." + +(_Log_, _loh_, clean?), O.G. Thioloh--Eng. _Dialogue_. (_Mad_, +reverence), O.G. Deomad--Eng. _Demaid_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Dioman--Eng. +_Demon_. (_Mund_, protection), O.G. Thiomunt--Eng. _Diamond_. + + +Old North. _dolgr_, "foe." + +(_Fin_, people's name), O.N. Dolgfinnr--Eng. _Dolphin_. (_Man_, vir), +A.S. Dolemann--Eng. _Dolman_. + + +A.S. _dom_ (O.H.G. _tuom_), "judgment." + +(_Gis_, hostage), O.G. Domigis, Tomichis--Eng. _Tomkies_. (_Hard_, +fortis), O.G. Domard--Eng. _Dummert_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. +Domarius--Domheri, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Dummer_. + + +A.S. _dugan_, to be "doughty." + +(_Man_, vir), O.G. Dugiman, Tugeman--A.S. Ducemann--Eng. _Tugman_, +_Duckman_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Daumerus--Eng. _Dugmore_. Probably from +the noun, _duguth_, virtue, A.S. Dogod--Eng. _Doggett_, _Dugood_. + + +_Erl_, supposed same as "earl." + +(_Bad_, war), O.G. Erlebad--Eng. _Hurlbat_ (_Bert_, famous), O.G. +Erlebert--Eng. _Hurlburt_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Erleher--Eng. +_Hurler_. (_Wine_, friend), O.G. Erliwin, A.S. Herlawine--Eng. _Urlwin_. + + +_Evor_, "boar." + +(_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Everhard--Eng. _Everard_, _Earheart_. (_Rad_, +counsel), O.G. Eburrad--Eng. _Evered_, _Everett_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G. +Eburicus--Eng. _Every_. (_Wacar_, watchful), O.G. Eburacar--Eureuuacre, +_Domesday_--Eng. _Earwaker_. (_Wig_, war), O.G. Eberwic--A.S. +Earwig--Eng. _Earwig_. + + +Anglo-Saxon _ead_, "prosperity." + +(_Burg_, protection), A.S. Eadburh--Eng. _Edbrook_. (_Gar_, spear), A.S. +Eadgar--Eng. _Edgar_. (_Mund_, protection), A.S. Eadmund--Eng. _Edmond_. +(_Ric_, rule), A.S. Eadric--Eng. _Edridge_. (_Ward_), A.S. +Eadweard--Eng. _Edward_. (_Wig_, war), A.S. Eadwig--Eng. _Edwick_. +(_Wulf_), A.S. Eadwulf--Eng. _Edolph_. (_Wacar_, watchful), O.G. +Odoacer--A.S. Edwaker--Eng. _Eddiker_? + + +_Far_, _fare_, signifying "travel." + +(_And_, life, spirit), O.G. Ferrand, Eng. _Ferrand_. (_Gaud_, Goth), +O.G. Faregaud--Eng. _Farragut_, _Forget_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. +Feriher--Eng. _Ferrier_. (_Man_), O.G. Faraman--Fareman, _Hund. +Rolls_--Eng. _Fairman_. (_Mund_, protection), O.G. Faramund--Eng. +_Farrimond_. (_Ward_), O.G. Faroard--Eng. _Forward_. + + +_Fard_, also signifying "travel." + +(_Hari_, warrior), A.S. Forthere--Eng. _Forder_. (_Man_), O.G. +Fartman--Eng. _Fortyman_. (_Nand_, daring), O.G. Ferdinand--Eng. +_Ferdinand_. (_Rad_, counsel), Forthred, _Lib. Vit._,--Eng. _Fordred_. + + +_Fil_, _ful_, signifying "great." + +(_Bert_, famous), O.G. Filibert--Eng. _Filbert_. (_Gar_, spear),--Eng. +_Fullagar_. (_Leof_, dear), O.G. Filuliub--Eng. _Fullalove_. (_Man_), +O.G. Filiman--Eng. _Fileman_. (_Mar_, famous), A.S. Fealamar, O.G. +Filomor--Eng. _Fillmer_, _Phillimore_. (_Dio_, _thius_, servant), O.G. +Filethius--Eng. _Filldew_. + + +_Frid_, _free_,[14] signifying "peace." + +(_Bad_, war), O.G. Fridibad--Eng. _Freebout_. (_Bern_, bear), O.G. +Fridubern--Friebern _Domesday_--Eng. _Freeborn_. (_Bod_. envoy), O.G. +Frithubodo--Eng. _Freebody_. (_Lind_, gentle), O.G. Fridulind--Frelond +_Hund_. _Rolls_--Eng. _Freeland_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G. Frithuric--Eng. +_Frederick_. (_Stan_, stone), A.S. Frithestan--Eng. _Freestone_. + + +_Fin_, supposed from "the nation." + +(_Bog_, bow), Old Norse, Finbogi--Eng. _Finbow_. (_Gar_, spear), Old +Norse, Finngeir--Eng. _Finger_. + + +_Gad_, of uncertain meaning, perhaps "friend." + +(_Man_, vir), A.S. Caedmon--Eng. _Cadman_. (_Leof_, dear),--Eng. +_Gatliffe_. + + +_Gal_, signifying "spirit, cheerfulness." + +(_And_, life, spirit), Galaunt, _Hund. Rolls_--Eng. _Galland_, +_Gallant_. (_Frid_, peace), A.S. Galfrid, Gaufrid--Eng. _Geoffry_. +(_Hard_), Gallard _Hund. Rolls_--Eng. _Gallard_. (_Wig_, war), O.G. +Geilwih--Galaway, _Hund. Rolls_--Eng. _Galloway_. + + +_Gand_, signifying "wolf." + +(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Ganthar--A.S. Gandar--Eng. _Gander_, _Ganter_. +(_Ric_, rule), O.G. Gendirih, Cantrih--Eng. _Gentery_, _Gentry_, +_Chantrey_. + + +_Gar_, signifying "spear." + +(_Bad_, war), O.G. Kerpat--Eng. _Garbett_. (_Bald_), O.G. Garibald, +Kerbald--Eng. _Gorbold_, _Corbould_. (_Brand_, sword), O.G. +Gerbrand--Eng. _Garbrand_. (_Brun_, bright), O.G. Gerbrun--Eng. +_Gorebrown_. (_Bod_, envoy), O.G. Gaerbod--Gerbode _Lib. Vit._--Eng. +_Garbutt_. (_Hard_), O.G. Garehard--Eng. Garrard. (Hari, warrior), O.G. +Garoheri, Caroheri--Eng. _Carary_, _Carrier_. (_Lac_, play), O.G. +Gerlac--Eng. _Garlick_. (_Man_), O.G. Garaman--A.S. Jaruman--Eng. +_Garman_, _Jarman_. (_Mund_, protection), O.G. Garimund--Eng. _Garment_. +(_Noth_, bold), O.G. Garnot--Eng. _Garnett_. (_Rod_, red), O.G. +Kaerrod--Old Norse, Geirraudr Eng. _Garrod_. (_Laif_, relic), O.G. +Gerlef--Eng. _Gerloff_. (_Ferhth_, life, spirit), Gerferth, _Lib. +Vit._--Eng. _Garforth_. (_Stan_, stone), O.G. Kerstin--Eng. _Garstin_. +(_Wald_, power), O.G. Garold--Eng. _Garrold_. (_Was_, keen), O.G. +Gervas--Eng. _Jervis_. (_Wid_, wood), O.G. Gervid--Eng. _Garwood_. +(_Wig_, war), O.G. Garavig, Gerwi--Eng. _Garroway_, _Garvey_. (_Wine_, +friend), O.G. Gerwin, Caroin--Eng. _Curwen_?[15] (_Van_, beauty), O.G. +Geravan--Eng. _Caravan_. + + +_Gan_, _gen_, supposed to mean "magic, sorcery." + +(_Bert_, famous), O.G. Gimbert--Eng. _Gimbert_. (_Had_, war), O.G. +Genad--Eng. _Gennett_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Genear, Ginheri--Eng. +_Genner_, _Jennery_. (_Rid_, ride), O.G. Generid--Eng. _Jeannerett_. + + +_Gab_, _Geb_, Eng. "give." + +(_Bert_, famous), O.G. Gibert--Eng. _Gippert_. (_Hard_), O.G. Gebahard, +Givard--Eng. _Giffard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Gebaheri--Eng. +_Gaffery_. + + +_Gart_, _cart_, signifying "protection." + +(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Gardar, Karthar--Eng. _Garter_, _Carder_. +(_Dio_, servant), O.G. Cartdiuha--Eng. _Carthew_. (_Ric_, rule), A.S. +Gyrdhricg--Eng. _Cartridge_. + + +_Gald_, _gold_, "reddere, valere." + +(_Birin_, bear), O.G. Goldpirin--Eng. _Goldbourne_. (_Red_, counsel), +O.G. Goltered--Eng. _Coulthred_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G. Goldericus--Eng. +_Goldrick_. (_Run_, mystery), O.G. Goldrun, Coldrun--Coldrun _Lib. +Vit._--Eng _Calderon_. (_Wine_, friend), O.G. Gildewin--Eng. _Goldwin_. + + +_Geld_, _gild_, probably same as above. + +(_Hard_), O.G. Gildard--Eng. _Gildert_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. +Gelther--Eng. _Gilder_. (_Wig_, _wi_, war), O.G. Geltwi--Eng. +_Gildawie_. + + +_Gisal_, _gil_, "hostage." + +(_Bert_, famous), O.G. Gisalbert, Gilbert--Eng. _Gilbert_. (_Brand_, +sword), O.G. Gislebrand--Eng. _Gillibrand_. (_Frid_, peace), O.G. +Gisalfred--Eng. _Gillford_. (_Hard_), O.G. Giselhard--Eng. _Gillard_. +(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Gisalhar--- A.S. Gislher--Eng. _Giller_, +_Killer_. (_Had_, war), O.G. Gislehad--Eng. _Gillett_. (_Helm_), O.G. +Gisalhelm--Eng. _Gilliam_. (_Man_), O.G. Gisleman--Eng. _Gillman_, +_Killman_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Gisalmer--Eng. _Gilmore_. + + +_God_, supposed to mean "Deus."[16] + +(_Bald_), O.G. Godebald--Godebaldus, _Domesday_--Eng. _Godbold_, +_Godbolt_, _Cobbold_. (_Frid_, peace), O.G. Godafrid--Eng. _Godfrey_. +(_Gisil_, hostage), O.G. Godigisil--Eng. Godsell. (Heid, state, "hood"), +O.G. Gotaheid--Eng. _Godhead_. (_Hard_), O.G. Godehard--Eng. _Goddard_, +_Goodheart_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Godehar--Eng. _Goddier_, +_Goodyear_. (_Laif_, relic), O.G. Godolef--Eng. _Goodliffe_. (_Lac_, +play), O.G. Godolec--Eng. _Goodlake_. (_Land_), O.G. Godoland--Godland +_Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Goodland_. (_Man_), O.G. Godeman--Godeman _Lib. +Vit._--Eng. _Godman_. (_Mund_, protection), A.S. Godemund--Eng. +_Godmund_. (_Niu_, young), O.G. Godeniu--Eng. _Goodnow_. (_Ram_, raven), +O.G. Godramnus--Eng. _Goodram_. (_Rad_, counsel), O.G. Gotrat--Eng. +_Goodred_. (_Rit_, ride), O.G. Guderit--Godritius _Domesday_--Eng. +_Goodwright_. (_Ric_, rule), Godricus _Domesday_--Eng. _Godrick_. +(_Scalc_, servant), O.G. Godscalc--Eng. _Godskall_. (_Ward_), O.G. +Godeward--Eng. _Godward_. (_Wine_, friend), A.S. Godwine--Eng. _Godwin_. + + +_Goz_, _Gos_, supposed High Germ. form of _gaud_=Goth. + +(_Bald_), O.G. Gauzebald--Eng. _Gosbell_. (_Hard_), O.G. Gozhart, +Cozhart--Eng. _Gozzard_, _Cossart_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Gauzer, +Cozhere--Eng. _Gozar_, _Cosier_. (_Lind_, gentle), O.G. Gauzlind--Eng. +_Gosland_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Gozmar--Eng. _Gosmer_. (_Wald_, power), +O.G. Gausoald--Eng. _Goswold_. + + +_Grim_, "fierce, terrible." + +(_Bald_), O.G. Grimbald--Eng. _Grimbald_, _Grimble_. (_Hari_, warrior), +O.G. Grimhar--Eng. _Grimmer_. (_Mund_, protection), O.G. Grimund--Eng. +_Grimmond_. (_Hard_), O.G. Grimhard--Eng. _Grimerd_. + + +_Gund_, _gun_, signifying "war." + +(_Bald_), O.G. Gundobald, Gumbald--Eng. _Gumboil_. (_Hari_, warrior), +O.G. Gunther, Cundher--Eng. _Gunter_, _Conder_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G. +Gunderih--Eng. _Gundry_. (_Stan_, stone), Old Norse, Gunstein--Eng. +_Gunston_. + + +_Hun_, probably from "the people." + +(_Bald_), O.G. Hunibald--Eng. _Hunibal_. (_Frid_, peace), O.G. Hunfrid, +Humfrid--Eng. _Humphrey_. (_Gar_, spear), O.G. Hunger--Eng. _Hunger_. +(_Hard_), O.G. Hunard--Eng. _Hunnard_. (_Man_), Huniman _Hund. +Rolls_--Eng. _Honeyman_. (_Wald_, power), O.G. Hunewald--Hunewald, _Lib. +Vit._--Eng. _Hunhold_. + + +_Had_, _hath_, signifying "war." + +(_Gis_, hostage), O.G. Hadegis--Eng. _Hadkiss_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. +Hadamar--Eng. _Hattemore_. (_Rat_, counsel), O.G. Hadarat--Eng. +_Hadrott_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G. Hadaricus--Eng. _Hattrick_. (_Wig_, war), +O.G. Hathuwi--Eng. _Hathaway_. (_Wine_, friend), O.G. Hadawin--Eng. +_Hadwen_. + + +_Hard_, _hart_, "strong, hardy." + +(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Hardier--Eng. _Harder_. (_Land_, terra), O.G. +Artaland--Eng. _Hardland_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Hartman--Eng. _Hardman_. +(_Mund_, protection), O.G. Hartomund--Eng. _Hardiment_. (_Nagel_, nail), +O.G. Hartnagel--Eng. _Hartnoll_. (_Nid_, strife), O.G. Hartnit--Eng. +_Hartnott_. (_Rat_, counsel), O.G. Hartrat--Eng. _Hartwright_. (_Ric_, +rule), O.G. Harderich, Hertrih--Eng. _Hartridge_, _Hartry_. (_Wulf_), +O.G. Hardulf--Eng. _Hardoff_. (_Wig_, war), O.G. Hardwic--Eng. +_Hardwick_. (_Wine_, friend), O.G. Hardwin--Eng. _Ardouin_. + + +_Har_, _her_, "army" or "soldier."[17] + +(_Bad_, war), O.G. Heripato--Eng. _Herepath_. (_Bert_, famous), O.G. +Hariberaht--A.S. Herebritt--Eng. _Harbert_, _Herbert_. (_Bord_, shield), +O.G. Heribord--Eng. _Harboard_. (_Bod_, envoy), O.G. Heribod--Eng. +_Harbud_. (_Gar_, spear), O.G. Hariker--A.S. Hereger--Eng. _Harker_. +(_Gaud_, Goth), O.G. Haregaud--Eng. _Hargood_. (_Land_, terra), O.G. +Hariland--Eng. _Harland_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Hariman--Eng. _Harryman_, +_Harman_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Harmar--Eng. _Harmer_. (_Mund_, +protection), O.G. Herimund--Eng. _Harmond_. (_Sand_, envoy), O.G. +Hersand--Eng. _Hersant_. (_Wald_, rule), A.S. Harald--Eng. _Harold_. +(_Ward_), A.S. Hereward--Eng. _Harward_. (_Wid_, wood), O.G. Erwid--Eng. +_Harwood_. (_Wig_, war), O.G. Herewig, Hairiveo--Eng. _Harvey_. (_Wine_, +friend), O.G. Harwin--A.S. Herewine--Eng. _Harwin_. + + +_Hild_, _hil_, "war." + +(_Brand_, sword), O.G. Hildebrand--Eng. _Hildebrand_. (_Gard_, +protection), O.G. Hildegard--Eng. _Hildyard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. +Hildier--Eng. _Hilder_, _Hillyer_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Hildeman--Eng. +_Hillman_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Hildemar--Eng. _Hilmer_. (_Rad_, +counsel), O.G. Hildirad--Eng. _Hildreth_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G. +Hilderic--Eng. _Hilridge_. + + +_Ing_, _ink_, "son, descendant." + +(_Bald_), O.G. Ingobald, Incbald--Eng. _Inchbald_. (_Bert_, famous), +O.G. Ingobert--Eng. _Inchboard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Inguheri--Eng. +_Ingrey_. (_Ram_, raven), O.G. Ingram--Eng. _Ingram_. (_Wald_, power), +O.G. Ingold--Eng. _Ingold_. + + +_Ise_, signifying "iron." + +(_Burg_, protection), O.G. Hisburg--Eng. _Isburg_. (_Man_), O.G. +Isman--A.S. Hysemann--Eng. _Heasman_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Ismar--Eng. +_Ismer_. (_Odd_, dart), Old Norse, Isodd--Eng. _Izod_. + + +_Isen_, signifying "iron." + +(_Hard_), O.G. Isanhard--Eng. _Isnard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. +Isanhar--Eng. _Isner_. + + +_Ken_, _kin_, "nobility." + +(_Hard_), A.S. Cyneheard--Eng. _Kennard_, _Kinnaird_. (_Laf_, relic), +A.S. Cynlaf--Eng. _Cunliffe_. (_Mund_, protection), A.S. Cynemund--Eng. +_Kinmonth_. (_Ric_, rule), A.S. Cynric--Eng. _Kenrick_. (_Ward_), A.S. +Cyneweard--Eng. _Kenward_. (_Wig_, war), Kenewi, _Hund. Rolls_--Eng. +_Kennaway_. + + +_Land_, "terra." + +(_Bert_, famous), O.G. Landbert, Lambert--Eng. _Lambert_. (_Burg_, +protection), O.G. Landburg--Eng. _Lambrook_. (_Frid_, peace), O.G. +Landfrid--Lanfrei _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Landfear_, _Lanfear_, _Lamprey_. +(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Landar--Eng. _Lander_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G. +Landerich--Landric _Domesday_--Eng. _Landridge_, _Laundry_. (_Wig_, +war), O.G. Lantwih--Eng. _Lanaway_. (_War_, defence), O.G. Landoar--Eng. +_Lanwer_. (_Ward_), O.G. _Landward_--Eng. _Landlord?_ + + +_Laith_, _let_, "terrible." + +(_Hara_), O.G. Lethard--Eng. _Leathart_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. +Lethar--Eng. _Leather_. (_Ward_), O.G. Lethward--Eng. _Lateward_. + + +_Led_, _lud_, "people." + +(_Burg_, protection), O.G. Luitburc--Eng. _Ludbrook_. (_Gar_, spear), +O.G. Leodegar--Eng. _Ledger_. (_Gard_), O.G. Liudgard--A.S. +Lidgeard--Eng. _Ledgard_. (_Goz_. Goth), O.G. Luitgoz, Luikoz--Lucas +_Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Lucas_. (_Hard_), O.G. Luidhard--Eng. _Liddard_. +(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Liuthari--A.S. Luder--Eng. _Luther_. (_Man_), +O.G. Liudman--A.S. Ludmann--Eng. _Lutman_. (_Ward_), O.G. Liudward--Eng. +_Ledward_. (_Wig_, war), O.G. Liudwig--Eng. _Lutwidge_. + + +Anglo-Saxon _leof_, "dear." + +(_Dag_, day), O.G. Leopdag--Luiedai, _Domesday_--Eng. _Loveday_. +(_Hard_), O.G. Luibhard, Leopard--A.S. Lipperd--Eng. _Leopard_. (_Hari_, +warrior), O.G. Liubheri, Libher--A.S. Leofer--Eng. _Lover_. (_Lind_, +gentle), O.G. Liublind--Eng. _Loveland_. (_Man_), O.G. Liubman--A.S. +Leofmann--Eng. _Loveman_.[18] (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Liubmar--Eng. +_Livemore_. (_Ric_, rule), A.S. Leofric--Eng. _Loveridge_. (_Drud_, +friend), O.G. Lipdrud--Eng. _Liptrot_.[19] (_Gaud_, _goz_, Goth), O.G. +Liobgoz--Eng. _Lovegod_, _Lovegood_. + + + +_Mal_, signifying to "maul." + +(_Hard_), O.G. Mallard--Maularde, _Roll. Batt. Abb._--Eng. _Mallard_. +(_Ric_, rule), O.G. Malarich--Eng. _Mallory_. (_Thius_, servant), O.G. +Malutheus--Eng. _Malthus_. (_Wulf_), O.G. Malulf--Eng. _Maliff_. + + +_Man_, as the type of "manliness." + +(_Frid_, peace), O.G. Manfrit--Eng. _Manfred_. (_Gar_, spear), O.G. +Mangar--Eng. _Manger_. (_Leof_, dear), A.S. Manlef--Eng. _Manlove_. +(_Gald_, value), O.G. Managold--Eng. _Manigault_. + + +_Mar_, signifying "famous." + +(_Gaud_, Goth), Merigeat _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Margot_. (_Gild_, value), +O.G. Margildus--Eng. _Marigold_. (_Wig_, war), O.G. Merovecus, +Maroveus--Eng. _Marwick_, _Marvey_. (_Wine_, friend), O.G. +Maruin--Mervinus _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Marvin_. + + +_Mag_, _may_, Goth. _magan_, "valere." + +(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Magher--Eng. _Mager_, _Mayer_. (_Had_, war), +O.G. Magodius--Magot _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Maggot_. (_Ron_, raven), O.G. +Megiran--Eng. _Megrin_. + + +_Main_, also signifying "strength, vigour." + +(_Hard_), O.G. Mainard--Eng. _Maynard_. + + +_Mad_, _med_, Anglo-Saxon _math_, "reverence." + +(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Mather--Eng. _Mather_. (_Helm_), O.G. +Madelm--Eng. _Madam_. (_Lac_, play), O.G. Mathlec--Eng. _Medlock_. +(_Land_), O.G. Madoland--Eng. _Medland_. (_Man_), O.G. Medeman--Eng. +_Maidman_, _Meddiman_. (_Wald_, power), O.G. Meduald--Eng. _Methold_. +(_Wine_, friend), Eng. _Medwin_. (_Wig_, war), O.G. Medoveus--Eng. +_Meadway_. + + +_Madel_, _medal_, "discourse, eloquence." + +(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Madalhar--Eng. _Medlar_. (_Gaud_, Goth), O.G. +Madalgaud--Eng. _Medlicott_. + + +_Mil_, _mel_, of uncertain meaning. + +(_Dio_, servant), O.G. Mildeo--Eng. _Mellodew_, _Melody_, _Melloday_. +(_Hard_), O.G. Milehard--Eng. _Millard_. + + +_Mald_, Anglo-Saxon _meald_, "strife, friction." + +(_Wid_, wood), O.G. Maldvit--Maldwith, _Domesday_--Eng. _Maltwood_. + + +Ang.-Sax. _mod_. O.H.G. _mot_, "courage." + +(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Muatheri, Modar--Eng. _Mutrie_, _Moder_. (_Ram_, +_ran_, raven), O.G. Moderannus--Eng. _Mottram_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G. +Moderich--Eng. _Mudridge_. + + +_Mark_, of uncertain meaning. + +(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Marcher--A.S. Marker--Eng. _Marcher_, _Marker_. +(_Leif_, relic), O.G. Marcleif--Eng. _Marklove_. (_Wig_, war), O.G. +Marcovicus--Eng. _Markwick_. + + +Old North. _as_, Ang.-Sax. _os_, "semi-deus." + +(_Beorn_, bear), A.S. Osbeorn--Eng. _Osborn_. (_Got_, goth), A.S. +Osgot--Eng. _Osgood_. (_Lac_, play), A.S. Oslac--O.N. Asleikr--Eng. +_Aslock_, _Hasluck_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Asman, Osman--Asseman _Hund. +Rolls_--Eng. _Asman_, _Osman_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Osmer--Osmer, +_Domesday_--Eng. _Osmer_. (_Ketil_), O.N. Asketil--Eng. _Ashkettle_. +(_Mund_, protection), A.S. Osmond--Eng. _Osmond_. (_Wald_, rule), A.S. +Oswald--Eng. _Oswald_. (_Wine_, friend), A.S. Oswin--Eng. _Oswin_. + + +_Rad_, _red_, signifying "counsel." + +(_Brand_, sword), O.G. Redbrand--Eng. _Redband_. (_Geil_, elatus), O.G. +Ratgeil--Eng. _Redgill_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Rathere, Rateri--Eng. +_Rather_, _Rattray_. (_Helm_), O.G. Rathelm--Eng. _Rattham_. (_Leif_, +relic), O.G. Ratleib--Eng. _Ratliffe_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Redman--Eng. +_Redman_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Radmar, Redmer--Eng. _Radmore_, +_Redmore_. (_Mund_, protection), O.G. Redemund--Eng. _Redmond_. (_War_, +defence), O.G. Ratwar--Eng. _Redwar_. (_Wig_, war), O.G. Redwi--Eng. +_Reddaway_. (_Wine_, friend), A.S. Redwin--Eng. _Readwin_. (_Bald_, +fortis), O.G. Ratbold--Eng. _Rathbold_. (_Bern_, bear), O.G. Ratborn, +Ratbon--Eng. _Rathbone_. + + +_Rag_, _ray_, signifying "counsel." + +(_Bald_, fortis), O.G. Ragibald--Eng. _Raybauld_, _Raybolt_. (_Hari_, +warrior), O.G. Racheri--Eng. _Rarey_ (=Ragheri). (_Helm_), O.G. +Rachelm--Eng. _Rackham_. (_Mund_, protection), O.G. Raimond--Eng. +_Raymond_, _Rayment_. (_Ulf_, wolf), A.S. Rahulf--Raaulf, _Lib. +Vit._--Eng. _Ralph_. + + +_Ragin_, _rain_, same as above. + +(_Bert_, famous), O.G. Raginbert, Reinbert--Eng. _Rainbird_. (_Bald_, +fortis), O.G. Raginbald--Eng. _Raynbold_. (_Frid_, peace), O.G. +Rainfred--Eng. _Rainford_. (_Gar_, spear), O.G. Raingar, Reginker--Eng. +_Ranger_, _Ranacre_. (_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Regnard, Rainhard--Eng. +_Regnard_, _Reynard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Reginhar--A.S. +Reiner--Eng. _Reyner_. (_Helm_), O.G. Rainelm--Eng. _Raynham_, (_Wald_, +rule), O.G. Reginold--A.S. Reinald--Eng. _Reynolds_. + + +_Ric_, _rich_, signifying "rule." + +(_Bald_, fortis), O.G. Richbold--Eng. _Richbell_. (_Gard_, protection), +O.G. Richgard--Eng. _Ridgyard_. (_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Ricohard--Eng. +_Riccard_, _Richard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Richer--Richerus, +_Domesday_--Eng. _Richer_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Ricman--Eng. _Rickman_, +_Richman_. (_Mund_, protection), O.G. Richmund--Eng. _Richmond_. +(_Wald_, rule), O.G. Ricoald--Eng. _Richold_. (_Wig_, war), O.G. +Ricwi--Eng. _Ridgway_. + + +_Ring_, perhaps signifying "armour." + +(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Rincar--Eng. _Ringer_. (_Wald_, rule), A.S. +Hringwold--Eng. _Ringold_. + + +_Rod_, signifying "glory." + +(_Bero_, bear), O.G. Hruadbero--Eng. _Rodber_. (_Bern_, bear), O.G. +Roudbirn--Eng. _Rodbourn_. (_Bert_, famous), O.G. Hrodebert--Eng. +_Robert_. (_Gar_, spear), O.G. Hrodgar--Eng. _Rodger_. (_Gard_, +protection), O.G. Hrodgard--Eng. _Rodgard_, _Rodyard_. (_Hari_, +warrior), O.G. Hrodhari, Rotheri, Rudher--Eng. _Rothery_, _Rudder_. +(_Land_), O.G. Rodland--Eng. _Rolland_. (_Leik_, play), O.G. +Rutleich--Eng. _Rutledge_. (_Ram_, raven), O.G. Rothram--Eng. +_Rotheram_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Hrodman--Eng. _Rodman_, _Roman_. (_Niw_, +young), O.G. Hrodni--Eng. _Rodney_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G. Hrodric--Eng. +_Rodrick_. (_Wig_, war), O.G. Hrodwig--Eng. _Rudwick_. (_Ulf_, wolf), +O.G. Hrodulf--Roolf, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Rolfe_. + + +_Ros_, perhaps signifying "horse." + +(_Bert_, famous), O.G. Rospert--Eng. _Rosbert_. (_Kel_, contraction of +Ketel),[20] Old Norse Hroskel--Eng. _Roskell_. + + +_Rum_, O.H.G. hruam, "glory." + +(_Bald_, bold), A.S. Rumbold--Eng. _Rumbold_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. +Rumhar--Eng. _Rummer_. + + +_Sal_, perhaps meaning "dark."[21] + +(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Salaher--Eng. _Sellar_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. +Salaman--Eng. _Salmon_. (_Wig_, war), O.G. Selwich--Eng. _Salloway_. + + +_Sar_, signifying "armour" or anything used for defence. + +(_Bod_, envoy), O.G. Sarabot--Eng. _Serbutt_. (_Gaud_, Goth), O.G. +Saregaud--Eng. _Sargood_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Saraman--Eng. _Sermon_. +(_Had_, war), O.G. Sarratt--Eng. _Sarratt_. + + +_Sig_, signifying "victory." + +(_Bald_, bold), A.S. Sigebald--Eng. _Sibbald_. (_Bert_, famous), A.S. +Sigiberht, Sibriht--Eng. _Sibert_. (_Fred_, peace), A.S. Sigefred--Eng. +_Seyfried_. (_Gar_, spear), A.S. Siggaer--Eng. _Segar_. (_Man_), O.G. +Sigeman--Eng. _Sickman_. (_Suff._, _Surn._). (_Mar_, famous), O.G. +Sigimar, Sicumar--A.S. Simaer, Secmaer--Eng. _Seymore_, _Sycamore_. +(_Mund_, protection), O.G. Sigimund--Eng. _Simmond_. (_Wig_, war), O.G. +Sigiwic--Eng. _Sedgewick_. (_Wine_, friend), O.G. Sigiwin--Seguin, _Roll +Batt. Abb._--Eng. _Seguin_. + + +_Sea_, "mare." + +(_Bera_, bear), Sebar, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Seaber_. (_Bern_, bear), Old +Norse Saebiorn--Sberne, _Domesday_--Eng. _Seaborn_. (_Bert_, famous), +A.S. Saeberht--Eng. _Seabright_. (_Burg_, protection), O.G. Seburg, +Seopurc--Seaburch _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Seabrook_, _Seabury_. (_Rit_, +ride), O.G. Seuerit--Eng. _Searight_, _Sievewright_. (_Wald_, rule), +O.G. Sewald--Eng. _Seawall_. (_Ward_), O.G. Saeward--Eng. _Seaward_, +_Seward_. (_Fugel_, fowl), A.S. Saefugl--Eng. _Sefowl_. + + +_Stain_, "stone," in the sense of firmness or hardness. + +(_Biorn_, bear), O.N. Steinbioern--Eng. _Stainburn_. (_Burg_, +protection), O.G. Stemburg--Eng. _Steamburg_. (_Hard_), O.G. +Stainhard--Stannard _Domesday_--Eng. _Stonard_, _Stoneheart_. (_Hari_, +warrior), O.N. Steinhar--Eng. _Stainer_, _Stoner_. (_Wald_, rule), O.G. +Stainold--Eng. _Stonhold_, and perhaps _Sternhold_ as a corruption. + + +_Tank_, perhaps "thought." + +(_Hard_), O.G. Tanchard--Eng. _Tankard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. +Thancheri--Eng. _Tankeray_, _Thackeray_ (Scandinavian form). (_Rad_, +counsel), O.G. Tancrad--Eng. _Tancred_. + + +_Tad_, supposed "father." + +(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Tether--Eng. _Tedder_, _Teather_. (_Man_, vir), +A.S. Tatmonn--Eng. _Tadman_.[22] (_Wine_, friend), O.G. Daduin--Eng. +_Tatwin_. + + +_Thor_, supposed from the name of the god, a stem specially Danish. + +(_Biorn_, bear), O.N. Thorbiorn--Thurbern _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Thorburn_. +(_Gaut_, Goth), O.N. Thorgautr--Turgod _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Thurgood_, +_Thoroughgood_. (_Geir_, spear), O.N. Thorgeir--Eng. _Thorgur_. (_Fin_, +nation), O.N. Thorfinnr--Thurfin _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Turpin_. (_Mod_, +courage), O.N. Thormodr--Eng. _Thurmot_. (_Stein_, stone), O.N. +Thorsteinn--Turstin _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Thurstan_. (_Wald_, rule), O.N. +Thorvaldr--Eng. _Thorold_. (_Vid_, wood), O.N. Thorvidr--Eng. +_Thorowood_. (_Ketil_[23]) O.N. Thorketil--Eng. _Thirkettle_. (_Kel_, +contraction of _ketel_), O.N. Thorkel--Turkillus _Lib. Vit._--Eng. +_Thurkle_. (Hence is borrowed as supposed the Gaelic Torquil.) + + +Ang.-Sax. _theod_, "people." + +(_Bald_, fortis), A.S. Theodbald--Tidbald _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Theobald_, +_Tidball_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Theodahar, Tudhari--A.S. +Theodhere--Eng. _Theodore_, _Tudor_. (_Ran_, raven), O.G. Teutran--Eng. +_Teuthorn_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Tiadman--Eng. _Tidman_. (_Mar_, famous), +O.G. Thiudemer--A.S. Dydemer--Eng. _Tidemore_. (_Ric_, rule), A.S. +Theodric--Eng. _Todrig_, _Doddridge_. + + +_Wad_, _Wat_, "to go," in the sense of activity? + +(_Gis_, hostage), O.G. Watgis--Eng. _Watkiss_. (_Gar_, spear), O.G. +Waddegar--Eng. _Waddicar_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Vadomar--Eng. +_Wadmore_. (_New_, young), O.G. Wattnj--Eng. _Watney_. + + +_Wald_, signifying "power" or "rule." + +(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Waldhar--A.S. Wealdhere--Eng. _Walter_. (_Man_) +O.G. Waldman--Eng. _Waldman_. (_Ran_, raven), O.G. +Walderannus--Walteranus _Domesday_--Eng. _Waldron_. + + +_Wal_, "stranger" or "foreigner." + +(_And_, life, spirit), O.G. Waland--Eng. _Waland_. (_Frid_, peace), O.G. +Walahfrid--Eng. _Wallfree_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Walaheri, +Walher--Eng. _Wallower_, _Waller_. (_Had_, war), O.G. Wallod--Eng. +_Wallet_. (_Raven_), Gothic Valerauan--Walrafan _Lib. Vit._--Eng. +_Wallraven_ (_Suffolk Surnames_). (_Rand_, shield), O.G. +Walerand--Walerandus _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Walrond_. + + +_War_, perhaps signifying "defence."[24] + +(_Bald_, bold), O.G. Warbalt--Eng. _Warbolt_. (_Burg_, protection), O.G. +Warburg--Eng. _Warbrick_. (_Gar_, spear), O.G. Weriger--Eng. _Warraker_. +(_Goz_, Goth), O.G. Werigoz--Eng. _Vergoose_ (_Suffolk Surnames_). +(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Warher--Eng. _Warrior_. (_Laik_, play), O.G. +Warlaicus--Warloc _Hund. Rolls_--Eng. _Warlock_. (_Man_), O.G. +Warman--A.S. Wearman--Eng. _Warman_. (_Mar_, famous). O.G. Werimar--Eng. +_Warmer_. (_Lind_, gentle), O.G. Waralind--Eng. _Warland_. + + +_Wern_, in the sense of "nationality." + +(_Burg_, protection), O.G. Warinburg--Eng. _Warrenbury_. (_Frid_, +peace), O.G. Warnefrid--Eng. _Warneford_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. +Warenher, Warner--Eng. _Warrener_, _Warner_. (_Had_, war), O.G. +Warnad--Eng. _Warnett_. + + +_Wag_, _way_, to "wave, brandish." + +(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Wagher--Eng. _Wager_. (_Bert_, famous), O.G. +Wagpraht--Eng. _Weybret_. + + +_Wid_, _wit_, of uncertain meaning.[25] + +(_Brord_, sword), A.S. Wihtbrord, Wihtbrod--Witbred _Hund. Rolls_--Eng. +_Whitbread_. (_Gar_, spear), O.G. Witker--A.S. Wihtgar--Eng. +_Whittaker_, _Whitecar_. (_Hard_), O.G. Witart--Eng. _Whitehart_. +(_Ron_, raven), O.G. Widrannus--Eng. _Witheron_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. +Withar, Wither _Domesday_--Eng. _Wither_, _Whiter_. (_Ring_, armour), +O.G. Witering--Eng. _Wittering_. (_Lag_, law), A.S. Wihtlaeg,--Eng. +_Whitelegg_, _Whitlaw_. (_Laic_, play), O.G. Widolaic,--A.S. +Wihtlac--Eng. _Wedlake_, _Wedlock_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Wideman, +Witman--Eng. _Wideman_, _Whiteman_. (_Mar_, famous), Goth. +Widiomar--Uitmer _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Whitmore_. (_Rad_, counsel), O.G. +Widerad, Witerat--A.S. Wihtraed--Eng. _Withered_, _Whitethread_, +_Whiterod_. (_Ric_, rule), Goth. Witirich--A.S. Wihtric--Eng. +_Witherick_, _Whitridge_. + + +_Will_, in the sense of "resolution"? + +(_Bern_, bear), O.G. Wilbernus--Eng. _Wilbourn_. (_Gom_, man), O.G. +Willicomo--Uilcomae _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Wilcomb_, _Welcome_. (_Frid_, +peace), A.S. Wilfrid--Eng. _Wilford_. (_Gis_, hostage), A.S. +Wilgis--Eng. _Willgoss_. (_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Willard--A.S. +Willeard--Eng. _Willard_. (_Heit_, state, "hood") O.G. Williheit--Eng. +_Willett_. (_Helm_), A.S. Wilhelm--Eng. _Williams_. (_Mar_, famous), +O.G. Willemar--Eng. _Willmore_. (_Mot_, courage), O.G. Willimot--Eng. +_Willmot_. (_Mund_, protection), A.S. Wilmund--Uilmund, _Lib. +Vit._--Eng. _Willament_. + + +_Wind_, _Wend_, supposed "from the people." + +(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Winidhar--Eng. _Winder_. (_Ram_, raven), O.G. +Winidram--Eng. _Windram_. (_Rad_, counsel)--Eng. _Windred_. + + +_Wine_, "friend." + +(_Bald_, fortis), O.G. Winebald--Eng. _Winbolt_. (_Cof_, strenuous), +A.S. Wincuf--Eng. _Wincup_. (_Gaud_, Goth), O.G. Winegaud--Eng. +_Wingood_. (_Gar_, spear), O.G. Wineger, Vinegar--A.S. Winagar--Eng. +_Winegar_, _Vinegar_. (_Hari_, warrior), A.S. Wyner--Eng. _Winer_. +(_Laic_, play), O.G. Winleich--Uinlac _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Winlock_. +(_Man_, vir), O.G. Winiman--A.S. Winemen--Eng. _Wineman_, _Winmen_. +(_Stan_, stone), A.S. Wynstan--Eng. _Winston_. + + +_Wig_, _Wick_, "war." + +(_Bert_, famous), O.G. Wigbert, Wibert--Eng. _Vibert_. (_Burg_, +protection), O.G. Wigburg--Wiburch _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Wyberg_, _Wybrow_. +(_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Wighard, Wiart--A.S. Wigheard--Uigheard _Lib. +Vit._--Eng. _Wyard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Wigheri, Wiccar, +Wiher--Uigheri _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Wicker_, _Vicary_, _Wire_. (_Helm_), +A.S. Wighelm--Uighelm _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Whigam_. (_Ram_, raven), O.G. +Wigram--Eng. _Wigram_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Wigmar, Wimar--Wimar _Lib. +Vit._--Eng. _Wymer_.[26] (_Gern_, eager), O.G. Wicchern--A.S. +Weogern--Eng. _Waghorn_. (_Had_, war), O.G. Wicod, Wihad--A.S. +Wigod--Eng. _Wiggett_, _Wichett_, _Wyatt_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. +Wigman--Eng. _Wigman_, _Wyman_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G. Wigirich--Eng. +_Vickridge_. + + +Ang.-Sax. _wulf_, "wolf." + +(_Bert_, famous), O.G. Wolfbert--Eng. _Woolbert_. (_Gar_, spear), A.S. +Wulfgar--Eng. _Woolgar_. (_Gaud_, Goth), O.G. Wulfegaud--A.S. +Wulfgeat--Eng. _Woolcot_. (_Hard_, fortis), A.S. Wulfheard--Eng. +_Woollard_. (_Had_, war), O.G. Wolfhad--Eng. _Woollat_. (_Helm_), A.S. +Wulfhelm--Eng. _Woollams_. (_Heh_, high), A.S. Wulfheh--Eng. _Woolley_. +(_Mar_, famous), A.S. Wulfmer--Eng. _Woolmer_. (_Noth_, bold), A.S. +Wulfnoth--Eng. _Woolnoth_. (_Ric_, rule), A.S. Wulfric--Eng. _Woolrych_. +(_Sig_, victory), A.S. Wulfsig--Eng. _Wolsey_. (_Stan_, stone), A.S. +Wulfstan--Eng. _Woolston_. + + +Ang.-Sax. _ju_, O.H.G. _ewa_ "law."[27] + +(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Euhar--Eng. _Ewer_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. +Eoman--perhaps Iman and Iiman on Roman pottery--Eng. _Yeoman_, _Yeaman_. +(_Ric_, rule), O.G. Eoricus--Eng. _Yorick_. (_Wald_, rule), O.G. +Ewald--Eng. _Ewald_. (_Ward_, guardian), O.G. Euvart--Eng. _Ewart_, +_Yeoward_. (_Wolf_), O.G. Eolf--Eng. _Yealfe_. + + +The foregoing is not put forward as by any means an exhaustive list of +the ancient compounds represented in our names, but only of the more +common and more important. And there are some ancient stems well +represented in other forms, such as those referred to in Chapter II., +from which I have not been able to trace any compounds. It will be +observed that I have in two or three instances assigned a place to an +English name, without finding an ancient form to correspond. This indeed +I might have done to a greater extent than I have done, for when we have +such a well-defined system, with the same forms of compounds regularly +recurring, we may in many cases assign a place to a name even though the +ancient equivalent may not yet have come to light. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[10] Hence I take to be the name of the fairy king Oberon. Albruna was +also the name of a "wise woman" among the ancient Germans referred to by +Tacitus. + +[11] Probably also A.S. Haluiu--Eng. _Halloway_. + +[12] Here probably the name Biracrus, on Roman pottery, corresponding +with an O.G. form, Berecar. + +[13] Or perhaps of beauty, like a Celtic stem _tac_, found in names of +men, and perhaps a corresponding word. + +[14] As an ending also _frid_ commonly becomes _free_, as in Humphrey +from Humfrid, Godfrey from Godfred, Geoffry from Galfrid. + +[15] This name might perhaps be from the Irish Cwaran, whence probably +the present _Curran_. This name appears also to have been sometimes +borrowed by the Northmen, as in the case of Olaf Cwaran. + +[16] But not in a Christian sense, the stem being much older than +Christian times. There is another stem _gaud_, supposed to mean Goth, +very liable to intermix. + +[17] As a prefix this may mean "army," but as an ending, where it is +often _hari_ or _heri_ (and perhaps was originally always so), it may be +taken, as suggested by Grimm, to mean warrior. + +[18] Also as a contracted form, Ang.-Sax. Leommann (=Leofmann, Eng. +_Lemon_). + +[19] This seems to be a name of an exceptional kind, the ending _drud_ +being a female one. That our name Liptrot (which I take from Lower), is +really from the above origin is rendered the more probable by the +corresponding name Liebetrut as a present German name, similarly derived +by Foerstemann. But it may well be that the ending in this case is from +a different word to that which, see p. 19, forms the endings of women's +names, viz. O.H.G. _trut_, amicus, which, as a prefix, enters into +several men's names. + +[20] From the mythological kettle of the gods, which enters into many +Old Norse men's names. + +[21] "The Anglo-Saxons seem to have used sallow in the sense of dark. +The raven is called sallow both by Caedmon and the author of Judith," +_Skeat_. It seems to me, however, a question whether, seeing how +frequently the names of nationalities enter into Teutonic men's names, +the word contained in the above stem may not be "Salian." This, however, +still leaves open the question as to what is the origin of Salian. + +[22] A corresponding name may be the Dutch Tadema, if _ma_, as is +supposed, stands for _man_. + +[23] Probably from the mythological kettle of the AEsir. + +[24] So many different words might be suggested in this case that the +meaning must be left uncertain. It is most probable that there may be an +admixture. + +[25] Three different words found in ancient names intermix so as to be +hardly separable, viz., Anglo-Saxon _wiht_, strength or courage; _wid_, +wood; and _wit_, wisdom. + +[26] The name of Wigmore Street seems to imply a man's name _Wigmore_, +but I do not know of it at present. + +[27] Hence probably the name of the Eows, a tribe or family mentioned in +the "Traveller's Song." Also probably the name Eawa, in the genealogy of +the Mercian kings. The stem is represented in our names by _Ewe_, _Yeo_, +and _Yea_, and we have also the patronymic _Ewing_ (Euing in +_Domesday_). + + + + +CHAPTER IV. + +THE MEN WHO CAME IN WITH THE SAXONS. + + +The researches of Mr. Kemble, supplemented by those of Mr. Taylor, in +connection with the early Saxon settlements in England, have an +important bearing upon the subject of our existing surnames. Mr. Kemble +was the first to call attention to the fact that very many of the names +of places in England, as disclosed by the forms in which these names +appear in ancient charters, consist of a personal name in a patronymic +form. Some of these names consist simply of a nominative plural in +_ingas_, as AEscingas, the sons or descendants of AEsc, others of a +genitive plural in _inga_, with _ton_, _ham_, &c., appended, as in +Billingatun, the town of the Billings, _i.e._ sons or descendants of +Billa. These he takes to denote tribal or family settlements, forming +the Anglo-Saxon "mark," consisting of a certain area of cultivated land, +surrounded by a belt of pasture land enjoyed by all the settlers in +common, the whole inclosed by the forest. + +Of these names he has made two lists, the one derived from the names +found in ancient charters, and so perfectly trustworthy, the other +inferred from existing names of places which appear to be in the same +form. The latter list is of course subject to considerable correction +and deduction, inasmuch as it depends entirely upon the ancient forms in +which these names would appear whether they would come under this +category or not. Thus, if a name were anciently Billing_a_ham, it would +be "the home of the Billings," while if it were Billingham, it would +simply be the home of an individual man called Billing. And in looking +through this list, a few names will be found, which a comparison with +his own index of place-names shows to be incorrectly assigned. Thus he +infers Impingas from Impington in Cambridgeshire, and Tidmingas from +Tidmington in Worcester, whereas it appears from his index that the +ancient name of the one was Impintun, and of the other Tidelminctun, +both being thus from the name of an individual and not of a tribe or +family. Sempringham again in Lincolnshire, whence he derives Sempringas, +I find to have been Sempingaham, and so used already for Sempingas. I +also feel very great doubt about names taken from places ending in _by_, +_thorp_, and _toft_, in Lincolnshire and the ancient Denelaga, as being +Scandinavian, and given at a distinctly later period. Indeed I have a +certain amount of distrust of all names taken from the North of England, +in the absence, as far as I know, of any distinct proof in any one case. +Northumberland would perhaps be the county to which, as containing the +greatest number of such forms, any such doubt would the least strongly +apply. Moreover, I do not feel at all sure that _ing_ is not in some +cases simply a form of the possessive, and that Dunningland, for +instance, is not simply Dunn's land. This doubt is considerably +strengthened when the name is that of a woman, as in Cyneburginctun (now +Kemerton in Glouc). Cyneburg is certainly a woman's name, and as such +could not, I should suppose--though the question is one for more +experienced Anglo-Saxon scholars--form a patronymic, in which case +Cyneburginctun can only be "Cyneburg's tun." And if it be so in one +case, it may of course be so in others. Mr. Kemble's second list, then, +requires to be used with a certain amount of caution, though in the main +his deductions may be taken as trustworthy. + +The corresponding forms in Germany have since been collected by +Professor Foerstemann from ancient charters up to the eleventh century, +and must all be considered therefore as trustworthy. His list contains +upwards of a thousand different names, but inasmuch as many of these +names are found in different parts of Germany, the total number of such +names must amount to many thousands. These consist sometimes of a form +in _ingas_, same as in England, and this obtains more particularly in +Bavaria, sometimes of a form in _inga_, which he takes to be also a +nominative plural, but most commonly of a dative plural, in _ingen_, as +in Herlingen, "to the Harlings." This dative plural explains the origin +of many existing names of places in Germany, as Goettingen, Dettingen, +Tuebingen, &c. A dative plural also occurs occasionally in England in the +corresponding Anglo-Saxon form _ingum_, as in Godelmingum, now +Godalming, Angemeringum, now Angmering, &c. + +Meanwhile Mr. Taylor has instituted a detailed and very important +comparison between the names contained in Mr. Kemble's two lists, and +those of a corresponding kind in Germany, not indeed from ancient +records, but from existing place-names. And he has further supplemented +this by a list of similar forms disclosed by his own very interesting +discovery of a Saxon area in France opposite to the shore of England, +and which we can hardly doubt to be, as he considers it to be, the +result of a Saxon emigration from England. He has, moreover, given some +similar instances of German occupation in the north of Italy, and it can +hardly be doubted that a more detailed examination would add to their +number. + +The question now to be considered is--what is the value of these various +forms in _ingas_, _inga_, and _ingen_, in England and in Germany? In +Anglo-Saxon and other Teutonic dialects _ing_ is a patronymic, as in +Bruning, son of Brun. But it has also a wider sense implying any +connection with a person or thing, and in certain of the names under +consideration both in England and in Germany, it seems very clear that +it is used simply in a geographical sense. Thus we cannot doubt that +Madelungen and Lauringen, in Germany, signify, as Foerstemann suggests, +the people of the Madel and of the Lauer, on which two rivers the places +in question are respectively situated. Also that Salzungen signifies the +people of the salt springs, in the neighbourhood of which the name is +found.[28] So in England it seems clear that the Leamingas found in +Leamington signifies the people of the Leam, on which river the place is +situated. So also the Heretuningas, the Hohtuningas, and the +Suthtuningas, must mean simply the people respectively of Heretun, of +Hohtun, and of Suthtun, the Beorganstedingas the people of Beorgansted, +the Eoforduningas the people of Eofordun, and the Teofuntingas, the +people dwelling by the two fountains. But with these and perhaps one or +two other exceptions, the word contained is simply a personal name, and +the question is--in what connection is it used? Does Billingas mean the +descendants of the man Bill or Billa, under whose leadership the +settlement was made, or does it, as Mr. Kemble seems to think, refer to +some older, perhaps mythical ancestor from whom the Billings claimed a +traditional descent? Now, considering the great number of these names, +amounting to more than a thousand in England alone, seeing the manner in +which they are dispersed, not only over different counties of England, +but as the annexed table will show, over the length and breadth of +Germany, it seems to me utterly impossible to consider them as anything +else than the every-day names of men common to the great German family. +I am quite in accord then with the view taken by Sir J. Picton +(Ethnology of Wiltshire).[29] "When the Saxons first invaded England, +they came in tribes and families headed by their patriarchal leaders. +Each tribe was called by its leader's name, with the termination _ing_, +signifying family, and where they settled they gave their patriarchal +name to the _mark_ or central point round which they clustered." This +is also the view taken by Foerstemann with regard to the German names, +and I cannot doubt that Mr. Kemble, if he had had the opportunity of +extending his survey over this wider area, would have come to the same +conclusion. I take it then that the name contained in these forms is +simply that of the leader under whose guidance these little settlements +were made, and that, inasmuch as members of the same family would +generally keep together, it is in most cases that of the patriarch or +head of the family. Each man would no doubt have his own individual +name, but as a community exercising certain rights in common, from which +outsiders were excluded, they would require some distinctive +appellation, and what so natural as that of their leader. + +I now come to consider some points of difference between the Anglo-Saxon +settlements and the German. While all the settlements in England must be +taken to have been made by a Low German race, a large proportion of +those in Germany must be taken to have been made by a High German +people. Thus when we find Baebingas in England represented by Papinga in +Austria, Bassingas by Pasingas, and Baedingas by Patinga in Bavaria, we +have the distinction between High and Low German, which might naturally +be expected. So when we find Eastringas represented by Austringa in +Baden, we have again a High German form to compare with a Low German. +But this distinction is by no means consistently maintained throughout, +and we seem to have a considerable mixture of High and Low German forms. +Thus we have both Baecgingas and Paeccingas, Dissingas and Tissingas, +Garingas and Coringas, Edingas and Odingas (representing as it seems the +Anglo-Saxon _ead_ or _ed_, and the High German _aud_ or _od_). And even +in some cases the rule seems to be reversed, and we have the High German +in England, as in Eclingas against Egilinga in Bavaria, Hoppingas +against Hobinga in Alsace, Ticcingas against Dichingen, &c. It would +seem as if our settlements were made, at least in part, by a people who +if not High German, had at any rate considerable High German affinities. +To what extent the speech of the Angles which I suppose to have been the +main element in the Northumbrian dialect, would answer these conditions, +I would rather leave to our higher Anglo-Saxon scholars to decide. But +it seems to me, so far as I may venture to give an opinion, that +Lappenberg's theory, that the Saxons were accompanied by Franks, +Frisians, and Lombards, would perhaps better than any other meet all the +requirements of the case. Whence for instance could come such a form as +Cwichelm for Wighelm, apparently a rather strongly marked Frankish form? +Or Cissa (Chissa) for, as I suppose, Gisa, which would be apparently in +conformity with a Frisian form? I have endeavoured to go into this +subject more fully in a subsequent chapter, more particularly with +regard to the Franks, and to show that there are a number of names in +Anglo-Saxon times which might be of Frankish origin, and which perhaps +it would be difficult to account for on any other theory. And it must be +borne in mind that the earlier date now generally assigned for the first +Teutonic settlements, naturally tends to give greater latitude to the +inquiry as to the races by whom those settlements were made. + +Another difference to be noted is that whereas all our settlements seem +to have been made in heathen times, those of Germany extend into +Christian times, as shown by such names as Johanningen, Jagobingen, and +Steveningen, containing the scriptural names John, Jacob and Stephen. +There is another and a curious name, Satanasinga, which, the place to +which it is applied being a waste, seems to describe the people who +lived in it, or around it, perhaps in reference to their forlorn +condition, as "the children of Satan." The adoption of scriptural names +seems to have taken place at a later period in England than either in +Germany or in France. And we have not, as I believe, a single instance +in our surnames of a scriptural name in an Anglo-Saxon patronymic form, +as the Germans, judging from the above, might--possibly may--have. + +Another point of difference between the Anglo-Saxon and the German +settlements would seem to be this, that while the German list contains a +considerable proportion of compound names, such as Willimundingas and +Managoldingas, the Anglo-Saxon list consists almost exclusively of names +formed of a single word, and the exceptions may almost be counted upon +the fingers. With this I was at first considerably puzzled, but on +looking more carefully into the lists, it seemed to me apparent that +many of the names assumed by Mr. Kemble from names of places were in +reality compound names in a disguised and contracted form. And as +Tidmington, whence he derives Tidmingas, was properly Tidhelmingtun, so +I conceive that Osmingas derived from Osmington, ought properly to be +Oshelmingas, and Wylmingas, found in Wilmington, to be Wilhelmingas. So +also I take it that Wearblingas, found in Warblington, ought to be +Warboldingas, that Weomeringas, deduced from Wymering, ought to be +Wigmeringas, and that Horblingas, found in Horbling, ought to be +Horbaldingas. There are several other names, such as Scymplingas, +Wramplingas, Wearmingas, Galmingas, &c., that seem as they stand, to be +scarcely possible for names of men, and which may also contain compounds +in a corrupted or contracted form. In addition to this, I note the +following, found in ancient charters, which Mr. Kemble seems to have +overlooked, AEgelbyrhtingas, found in AEgelbyrtingahyrst, No. 1041, +Ceolredingas, found in Colredinga gemerc, 1149, and Godhelmingas found +in Godelmingum, 314. If all these were taken into account, the +difference, though it would still exist, might not be so great as to be +unaccountable, considering that our settlements were made to a +considerable extent at an earlier date, and by tribes more or less +differing from those of Germany. It raises, moreover the question, dealt +with in a very thorough manner by Stark, as to the extent to which these +short and simple names may be contractions of compound names. I have +referred to the subject in another place, and I will only observe at +present that from the instances he cites the practice seems to have been +rather specially common among the Frisians. Now it will be found on +comparing the names of our ancient settlers with the Frisian names past +and present cited by Outzen and Wassenberg, that there is a very strong +family likeness between them, though we need not take it to amount to +more than this, that the Frisian names may be taken as a type of the +kind of names prevalent among the other neighbouring Low German tribes, +until it can be more distinctly shown that there were settlements made +by the Frisians themselves. And I have brought these names into the +comparison simply as being the nearest representatives that I can find. + +Notwithstanding the complete and valuable tables drawn up by Mr. Taylor +for the purpose of comparing the Anglo-Saxon settlements with those of +Germany, I have thought it useful to supplement them by another confined +exclusively to the names drawn from ancient German records, and +therefore, so far as they go, entirely trustworthy. And I take the +opportunity to compare our existing surnames with these ancient names +thus shown to be common to the great Teutonic family. + +In the following table I have given then, first the Anglo-Saxon names +from Kemble's lists, then the corresponding Old German from that of +Foerstemann, with the district in which it is found, and, wherever +identified, the existing name of the place, then names corresponding +from the _Liber Vitae_ or elsewhere to show continued Anglo-Saxon use, +with also Frisian names as already mentioned, and finally, the existing +English surnames with which I compare them. It will be seen that these +surnames in not a few cases retain an ancient vowel-ending in _a_, _i_, +or _o_, as explained in a preceding chapter. + + _THE EARLY SAXON SETTLEMENTS COMPARED WITH THOSE OF GERMANY._ + + Anglo-Saxon. German. Locality (L.V.), Liber Vitae. English + in Germany. (F.), Frisian. Surnames. + + Aldingas} Aldinge {Now Aldingen,} {Alda (L.V.),} {_Allday_, _Allt_, + Oldingas} {in Wuertemburg} { Alte (F.) } { _Old_, _Olding_. + + AEceringas[30] Aguringas {Now Egringen} Aker (L.V.) _Ager_, _Acres_. + { in Bavaria} + + AElingas Allingen Bavaria {Alli (L.V.),} _Alley_, _Allo_. + { Alle (F.) } + + AElfingas} Albungen Hesse Cassell Alef (F.) {_Aulph_, _Alpha_, + AElpingas} { _Elvy_. + + AEfeningas {Heveningare Appenzell Afun (L.V.) _Heaven? Evening_. + { marca + + Antingas Endinga {Now Endingen,} Anta (A.S.) {_And_, _Andoe_, + { in Baden } { _Hand_. + + AEscingas Esginga ..... AEsc (A.S.) _Ask_, _Ashe_. + + AEtingas Adinga Pruss. Saxony {Atta (A.S.),} _Hatt_. + { Atte (F.) } + + Baebingas Papinga {Now Pabing, } {Babba (A.S.),} _Babb_. + { in Austria} { Babe (F.) } + + Baningas Boninge ..... {Beana (L.V.),} {_Bann_, + { Banne (F.) } { _Banning_. + + Baedingas } {Now Beddingen, } {Bada, } {_Batt_, _Batty_, + } Patinga { in Brunswick; } { Betti (L.V.)} { _Betty_, + Beadingas} { also Baden, } { _Batting_. + { Prussia, Austria} + + Bassingas Pasingas Bavaria Bass (A.S.) _Bass_, _Pass_. + + Baecgingas} Bachingen Wuertemburg } {Baga, } {_Bagge_, _Back_, + Beccingas} Beckinga Rhenish Prussia} {Backa (L.V.)} { _Beck_, _Peck_. + Paeccingas} + + Bensingas Pinsinga Bavaria Benza (L.V.) _Bence_. + + Bircingas Biricchingen ..... ..... _Birch_. + + Bebingas Bebingun Bavaria, Wuertg. Bebba (A.S.) {_Bibb_, _Bibby_, + { _Beeby_. + + Billingas Bilinga {Hess., Wuert.,} ..... {_Bill_, _Billow_, + { Friesland } { _Billing_. + + Binningas Binnungen {Now Bingen, } {Bynni (L.V.),} {_Binney_, + { on Rhine } {Binne (F.) } { _Binning_. + + Bydelingas Budilingen {Luxembg.,} Botel (F.) _Biddle_. + { Austria} + + Briningas ..... ..... Bryni (L.V.) {_Brine_, + { _Brinney_. + + Beorningas Pirninga Wuertemburg Beorn (L.V.) {_Burn_, + { _Burning_. + + Bondingas ..... ..... Bonde (L.V., F.) _Bond_. + + Beormingas Bermingahem ..... ..... _Breem_. + + Brydingas Breidinge {Hesse Cass., } ..... _Bride_, _Bird_. + { Pruss. Sax.} + + Bridlingas Britlingi {Now Bruetlingen,} ..... _Bridle_. + { in Hanr. } + + Blaecingas ..... ..... Blaca (L.V.) _Black_. + + Bruningas Brunninga Austria {Bron (L.V.),} {_Brown_, + {Bruyn (F.) } { _Browning_. + + Beorhtingas} Perhtingen Bavaria {Bercht (L.V.),} {_Burt_, + Byrtingas } { Berti (F.) } { _Bright_, + { _Brighty_, + { _Brighting_. + + Brihtlingas Bertelingas Rhen. Prussia ..... {_Brightly_, + { _Brittell_. + + Buccingas Puchinga ..... {Bocco, } _Buck_, _Puck_. + { Buco (F.)} + Bullingas Bollinga {Bullingen, in } Bolle (F.) {_Bull_, _Bolley_, + { Rh. Pruss. } { _Bulling_. + {Also Tyrol and} + { Westphal. } + + Byttingas} Buddinga {Baden, Wuert.,} Bota (L.V.) {_Budd_, _Butt_, + { Friesland } { _Botting_. + + Potingas } Potingin {Baden, Aust.,} Botte (F.) {_Pott_, _Potto_. + { Friesland } + + Bobingas } Bobinga {Bobingen,} {Bofa (L.V.),} {_Boby_, _Poppy_. + Bofingas } { in Bav.} { Poppe (F.)} + + Bosingas Bosinga Austria, Wuert. Bosa (L.V.) {_Boss_, _Bossey_. + + Buslingas Buselingen {Buessling, } ..... _Bussell_. + { by Schaffhausen} + + Burringas Buringen Wuertemburg. {Burra (L.V.),} _Burr_. + { Bore (F.) } + + Caegingas Cachinga ..... Kay, Key (F.) {_Kay_, _Key_ + { (see p. 10). + + Callingas Callinge Holland Kalle (F.) _Call_, _Callow_. + + Ceaningas Conninge Wuertemburg {Canio (L.V.),} {_Cann_, + { Keno (F.) } { _Canning_. + + Cearlingas Chirlingen {Kierling, } {Karl (L.V.),} {_Charley_, + { in Austria} { Carl (F.) } { _Charles_. + + Cifingas Cheffingin Wuertemburg Ceefi (L.V.) {_Chaff_, + { _Chaffey_. + + Ceopingas Chuppinga Wuertemburg ..... {_Chope_, _Chubb_. + + Copingas Cofunga Hesse Cassel {Cufa, Coifi } {_Coffey_, _Cuff_, + { (Ang.-Sax.)} { _Cuffey_. + + Codingas } Cuttingas Near Metz {Goda, (L.V.) } {_Goad_, _Codd_, + Cotingas } Gotinga Bavaria { Gode (F.) } { _Coate_, + { _Godding_. + + Colingas Cholinga Ceolla (L.V.) ..... {_Coll_, _Collie_, + { _Colling_. + + Cocingas Gukkingin {Gugging, } ..... _Cock_. + { in Austria} + + Cressingas Chresinga Wuertemberg ..... _Cressy_. + + Cnottingas Knutingen ..... Cnut (L.V.) _Knott_. + + Cnudlingas Cnutlinga Baden ..... _Nuttall_. + + Cenesingas[31] {Kenzinga Kenzingen, } + in Baden } ..... _Chance?_ + {Gensingen Gensungen, } + Hess. Cass.} + + Centingas Gandingen Friesland Kaenta (L.V.) {_Cant_, _Gant_, + { _Gandy_. + + Culingas ..... ..... ..... {_Cull_, + { _Cooling_. + + Denningas Daningen Baden Dene (L.V.) {_Dane_, _Dana_, + { _Denn_, + { _Denning_. + Dillingas Dilinga {Dillengen,} + { in Bav. } {Tilli (L.V.),} {_Dill_, _Till_, + { Tilo (F.) } { _Tilly_. + + Deorlingas} Darlingin Brunswick ..... {_Darrell_, + Teorlingas} { _Darling_. + + Dissingas} Tisinga Bavaria Tisa, Disa (F.) {_Dyce_, _Dicey_, + Tissingas} { _Tisoe_. + + Ticcangas Dichingen Friesland, Bav. Tycca (A.S.) _Dick_. + + Dyclingas Tuchilingen Now Tuchling ..... {_Dickle_, + { _Tickle_. + + Doccingas Dockinga Friesland {Tocki (L.V.),} {_Dock_, + { Tocke (F.) } { _Tocque_, + { _Docking_. + + Dodingas ..... ..... Doda (F.) _Dodd_, _Todd_. + + Dunningas Tuningas ..... Duna (L.V.) {_Dunn_, _Dunning_. + + Eastringas Austringa {Oestringen,} ..... _Easter_. + { in Baden } + + Edingas } Edinga {Holland, } {Ede (L.V.),} _Eddy_. + { Baden, Bav.} { Edde (F.)} + Oddingas} Odinga {Westphal., } {Oda (L.V.),} _Oddy_. + { Bav. } Odde (F.) } + + Elcingas ..... ..... ..... {_Elk_, _Elcy_, + { _Elgee_. + + Ecgingas Eginga {Schaffhausen,} {Ecga (L.V.),} _Egg_. + { Bav. } {Egga (F.) } + + Eclingas Egilinga Bavaria Ecgel (A.S.) {_Edgell_, _Egle_. + + Elsingas Elisingun Hesse {Elsi (L.V.),} {_Else_, _Elsey_, + { Ealse (F.)} { _Elliss_. + + Eppingas} Ebinga Baden, Austria Ebbi (L.V.) {_Epps_. + Ippingas} Ippinga {Ippingen, } Eppe (F.) {_Hipp_. + { on Danube} + + Everingas } Eburingen Pruss. Silesia ..... {_Ever_, _Every_, + Eoforingas} { _Heber_. + + Eorpingas Arpingi ..... {Earbe (L.V.),} _Harp_, _Earp_. + { Arpe (F.) } + + Fearingas Faringa {Upper Bav. ..... {_Farre_, + { & L. Constance { _Farrow_. + + Fearningas ..... ..... Forne (L.V.) _Fearn_. + + Finningas Finninga ..... Finn (A.S.) {_Finn_, _Finney_. + + Fincingas ..... ..... {Finc (A.S.),} _Finch_. + { surname } + + Folcingas Fulchingen ..... Folco (L.V.) _Fulke_. + + Frodingas ..... ..... Frode (L.V.) _Froude_. + + Garingas} Geringen Wuertemberg ..... _Gore_, _Cory_. + Coringas} + + Gestingas ..... ..... ..... {_Guest_, + { _Gasting_. + + Geofuningas Gebeningen Austria _Giffen_. + + Gisilingas} Gisilinga Bavaria {Gisle, } _Gill_. + Gillingas } { Gille (L.V.)} + + Gealdingas} Geltingen {Gelting, } {Golde (A.S.),} {_Gold_, _Galt_, + Goldingas } { in Bav.} { Giolt (F.) } { _Golding_. + + Hallingas Halinge Bavaria Halle (L.V.) {_Hall_, + { _Halling_. + + Haeglingas Hegelinge Bavaria Hagel (A.S.) {_Hail_, + { _Hailing_. + + Hanesingas Anzinga Bavaria ..... _Hance_. + + Heardingas} Hardinghen Pas de Calais Hart (F.) {_Hard_, _Hardy_. + Heartingas} Hertingen Bavaria ..... {_Hart_, + { _Harding_. + + Haeslingas} Hasalinge Near Bremen {Esel (L.V.), } _Hasell_. + AEslingas } { Hessel (F.)} + + Hanningas} Heninge ..... {Anna (L.V.),} {_Hann_, _Hanning_, + Heningas } { Hanne, } { _Henn_, + Anningas } { Enno (F.) } { _Anning_, + { _Anne_. + + Hillingas} Illingun {Illingen, {Ylla (L.V.),} _Hill_. + Illingas } { in Baden { Hille (F.)} + + Honingas Oningas {Oeningen, } {Ona (L.V.),} _Hone_. + { on L. } {Onno (F.) } + { Constance} + + Horningas ..... ..... Horn (A.S.) _Horne, Horning_. + + Herelingas Herlingun Austria Harrol (F.) {_Harle_, _Harley_, + { _Harling_. + + Hoppingas Hobinga Near Metz {Obbe, } {_Hopp_, _Hoby_, + { Hobbe (F.)} { _Hopping_. + + Haecingas Hahhinga {Haching, {Hacci (L.V.),} {_Hack_, + { near Munich { Acke (F.) } { _Hacking_. + + Hafocingas Hauechingas Rhen. Pruss. Hauc (L.V.) _Hawke_. + + Hocingas Hohingun {Near Cologne} Hoco (F.) _Hockey_. + { and Zurich} + + Hucingas Huchingen Friesland ..... _Hook_. + + Huningas Huninga {Hueningen, } {Una (L.V.), } _Hunn_, _Honey_. + { near Basle} { Hunne (F.)} + + Huntingas Huntingun Baden ..... _Hunt, Hunting_. + + Ifingas ..... ..... Ivo (L.V.) _Ive, Ivy_. + + Immingas Eminga {Emmingen, } {Imma (L.V.),} {_Eames_, _Yems_, + { in Wuert.} { Emo, } { _Hime_. + { Imme (F.) } + + Laeferingas Livaringa Near Salzburg ..... _Laver_. + + Lullingas Lolinga {Lullingen, in} Lolle (F.) _Lull_, _Lully_. + { Rh. Pruss. } + + Luddingas Liutingen Baden {Lioda (L.V.),} _Lyde_, _Lutto_. + { Ludde (F.) } + + Lofingas Luppinge ..... {Lufe (L.V.),} {_Love_, + { Lubbe (F.)} { _Loving_. + + Lidelingas Lutilinga Wuertemburg ..... _Liddle_. + + Locingas ..... ..... Locchi (L.V.) {_Lock_, + { _Lockie_. + + Leasingas Lasingi ..... Leising (L.V.) _Lees_, _Lessy_. + + Manningas Meningen ..... {Man (L.V.), } {_Mann_, _Manning_. + { Manno (F.)} + + Massingas Masingi ..... Maessa (A.S.) {_Massey_, + { _Messing_. + + Madingas Madungen Sax-Weimar ..... _Maddey_. + + Maegdlingas[32] ..... ..... Maedle _Madle_. + + {Maching, in } { + { Bavaria } Mecga (A.S.) {_Maggy_, _May_. + Maeccingas Maginga {Mechingen, by } { + { L. Constance} Mekke (F.) { + + Mycgingas ..... ..... ..... {_Mico_, _Michie_. + + Merlingas Marlingen Bavaria ..... {_Merrill_, _Marl_, + { _Marling_. + + Mundlingas Mundilinga Bavaria ..... {_Mundell_. + + Marringas Maringen Baden, Wuert. Mar (A.S.) _Marr_. + + Meringas Meringa Hanover ..... _Merry_. + + Millingas Milinga {Bav., Rhen.} Milo (L.V.) {_Millie_, _Milo_, + { Pruss. } { _Millinge_. + + Myrcingas[33] Mirchingen Lower Austria Murk (F.) {_Murch_, + { _Murchie_. + + + Nydingas } Nidinga {Neidingen, in} {Nytta (L.V.),} _Need_, _Neate_. + Neddingas} { Rh. Pruss. } { Nette (F.) } + + Nottingas Notingen Upper Bavaria Noedt (F.) {_Nott_, + { _Nutting_. + + Ossingas Ossingen Rh. Bavaria Hosa (L.V.) _Hose_. + + Palingas ..... ..... Paelli (L.V.) {_Palev_, + { _Paling_. + + Pegingas Biginga Westphalia Pega (L.V.) _Pegg_, _Bigg_. + + Penningas Penningin North Germany Benna (A.S.) _Penn_, _Benn_. + + Puningas Buninga ..... Buna (A.S.) _Bunn_. + + Pitingas Pidingun Austria ..... _Pitt_. + + Poclingas Puchilinga {Pueckling, } ..... {_Puckle_, + { on Danube} { _Buckle_. + + Piperingas ..... ..... ..... _Piper_. + + Readingas Radinga {Reding, Reid (F.) _Read_. + { in Luxembg. + Riccingas ..... ..... Riki (F.) {_Rich_, _Richey_. + + Ridingas Ridingin {Rieding, } ..... {_Riddy_, _Rita_, + { in Upp. Bav.} { _Ridding_. + + Riclingas Richilinga {Reichling,} Rykle (F.) {_Regal_, + { on Rhine} { _Wrigley_. + + Riplingas Rupilinga Upper Bavaria ..... _Ripley_. + + Rollingas Roldingen {Rolingen, } Rolle (F.) _Rolle_. + { in Luxembg.} + + Raefningas Ravininge Bavaria Reuen (L.V.) _Raven_. + + Rodingas Hrotthingun {Rh. Pruss.,} {Rudda (L.V.),} {_Rodd_, _Rudd_, + { Bav. } { Rode (F.) } { _Rudding_. + + Rossingas Rossunga ..... Russe (F.) _Ross_. + + Ruscingas ..... ..... Rosce (L.V.) _Rush_. + + Rocingas Roggingun Bavaria {Rogge, } _Rock_. + { Rocche (F.)} + + Rucingas ..... ..... Rouke (F.) {_Rugg_, _Ruck_. + + Sandringas Sinderingum Wuertemburg Sander (F.) _Sander_. + + Swaningas Swaningun {Schwanningen, } + { near } Suan (L.V.) _Swan_. + { Schaffhausen} + + Syclingas Sikilingin {Sittling,} ..... {_Sickle_, + { in Bav.} { _Sickling_. + + Seaxlingas Saxlinga ..... ..... _Satchell?_ + + Sceardingas Scardinga Bavaria ..... {_Scard_, _Scarth_. + + Scytingas Scithingi ..... Scytta (A.S.) {_Skitt_, _Skeat_, + { _Shute_. + + Surlingas ..... ..... Serlo (L.V.) {_Sarle_, _Searle_. + + Scyrlingas Skirilinga Schierling, in Bav. ..... _Shirley_. + + Saelingas ..... ..... Salla (L.V.) _Sale_, _Sala_. + + Sceafingas Sceuinge ..... ..... _Sheaf_. + + Scealingas Scelinga ..... Sceal (L.V.) {_Scally_, + { _Scales_. + + Snoringas {Snoringer} Rh. Bav. Snearri (L.V.) _Snare_. + { marca } + + Snotingas Snudinga ..... Snod (A.S.) _Snoad_. + + Sealfingas Selvingen ..... ..... {_Self_, _Selvey_. + + Stubingas Staubingen {Staubing, } Stuf (A.S.) {_Stubbs_, + { in Bavaria} { _Stubbing_. + + Secgingas Siggingahem Belgium Sigga (L.V.) {_Siggs_, _Sick_. + + Specingas Speichingas {Spaichengen, Spech (Domesday) _Speck_. + { in Westph. + + Sceaflingas Schuffelinga {Schiflingen, } ..... _Shovel_. + { in Luxembg.} + + Staeningas ..... ..... {Stean (L.V.),} {_Stone_, + { Steen (F.) } { _Stenning_. + + Sinningas Siningas ..... Sinne (F.) {_Siney_, _Shinn_. + + Stellingas ..... ..... ..... _Stell_. + + Taedingas Tattingas {Dettingen,} Tade (F.) {_Tadd_, _Taddy_. + { in Bav. } + Taelingas Telingen Bavaria {Tella (L.V.),} {_Tall_, + { Tiele (F.) } { _Telling_. + + Dorringas Torringun {Toerring, } Tori (L.V.) _Torr_. + { in Austria + + Tutlingas Tutlingun Dutling, in Bav. ..... _Tuttle_. + + Trumpingas[34] ..... ..... ..... {_Trump_, + { _Trumpy_. + + Thorningas Thurninga {Duerningen, } ..... {_Thorne_, + { in Alsace} { _Thorning_. + + Terringas ..... ..... Terri (L.V.) _Terry_. + + Tucingas Tuginga Switzerland {Tuk (A.S.), } _Tuck_, _Duck_. + { Duce (L.V.)} + + Duringas Turinga Wuertemburg ..... {_Turr_, _Durre_, + { _Turing_. + + Uffingas Uffingen {Oeffingen, } Offa (L.V.) {_Ough_, _Hough_, + { in Wuertemburg} { _Huff_. + + Wearningas Warningas ..... Warin (L.V.) {_Warren_, _Warne_. + + Waceringas Wacheringa Friesland and Bav. ..... _Waker_. + + Wealdringas Waltringen ..... Wealdere (A.S.) {_Walder_, + { _Walter_. + + Wasingas Wasunga {Wuertg., Sax.} Wasso (A.S.) _Wass_. + { Mein. } + + Wippingas ..... ..... ..... _Whipp_. + + Wittingas Wittungen Pruss. Sax. {Uitta (L.V.),} _Whit_. + { Witte (F.) } + + Willingas Willinga Bavaria Wille (F.) {_Will_, _Willow_, + { _Willing_. + + Winingas Winninge {Winningen,} {Wynna, } {_Wine_, _Winn_, + { on Rhine} { Uini (L.V.)} { _Winning_. + + Wealdingas Waltingun Austria {Wald (A.S.),} {_Waldie_, _Waldo_. + { Walte (F.)} + + Waelsingas Walasingas ..... ..... _Walsh_. + + Watingas Waddinga {Weddingen, } {Uada (L.V.),} {_Watt_, _Waddy_. + { in Rh. Pruss.} { Uatto (F.)} + + Wellingas Wellingen Baden ..... _Well_. + + Wigingas } Wikinka Bavaria {Uicga (L.V.),} {_Wigg_, + Wiccingas} { Wigge, } { _Wicking_. + { Wicco (F.)} + + Wylfingas Vulfinga ..... Wulf (A.S.) _Wolf_. + + Wrihtingas Wirtingen Austria ..... _Wright_. + + Watringas Wateringas {Wettringen, } ..... _Water_. + { in Westph.} + + Wendlingas Wenilinga Near Strasburg Windel (A.S.) {_Windle_, + { _Wintle_. + + Wrihtlingas Riutilinga {Reutlingen, ..... _Riddle_. + { in Wuertg. + + Wealcingas ..... ..... {Walch (L.V.),} {_Walk_, _Walkey_, + { Walke (F.) } { _Walking_. + + Wealcringas ..... ..... Wealcere (A.S.) _Walker_. + + Wealingas {Walanger } On the Lahn Walls (F.) _Wall_. + { marca } + + Waplingas Waplinga ..... ..... _Waple_. + + Wraeningas ..... ..... ..... {_Wren_, _Rennie_. + + Wilrincgas Williheringa {Willering, Wyller (A.S.) _Willer_. + { on Danube + +I may observe with regard to the Anglo-Saxon names in the above lists +that there is occasionally a little corruption in their forms. The +English trouble with the letter _h_ seems to have been present even at +this early day. We have Allingas and Hallingas, Anningas and Hanningas, +Eslingas and Haslingas, Illingas and Hillingas, in all of which cases +the analogy of Old German names would show the _h_ to be in all +probability an intruder. And the same applies to the Hanesingas, the +Honingas, and the Hoppingas. There is also an occasional intrusion of +_b_ or _p_, thus the Trumpingas, whence the name of Trumpington, should +be properly, I take it, Trumingas, A.S. _trum_, firm, strong. Stark +suggests a Celtic word, _drumb_, but the intrusion of _p_ is so easy +that I think any other explanation hardly necessary. The Sempingas, +found in Sempingaham, now Sempringham, should also, I take it, be +Semingas, which would be in accordance with Teutonic names, whereas +_semp_ is a scarcely possible form. Basingstoke, the original of which +was Embasingastoc, owes its name to a similar mistake. It would be +properly I think Emasingastoc, which would correspond with a Teutonic +name-stem. A similar intrusion of _t_ occurs in the case of +Glaestingabyrig (now Glastonbury), which should I think be +Glaessingabyrig; this again would correspond with an ancient name-stem, +which in its present form it does not. So also I take it that Distingas, +found in Distington in Cumberland, is only a phonetic corruption of +Dissingas, if indeed, (which I very strongly doubt) Distington is from a +tribe-name at all. Both of these intrusions are natural from a phonetic +point of view, tending as they do to give a little more backbone to a +word, and they frequently occur, as I shall have elsewhere occasion to +note, in the range of English names. + +My object in the present chapter has been more especially to show the +intimate connection between our early Saxon names, and those of the +general Teutonic system. But now I come to a possible point of +difference. All the names of Germany would tend to come to England, but +if Anglo-Saxon England made any names on her own account, they would not +go back to Germany. For the tide of men flows ever west-ward, and there +was no return current in those days. Now there do seem to be certain +name-stems peculiar to Anglo-Saxon England, and one of these is _peht_ +or _pect_, which may be taken to represent Pict. The Teutonic peoples +were in the habit of introducing into their nomenclature the names of +neighbouring nations even when aliens or enemies. Thus the Hun and the +Fin were so introduced, the latter more particularly by the +Scandinavians who were their nearest neighbours. There is a tendency +among men to invest an enemy upon their borders, of whom they may be in +constant dread, with unusual personal characteristics of ferocity or of +giant stature. Thus the word _Hun_, as Grimm observes, seems to have +become a synonym of giant, and Ohfrid, a metrical writer of the ninth +century, describes the giant Polyphemus as the "grosse hun." Something +similar I have noted (in a succeeding chapter on the names of women, _in +voce_ Emma) as possibly subsisting between the Saxons and their Celtic +neighbours. The Fins again, who as a peculiarly small people could not +possibly be magnified into giants, were invested with magical and +unearthly characteristics, and the word became almost, if not quite, +synonymous with magician. This then seems to represent something of the +general principle, upon which such names have found their way into the +Teutonic system of nomenclature. + +While then England received all the names formed from peoples throughout +the Teutonic area, the Goth, the Vandal, the Bavarian, the Hun, and the +Fin, in the names of men, there was one such stem which she had and +which the rest of Germany had not, for she alone was neighbour to the +Pict. Perhaps I should qualify this statement so far as the Old Saxons +of the seaboard are concerned, for they were also neighbours, though as +far as we know, the Pict did not figure in their names of men. From the +stem _pect_ the Anglo-Saxons had a number of names, as Pecthun or +Pehtun, Pecthath, Pectgils, Pecthelm, Pectwald, Pectwulf, all formed in +accordance with the regular Teutonic system, but none of them found +elsewhere than in Anglo-Saxon England. Of these names we may have one, +Pecthun, in our surname _Picton_, perhaps also the other form Pehtun in +_Peyton_ or _Paton_. The Anglo-Saxons no doubt aspirated the _h_ in +Pehtun, but we seem in such cases either to drop it altogether, or else +to represent it by a hard _c_, according perhaps as it might have been +more or less strongly aspirated. Indeed the Anglo-Saxons themselves +would seem to have sometimes dropped it altogether, if the name Piott, +in a will of Archbishop Wulfred, A.D. 825, is the same word (which +another name Piahtred about the same period would rather seem to +indicate). And this suggests that our name _Peat_ may be one of its +present representatives. We have again a name _Picture_, which might +represent an Anglo-Saxon Pecther (_heri_, warrior) not yet turned up, +but a probable name, the compound being a very common one. + +I do not think it necessary to go into the case of any other name-stem +which I do not find except among the Anglo-Saxons, inasmuch as, there +being in their case no such reason for the restriction as in that to +which I have been referring, it may only be that they have not as yet +been disinterred. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[28] From a similar origin is the name of the Scandinavian Vikings, +Vik-ing, from _vik_, a bay. + +[29] _Archaeological Journal._ + +[30] The reader must bear in mind that Ang.-Sax. _ae_ is pronounced as +_a_ in "ant." + +[31] I take the word contained herein to be "ganz," an ancient stem in +names. + +[32] Properly, I think, "Maedlingas," as it has nothing to do with +Ang.-Sax. "maegd," _maid_. + +[33] The same, I take it, as the "Myrgingas" in the _Traveller's Tale_. + +[34] Properly, I take it, "Trumingas," Ang.-Sax. "_trum_" firm, strong. + + + + +CHAPTER V. + +MEN'S NAMES IN PLACE-NAMES. + + +We have seen in a preceding chapter that the earliest Saxon place-names +in England are derived from a personal name, and that the idea contained +is that of a modified form of common right. We shall find that a very +large proportion of the later Anglo-Saxon place-names are also derived +from the name of a man, but that the idea contained is now that of +individual ownership or occupation. The extent to which English +place-names are derived from ancient names of men is, in my judgment, +very much greater than is generally supposed. And indeed, when we come +to consider it, what can be so naturally associated with a _ham_ as the +name of the man who lived in that home, of a _weorth_ as that of the man +to whom that property belonged, of a Saxon _tun_ or a Danish _by_ or +_thorp_ as that of the man to whom the place owed its existence? If we +turn to Kemble's list of Anglo-Saxon names of places as derived from +ancient charters, in the days when the individual owner had succeeded to +the community, we cannot fail to remark to how large an extent this +obtains, and how many of these names are in the possessive case. Now, +it must be observed that there are in Anglo-Saxon two forms of the +possessive, and that when a man's name had the vowel ending in _a_, as +noted at p. 24, it formed its possessive in _an_, while otherwise it +formed its possessive in _es_. Thus we have Baddan byrig, "Badda's +borough," Bennan beorh, "Benna's barrow" or grave, and in the other form +we have Abbodes byrig, "Abbod's borough," Bluntes ham, "Blunt's home," +and Sylces wyrth, "Silk's worth" or property. And as compound names did +not take a vowel ending, such names invariably form their possessive in +_es_, as in Haywardes ham, "Hayward's home," Cynewardes gemaero, +"Cyneward's boundary," &c. I am not at all sure that _ing_ also has not, +in certain cases, the force of a possessive, and that AElfredincgtun, for +instance, may not mean simply "Alfred's town" and not Alfreding's town. +But I do not think that this is at any rate the general rule, and it +seems scarcely possible to draw the line. From the possessive in _an_ I +take to be most probably our present place-names Puttenham, Tottenham, +and Sydenham, (respecting the last of which there has been a good deal +of discussion of late in _Notes and Queries_), containing the +Anglo-Saxon names _Putta_, _Totta_, and _Sida_. With regard to the last +I have not fallen in with the name _Sida_ itself. But I deduce such a +name from Sydanham, C.D. 379, apparently a place in Wilts, also perhaps +from Sidebirig, now Sidbury, in Devon; and there is, moreover, a +corresponding O.G. _Sido_, the origin being probably A.S. _sidu_, +manners, morals. Further traces of such a stem are found in _Sidel_ +deduced from Sidelesham, now Sidlesham, in Sussex, and also from the +name _Sydemann_ in a charter of Edgar, these names implying a +pre-existing stem _sid_ upon which they have been formed. + +As well as with the _ham_ or the _byrig_ in which he resided, a man's +name is often found among the Anglo-Saxons, connected with the +boundary--whatever that might be--of his property, as in Abbudes mearc, +Abbud's mark or boundary, and Baldrices gemaero, Baldrick's boundary. +Sometimes that boundary might be a hedge, as in Leoferes haga and +Danehardes hegeraew, "Leofer's hedge," and "Danehard's hedge-row." +Sometimes it might be a stone, as in Sweordes stan, sometimes a ridge, +as in Eppan hrycg, "Eppa's ridge," sometimes a ditch or dyke, as in +Tilgares dic and Colomores sic (North. Eng. syke, wet ditch). A tree was +naturally a common boundary mark, as in Potteles treow, Alebeardes ac +(oak), Bulemaeres thorn, Huttes aesc (ash), Tatmonnes apoldre +(apple-tree). Sometimes, again, a man's name is found associated with +the road or way that led to his abode, as in Wealdenes weg (way), +Sigbrihtes anstige (stig, a footpath), Dunnes stigele (stile). Another +word which seems to have something of the meaning of "stile" is _hlip_, +found in Freobearnes hlyp and in Herewines hlipgat. In Anglo-Saxon, +_hlypa_ signified a stirrup, and a "hlipgat" must, I imagine, have been +a gate furnished with some contrivance for mounting over it. Of a +similar nature might be Alcherdes ford, and Brochardes ford, and also +Geahes ofer, Byrhtes ora, and AEscmann's yre (_ofer_, contr. _ore_, shore +or landing-place). Something more of the rights of water may be +contained in Fealamares broc (brook), Hykemeres strem (stream), and +Brihtwoldes were (weir); the two latter probably referring to +water-power for a mill. The sense of property only seems to be that +which is found in Cybles weorthig, AEscmere's weorth (land or property), +Tilluces leah (lea), Rumboldes den (_dene_ or valley), Bogeles pearruc +(paddock), Ticnes feld (field). Also in Grottes graf (grove), Sweors +holt (grove), Pippenes pen (pen or fold), Willeardes hyrst (grove), +Leofsiges geat (gate), Ealdermannes haec (hatch), and Winagares stapol +(stall, market, perhaps a place for the sale or interchange of produce). +The site of a deserted dwelling served sometimes for a mark, as in +Sceolles eald cotan (Sceolles old cot), and Dearmodes ald tun +(Deormoda's old town, or inclosure, dwelling and appurtenances?). + +But it is with a man's last resting-place that his name will be found in +Anglo-Saxon times to be most especially associated. The principal words +used to denote a grave are _beorh_ (barrow), _byrgels_, and _hloew_ +(low), in all of which the idea seems to be that of a mound raised over +the spot. We have Weardes beorh, "Weard's barrow," also Lulles, Cartes, +Hornes, Lidgeardes, and many others. We have Scottan byrgels, "Scotta's +barrow," also Hoces, Wures, and Strenges. And we have Lortan hlaew, +"Lorta's low," also Ceorles, Wintres, Hwittuces, and others. There is +another word _ho_, which seems to be the same as the O.N. _haugr_, +North. Eng, _how_, a grave-mound. It is found in Healdenes ho, Piccedes +ho, Scoteho Tilmundes ho, Caegesho, and Fingringaho. It would hardly +seem, from the location of four of them, Worcester, Essex, Beds, Sussex, +that they can be of Scandinavian origin. Can the two words, _haugr_ and +_hlau_ (_how_, and _hlow_), be from the same origin, the one assuming, +or the other dropping an _l_? + +I take the names of persons thus to be deduced from Anglo-Saxon +place-names, and which are in general correspondence with the earlier +names in the preceding chapter, though containing some new forms and a +greater number of compound names, to give as faithful a representation +as we can have of the every-day names of Anglo-Saxons. And as I have +before compared the names of those primitive settlers with our existing +surnames, so now I propose to extend the comparison to the names of more +settled Anglo-Saxon times. + + + Anglo-Saxon + Men's Names. Place-Names. English Surnames. + + Abbod Abbodesbyrig } _Abbott_ + Abbud Abbudesmearc } + AEcemann AEcemannes ceaster _Ackman, Aikman_ + Acen Acenes feld _Aikin_ + AEgelweard AEgelweardes mearc _Aylward_ + Alberht Alcherdes ford _Allcard_ + Alder Aldrestub _Alder_ + AElfgar AElfgares gemaero _Algar_ + AElfred AElfredes beorh _Alfred_, _Allfrey_ + AElfher, or } + AElfheri } AElfheres stapol _Alvary_ + AEscmer AEscmeres weorth _Ashmore_ + AEscmann AEscmannes yre _Ashman_ + Alebeard Alebeardes ac _Halbard_ + Amber Ambresbyrig _Amber_ + AEthelstan AEthelstanes tun _Ethelston_ + + Babel Babeles beorh _Bable_ + Badherd Badherdes sled _Beddard_ + Baldher Baldheresberg _Balder_ + Baldric Baldrices gemaero _Baldridge_ + Baldwin Baldwines heath _Baldwin_ + Beored, or Beoret Beoredes treow _Berrette_ + Beornheard Beornheardes lond _Bernard_ + Beornwold Beornwoldes saetan _Bernold_ + Blunt Bluntesham _Blunt_ + Bogel Bogeles pearruc _Bogle_ + Bohmer Bohmeres stigele _Bowmer_ + Bregen Bregnesford _Brain_ + Brochard Brochardes ford _Brocard_ + Buga Buganstoc } _Bugg_ + Bugga Bugganbroc } + Bulemaer Bulemaeres thorn _Bulmer_ + Buntel Bunteles pyt _Bundle_ + Bunting Buntingedic _Bunting_ + Burhgeard Burhgeardeswerthig _Burchard_ + + Carda Cardan hlaew _Card_, _Cart_ + Ceapa Ceapan hlaew _Cheape_ + Ceawa Ceawan hlaew _Chew_ + Cerda Cerdan hlaew _Chard_ + Cissa Cissan anstige _Cheese_ + Chetol (Danish) Chetoles beorh _Kettle_ + Creoda Creodan ac } _Creed_ + Cridd Criddes ho } + Cumen Cumenes ora _Cummin_ + Ceatewe Ceatewesleah _Chattoway_ + Ceada Ceadanford _Chad_ + Catt Cattes stoke _Cat_, _Catty_ + Caestael Caestaelesham _Castle_ + Cludd Cludesleah _Cloud_ + Coten Cotenesfeld _Cotton_ + Cruda Crudan sceat _Crowd_ + Colomor Colomores sic _Colmer_ + Cydd Cyddesige _Kidd_ + Cyble Cybles weorthig _Keble_ + Celc Celces ora _Kelk_ + Cylman Cylmanstun _Killman_ + Cynlaf Cynlafes stan _Cunliffe_ + Cynric Cynrices gemaero _Kenrick_ + Cyneward Cynewardes gemaero _Kenward_ + Cyppa Cyppanham _Chipp_ + + Daegel, or Daeglesford } _Dale_ + Deil Deilsford } + Dearnagel Dearnagles ford _Darnell_ + Daeneheard Daeneheardes hegerawe _Denhard_ + Deorlaf Deorlafestun _Dearlove_ + Deormod[35] Deormodes ald tun _Dermott_ + Dodd Doddesthorp } _Dodd_ + Dodda Doddan hlaew } + Dolemann Dolemannes beorh _Dollman_ + Duceman Ducemannestun _Duckman_ + Ducling Duclingtun _Duckling_ + Dunn Dunnes stigele _Dunn_ + Dogod Dogodeswel _Doggett_, _Dugood_ + Dydimer Dydimertun _Tidemore_ + + Ealder Ealderscumb _Alder_ + Ealdmann Ealdmannes wyrth _Altman_ + Ealdermann[36] Ealdermannes haec _Alderman_ + Ealmund Ealmundes treow _Almond_ + Eanulf Eanulfestun _Enough_ + Earn Earnesbeorh _Earney_ + + Eastmond Eastmondestun _Esmond_ + Ecgell Ecgeles stiel _Edgell_, _Eagle_ + + Fealamar Fealamares broc { _Fillmore_ + { _Phillimore_ + Flegg Flegges garan _Flew_ + Focga Focgancrundel _Fogg_, _Foggo_ + Freobearn Freobearnes hlyp _Freeborn_ + Frigedaeg Frigedaeges treow _Friday_ + Fuhgel Fuhgeles beorh _Fuggle_, _Fowl_ + + Gandar Gandrandun _Gander_ + Gaecg Gaecges stapol { _Gay_ + Geah Geahes ofer { + Gatehlinc Gatehlinces heafod _Gatling_ + Geleca Gelecancamp _Jellicoe_ + Geyn Geynes thorn _Gain_ + Giselher Gislhereswurth _Giller_ + Godincg Godincges gemaero _Godding_ + Godmund Godmundesleah _Godmund_ + Godwin Godwines gemaero _Godwin_ + Grobb Grobbes den _Grove_, _Grubb_ + Grott Grottes graf _Grote_ + Gund Gundestige _Gunn_, _Gundey_ + + Haerred Haerredesleah _Herod_ + Heafoc Heafoceshamme _Hawk_ + Hassuc Hassuces mor _Haskey_ + Hering Heringesleah _Herring_ + Hnibba Hnibbanleah _Knibb_, _Knipe_ + Hayward Haywardes ham _Hayward_ + Healda Healdan graf _Hald_ + Healden Healdenes ho _Haldan_ + Helm Helmes treow _Helme_ + Helfaer Helfaeres gemaero _Helper_ + Help Helpestonne _Helps_ + Herebritt Herebrittes comb _Herbert_ + Herewin Herewines hlipgat _Irwine_ + Hiccemann Hiccemannes stan _Hickman_ + Humbald Humbalding graf _Humble_ + Hycemer, or } + Higemar } Hycemeres strem _Highmore_ + Hnaef Hnaefes scylf _Knapp_ + Hocg Hocgestun _Hogg_, _Hodge_ + Horn Hornes beorh _Horne_ + Hringwold Hringwoldes beorh _Ringold_ + Hwittuc Hwittuces leah _Whittock_ + Hutt Huttes aesc _Hutt_ + Hygelac[37] Hygelaces git _Hillock_ + + Kyld Kyldesby _Kilt_ + + Leofer Leoferes haga _Lover_ + Laferca Lafercanbeorh _Laverick_ + Leofmann Leofmannes gemaero _Loveman_ + Leommann Leommannes graf _Lemon_ + Leofsig Leofsiges geat _Lovesy_ + Leofric Leofrices gemaero _Loveridge_ + Lidgeard Lidgeardes beorh _Ledgard_ + Lipperd Lipperdes gemaero _Leopard_ + Lower Lowereslege _Lower_ + Locer Loceresweg _Locker_ + Lorta Lortanberwe _Lord_ + Lorting Lortinges bourne _Lording_ + Luder Luderston _Luther_ + Ludmann Ludmannes put _Lutman_ + Lull Lulles beorh _Lull_, _Lully_ + + Myceld Myceldefer _Muckelt_ + Mul Muleshlaew _Moule_ + + Negle Neglesleah _Nagle_ + Nael Naelesbroc _Nail_ + Nybba Nybban beorh _Nibbs_ + + Oslac Oslaces lea _Hasluck_ + Ogged Oggedestun _Hodgett_, _Howitt_ + Oswald Oswaldes mere _Oswald_ + Orlaf Orlafestun _Orlop_ + Owun Owunes hild _Owen_ + + Pehtun Pehtuns treow _Peyton_ + Pender Penderes clif _Pender_ + Picced Piccedes ho _Pickett_ + Pinnel Pinnelesfeld _Pennell_ + Pippen Pippenes fen _Pippin_ + Pyttel Pittelesford _Piddel_ + Pitterich Piterichesham _Betteridge_ + Pottel Potteles treow _Pottle_ + Potten Pottenestreow _Potten_ + Punt Puntes stan _Punt_ + Puntel Punteles treow _Bundle_ + Prentsa Prentsan hlaw _Prentiss_ + + Redwin Redwines thorn _Readwin_ + Rahulf Rahulfes furlong _Ralph_ + Rugebeorg Rugebeorges gemaero _Rubery_ + Rumbold Rumboldes den _Rumbold_ + + Sceaft Sceaftesbirig _Shaft_, _Shafto_ + Sceoll Sceolles ealdcotan _Sholl_ + Scytta Scyttandun _Skeat_, _Shute_ + Scyter[38] Scyteres flod _Shuter_ + Scealc Scealces hom _Shawkey_, _Chalk?_ + Scyld Scyldes treow _Shield_ + Simaer Simaeres ford _Seymour_ + Secmaer Secmaeres ora _Sycamore_ + Sigbriht Sigbrihtes anstige _Sibert_ + Sibriht Sibrihtesweald _Seabright_[39] + Siger Sigeres ac _Segar_ + Snell Snellesham _Snell_ + Snod Snodes hyl _Snoad_ + Streng Strenges ho _Strong_ + Stut Stutes hyl _Stout_, _Stott_ + Stutard Stutardes cumb _Stothard_, _Studeard_ + Sucga Sucgangraf _Sugg_ + Sumer Sumeresham _Summer_ + Sumerled (Danish) Sumerledetun _Sommerlat_ + Sunemann Sunemannes wyrthig _Sunman_ + Sweor Sweores holt _Swire_, _Swears_ + Sweord Sweordes stan _Sword_ + + Taecel Taecelesbroc _Tackle_ + Tatmonn Tatmonnes apoldre _Tadman_ + Tatel Tatlestrop _Tattle_ + Thuner Thunresfeld _Thunder_ + Thurgar (Danish) Thurgartun _Thurgur_ + Thrista Thristan den _Trist_ + Theodher Theoderpoth _Theodore_ + Thurold (Danish) Thuroldes gemaero _Thorold_ + Toma Tomanworthig _Tomey_ + Ticcen Ticnesfeld _Dickin_ + Tilgar Tilgares dic _Dilger_ + Tilluc Tilluces leah _Tillick_, _Dilke_ + Tilmann Tilmannes den _Tilman_ + Titferth Titferthes geat _Titford_ + + Upicen Upicenes hlyw _Hopkin_ + + Wahgen Wahgenes gemaero _Wain_ + Wealden Wealdenes weg _Walden_ + + Wealder Wealderes weg _Walter_ + Westan Westanes treow _Weston_ + Wigheard Wigheardes stapol _Wyard_ + Wighelm Wighelmes land _Whigam_ + Wihtlac Wihtlaces ford _Whitelock_ + Wihtric Wihtricesham _Whitridge_ + Wilmund Wilmundes leah _Williment_ + Willher Willheres triow _Willer_ + Wicg Wicgestan _Wigg_ + Uuigga Wuiggangeat + Winagar Winagares stapul _Winegar_ + Wileard Wileardes hyrste _Willard_ + Wistan for } Wistanes gemaero _Whiston_ + Wigstan? } + Wulfsig Wulfsiges croft _Wolsey_ + Wulfgar Wulfgares gemaero _Woolgar_ + Wulfmer Wulfmeres myln _Woolmer_ + Wulfric Wulfrices gemaero _Woolrych_ + Wyner Wyneres stig _Winer_ + Waring Waering wic _Waring_ + Wifel Wifelesham _Whipple_ + Woden[40] Wodnesbeorg _Woodin?_ + Wydda Wyddanbeorh _Widow_ + +The above names are deduced entirely from the names of places found by +Mr. Kemble in ancient charters. The list is not by any means an +exhaustive one, as I have not included a number of names taken into +account in Chap. IV., and as also the same personal name enters +frequently into several place-names. With very few exceptions these +names may be gathered to the roll of Teutonic name-stems, +notwithstanding a little disguise in some of their forms, and a great, +sometimes a rather confusing, diversity of spelling. I take names such +as the above to be the representatives of the every-day names of men in +Anglo-Saxon times, rather than the names which come before us in history +and in historical documents. For it seems to me that a kind of fashion +prevailed, and that while a set of names of a longer and more dignified +character were in favour among the great, the mass of the people still, +to a great extent, adhered to the shorter and more simple names which +their fathers had borne before them. Thus, when we find an AEthelwold who +was also called Mol, an AEthelmer who was also called Dodda, and a Queen +Hrothwaru who was also called Bucge, I am disposed to take the simple +names, which are such as the earlier settlers brought over with them, to +have been the original names, and superseded by names more in accordance +with the prevailing fashion. Valuable then as is the _Liber Vitae_ of +Durham, as a continuous record of English names for many centuries, yet +I am inclined to think that inasmuch as that the persons who come before +us as benefactors to the shrine of St. Cuthbert may be taken to be as a +general rule of the upper ranks of life, they do not afford so faithful +a representation of the every-day names of Anglo-Saxons as do the little +freeholders who lived and died in their country homes. And, moreover, +these are, as it will be seen, more especially the kind of names which +have been handed down from Anglo-Saxon times to the present day. + +In connection with this subject, it may be of interest to present a list +of existing names of places formed from an Anglo-Saxon personal name, as +derived from the same ancient charters dealt with in the previous list. +And in so doing I confine myself exclusively to the places of which the +present names have been positively identified by Mr. Kemble. And in the +first place I will take the place-names which consist simply of the name +of a tribe or family unqualified by any local term whatever. + + Name in + Anglo-Saxon + Charters. Present Name. + + AEfeningas Avening Gloucestershire + Angemeringum Angmering Sussex + Ascengas Eashing Surrey + Banesingas Bensington Oxfordshire + Baerlingas Barling Kent + Beadingum Beden Gloucestershire + Berecingas Barking Essex + Brahcingum Braughin Herts. + Byrhtlingas Brightling Sussex + Cerringes Charing Kent + Ciwingum Chewing Herts. + Culingas Cooling Kent + Cytringas Kettering Northampton + Diccelingas Ditchling Sussex + Geddingas Yeading Middlesex + Godelmingum Godalming Surrey + Hallingas Halling Kent + Herlinge Harling Norfolk + Horningga Horning Norfolk + Meallingas Malling Kent + Paeccingas Patching Sussex + Puningas Poynings Surrey + Readingan Reading Berkshire + Rodinges Roothing Essex + Staeningas Steyning Sussex + Swyrdhlincas } Swarling Kent + (Swyrdlingas) } + Terringes Tarring Sussex + Terlinges Terling Essex + Totingas Tooting Surrey + Wellingum Wellwyn Herts. + Werhornas Warehorne Kent + Wihttringas Wittering Surrey + Uoccingas Woking Surrey + Wyrtingas Worting Hants. + +I will now take the places which in a later and more settled time have +been derived from the name of a single man, as representing his +dwelling, his domain, or in not a few cases his grave. + + Anglo-Saxon + Man's Name. Place-Name. Present Name. + + Abba Abbandun Abingdon Berks. + { AEgelesbyrig Aylesbury Bucks. + AEgel { AEglesford Aylesford Kent + { AEgeleswurth Aylesworth Nthmptn. + Agmod Agmodesham Agmondesham Bucks. + AEsc AEscesbyrig Ashbury Berks. + AEscmer AEscmeres weorth Ashmansworth Hants. + Amber { Ambresbyrig Amesbury Wilts. + { Ambresleah Ombersley Worc. + AElfreding AElfredincgtun Alfreton Derby. + + Badda Baddanby Badby Nthmptn. + Badhelming Badimyncgtun Badminton Glouc. + Baldher Baldheresberg Baltonsborough Somerset. + Becca Beccanleah Beckley Sussex. + Beda Bedanford Bedford Beds. + Benna Bennanham Beenham Berks. + Benning Benningwurth Bengworth Worc. + Bledda Bleddanhlaew Bledlow Bucks. + Blunt Bluntesham Bluntisham Hunts. + Bodeca Bodecanleah Butleigh Somerset. + Bodek Bodekesham Bottisham Camb. + Bocga Bocganora Bognor Sussex. + Bordel Bordelestun Burleston Dorset. + Brand Brandesburh Bransbury Hants. + Bregen Bregnesford Bransford Worc. + + Cada Cadandun Chadlington Oxford. + Caeg Caegesho Keysoe Beds. + Calmund Calmundes den Calmsden Glouc. + Ceadela Ceadelanwurth Chaddleworth Berks. + Ceadel Ceadeleshunt Chadshunt Warw. + Ceader Ceadresleah Chaseley Worc. + Cendel Cendeles funta Chalfont Bucks. + Celta Celtenhom Cheltenham Glouc. + Ceol Ceolesig Cholsey Berks. + Cippa Cippenham Chippenham Wilts. + Ceolbalding Ceolbaldinctun Chilbolton Hants. + Ceort Ceortesege Chertsey Surrey + Cinhild (woman) Cinildewyrth Kenilworth Warw. + Cissa Cissanceaster Chichester Sussex. + Coda Codanford Codford Wilts. + Codda Coddanhrycg Cotheridge Worc. + Coling Colingham Collingham Notts. + Crym Crymesham Crimsham Sussex. + Croppa Croppanthorn Cropthorn Worc. + Cumen Cumenora Cumnor Berks. + Cungar Cungaresbyrig Congressbury Somerset. + Cwichelm Cwichelmes hlaew Cuckamslow hill Berks. + Cyneburging[41] Cyneburgincton Kemerton Glouc. + Cynlaf Kynleveden Kelvedon Essex. + Ketel (Danish) Kitlebig Kettleby Linc. + + Daecca, or } Daccanhaam Dagenham Essex. + Daegga } + Daegel Daeglesford Daylesford Worc. + Deorlaf Deorlafestun Darlaston Staffs. + Dodda Doddanford Dodford Nthmptn. + Dodd Doddesthorp Dogsthorp Nthmptn. + Dogod Dogodeswel Dowdswell Glouc. + Domec Domecesige Dauntsey Wilts. + Duceling Duceling dun Ducklington Oxford. + Dunning Dunnincland Donyland Essex. + Dideling Didelingtun Didlington Dorset. + + Eadric Eadricestun Edstone Warw. + Eccing Eccingtun Eckington Worc. + Eccle, or Egil Eccleshale Exhall Warw. + Effing Effingeham Effingham Surrey. + Erping Erpingham Erpingham Norfolk. + Eof, or Eofa Eofesham Evesham Worc. + + Fecca Feccanhom Feckenham Worc. + Flaeda Flaedanburg Fladbury Worc. + Folc Folcesstan Folkstone Kent. + + Gidding Giddincford Gidding Suffolk. + Gyseling Gyselingham Gislingham Suffolk. + Godmer Godmeresham Godmersham Kent. + Grim Grimaston Grimstone Norfolk. + Gun or Gund Gunthorpe Gunthorp Nthmptn. + Gyp Gypeswich Ipswich Suffolk. + + Hauek Hauekestun Hauxton Camb. + Haefar Haefaresham Haversham Bucks. + Hamela Hamelendun Hambledon Hants. + Haerigeard Haerigeardesham Harrietsham Kent. + Haling Halington Hallington Linc. + Hanekyn Hanekynton Hankerton Wilts. + Hanning Hanningtun Hannington Hants. + Haeda Haedanham Haddenham Camb. + Helming Helmyngton Hemington Nthmptn. + Help Helpestonne Helpstone Nthmptn. + Hemming Hemmingford { Hemingford } Hunts. + { Abbots } + Hengest { Hengesteshricg Henstridge Somerset. + { Hengestesige Hinksey Berks. + Hild Hildesdun Hillersdon Bucks. + Heorulf Heorelfestun Harleston Staff. + Heorting Heortingtun Hardington Somerset. + Honekyn Honekynton Hankerton Wilts. + Honing Honingtun Honington Linc. + Horning { Horningeseie Horningsea Camb. + { Horningges haeth Horningsheath Suffolk + Hod Hodesac Hodsoak Worc. + Hunewald Hunewaldesham Windlesham Surrey + Hunta Huntandun Huntingdon Hants. + Hwiting Hwitingtun Whittington Worc. + + Kyld Kyldesby Kilsby Nthmptn. + + Laua Lauanham Lavenham Suffolk + Lauing Lauingtun Barlavington Sussex + Lamb (Danish?) Lambehith Lambeth + Lott Lottisham Lottisham Somerset. + + Mealdhelm Mealdumesburg Malmsbury Wilts. + Myceld Myceldefer Mitcheldover Hants. + Mul { Muleseige Moulsey Surrey + { Mulesham Moulsham Essex + Munda Mundanham Mundham Sussex + + Neteling Netelingtun Nettleton Wilts. + + Offa Offanleah Offley Herts. + Orlaf Orlafestun Orleston Derby. + Orm (Danish) Ormisby Ormsby Norfolk + Osgot Osgotbi Osgodby Linc. + Oshelming Osmingtun Osmington Dorset + Oswald Oswaldeshlaw Oswaldslow Worc. + + Pading Padingtun Paddington + Parting Partingtun Patrington Yorks. + Peda Pedanhrycg Petridge Surrey + Peada Peadanwurth Padworth Berks. + Peatting Peattingtun Pattingham Salop + Pecga Pecganham Pagham Sussex + Peden Pednesham Pensham Worc. + Piterich Piterichesham Petersham Worc. + Port Portesham Portisham Dorset. + + Raculf Raculfcestre Reculver Kent + Remn[42] for Raven Remnesdun Ramsden Sussex + Rydemaer, or } Rydemaereleah Redmarley Worc. + Redmer } + Riking Rikinghal Rickinghall Suffolk + Ring Ringestede Ringstead Norfolk + Rodda Roddanbeorg Rodborough Glouc. + Rolf, for Rolfestun Rolleston Staffs. + Rodulf Rollesby Rollesby Norfolk + + Sidel Sidelesham Sidlesham Sussex + Sceaft Sceaftesbirig Shaftesbury Dorset. + Secg Secgesbearue Sedgeberrow Worc. + Snodd Snoddesbyrig Upton Snodsbury Worc. + Snoding Snodingland Snodland Worc. + Sumer Sumeresham Somersham Hunts. + Sumerled (Danish) Sumerledetun Somerleyton Suffolk + Sunna Sunnandun Sundon Beds. + Swythbriht Swythbrihtesweald Sibbertswold Kent + Swithreding Swithraedingden Surrenden Kent + Sylc Sylceswyrth Silksworth Durham + + Tadmaer Tadmaertun Tadmarton Oxford. + + Taefing Taefingstoc Tavistock Devon. + Teotting Teottingtun Teddington Wor. + Taling Talingtun Tallington Linc. + Toda Todanhom Toddenham Glouc. + Toma Tomanworthig Tamworth Warw. + Theogen Theogendethorp Theddlethorp Linc. + Thunar Thunresfeld Thundersfield Surrey + Ticen Ticnesfeld Tichfield Hants. + Tidhelming Tidelminctun Tidmington Worc. + Tilling Tillingham Tillingham Essex + Tocca Toccanham Tockenham Wilts. + Toting Totingtun Tottington Norfolk + Treding { Tredingtun Tredington Glouc. + { Tredinctun Tredington Worc. + Trosting Trostingtun Troston Suffolk + Tuding Tudingtun Teddington Middlsx. + Tunweald Tunwealdes stan Tunstone Glouc. + Turca Turcanden Turkdean Glouc. + Twica Tuicanham Twickenham Middlsx. + Thurgar (Danish) Thurgartun Thurgarton Norfolk + + Ufing Ufinctun Ovington Hants. + + Wacen Uacenesfeld Watchfield Berks. + Watling Uaetlinctun Watlington Oxford. + Wassing Wassingburg Washingborough Linc. + Wald Waldeswel Woldswell Glouc. + Weard Weardesbeorh Warborough Oxford. + Wifel { Wifeles cumb Wiveliscomb Somerset. + { Wifelesford Wilsford Wilts. + Wilburg (Woman) { Wilburgeham Wilbraham Camb. + { Wilburhtun Wilburton Camb. + Willer Willerseia Willersey Glouc. + Weogern Weogernacester Worcester Worc. + Wine { Uines hlau Winslow Bucks. + { Wines hyl Winshill Derby. + Wrening Wreningham Wreningham Norfolk + Werot Uurotaham Wrotham Kent + Wulfwarding Wulfweardiglea Wolverley Worc. + Wendel, or Wendlesora, or Windsor Berks. + Windel Windlesora + +The last name, Windsor, is an amusing instance of the older attempts at +local etymology. First it was supposed, as being an exposed spot, to +have taken its name from the "wind is sore;" then it was presumed that +it must have been a ferry, and that the name arose from the constant cry +of "wind us o'er" from those waiting to be ferried across. It was a +great step in advance when the next etymologist referred to the ancient +name and found it to be Windelsora, from _ora_, shore, (a contraction of +_ofer?_) Still, the etymon he deduced therefrom of "winding shore" is +one that could not be adopted without doing great violence to the word; +whereas, without the change of a letter, we have Windels ore, "Windel's +shore," most probably in the sense of landing-place. The name Windel +forms several other place-names; it was common in ancient times, and it +has been taken to mean Vandal. I refer to this more especially to +illustrate the importance of taking men's names into account in +considering the origin of a place-name. + +The above names are confined entirely, as I have before mentioned, to +the places that have been positively identified by Mr. Kemble. And as +these constitute but a small proportion of the whole number, the +comparison will serve to give an idea of the very great extent to which +place-names are formed from men's names. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[35] Cf. also Diormod, moneyer on Anglo-Saxon coins, minted at +Canterbury. There is, however, an Irish Diarmaid which might in certain +cases intermix, and whence we must take _McDermott_. + +[36] I take Ealdermann to be, as elsewhere noted, a corruption of +Ealdmann. + +[37] Mr. Kemble, in default of finding Hygelac as a man's name in +Anglo-Saxon times, has taken the above place-name to be from the +legendary hero of that name. The fact is, however, that Hygelac occurs +no fewer than four times as an early man's-name in the _Liber Vitae_, so +that there does not seem to be any reason whatever for looking upon it +as anything else than the every-day name of an Anglo-Saxon. + +[38] From a similar origin is probably Shooter's Hill, near London. + +[39] There is also an A.S. Saebriht, from _sae_, sea, whence _Seabright_ +might be derived. + +[40] Upon the whole I am inclined to think that Woden is here an +Anglo-Saxon man's name, though the traces of it in such use are but +slight. There is a Richard Wodan in the _Lib. Vit._ about the 15th +century. And Wotan occurs once as a man's name in the _Altdeutsches +Namenbuch_. + +[41] Or Cyneburg; see p. 71. + +[42] It seems clear from the names collated by German writers that +_ramn_, _remn_, and _ram_ in ancient names are contractions of raven. +Compare the names of the ports, Soderhamn, Nyhamn, and Sandhamn, for, no +doubt, Soderhaven, Nyhaven, and Sandhaven. + + + + +CHAPTER VI. + +CORRUPTIONS AND CONTRACTIONS. + + +Corruptions may be divided broadly into two kinds, those which proceed +from a desire to improve the sound of a name, and those which proceed +from a desire to make some kind of sense out of it. The former, which we +may call phonetic, generally consists in the introduction of a letter, +either to give more of what we may call "backbone" to a word, or else to +make it run more smoothly. For the former purpose _b_ or _p_ is often +used--thus we have, even in Anglo-Saxon times, _trum_ made into _trump_, +_sem_ into _semp_, and _emas_ into _embas_. So among our names we have +_Dumplin_, no doubt for Dumlin (O.G. Domlin), _Gamble_ for Gamel, and +_Ambler_ for Ameler, though in these names something of both the two +principles may apply. In a similar manner we have _glas_ made into +_glast_ in Glaestingabyrig, now Glastonbury (p. 88). So _d_ seems +sometimes to be brought in to strengthen the end of a word, and this, it +appears to me, may be the origin of our names _Field_, _Fielding_, +_Fielder_. The forms seem to show an ancient stem, but as the word +stands, it is difficult to make anything out of it, whereas, as Fiell, +Fielling, &c., the names would fall in with a regular stem, as at p. +50. So also our name _Hind_ may perhaps be the same, assuming a final +_d_, as another name, _Hine_, which, presuming the _h_ not to be +organic, may be from the unexplained stem _in_ or _ine_, as in the name +of Ina, King of Wessex. In which case _Hyndman_ might be the same name +as _Inman_. Upon the same principle it may be that we have the name +_Nield_ formed upon the Celtic Niel. So also _f_ appears to be sometimes +changed for a similar purpose into _p_, as in _Asprey_ and _Lamprey_ for +Asfrid (or Osfrid) and Landfrid. The ending _frid_ commonly becomes +_frey_ (as in Godfrey, Humphrey, Geoffrey), and when we have got Asfrey +and Lanfrey (and we have Lanfrei in the _Liber Vitae_), the rest is easy. + +The most common phonetic intrusion is that of _r_, and one of the ways +in which it most frequently occurs is exhibited in the following group +of names: _Pendgast_, _Pendegast_, _Prendergast_, _Prendergrass_. +Pendgast is, I take it, an ancient compound, from the stem _bend_ (p. +44), with _gast_, hospes. It first takes a medial vowel between the two +words of the compound, and becomes Pend-e-gast. Then _e_ naturally +becomes _er_, passing the very slight barrier which English +pronunciation affords, and the name, having become Pendergast, finds the +need of a second _r_ to balance the first, and becomes Prendergast. In +the last name, Prendergrass, the other principle comes in, and a slight +effort is made to give a shade of meaning to the word.[43] One of the +features in men's names, it will be seen, is that as they have +(differently to what is the case with regard to the words of the +language) become crystallised in all stages, one is sometimes permitted +to see the various steps of a process. + +Now it is in such a way as that described above that the Anglo-Saxon +name Ealdermann (whence our name _Alderman_) has, according to my +opinion, been formed. There is another Anglo-Saxon name, Ealdmann, an +ancient compound. Now if you, as in the previous case, introduce a +medial vowel, and make it Eald-e-mann, there is virtually nothing left +between that and Ealdermann. Such a name, as derived from the office, +would be impossible as a regular Anglo-Saxon name. The only other +alternative would be that he had been so called as a _sobriquet_ by his +office till it had superseded his regular name. And there does appear to +have been such a case, viz., that of a man called Preost who _was_ a +priest, but the way which I have suggested seems to me to account more +easily for the name. From a similar origin I take to be our name +_Ackerman_, and the present German _Ackermann_. There is an Anglo-Saxon +AEcemann (p. 96), from which, on the principle described above, they +might be derived. So also _Sigournay_ may be formed in a similar manner +from an old German name Siginiu (_niu_, "new," perhaps in the sense of +"young"), and _Alderdice_ from an old Frankish Aldadeus (_deus_, +servant). + +I have taken Prendergast for Pendgast as an illustration of the +intrusion of _r_, and there is even in Anglo-Saxon times an example of +the very same word as so treated. This is the name Prentsa (p. 101), +(whence our _Prentiss_), and which I take to be properly Pentsa. This +would bring it in as a regular Anglo-Saxon stem (_Cf._ Penda, Pender, +Penduald, Pendwine), whereas otherwise it is difficult to know what to +make of it. Among English surnames thus treated we have _Bellringer_ for +Bellinger, _Sternhold_ for Stonhold (p. 63), _Proudfoot_ for _Puddefoot_ +(_bud_, messenger), and possibly _Cardwell_ for the Anglo-Saxon +Cadweal.[44] On the same principle I think that _Wordsworth_, a name of +local origin, may be, with an intrusive _r_, the same as Wodsworth or +Wadsworth (Wad's property or estate). There is certainly a stem _wurd_ +(supposed to mean fate, destiny), in ancient names, but it is of rare +occurrence, and I do not know of it in English names, though we have +_Orde_, which I take to be from the Scandinavian form of it. On the +other hand we have an instance in Anglo-Saxon times of the reverse +process, viz., the elision of _r_, in the case of Wihtbrord, Minister of +Edward the Elder, who, though he spells his names both ways, spells it +more frequently Wihtbrod, the other being no doubt etymologically the +correct form (_brord_, sword), though euphony is certainly promoted by +the elision. This may probably be the origin of our name _Whitbread_, +with the variation _Wheatbread_. + +The intrusion of _d_ has had the effect of changing a man's name into a +woman's in two cases, _Mildred_ and _Kindred_. The former should be +properly Milred, answering to an Anglo-Saxon Milred, and the latter +should be Kenred, answering to the German Conrad; Mildryd and Cynedryd +were, and could only be, Anglo-Saxon women's names. + +On the other hand, the loss of an _r_ has had such a disastrous effect +in the case of an American _Bedbug_ as to compel him to apply, like his +English namesake, for a change of name. For while, in America, all +insects of the beetle tribe are called by the name of "bug," the +"bedbug" is that particular insect which is a "terror by night," so that +the name was pointedly disagreeable. It ought properly to be, I doubt +not, Bedburg, a name of local origin, and the same as Bedborough. + +Before going on to deal with the corruptions which originate in the +desire to make some kind of sense out of a name, I propose to refer +briefly to some of the changes and contractions which are more strictly +in accordance with regular phonetic principles. I have referred at p. 9 +to a final _g_ as opposed to the English ear, and to two different ways +in which it is got rid of, viz., by changing it into _dg_, and by +dropping it altogether. There is yet a third way, that of changing it +into _f_, as in Anglo-Saxon _genug_, English _enough_. And we can show +examples of all these in the same name, from the ancient stem _wag_, +probably signifying to wave, brandish, as in the name Wagbrand +("wave-sword"), in the genealogy of the Northumbrian kings. For we have +the name in all four forms, _Wagg_, _Way_, _Wadge_, _Waugh_ (Waff). The +common ending in Teutonic names of _wig_, war, often, anciently even, +softened into _wi_, most commonly in such case becomes in our names +_way_. Thus we have _Alloway_ from an ancient Alewih, _Chattoway_ from +Ceatewe, _Dalloway_ from Daliweh, _Galloway_ from Geilwih, _Garroway_ +from Gerwi, _Hathaway_ from Hathuwi, _Kennaway_ from Kenewi, _Lanoway_ +from Lantwih, _Reddoway_ from Redwi, and _Ridgway_ from Ricwi. I cite +this as a case in which a number of coincidences prove a principle, +which the reader, if he confined his attention to one particular case, +might be disposed to question. We also generally drop the _g_ in the +middle of a word in such names as _Payne_, from A.S. Pagen,[45] _Wain_ +from A.S. Wahgen, _Gain_ from A.S. Gagen, _Nail_ from A.S. Negle. So +also in _Sibbald_ for Sigebald, _Sibert_ for Sigebert, _Seymore_ for +Sigimar, _Wyatt_ for Wighad, &c. There is also a frequent dropping of +_d_, though I think that in this case the names have more frequently +come down to us from ancient times in such contracted form, the practice +being more specially common among the Franks, from whom I think that +most of the names in question have been derived. Thus we have _Cobbold_ +for Codbald or Godbold, _Cobbett_ for Godbet or Codbet, _Lucas_ (Lucas, +_Lib. Vit._), from a Frankish Liucoz for Liudgoz, _Boggis_ from a Boggis +for Bodgis, _Lewis_ for Leodgis, _Rabbit_ for Radbod, _Chabot_ for +Chadbod. So also _Ralph_ and _Rolfe_ for Radulf and Hrodulf (though also +for Ragulf and Hrogulf), _Roland_ for Rodland, _Roman_ for Rodman, &c. +So _f_ is often dropped when it is followed by _m_ or _n_, as in A.S. +Leomman for Leofmann, whence our _Lemon_. It is probable that our +_Limmer_ is a similar contraction of A.S. Leofmer. + +As a case of transposition I may note _Falstaff_ from, as supposed, the +O.G. name Fastulf. It may be a question whether this is not an Old +Frankish name come to us through the Normans, for at Gambetta's funeral +the French Bar was represented by M. _Falsteuf_. + +I now come to corruptions which arise from the attempt to give to a name +something of an apparent meaning in English. Let me observe that, almost +as an invariable rule, corruptions are made towards a meaning and not +away from it; the ancient name Irminger might be corrupted into +Ironmonger, but Ironmonger could not be corrupted into Irminger. It is +natural to men to try to get some semblance of meaning out of a name, +and all the more that it approaches to something which has a familiar +sound to their ears. Thus H.M. ship, the _Bellerophon_, was called by +the sailors the "Billy Ruffian," and a vessel owned by a fore-elder of +mine, and which he christened the _Agomemnon_, invariably went among the +sailors by the name of the "Mahogany Tom." Thus the Anglo-Saxon Trumbald +has first become _Trumbull_ and then _Tremble_, and as suggested by Mr. +Charnock, _Turnbull_. So we have the Old Norse name Thorgautr (Turgot, +_Domesday_) variously made into _Target_ and into _Thoroughgood_.[46] In +some cases a very slight change suffices to give a new complexion to +the name, thus the Old Frankish Godenulf, (_ulf_, wolf), through a +Norman Godeneuf, is scarcely changed in our _Goodenough_. Similarly we +might have had Badenough (O.G. Badanulf), and Richenough (A.S. Ricnulf). +We have _Birchenough_ (reminding us of Dr. Busby) no doubt from a name +of similar formation not yet turned up. Then we have several names as +_Garment_, _Rayment_, _Argument_, _Element_, _Merriment_, _Monument_, +from ancient names ending in _mund_ or _munt_, supposed to mean +protection, with only the change of a letter. I have referred in an +earlier part of this chapter to the name Pendgast, and to the phonetic +corruptions to which it has been subjected. But it seems also to have +been subjected to a corruption of the other kind, for I take it that our +name _Pentecost_ is properly Pentecast, as another or High German form +of Pendegast. Another case of a corruption easily made is that of our +name _Whitethread_ which seems obviously the Anglo-Saxon name Wihtraed, +of which also we have another obvious corruption in _Whiterod_. So also +the Anglo-Saxon name Weogern, p. 111 (more properly Wiggern, _wig_, war, +and _gern_, eager), by an easy transition becomes _Waghorn_. And in this +way also the paradoxical-looking name _Fairfoul_, by a slight change of +spelling, may be explained as Farefowl, "wandering bird," as a name +probably given by the Saxon or Danish sea-rovers. + +Let us take a name of a different kind, _Starbuck_, no doubt of local +origin, from the place called Starbeck in Yorkshire. Now beck is a +Northern word signifying brook; it is probably of Danish origin, +inasmuch as its use precisely corresponds with the limits of the Danish +occupation. So long then as Starbeck lived in the north among his own +people, to whom _beck_ is a familiar word, there would be no fear of his +name being corrupted. But when he migrated to a part of England where +_beck_ has no meaning, then by and by the natural craving for some kind +of a meaning would assert itself, and, as the best it could do, change +_beck_ into _buck_. But the name of the place itself affords an +illustration of the same principle. For _star_ is in all probability the +same word as _stour_, so common as a river-name (Arm. ster, water, +river), made into _star_ in the craving for some kind of a meaning. + +Let us take another name with the same ending, _Clutterbuck_, also, I +doubt not, a name of local origin, though I am unable in this case to +identify the place. But _clutter_ seems evidently to be from the +Anglo-Saxon, _hluttor_, clear, pure, limpid, and the word must have been +_hluttorbeck_, "clear brook," so that this is another case of a similar +corruption. The Anglo-Saxons, no doubt, strongly aspirated the initial +_h_, so that the name has become Clutterbuck. + +Another name which may be taken to be of the same kind is _Honeybun_, no +doubt a corruption of another name _Honeyburn_, from _burn_, a brook, +_honey_ being apparently used by the Anglo-Saxons as an epithet to +describe sweet waters. But to the modern ear Honey_bun_ is a much more +natural association than Honey_burn_, particularly since the Anglo-Saxon +_burn_ for _brook_ has passed out of use in England. + +Among the Germans, corruptions towards a meaning are also common, as in +such names as _Guttwein_ for Godwine or Gotwine, _Warmbadt_ for +Warinbod, _Leutenant_ for Liutnand (_liud_, people, _nant_, daring). +There is a curious-looking and seemingly profane name _Heiliggheist_, as +if from the third person of the Trinity, which may, however, be a +corruption of an ancient name, perhaps of the name Haldegast. + +The odd-looking names _Oyster_ and _Oysterman_ in _Suffolk Surnames_ are +probably the German names Oster and Ostermann (_oster_, orientalis) in +an anglicised form, the marvellous power of assimilation possessed by +the great Republic evincing itself, among other things, in the way in +which it anglicises foreign names. Thus the name _Crumpecker_, placed by +Bowditch among names from birds, is, we can hardly doubt, a corruption +of a German Krumbacher, _i.e._ "a native of Krumbach," of which name +there are several places in Germany. So also the ending _thaler_ in +German names, from _thal_, valley, is changed into "dollar" as its +supposed equivalent. Hence the Americans have _Milldolar, Barndollar_, +and _Cashdollar_, corruptions of some such German names as Muehlthaler, +Bernthaler, and Kaesenthaler, signifying an inhabitant respectively of +Muehlthal, of Bernthal, and of Kaesenthal. It would seem as if a man +coming to this new world, where everything around him is +changed--presumably for the better--accepts it as, among other things, a +part of the new dispensation, that whereas his name has hitherto been, +say Kaesenthaler, he shall henceforth answer to the name--perhaps not an +inauspicious one--of Cashdollar. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[43] There is another name _Snodgrass_, which may be a similar +corruption of Snodgast, from the stem _snod_, A.S. _snot_, wise. + +[44] This however is by no means certain, inasmuch as there is a stem +_card_ or _gard_ from which it might be formed, though the corresponding +ancient name has not turned up. On the other hand it is to be observed +that _wealh_ is not one of the more common endings. + +[45] Pagan occurs as an A.S. name, (_Thorpe_, p. 648), and may probably be +referred to _bagan_, to contend. _Cf._ also Pagingas among the early +settlers. + +[46] According, no doubt, as the ancient name appeared as Thorgaut or +Thorgaud. + + + + +CHAPTER VII. + +THE OLD FRANKS AND THE PRESENT FRENCH. + + +To any one who takes note of the large proportion of French Christian +names which are of German origin, the question, one would think, might +naturally suggest itself--If such be the case with Christian names, may +it not also be the case with regard to surnames? The Christian names +_Albert_, _Adolphe_, _Alfonse_, _Charles_, _Claude_, _Edouard_, +_Edmonde_, _Ferdinand_, _Gerard_, _Henri_, _Louis_, _Philibert_, +_Robert_, _Richarde_, _Rudolfe_, _Guillaume_, and the women's _Adele_, +_Clotilde_, _Louise_, _Mathilde_, _Heloeise_, and many others, serve to +remind us that the French have come of the Franks. That the same holds +good also of French surnames I have in a previous work endeavoured to +prove in considerable detail, and I will not go over the ground again +further than at the end of this chapter to present as an illustration of +my views upon the subject one or two stems complete with their branches. + +The Franks being a branch of a High German, and the Saxons of a Low +German stock, it follows that French names, as compared with English, +should, in names of Teutonic origin, exhibit High German forms in +comparison with our Low German. One of these differences is, for +instance, _au_ for _ea_, as in German auge, Anglo-Saxon, _eage_, +English, _eye_. Thus the Anglo-Saxon _ead_, happiness, prosperity, so +common in men's names, is in Frankish represented by _aud_, or +_od_--hence the name of the Norman bishop Odo is the counterpart of an +Anglo-Saxon Eada or Eda, and the name of the Lombard king Audoin +(Audwin), is the counterpart of the Anglo-Saxon Eadwin. It will be seen +then that the French Christian name _Edouard_ is not a true Frankish +form--the proper form is shown in two French surnames, _Audouard_ and +_Audevard_. I cannot account for the particular case of this Christian +name on any other ground than that simply of euphony. The corresponding +Italian Christian name, _Odoardo_, come to them through the Franks or +the Lombards, represents, it will be seen, the proper High German form. +The High German forms, then, that appear in English names may be taken +to a great extent to represent Old Frankish names that have come to us +through the Normans. But the number of such names appears to be greater +than could reasonably be thus accounted for, and moreover we seem, as I +have noted at p. 75, to have had such forms even in Anglo-Saxon times, +_e.g._ both the forms _ead_ or _ed_, and _aud_ or _od_, in the names of +our early settlers. And it appears to me therefore that Lappenberg's +theory that Franks, Lombards, and Frisians were among the early +settlers, is one that deserves most careful consideration. And I propose +at present to deal with the subject, so far as the Franks are concerned, +and to trace out to the best of my ability, the Frankish forms that seem +to present themselves in Anglo-Saxon times, and also in our existing +surnames. In so doing, I wish to disclaim any assumption of philological +knowledge such as might be implied by dealing with the niceties of +ancient dialects. All that I proceed upon is this--I find from German +writers that certain forms prevailed in Frankish names, and I compare +them with certain forms apparently of the same kind which I find in +Anglo-Saxon times. + +Now the ancient Frankish speech, along with the ordinary characteristics +of a High German dialect, had some special peculiarities of its own, and +it is through these that we have the best chance of obtaining +satisfactory indications. Of these there are three forms in particular, +with each of which I propose to deal in turn, placing at the head the +group of surnames which I take to owe their origin to this source. And +as assisting to throw light upon the subject I have in some cases +introduced the present French names corresponding. + + +CHAD, CHATTO, CHATTING, CHADDOCK, CHABOT, CHADBORN, CHADMAN, CHADWICK, +CHATTOWAY, CHATWIN, CHATWOOD, CHARD, CHART, CHARTER, CHAIN, CHANEY, +CHILDAR, CHILDREN, CHILL, CHILLMAN, CHILLMAID, CHUBB, CHUBBACK, CHOPPIN. + +One of the peculiarities of the Frankish dialect especially during the +Merovingian period, was the prefix of _c_ before names beginning with +_h_, as in Childebert and Childeric for Hildebert and Hilderic. Of this +there seem to be considerable traces in Anglo-Saxon times, as will be +seen from the following:-- + + +_Chad_ for _had_, war. + +A.S. Chad, bishop of Lichfield--Ceada, found in Ceadanford--Cedda, found +in Ceddanleah--Frankish, Chaddo. Eng. Chad, Chatto. + + +_Diminutive._ + +Frnk. Chadichus. Eng. Chaddock. + + +_Patronymic._ + +Eng. Chatting. + + +_Compounds._ + +(_Bad_, war), Frnk. Chadbedo, Chabedo--Eng. Chabot.[47] (_Wine_, +friend), Frnk. Chaduin--Eng. Chadwin, Chatwin. (_Wig_, war), A.S. +Chatewe (_wi_ for wig) found in Ceatewesleah--Eng. Chadwick, Chattoway. + +(We have also the other form Hathaway, O.G. Hathuwi, to compare with +Chattaway.) + +Then we have a stem _chard, chart_, which it seems to me may be a +similar Frankish form of _hard_ or _hart_, durus, fortis, a very common +stem for men's names. + + +_Chard_ for _hard_. + +A.S. Cerda (Cherda) found in Cerdanhlaew. Ceorta, found in Ceortan +stapol. Ceort, found in Ceortesege, now Chertsey. Eng. Chard, Chart. + + +_Diminutive._ + +A.S. Cerdic, king of Wessex. Also Ceardic, found in Ceardices beorh. + + +_Compound._ + +(_Har_, warrior), Frnk. Charterius--Eng. Charter. + +In the next group, _child_ for _hild_, war, the Anglo-Saxon names seem +rather uncertain, and though the Franks had many names from it, I only +find one to compare in that form. + + +_Child_ for _hild_, war. + +A.S. Cild, found in Cildeswic--Cilta found in Ciltancumb, now Chilcomb +in Hants--Frnk. Childi, Cheldio, Chillo--Eng. Child, Chill. + + +_Compounds._ + +(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Hilder--Eng. Childar. (_Man_, vir), O.G. +Hildman--Childman, _Hund_. _Rolls_--Eng. Chillman, French, Chilman. +(_Mod_, courage), O.G. Hildemod--Eng. Chillmaid. (_Ran_, raven), Frnk. +Childerannus--Eng. Children. + +We have a number of other names beginning with _ch_, which might with +more or less certainty be brought in here, as Chaine comparing with an +A.S. Chen, found in Chenestun, and with a Frankish Chaino for Chagno +(Hagen-spinosus). Also Chubb and Choppin comparing with the Ceopingas +(Chopingas) in Kemble's list. He has also Hoppingas and Upingas, +different forms I take it, of the same name, and upon these might be +formed by the prefix in question, the form Ceopingas. Compare also the +present French names, Choupe, Chopin, Chopard. + +CLAUDE, CLOADE, CLODD, CLOUD, CLOUT, CLUCAS, CLOUDMAN, CLOUTMAN, +CLOTHIER. CROAD, CROWD, CROWDY, CRUTE, CROTTY, CRUDEN, CROWDER, CROGER. +CROKE, CROCK, CROOKE, CROTCH, CRUTCH, CROKER. CREED, CREEDY, CRIDDLE. + +Another peculiarity of the Frankish dialect was the change of _hl_ at +the beginning of a name into _cl_ or _chl_, and _hr_ into _cr_ or +_chr_. Hence the names of the Frankish kings Clothar, Chlodomir, and +Clodowich, for Hlothar, Hlodomir, and Hlodowich. Of this form there +appear to be considerable traces in Anglo-Saxon times; there are three +names in Kemble's list of early settlers which may find a place here, +the Crangas, the Cramlingas, and the Crucgingas. The name Crangas, as it +stands, is difficult to deal with, and I should suppose it to be +properly either Cringas or Craningas--in the former case from _hring_, +circle, perhaps in the sense of shield--in the latter from _chrann_, as +a Frankish form of _raban_ or raven, Cf. Chrannus in the genealogy of +the Merovingian kings. Cramlingas again compares with a Frankish name +Chramlin from the same stem, while Crucgingas seems to be a Frankish +form of Rucingas, also on Kemble's list. + +The first group of names, Claude, Cloud, &c., are referred to O.H.G. +_laut_, loud, in the supposed sense of famous. + + +_Clod_ for _hlod_, fame. + +A.S. Clodd (found in Cloddes heal), Clott (found in Clottismor), Clud +(found in Cludesleah)[48]--Frnk. Chlodio, Cludio, 5th cent.--Eng. +Claude, Cloade, Clodd, Cloud, Clout. + + +_Compounds._ + +(_Gis_ or _kis_, hostage), O.G. Hludokis--Eng. Clukas (for Cludkis?). +(_Hari_, warrior), Frnk. Clothar, Chluthar--Eng. Clothier, Clutter. +(_Man_, vir), Eng. Cloudman, Cloutman (for which no ancient equivalents +as yet turn up.) + +The next group, Croad, Crowd, &c., may be referred to _hrod_, glory, the +stem from which are formed Robert, Roland, Roger, &c. + + +_Crod_ for _hrod_. + +A.S. Cruda, found in Crudan sceat--Frnk. Chrodo, Crodio--Eng. Croad, +Crowd, Crowdy, Croot, Crout. + + +Ending in _en_, p. 27. + +Frnk. Chrodin--Eng. Cruden. + + +_Compounds._ + +(_Har_, warrior), Frnk. Chrodohar--Eng. Crowder. (_Gar_, spear), Frnk. +Crodeger--Eng. Croger (=Roger). (_Mar_, famous), A.S. Cruddemor, found +in Cruddemores lacu--Frnk. Chrodmar--Eng. Cromar. + +The next group, Croke, Crock, &c., are from a stem _hroc_, the +root-meaning of which seems to be the same as Eng. _croak_, and the idea +of which, as in some other stems (see _im_ in voce Emma), may probably +be that of strength, fierceness, or huge stature, derived from a harsh +and gruff voice. Cf. O.N. _hrokr_, vir fortis et grandis. + + +_Crock_ for _hroc_. + +A.S. Crucga, found in Crucgingas; Croch, found in Crochestun, now +Croxton in Norf.--Frnk. Crocus, Cruccus--Eng. Croke, Crock, Crooke, +Crotch, Crutch. + + +_Compounds._ + +(_Her, heri_, warrior), O.G. Roacheri--Eng. Croker, Crocker. Eng. +Crockett might represent a Frankish Crochad or Crochat (_had_, war), not +turned up. + +Perhaps from a similar origin may be the name of Crida or Creoda, king +of Mercia, as representing a stem, _hrad_, or _hred_ (O.H.G. _hradi_, +celer), whence probably the Hraeda in the Traveller's Song. Kemble has +two tribe-names, Creotingas and Cridlingas (the latter, derived from a +place in Yorkshire, being perhaps doubtful so far as regards the tribe, +though a man's name all the same). + + +_Crad_ for _hrad_. + +A.S. Creoda, found in Creodan ac, Creodan hyl, Creodan treow--Cridda, +found in Criddan wyl--Cridd, found in Criddes ho--Creota, found in +Creotingas--Cretta, _lib. vit._--Eng. Creed, Creedy. + + +Ending in _el_. + +A.S. Cridel, found in Cridlingas--Eng. Criddle. + +Perhaps the most characteristic peculiarity of the Frankish dialect is +the prefix of _g_, or its sharper form _c_, before names beginning with +_w_.[49] Hence it is that the French have such a word as guerre +(=gwerre) which is _g_ prefixed to a German _wer_ or _war_. And such +names as Guillaume, Gualtier, and Guiscard, which are from _g_ prefixed +to Wilhelm, Walter, and Wiscard (our Wishart). Hence, also, such a +place-name as Quilleboeuf in Normandy, being, with a _c_ prefixed, the +same, I take it, as an English Willaby (_boeuf_, as Mr. Taylor has +shown, representing the Danish _by_). I have referred, p. 75, to the +name Cwichelm for Wighelm or Wichelm as a strongly-marked Frankish form, +but I cannot say that I find such forms generally prevalent in +Anglo-Saxon times. Kemble has three tribe-names in this form, +Cwaedringas, Cwaeringas, and Queningas. The Cwaedringas answer to the +Waetringas, and the Wedringas, both also on Kemble's list, and both, I +take it, different forms of the same name; the Cwaeringas to the Waeringas +and the Werringas, also different forms of the same name; the Queningas +to the Weningas or the Winingas. One or two of our names beginning with +_gw_, as Gwilliams, Gwatkin, and perhaps Gwalter, are probably due to +the Welsh, of which this prefix is also a characteristic. As +representing the Frankish form, we have more names in the sharper form +cw, which is represented by _q_. Under the present head comes the name +of the highest lady in the land, _Guelph_ (further referred to in next +chapter), being a Frankish form of Welf (O.H.G. _hwelf_; Eng. _whelp_). +The names _Welp_, _Whelps_, and _Guelpa_, appear in _Suff. Surn._, but +whether English or not does not appear. + +QUARE, QUARY, QUARRY, QUEAR, QUERY, QUARRIER, QUARMAN. QUIDDY, QUITMAN, +QUITTACUS. QUIG, QUICK, QUY, QUIGGLE, GWYER, QUIER, QUIRE. GUILLE, +GUILY, QUILL, QUILKE, GWILLAM, QUILLMAN, QUILLINAN. GUINEY, QUIN, QUEEN, +QUEENEY, GUINAN, QUINAN, QUEENAN, QUINER. QUAIL, QUALEY, QUINT. QUAINT, +QUANTOCK. GWILT, QUILT, QUILTY, QUILTER, QUAKER, QUASH. + +The meaning of the stem _war_ is very uncertain; Foerstemann proposes +five different words, without including O.H.G. _werra_, Eng. _war_, and +it seems very probable that there may be a mixture of different words. + + +_Gwar, cwar_, for war. + +A.S. Cwara, found in Cwaeringas--Frnk. Guario--Eng. Quare, Quary, Quarry, +Quear, Query--French Querrey. + + +_Compounds._ + +(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Warher--Eng. Quarrier. (_Man_, vir), O.G. +Warman--Eng. Quarman--French Guermain. + +The stem _wid_, on which is formed _guid_ and _cwid_, may perhaps be +referred to O.H.G. _wid_, wood, in the sense of weapon (see next chapter +_in voce_ Guido), though in this case also there may probably be a +mixture of words. + + +_Gwid, cwid_, for _wid_. + +Frnk. Guid, Guido, Quido--Eng. Quiddy--French, Guide. + + +_Compounds._ + +(_Man_, vir), O.G. Witman--Eng. Quitman. (Gis, hostage), O.G. +Witichis--Eng. Quittacus (_Suff. Surn._). + +The stem _wig_ or _wic_, on which are formed _gwig_ and _cwic_, may be +taken to be from _wig_, war. + + +_Gwig_, _cwic_, for _wig_, _wic_. + +Frnk. Gwigo--Eng. Quig, Quick, Quy--Fr. Guiche, Quyo. + + +Ending in _el_. + +O.G. Wigilo--Eng. Quiggle. + + +_Compound._ + +O.G. Wigger, Wiher--Eng. Gwyer, Quier, Quire. + +The stem _will_, on which are formed _guill_ and _cwill_, may be +referred to Goth. _wilya_, will, perhaps, in the sense of resolution. + + +_Guil, cwil_, for _will_. + +Frnk. Guila--Eng. Guille, Guily, Quill--Fr. Guille, Quille. + + +_Diminutive_ + +O.G. Willic--Eng. Quilke--Fr. Quillac. + + +_Compounds._ + +(_Helm_, helmet), Frnk. Guilhelm--Eng. Gwillam--Fr. Guillaume. (_Man_, +vir), O.G. Wilman--Eng. Quillman--Fr. Guillemain. (_Nand_, daring), O.G. +Willinand--Eng. Quillinan. + +I am inclined, from the way in which the names run into each other, to +take _cwen_ and _cwin_ to be one and the same stem, and to refer them to +A.S. _wine_, friend. + + +_Gwin, cwin, cwen_, for _win_. + +A.S. Cwena, found in Cweningas; Quena, found in Quenanden--Frnk. Guuine, +Quino--Eng. Guiney, Quin, Queen, Queeney--Fr. Gueneau, Quenay, Quineau. + + +Ending in _en_, p. 27. + +A.S. Cwenen, found in Cwenenabroc--Eng. Guinan, Quinan, Queenan--Fr. +Guenin. + + +_Compounds._ + +(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Winiheri--Eng. Quiner--Fr. Guinier, Guinery, +Quinier. (_Bert_, famous), Frnk. Quinabert--Eng. Guinibert. + +From the Ang.-Sax. _wealh_, stranger, foreigner, may be the following +stem: + + +_Gual, cwal_, for _wal_. + +Frnk. Gualo, Guala--Eng. Quail, Qualey--Fr. Guala. + +Then there are some other stems not sufficiently represented to make it +worth while to put them into a tabular form, as Quint, a Frankish form +of Wind (the stem being supposed to mean Wend), with the present French, +Quinty. Also Quaint and Quantock, representing Old German names, Wando +and Wendico, the stem being perhaps as in the previous case. And Gwilt, +Quilt, Quilty, and Quilter, which seem to be formed similarly on Wild +(ferus) and Wilder. Also Quart for Ward or Wart, and perhaps Quaker for +Waker and Quash for Wass (as in Washington from Wassingation). + +With regard to this last Frankish peculiarity, which I conceive not to +be of such ancient date as the preceding ones, I am inclined to suppose +that the greater part of the English names in which it appears have come +to us through the Normans. And with regard to the others I would venture +the general remark that inasmuch as the Anglo-Saxons in all probability +more or less aspirated an initial _h_, it would perhaps be going too far +to conclude that, in all cases where it has been hardened into a _c_, +Frankish influence is necessarily to be presumed. Still, I think that +the general result of the comparison which I have instituted, more +especially considering the comparatively limited area from which the +Anglo-Saxon examples have been drawn, is such as to give considerable +support to the theory that Franks were among the early settlers. + +Besides the names of Old Frankish, _i.e._ German origin, which have come +to us through the Normans, we have also received from them some names, +mostly of a religious character, from the Latin, and from the Hebrew. I +have even ventured to suggest, in the next chapter, that it is to the +Franks that the Italians are indebted for the name of Dante (Durante) +from Lat. _durans_. More certainly it is from them that the +corresponding name _Durand_ has come to us. The early Frankish +Christians adopted several such names, some from the Latin, as +Stabilis, Clarus, Celsus, Electus (perhaps in some cases from the names +of Roman saints), some from the Hebrew, not only scriptural names of men +and women, but also such words as Pasc (passover), Seraphim, Osanna, +&c., and these they often mixed up with the Old German words to which +they had been accustomed, the names of the Apostles Peter and Paul being +so dealt with, and even the name of Christ himself. This probably arose +from the desire of parents to connect the names of their children with +their own, as seems clearly shown in the case of a woman called Electa, +who gives to her two children the same name with a German addition, +calling one Electard, and the other Electrudis. From one of these hybrid +Frankish names, Clarembald, come our _Claringbold_ and _Claringbull_ and +the French _Clerambault_. From the above word, _pasc_, we have _Pascoe_, +_Paske_, and _Pash_, and the French have _Pasquin_, corresponding with a +Frankish Pascoin (Pascwin). There is one Richard Osannas, a witness to +an acquittance in the later Anglo-Saxon times, the name being probably +from the Frankish Osanna, which seems, however, to have been originally +a woman's name. In the same charter occurs also Jordan, another of these +old Frankish names, taken presumably from the river--whence I take to be +our _Jordan_, and the French _Jordan_, _Jourdan_, and _Jourdain_, +probably also the name of the Dutch painter _Jordaens_. The name Crist, +which seems most probably from this origin (Cristeus in the _Pol. Irm._) +is not very uncommon in France; it occurs also in Germany, and though I +have not met with it in England, yet Bowditch gives it as the name of a +member of the New York legislature, where it may, however, possibly be +German. It is rather amusing to see how the learned Germans are +occasionally a little mystified by these Old Frankish Scriptural names. +Stark, for instance, sets down Elisaba (Elischeba, the Hebrew form, I +take it, of Elisabeth) as Celtic, and Foerstemann, excusably perhaps, is +posed with Erispa (Rispah, the daughter of Aiah?), though I think he +might have guessed Osanna. + +Before concluding this chapter I may refer to the _Roll of Battle +Abbey_, containing the names of the principal Normans who came over with +the Conqueror. This has been severely impugned by some excellent +antiquaries on the ground that some of the names are, on the face of +them, regular English names, and such as could not reasonably be +supposed to have been borne by Normans. And hence it has been supposed +that interpolations must have been made to gratify the vanity of certain +families who wished their names to appear in the Roll. This in itself +does not seem an improbable suspicion, and I do not desire to go into +the question further than to express the opinion that so far as the +names themselves are concerned, there is not one that might not be a +genuine Norman name. Indeed, the undisguised English form of some of +them is to me rather a proof of the honesty of the scribe, for it would +have been so easy to have given them a thin Norman disguise. The +suspicious-seeming names are of two kinds, names which appear to be from +English place-names, as Argentoune, Chaworth, Newborough, Sanford, +Valingford, Harewell; and names which seem to be from English surnames +of occupation, or description, as Hayward, Archere, Loveday. The former +did present a genuine difficulty, and did justify suspicion till now +that Mr. Taylor's discovery of an area in the north of France full of +regular Anglo-Saxon place-names, and no doubt settled by Anglo-Saxons, +has disclosed the source from which they could be derived. I opine then +that the English scribe has done nothing more in the case of such names +than restore them to the original form from which they had been more or +less corrupted. Nor indeed has he done it to as great an extent as he +might have done, for I find several others which may be brought back to +an Anglo-Saxon form, and it may be of some little interest to take a few +of these Norman surnames derived from place-names of the kind discovered +by Mr. Taylor, and compare them with corresponding Anglo-Saxon +place-names in England. I will take the names ending in _uil_, "well," +of which the scribe has Anglicised one (Harewell), and show how many +more there might have been. We have Bereneuile and Boranuile, +corresponding with A.S. Bernewell (now Barnwell, in Northamptonshire), +from A.S. _brune_, brook, of which the well might be the source. Then we +have Rinuuill, corresponding with an A.S. Runawel (now, Runwell in +Essex), _i.e._ a running or flowing well, Berteuilay corresponding with +A.S. Beorhtanwyl (now Brightwell, in Oxfordshire), and Vauuruile with an +A.S. Werewell (now Wherwell, in Hants), an inclosed well; from A.S. +_woer_, inclosure. Then we have Beteruile comparing with an A.S. +Buterwyel (Butterwell, butter and honey being used apparently to +describe sweet waters), Greneuile (Greenwell), and Glateuile, probably +from A.S. _glade_, brook, and so same as Bernewell. + +With respect to the second class of suspected names, such as Hayward, +Archere, and Loveday, these are all Old Frankish names, and the +resemblance to anything English is only an accident. Hayward represents +an ancient Agward or Egward, and would be more properly Ayward, though +we find it as Hayward (see p. 99) even in Anglo-Saxon times. So also +Archere (see p. 42) and Loveday (p. 57) fall into their places as +ancient Frankish names. Such names again as Brown and Gray, though a +little Anglicised in spelling, are names common to the whole Teutonic +system, and, as far as we are concerned, both came in with the Saxons, +being found in Kemble's list of original settlers. + +I do not think it necessary to go more at length into the ancient +Frankish names contained in that Roll, but before leaving the subject I +would call attention to some of the names derived from the Danish +place-names of Normandy. There are four names, Dabitott, Leuetot, +Lovetot, and Tibtote (our name _Tiptoft_), from the ending _tot_, which, +as Mr. Taylor has shown, represents the Scandinavian _toft_. And two +names, Duilby and Linnebey, representing the Danish _by_; house, +habitation, village, so common in Yorkshire and Lincolnshire; also two +more, Braibuf and Olibef, with the ending _buf_ or _boeuf_, which, as +Mr. Taylor has shown, also represents the Danish _by_, Olibef being, +perhaps, Olafby, from the Danish name Olaf. Seeing this to be the case, +I venture to hint a suspicion as to the redoubtable name Front-de-boeuf, +and to suggest that it may after all be properly nothing more than one +of these Norman place-names ending in _boeuf_. Such a name as, for +instance, Frodeboeuf, from a Danish man's name, Frodi, might give it. On +the other hand, the plebeian-looking name _Chasseboeuf_, which Volney is +said to have changed rather than have it supposed that any one of his +ancestors had been a cow-boy, is, I doubt not, from a similar origin. +Such a name as Shaftsby (from the Anglo-Saxon man's name Shaft) would, +when _by_ became corrupted into _boeuf_, naturally be made into +Chasseboeuf. I take, however, the name _Leboeuf_ to be from a different +origin, viz. from a Frankish Libolf or Liubolf. There is yet one more +name, Lascales (our _Lascelles_), which I think may be also from a +Danish place-name, the word _scale_ (O.N. _skali_, a wooden hut) being +common, particularly in the Lake District--in Cumberland and +Westmoreland. + +I purpose to conclude this chapter with a few stems illustrative of the +common Teutonic element in French, English, and German names, including +such Italian names as I have been able to fall in with. The first stem, +from A.S. _til_, bonus, praestans, seems to have been more common among +the Saxons than among the Franks, and there are, consequently, more +names corresponding in English than in French. + + +_Dill, till, bonus._ + +A.S. Dilla, Tilla, in Dillingas and Tillingas--O.G. Dilli, Tilli, Thilo; +Tilli, _Lib. Vit._; Dill, Tilly, Tille, _Hund. Rolls_--Eng. _Dill_, +_Dilley_, _Dillow_, _Till_, _Tilley_--Germ. _Dill_, _Till_, _Tilo_--Fr. +_Dilly_, _Dille_, _Tilly_, _Tille_--Ital. _Tilli_. + + +Ending in _ec_, probably diminutive. + +A.S. Tilluc--Eng. _Dillick_, _Dilke_, _Tillick_, _Tilke_--Fr. _Dilhac_. + + +_Patronymic._ + +Eng. _Tilling_--Germ. _Dilling_. + + +Ending in _en_, p. 27. + +Tilne, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Dillon_--Germ. _Dillen_--Fr. _Dillon_, +_Tillon_. + + +_Compounds._ + +(_Fred_, peace), Tilfred, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Tilford_. (_Gar_, spear), +A.S. Tilgar--Dilker, _Hund. Rolls_--Eng. _Dilger_, _Dillicar_. (_Had_, +var), Tilhaed, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Tillott_--Fr. _Dillet_, _Tillot_. +(_Man_, vir), A.S. Tillman--Tilmon, _Lib. Vit._--Tileman, _Hund. +Rolls_--Eng. _Dillman_, _Tillman_, _Tileman_--Germ. _Dillemann_, +_Tilmann_--Dutch. _Tillemans_--Fr. _Tilman_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. +Tilemir--Eng. _Dillimore_. (_Mund_, protection), A.S. Tilmund--Fr. +_Tilmant_. (_Wine_, friend), Tiluini, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Dillwyn_. +(_Her_, _heri_, warrior), A.S. Tilhere (Bishop of Worcester)--Eng. +_Diller_, _Tiller_, _Tillier_--Fr. _Dillery_, _Tillier_. + +The following stem may be taken to be from A.S. _hyge_; O.H.G. _hugu_, +mind, thought; A.S. _hogian_, to study, meditate. The form _hig_, which +seems to be more particularly Saxon, intermixes considerably in the +English names. + + +Hig, hog, hug, _thought_, _study_. + +A.S. Hig, Hicca, Hocg--O.G. Hugo, Hug, Huc, Hughi, Hogo--Eng. _Hugo_, +_Hug_, _Hugh_, _Huie_, _Huck_, _Hogg_, _Hodge_, _Hoe_, _Hick_, +_Hickie_--Germ. _Huge_, _Hugo_, _Hucke_, _Hoge_--Fr. _Hugo_, _Huge_, +_Hug_, _Huc_, _Hue_, _Hua_--Ital. _Ugo_. + + +Ending in _el_, probably diminutive. + +A.S. Hicel--O.G. Hugila, Huckili--Eng. _Hugall_, _Huckell_, _Whewell_, +_Hickley_--Germ. _Huegel_--Fr. _Hugla_, _Huel_--Ital. _Ughelli_. + + +Ending in _lin_, probably diminutive. + +A.S. Hugelin (Chamberlain to Edward the Confessor)--Hugelinus, +_Domesday_--Hueline, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Huelin, Hicklin_--Fr. _Huguelin, +Higlin_--Ital. _Ugolino_. + + +Ending in _et_, probably diminutive. + +A.S. Hocget--O.G. Huetus, thirteenth century--Hueta, _Domesday_--Eng. +_Huggett, Howitt, Hewitt_--Fr. _Hugot, Huet_--Ital. _Ughetti_. + + +Ending in _es_, probably diminutive. + +O.G. Hugizo--Eng. _Hughes, Hewish, Hodges_--Fr. _Hugues_. + + +_Kin_, diminutive. + +Hogcin, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Hodgkin_. + + +Ending in _en_, p. 27. + +A.S. Hyeken--Hygine, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Hoggin, Hucken, Higgen_--Fr. +_Hugan, Hogan, Huan, Hoin, Hienne_. + + +_Compounds._ + +(_Bald_, fortis), A.S. Higbald (Bishop of Lindisfarne), Hibald--O.G. +Hugibald, Hubald--Eng. _Hibble, Hubble_--Fr. _Hubault_--Ital. _Ubaldo_, +_Ubald_(_ini_). (_Bert_, famous), A.S. Higbert (Bishop of +Worcester)--O.G. Hugubert, Hubert--Eng. _Hibbert, Hubbard_--Germ. +_Hubert_--Fr. _Hubert_. (_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Hugihart, Hugard--Eng. +_Huggard, Heward_--Fr. _Hugard, Huard, Huart_. (_Laic_, play), A.S. +Hygelac--O.G. Hugilaih--O.N. Hugleikr--Eng. _Hillock, Hullock_--Fr. +_Hulek_. (_Lat_, terrible,?), Hugolot, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Hewlet, +Higlet_. (_Lind_, mild), O.G. Hugilind--Eng. _Hewland_. (_Man_, vir), +A.S. Hiccemann--Eng. _Hugman, Hughman, Human, Higman, Hickman_--Germ. +_Hieckmann_--Fr. _Humann_. (_Mot_, courage), O.G. Hugimot--Eng. +_Hickmot_. (_Mar_, famous), A.S. Hykemer--O.G. Hugimar--Eng. _Hogmire, +Homer, Highmore_. (_Wald_, power), O.G. Hugold--Fr. _Huault_. Perhaps +also, from _noth_, bold, though I do not find an ancient name to +correspond--Eng. _Hignett_, and Fr. _Hugnot, Hognet_. + +I will take for the last example the stem _magin, main_; A.S. _maegin_, +strength, force; Eng. _main_, which is rather better represented in +French names than in English. There are names, Maianus and Meinus on +Roman pottery, which might, however, be either German or Celtic. + +O.G. Magan, Main--Main, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Magnay, Mayne_--Germ. +_Mehne_--Fr. _Magne, Magney_--Ital. _Magini_. + + +_Compounds._ + +(Bald, fortis), O.G. Meginbold--Fr. _Magnabal_. (_Burg_, protection), +O.G. Meginburg--Fr. _Mainbourg_. (_Frid_, peace), O.G. Maginfrid--Fr. +_Mainfroy_. (_Gald_, value), O.G. Megingald--Fr. _Maingault_. (_Ger_, +spear), O.G. Meginger--Eng. _Manger_. (_Gaud_, Goth), O.G. Megingaud Fr. +_Maingot_. (_Had_, war), O.G. Magenad--Fr. _Maginot_--(_Hard_, fortis), +O.G. Maginhard, Mainard--Eng. _Maynard_--Germ. _Meinert_--Fr. _Magnard, +Maynard_--Ital. _Mainardi_--(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Maganhar, +Mayner--Germ. _Meiner_--Fr. _Magnier, Maynier_--Ital. _Maineri_. + +Perhaps also to this stem (with _nant_, daring) we may put Magnentius, +the name of a German who usurped the imperial purple and was slain A.D. +353, also the Fr. _Magnan_ and _Maignan_. + +These three stems, in one of which the Anglo-Saxon predominates, and in +another the Frankish or High German, while in a third there are two +parallel forms, Anglo-Saxon and Frankish, running side by side, may be +taken as fairly representative of the system upon which Teutonic names +are formed. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[47] This name may be, not improbably, one of those that were brought +over after the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes. + +[48] We also find the other form, Hlud, in Hludes beorh, Hlud's barrow, +or grave. + +[49] Some further remarks on this Frankish prefix will be found in the +succeeding chapter on Italian names. + + + + +CHAPTER VIII. + +THE GERMAN ORIGIN OF GREAT ITALIANS AS EVIDENCED IN THEIR NAMES. + + +The successive waves of German invasion that swept over Italy, leaving +their record in the name of one of its fairest provinces, while they +added a few German words to the language, left a much larger number of +German patronymics in the names of its families. The Christian names +borne by well-known Italians, such as _Alberto, Arnolfo, Bernardo, +Carlo, Enrico, Federigo_ (Frederic), _Francesco, Leonardo, Luigi, +Ludovico, Mainardo, Odoardo_ (Edward), _Ridolphi, Sinibaldo, Ugo_ (Hugo +or Hugh), _Onofrio_ (Humphrey), all of German origin, sufficiently +attest this to have been the case. And I think we shall be warranted in +assuming, as in the case of France, that if this be the case with +Christian names, it cannot be essentially different with regard to +surnames. + +But inasmuch as I have not had the same opportunity of collating and +examining the mass of Italian surnames that I have had in the case of +those of France, I propose to shape the comparison into a rather +different form, and, without departing from its etymological purpose, +to endeavour to give it something of an ethnical interest as well. This +admixture of German blood could not fail to have an influence--and, we +can hardly doubt, an invigorating influence--upon the character of the +softer and more receptive Italian race. It may not then be without +interest--though we need not attach more importance to the result than +it deserves--to endeavour to trace the result of that admixture in the +names of illustrious Italians. For it is somewhat remarkable how many of +the men most distinguished in the council and in the field, in science, +literature, and in art, bear names which testify to a German origin. And +we are even able, in certain cases, to indicate with a fair amount of +probability the particular race of Germans from whom these names may be +taken to be derived. The rule laid down by Max Mueller (_Science of +Language_) that words in Italian beginning with _gua_, _gue_, _gui_, may +be taken to be pretty certainly of German origin, holds good also of +Italian names. Now this form of _gua_, _gue_, _gui_ represents the +prefix of _g_ before _w_, which was a special characteristic of the +Franks, as it is still of their descendants, the French, in such names +as Guillaume (=Gwillaume) for Wilhelm or William. In some cases, though +more rarely, this prefix of _g_, in accordance with a High German +tendency, becomes a hard _c_ and is represented by _q_, as in _Queringi_ +and perhaps _Quirini_. Such names then as _Gualdo_, _Guardi_, _Guido_, +_Guicciardini_, _Guarnerius_, may be taken as certainly of German, and I +think, more especially of Frankish origin. + +To begin with the names of warriors, the list may well be headed by that +of the old hero, _Garibaldi_. Garibald (_gar_, spear, and _bald_, bold) +was a well-known Old German name, being borne, among others, by a Duke +in Bavaria in the sixth century, by six bishops in the three centuries +following, and, what is more to the purpose, by two Lombard kings in +Italy. We ourselves have the name in its Saxon form (_gor_ for _gar_) as +_Gorbold_ and _Corbould_ (O.G. Kerbald), and the French have it as +_Gerbault_. "Blind old _Dandalo_" may also be claimed as German; +Dandalo, corresponding with an O.G. Dantulo, being formed as a +diminutive from the Old German name Dando. I have elsewhere made the +suggestion, which I venture here to reproduce, that _Bonaparte_ may also +be a name of German origin, slightly changed to give it a seeming +meaning in Italian. The case stands thus. Bonibert and Bonipert are +found as Old Frankish names, respectively of the seventh and the ninth +centuries. In that part of Italy which was overrun by the Franks, namely +at Turin, is to be found the present Italian name _Boniperti_, which we +can hardly doubt to be derived from the Old Frankish Bonipert. Now from +this part of Italy came originally also the Bonapartes, and the question +is simply this, May not the name _Bonaparte_ originate in an attempt to +give something of an Italian meaning to this other name _Boniperti_, +which would convey no sense to an Italian ear? The French still have the +Old Frankish name as _Bompart_ (changing _n_ before a labial into _m_, +as they do in Edimbourg for Edinburgh); there was a vice-admiral of +that name who proved his courage by engaging, though unsuccessfully, an +English frigate of superior force. And we--or at any rate the +Americans--have it in a Saxon form as _Bonbright_ (_Suffolk Surnames_). +And very appropriate, if we were to translate it, would be the +meaning--_bona_, a slayer, and _bert_ or _pert_, illustrious. + +The two distinguished families of the _Adimari_ at Florence and of the +_Grimaldi_ at Genoa both give evidence of German descent in their names +(O.G. Adimar and Grimwald); as regards the latter indeed it is to be +traced historically, though the position of the present representative, +as ruler of the principality of Monaco and recipient of its doubtful +gains, is perhaps hardly in accordance with the higher traditions of his +family. The name, _Alphonso_, of a Duke of Ferrara in the middle ages, +was one given also by the Germans to a still more illustrious lineage in +Spain. Alphonso is a contraction of the O.G. Adalfuns (_adal_, noble, +_funs_, eager). The Saxon form of _funs_ being _fus_, it seems to me +that our name _Adolphus_ may be properly Adel-fus, and not a +latinization of Adolph. German also are the names of the two great rival +factions of the _Guelphs_ and the _Ghibellines_, Guelph being a Frankish +form of Welf or Welp, Eng. whelp, and the Ghibellines deriving from an +Old German name Gibilin, traced by Mone to a Burgundian origin. Thus the +Guelphs, given originally by Germany to Italy, were afterwards +transplanted again to Germany, and thence to England, to rule far above +all factions. And again, we find the Bonaparte, whose ancestor was +expelled from Italy as a Ghibelline, come forward to pursue on a +grander scale his hereditary feud with the Guelphs. + +In the names of scholars and men of science the German element is very +strongly represented. We find _Accolti_ (O.G. Achiolt for Agiovald[50]), +_Alamanni_ (O.G. Alaman), _Algarotti_ (O.G. Algar for Adelgar), +_Ansaldi_ (O.G. Ansald for Ansovald), _Audifredi_ (O.G. Audifred), +_Bertrandi_ (O.G. Bertrand), _Gualdo_ (O.G. Waldo), _Giraldi_ (O.G. +Girald), _Gosselini_ (O.G. Gosselin), _Guicciardini_ (O.G. Wichard), +_Lanzi_ (O.G. Lanzi), _Lamberti_ (O.G. Lambert for Landbert), _Manfredi_ +(O.G. Manfred), _Maraldi_ (O.G. Marald), _Odevico_ (O.G. Ottwic for +Audewic), _Orlandi_ (O.G. Arland for Hariland), _Raimondi_ (O.G. +Raimund), _Rolandini_ (O.G. Roland for Rodland), _Roberti_ (O.G. Robert +for Rodbert), _Sacchi_ (O.G. Sacco), _Quirini_ (O.G. Guerin, Werin). We +may add to the list the name of the historian _Sismondi_ (Sigismund), +who, though born at Geneva, must, I apprehend, have been of Italian +origin. The name in its uncontracted form, _Sigismondi_, is also found +in Italy. + +Among the names of distinguished explorers and discoverers, we have +_Americus_ (O.G. Emrich), who gave his name to America, and _Belzoni_ +(O.G. Belzo). German are also the names of the Pope _Aldobrandini_ (O.G. +Aldebrand), and of the philanthropist _Odeschalchi_ (O.G. Odalschalch), +whose name, if translated, would be the appropriate one of "Servant of +his country." + +The painters are not quite so strongly represented as the men of letters +and science, the two principal names being those of _Lionardo_ (O.G. +Leonhard) and of _Guido_. Guido is one of the Frankish forms to which I +have before alluded, and is formed by the prefix of _g_ to the name Wido +or Wito,--it was not an uncommon name among the Old Franks, and is found +at present among the French as _Videau, Viteau_, and _Guide_. The +ill-omened name of the assassin _Guiteau_ I take to be from the same +origin, and to be of French extraction. So also may be our own name +_Widow_, which corresponds with a Wido of about the twelfth or +thirteenth century in the _Liber Vitae_. There is another Italian name, +_Guidubaldi_, that of a Duke of Urbino, in the middle ages, formed on +the same stem with the addition of _bald_, bold, and corresponding with +a Frankish Guidobald. The word concerned seems to be most probably Goth. +_vidus_, O.H.G. _witu_, wood, used in a poetical sense for weapon.[51] + +Other names of painters are _Baldi_ (O.G. Baldo), _Baldovin_(_etti_) +(O.G. Baldwin), _Anselmi_ (O.G. Anshelm), _Ansuini_ (O.G. Answin), +_Aldighiero_ (O.G. Aldegar), _Algardi_ (O.G. Alagart), _Alberti_ (O.G. +Albert for Adalbert), _Alloisi_ (O.G. Alois = Alwis), _Ghiberti_ (O.G. +Gibert), _Gherardini_ (O.G. Gerard), _Gennari_ (O.G. Genear), +_Ghirlandaio_ (O.G. Gerland), _Tibaldi_ (O.G. Tiebald for Theudobald). +Also _Guardi_, another of the Frankish forms before referred to, +representing an O.G. Wardi, and the same name as Eng. _Ward_, for which +we find a corresponding A.S. Weard. + +Of those eminent in the sister art of music, we have _Castoldi_ (O.G. +Castald for Castwald), and _Frescobaldi_. This last name does not figure +in Foerstemann's list, but we can hardly doubt its German origin, _bald_ +being a typical German ending, while Fresc, as a Teutonic name, is found +in the Fresc(ingas), early Saxon settlers in England, another instance +of the common tie which binds all Teutonic names together. We may add to +the list, as the name of a living composer, _Guglielmo_ = Wilhelm or +William. Among those who were accessory to music as instrument-makers, +we have _Stradivarius_ and _Guarnerius_ (O.G. Guarner for Warinhar) +corresponding with our own names _Warriner_ and _Warner_, and present +French names _Ouarnier_ and _Guernier_. It will not be out of keeping +with what we should expect if we find the German element develop itself +in the conception rather than in the execution of music, and in the +combination of science and patience which led to the success of the old +instrument-makers. + +But it is in the names of immortal singers that we find the German +element most conspicuously represented. Dante himself bears a name +which, though not in itself German, may yet have been given to Italy by +the Germans, while as to his second title, _Alighieri_, there seems +hardly any doubt of its German origin.[52] Dante is a contraction of +_Durante_, which seems to be derived most naturally from Latin +_durans_, and it might seem something of a paradox to suppose a Latin +race to be indebted to the Germans for a Latin name. And yet I think +that there are some grounds for supposing it to be a name adopted by the +early Frankish converts to Christianity, and by them transmitted to the +Italians. For we find Durant, Durand, and Durann as not uncommon German +names, apparently Frankish, in the eighth and the ninth centuries. And +we find the word moreover made up into a German compound as Durandomar +(_mar_, famous). The French have moreover at present, derived we may +presume from their Frankish ancestors, another name, _Durandard_, +similarly formed (_hard_, fortis). Now this is precisely the same +principle as that on which the early Frankish converts, as we find from +the _Pol. Irm._ and the _Pol. Rem._, used to form many of their names, +taking a word of Christian import from the Latin or otherwise, and +mixing it up with the Old German compounds to which they had been +accustomed. Thus, for an example, we find that a woman called Electa, +which we can hardly doubt means "elect," gives to her son the name of +Electard, a similar compound to Durandard. There seems then, on the +whole, a fair amount of probability for this suggestion, which would +moreover sufficiently account for the manner in which the name is common +to France, Italy, Germany, and England. The French have it as _Durand_, +_Durant_, and _Durandeau_ (besides _Durandard_ already noted); the +Italians as _Durante_, _Duranto_, and _Durandi_; the Germans as _Durand_ +and _Dorand_; and we ourselves as _Durand_ and _Durant_. Our names came +to us no doubt through the Normans,--there is a Durand in the _Roll of +Battle Abbey_, and it is not till after this period that we find it as +an English name. + +For the German origin of _Tasso_ a rather stronger case can be made out, +Tasso and Taso being found as ancient German names, and the latter in +particular being a Lombard leader in Italy. But there was another +Lombard called Taso, who, as a man of remarkable sanctity of life, and +as the founder of a monastery at Volterra, was eminently likely to leave +a name behind him in Italy. _Tasso_ is still a current name in that +country, and our surname _Tassie_, along with the French _Tassy_, may be +taken to be the same name. Both we and the French have also _Tassell_, +formed from it and corresponding with Tassilo, the name of a Bavarian +king of the sixth century. The meaning of the word has not been +satisfactorily explained, and this may be one of the cases in which the +original word has either greatly changed in meaning, or else has +perished out of the language. + +Another name which we may take pretty certainly to be of German origin +is _Leopardi_, corresponding with the O.G. Leopard, for Liubhard +(_liub_, love, and _hard_, fortis). There was a Lombard named Leopard +who was abbot of Nonantola in Italy in the tenth century. Then we have +_Amalungi_, from the O.G. Amalung, fifth century, a patronymic form, +"son of Amal or Amala," the (perhaps mythical) forerunner of the Goths. +The French have the name, _Hamel_ and _Ameling_, and we have _Hammill_, +_Hamling_, and _Hambling_. This is another of the cases in which a name +has outlived its etymon; we know that _amal_ was a word of honourable +meaning, but as to its origin even the patient research of the Germans +has failed to find a clue. The name _Amalthius_ may also be taken as +certainly German, from _amal_ as above, and the common Old German ending +_thius_, _dio_, or _tio_, servant, though we do not find a name to +correspond in the _Altdeutsches Namenbuch_. There was also a painter +_Amalteo_, whose name is a variation of the same. Another name which I +take to be German, without finding the ancient name to correspond, is +_Boiardo_, _boi_ (supposed by the Germans to mean Bavarian) being a +common prefix in Old German names, and _hard_ one of the most common +endings. The French have, among other names derived from their Frankish +ancestors, the corresponding names _Boyard_ and _Poyard_, and we +ourselves have _Byard_, which I take to be from the same origin. Then we +have _Berni_ (O.G. Berno), _Bernini_ (O.G. Bernin), and _Beroaldus_ +(O.G. Berowald). + +There remain yet two distinguished names, _Alfieri_ and _Guarini_. The +former may be from the O.G. Alfheri, _alf_, elf, and _heri_, warrior, +the sense contained in the former word being perhaps that of occult +wisdom. Hence it would correspond with our surnames _Albery_ and +_Aubery_, Alfheri and Albheri being convertible Old German names. +_Guarini_ may, with somewhat more of certainty, be taken to be from the +Old Frankish name Guarin, formed on the principle already referred to on +other Old German names, Warin and Warno. Hence our names _Warren_ and +_Warne_, and the French _Guerin_. The Wearningas, "sons or descendants +of Wearn," are among the early Saxon settlers referred to in Chapter +IV., and Warin is found as an early name in the _Liber Vitae_. There are +some other names which may very possibly be of German origin, but the +form of which is not sufficiently distinct to make the connection +generally intelligible. + +I conclude this chapter with a suggestion as to the possibly German +origin of one who but of late occupied a considerable place in European +politics, viz. _Gambetta_. This name is of Italian origin, and I venture +to think may be one of those given to Italy by the Germans, and perhaps +most probably by the Lombards. There was a Gambad who ruled over Ticino +in the ancient duchy of Milan, and was subsequently driven out by +Pertharit, who thereupon became the ruler of the whole of Lombardy. +Gambad seems to be probably a Lombard form of Ganbad (_gan_, magic, or +fascination, and _bad_, war), or it might be of Gandbad (_gand_, wolf), +both ancient German stems. This name Gambad would in French take the +form of Gambette,[53] and in Italian of Gambetta. It would be curious if +this name were one left behind by the Lombards (or possibly even the +Franks) in their invasion of Italy, and restored to France to rouse her +to a gallant though unavailing attempt to stem the tide of another +German invasion. And very suitable too would be the name, in the sense +of magic or fascination, to one whose energy and eloquence acted as such +a potent spell to revive the drooping courage of his countrymen. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[50] When there are two Old German names, the former is that which is +found in a form most nearly corresponding with the Italian, the latter +is that which may be taken to be the most correct form. + +[51] Names of a similar kind are the O.G. Gervid, our _Garwood_, +signifying "spear-wood." Also the O.G. Asquid, whence the Ascuit in +_Domesday_, and our present names _Asqwith_ and _Ashwith_, signifying +"ash-wood," of which spears used to be made. + +[52] Diez takes it to be a contraction of Adalgar. + +[53] As in the French names _Gerbet_ and _Herbette_, representing the +Old Frankish names Gerbad and Herbad. + + + + +CHAPTER IX. + +VARIOUS UNENUMERATED STEMS. + + +In the present chapter I propose to include a few stems which were not +taken into account in my previous work, or respecting which I may have +something more to say. + +I have referred, at page 75, to Lappenberg's theory, that Franks, +Lombards, and Frisians were associated with the Saxons in the early +invasions of England. His theory seems to be based only upon the general +relations which subsisted between these different tribes, and the +various other occasions on which they are found to have been acting in +concert. I have, in a previous chapter, referred to the subject so far +as the Franks are concerned, and endeavoured to show that there were in +Anglo-Saxon times, and that there are in our names at present, certain +peculiarities which are in accordance with Frankish forms, and so far +favour the theory that Franks were among the early settlers. + +There is another peculiarity which seems to be found in some of the +names of Anglo-Saxon times, the form _ch_ for (as I suppose) _g_, as in +such a name as Cissa (Chissa) and Cippa (Chippa). Cissa I should +suppose to be the same name as Gisa, that of a bishop in the time of +Edward the Confessor, and Cippa the same as Gyp in Gypeswich. May not +this be a Frisian form? Chippo comes before us as a name apparently +Frisian. + + +CHIPP, CHIPPING, CHIPMAN, CHEESE, CHESSON, CHESMAN, CHESNUT, CHURN, +CHIRNIE, CHITTY. + +If the above be correct, Chipp, corresponding with an Anglo-Saxon Cippa +found in Cippenham, a Ceapa found in Ceapan hlaew, and Cypa in Cypingas, +also with a Chippo probably Frisian, would be another form of Gibb or +Gipp, _geban_, to give. And Cheese, which appears as Chese in the +_Hundred Rolls_, may represent Cissa as another form of Gisa (_gis_, +hostage). There is a present Friesic name Tsjisse, which, though it +looks more like an attempt to represent a sneeze than anything else, I +take to have the sound of Chissa. Chesson may be taken to be from the +ending in _en_, p. 27, and Chesnut might be from the ending _noth_, +bold, frequent in Anglo-Saxon names. Churn and Chirney, corresponding +with an O.G. Chirno, and perhaps with the Cearningas among the early +settlers, might come in here as another form of _gern_, eager. And +Chitty, perhaps the same name as that found in the Cidingas, may +possibly be, on the same principle, another form of Giddy, Kiddy, or +Kitty (stem _gid_, hilaris). + + +MUMM, MUMMY, MUMMERY. + +There are a few Old German names, mostly of women, in Mam and Mum. And +there are also two Old Frankish women's names, Mamma and Momma +(apparently overlooked by Foerstemann), in the _Pol. Irm._ It seems +difficult to take these names as from anything else than the +widely-spread word signifying mother. In an age when names sat much more +lightly than they do now, one might fancy such a word superseding a +woman's original name. I can even conceive the possibility of such a +name, its origin having somewhat passed out of sight, being given in a +masculine form to a son. We have several instances in the _Pol. Irm._ of +such a custom; for instance, where, the mother being called Genesia, the +son is called Genesius, and the mother being called Deodata, the son is +called Deodatus. However, this cannot be taken for anything more than a +somewhat speculative suggestion. As in present use, the French name Mumm +is well known in connection with dry champagne; the Germans have Muhm, +and though I am not quite certain of Mumm as an English name, I think we +may count upon Mummy (ending in _i_, p. 24). Mummery might be a compound +(_hari_, warrior), but from the facility with which _n_ passes into _m_, +I should be more disposed to take it to be a corruption of Munnery, +corresponding with an O.G. Munihari, Goth. _munan_, to think. + + +BODY, FREEBODY, GOODBODY, LIGHTBODY, PEABODY, HANDSOMEBODY. + +_Body_ I take to be from O.N. _bodi_, envoy or messenger. It is found as +an ending in many ancient names, particularly among the Saxons. And in +our surnames it appears sometimes as representing ancient names, and +sometimes more probably as a sobriquet of a later period. In the +"Household Expences" of Eleanor, Countess of Montford, A.D. 1265, the +names of her three messengers are given as Treubodi, Gobithesty, and +Slingaway. These are all sobriquets,--Treubody is "trusty messenger," +Gobithesty is from A.S. _sti_, a footpath, hence the name may be +equivalent to "short-cut," and the last explains itself. Our name +Handsomebody has clearly been a sobriquet of the same kind, and, +referring to the older sense of "handsome," means a handy or useful +messenger. Peabody, which I think may have been originally Pipbody, from +_pipr_, swift, active, may also have been a sobriquet. So may Goodbody +and Lightbody, but it is by no means certain. We might take our +Lightfoot to have been a sobriquet, but we find a corresponding name, +Lytafus (_fus_, foot) on Roman pottery. Freebody probably represents the +O.G. Frithubodo, compounded with _frith_, peace. + + +BRAGG, BRACKIE, BRAY, PRAY, BRAGAN, BRACKEN, BRAIN, BRACKING, BRACKETT, +BRAYMAN, BRAKEMAN, BREWIN. + +There are two different origins from which this stem might be derived, +A.S. _brego_, king, ruler, and A.S. _bracan_, to break, subdue, crush, +the former being perhaps preferable upon the whole. There are but very +few names in Old German, and Foerstemann does not make any suggestion as +to the origin. + +A.S. Braeg (found in Braegeshale), Bracca (found in Braccanheal). O.G. +Brachio, Thuringian, sixth century. Eng. Bragg, Brackie, Bray, Pray. + + +Ending in _en_, p. 27. + +A.S. Bregen (found in Bregnesford). Eng. Bragan, Bracken, Brain. + + +Ending in _el_, prob. diminutive. + +A.S. Brakel (found in Brakelesham). Eng. Breakell. + + +_Patronymic._ + +Eng. Bracking. + + +_Compounds._ + +(_Had_, war?), A.S. Breged (found in Bregedeswere)--Eng. Brackett. +(_Man_, vir), Eng. Brakeman, Brayman (Mod. G. Brackmann, French +Braquemin). (_Wine_, friend), A.S. Bregowin (Archbishop of +Canterbury)--Eng. Brewin. + + +LORD, LORDING. + +We may take the above to be the same as an A.S. Lorta and Lorting, p. +100. And whatever may be the origin, it is certainly not A.S. _hlaford_, +Eng. "lord." There are two isolated names in the _Altdeutsches +Namenbuch_, Laurad and Lorad, both seventh century, of which the +Anglo-Saxon name seems not improbably to be a contraction. The word +concerned might be A.S. _lar_, lore, learning, Old North. _laerdr_ +(larad?), learned. Stark however seems to take Laurad and Lorad to be +Celtic. But in the genealogy of the sons of Woden in the _Edda_ of +Snorro occurs the name Loride, which, though Snorro's names are not +always trustworthy, seems to point to the existence of an ancient +Teutonic name corresponding with those in the _Altdeutsches Namenbuch_, +and so far to favour the derivation which I have suggested. + + +STUDD, STOTT, STOUT, STUTTER, STODDART, STUDEARD. STITT, STEED, STADD, +STIDOLPH. + +We find Anglo-Saxon names to account for all the names of the former of +these two groups, viz., Stut, Stuter (_her_, warrior), and Stutard +(_hard_, fortis). The word concerned does not seem to have anything to +do with Eng. "stout," which seems to have lost an _l_, and to have been +originally _stolt_. The group is no doubt parallel with the second +group, which is more distinctly represented in Old German names, and +which may be referred to O.N. _stedia_, firmare, _staddr_, constitutus, +A.S. _stide_, _stith_, firm, steadfast; our Stidolph corresponding with +an O.G. Stadolf, and a Stithuulf in the _Liber Vitae_. + + +FOGG, FOGGO, FUDGE, FEW. + +There are Old German names Focco and Fucco, for which Foerstemann +proposes O.N. _fok_, flight. And there is a Fuca, rather probably a +corresponding name, on Roman pottery. Among the Anglo-Saxons we have +Focingas, early settlers in Kent. Also Focga and Fucg, deduced from +place-names, p. 99. Foerstemann seems to take this as the stem on which +is formed _fugal_, fowl, bird. + + +FLAGG, FLACK, FLECK, FLUCK, FLY, FLEA, FLEW. + +The Fleccingas are among the early settlers inferred by Mr. Kemble. And +there are also Anglo-Saxon names Flegg, Flecg, and Flogg, deduced from +place-names, p. 99. The name Floki, of a Northman in the _Landnamabok_, +also comes in here. There is also another Northman called Flugu-Grimr, +"Fly or Flyer Grim," a kind of inverted surname. The origin may be taken +to be A.S. _fleogan_, O.N. _fliuga_, to fly. And this group may be taken +to be fundamentally parallel with the last. + + +CLEAN, CLINE, KLYNE. + +There is a Clen in the genealogy of the Merovingian kings, and there is +perhaps an A.S. Clena to be deduced from the place-names Clenanford, +Clenancrundel, &c. It may probably be from A.S. _clene_, clean, pure. +"The original sense seems to have been bright."--_Skeat_. This may +probably be the sense in names. + + +SWEARS, SWEARING, SWIRE, SQUIRE, SQUARE, SQUAREY, SQUIRRELL. + +The stem _swar_, _swer_, in O.G. names, is referred by Foerstemann to +O.H.G. _suari_, weighty, important, Goth. _swers_, honourable. There is +an A.S. Sweor found in a place-name, p. 102, and there is an O.G. +Suaring corresponding with our Swearing. Also a Suara on Roman pottery, +which I take to be German, and to represent the stem of which Suaring is +a patronymic. I take Squire and Square to be phonetic corruptions of +Swire and Swear, and Squirrell to be properly Swirrell, a diminutive. + + +LUMB, LUMP, LUMPKIN. + +Lumbe is also a present German name, and seems to be the same as an O.G. +Lumpe, which Stark takes to be a contraction of some compound name, +perhaps Lundbert. Lump and the diminutive Lumpkin are from _Suffolk +Surnames_, and may be German and not English. + + +KNELL, NELLY, NILL, KNELLER. + +Of the Cnyllingas, settled in Northamptonshire, I find no further trace +in Anglo-Saxon times, nor anything to correspond in Old German names. +The name is also a very uncommon one at present, the above Knell, Nelly, +and Nill being all taken from _Suffolk Surnames_, though Knell at all +events was an English name. Kneller, as the name of the painter, is of +Dutch origin; it seems to be a compound from this stem (_hari_, +warrior). The origin may perhaps be found in O.N. _hnalla_, to beat. + + +KNAPP, KNAPPING, KNIBB, KNIPE, KNIPPING, NAF NAPP, NAPKIN, KNIFE, +KNYVETT. + +One of the oldest Low German names on record is Hnaf, mentioned in the +"Traveller's Song," written, as supposed, about the fifth century. There +is a corresponding O.G. Hnabi, eighth century, the origin being, no +doubt, A.S. _cnapa_, _cnafa_, son, boy. To this may be placed our names +Knapp, Napp, and the patronymic Knapping. (The name Naf, in _Suffolk +Surnames_, may possibly not be English.) I also take the A.S. Cnebba[54] +to come in here, also Hnibba, found in Hnibbanleah (Hnibba's lea), and +Nybba, found in Nybbanbeorh (Nybba's barrow), and so connect also our +names Knibb, Knipe, and Knipping. Stark also brings in here the name +Cniva, of a Gothic king of the third century, and Cnivida, also the +name of a Goth, placed by Foerstemann to A.S. _cnif_, knife. If this be +correct, our name Knife might also come in here, parallel with Knipe, +and also Knyvet as probably a diminutive. Also Napkin, another +diminutive = Germ. _knabchen_. + + +PIM, PYM. + +The father of the Lombard king Rachis was called Pimo. There is also a +Pymma about the tenth century in the _Liber Vitae_. As to the origin of +the name, I am unable to offer any suggestion. It may be, as Stark +opines, a contraction of some compound name. + + +WAMBEY, WAMPEN. + +Wamba was the name of a West-Gothic king in the seventh century, and +there was also a deacon of the same name a few years earlier. I do not +know of it as an Anglo-Saxon name, but I suppose Scott must have had +some authority for introducing it as the name of the jester in +_Ivanhoe_. The only derivation that can be suggested is from the Goth. +_wamba_, belly, giving it the meaning of "paunchey." But it was not a +nickname in the case of the Gothic king, for he bore it upon his coins, +and it is difficult, as Stark observes, to suppose such a name for a +king. Finding, however, on certain of his coins the variation Wanba, +Stark is inclined to think that it may be a contraction of some name +such as Wanbert. Was it by literary intuition that Scott pitched upon +such a name for the jester, or did he know of its supposed meaning of +"paunchey"? + +The name may be represented in our Wambey, though it is perhaps quite +as likely to be from some Danish place-name in _by_, such as Wanby or +Wandby. Wampen, however, if there is such a stem, might be placed to it. + + +STRANG, STRONG, STRANK, STRANGWARD, STRANGWICK, STRINGLE, STRINGFELLOW. + +There are two A.S. forms, _strang_ and _streng_, represented in the +above. The only Anglo-Saxon names that I can find are a Stranglic dux in +a charter of Ina, and a Streng, found in Strengesho, "Streng's +grave-mound." Stranglic is the A.S. _stranglic_, strong, and looks like +a sobriquet which had superseded his original name. Streng might be the +same as far as it is itself concerned, but there is an O.G. Strangulf +(_ulf_, wolf) which, along with our own names Strangward and Strangwick, +strongly suggests an ancient baptismal name, and a formation in +accordance with the Teutonic system. The last name, Stringfellow, must +have been a sobriquet,--it probably represents a mediaeval Strengfelaw, +and has been rather curiously corrupted, owing to the meaning of +_streng_ not being recognised. + + +STRAY, STRAW, STRETCH, STREEK, STRAIN, STRICKETT, STRAIGHT. + +Closely allied to _strang_ and _streng_ are A.S. _strac_ and _strec_, +violent, powerful, brave, whence I take the above. The only ancient +names to correspond are an O.G. Strago, ninth century, and Strocgo, +eighth century. Strain and Straight represent respectively the forms +Stragin and Stragget, formed with the endings in _en_ and in _et_ +referred to in Chapter II. + + +STARK, STARKIE, STARR, STARCH, STURGE, STURGIN, STURGEON, STERICKER. + +From the A.S. _stearc_, _sterc_, O.H.G. _starah_, _starh_, stiff, +strong, I take the above. This form _starc_ seems formed by metathesis +from the above _strac_,--indeed, all the three forms, _strang_, +_strack_, and _stark_, are etymologically very closely allied. This stem +enters distinctly into the Teutonic system, but besides the simple form +Stark, corresponding with O.G. Starco and Staracho, we have only +Stericker, corresponding with an O.G. Starcher (_her_, warrior). + + +EAVESTAFF, LANGSTAFF, WAGSTAFF, HACKSTAFF, SHAKESTAFF, COSTIFF. + +These names ending in _staff_ might naturally be taken to have been +sobriquets, to be classed along with Shakespear, Breakspear, and other +names of the same kind. But as regards two of them at least, Hackstaff +and Shakestaff, there may be something more to be said. There is an +ending _staf_ in Teutonic names, for which Grimm, referring to Gustaf, +thinks of O.H.G. _stab_, A.S. _staf_, staff,--in the sense, as I should +suppose, of baton, or staff of office. There are only discovered as yet +two Old German names with this ending, Chustaff and Sigestab. The +former, which seems to be from _cunst_ or _cust_, science, learning, may +be the original of the Swedish Gustaf, and possibly of Costiff, one of +the curious names gathered by Mr. Lower. Corresponding with the O.G. +Sigestab, we find an A.S. Sigistef, a moneyer of Coenwulf. And there is +also a Hehstaf, witness to a charter (_Thorpe_, p. 69). Shakestaff, +then, might be a not very difficult corruption of Sigestef (which in +the form of Sicestaf would approach still nearer). And Hackstaff might +represent the A.S. Hehstaf, in which the second _h_ was no doubt +strongly aspirated, and might be more like a hard _c_. I, however, only +bring this forward as a possible explanation; there is quite as much to +be said for the other view, unless other ancient names turn up. + + +NAGLE, NAIL, HARTNOLL, DARNELL, TUFFNELL, HORSENAIL, HOOFNAIL, ISNELL, +BRAZNELL, COPPERNOLL. + +There is in my view no more curious or puzzling set of names than those +which, as above, are derived from _nagel_ or nail, clavis. It appears to +me, though the line is difficult to draw, that they may be divided into +two groups, one of which is the representative of ancient baptismal +names, and the other of surnames of a later, perhaps a mediaeval, date. + +Connected with the former we have Nagle and Nail, corresponding with an +O.G. Nagal, ninth century, and an A.S. Negle and Naele, found in +place-names, p. 101. Then there are two Old German compounds, Hartnagal +(hard nail) and Swarnagal (heavy nail), respectively of the eighth and +ninth centuries. The former of these two names we have as Hartnoll, and +the Germans have it as Haertnagel. Then I find two more examples among +the Anglo-Saxons, Spernaegle in a charter of manumission at Exeter, and +Dearnagle in a place-name, p. 98. Spernaegle is "spear-nail," and +Dearnagle is probably the same, from O.N. _doerr_, spear. The latter of +these two names we seem to have as Darnell, and the Germans as +Thuernagel. Then we have Tuffnell, which, as Mr. Lower mentions, was in +the seventeenth century spelt Tufnaile, and might be taken to mean +"tough-nail," but for this we find no corresponding ancient name. There +is a Celtic Dufnal, to which, as being a name adopted from them by the +Northmen, and so having an increased chance of being represented, it +might perhaps be placed. But if this be the case (which I rather doubt), +it would have nothing to do with the present group. The sense in these +ancient names may be taken to be a warlike one, as in the case of other +names having the meaning of point or edge, acies. We find Naegling as the +name given by an Anglo-Saxon to his sword, in accordance with the +ancient custom, prevalent both among the Celts and the Saxons, of giving +names to weapons, and this assists to point the meaning as that of edge, +acies. And it seems to me hardly necessary to assume, with Mone +(_Heldensage_), any connection with the mythological smith, Weland. + +Then there is another set of names of which we have a considerable +number, and the Germans still more, which appear to have been given at a +later period, and to be perhaps, at least in some cases, derived from +trade. Such are Horsnail, and the corresponding German Rosnagel; +Hoofnail, and the German Hufnagel; while there are others, such as +Isnell (iron nail), Coppernoll (and Germ. Kupfernagel), about which I +hardly know what to think. + + +HONE, HEAN, HEANEY, ONKEN, ENNOR, HONNER, HENFREY, ENRIGHT, ONWHYN, +ENOUGH. + +A very common stem in A.S. names is _ean_, the meaning of which remains +yet unexplained. We seem to have received it both in the Low German +form _ean_ and the High German form _aun_ or _on_. The Honingas +(Oningas) among the early settlers must, I think, be placed to it. It is +very apt to intermix with another stem _an_, to which I formerly placed +a few names which I think should come in here. + + +Stem _ean_, _en_, _aun_, _on_. + +A.S. Eana, Enna (found in Ennanbeorh), Hean (found in Heanspol, &c). +Also Onna (found in Onnandun). Hona, found in Honingas. Ona, _Lib. Vit._ +O.G. Ono, Oni. Eng. Hean, Heaney, Hone. Fries. Onno. + + +_Diminutive._ + +A.S. Honekyn (found in Honekyntun, now Hankerton). Eng. Onken. + + +_Compounds._ + +(_Frid_, peace), A.S. Eanfrith--O.G. Aunefrit, Onfred--Eng. Henfrey.[55] +(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Onheri--O.N. Onar--Eng. Honnor, Ennor. (_Rad_, +_Red_, counsel), A.S. Eanred--O.G. Onrada--Eng. Enright (=Enrat?). +(_Wine_, friend), A.S. Eanwini, Inwine (found in Inwines burg)--Eng. +Onwhyn. (_Wulf_, wolf), A.S. Eanulf--O.G. Aunulf brother of Odoaker, +fifth century--Eng. Enough. (_Ward_ guardian), Eng. Onword. + + +IMPEY, EMPEY, HEMP, HAMP, HAMPER, HEMPER. + +Mr. Kemble finds Impingas in Impington, in Cambridgeshire, though it +would seem incorrectly, as far as the tribe or family is concerned, the +name being only that of a man, Impin. The name Impa is found also in +Ympanleage, in Worcestershire. A sufficient meaning may perhaps be found +in A.S. _impan_, to plant, engraft. To this stem I place Impey, Hemp, +and probably Hamp, while Hamper and Hemper may be compounds (_hari_, +warrior). There is a stem _umb_ in Old German names, which may perhaps +claim relationship. + + +CAUNCE, CHANCE, CHANCEY, CHANCELL, CANSICK, KENSAL, KENSETT. + +The Cenesingas, found by Kemble in Kensington, would, if the +Anglo-Saxons had possessed the requisite letters, have been better +represented by Kenzingas, being, as I take it, from a stem _ganz_, +_genz_, _kenz_, referred by Foerstemann to _ganz_, integer. I am +inclined to take our names Chance, Chancey, &c., to represent the form +_kanz_ in a softened form, come to us through the Normans. The forms of +the name in the _Roll of Battle Abbey_, Kancey, Cauncy, and Chauncy, and +the present French names, Cance, Chanceau, and Chanzy, seem to be in +conformity with this view. The French seem to have some other names from +the same stem, as Cancalon (O.G. Gansalin) and Gantzere (O.G. Gentsar). +The forms Cansick, Kensal (both diminutives, and the latter answering to +Chancel), and Kensett, may be taken to represent the native form of the +stem as found in Kenzingas. + + +SNOAD, SNODIN, SNOWDEN (?), SNODGRASS. + +Of the Snotingas, who gave the name to Snotingaham, now Nottingham, we +have not many traces, either in Anglo-Saxon times or at present. There +are three Anglo-Saxon names, Snode, Snodd, and Snoding, derived from +place-names, p. 102. In Old German names it only occurs as the ending of +two or three names of women. The meaning is to be found in A.S. _snot_, +prudent, sagacious. The name Snodgrass may be a compound from this stem +as a corruption of Snodgast, though no ancient correspondent has turned +up,--compare Prendergrass, p. 114. + + +THRALE. + +This is a very uncommon name; I never knew of an instance other than +that of the brewer who is handed down to posterity as the friend of +Johnson. So also in ancient times there is only one name on record, +Thralo, for which Foerstemann proposes Old Friesic, _thrall_, swift, +nimble. + + +EARWAKER, EDDIKER. + +The curious-looking name Earwaker is no doubt the same as an Eueruacer +(Everwacer), in _Domesday_, from _evor_, boar, and _wacar_, watchful, +and it is of interest as supplying a missing link in the study of Old +German names. For the Old German name corresponding to this appears as +Eburacer, and while some other German writers have taken the ending to +be _acer_ (Eng. _acre_), Foerstemann has, rightly as it is proved, +suggested that it is a contraction of _wacer_. Similarly the ancient +name Odoacer, of the king of the Heruli, is proved by corresponding +Anglo-Saxon names, Edwaker in a charter of manumission at Exeter, and +Edwacer on coins minted at Norwich (A.S. _ed_ = O.H.G. _od_), to be +properly Odwacer. From this A.S. Edwaker may be our name Eddiker; and +some others of our names, as _Goodacre_ and _Hardacre_, may represent +ancient names not yet turned up.[56] The second part of the compound, +_wacer_ (whence our _Waker_), is itself a very ancient stem, being found +on the one hand in the Wacer(ingas), among the early Saxon settlers, and +on the other in the name Vacir, probably Frankish, on Roman pottery. + + +SHAWKEY, CHALKEY, CHALK, CAULK, KELK, CHALKLEN, CALKING, CHALKER, +CHAUCER. + +We may take it that our name Shawkey (Shalkey) is the same as an A.S. +Scealc, p. 101, and as an O.G. Scalco, from _scalc_, servant. And the +question is, whether our names Caulk, Chalk, and Chalkey, corresponding +with an A.S. Cealca (found apparently in Cealcan gemero), and our name +Kelk, corresponding with an A.S. Celc, p. 98, may not be forms of the +same name without the initial _s_. Or whether they may be, as I before +suggested, from the tribe-name of the Chauci or Cauci, one of the +peoples included in the Frankish confederation. Of such a stem, however, +there is not any trace in the _Altdeutsches Namenbuch_, which one might +rather expect to be the case, seeing how fully Old Frankish names are +therein represented. However, I am not able to come to any definite +conclusion respecting this stem, which the forms above cited show to be +an ancient one. The French names Chaussy, Chaussee, Cauche, Cauchy, seem +to be in correspondence, as also Chaussier, comparing with Chaucer, +which, as a softened form, I think may have come through the Normans. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[54] Kemble explains Cnebba as "he that hath a beak," which would seem +to make it a sobriquet. But it certainly seems more reasonable to bring +it into an established stem. + +[55] This name might also be deduced from another stem. + +[56] Unless, as seems possible, Goodacre may represent the Old German +name Gundachar. + + + + +CHAPTER X + +NAMES WHICH ARE NOT WHAT THEY SEEM. + + +It follows inevitably that, among the multitude of names such as are +included within the scope of this work, there must be many which, though +being of ancient origin, accidentally coincide with other words of +modern meaning. And thus there are several which might be taken to be +from names of women, such as the following:-- + + +ANNE, NANNY, BETTY, SALL, MOLL, PEGG, BABB, MAGG, MEGGY, MAY, MAYO, +NELLY, LUCY, KITTY, HANNAH, MAUDE. + +These are all English surnames, and have sometimes been accounted for on +the supposition of illegitimacy. Now, I am very much inclined to doubt +the existence, at least in England, of any names derived from women, +inasmuch as in the whole range of our surnames I do not know of one that +is _unmistakably_ so derived. There is certainly a case, referred to at +p. 57, of a surname ending in _trud_, a specially female ending, but, as +I have there remarked, it does not necessarily follow that the word is +the same as that used in women's names. There is, moreover, another name +which a little puzzles me, _Goodeve_, which looks as if it were from +the A.S. Godgefa, later Godiva. This is from a special female ending, +and I know of no corresponding masculine. But this might be an +exceptional case, for I doubt not that many a child in England, and +possibly even boys, with an unwonted masculine ending, might be called +after the noble woman who freed her people from the tax-- + + "And made herself an everlasting name." + +However, whether this might be so or not, the case seems scarcely +sufficient of itself to establish the principle. And with regard to +names such as those of which I am now treating, the resemblance is only +apparent, and, as I shall proceed to show, these are all in reality +ancient names of men. Anna, for instance, was a king of the East Angles, +and Moll the name of a king of Northumbria. Anna, Betti, Salla, Moll, +Pega, are early men's names in the _Liber Vitae_, and all of the above +are to be found in some kindred form in the _Altdeutsches Namenbuch_. +And some of these names still bear their ancient meaning on their front, +thus Pegg is the "pegger," and Moll (or Maule, the more proper form) is +the "mauler," the stem being referred to Goth. _mauljan_, to maul. + +To take, then, these names in order, Anne, which corresponds with many +ancient names besides that of the king of the East Angles, among others +with that of an Anna, Archbishop of Cologne in the eleventh century, may +be referred to O.H.G. _ano_, ancestor. And Hannah (more properly Hanna) +is, with the ending in _a_, p. 24, the same as Hanney and Hann, probably +from the same stem, the _h_ being falsely assumed. Nanny corresponds +with an O.G. Nanno, referred to Goth. _nanthian_, audere. Betty, along +with which we must take Batty, is to be referred to A.S. _beado_, O.H.G. +_bado_, war, found in many ancient names. Sall, along with Sala, is from +a stem, p. 62, supposed by Foerstemann to mean dark. Kitty, along with +Kitt and Kitto, and also Kidd, corresponding with an A.S. Cydd, p. 98, +and a Cyda, in the _Liber Vitae_, is from a stem _gid_, _kit_, referred +to A.S. _giddian_, to sing. Babb, corresponding with an A.S. Babba, the +name of a moneyer, and other ancient names, is from a stem which +Foerstemann thinks must have been originally derived from "children's +speech." Magg and Meggy, corresponding with an A.S. Maeg and Mecga, and +an O.G. Megi, are from a stem referred to Goth. _magan_, posse, valere; +and May, along with Mayo, corresponding with an O.G. Maio, and perhaps +with a Maio on Roman pottery, is a softened form of the same. Lucy +corresponds with an O.G. Liuzi, a High German form from _liud_, people, +and I think must have come to us through the Normans. Nelly, along with +Knell, is referred to at p. 161, as probably from O.N. _hnalla_, to +beat. Maude stands on a somewhat different footing from the rest, the +surname being really in this case from the same origin as the woman's +name. But the woman's name, as I shall endeavour to show in the next +chapter, owes its origin to an ancient mistake, and is properly a man's +name. + + +_Names apparently from Animals._ + +Many of the names apparently from animals are also to be otherwise +explained. A few of the nobler animals, as the bear, the wolf, and the +boar, are to be found in the names of men throughout the Teutonic +system. The lion also and the horse occur, though by no means so +commonly. The _urus_, or wild ox, appears to have contributed a few +names, of which our _Ure_ may be one. I have met with the fox in one +single instance, that of a Northman, Fueks, on a runic inscription quoted +by Stevens, though it is rather probable that Foxes beorh, "Fox's +barrow" (Kemble, _Cod. Dip._), may also be from the name of a man. Among +birds, the eagle, the raven, and the swan were common throughout the +Teutonic system, the last, among the Germans, more especially in the +names of women. To account for this, Weinhold observes that along with +the beauty of the swan was contained a warlike sense derived from the +swan plumage of the maids of Odin. But among the Danes and the Saxon +sea-rovers Swan seems to have been common as a man's name, and in this +case the idea was more probably that of the way in which the swan rides +the waters as the ideal of a rover's life. The eagle, the raven, the +swan, the hawk, and the finch seem to be found in the Earningas, the +Raefningas, the Suaningas, the Haucingas, and the Fincingas, among our +early settlers, though the two last do not seem to occur in the Teutonic +system generally. I doubt all names that appear to be from fishes, and, +with one notable exception, all names that appear to be from reptiles or +insects. That exception is the snake, which was in special favour for +the names of men among the Danes and Northmen, there being no fewer than +twenty-four men called Ormr (worm or snake) in the _Landnamabok_ of +Iceland. Hence the name _Orme_, rather common among us, and the Saxon +form _Worm_, not by any means common. Among the Germans the snake was, +according to Weinhold, who looks upon it as the type of fascination and +insinuation, in especial favour for the names of women. The two +principal words in use among them were _lind_ (O.H.G. _lint_, snake) and +_ling_ (O.N. _lingvi_, serpent). Hence may be our _Lind_ and _Lindo_, +corresponding with an O.G. Linto; and _Ling_ and _Lingo_, corresponding +with an O.G. Lingo, and an O.N. Lingi. But both of these derivations are +somewhat uncertain, and especially the former, for I venture to think +that _lind_, gentle, is at least as appropriate for women as _lind_, +snake. To come then to the names which I take to be otherwise explained. + + +CAMEL, LEOPARD, BUCK, PIGG, RABBIT, CAT, RAT, MOUSE, SQUIRRELL. GOOSE, +GOSLING, GANDER, DUCK, DUCKLING, OSTRICH, LARK, WREN. FISH, SHARK, +DOLPHIN, SALMON, TROUT, WHITING, SMELT, HADDOCK, HERRING, TUNNY, SPRATT, +MINNOW, LAMPREY. MOTH, MOTE, FLY, FLEA, EARWIG, EMMETT. + +Of the above, Camel is another form of Gamol, signifying old; there is a +Northman called Kamol in a runic inscription in Stevens. Leopard (see p. +151) is a corruption of Liubhard. Buck is found among the early Saxon +settlers, also as an O.G. Bucco, and a Buccus, rather probably German, +on Roman pottery, and may be taken to be another form of Bugg, p. 3. +Pigg, corresponding with an O.G. Pigo, must be referred to the same stem +as Pegg, viz. _bichen_, to slash. Rabbit is no doubt the same as a +Rabbod, a "Duke of the Frisians" mentioned by Roger of Wendover, a +contraction of Radbod, p. 119. Catt, along with Cattey, is another form +of Gatty, corresponding with an O.G. Gatto (_gatten_, to unite). Ratt, +corresponding with a French Ratte, may be referred to an O.G. Rato +(_rad_ or _rat_, counsel). Along with Mouse I take Moss, also a present +German Muss, and a French Mousse, all of which may be referred to an +O.G. Muoza, a High German form of _mod_, _mot_, courage; this name +having rather probably come to us through the Normans. Squirrell I have +referred to at p. 160. Goose and Gosling I also take to have probably +come to us through the Normans, as representing a High German form of +the stem _gaud_ (supposed to mean Goth). There are to compare French +names Gousse, Gosselin, Josselin, corresponding with Old German names +Gauso and Gauzelin, the latter a diminutive. Hence also, as a Christian +name, Jocelyn, of Old Frankish origin, come to us through the Normans. +Gander is from an A.S. Gandar, referred to in its place as a compound of +_gand_, probably signifying wolf. Duck, corresponding with a Duce (hard +_c_) in the _Liber Vitae_, is another form of Tuck, as in the Tucingas, +early settlers in Kemble's list, from the stem _dug_, A.S. _dugan_, to +be "doughty." And Duckling, corresponding with an A.S. Duceling, p. 98, +and an O.G. Dugelin, is a diminutive (like Gosling) from the same stem. +Ostrich represents an O.G. Austoric, and an A.S. Estrich (_Auster_ or +_Easter_ orientalis). Wren, along with Rennie and Renno, is from a stem +referred to _ran_, rapine; though it may also be the same name as Rain, +from _ragin_, counsel. Lark and Laverock are perhaps a little uncertain; +we find Anglo-Saxon names Lauerc, Lauroca, and Laferca, which might be +from the A.S. _laferc_, O.E. _laverock_, lark. On the whole, however, I +am rather more disposed to take them to be from Lafer among the early +settlers (not I think a compound) with the diminutive ending _ec_, and +similarly I would take Leverett to be formed from the same word, _lafer_ +or _lefer_, with the (perhaps also diminutive) ending _et_. + +Coming to names apparently from fishes, I question very much whether +Fiske and Fish are from A.S. _fisc_, pisces, though Foerstemann, in +default of a better, gives that meaning in an ancient name, Fisculf. I +think it is one of the cases in which a meaning is to be got from the +Celtic, and take it that the Welsh _ffysg_, impetuous, supplies the +sense that is required, of which also some slight traces are to be found +in Teutonic dialects. Shark and Sharkey I take to be the same name as +Sere in the _Liber Vitae_, from A.S. _serc_, Sco. "sark," shirt, in the +sense of a shirt of mail. It is formed, according to Diefenbach, upon a +stem _sar_ or _ser_, signifying armatura, p. 62; whence an O.G. Saracho, +corresponding with the above. The Sercings are a tribe or family +mentioned in the "Traveller's Song," and in connection with the Serings: + + "With the Sercings I was, and with the Serings." + +The connection between the two, however, is here probably only for the +sake of the alliteration. Dolphin is the Danish name Dolgfinnr, p. 48. +There was a Dolfin, presumably of Scandinavian origin, governor of +Carlisle in the time of Rufus. Herring and Whiting are both from the +Anglo-Saxon patronymic, p. 28, and Haddock, with the M.G. Haedicke, is a +diminutive from the stem _had_, war, p. 54. Tunny, along with Tunn and +Tunno (Tunna, _Lib. Vit._), is another form of Dunn, a common +Anglo-Saxon name. Spratt I class along with Sprout and Sprott, comparing +them with an O.G. Sprutho, as from Goth, _sprauto_, nimble, active. And +Minnow, along with Minn and Minney, corresponding with an O.G. Minna, +may be taken to be from A.S. _myn_, love, affection. Salmon is the same +as an O.G. Salaman, from, as supposed, _salo_, dark; and Trout may be +the same as an O.G. Truto, probably signifying beloved. Smelt may be +taken to be from A.S. _smelt_, gentle; it occurs once as the name of an +Anglo-Saxon, but does not seem to be a word entering into the Teutonic +system, and may have been originally a sobriquet. Lamprey I have already +referred to, p. 115, as a probable corruption of Landfred. + +Of names apparently from insects, Moth and Mote (Mote, _Hund. Rolls_) +are probably the same as an O.G. Moata, from _mod_, _mot_, courage, +German _muth_. Fly and Flea are included in a stem, p. 159; and Emmet +may be taken to be from A.S. _emita_, quies, found in several ancient +names. Earwig I have taken, p. 49, to be a contraction of Evorwig, as +Earheart of Everhard, and Earwaker of Evorwacer.[57] Many other names of +the same sort might be adduced, but those I have given will I think be +sufficient for the purpose. + + +_Names apparently from Office or Occupation_: + +LORD, EARL, ABBOTT, NUNN, BISHOP, PRIEST, ALDERMAN, PRENTICE, PRINCE, +HAYWARD, HOWARD, ANGLER, ARCHER, AUTHER, FARRIER, HURLER, PLAYER, +MARINER, WARNER, WALKER, PLOWMAN, ARKWRIGHT, HARTWRIGHT, SIEVEWRIGHT, +GOODWRIGHT. + +Lord, as noted at p. 158, can hardly be from A.S. _hlaford_, Eng. lord. +Earl, however, along with Early, seems to be the same word as Eng. +"earl," though as a name entering into the Teutonic system it is only a +word of general honorific meaning, and may not represent any man who +ever bore the title. Abbott I take to be the same as an A.S. Abbod, p. +96, the stem being, as supposed, from Goth. _aba_, man. Nunn, along with +Nunney and Noon, compares with Nun, the name of a kinsman of Ina, king +of Wessex, and with O.G. Nunno and Nunni, the meaning of which seems +somewhat obscure. Bishop, at least in its origin, can hardly have been +from the office, for there is a Biscop in the genealogy of the kings of +the Lindisfari, who must of course have been a heathen. The name in this +case may be a compound of _bis_ (closely allied to _bas_, p. 5) and A.S. +_cof_, strenuous, which we find as the ending of some other A.S. names. +But after the advent of Christianity, a man, though inheriting the old +name, would no doubt wear it with a difference. Priest must, I think, be +what it seems, there is a witness to a charter (_Thorpe_, p. 69) whose +name is Preost, and whose description is "presbyter"; his original name, +whatever it was, must have been so completely superseded by that of his +office that at last he accepted it himself, and signed accordingly. +Alderman I have taken, p. 116, to be, even in Anglo-Saxon times, a +corruption. Such a name, as derived from office, could hardly be borne +by an Anglo-Saxon, unless, indeed, as a sobriquet, superseding his +original name. So also Prentice, from an A.S. Prentsa, I take to be due +to a corruption in Anglo-Saxon times. I am not sure that Prince may not +be from the same name, Prentsa, dropping the vowel-ending and becoming +Prents. A name which has been mistakenly supposed to be from some +office of agricultural oversight is Hayward; it is however an ancient +name, more properly Agward or Egward. Howard, which has been sometimes +confounded with it, is an entirely different name, the O.N. Havardr +(_ha_, high), introduced I think by the Danes or Northmen. + +Some names formed with _wright_, as Arkwright, Hartwright, Sievewright, +and Goodwright, will be found in their places in Chapter III. as, +according to my view, ancient compounds. I might perhaps add Boatwright, +from an O.G. Buotrit, and also Cheesewright, for which we have the stem, +p. 155, though no ancient form to represent this particular compound. +The Wrihtingas, in Kemble's list of early settlers, I take to be +properly Ritingas, from a stem _rit_, supposed to be the same as Eng. +"ride," though perhaps in an older and more general sense of rapid +motion. Many names ending in _er_, as Ambler, Angler, Archer, Auther, +&c., are in reality from an ancient ending in _har_, signifying warrior. +Ambler represents an O.G. Amalher, p. 42, Angler an O.G. Angilher, p. +42, Archer an O.G. Erchear, p. 42, and Auther an O.G. Authar, p. 42. +Farrier, along with Ferrier, may represent an O.G. Feriher, p. 49, and +Hurler an O.G. Erlehar, from the stem _erl_ already referred to. Gambler +represents an O.G. Gamalher, and Player is the same as an A.S. Plegher, +from _pleg_, play, probably the play of battle. Then we have Mariner and +Marner, which, with French Marinier and Marnier, may be referred to an +O.G. Marnehar (_mar_, famous), and in a similar manner Warrener and +Warner may be taken to be from an O.G. Warnehar (Warin = Wern). Among +names of this class we may also include Walker, of which there is +abundant instance as an ancient name. Kemble has Wealceringas among the +early settlers, as well as also Wealcingas representing the stem on +which it is formed, probably A.S. _wealh_, stranger. There was in after +Anglo-Saxon times a Walchere, bishop of Lindisfarne, and Ualcar is found +in a runic inscription in Stevens; while, as O.G. names, we have +Walachar and Walchar, and as a present German name we have Walcher. +However, in view of the commonness of this name, it is perhaps only +reasonable to suppose an admixture from A.S. _wealcere_, a fuller. + +I may here observe that this same ending, _har_, so common in ancient +names, give us many names which have the appearance of a comparative, +such as _Harder_, _Paler_, _Richer_, &c., and in its other form, _hari_, +many names such as _Armory_, _Buttery_, _Gunnery_, _Flattery_, which we +have also in the other form as _Armor_, _Butter_, _Gunner_, and +_Flatter_ (_flat_, formosus). + + +_Names apparently from Times and Seasons._ + +The names of this sort have generally been supposed to be derived from a +person having been born at some particular time. That there are names of +this sort, such as Christmas, Noel, and Midwinter, we cannot for a +moment doubt, but, judging by the early records of our names, they are +of very rare occurrence, and I conceive that in the majority of cases +names of such appearance are to be otherwise accounted for. + + +SUNDAY, MONDAY, FRIDAY, HOLIDAY, LOVEDAY, HOCKADAY, PENTECOST, LAMMAS, +LAMAISON, SUMMER, WINTER, JANUARY. + +Sunday may be Sunda, comparing with an O.G. Sundo, and an A.S. Sunta, +perhaps from _sund_, sea. Similarly Munday may be Munda, to be referred, +along with Mundy, to _mund_, protection, and comparing with an O.G. +Mundo. The other four names ending in _day_ seem to represent ancient +compounds, and in what sense these were given it is difficult to say. +Friday corresponds with an O.G. Frittag and with an A.S. Frigedaeg, p. +99, Holiday with an O.G. Halegdag, Loveday (Luiedai in Domesday) with an +O.G. Liopdag (_liub_, love), and Hockaday, with a present French Hocede, +with an O.G. Hodag (_hoh_ or _hoch_, high). From the character of these +names, compounded with "high," "holy," "peace," and "love," they might +be supposed to have been given in a religious sense, and their date, the +ninth century, would be in conformity. The Anglo-Saxon name Frigedaeg, it +will be observed, is from the same word as our "Friday," and not the +same as the Old German name, which is from _frid_, peace. But it seems +to me quite possible that the Anglo-Saxons, having received the name, +might mistake its meaning and spell it according to their own views. +This they seem to do in some other cases, as, for instance, the stem +_wit_, common to the Teutonic system, and rather probably from _wid_, +wood, they seem to take as from _wiht_, man, and spell it accordingly. +Summer and Winter are both ancient names; in the _Cod. Dip. Alamanniae_ +there are two brothers called respectively Sumar and Winter, A.D. 858. +Winter was also the name of one of the companions of Hereward the Saxon. +Pentecost I have elsewhere supposed, p. 120, to be a corruption of +Pentecast, as an ancient name. I rather doubt Lammas, which is found as +Lammasse in the _Hundred Rolls_, and which corresponds with a French +Lamas. Lamisso was the name of a Lombard king of the fifth century, and +was derived, according to an old chronicler, from _lama_, water, because +in his youth the king had been rescued from drowning--a derivation which +may perhaps be regarded with some suspicion. Taking Lammas then as the +representative of an ancient name, we might get from it our name +Lamaison (ending in _en_, p. 27), though if Lammas were from the +diminutive ending is, _es_, p. 32, it could not take a German _en_ in +addition; in this case the ending must be Romanic, which, from the +French form of the name, seems very possible. As to the name January, I +am inclined to look upon it as a corruption of another name, Jennery, +which, along with Jenner, I take to be the same as the Old German names +Genear and Ginheri, from, as supposed, _gan_, magic or fascination. + + +_Names apparently from Parts of the Body._ + +HEAD, BODY, ARMS, LEGG, LEGGY, LEGLESS, FINGER, HEART, EARHEART, SIDE, +BACK, ELBOW, FOOTE, TONGUE. (LAWLESS, BOOKLESS, FAIRLESS, RECKLESS), +FAIRFOOT, TRUEFITT. + +With the exception of Foote and Tongue, I do not think that any of the +above are what they seem. Head seems to be probably the same as A.S. +Hedda, which, like another name, Hada, seems to be from _had_, war. +Body is clearly from _bodi_, messenger, p. 157, and Arms is from an +ancient origin, p. 19. Legg I take to be the same as Law, A.S. _lag_, +found in several ancient names. Hence I take Legless to be the same as +Lawless, and both to mean "learned in the law," from an ancient ending +_leis_, explained by Foerstemann as "learned." This gives something like +a meaning to some other names, as Bookless; "book-learned"; Fairless, +"travel-learned"; perhaps Reckless (A.S. _reccan_, to reck, understand). +Finger is a Scandinavian name, p. 50, Heart is a false spelling of +_hart_, hard, and Earheart is Everard, p. 49. Side is from an A.S. Sida, +p. 93, and Back (Bacca and Bacga in the _Lib. Vit._) is another form of +Bagge, _bagan_, to contend. Elbow I take to be Elbo, from _alb_ or +_alf_, signifying "elf." Foote may be taken to be what it seems, though +I think that such a name must have had a vowel-ending, as its meaning +must be "footy," _i.e._ nimble, as "handy," from hand. Comparing with +our Foote there is a name Fus on Roman pottery, which, see p. 4, it is +clear from his little joke, that the owner took to be from _fus_, foot. +It does not follow, as a matter of course, that the old potter knew the +meaning of his own name; there is a word _funs_, sometimes _fus_, +occurring in O.G. names in the supposed meaning of eager; this word +would more appropriately be used without a vowel-ending than would +_fus_, foot. Foerstemann has a name, Fussio, which does not, however, +throw any light upon it. Another name, however, also found on Roman +pottery, Lytafus, corresponding with our Lightfoot, rather seems to +favour the meaning of _fus_, foot. Two other names of a similar kind to +Lightfoot are Fairfoot (properly Farefoot; _faran_, to go, travel), and +Truefitt (properly Truefoot) a name like Treubodi, p. 26. The last name, +Tongue, corresponds with an O.G. Tungo, which I take to be from _tung_, +lingua, probably in the sense of eloquence. We must presume the name not +to be High German. + + +_Names apparently from Trees._ + +Names from trees have been generally taken to be derived from a local +origin, as marking the site of a man's habitation. There are, however, a +number of names which I take in some, or in all cases, to be from a +different origin. + + +ASH, ASKE, ASKEY, BEECH, BIRCH, ALDER, OAKE, OAKEY, IVY, LINDEN, THORNE, +HASELL, WILLOW, SYCAMORE, CHESNUT, ROWANTREE. + +Aske or Ashe represents an ancient stem in Teutonic names, perhaps +derived from a mythological origin, man being feigned to have been +created out of an ash-tree, perhaps from being the wood out of which +spears were made (Cf. _Asquith_, p. 148). The Ascingas were among the +early settlers, and AEsc was the name of the son of Hengest. Hence I take +our names, Ash, Aske, and Askey, with several compounds. The Bircingas +were also among the early settlers; the stem seems to be _birg_, +supposed to mean protection, and entering into a number of names +throughout the Teutonic system. Alder, which corresponds with an A.S. +Aldher, and an O.G. Althar, is a compound of _ald_, old, and _hari_, +warrior. The oak, as the symbol of strength, would seem suitable for +men's names, but upon the whole it seems more probable that Oake and +Oakey, Aikin (A.S. Acen, p. 96) and Aikman (A.S. AEcemann, p. 96), are +from _ac_, _ec_, perhaps "edge," acies. Ivy is the same as Ive with a +vowel-ending, and compares with an O.G. Ivo, and an A.S. Iffa, perhaps +from O.N. _yfa_, to rage. Linden is from _lind_, p. 175, with the ending +in _en_, p. 27. Hasel and Thorn are both found in the list of early +settlers, the former I take to be properly Asel, corresponding with an +O.G. Asilo, from _as_ or _os_, semideus; the latter, which does not seem +to occur in the Teutonic system generally, I rather suppose to be a +contraction of O.N. _thoran_, boldness. Willow, along with Will and +Willey, is also found in the list of early settlers, and corresponds +with an O.G. Willo, perhaps from _will_ in the sense of resolution. +Sycamore is from an O.G. Sicumar, p. 162, and Chestnut is referred to at +p. 155. Rowantree is no doubt from the tree, and may perhaps have +reference to its supposed magical powers. Rointru is also a French name, +perhaps a relic of the many Scotchmen who have at different times taken +refuge in that country, though possibly of older origin. + +There are a few other names which may be included here. + + +STUBBE, STUBBING, GROVE (GRUBB), TWIGG, SPRIGG (TWINE, TWINING, TWISS, +SPRAGUE, SPRACK, SPARK, SPRACKLIN, SPRECKLY). + +Stubbe might be taken to be of local origin, for nothing would be more +appropriate to mark a locality than a stub. But the patronymic Stubbing +points to an origin of a different kind, and moreover we find Stubingas +among the early settlers. And there was also a Stuf, nephew of Cerdic, +and a Northman called Stufr in the _Laxdaela-saga_. The origin is to be +found in O.N. _stufr_, _stubbr_, A.S. _styb_, branch, shoot, probably in +the honorific sense of race or lineage. I take Grove, along with which I +put Grubb, to be from Germ. _grob_, Dan. _grov_, coarse, clumsy; but no +doubt in an older sense more suitable for men's names, and probably +cognate with Eng. "gruff," the idea being that of great size and +strength. We find Grobb as an Anglo-Saxon name, p. 99, and Griubinc (son +of Griub) as an Old German name, of which, however, Foerstemann does not +offer any explanation. Grobe and Grove are present German names (the +latter Low German), and Grub and Grubi are found in France. Here also I +may take Twigg, corresponding with an A.S. Twicga, moneyer of St. +Edmund, also with a Tuica found in Tuicanham, now Twickenham. I take it +to be from the same root as "twig," viz. A.S. _tweg_, two, and to have +perhaps the meaning of "twin." (Names of a similar kind may be Twine, +with its patronymic Twining, and also Twiss, corresponding with an O.G. +Zuiso, A.S. _twis_, twin.) Sprigg I class along with Sprague, Sprack, +and Spark, corresponding with a Spraga in the _Lib. Vit._, as from O.N. +_sprackr_, Prov. Eng. _spragg_, _sprack_, smart, active. We have also, +as a diminutive, Spracklin, corresponding with a Spraclingus in the +_Lib. Vit._, and we have Spreckley, probably the same name as that of +Sprakaleg, brother of Sweyn, king of Denmark, from O.N. _spraeklegr_, +sprightly. + + +_Names apparently from Complexion or Colour of Hair._ + +Such names as Black, White, Brown, have been no doubt in many, probably +in most cases, original surnames. Nevertheless they are also ancient +baptismal names, and it is not by any means certain that these are from +the same origin as the surnames. + + +BLACK, BLACKER, BLAKE, BLANK, BLANCHARD, WHITE, BROWN, DUNN, GRAY, +GREGG, CRAIG, MURCH, MURCHIE, SMIRKE. + +The Blacingas were among the early settlers. Blecca was the name of a +governor of Lincoln, A.D. 627; Blaca is an early name in the _Liber +Vitae_, and Blac is a name in _Domesday_. I am inclined to take Black, +along with Blake, to be (of course as an ancient name) the same word as +_blic_, found in some Old German names, and to find the sense concerned +in A.S. blican, to shine (which indeed is the root of _black_), hence to +give it, like Bright, the sense of "illustrious." Hence I take our +Blacker and the French Blacher to be the same as an O.G. Blicker +(_hari_, warrior)--the ancient family of Blacker, I believe, trace their +origin to Nancy. I further take Blank and Blanchard (_hard_, fortis) to +be a nasalised form of the above, and to have the same meaning. The stem +will be found in more detail p. 46. + +I take White, so far as it may be of ancient origin, not to be from +colour; in some cases it may be from _wid_, wood, and perhaps in others +from _wit_, wisdom. In Anglo-Saxon names it is spelt _wiht_, as if from +_wiht_, man--Cf. O.G. Witgar, A.S. Wihtgar, O.G. Witleg, A.S. Wihtlaeg, +O.G. Widrad, A.S. Wihtraed, though, as I take it, it is the same word +common to the Teutonic system. + +The Brownings (Bruningas) were also among the early settlers, and Brun +frequently occurs in after Anglo-Saxon times; among others there is a +Brun bydel, "Brown the beadle," in a charter of manumission. Bruno also +occurs as an Old German name, and Bruni was not an uncommon name among +the Northmen. I am rather disposed to question the derivation from +brown, _fuscus_, and as in the case of Black, to take the sense +contained in the root, which seems to be that of burning or brightness. +One of the Northmen, called Bruni, was surnamed "the white," so that in +his case, at any rate, the name was not derived from complexion. Dunn is +another name that is found among the early settlers, and also in after +Anglo-Saxon times. It seems to me to be at least as probably from O.N. +_duna_, thunder, as from _dun_, fuscus. + +The Graegingas (A.S. _graeeg_, grey) are also found in the list of early +settlers, though the name does not seem to figure much in after +Anglo-Saxon times. There are Old German names Grao and Grawo, and +various compounds. The root-meaning seems to contain the sense of +"horror," which may be that which is present in names, the idea being of +course that of one who is a terror to others. As well as Gray, we have +Gregg, and perhaps as another form Craig,[58] and the Germans have Grau. +The Myrcingas among the early settlers may perhaps be represented in our +Murch and Murchie (whence Murchison), possibly also in S(mirke). Whether +the name is from A.S. _mirc_, dark, mirk, may be uncertain; Professor +Skeat thinks of _marc_, limes, for the Myrcingas, who are probably the +same as the Myrgingas of the "Traveller's Song." + + +_Names apparently from Scriptural Personages._ + +While names taken from the eminent characters of Scripture have, ever +since the advent of Christianity, been in favour for the names of men, +there are among our surnames some names which we must reasonably suppose +are to be otherwise explained. + + +PHAROAH, HEROD, ESAU, CAIN, JAEL, POTIPHAR PUDDIFER (ABLARD). + +Of the above, Pharaoh is only a misleading spelling of an O.G. name +Faro, perhaps come to us through the Normans. And Esau is a similar +perversion of another O.G. name Eso, probably from _as_ or _os_, +semi-deus. Cain is, along with Gain, from the name Gagin, Cagen, p. 10, +probably signifying victory. Herod is, no doubt, the same as an A.S. +Herrid in a charter of Wihtraed, from, as supposed, A.S. _herad_, +principatus, found also in some Old German names. Jael I take to be most +probably a softened form of Gale, from a stem referred to A.S. _galan_, +to sing. Potiphar, along with Puddifer, a French Potefer, and perhaps a +Low German Boetefur,[59] I take to represent an ancient name not turned +up, from _bod_, _bud_, or _pot_, envoy or messenger, and _faran_, to +travel, found as an ending in some Old German names. Abel is a name +which, as frequently used for a Christian name, might also be found in +surnames. But there is a Teutonic word _abal_, signifying strength, +which may be more probably that which is found in the French Abeillard, +with which we have a name Ablard to correspond. + + +_Names apparently Descriptive of Moral Characteristics._ + +There are a number of names which, if they had been found as Christian +names, might have been supposed to be of Puritan origin, but which as +surnames must be otherwise accounted for. + + +GOODHEART, STONEHEART, GODWARD, LOVEGOD, LOVEGOOD, LOVEMAN, MANLOVE, +GOODLIFFE, FULLALOVE, GODLIMAN, GOODENOUGH, THOROUGHGOOD, HUMBLE, SAINT, +BADMAN, PAGAN, BIGOT, GODDAM, SWEARS, SWEARING, SCAMP. + +Of the above, Goodheart and Stoneheart are compounds of _hart_, hard, +pp. 53, 63. So also Godward Lovegod, Lovegood, Loveman, Manlove, +Goodliffe, and Fullalove will be found in their places as ancient +compounds in Chap. III. Godliman I take to be a corruption of an O.G. +Godalmand (the _l_ being introduced in accordance with a principle +referred to at p. 114) Goodenough is referred to at p. 119, and +Thoroughgood at p. 120. Humble I take to be the same name as the German +Humboldt, from an O.G. Hunbald, the ending _bald_ often in our names +becoming _ble_. Saint I take to be the same as Sant, _sand_ or _sant_, +verus, the stem on which is formed Sander in the list of early settlers. + +Of the names apparently of an opposite character, Badman, corresponding +with a Badumon in the _Liber Vitae_, is a compound of _bad_, war. Goddam +stands for Godhelm as William for Willihelm. Swears and Swearing are +explained, p. 160. Scamp corresponds with an O.G. Scemphio, derived by +Foerstemann from O.H.G. _scimph_, jocus. This may possibly be the older +sense of the word, and Scamp may have been nothing worse than a wag. +Pagan, with its contracted form Paine, I have referred to p. 118. Bigot, +along with Pigot, Pickett, and probably Beckett, and a Pigota and +Picotus in the _Liber Vitae_, may be the same as an A.S. Picced, p. 101, +which I take to represent the form Pichad or Bighad, from the stem +_big_, with _had_, war. There is, however, another explanation suggested +by our name Bidgood. This name, for which the ancient equivalent has not +turned up, seems to be from _bad_, war, and might have been Bidgod (for +_god_ and _good_ constantly interchange), which would readily contract +into Bigod or Bigot. + + +_Names apparently from Nationalities._ + +While we have a number of names derived from nations or races in +accordance with the Teutonic system, there are some others which might +seem more obviously than most others to be from such an origin, and yet +which must I think be referred to some other source. Three of these, +England, Scotland, and Ireland, I have already referred to at p. 9. + + +ENGLISH, INGLIS, ROMAN, NORMAN, GENESE, TURK, SPAIN. + +English I take to be a phonetic corruption of Inglis, which seems to be +the same as an Ingliseus in the _Pol. Irm._, and which I rather suppose +to be a transposition of an Anglo-Saxon Ingils, for Ingisil, from the +stem _ing_, p. 56. Roman, I doubt not, is contracted from Rodman, p. 61, +as Robert is from Rodbert, and Roland from Rodland. I introduce Norman +here as not being, in my view, from "Norman" as we generally understand +the term, but as representing more probably the word in its original +sense of "Northman." Nordman was a Scandinavian name, and hence it is I +think that we have the name, which seems to occur more especially in +Scotland and the Danish districts of England. Genese I take to be most +probably from the old Frankish name Genesius, perhaps from a stem _gan_, +p. 52, with the ending in _es_, p. 33. Turk corresponds with an A.S. +Turca, p. 111, which again is probably the same as a Gothic Turicus of +the fifth century, a diminutive from the stem _dur_ or _tur_ found among +the early settlers, and of uncertain meaning. Spain I take to be from +the A.S. _spanan_, allicere, found in some ancient names, and from which +I take to be our name Spenlove, (_leof_, dear) with the corruption, +Spendlove. The name Spegen, corresponding with our Spain, occurs in the +_Liber Vitae_ more than once--Is its aspirated form due to the +Northumbrian dialect? + +Of the names which are truly derived from nationality I will here only +refer to one as an illustration of successive forms built one upon the +other in accordance with the principle referred to in treating of the +ending _en_, p. 27. + + +BOY, BYE, PYE, BOYER, BYARD, BOYMAN, PYMAN, BEYERMAN, BYRON. + +There are three forms, the first representing the form _boi_, as found +in the name of the Boii, who gave the name to Boioaria or Bavaria, the +second representing the extended form found in German _Baviar_, the +third the further extended form as found in _Bavarian_. + + +SIMPLE FORM BOI. + +O.G. Boio, Beio, Peio, ninth century. A.S. Boia (in a charter of Cnut). +Eng. Boy, Bye, Pye. Germ. Boye French, Boy, Boye, Poy, Poye. + + +_Compounds._ + +(_Hard_, fortis), Eng. Byard--French Boyard, Poyart--Italian Boiardo. +(_Man_, vir), Eng. Boyman, Pyman. + + +EXTENDED FORM BOYER. + +O.G. Baior, Peior, ninth century. English, Boyer, Byer. French, Boyer, +Boyreau, Poyer. + + +_Compound._ + +(_Man_, vir), English Beyerman. + + +FURTHER EXTENDED FORM--BAVARIAN. + +O.G. Beiarin, eighth century. English Byron. French Boiron, Boyron. + + +_Names apparently from abbreviated Christian names of men._ + +As I began this chapter with names apparently from women, such as Moll, +Betty, Pegge, so now I propose to conclude it with names of a similar +kind derived apparently from men. + + +BILL, BILLY, BILLOW, WILL, WILLY, WILLOEE, WILKE, WILKIE, WILKIN, +WILLIS, WILLING, DICK, DICKLE, TICKLE, DICKEN, BENN, BENNEY, BENNOCH, +BENNELL, TOM, TOMB, TOOMEY, TOMEY, DUME, DUMMELOW, DUMBELL, TOMMELL, +TOMLIN, DUMLIN, DUMPLIN, HARRY, JACK, JAGO, JACKLIN, BOBY, BOFFEY, BUBB, +BOBBIN. + +No one would take our name Billing to be other than from the Anglo-Saxon +Billing, of which so many traces are to be found in English place +names. And no one, I venture to say, who looks into the subject, would +dispute the ancient compounds formed on the stem, p. 45. Why then should +any one doubt Bill himself, the father of them all, or Billy, ending in +_i_, p. 24, and Billow, ending in _o_ and corresponding with an O.G. +Bilo? Moreover the name is common to all the races who share with us in +a Teutonic ancestry; the Germans have Bille, the Danes have Bille, and +the French have Bille and Billey. The same remarks apply to Will, +Willey, and Willoe, with the diminutives Wilke, Wilkie, Wilkin, Willis, +patronymic Willing, and compounds, p. 66. Dick I take to be the same +word as found in Ticcingas, and suggest for it the meaning of power or +vigour which seems to lie at the root. Hence Dickle and Tickle are the +same as the Diccel found in Diccelingas, and Dicken is the same as an +A.S. Ticcen, p. 102, while Dixie (Dicksie) may be from the ending in +_es_, p. 33. Benn and Benny represent the stem on which are formed the +compounds, p. 45. We have also as diminutives Bennoch, corresponding +with an O.G. Bennico, an A.S. Benoc (in the genealogy of Ida, king of +Bernicia), and a name Bennic (Bennici manu), on Roman pottery; and +Bennell, corresponding with a Gothic [Greek: Benilos], in Procopius, +besides other names in correspondence with ancient forms. Tom has its +vowel shortened, but I take it to be the same as Tomb, Toomey, Tomey, +and Dume, probably from A.S. _dom_, O.H.G. _tuom_, judgment, "doom," +ancient names in correspondence being Toma, p. 111, Tumma _Lib. Vit._, +and Tomy _Roll. Batt. Abb._ With regard to the last, I may observe that +the French still have corresponding names, as Thome, Tombe, Thom, Dome, +&c. Then, as diminutives, we have Dummelow, Dumbell, and Tommell, +corresponding with O.G. Duomelo, Tomila, Tumila; and we have Tomlin, +Dumlin (whence Dumplin), corresponding with O.G. Domlin, names in +accordance with both of the above being also found in Germany and +France. Harry, along with Harrow, and Harre, I take to represent the +stem from which we have so many compounds, p. 55. Jack, along with Jago, +and corresponding with an O.G. Jacco, I take to be from O.H.G. _jagon_, +to hunt. Hence as a diminutive, we have Jacklin, corresponding with +Jagelinus and Jachelinus (_Domesday_), and with present German Jacklin, +and French Jacquelin. The stem seems to be somewhat better represented +in French names than in English; among others they have Jacquard +(_ward_, guardian), who gave his name to the Jacquard loom. Boby, +Boffey, and Bubb I take to be the same as Boba, in a charter of Egbert, +and Bofa, dux, in a charter of Ceolwulf of Mercia, also as Old German +names, Bobo, Bovo, Boffo, and Bubo, the word concerned being probably to +be found in German _bube_, Dutch _boef_, boy. Kemble has both Bobbingas +and Bovingas, different forms, I take it, of the same name, in his list +of early settlers. Our name Bobbin, which corresponds with an O.G. +Bobin, may be taken as an example of the ending in _en_, p. 27. + +I trust that I have succeeded in making it clear, from the definite +place which the foregoing are shown to occupy in the Teutonic system, +that they are not, as they have been generally supposed to be, familiar +contractions of Christian names. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[57] Cf. also Eng. "e'er" for "ever." + +[58] There seems probably an Anglo-Saxon name Crecga in Crecganford, now +Crayford. + +[59] Nomen honestissimae familiae Hamburgensis (_Richey_). He evidently +takes it as a sobriquet "beet (_i.e._ make up) the fire." + + + + +CHAPTER XI. + +CHRISTIAN NAMES OF WOMEN.[60] + + +The names of women, so far as they are of German origin, enter into the +Teutonic system precisely as do the names of men, and there is, as far +as I know, no instance of a stem used exclusively for the names of +women. But in regard to the second part of the compound, which is that +which governs the name, there are certain words which are only used for +women. Some of these are such as from their meaning would not be +suitable for anything else, such as _trud_, from which we have +_Gertrude_ and _Ermentrude_, both of which seem to be of Frankish +origin, and to have come to us through the Normans. The Anglo-Saxon form +appears to be _dryth_ or _thryth_, as in Mildthryth, from which comes +our _Mildred_, the only name, as far as I know, in that form. Another +feminine ending among the Anglo-Saxons was _gith_, which, as elsewhere +noted, I have supposed to mean woman or goddess. The only name we have +with this ending is _Edith_, unless, as seems not impossible, an +Anglo-Saxon _Godgith_ (Godith, _Lib. Vit._) has got mixed up with +_Judith_. Another specially female ending was _fled_, in H.G. _flat_, +the meaning of which seems to be beauty. As a prefix this word enters +into the names of men, and we may have some names from it, as _Flatt_, +_Flattery_, _Flatman_, &c. As an ending there may have been some word +corresponding with O.N. _fliod_, a beautiful woman, which has caused its +special application. Then there are certain words, such as _hild_, war, +and _burg_, in which the meaning (condere, servare) may perhaps imply in +such case modesty or chastity; which, as endings, are used almost +exclusively for names of women. But as a general rule the same range of +words forms indifferently names of men and women, the latter being +distinguished only by having the ending in _a_. + +My object in this chapter is only to deal with a few names, in regard to +which I desire to correct some wrong impressions, or to throw some new +light upon the subject. And in the first place I have to refer to the +connection between Isabel and Elizabeth, and to the manner in which I +suppose the former name to have originated. + + +ISABEL _another form of_ ELIZABETH, _and how it came to be so_. + +Miss Yonge in her _History of Christian Names_, is no doubt right in +taking Isabel to be another form of Elizabeth, with which it is +historically shown to have interchanged. But the etymological process by +which this has been brought about has been always somewhat of a puzzle, +and it is upon this point that I have to suggest an explanation. Now the +key to the puzzle is this: that the early Frankish converts in the time +of Charlemagne, introduced the name, not only in its Latin form of +Elizabeth, but also, and indeed more frequently, in its Hebrew form of +Elischeba--it was Elischeba that was made into Isabel and not Elizabeth. +Protected by its strong ending, Elizabeth has retained its form +unchanged. Elischeba has been entirely lost to sight under a cloud of +transformations. Slightly modified to suit Frankish pronunciation, it +was introduced in the first instance as Elisaba, Elisabia, Alisabia, and +Elisavia, all names of women in the _Polyptique de l'Abbe Irminon_ and +the _Polyptique de Saint Remi de Reims_. In the fourteenth century (if, +indeed, it did not take place earlier) we find this old Frankish form +El(isaba) abbreviated into Isabeau, its ending being made to conform to +French ideas of spelling. Isabeau was the name of the wife of Charles +VI. of France, and the name was still recognised as being the same as +Elizabeth. We have got to forge the connecting link between Isabeau and +Isabel, but the process is not a violent one. It would not be difficult +to suppose that the French idea of the fitness of things in the case of +a woman's name would lead them to change this masculine-seeming ending, +_beau_, into what they would conceive to be its appropriate feminine, +and so make Isabeau into Isabelle. We need not suppose that this took +place all at once, or that because one man changed Isabeau into Isabel, +everybody else forthwith proceeded to follow his example. It is more +probable that the two names existed side-by-side, together, for some +time before the struggle for existence terminated in the survival of +(what seemed) the fitter. Throughout all these changes the identity of +the name with Elizabeth had always been recognised; but when Isabel had +finally succeeded in establishing its claim as the representative, the +deposed Isabeau, its origin having been forgotten, might have become a +man's name, and so capable of transmitting surnames, which would account +for Isabeau as a family name in France at the present day. + +But these are not the only changes which have come over this unfortunate +name, for we find Elisavia, another of the old Frankish forms before +noted, forthwith abbreviated into Lisvia, and further corrupted into +Lisavir and Lisabir, all names of women in the two old Frankish +chronicles before referred to. And if we can again suppose the name +Lisavir (or rather Elisavir), its origin having been forgotten, to have +become a man's name (towards which its masculine-looking ending, _vir_, +might have assisted) it might well give the origin of the name Elzevir, +of the famous printers at Amsterdam. Not that the name would necessarily +be of Frankish origin, for the Hebrew form seems also to have been +introduced into Germany, where we find the woman's name, Elisba, in the +ninth century; and, it might be also into Holland, while the phonetic +principles which regulate such changes are more or less of general +application. Again, it seems not improbable that the Spanish woman's +name, Elvira, for which no derivation at all satisfactory has been +suggested, might be properly Elzvira, and so again another form derived +from Elischeba. The question might naturally be asked how it is, seeing +the various contractions which Elischeba has undergone, that Elizabeth +has not been treated in the same way. In point of fact it seems probable +that it has, for we find a solitary name Isabeth in the _Liber Vitae_ +about the thirteenth century. This was before Elizabeth had come into +use in England, and the name might probably be an importation. But +abbreviate Elizabeth as you will you cannot disguise it, and this is +what I meant in referring to it as "protected by its strong ending." And +now, having dealt with the diversified forms that have grown up around +Elisabeth, I shall have, in a succeeding note, to endeavour to show that +Eliza, which might more certainly than any other form be supposed to be +derived from it, is, in fact, of entirely different origin, and a name +that was in use long before Elizabeth was introduced; though at the same +time we cannot doubt that as soon as ever that potent name came in, +Eliza would be at once appropriated by it. + + +ANNABELLA, ARABELLA, CLARIBEL, CRISTABEL, ROSABEL. + +But in the meantime I may refer to some other names which seem cast in +the same form as Isabel; as for instance, Annabella, Arabella, Claribel, +Christabel, and Rosabel. With regard to these names, I am disposed to +come to the conclusion, that though moulded into the same shape, they +are not by any means all of a similar origin. Annabella would be a very +natural corruption of Amabilla, a name in the _Liber Vitae_ of Durham. +The same record contains, as names of women, Amabilis, Amabel, and +Mabilla, of course from Latin _amabilis_--whence our Mabel, on this +theory the same name as Annabella. Arabella, again, might be a +corruption of the old Frankish Heribolda--_bold_, as an ending often +changing into _bel_, as in our surnames Grimble and Wimble, from +Grimbald and Winibald, and Tremble (most infelicitously), from Trumbald +(A.S. _trum_, firm, strong). So, also, Claribel might be from an old +Frankish Clarebalda, of which, however, we have only on record the +masculine form, Clarebald. This appears to be from Latin _clarus_, +illustrious, and is not the only case in which the old Franks at that +period mixed up Latin and German in the same name. It is possible that +Christabel might be from a similar origin; for the early Frankish +converts at that period freely adopted the name of Christ, and mixed it +up with German compounds, such as Cristhildis, a woman's name, from +_hild_, war. But on the whole I am rather disposed to suggest a +different origin for Christabel. Finding among the Franks at that period +such names as Firmatus, Stabilis, Constabulis,[61] and the woman's name, +Constabilla, in the sense, no doubt, of "established in the faith," it +might not be unreasonable to suggest such a compound as Christabila, +"established in Christ," as the origin of Christabel.[62] As to the last +named, Rosabel, the ordinarily-received expression of "fair rose" would +be a natural and graceful name for women if the French had to form names +at a later period. But there is a woman's name, Rosibia, in the _Pol. +Irminon_, which suggests a possible process like that in the case of +Isabel--viz., a corruption into Rosibeau, and then a change into +Rosibel. However, as in this case the connecting links are wanting, I +can only put this forward as a conjecture. + + +MAUD _properly a man's name. Its interchange with_ MATILDA _an ancient +mistake_. + +As Isabel interchanged in former times with Elizabeth, so did Maud with +Matilda, among other instances being that of the daughter of Henry I., +who was called by both names. Yet, etymologically, Maud can no more be +derived from Matilda than can Giles from AEgidius, by which it used +formerly to be always Latinized. And the interchange is rendered all the +more curious by the fact that Maud, when traced up to its origin, seems +to be properly a man's name. There has evidently been some ancient +mistake or misappropriation, the origin of which I hope to be able to +account for. The names Mald, Maald, Mauld (all names of women), found in +the _Liber Vitae_ before the introduction of surnames, and the Christian +name Maulde, found in the fifteenth century, show the form from which +our Maud is immediately derived. Then we have the older forms, Mahald, +Mahalt, and Maholt, all also apparently names of women. And in one case, +about the twelfth or thirteenth century, the name stands as "Mahald vel +Matilda." Now no one who has given attention to the subject can doubt +that Mahald, Mahalt, and the French form, Mahault, are the same as an +Old Frankish Magoald, eighth century, from Gothic _magan_, posse, +valere, and _wald_ power. This is distinctly a man's name; indeed, +_wald_, as an ending, is almost exclusively confined to men's names, as +the ending _hild_, as in Matilda, is to those of women. There is but one +way that I can see out of the difficulty, and it is this. There is in +the _Liber Vitae_ another name, Mahild, which is no doubt the same as an +Old Frankish Mahilda, which Foerstemann (_Altdeutsches Namenbuch_) takes +to be a contraction of Matilda. It would seem, then, that some mistake +or confusion has in old times arisen between these two names, and that +Mahild, which really represents Matilda, has been set aside in favour of +Mahald, an entirely different name. The fact, however, of our having +Maude as a surname would rather seem to show that this misappropriation +was not universal, for surnames are not--unless it be in some very +exceptional cases--taken from the names of women. + + +ALICE, ALICIA, ELIZA, ADELIZA, ALISON. + +ALICE _properly a man's name, and_ ELIZA _its proper Feminine_. + +I have seen it stated, though I cannot at present recall the authority, +that in one of our ancient families Alice is a name given to the sons +and not to the daughters. This would at any rate be etymologically +correct, for Alice is properly a man's name, and not a woman's. It is, +there seems little doubt, derived from the Anglo-Saxon Adelgis, of which +the female form was Adelgisa. It is clear that Alice (Aliss) represents +Adelgis, and not Adelgisa, and that the proper female form would be +Alisa, or, for euphony, Aliza. I venture to suggest that our Eliza, +generally and very naturally assumed to be an abbreviation of Elizabeth, +is in fact this missing name. Now, for the proofs of Aliza as the +representative of Adelgisa, we must refer to the _Liber Vitae_ of Durham, +in which we can trace the changes that have taken place in Adelgisa +since the first noble lady of that name laid her gift upon the altar. +First we find it contracted into Adeliza, and then, from about the +twelfth century into Aaliza and Aliza, the latter name being +henceforward rather a common one. The former of these two contracted +forms, Adeliza, though not a name in common use, is one still given to +the daughters of certain of our noble families; the latter form, Aliza, +I take to be the origin of our Eliza. (The initial vowel is of no +account, the ancient name beginning indifferently with _a_ or _e_, and +Alice in some families appearing as Ellice). But concurrently with the +above forms in the _Liber Vitae_, we have also Adaliz, Adliz, and Alis, +at an early date, some of them at least being certainly names of women, +so that the misappropriation is at any rate an ancient one. + +Towards the close of the record, and about the end of the fourteenth +century, another form, Alicia, begins to make its appearance in the +_Liber Vitae_, and appears to have become at once a very favourite name. +Then, as now, fashion seems to have ruled, and when a new name came in, +there seems to have been a run upon it. But by this time Elizabeth had +come into use, and as soon as ever that took place, the two names, Eliza +and Elizabeth, would begin to get mixed up together as they are now, so +that a new female form would, so to speak, be required for Alice. +Alicia (or more properly Alisia), is an attempt to supply the euphony +which is lacking in Alisa, by supplementing it with a vowel, just as, +for the same reason, Amala has been made into Amelia. + +About the beginning of the fifteenth century another Christian name for +women, Alison, begins to make its appearance in the _Liber Vitae_. This +name, however, I take to be from an entirely different origin. There is +an old Frankish woman's name, Alesinda, Elesind, Alesint, of the eighth +century, from which, dropping the final _d_, it would naturally come, +and which is derived by Grimm from Gothic _alja_, alius (in the probable +sense of stranger or foreigner), and _sind_ in the sense of companion or +attendant. + + +JANET: _Not from_ JANE _or any female form of_ JOHN. + +It may seem rather a paradox to suggest that Janet has nothing to do +with Jane, and yet I think that a pretty good case can be made out. We +find Geneta as a woman's name in the _Liber Vitae_ in the thirteenth +century, before Jane or Joan or Johanna were in use. And in the two +following centuries we have Gennet, Janeta, Janette, and Janet, of +common occurrence as Christian names. (One of these cases is a very +curious one. It is that of one Willelmus Richerdson and his wife +Christina, who having a family of eighteen children, seem to have been +so completely at their wits' end for names to give them, that two of the +sons are called Johannes, two Willelmus, after their father, two of the +daughters Christine, after their mother, and no fewer than three called +Janet. Such reduplication of Christian names does not, however, seem to +have been unusual at that time.) Now it seems clear that the above name, +Geneta, is the same as our Janet, and equally clear that it is not +derived from any female form of John. Foerstemann (_Altdeutsches +Namenbuch_) has an old Frankish woman's name, Genida, tenth century, +from a Codex of Lorraine. And I find also the woman's name, Genitia, in +the _Pol. Rem._, one of the old Frankish chronicles before referred to. +These old Frankish names might well leave a woman's name behind in +France, which in after times might get mixed up with Jean, and from +which our name may also have been derived. I may observe that we have +also Gennet and Jennett as surnames, and the Germans have also Genett. +But these, though from the same stem, must be taken to be from another +form of it--viz., from Genad, eighth century, a man's name. From the +same stem Foerstemann derives the woman's name, Genoveva, sixth century; +whence, through the French, our Genevieve. As to the etymology of _gen_, +the Germans are not agreed, Leo suggesting a borrowed Celtic word, with +the meaning of love or affection, while Foerstemann seems to prefer Old +High German _gan_, magic or fascination. + + +EMMA: _Its Place in the Teutonic System_. + +The ordinary derivation of Emma from a Teutonic word signifying +grandmother, or nurse, becomes impossible in face of the fact that among +the Old Franks, from whom, through the Normans, we received it, the +man's name Emmo was quite as common as the woman's, Emma. But in point +of fact the stem, of which the older form seems to have been _im_, was +one common to the whole Teutonic system, including the Low Germans +settled in England. And the Immingas, descendants or followers of Imma, +are ranged by Kemble among the early settlers. But among the +Anglo-Saxons, with whom the ending of men's names (other than compounds) +was generally in _a_, Imma would obviously not be suitable for names of +women; and in point of fact it always appears in England, at that time, +as a man's name. And probably, for this reason, the Frankish princess +Emma, on becoming the wife of Cnut of England, considered it necessary +to assume a Saxon name in addition to her own, and so become known as +AElfgifu Imma. But a few centuries later, when the simple old Saxon names +in _a_ had very much died out, Emma coming in as something quite new, +and with the stamp of Norman prestige, became at once, as appears from +the _Liber Vitae_, a name in favour. As to the etymology, which is +considered by the Germans to be obscure, I have elsewhere ventured to +suggest Old Northern _ymia_, stridere; whence the name of the giant +Ymir, in Northern mythology. The sense is that of a harsh and loud +voice, which suggests huge stature. So, from Gaelic _fuaim_, noise, +strepitus, comes _fuaimhair_, a giant, of which we may possibly have a +lingering tradition in the nursery--"Fee, Fa, _Fum_" representing the +giant's dreaded war-cry. And from what follows, "I smell the blood of an +_Englishman_," one might almost think of the nurse as a Saxon, and the +ogre as one of the earlier Celtic race, who might in those days be +dangerous neighbours. + +I give below the stem, with its branches, so far as it forms names of +women. It also enters into some compounds, one of which, Americo, +bequeathed by the Franks or Lombards to Italy, has the honour of giving +the name to America. + + +Stem _im_ or _em_. + +_Names of men._--O.G. Immo, Himmo, Emmo (among others, three bishops in +the seventh and ninth centuries). A.S. Imma, found in Imman beorh, +"Imma's barrow, or grave." Imma, Hemma, Hemmi, about the tenth century +in the _Liber Vitae_. Eama, Anglo-Saxon moneyer. + +_Names of women._--O.G. Imma, Emma (among others Emma, daughter of +Charlemagne). + +_Present surnames._--Eng. Him (?), Yem (?). Germ. Imm, Ihm. French, Eme, +Emy. + + +With the ending in _en_, p. 27. + +_Names of men._--O.G. Imino, Emino, eighth century. A.S. Immine, a +Mercian general, seventh century. Emino, _Liber Vitae_. + +_Names of women._--O.G. Immina, Emmina, eighth century. Early Eng. +Ymana, Ymaine, _Liber Vitae_. + +_Present surnames._--Eng. Emeney. Fr. Emmon. + + +Ending in _lin_, p. 31. + +_Names of women._--O.G. Emelina, eleventh century. Emalina, twelfth +century, _Liber Vitae_. + +_Present Christian name._--Eng. Emmeline. + + +ETHEL, ADELA, ADELINE, ADELAIDE. + +Ethel and Adela are different forms of the same word, _adal_, _athal_, +_ethel_, signifying noble. But while Adela is a correctly formed +feminine, Ethel can hardly be said to be so. Both as a man's name and as +a woman's it had usually a vowel-ending, and though this was not +invariably the case, yet a name appearing without it would be rather +assumed to be a man's name. Adeline is a diminutive like Eveline and +Caroline; it represents the old name Adalina, eighth century, and +Adalina, about the twelfth century, in the _Liber Vitae_, and comes +probably through the French, the ending in _e_ preserving the feminine +by lengthening the syllable. Adelaide is from _adal_, as above, and H.G. +_haid_, corresponding with Saxon _hood_, as in manhood. Hence the name +seems to contain the abstract sense of nobility. The name must have come +to us through the Normans; indeed, a woman's name could hardly be so +formed among the Anglo-Saxons, for, curiously enough, this ending was a +feminine one among the High Germans, and a masculine one among the +Saxons. Hence perhaps it is that we have as surnames such names as +_Manhood_ and _Mahood_, the latter perhaps signifying boyhood, A.S. +_maeg_, boy. + + +EDITH. + +Edith is the only representative in women's names of A.S. _ead_, +happiness, prosperity, from which we have so many men's names, as +Edward, Edwin, Edmund, Edgar. It represents an A.S. Editha, a +contraction of Eadgitha, and the question, which is not without a little +difficulty, is, What is the origin of _githa_? Is it a phonetic +variation of _gifa_ (A.S. _gifu_, gift), so common in Anglo-Saxon names +of women, as in God-gifa (Godiva), Sungefa (Suneva), &c., or is it a +separate word? I am disposed to come to the conclusion, upon the whole, +that it is a separate word, and though the traces of it as such are not +strong, yet there are some traces. There is a woman's name Githa in the +_Liber Vitae_, and this seems to be the same as an Old Norse woman's name +Gyda in the _Landnamabok_. There was also a Gytha, daughter of Swend, +king of Denmark. Then there are two Old German names of women with the +endings respectively _gid_ and (H.G.) _kid_. And the origin of all I +should take to be found in O.N. _gydia_, goddess, the exalted conception +of womanhood. + + +EVELYN, EVELINA, EVELINE. + +There does not seem to be sufficient ground for Miss Yonge's suggestion +that Eveline, a name which we have from the Normans, was borrowed by +them from the Celts. On the contrary, they seem to have derived it from +their Frankish ancestors, among whom we find it in the eleventh century +in the form Avelina. This appears to be the original form, for we find +it as Avelina in the _Liber Vitae_ about the twelfth century. And again +in the thirteenth century we find that one of the Earls of Albemarle +married a lady named Aveline. It is probably a diminutive from the stem +_av_, which Foerstemann refers to Goth. _avo_, in the probable sense of +ancestor. The names Evelyn and Eveline should be kept sharply distinct, +the former being a man's name, and the latter a woman's, being the +French form of Evelina, as is Louise of Louisa. + +From the same stem, _av_, is formed also the female name Avice, now +become very rare. It appears as Auiza and Avicia in the _Liber Vitae_, +and its original form I take to be found in Avagisa, eighth century, in +the _Altdeutsches Namenbuch_, from _gis_, hostage. From a similar +origin, but from the masculine form Avagis, may probably be _Avis_, +included by Mr. Lower among Latinized surnames. + +Another name from the same stem which seems to have been formerly rather +common, but which now seems quite obsolete, is Avina. + + +HAVEYS, HAWOISE. + +This is another woman's name which has become almost extinct, and, +seeing how uncomfortable a name it is to pronounce, I do not wonder that +it should be so. It appears in the _Liber Vitae_ as Hawysa, and in the +_Pol. Irminon_ as Hauis, but its proper form is to be traced up to the +older name Hathewiza in the _Liber Vitae_, from _hath_, war, and _wisa_, +leader. A surname corresponding, though of course from the masculine +form of the name, may probably be the well-known one of _Haweis_. + + +_Some other Obsolete or Obsolescent Names._ + +The name Helwis occurs in the _Liber Vitae_ about the thirteenth century, +and a more perfect form, Helewiza, about two centuries earlier. It seems +rather probable, however, that its proper form would be Hildwisa, from +_hild_, war, and _wisa_, leader. It occurs as Helois in the _Pol. Irm._, +and is the same as the French Heloise (=Helwise). This name I take to be +quite obsolete with us. + +A name given by Miss Yonge as still in use is Amice or Amicia. It may +probably be the same as the woman's name Amisa, Ameza, or Emeza of the +eighth century in the _Altd. Nam._, which Foerstemann takes to be from +A.S. _emeta_, quies. In that case it would probably be the same name in +another form as Emmota, formerly not uncommon as a woman's name. + +Another name which I rather suppose to be obsolete is Agace, Agaze, or +Igusa, found in the _Liber Vitae_ up to the fourteenth century, and +probably the same as an O.G. Eggiza, eleventh century, from a stem _ag_, +supposed to mean point or edge. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[60] The principal part of this chapter appeared in the _Antiquary_ for +March, 1882. + +[61] Possibly, at least in some cases, the origin of the surname +Constable. + +[62] The earliest mention of this name that I have seen, occurs A.D. +1431, in the _Liber Vitae_, when one John Duckett, having died at the +remarkable age of 127, his children, one of whom was called Cristabel, +presented offerings at the shrine of St. Cuthbert. These would seem to +be of the nature of propitiatory offerings on behalf of the dead, of +which there are various instances recorded. One of these is that of one +Maria del Hay, who in a large-hearted spirit, seems to have included in +her offering, not only all who had gone before, but all who were to come +after her. The entry is, "Maria del Hay, cum omnibus suis progenitoribus +et successoribus." + + + + +LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL WORKS CONSULTED. + + + FOERSTEMANN.--Altdeutsches Namenbuch.--Vol. I. Personennamen.--Vol. + II. Ortsnamen. London, Williams Norgate. + + POTT.--Personennamen. Leipzig, 1853. + + STARK.--Beitrage zur kunde Germanischer Personennamen. Vienna, + 1857.--Die Kosenamen der Germanen. Vienna, 1868. + + WEINHOLD.--Die Deutschen Frauen in dem Mittelalter. Vienna, 1851. + + GLUCK.--Die bei C. Julius Caesar vorkommenden Keltischen Namen. + Vienna, 1857. + + WASSENBERG.--Verhandeling over de Eigennaamen der Friesen. Franeker, + 1774. + + Islands Landnamabok. Copenhagen. + + Scriptores Rerum Langobardicarum et Italicarum, Saec. 6-9. Hanover, + 1878. + + Polyptique de l'Abbe Irminon, ou denombrement des manses, des serfs, + et des revenus de l'Abbaye de Saint Germain-des-Pres sous le regne + de Charlemagne. Paris, 1844. + + Polyptique de l'Abbaye de Saint Remi de Reims, ou denombrement des + manses, des serfs, et des revenus de cette abbaye vers le milieu du + neuvieme siecle. Paris, 1853. + + [asterism] The above two Old Frankish records contain a list of the + names of all the serfs and dependants of the respective abbeys, with + the names also of their wives and children. + + KEMBLE.--Codex diplomaticus AEvi Saxonici. London, 1845-48. + + THORPE.--Diplomatorium Anglicum AEvi Saxonici. London, 1865. + + TAYLOR.--Names and Places. London, 1864. + + STEPHENS.--The Old Runic Monuments of Scandinavia and England. + London. + + MISS YONGE.--History of Christian Names. London, 1863. + + LOWER.--Patronymica Britannica. London, 1860. + + BOWDITCH.--Suffolk Surnames. Boston, U.S.A. + + Liber Vitae Ecclesiae Dunelmensis. Published by the Surtees Society, + London, 1841. + + + + +ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. + + +Page 17. + +We have also _Tray_ as a man's name, and from the same origin as that +which I have supposed for the dog's name, though the one is from the +German and the other from the Celtic. The stem in men's names is +referred to Goth, _tragjan_, to run, and may probably include also +_Trail_ (=Tragel) and _Train_ (=Tragen), with the respective endings in +_el_ and _en_. Also, from the interchange of _d_ and _t_, we may include +_Dray_ and _Drain_. + + +Page 20. + +Among names of the first century is that of Ingomar, uncle of Arminius, +which is represented in America by the dreadful name _Inkhammer_, though +whether of English or of German origin seems uncertain. + + +Page 29. + +From _Shilling_, as a man's name, is derived _Shillingsworth_, as a name +of local origin (A.S. _weorth_, property), a name like Wordsworth, +Dodsworth, &c. + + +Page 120. + +Some doubt may be thrown upon the derivation I have suggested for +_Pentecost_ by the name Osbern Pentecost, which comes before us in +Anglo-Saxon times. The name seems here to be a surname, and if so would +be derived most naturally from the festival. + + +Page 159. + +From this stem, as found in an A.S. Flogg, may be formed the Anglo-Saxon +name Flohere (_Thorpe_, p. 636), from _hari_, warrior, whence may be our +surnames _Floyer_, _Flower_, and _Flowry_. + + +Page 171. + +Among other names apparently from women are _Ella_, _Eva_, and _Louisa_, +in _Suffolk Surnames_. Of these, the first is a regular Saxon man's +name, and the second is, I doubt not, the same, corresponding with Eafa +found in Eafingas, and with Eafha, the name of a Mercian alderman. +Louisa I should suppose to be the name Louis with a Romanic, perhaps +Spanish, but not female, ending. + + + + +INDEX OF NAMES. + + +[asterism] _All foreign names are printed in italic type, with the +letters distinguishing their nationality within parentheses after them, +thus--(D.) Dutch; (Dan.) Danish; (F.) French; (G.) German; (I.) Italian; +(S.) Spanish_. + + + A. + + Abba, 25 + + Abbe, 25 + + Abbey, 25 + + Abbiss, 32 + + Abbott, 96, 178, 179 + + Abingdon, 106 + + Ablard, 190 + + _Accolti_ (I.), 147 + + Ackerman, 115 + + _Ackermann_ (G.), 115 + + Ackman, 96 + + Acres, 79 + + Adcock, 35 + + Addicott, 34, 35, 43 + + Adela, 209 + + Adelaide, 209, 210 + + _Adele_ (F.), 123 + + Adeline, 209 + + Adeliza, 204, 206 + + Adier, 43 + + _Adimari_ (I.), 146 + + Adlam, 40 + + Adlard, 40 + + Adolph, 43 + + _Adolphe_ (F.), 123 + + Adolphus, 146 + + Agar, 40 + + Ager, 79 + + Agmondesham, 106 + + Aikin, 96, 185 + + Aikman, 40, 96, 185 + + Ailger, 41 + + Ailman, 41 + + _Alamanni_ (I.), 147 + + Albert, 96 + + _Albert_ (F.), 123 + + _Alberti_ (I.), 148 + + _Alberto_ (I.), 143 + + Albery, 41, 152 + + Albutt, 43 + + Alcock, 34, 35 + + Alcott, 35 + + Aldebert, 41 + + Alder, 41, 96, 98, 185 + + Alderdice, 115 + + Alderman, 98, 115, 178, 180 + + _Aldighiero_ (I.), 148 + + _Aldobrandini_ (I.), 147 + + Aldred, 41 + + Aldrich, 41 + + Aldritt, 41 + + _Alfieri_ (I.), 152 + + _Alfonse_ (F.), 123 + + Alfred, 41, 96 + + Alfreton, 106 + + Algar, 96 + + _Algardi_ (I.), 148 + + _Algarotti_ (I.), 147 + + Alger, 42 + + Alice, 204-206 + + Alicia, 204-206 + + _Alighieri_ (I.), 149 + + Alison, 204-206 + + Allard, 42 + + Allaway, 43 + + Allcard, 96 + + Allday, 79 + + Alley, 26, 79 + + Allfrey, 42, 96 + + Allgood, 43 + + Allnut, 42 + + Allo, 79 + + _Alloisi_ (I.), 148 + + Alloway, 118 + + Allt, 79 + + Allward, 42 + + Allwin, 43 + + Allwood, 42 + + Almar, 42 + + Alment, 42 + + Almiger, 41 + + Almond, 42, 98 + + Alpha, 79 + + _Alphonso_ (I.), 146 + + Altman, 41, 98 + + Altree, 41 + + Alvary, 41, 96 + + Alvert, 41 + + Amabel, 201 + + _Amalteo_ (I.), 152 + + _Amalthius_ (I.), 152 + + _Amalungi_ (I.), 151 + + Ambler, 41, 180 + + _Ameling_ (F.), 151 + + _Americus_ (I.), 147, 208, 209 + + Amesbury, 106 + + Amice, 212 + + Amicia, 212 + + And, 79 + + Andoe, 79 + + Angleman, 42 + + Angler, 42, 178, 180 + + Angmering, 71, 105 + + Anhault, 43 + + Annabella, 201 + + Anne, 83, 171 + + Anning, 83 + + _Ansaldi_ (I.), 147 + + Ansell, 30 + + Anselme, 42 + + _Anselmi_ (I.), 148 + + Anser, 42 + + Anslow, 30 + + _Ansuini_ (I.), 148 + + Applin, 30 + + Arabella, 201 + + _Arbogast_ (F.), 21 + + Archard, 16, 42 + + Archbold, 16, 42 + + Archbutt, 16, 42 + + Archer, 42, 137, 138, 178, 180 + + Ardouin, 55 + + Argent, 16 + + Argument, 16, 42, 120 + + Arkwright, 42, 178, 180 + + _Armandet_ (F.), 19 + + Armat, 43 + + Armgold, 19, 43 + + Armiger, 19, 43 + + Armine, 18 + + Arminer, 19, 44 + + _Armingaud_ (F.), 19, 34 + + Arminger, 19, 44 + + Armor, 181 + + Armory, 43, 181 + + Armour, 19, 43 + + Arms, 19, 183, 184 + + Arney, 26 + + Arnold, 44 + + _Arnolfo_ (I.), 143 + + Arnulfe, 44 + + Arnum, 44 + + Ascough, 44 + + Ash, 185 + + Ashbold, 44 + + Ashbury, 106 + + Ashe, 79 + + Asher, 44 + + Ashkettle, 59 + + Ashman, 44, 96 + + Ashmansworth, 106 + + Ashmore, 44, 96 + + Ashpart, 44 + + Ashwin, 44 + + Ashwith, 44, 148_n_ + + Ask, 79 + + Aske, 185 + + Askey, 185 + + Aslock, 59 + + Asman, 59 + + Asprey, 114 + + Asquith, 44, 148_n_, 185 + + Atkiss, 43 + + Atmore, 43 + + Attride, 43 + + Attridge, 43 + + Auberon, 41 + + Aubery, 152 + + Aubrey, 41 + + _Aucoq_ (F.), 34 + + _Audevard_ (F.), 124 + + _Audifredi_ (I.), 147 + + _Audouard_ (F.), 124 + + Audrey, 41 + + Aulph, 79 + + Auterac, 42 + + Auther, 42, 178, 180 + + Autram, 42 + + Avening, 105 + + Avina, 211 + + Avis, 211 + + Aylard, 41 + + Aylesbury, 106 + + Aylesford, 106 + + Aylesworth, 106 + + Ayliffe, 41 + + Aylmar, 13 + + Aylmer, 41 + + Aylward, 41, 96 + + Aylwin, 41 + + + B. + + Babb, 79, 171 + + Bable, 30, 97 + + Back, 79, 183, 184 + + Badby, 106 + + Badder, 44 + + Badman, 44, 191 + + Badminton, 106 + + Bagge, 79 + + _Balcoq_ (F.), 34 + + Balder, 44, 97 + + _Baldi_ (I.), 148 + + _Baldovinetti_ (I.), 148 + + Baldridge, 44, 97 + + Baldry, 44 + + Baldwin, 44, 97 + + Balmer, 47 + + Balton's borough, 106 + + Banderet, 44 + + Bann, 79 + + Banning, 79 + + Barehard, 45 + + Barking, 105 + + Barlavington, 109 + + Barling, 105 + + Barmore, 45 + + Barnacle, 45 + + Barndollar, 122 + + Barnwell, 137 + + Barwise, 45 + + Baschurch, 6 + + Basin, 6 + + Basingstoke, 88 + + Bass, 4, 79 + + Bather, 44 + + Batt, 79 + + Batting, 79 + + Batty, 79, 173 + + _Baudeau_ (F.), 27 + + Beck, 79 + + Beckett, 192 + + Beckley, 106 + + Bedbug, 114 + + Beddard, 44, 97 + + Beden, 105 + + Bedford, 106 + + Beeby, 79 + + Beech, 185 + + Beenham, 106 + + Belfry, 45 + + Bell, 25 + + Bellmore, 47 + + Bellow, 25 + + Bellringer, 116 + + Belly, 25 + + Belment, 45 + + Belmore, 45 + + _Belzoni_ (I.), 147 + + Bence, 79 + + Beneman, 45 + + Benger, 45 + + Bengworth, 106 + + Benn, 85, 194, 195 + + Bennell, 194, 195 + + Benner, 45 + + Bennet, 45 + + Benney, 194, 195 + + Bennoch, 194, 195 + + Bensington, 105 + + Berger, 45 + + Bernard, 45, 97 + + _Bernardo_ (I.), 143 + + Berner, 45 + + _Berni_ (I.), 152 + + _Bernini_ (I.), 152 + + Bernold, 45, 97 + + _Beroaldus_ (I.), 152 + + Berrette, 97 + + Berrier, 45 + + Berringer, 45 + + Bertram, 46 + + Bertrand, 46 + + _Bertrandi_ (I.), 147 + + Berward, 45 + + Betteridge, 44, 101 + + Betty, 1, 26, 79, 171 + + Beyerman, 193, 194 + + Bibb, 79 + + Bibby, 79 + + Biddle, 80 + + Biddulph, 44 + + Bigg, 85 + + Bigot, 191, 192 + + Bill, 1, 79, 194, 195 + + Billamore, 45 + + _Bille_ (F.), 195 + + _Bille_ (G.), 195 + + _Bille_ (Dan.), 195 + + _Billecoq_ (F.), 34 + + _Billey_ (F.), 195 + + Billiard, 45 + + Billing, 79, 194 + + Billow, 74, 194, 195 + + Billy, 1, 194, 195 + + Billyald, 45 + + Binney, 26, 179 + + Binning, 79 + + Birch, 79, 185 + + Birchenough, 120 + + Bird, 80 + + Bishop, 178, 179 + + _Blacker_ (F.), 188 + + Black, 80, 188 + + Blacker, 46, 188 + + Blackman, 46 + + Blackwin, 46 + + Blake, 188 + + Blakeman, 46 + + Blaker, 46 + + Blanchard, 188 + + Blank, 188 + + Bledlow, 107 + + Blunt, 97 + + Bluntisham, 107 + + Bobbin, 194, 196 + + Bobby, 194, 196 + + Boby, 80 + + Bodicker, 46 + + Bodmer, 46 + + Body, 156, 183, 184 + + Boffey, 194, 196 + + Boggis, 46, 118 + + Bogle, 97 + + Bognor, 107 + + _Boiardo_ (I.), 152, 194 + + _Boiron_ (F.), 194 + + Bold, 27 + + Bolden, 27 + + Boldery, 44 + + Bolley, 80 + + _Bompart_ (F.), 145 + + _Bonaparte_ (F.), 145, 146 + + Bonbright, 146 + + Bond, 80 + + _Boniperti_ (I.), 145 + + Bookless, 183, 184 + + Boss, 80 + + Bossey, 80 + + _Boetefur_ (L.G.), 190 + + Botright, 46 + + Botting, 80 + + Bottisham, 107 + + Bowmer, 97 + + Boy, 193, 194 + + _Boy_ (F.), 194 + + _Boyard_ (F.), 152, 194 + + _Boye_ (F.), 194 + + _Boye_ (G.), 194 + + Boyer, 193, 194 + + _Boyer_ (F.), 194 + + Boyman, 193, 194 + + _Boyreau_ (F.), 194 + + _Boyron_ (F.), 194 + + Bracken, 157 + + Brackett, 157 + + Brackie, 157 + + Bracking, 157 + + _Brackmann_ (G.), 158 + + Bragan, 157 + + Bragg, 157 + + Brain, 97, 157 + + Brakeman, 157 + + Brand, 25 + + Brandy, 25 + + Bransbury, 107 + + Bransford, 107 + + _Braquemin_ (F.), 158 + + Braughin, 105 + + Bray, 157 + + Brayman, 157 + + Braznell, 165 + + Breakell, 158 + + Breem, 80 + + Brewin, 157 + + Bride, 80 + + Bridle, 80 + + Bright, 80 + + Brighting, 80 + + Brightland, 46 + + Brightling, 105 + + Brightly, 30, 80 + + Brightmore, 46 + + Brightwell, 137 + + Brightwine, 46 + + Brighty, 80 + + Brine, 80 + + Brinney, 80 + + Brittell, 80 + + Brocard, 97 + + Brown, 80, 138, 188, 189 + + Browning, 28, 80 + + Bubb, 194, 196 + + Buck, 80, 175 + + Buckle, 85 + + Bucklin, 31 + + Budd, 24, 80 + + Budden, 24 + + Budding, 24 + + Buddle, 24 + + Buddrich, 24, 46 + + Budmore, 24 + + Bugg, 3, 97 + + Bulger, 46 + + Bull, 80 + + Bullard, 46 + + Buller, 46 + + Bulling, 28, 80 + + Bulmer, 46, 97 + + Bundle, 97, 101 + + Bunn, 85 + + Bunting, 97 + + Burchard, 46, 97 + + Burger, 46 + + Burgwin, 46 + + Burleston, 107 + + Burman, 45 + + Burn, 80 + + Burness, 33 + + Burning, 28, 80 + + Burnish, 33 + + Burr, 80 + + Burt, 80 + + Bussell, 80 + + Butleigh, 107 + + Butt, 80 + + Butter, 46, 181 + + Butterick, 46 + + Butterwell, 138 + + Buttery, 46, 181 + + Byard, 152 + + Bye, 193, 194 + + Byron, 193, 194 + + + C. + + Cadman, 50 + + Cage, 9 + + Cain, 10, 190 + + Calderon, 52 + + Caledonia, 8 + + Calking, 170 + + Call, 80 + + Callow, 80 + + Calmsden, 107 + + Camel, 175 + + Cane, 10 + + Cann, 80 + + Canning, 28, 80 + + Cansick, 168 + + Cant, 81 + + Carary, 51 + + Caravan, 51 + + Card, 97 + + Carder, 52 + + Cardwell, 116 + + _Carlo_ (I.), 143 + + Carrier, 51 + + Cart, 97 + + Carthen, 52 + + Cartridge, 52 + + Cashdollar, 122 + + Castle, 97 + + _Castoldi_ (I.), 149 + + Cat, 97, 175 + + Cattey, 175 + + Catty, 97 + + _Cauche_ (F.), 170 + + _Cauchy_ (F.), 170 + + Caulk, 170 + + Caunce, 168 + + Chabot, 118, 125, 126 + + Chad, 97, 125, 126 + + Chadborn, 125 + + Chaddleworth, 107 + + Chaddock, 125, 126 + + Chadlington, 107 + + Chadman, 125 + + Chadshunt, 107 + + Chadwick, 125, 126 + + Chadwin, 126 + + Chaff, 81 + + Chaffey, 81 + + Chain, 125 + + Chalfont, 107 + + Chalk, 101, 170 + + Chalkey, 170 + + Chalklen, 170 + + Chance, 81, 168 + + Chancell, 168 + + Chancey, 168 + + Chaney, 125 + + Chantrey, 51 + + Chard, 97, 125, 126 + + Charing, 105 + + Charles, 80 + + _Charles_ (F.), 123 + + Charley, 80 + + Chart, 125, 126 + + Charter, 125, 126 + + Chaseley, 107 + + _Chasseboeuf_ (F.), 139 + + Chattaway, 126 + + Chatting, 125, 126 + + Chatto, 125, 126 + + Chattoway, 97, 118, 125, 126 + + Chatwin, 125, 126 + + Chatwood, 125 + + Chaucer, 170 + + _Chaussee_ (F.), 170 + + _Chaussy_ (F.), 170 + + Cheape, 97 + + Cheese, 97, 155 + + Cheltenham, 107 + + Chertsey, 107, 126 + + Chesnut, 155, 185 + + Chesman, 155 + + Chesson, 155 + + Chew, 97 + + Chewing, 105 + + Chichester, 107 + + Chilbolton, 107 + + Chilcomb, 127 + + Child, 127 + + Childar, 125, 126 + + Children, 125, 126 + + Chill, 125, 126 + + Chillmaid, 125, 126 + + Chillman, 125, 126 + + Chipman, 155 + + Chipp, 98, 155 + + Chippenham, 107 + + Chipping, 155 + + Chirnie, 155 + + Chitty, 155 + + Cholsey, 107 + + _Chopard_ (F.), 127 + + Chope, 81 + + Choppin, 125, 127 + + _Choupe_ (F.), 127 + + Christabel, 201, 202 and _n_ + + Chubb, 81, 125 + + Chubback, 125 + + Churn, 155 + + Claribel, 201 + + Claringbold, 135 + + Claringbull, 135 + + Claude, 127 + + _Claude_ (F.), 123 + + Clean, 160 + + _Clerambault_ (F.), 135 + + Cline, 160 + + Cloade, 127 + + Clodd, 1, 127 + + Clothier, 127 + + _Clotilde_ (F.), 123 + + Cloud, 97, 127 + + Cloudman, 127 + + Clout, 1, 127 + + Cloutman, 127 + + Clucas, 127 + + Clutterbuck, 121 + + Coate, 81 + + Cobbett, 118 + + Cobbold, 53, 118 + + Cock, 81 + + Codd, 81 + + Codford, 107 + + Coffey, 81 + + Colbran, 47 + + Colburn, 47 + + Coll, 81 + + Collamore, 47 + + Collard, 47 + + Collie, 81 + + Colling, 81 + + Collingham, 107 + + Colman, 47 + + Colmer, 97 + + Conder, 54 + + Congressbury, 107 + + Cooling, 81, 105 + + Coppernoll, 165 + + Corbould, 51 + + Cory, 82 + + Cosier, 54 + + Cossart, 53 + + Costall, 30 + + Costello, 30 + + Costiff, 164 + + Costly, 30 + + Cotheridge, 107 + + Cottiss, 20 + + Cotton, 97 + + Coulthred, 52 + + Craig, 188, 189 + + Creed, 97, 127 + + Creedy, 127 + + Cressy, 81 + + Criddle, 127 + + Crimsham, 107 + + _Crist_ (I. and G.), 135 + + Croad, 127 + + Crock, 127 + + Croger, 127 + + Croke, 127 + + Croker, 127 + + Crooke, 127 + + Cropthorn, 107 + + Crotch, 127 + + Crotty, 127 + + Crowd, 97, 127 + + Crowder, 127 + + Crowdy, 127 + + Cruden, 127 + + Crumpecker, 122 + + Crutch, 127 + + Crute, 127 + + Cuckhamstow hill, 107 + + Cuff, 81 + + Cuffey, 81 + + Cull, 81 + + Cummin, 97 + + Cumnor, 107 + + Cunliffe, 56, 98 + + Curran, 51_n_ + + Curwen, 51 + + Custard, 47 + + + D. + + Dacker, 47 + + Dacombe, 47 + + Dagenham, 108 + + Dagger, 47 + + Daggesell, 47 + + Daisy, 32 + + Dale, 98 + + Dalloway, 47, 118 + + Dalman, 47 + + Damer, 47 + + Dana, 25, 81 + + Dand, 25 + + _Dandalo_ (I.), 145 + + Dando, 25 + + Dandy, 25 + + Dane, 25, 81 + + Danger, 48 + + _Dante_ (I.), 134 + + Darlaston, 108 + + Darling, 81 + + Darnell, 48, 98, 165 + + Darrell, 81 + + Darrigon, 48 + + Darwin, 48 + + Daunsey, 108 + + Daybell, 47 + + Dayer, 47 + + Daylesford, 108 + + Daymont, 47 + + Dearlove, 48, 98 + + Dearman, 48 + + Deary, 26 + + Deller, 47 + + Demaid, 48 + + Demon, 48 + + Denhard, 48, 98 + + Denolf, 48 + + Denn, 81 + + Denning, 81 + + Dermott, 48, 98 + + Derwin, 48 + + _Dettingen_ (G.), 71 + + Dialogue, 48 + + Diamond, 48 + + Dick, 81, 194, 195 + + Dicken, 194, 195 + + Dickin, 102 + + Dickle, 81, 194, 195 + + Dicksie, 195 + + Didlington, 108 + + Dilger, 102, 140 + + _Dilhac_ (F.), 140 + + Dilke, 24, 102, 140 + + Dill, 24, 81, 139 + + _Dill_ (G.), 139 + + _Dille_ (F.), 139 + + _Dillemann_ (G.), 140 + + Dillen, 24 + + _Dillen_ (G.), 140 + + Diller, 140 + + _Dillery_ (F.), 140 + + _Dillet_ (F.), 140 + + Dilley, 139 + + Dillicar, 140 + + Dillick, 140 + + Dillimore, 140 + + Dilling, 24 + + _Dilling_ (G.), 140 + + Dillman, 140 + + Dillon, 140 + + _Dillon_ (F.), 140 + + Dillow, 24, 139 + + Dillwyn, 24, 140 + + Dilly, 24 + + _Dilly_ (F.), 139 + + Distington, 88 + + Ditchling, 105 + + Dixie, 195 + + Dock, 81 + + Docking, 81 + + Dodd, 81, 98 + + Doddridge, 64 + + Dodford, 108 + + Doggett, 49, 98 + + Dogthorpe, 108 + + Dollman, 98 + + Dolman, 48 + + Dolphin, 48, 175, 176 + + _Dome_ (F.), 196 + + Doniland, 108 + + Doran, 27 + + _Dorand_ (G.), 150 + + Dore, 27 + + Dowdeswell, 108 + + Drain, 215 + + Dray, 215 + + Duck, 86, 175, 176 + + Duckling, 98, 175, 176 + + Ducklington, 108 + + Duckman, 48, 98 + + Dugmore, 49 + + Dugood, 49, 98 + + Dumbell, 194, 196 + + Dume, 194, 195 + + Dumlin, 194, 196 + + Dummelow, 194, 196 + + Dummer, 48 + + Dummert, 48 + + Dumplin, 113, 194, 196 + + Dunn, 82, 98, 188, 189 + + Dunning, 82 + + Durand, 134, 150 + + _Durand_ (G.), 150 + + _Durand_ (F.), 150 + + _Durandard_ (F.), 150 + + _Durandeau_ (F.), 150 + + _Durandi_ (I.), 150 + + Durant, 151 + + _Durant_ (F.), 150 + + _Durante_ (I.), 134, 149, 150 + + _Duranto_ (I.), 150 + + Durre, 86 + + Dyce, 81 + + Dycey, 81 + + + E. + + Eager, 40 + + Eagle, 99 + + Eames, 83 + + Earheart, 49, 178, 183, 184 + + Earl, 25, 178 + + Early, 25 + + Earney, 98 + + Earp, 21, 82 + + Earwaker, 49, 169, 178 + + Earwig, 2, 49, 175, 178 + + Eashing, 105 + + Easter, 82 + + Eavestaff, 164 + + Eckington, 108 + + Edbrook, 49 + + Eddiker, 49, 169 + + Eddy, 82 + + Edgar, 49, 210 + + Edgell, 82, 99 + + Edith, 197, 210 + + Edlery, 40 + + Edmond, 49, 210 + + _Edmond_ (F.), 123 + + Edmund, 210 + + Edolph, 49 + + _Edouard_ (F.), 123, 124 + + Edridge, 49 + + Edstone, 108 + + Edward, 13, 49, 210 + + Edwick, 49 + + Effingham, 108 + + Egg, 82 + + Egle, 82 + + Elbow, 183, 184 + + Elcy, 82 + + Eldred, 41 + + Element, 43, 120 + + Elgar, 43 + + Elgee, 82 + + Elgood, 43 + + Eliza, 204-206 + + Elk, 82 + + Ella, 216 + + Ellard, 43 + + Ellery, 43 + + Elliss, 82 + + Elmore, 43 + + Else, 82 + + Elsey, 26, 82 + + _Elvira_ (S.), 200 + + Elvy, 79 + + Elwin, 43 + + Elwood, 43 + + _Elzevir_ (D.), 200 + + _Eme_ (F.), 209 + + Emeler, 41 + + Emeney, 209 + + Emma, 89, 207-209 + + Emmeline, 209 + + Emmett, 175, 178 + + _Emmon_ (F.), 209 + + Empey, 167 + + _Emy_ (F.), 209 + + England, 9 + + Engleburt, 42 + + Engleheart, 42 + + English, 192 + + Ennor, 166 + + Enough, 98, 117, 166 + + _Enrico_ (I.), 143 + + Enright, 166 + + Epps, 82 + + Ermentrude, 19, 197 + + Ermine, 18 + + _Ermingcard_ (F.), 19 + + Erpingham, 108 + + Esau, 190 + + Esmond, 99 + + Ethel, 209 + + Ethelston, 40, 96 + + Eva, 216 + + Evelina, 211 + + Eveline, 211 + + Evelyn, 211 + + Evening, 79 + + Ever, 82 + + Everard, 49 + + Evered, 49 + + Everett, 49 + + Every, 49, 82 + + Evesham, 108 + + Ewald, 68 + + Ewart, 68 + + Ewe, 2, 68_n_ + + Ewer, 68 + + Ewing, 68_n_ + + Exhall, 108 + + + F. + + Fairfoot, 183, 185 + + Fairfoul, 120 + + Fairless, 183 + + Fairman, 49 + + Falstaff, 119 + + _Falsteuf_ (F.), 119 + + Faragut, 34 + + _Farcot_ (F.), 34 + + Farragut, 49 + + Farre, 27, 82 + + Farren, 27 + + Farrier, 178, 180 + + Farrimond, 49 + + Farrow, 82 + + Farthing, 28 + + Fearn, 82 + + Feckenham, 108 + + _Federigo_ (I.), 143 + + Ferdinand, 50 + + _Ferdinand_ (F.), 123 + + Ferrand, 49 + + Ferrier, 49, 180 + + Few, 159 + + Field, 113 + + Fielder, 113 + + Fielding, 113 + + Filbert, 50 + + Fileman, 50 + + Filldew, 50 + + Fillmer, 50 + + Fillmore, 99 + + Fin, 89 + + Finbow, 50 + + Finch, 82 + + Finger, 50, 183 + + Finn, 82 + + Finney, 82 + + Fish, 175, 177 + + Fiske, 177 + + Flack, 159 + + Fladbury, 108 + + Flagg, 159 + + Flatt, 198 + + Flatter, 181 + + Flattery, 181, 198 + + Flattman, 198 + + Flea, 3, 159, 175, 178 + + Fleck, 159 + + Flew, 99, 159 + + Flower, 216 + + Flowry, 216 + + Floyer, 216 + + Fluck, 159 + + Fly, 159, 175, 178 + + Fogg, 99, 159 + + Foggo, 99, 159 + + Folkstone, 108 + + Foote, 183, 184 + + Forder, 50 + + Fordred, 50 + + Forget, 49 + + Fortyman, 50 + + Forward, 49 + + Fowl, 99 + + _Francesco_ (I.), 143 + + Franklin, 31 + + _Fredeau_ (F.), 27 + + Frederic, 13 + + Frederick, 50 + + Freebody, 50, 156 + + Freeborn, 50, 99 + + Freebout, 50 + + Freeland, 50 + + Freestone, 50 + + _Frescobaldi_ (I.), 149 + + Friday, 99, 182 + + Froude, 82 + + Fudge, 159 + + Fuggle, 99 + + Fulke, 82 + + Fullagar, 50 + + Fullalove, 50, 191 + + + G. + + Gaffery, 52 + + Gage, 9, 10 + + Gain, 10, 99, 118, 190 + + Galland, 51 + + Gallant, 51 + + Gallard, 51 + + Galloway, 51, 118 + + Galt, 82 + + _Gambetta_ (F.), 153 + + Gamble, 113 + + Gambler, 180 + + Gambling, 2, 28 + + Gander, 51, 99, 175 + + Gandy, 81 + + Gant, 81 + + Ganter, 51 + + Garbett, 51 + + Garbrand, 51 + + Garbutt, 51 + + Garden, 28 + + Garforth, 51 + + _Garibaldi_ (I.), 145 + + Garlick, 51 + + Garman, 51 + + Garment, 51, 120 + + Garnett, 51 + + Garrard, 51 + + Garrod, 51 + + Garrold, 51 + + Garroway, 51, 118 + + Garstin, 51 + + Garter, 52 + + Garvey, 51 + + Garwood, 51, 148_n_ + + Gasting, 82 + + Gatliffe, 50 + + Gatling, 99 + + Gatty, 175 + + Gay, 9, 10, 99 + + Gedge, 9, 10 + + Genese, 192, 193 + + _Genett_ (G.), 207 + + Genevieve, 207 + + _Gennari_ (I.), 148 + + Genner, 52 + + Gennett, 52, 207 + + Gentery, 51 + + Gentry, 51 + + Geoffry, 50_n_, 51 + + _Gerard_ (F.), 23 + + _Gerbault_ (F.), 145 + + _Gerbet_ (F.), 153 + + Gerloff, 51 + + Gertrude, 19, 197 + + _Geu_ (G.), 10 + + _Gey_ (G.), 10 + + _Gherardini_ (I.), 148 + + _Ghibellines_ (I.), 146 + + _Ghiberti_ (I.), 148 + + _Ghirlandaio_ (I.), 148 + + Gidding, 108 + + Giddy, 155 + + Giffard, 52 + + Giffen, 82 + + Gilbert, 52 + + Gildawie, 52 + + Gilder, 52 + + Gildert, 52 + + Gill, 82 + + Gillard, 53 + + Giller, 53, 99 + + Gillett, 53 + + Gillford, 53 + + Gilliam, 53 + + Gillibrand, 52 + + Gillman, 53 + + Gilmore, 53 + + Gimbert, 52 + + Gippert, 52 + + Gipsy, 33 + + Gislingham, 108 + + Goad, 81 + + Godalming, 71, 105 + + Godbold, 53 + + Godbolt, 53 + + Goddam, 191 + + Goddard, 53 + + Goddier, 53 + + Godding, 81, 99 + + Goddiss, 20 + + _Godeau_ (F.), 27 + + Godfrey, 50_n_, 53 + + Godhead, 53 + + Godiso, 20 + + Godiva, 172 + + Godizo, 20 + + Godkin, 31 + + Godliman, 191 + + Godman, 53 + + Godmersham, 108 + + Godmund, 53, 99 + + Godrick, 53 + + Godsell, 53 + + Godskall, 53 + + Godsoe, 20, 32 + + Godward, 191 + + Godwin, 53, 99 + + Gold, 82 + + Goldbourne, 52 + + Golding, 82 + + Goldrick, 52 + + Goldwin, 52 + + Goodacre, 170 + + Goodbody, 156 + + Goodenough, 120, 191 + + Goodeve, 171 + + Goodheart, 53, 191 + + Goodlake, 53 + + Goodland, 53 + + Goodliffe, 53, 191 + + Goodnow, 53 + + Goodram, 53 + + Goodred, 53 + + Goodwright, 53, 178, 180 + + Goodyear, 53 + + Goose, 175 + + Gorbold, 51 + + Gore, 82 + + Gorebrown, 51 + + Gosbell, 53 + + Gosland, 54 + + Gosling, 175 + + Gosmer, 54 + + _Gosselin_ (F.), 175, 176 + + _Gosselini_ (I.), 147 + + Goswold, 54 + + _Goettingen_ (G.), 71 + + _Gousse_ (F.), 175, 176 + + Gozar, 54 + + Gozzard, 53 + + _Grau_ (G.), 189 + + Gray, 138, 188, 189 + + Greenwell, 138 + + Gregg, 188, 189 + + Grimbald, 54 + + Grimble, 54, 202 + + Grimerd, 54 + + Grimmer, 54 + + Grimmond, 54 + + Grimstone, 108 + + _Grobe_ (G.), 187 + + Grote, 99 + + Grove, 99, 186, 187 + + _Grove_ (G.), 187 + + _Grub_ (F.), 187 + + Grubb, 99, 186, 187 + + _Grubi_ (F.), 187 + + _Guala_ (F.), 133 + + _Gualdo_ (I.), 144, 147 + + _Gualtier_ (F.), 130 + + _Guardi_ (I.), 144, 148 + + _Guarini_ (I.), 152 + + _Guarnerius_ (I.), 144, 149 + + Guelpa, 131 + + _Guelph_ (I.), 131, 146 + + _Gueneau_ (F.), 133 + + _Guenin_ (F.), 133 + + _Guerin_ (F.), 152 + + _Guermain_ (F.), 132 + + _Guernier_ (F.), 149 + + Guest, 82 + + _Guglielmo_ (I.), 149 + + _Guicciardini_ (I.), 144, 147 + + _Guiche_ (F.), 132 + + _Guide_ (F.), 132, 148 + + _Guido_ (I.), 144, 148 + + _Guidubaldi_ (I.), 148 + + _Guillaume_ (F.), 123, 130, 133 + + Guille, 131, 132 + + _Guille_ (F.), 132 + + _Guillemain_ (F.), 133 + + Guily, 131, 132 + + Guinan, 131 + + _Guinery_ (F.), 133 + + Guiney, 131, 133 + + _Guinier_ (F.), 133 + + _Guiscard_ (F.), 130 + + _Guiteau_ (F.), 148 + + Gumboil, 2, 54 + + Gundey, 99 + + Gundry, 54 + + Gunn, 99 + + Gunner, 181 + + Gunnery, 181 + + Gunston, 54 + + Gunter, 54 + + Gunthorp, 108 + + Guttwein, 122 + + Gwillam, 131, 133 + + Gwilt, 131 + + Gwyer, 131, 132 + + Gye, 9, 10 + + + H. + + Hack, 83 + + Hacking, 83 + + Hackstaff, 164 + + Haddenham, 108 + + Haddock, 175 + + Hadkiss, 54 + + Hadrott, 54 + + Hadwen, 54 + + Haggard, 40 + + Hail, 83 + + Hailing, 83 + + Halbard, 96 + + Hald, 99 + + Haldan, 99 + + Hall, 83 + + Hallgreen, 33 + + Halling, 28, 83, 105 + + Hallington, 108 + + Halloway, 43 + + Hambledon, 108 + + Hambling, 150 + + _Hamel_ (F.), 150 + + Hamling, 150 + + Hammill, 150 + + Hammond, 41 + + Hamp, 166 + + Hamper, 166 + + Hance, 83 + + Hand, 79 + + Handsomebody, 156 + + Hanger, 42 + + Hankerton, 108, 109 + + Hanman, 43 + + Hann, 27, 83, 172 + + Hannah, 171 + + Hannen, 27 + + Hanney, 172 + + Hanning, 83 + + Hannington, 108 + + Hanrot, 43 + + Hansard, 43 + + Hansom, 43 + + Harbert, 55 + + Harboard, 55 + + Harbud, 55 + + Hard, 83 + + Hardacre, 170 + + Harder, 54, 181 + + Harding, 28, 83 + + Hardington, 109 + + Hardland, 54 + + Hardman, 55 + + Hardoff, 55 + + Hardwick, 55 + + Hardy, 83 + + Hargood, 55 + + Harker, 55 + + Harland, 55 + + Harle, 83 + + Harleston, 109 + + Harley, 83 + + Harling, 83, 105 + + Harman, 55 + + Harme, 19 + + Harmer, 55 + + Harmond, 55 + + Harmony, 18 + + Harnor, 44 + + Harnott, 55 + + Harold, 15_n_, 20, 55 + + Harp, 21 + + Harre, 196 + + Harrietsham, 108 + + Harrow, 196 + + Harry, 194, 196 + + Harryman, 55 + + Hart, 83 + + Hartnoll, 55, 165 + + Hartridge, 55 + + Hartry, 55 + + Hartwright, 55, 178, 180 + + Harvest, 21 + + Harvey, 55 + + Harward, 55 + + Harwin, 55 + + Harwood, 55 + + Hasell, 83, 185, 186 + + Haskey, 99 + + Hasluck, 59, 101 + + Hathaway, 54, 118, 126 + + Hatt, 79 + + Hattemore, 54 + + Hattrick, 54 + + Hauxton, 108 + + Haversham, 108 + + Haveys, 212 + + Haweis, 212 + + Hawk, 99 + + Hawke, 83 + + Hawoise, 212 + + Hayman, 41 + + Hayward, 41, 99, 137, 138, 178, 180 + + Head, 183 + + Hean, 166 + + Heaney, 166 + + Heart, 183, 184 + + Heasman, 56 + + Heaven, 79 + + Helme, 99 + + _Heloise_ (F.), 123, 212 + + Helper, 99 + + Helps, 99 + + Helpstone, 109 + + Hemingford Abbots, 109 + + Hemington, 109 + + Hemp, 166 + + Hemper, 166 + + Henfrey, 43, 166 + + Henman, 43 + + Henn, 83 + + Henniker, 43 + + _Henri_ (F.), 123 + + Henstridge, 109 + + Herbert, 55, 99 + + _Herbette_ (F.), 153 + + Herepath, 55 + + Heringaud, 34 + + Herod, 99, 190 + + Herring, 99, 175 + + Hersant, 55 + + Heward, 141 + + Hewish, 141 + + Hewitt, 32, 141 + + Hewland, 141 + + Hewlet, 141 + + Hibbert, 141 + + Hibble, 141 + + Hick, 140 + + Hickie, 140 + + Hickley, 140 + + Hicklin, 141 + + Hickman, 100, 141 + + Hickmot, 141 + + _Hieckmann_ (G.), 141 + + _Hienne_ (F.), 141 + + Higgen, 141 + + Highmore, 100, 141 + + Higlet, 141 + + _Higlin_ (F.), 141 + + Higman, 141 + + Hignett, 142 + + Hildebrand, 55 + + Hilder, 55 + + Hildreth, 56 + + Hildyard, 55 + + Hill, 83 + + Hillersdon, 109 + + Hillman, 56 + + Hillock, 100, 141 + + Hillyer, 55 + + Hilmer, 56 + + Hilridge, 56 + + Him, 209 + + Hime, 83 + + Hind, 114 + + Hine, 114 + + Hinksey, 109 + + Hipkin, 31 + + Hoby, 83 + + _Hocede_ (F.), 182 + + Hockaday, 182 + + Hockey, 83 + + Hodge, 100, 140 + + Hodges, 141 + + Hodgett, 101 + + Hodgkin, 31, 141 + + Hodsoak, 109 + + Hoe, 140 + + _Hogan_ (F.), 141 + + _Hoge_ (G.), 140 + + Hogg, 100, 140 + + Hoggin, 141 + + Hogmire, 141 + + _Hognet_ (F.), 142 + + _Hoin_ (F.), 141 + + Holiday, 182 + + Homer, 141 + + Hone, 83, 166 + + Honey, 83 + + Honeybun, 120 + + Honeyburn, 120 + + Honeyman, 54 + + Honner, 166 + + Honnington, 109 + + Hoofnail, 165 + + Hook, 83 + + Hopkin, 102 + + Hopp, 83 + + Hopping, 28, 83 + + Horne, 83, 100 + + Horning, 83, 105 + + Horningsea, 109 + + Horningsheath, 109 + + Horsenail, 165 + + Hose, 84 + + Hough, 89 + + Howard, 178, 180 + + Howitt, 32, 101, 141 + + _Hua_ (F.), 140 + + _Huan_ (F), 141 + + _Huard_ (F.), 141 + + _Huart_ (F.), 141 + + _Huault_ (F.), 142 + + _Hubault_ (F.), 141 + + Hubbard, 141 + + _Hubbert_ (G.), 141 + + Hubble, 141 + + _Hubert_ (F.), 141 + + _Huc_ (F.), 140 + + Huck, 140 + + _Hucke_ (G.), 140 + + Huckell, 140 + + Hucken, 141 + + _Hue_ (F.), 140 + + _Huel_ (F.), 140 + + Huelin, 141 + + _Huet_ (F.), 141 + + Huff, 86 + + _Hufnagel_ (G.), 166 + + Hug, 140 + + _Hug_ (F.), 140 + + Hugall, 140 + + _Hugan_ (F.), 141 + + _Hugard_ (F.), 141 + + _Huge_ (F.), 140 + + _Huge_ (G.), 140 + + _Huegel_(G.), 140 + + Huggard, 141 + + Huggett, 32, 141 + + Hugh, 140 + + Hughes, 141 + + Hughman, 141 + + _Hugla_ (F.), 140 + + Hugman, 141 + + _Hugnot_ (F.), 142 + + Hugo, 140 + + _Hugo_ (F.), 140 + + _Hugo_ (G.), 140 + + _Hugot_ (F.), 141 + + _Huguelin_ (F.), 141 + + _Hugues_ (F.), 141 + + Huie, 140 + + _Hulek_ (F.), 141 + + Hullock, 141 + + Human, 141 + + _Humann_ (F.), 141 + + Humble, 100, 191 + + _Humboldt_ (G.), 191 + + Humphrey, 50_n_, 54 + + Hun, 89 + + Hunger, 54 + + Hunhold, 54 + + Hunibal, 54 + + Hunn, 83 + + Hunnard, 54 + + Hunt, 83 + + Hunting, 83 + + Huntingdon, 109 + + Hurlbat, 49 + + Hurlburt, 49 + + Hurler, 49, 178, 180 + + Hutt, 100 + + Hyndman, 114 + + + I. + + Ibbett, 32 + + _Ihm_ (G.), 209 + + _Imm_ (G.), 209 + + Impey, 167 + + Inchbald, 56 + + Inchboard, 56 + + Ingledew, 42 + + Inglesent, 42 + + Inglis, 192 + + Ingold, 56 + + Ingram, 56 + + Ingrey, 56 + + Inkhammer, 215 + + Ipswich, 108 + + Ireland, 9 + + Iremonger, 19 + + Irminger, 19, 44 + + Irwine, 99 + + Isabel, 198 + + _Isabelle_ (F.), 199 + + Isburg, 56 + + Ismer, 56 + + Isnard, 56 + + Isnell, 165 + + Isner, 56 + + Ive, 83 + + Ivy, 83, 185, 186 + + Izod, 56 + + + J. + + Jack, 194, 196 + + Jacklin, 194, 196 + + _Jacklin_ (G.), 196 + + _Jacquard_ (F.), 196 + + _Jacquelin_ (F.), 196 + + Jael, 190 + + Jago, 194, 196 + + Jane, 206, 207 + + Janet, 206, 207 + + January, 182, 183 + + Jarman, 51 + + Jeannerett, 52 + + Jeffcock, 35 + + Jeffcott, 35 + + Jellicoe, 31 + + Jenner, 183 + + Jennery, 52, 183 + + Jennett, 207 + + Jervis, 51 + + Jocelyn, 176 + + _Jordaens_ (D.), 135 + + Jordan, 135 + + _Jordan_ (F.), 135 + + _Josselin_ (F.), 176 + + _Jourdain_ (F.), 135 + + _Jourdan_ (F.), 135 + + Judith, 196 + + + K. + + Kay, 9, 10, 80 + + Keble, 98 + + Kedge, 9, 10 + + Kegg, 9, 10 + + Keho, 11 + + Kelk, 98, 170 + + Kelvedon, 107 + + Kemerton, 71, 107 + + Kenilworth, 107 + + Kennard, 56 + + Kennaway, 56, 118 + + Kenrick, 56, 98 + + Kensal, 168 + + Kensett, 168 + + Kenward, 56, 98 + + Keogh, 11 + + Kettering, 105 + + Kettle, 97 + + Kettleby, 107 + + Key, 9, 10, 80 + + Keysoe, 107 + + Kidd, 98, 173 + + Kiddy, 155 + + Killer, 53 + + Killman, 53, 98 + + Kilsby, 109 + + Kindred, 117 + + Kinmonth, 56 + + Kinnaird, 56 + + Kinney, 26 + + Kitt, 100, 173 + + Kitto, 173 + + Kitty, 155, 170 + + Klyne, 160 + + Knapp, 100, 161 + + Knapping, 161 + + Knall, 161, 173 + + Kneller, 161 + + Knibb, 99, 161 + + Knife, 161 + + Knipe, 99, 161 + + Knipping, 161 + + Knott, 81 + + Knyvett, 161 + + _Kupfernagel_ (G.), 166 + + + L. + + Lamaison, 182 + + _Lamas_ (F.), 183 + + Lambert, 56 + + _Lamberti_ (I.), 147 + + Lambeth, 109 + + Lambrook, 56 + + Lammas, 182, 183 + + Lamprey, 56, 115, 175, 178 + + Lanaway, 57 + + Lander, 56 + + Landfear, 56 + + Landlord, 57 + + Landridge, 57 + + Landward, 57 + + Lanfear, 56 + + Langstaff, 164 + + Lanoway, 118 + + Lanwer, 57 + + _Lanzi_ (I.), 147 + + Lark, 175, 176 + + Lascelles, 139 + + Lateward, 57 + + Laundry, 57 + + _Lauringen_ (G.), 72 + + Lavenham, 109 + + Laver, 83 + + Laverick, 100 + + Laverock, 176 + + Lawless, 183, 184 + + Laycock, 34 + + Leamington, 73 + + Leathart, 57 + + Leather, 57 + + _Leboeuf_ (F.), 139 + + _Lecoq_ (F.), 34 + + Ledgard, 57, 100 + + Ledger, 57 + + Ledward, 57 + + Lees, 84 + + Legg, 183, 184 + + Leggy, 183 + + Legless, 183, 184 + + Lemon, 57_n_, 100, 119 + + _Leonardo_ (I.), 142 + + Leopard, 57, 100, 173 + + _Leopardi_ (I.), 151 + + Lessy, 84 + + Leverett, 177 + + Lewis, 34, 118 + + Liddard, 57 + + Liddle, 84 + + Lightfoot, 184 + + Limmer, 119 + + Lind, 175 + + Linden, 185, 186 + + Lindo, 175 + + Ling, 27, 175 + + Lingen, 27 + + Lingo, 175 + + _Lionardo_ (I.), 148 + + Liptrot, 57 + + Lock, 84 + + Locker, 100 + + Lockie, 84 + + Lord, 100, 158, 178 + + Lording, 100, 158 + + Lottisham, 109 + + _Louis_ (F.), 123 + + Louisa, 216 + + _Louise_ (F.), 123, 211 + + Love, 84 + + Loveday, 57, 137, 138, 182 + + Lovegod, 57 + + Lovegood, 57, 191 + + Loveland, 57 + + Loveman, 57, 100, 191 + + Lover, 57, 100 + + Loveridge, 57, 100 + + Lovesy, 100 + + Lovick, 31 + + Loving, 28, 84 + + Lower, 100 + + Lubbock, 31 + + Lucas, 34, 57, 118 + + Lucy, 171 + + Ludbrook, 57 + + _Ludovico_ (I.), 143 + + _Luigi_ (I.), 142 + + Lull, 84, 100 + + Lully, 84, 100 + + Lumb, 160 + + Lump, 160 + + Lumpkin, 160 + + Luther, 57, 100 + + Lutman, 57, 100 + + Lutto, 84 + + Lutwidge, 57 + + Lyde, 84 + + + M. + + Mabel, 201 + + McDermott, 98_n_ + + McKay, 11 + + McKie, 11 + + Madam, 58 + + Maddey, 84 + + _Madelungen_ (G.), 72 + + Madle, 84 + + Mager, 58 + + Magg, 171 + + Maggot, 58 + + Maggy, 84 + + _Magini_ (I.), 142 + + _Maginot_ (F.), 142 + + _Magnabal_ (F.), 142 + + _Magnan_ (F.), 142 + + _Magnard_ (F.), 142 + + Magnay, 142 + + _Magne_ (F.), 142 + + _Magney_ (F.), 142 + + _Magnier_ (F.), 142 + + _Mahault_ (F.), 204 + + Mahood, 210 + + Maiden, 28 + + Maidman, 59 + + _Maignan_ (F.), 142 + + _Mainardi_ (I.), 142 + + _Mainardo_ (I.), 142 + + _Mainbourg_ (F.), 142 + + _Maineri_ (I.), 142 + + _Mainfroy_ (F.), 142 + + _Maingault_ (F.), 142 + + _Maingot_ (F.), 34, 142 + + Maliff, 58 + + Mallard, 58 + + Malling, 105 + + Mallory, 58 + + Malmsbury, 109 + + Malthus, 58 + + Maltwood, 59 + + Manfred, 58 + + _Manfredi_ (I.), 147 + + Manger, 58, 142 + + Manhood, 210 + + Manigault, 58 + + Manlove, 58, 191 + + Mann, 84 + + Manning, 28, 84 + + _Maraldi_ (I.), 147 + + Marcher, 59 + + Margot, 58 + + Marigold, 58 + + Mariner, 178, 180 + + _Marinier_ (F.), 181 + + Marker, 59 + + Marklove, 59 + + Markwick, 59 + + Marl, 84 + + Marling, 84 + + _Marnier_ (F.), 181 + + Marr, 25, 84 + + Marrow, 25 + + Marry, 25 + + Marvey, 58 + + Marvin, 58 + + Marwick, 58 + + Massey, 84 + + Mather, 58 + + _Mathilde_ (F.), 123 + + Matilda, 203, 204 + + Maud, 203, 204 + + Maude, 171 + + May, 84, 171 + + Mayer, 58 + + Maynard, 58, 142 + + _Maynard_ (F.), 142 + + Mayne, 142 + + _Maynier_ (F.), 142 + + Mayo, 171, 173 + + Meadway, 59 + + Meddiman, 59 + + Medland, 59 + + Medlar, 59 + + Medlicott, 34, 59 + + Medlock, 59 + + Medwin, 59 + + Meggy, 171 + + Megrin, 58 + + _Mehne_ (G.), 142 + + _Meiner_ (G.), 142 + + _Meinert_ (G.), 142 + + Melloday, 59 + + Mellowdew, 59 + + Melody, 59 + + Merrill, 84 + + Merriment, 120 + + Merry, 85 + + Messing, 84 + + Methold, 59 + + Michie, 84 + + Mico, 84 + + Mildred, 116, 197 + + Millard, 59 + + Milldolar, 122 + + Millie, 84 + + Millinge, 84 + + Milo, 84 + + Minn, 178 + + Minney, 178 + + Minnow, 175, 178 + + Mitcheldover, 109 + + Moder, 59 + + Moll, 1, 171 + + Monday, 182 + + Monument, 120 + + Moore, 11 + + Mote, 175, 178 + + Moth, 175, 178 + + Mottram, 59 + + Moule, 100 + + Moulsey, 109 + + Moulsham, 109 + + Mouse, 175 + + _Mousse_ (F.), 176 + + Muckett, 100 + + Mudridge, 59 + + Mumm, 155 + + Mummery, 155 + + Mummy, 155 + + Munday, 182 + + Mundell, 30, 84 + + Mundella, 30 + + Mundham, 109 + + Mundy, 182 + + Murch, 84, 188, 189 + + Murchie, 84, 188, 189 + + Murchison, 189 + + Mutrie, 59 + + + N. + + Naf, 161 + + Nagle, 101, 165 + + Nail, 101, 165 + + Nanny, 2, 171 + + Napkin, 161 + + Napp, 1, 161 + + Neate, 84 + + Need, 84 + + Nelly, 161, 171 + + Nettleton, 109 + + Nibbs, 101 + + Nield, 114 + + Nielson, 12 + + Nill, 161 + + Noon, 179 + + Norcock, 34, 35 + + Norcott, 35 + + Norman, 192, 193 + + Northcott, 34 + + Nott, 84 + + Nunn, 178, 179 + + Nunney, 179 + + Nuttall, 81 + + Nutting, 84 + + + O. + + Oake, 185, 186 + + Oakey, 185, 186 + + _Odeschalchi_ (I.), 147 + + _Odevico_ (I.), 147 + + _Odoardo_ (I.), 124, 143 + + Offley, 109 + + Old, 79 + + Oldacre, 41 + + Olding, 79 + + Oldridge, 41 + + Ombersley, 106 + + Onken, 166 + + _Onofrio_ (I.), 142 + + Onwhyn, 166 + + _Orlandi_ (I.), 147 + + Orleston, 109 + + Orlop, 101 + + Orme, 174 + + Ormerod, 43 + + Ormsby, 109 + + Osborn, 59 + + Osgodby, 109 + + Osgood, 59 + + Osman, 59 + + Osmer, 59 + + Osmington, 109 + + Osmond, 60 + + Ostrich, 175 + + Oswald, 60, 101 + + Oswaldslow, 109 + + Oswin, 60 + + _Ouarnier_ (F.), 149 + + Ough, 86 + + Outram, 42 + + Ovington, 111 + + Owen, 101 + + Oyster, 122 + + Oysterman, 122 + + + P. + + Paddington, 110 + + Padworth, 110 + + Pagan, 191, 192 + + Pagham, 110 + + Paine, 118, 192 + + Paler, 181 + + Paley, 26, 84 + + Palfrey, 47 + + Paling, 84 + + Papillon, 31 + + Paragreen, 45 + + Paramore, 45 + + Parez, 33 + + Paris, 33 + + Partrick, 46 + + Partridge, 46 + + Pascoe, 135 + + Pash, 135 + + Paske, 135 + + _Pasquin_ (F.), 135 + + Pass, 79 + + Patching, 105 + + Paton, 90 + + Patrington, 110 + + Pattingham, 110 + + Payne, 118 + + Peabody, 156 + + Peat, 91 + + Peck, 79 + + Pegg, 2, 85, 171 + + Pendegast, 114 + + Pender, 44, 101 + + Pendered, 44 + + Pendgast, 114, 115 + + _Penicaud_ (F.), 34 + + Penman, 45 + + Penn, 85 + + Pennell, 101 + + Pennycad, 34, 45 + + Pensham, 110 + + Pentecast, 120, 183 + + Pentecost, 120, 182, 183, 215 + + Perman, 45 + + Perriam, 45 + + Perrott, 45 + + Petersham, 110 + + Petridge, 110 + + Peyton, 90, 101 + + Pharoah, 190 + + _Philibert_ (F.), 123 + + Phillimore, 50, 99 + + Pickett, 101, 192 + + Picton, 90 + + Picture, 91 + + Piddel, 101 + + Pigot, 192 + + Pilgrim, 45 + + Pim, 162 + + Pindard, 44 + + Piper, 85 + + Pippin, 101 + + Pirner, 45 + + Pitt, 83 + + Player, 178, 180 + + Plowman, 178, 180 + + Pollard, 46 + + Poppy, 80 + + Portisham, 110 + + _Potefer_ (F.), 190 + + Potiphar, 190 + + Pott, 80 + + Potten, 101 + + Pottle, 101 + + Potto, 80 + + _Poy_ (F.), 194 + + _Poyard_ (F.), 152 + + _Poyart_ (F.), 194 + + _Poye_ (F.), 194 + + _Poyer_ (F.), 194 + + Poynings, 105 + + Pray, 157 + + Prendergast, 114, 115 + + Prendergrass, 114 + + Prentice, 178, 179 + + Prentiss, 32, 101, 116 + + Priest, 178, 179 + + Prince, 178, 179 + + Proudfoot, 116 + + Puck, 80 + + Puckle, 85 + + Puddifer, 190 + + Punt, 101 + + Purdue, 45 + + Purgold, 46 + + Purland, 45 + + Pye, 193, 194 + + Pym, 162 + + Pyman, 193, 194 + + + Q. + + Quail, 131, 133 + + Quaint, 131, 133 + + Quaker, 131 + + Qualey, 131, 133 + + Quantock, 131, 133 + + Quare, 131 + + Quarman, 131, 132 + + Quarrier, 131, 132 + + Quarry, 131 + + Quart, 134 + + Quary, 131 + + Quash, 131 + + Quear, 131 + + Queen, 131, 133 + + Queenan, 131, 133 + + Queeney, 131, 133 + + _Quenay_ (F.), 133 + + _Querrey_ (F.), 131 + + Query, 131 + + Quick, 131, 132 + + Quiddy, 131, 132 + + Quier, 131, 132 + + Quig, 131, 132 + + Quiggle, 131, 132 + + Quil, 131, 132 + + Quilke, 131, 133 + + _Quillac_ (F.), 133 + + _Quille_ (F.), 132 + + Quillinan, 131, 133 + + Quillman, 131, 133 + + Quilt, 131, 134 + + Quilter, 131, 134 + + Quilty, 131, 134 + + Quin, 131, 133 + + Quinan, 131, 133 + + _Quineau_ (F.), 133 + + Quiner, 131, 133 + + _Quinier_ (F.), 133 + + Quint, 131, 133 + + _Quinty_ (F.), 133 + + Quire, 131, 132 + + _Quirini_ (I.), 147 + + Quitman, 131, 132 + + Quittacus, 131, 132 + + Quy, 131, 132 + + _Quyo_ (F.), 132 + + + R. + + Rabbit, 118 + + Raddish, 33 + + Rackham, 60 + + Radmore, 60 + + _Raimondi_ (I.), 147 + + Rain, 176 + + Rainbird, 60 + + Rainford, 60 + + Ralph, 60, 101, 118 + + Ramsden, 110 + + Ranacre, 60 + + Ranger, 60 + + Rarey, 60 + + Rathbold, 60 + + Rathbone, 60 + + Rather, 60 + + Ratliffe, 60 + + Rattham, 60 + + Rattray, 60 + + Raven, 85 + + Raybauld, 60 + + Raybolt, 60 + + Rayment, 60, 120 + + Raymond, 60 + + Raynbold, 60 + + Raynham, 60 + + Read, 83 + + Reading, 105 + + Readwin, 60, 101 + + Reckless, 183 + + Redband, 60 + + Reddaway, 60 + + Reddish, 33 + + Redgill, 60 + + Redman, 60, 61 + + Redmarley, 110 + + Redmond, 60 + + Redmore, 60 + + Redwar, 60 + + Regal, 85 + + Reginald, 13 + + Regnard, 60 + + Rennie, 86, 176 + + Renno, 176 + + Reulver, 110 + + Reynard, 60 + + Reyner, 60 + + Reynolds, 60 + + Riccard, 61 + + Rich, 85 + + Richard, 61 + + _Richarde_ (F.), 123 + + Richbell, 61 + + Richer, 61, 181 + + Riches, 32 + + Richey, 85 + + _Richez_ (F.), 32 + + Richman, 61 + + Richmond, 61 + + Richold, 61 + + Rickinghall, 110 + + Rickman, 61 + + Ridding, 85 + + Riddle, 86 + + Riddy, 85 + + Ridgway, 61 + + Ridgyard, 61 + + _Ridolphi_ (I.), 143 + + Ringer, 61 + + Ringold, 61, 100 + + Ringstead, 110 + + Ripley, 83 + + Ritta, 85 + + Robert, 61 + + _Robert_ (F.), 123 + + _Roberti_ (I.), 147 + + Rock, 85 + + Rodber, 61 + + Rodbourn, 61 + + Rodborough, 110 + + Rodd, 85 + + Rodgard, 61 + + Rodger, 61 + + Rodman, 61, 192 + + Rodney, 61 + + Rodrick, 61 + + Rodyard, 61 + + _Rointru_ (F.), 186 + + Roland, 118 + + _Rolandini_ (I.), 147 + + Rolfe, 61, 118 + + Rolland, 61 + + Rolle, 85 + + Rollesby, 110 + + Rolleston, 110 + + Roman, 61, 118, 192 + + Roothing, 105 + + Rosbert, 61 + + Roskell, 61 + + _Rosnagel_ (G.), 166 + + Ross, 85 + + Rotherham, 61 + + Rothery, 61 + + Rowantree, 185, 186 + + Rubery, 101 + + Ruck, 85 + + Rudd, 85 + + Rudder, 61 + + Rudding, 85 + + _Rudolfe_ (F.), 123 + + Rudwick, 61 + + Rugg, 85 + + Rumbold, 62, 101 + + Rummer, 62 + + Runwell, 137 + + Rush, 85 + + Rutledge, 61 + + + S. + + _Sacchi_ (I.), 147 + + Saint, 191 + + Sala, 86 + + Salaman, 178 + + Sale, 86 + + Salloway, 62 + + Salmon, 62, 175, 178 + + Sander, 85 + + Sargood, 66 + + Sarle, 85 + + Sarratt, 62 + + Satchell, 83 + + Scales, 86 + + Scally, 86 + + Scamp, 191 + + Scard, 83 + + Scarth, 85 + + _Schilling_ (G.), 29 + + Scotland, 8 + + Scott, 6 + + Scotten, 8 + + Scotting, 8 + + Scotto, 8 + + Seaber, 63 + + Seaborn, 63 + + Seabright, 63, 102_n_ + + Seabrook, 63 + + Seabury, 63 + + Searight, 63 + + Searle, 85 + + Seawall, 63 + + Seaward, 63 + + Sedgeberrow, 110 + + Sedgewick, 62 + + Sefowl, 63 + + Segar, 62, 102 + + Seguin, 62 + + Self, 85 + + Sellar, 62 + + Selvey, 86 + + Sempringham, 88 + + Serbutt, 62 + + Sermon, 62 + + Seward, 63 + + Seyfried, 62 + + Seymore, 15, 20, 62, 118 + + Seymour, 102 + + Shaft, 101 + + Shaftesbury, 110 + + Shafto, 101 + + Shakestaff, 164 + + Shark, 175, 177 + + Sharkey, 175 + + Shawkey, 101, 170 + + Sheaf, 86 + + Shield, 29, 101 + + Shilling, 29, 215 + + Shillingsworth, 215 + + Shinn, 86 + + Shirley, 86 + + Sholl, 101 + + Shovel, 86 + + Shute, 85, 101 + + Shuter, 101 + + Sibbald, 62, 118 + + Sibbertswold, 110 + + Sibert, 62, 102, 118 + + Sick, 86 + + Sickle, 83 + + Sickling, 85 + + Sickman, 62 + + Side, 183 + + Sidlesham, 110 + + Sievewright, 63, 178, 180 + + Siggs, 86 + + Sigournay, 115 + + Siksworth, 110 + + Simmond, 62 + + Siney, 86 + + _Sinibaldo_ (I.), 143 + + _Sismondi_ (I.), 147 + + Skeat, 85, 101 + + Skitt, 85 + + Smelt, 175, 178 + + Smirke, 188, 189 + + Snare, 86 + + Snell, 102 + + Snoad, 86, 168 + + Snodd, 102 + + Snodgast, 169 + + Snodgrass, 114_n_, 168 + + Snodin, 168 + + Snodland, 110 + + Snowden, 168 + + Somerleyton, 110 + + Somersham, 110 + + Sommerlat, 102 + + Spain, 192, 193 + + Spark, 186, 187 + + Speck, 86 + + Spendlove, 193 + + Spenlove, 193 + + Sprack, 186, 187 + + Spracklin, 186, 187 + + Sprague, 186, 187 + + Spratt, 175, 177 + + Spreckly, 186, 187 + + Sprigg, 186, 187 + + Sprott, 177 + + Sprout, 177 + + Square, 160 + + Squarey, 160 + + Squire, 160 + + Squirrell, 160, 175 + + Stadd, 159 + + Stainburn, 63 + + Stainer, 63 + + Starbuck, 120 + + Starch, 164 + + Stark, 164 + + Starkie, 164 + + Starr, 164 + + Steamburg, 63 + + Steed, 159 + + Stell, 86 + + Stenning, 86 + + Stericker, 164 + + Sternhold, 63, 116 + + Steyning, 106 + + Stidolph, 159 + + Stitt, 159 + + Stoddart, 159 + + Stonard, 63 + + Stone, 86 + + Stoneheart, 63, 191 + + Stoner, 63 + + Stonhold, 63 + + Stothard, 102 + + Stott, 102, 159 + + Stout, 102, 159 + + _Stradivarius_ (I.), 149 + + Straight, 163 + + Strain, 163 + + Strang, 163 + + Strangward, 163 + + Strangwick, 163 + + Strank, 163 + + Straw, 163 + + Stray, 163 + + Streek, 163 + + Stretch, 163 + + Strickett, 163 + + Stringfellow, 163 + + Stringle, 163 + + Strong, 102, 163 + + Stubbe, 186 + + Stubbing, 86, 186 + + Stubbs, 86 + + Studd, 159 + + Studeard, 102, 159 + + Sturge, 164 + + Sturgeon, 164 + + Sturgin, 164 + + Stutter, 159 + + Sugg, 102 + + Summer, 102, 182 + + Sunday, 182 + + Sundon, 110 + + Sunman, 102 + + Surrenden, 110 + + Swan, 83, 174 + + Swarling, 106 + + Swearing, 2, 28, 160, 191 + + Swears, 102, 160, 191 + + Swire, 102, 160 + + Sword, 102 + + Sycamore, 62, 102, 185, 186 + + _Sycamore_ (G.), 20 + + + T. + + Tackabarry, 47 + + Tackle, 102 + + Tadd, 86 + + Taddy, 86 + + Tadman, 63, 102 + + Tadmarton, 110 + + Talbert, 47 + + Tall, 86 + + Tallington, 111 + + Tallman, 47 + + Tamworth, 111 + + Tancred, 63 + + Tankard, 63 + + Tankeray, 63 + + Target, 119 + + Tarring, 106 + + Tassell, 151 + + _Tassell_ (F.), 151 + + Tassie, 151 + + _Tasso_ (I.), 151 + + _Tassy_ (F.), 151 + + Tattle, 102 + + Tatwin, 63 + + Tavistock, 111 + + Tayburn, 47 + + Teather, 63 + + Tedder, 63 + + Teddington, 111 + + Telfer, 47 + + Telling, 28, 86 + + Terling, 106 + + Terry, 26, 86 + + Teuthorn, 64 + + Thackeray, 63 + + Theddlethorpe, 111 + + Theobald, 64 + + Theodore, 64, 102 + + Thirkettle, 64 + + _Thom_ (F.), 196 + + _Thome_ (F.), 196 + + Thorburn, 63 + + Thorgur, 64 + + Thorne, 86, 185, 186 + + Thorning, 86 + + Thorold, 64, 102 + + Thoroughgood, 64, 110, 191 + + Thorowood, 64 + + Thrale, 169 + + Thunder, 102 + + Thundersfield, 111 + + Thurgar, 102 + + Thurgarton, 111 + + Thurgood, 64 + + Thurkle, 64 + + Thurmot, 64 + + Thurstan, 64 + + _Tibaldi_ (F.), 148 + + Tichfield, 111 + + Tickle, 81 + + Tidball, 64 + + Tidemore, 64, 98 + + Tidman, 64 + + Tidmington, 111 + + Tidy, 26 + + Tileman, 140 + + Tilford, 140 + + Tilke, 140 + + Till, 81, 139 + + _Till_ (G.), 139 + + _Tille_ (F.), 139 + + _Tillemans_ (D.), 140 + + Tiller, 140 + + Tilley, 26, 139 + + _Tilli_ (I.), 139 + + Tillick, 102, 140 + + Tillier, 140 + + _Tillier_ (F.), 140 + + Tilling, 140 + + Tillingham, 111 + + Tillman, 140 + + _Tillon_ (F.), 140 + + _Tillot_ (F.), 140 + + Tillott, 140 + + Tilly, 81 + + _Tilly_ (F.), 139 + + Tilman, 102 + + _Tilman_ (F.), 140 + + _Tilmann_ (G.), 140 + + _Tilmant_ (F.), 140 + + _Tilo_ (G.), 139 + + Tiptoft, 138 + + Tisoe, 81 + + Titford, 102 + + Tockenham, 111 + + Tocque, 81 + + Todd, 25, 81 + + Toddenham, 111 + + Toddy, 25 + + Todrig, 64 + + Tom, 194, 196 + + Tomb, 194, 196 + + _Tombe_ (F.), 196 + + Tomey, 102, 194, 196 + + Tomkies, 48 + + Tomlin, 31, 194, 196 + + Tommell, 194, 196 + + Toomey, 194, 196 + + Tooting, 106 + + Torr, 86 + + Tottington, 111 + + Trail, 215 + + Train, 215 + + Tray, 17, 215 + + Tredington, 111 + + Tremble, 2, 119, 202 + + Trist, 102 + + Troston, 111 + + Trout, 175, 177, 178 + + Truefitt, 183, 185 + + Trumbull, 2, 119 + + Trumby, 86 + + Trump, 86 + + Trumpington, 88 + + _Tuebingen_ (G.), 71 + + Tuck, 86 + + Tudor, 64 + + Tuffnell, 165 + + Tugman, 48 + + Tunn, 177 + + Tunno, 177 + + Tunny, 175, 177 + + Tunstone, 111 + + Turing, 86 + + Turk, 192, 193 + + Turkdean, 111 + + Turpin, 64 + + Turr, 86 + + Tuttle, 86 + + Twickenham, 111, 187 + + Twigg, 186, 187 + + Twine, 186, 187 + + Twining, 186, 187 + + Twiss, 186, 187 + + + U. + + _Ubaldo_ (I.), 141 + + _Ubaldini_ (I.), 141 + + _Ughelli_ (I.), 140 + + _Ughetti_ (I.), 141 + + _Ugo_ (I.), 140, 143 + + _Ugolino_ (I.), 141 + + Upton Snodsbury, 110 + + Ure, 174 + + Urlwin, 49 + + + V. + + Varnish, 33 + + Vergoose, 65 + + Vibert, 67 + + Vicary, 67 + + Vickridge, 67 + + _Videau_ (F.), 148 + + _Videcocq_ (F.), 34 + + Viking, 72 + + _Vilcocq_ (F.), 34 + + Vinegar, 67 + + _Viteau_ (F.), 148 + + + W. + + Waddicar, 64 + + Waddy, 87 + + Wadge, 117 + + Wadmore, 64 + + Wager, 65 + + Wagg, 117 + + Waghorn, 67, 120 + + Wagstaff, 164 + + Wain, 102 + + Wake, 11 + + Waker, 87 + + Waland, 65 + + _Walcher_ (G.), 181 + + Walden, 102 + + Walder, 87 + + Waldie, 87 + + Waldman, 64 + + Waldo, 87 + + Waldron, 64, 65 + + Walk, 87 + + Walker, 87, 178, 181 + + Walkey, 87 + + Walking, 28, 87 + + Wall, 87 + + Waller, 65 + + Wallet, 65 + + Wallfree, 65 + + Wallower, 65 + + Wallraven, 65 + + Walsh, 87 + + Walter, 64, 87, 103 + + Wambey, 162 + + Wampen, 162 + + Waple, 87 + + Warbolt, 65 + + Warborough, 111 + + Warbrick, 65 + + Ward, 149 + + Warden, 28 + + Warehorne, 106 + + Waring, 103 + + Warland, 65 + + Warlock, 65 + + Warman, 65 + + Warmbadt, 122 + + Warmer, 65 + + Warne, 87, 152, 181 + + Warneford, 65 + + Warner, 65, 149, 178, 180 + + Warnett, 65 + + Warraker, 65 + + Warren, 87, 152, 181 + + Warrenbury, 65 + + Warrener, 65, 181 + + Warringer, 149 + + Warrior, 65 + + Washingborough, 111 + + Washington, 134 + + Wass, 87 + + Watchfield, 111 + + Water, 87 + + Watkiss, 64 + + Watlington, 111 + + Watney, 64 + + Watt, 87 + + Waugh, 117 + + Way, 117 + + Wedlake, 66 + + Wedlock, 66 + + Welcome, 66 + + Well, 87 + + Wellwyn, 106 + + Welp, 131 + + Weston, 103 + + Weybret, 65 + + Wheatbread, 116 + + Whelp, 131 + + Wherwell, 137, 140 + + Whigam, 67, 103 + + Whipp, 87 + + Whipple, 103 + + Whiston, 103 + + Whit, 87 + + Whitbread, 66, 116 + + Whitecar, 66 + + Whiteheart, 66 + + Whitelaw, 66 + + Whitelegg, 66 + + Whitelock, 103 + + Whiteman, 66 + + Whitemore, 66 + + Whiter, 66 + + Whiteridge, 66 + + Whiterod, 66, 120 + + Whitethread, 66, 100 + + Whiting, 175, 177 + + Whitridge, 103 + + Whittaker, 66 + + Whittington, 109 + + Whittock, 100 + + Wichett, 67 + + Wicker, 67 + + Wicking, 87 + + Wideman, 66 + + Widow, 103, 148 + + Wigg, 87, 103 + + Wigget, 67 + + Wigman, 67 + + Wigmore, 67_n_ + + Wigram, 67 + + Wilbourn, 66 + + Wilbraham, 111 + + Wilburton, 111 + + Wilcomb, 66 + + Wilford, 66 + + Wilkie, 31, 194, 195 + + Wilkin, 31, 194, 195 + + Will, 87, 194, 195 + + Willament, 66 + + Willard, 66, 103 + + Willer, 87, 103 + + Willeroey, 111 + + Willett, 66 + + Willgoss, 66 + + Williams, 66 + + Williment, 103 + + Willing, 28, 87, 194, 195 + + Willis, 32, 194, 195 + + Willmore, 66 + + Willmot, 66 + + Willock, 31, 34 + + Willoe, 195 + + Willof, 194, 195 + + Willow, 87, 185, 186 + + Willy, 194, 195 + + Wilsford, 111 + + Wimble, 202 + + Wimbolt, 67 + + Wincup, 67 + + Winder, 66 + + Windle, 87 + + Windlesham, 109 + + Windram, 66 + + Windred, 66 + + Windsor, 112 + + Wine, 87 + + Winegar, 67, 103 + + Wineman, 67 + + Winer, 67, 103 + + Winfarthing, 2, 29 + + Wingood, 67 + + Winlock, 67 + + Winmen, 67 + + Winn, 87 + + Winning, 87 + + Winshill, 111 + + Winslow, 111 + + Winston, 67 + + Winter, 182, 183 + + Wintle, 87 + + Wire, 67 + + Wither, 66 + + Withered, 66 + + Witherick, 66 + + Witheron, 66 + + Wittering, 66, 106 + + Wiveliscomb, 111 + + Woking, 106 + + Woldswell, 111 + + Wolf, 87 + + Wolsey, 68, 103 + + Wolverley, 112 + + Woodcock, 34 + + Woodin (?), 103 + + Woolbert, 67 + + Woolcot, 34, 67 + + Wooley, 67 + + Woolgar, 67, 103 + + Woollams, 67 + + Woollard, 67 + + Woollat, 67 + + Woolmer, 68, 103 + + Woolnoth, 68 + + Woolrych, 68, 103 + + Woolston, 68 + + Worcester, 111 + + Wordsworth, 116 + + Worm, 175 + + Worting, 106 + + Wren, 87, 175, 176 + + Wreningham, 111 + + Wright, 87 + + Wrigley, 85 + + Wrotham, 112 + + Wyard, 67, 103 + + Wyatt, 67 + + Wyberg, 67 + + Wybrow, 67 + + Wyman, 67 + + Wymer, 67 + + + Y. + + Yea, 2, 68_n_ + + Yeading, 105 + + Yealfe, 68 + + Yeaman, 68 + + Yems, 83 + + Yeo, 2, 68_n_ + + Yeoman, 68 + + Yeoward, 68 + + Yorick, 68 + + +THE END. + + + + +LONDON: + +R. CLAY, SONS, AND TAYLOR, + +BREAD STREET HILL, E.C. + + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's Surnames as a Science, by Robert Ferguson + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SURNAMES AS A SCIENCE *** + +***** This file should be named 37520.txt or 37520.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/7/5/2/37520/ + +Produced by StevenGibbs, Jane Hyland and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +http://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need, are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +http://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at http://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit http://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. +To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + http://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. diff --git a/37520.zip b/37520.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..b3c53f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/37520.zip diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5a7bf49 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #37520 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/37520) |