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diff --git a/37520-h/37520-h.htm b/37520-h/37520-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e694af3 --- /dev/null +++ b/37520-h/37520-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,9737 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> + + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of Surnames as a Science, by Robert Ferguson + </title> + <style type="text/css"> + p { margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; + } + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; + } + hr { width: 33%; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; + } + + table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;} + + body{margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + } + .mynote {background-color: #DDE; color: #000; padding: .5em; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 90%;} + .pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: smaller; + text-align: right; + } /* page numbers */ + + .linenum {position: absolute; top: auto; left: 4%;} /* poetry number */ + .blockquot{margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 10%;} + .sidenote {width: 20%; padding-bottom: .5em; padding-top: .5em; + padding-left: .5em; padding-right: .5em; margin-left: 1em; + float: right; clear: right; margin-top: 1em; + font-size: smaller; color: black; background: #eeeeee; border: dashed 1px;} + + .bb {border-bottom: solid 2px;} + .bl {border-left: solid 2px;} + .bt {border-top: solid 2px;} + .br {border-right: solid 2px;} + .bbox {border: solid 2px;} + + .center {text-align: center;} + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + .u {text-decoration: underline;} + + .caption {font-weight: bold;} + + .figcenter {margin: auto; text-align: center;} + + .figleft {float: left; clear: left; margin-left: 0; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: + 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 0; text-align: center;} + + .figright {float: right; clear: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; + margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 0; padding: 0; text-align: center;} + + .footnotes {border: dashed 1px;} + .footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} + .footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} + .fnanchor {vertical-align: super; font-size: .8em; text-decoration: none;} + + .poem {margin-left:10%; margin-right:10%; text-align: left;} + .poem br {display: none;} + .poem .stanza {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;} + .poem span.i0 {display: block; margin-left: 0em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + .poem span.i2 {display: block; margin-left: 2em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + .poem span.i4 {display: block; margin-left: 4em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Surnames as a Science, by Robert Ferguson + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Surnames as a Science + +Author: Robert Ferguson + +Release Date: September 24, 2011 [EBook #37520] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SURNAMES AS A SCIENCE *** + + + + +Produced by StevenGibbs, Jane Hyland and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_i" id="Page_i">[Pg i]</a></span></p> + + +<h1>SURNAMES AS A SCIENCE</h1> + +<h4>BY</h4> +<h3>ROBERT FERGUSON, M.P.,</h3> +<h5>F.S.A., F.S.A. (SCOT.);<br /> +AUTHOR OF "THE TEUTONIC NAME-SYSTEM."</h5> + +<h5>LONDON:<br /> +GEORGE ROUTLEDGE AND SONS,<br /> +BROADWAY, LUDGATE HILL,<br /> +NEW YORK: 9, LAFAYETTE PLACE.<br /> +1883.<br /><br /></h5> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_ii" id="Page_ii">[Pg ii]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h5>LONDON:<br /> +R. CLAY, SONS, AND TAYLOR,<br /> +BREAD STREET HILL.<br /><br /></h5> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_iii" id="Page_iii">[Pg iii]</a></span></p> + +<h4>TO<br /><br /></h4> +<h3>MRS. R.H. DANA (<i>née</i> LONGFELLOW),<br /><br /></h3> +<h4>OF BOSTON, MASS.,<br /><br /> +IN MEMORY OF EARLY AND VALUED FRIENDSHIP, AND OF DAYS<br /><br /> +NOT TO BE FORGOTTEN, PASSED AT CRAGIE HOUSE,<br /><br /> +THIS LITTLE VOLUME IS INSCRIBED<br /><br /></h4> +<h3>BY THE AUTHOR.</h3> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">[Pg iv-v]</a></span></p> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>PREFACE.</h2> + + +<p>That portion of our surnames which dates back to Anglo-Saxon times, and +so forms a part of the general system by which Teutonic names are +governed, is distinctly a branch of a science, and as such has been +treated by the Germans, upon whose lines I have generally endeavoured to +follow.</p> + +<p>It has been a part of my object to show that this portion of our +surnames is a very much larger one than has been generally supposed, and +that it includes a very great number of names which have hitherto been +otherwise accounted for, as well as of course a great number for which +no explanation has been forthcoming.</p> + +<p>Nevertheless, while claiming for my subject the dignity of a science, I +am very well aware that the question as to how far I have myself +succeeded in treating it scientifically is an entirely different one,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">[Pg vi]</a></span> +and one upon which it will be for others than myself to pronounce an +opinion.</p> + +<p>This work is of the nature of a supplement to one which I published some +time ago under the title of <i>The Teutonic Name-system applied to the +Family-names of France, England, and Germany</i> (Williams and Norgate), +though I have been obliged, in order to render my system intelligible, +to a certain extent to go over the same ground again.</p> + +<p>I will only say, in conclusion, that in dealing with this subject—one +in which all persons may be taken to be more or less interested—I have +endeavoured as much as possible to avoid technicalities and to write so +as to be intelligible to the ordinary reader.</p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 30em;" class="smcap">Robert Ferguson.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap">Morton, Carlisle.</span><br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[Pg vii]</a></span></p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<div class="mynote"><p class="center"><span>Transcriber's note: A letter with a circumflex that could not be +properly displayed in this e-text is represented by an ^ as in [^y]</span></p></div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>CONTENTS.</h2> + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="contents"> +<tr><td align='center'>CHAPTER I.</td><td align='right'>PAGE</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>THE ANTIQUITY AND THE UNSUSPECTED DIGNITY OF SOME OF OUR COMMON NAMES</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>CHAPTER II.</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>CLUE TO SOME OF THE ANCIENT FORMS REPRESENTED IN ENGLISH NAMES</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_23">23</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>CHAPTER III.</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>NAMES REPRESENTING ANCIENT COMPOUNDS</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_36">36</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>CHAPTER IV.</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>THE MEN WHO CAME IN WITH THE SAXONS</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_69">69</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>CHAPTER V.</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>MEN'S NAMES IN PLACE-NAMES</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_92">92</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>CHAPTER VI.</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>CORRUPTIONS AND CONTRACTIONS</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_113">113</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>CHAPTER VII.</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>THE OLD FRANKS AND THE PRESENT FRENCH</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_123">123</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>CHAPTER VIII.</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>THE GERMAN ORIGIN OF GREAT ITALIANS AS EVIDENCED IN THEIR NAMES</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_143">143</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>CHAPTER IX.</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>VARIOUS UNENUMERATED STEMS</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_154">154</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>CHAPTER X.</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>NAMES WHICH ARE NOT WHAT THEY SEEM</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_171">171</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>CHAPTER XI.</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>CHRISTIAN NAMES OF WOMEN<br /></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_197">197</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">List of the Principal Works Consulted</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_213">213</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Additions and Corrections</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_215">215</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Index of Names</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_217">217</a></td></tr> +</table></div> + +<h4>CONTRACTIONS.</h4> + +<p class="center"> +A.S. Anglo-Saxon.<br /> +O.N. Old Northern.<br /> +O.G. Old German.<br /> +O.H.G. Old High German.<br /> +</p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>SURNAMES AS A SCIENCE.</h2> + +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_I" id="CHAPTER_I"></a>CHAPTER I.</h2> + +<p class="center">THE ANTIQUITY AND THE UNSUSPECTED DIGNITY OF SOME OF OUR COMMON NAMES.</p> + + +<p>As some things that seem common, and even ignoble, to the naked eye, +lose their meanness under the revelations of the microscope, so, many of +our surnames that seem common and even vulgar at first sight, will be +found, when their origin is adequately investigated, to be of high +antiquity, and of unsuspected dignity. <i>Clodd</i>, for instance, might seem +to be of boorish origin, and <i>Clout</i> to have been a dealer in old rags. +But I claim for them that they are twin brothers, and etymologically the +descendants of a Frankish king. <i>Napp</i> is not a name of distinguished +sound, yet it is one that can take us back to that far-off time ere yet +the history of England had begun, when, among the little kinglets on the +old Saxon shore, "Hnaf ruled the Hôcings."<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> <i>Moll</i>, <i>Betty</i>,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span> <i>Nanny</i>, +and <i>Pegg</i> sound rather ignoble as the names of men, yet there is +nothing of womanliness in their warlike origin. <i>Bill</i> seems an honest +though hardly a distinguished name, unless he can claim kinship with +Billing, the "noble progenitor of the royal house of Saxony." Now +Billing, thus described by Kemble, is a patronymic, "son of Bill or +Billa," and I claim for our Bill (as a surname) the right, as elsewhere +stated, to be considered as the progenitor. Among the very shortest +names in all the directory are <i>Ewe</i>, <i>Yea</i>, and <i>Yeo</i>, yet theirs also +is a pedigree that can take us back beyond Anglo-Saxon times. Names of a +most disreputable appearance are <i>Swearing</i> and <i>Gambling</i>, yet both, +when properly inquired into, turn out to be the very synonyms of +respectability. <i>Winfarthing</i> again would seem to be derived from the +most petty gambling, unless he can be rehabilitated as an Anglo-Saxon +Winfrithing (patronymic of Winfrith.) A more unpleasant name than +<i>Gumboil</i> (<i>Lower</i>) it would not be easy to find, and yet it represents, +debased though be its form, a name borne by many a Frankish warrior, and +by a Burgundian king fourteen centuries ago. Its proper form would be +Gumbald (Frankish for Gundbald), and it signifies "bold in war." Another +name which wofully belies its origin is <i>Tremble</i>, for, of the two words +of which it is composed, one signifies steadfast or firm, and the other +signifies valiant or bold. Its proper form is Trumbald, and the first +step of its descent is <i>Trumbull</i>. A name which excites anything but +agreeable associations is <i>Earwig</i>. Yet it is at any rate a name that +goes back to Anglo-Saxon times, there being an<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span> Earwig, no doubt a man +of some consideration, a witness to a charter (<i>Thorpe</i>, p. 333). And +the animal which it represents is not the insect of insidious repute, +but the sturdy boar so much honoured by our Teuton forefathers, <i>ear</i> +being, as elsewhere noted, a contraction of <i>evor</i>, boar, so that Earwig +is the "boar of battle." Of more humiliating seeming than even Earwig is +<i>Flea</i> (vouched for by Lower as an English surname). And yet it is at +all events a name of old descent, for Flea—I do not intend it in any +equivocal sense, for the stem is found in Kemble's list of early +settlers—came in with the Saxons. And though it has nothing to do with +English "flea," yet it is no doubt from the same root, and expresses the +same characteristic of agility so marvellously developed in the insect.</p> + +<p>Even <i>Bugg</i>, if he had seen his name under this metaphorical microscope, +might have felt himself absolved from changing it into Howard, for Bugg +is at least as ancient, and etymologically quite as respectable. It is a +name of which great and honourable men of old were not ashamed; there +was, for instance, a Buga, minister to Edward of Wessex, who signs his +name to many a charter. And there was also an Anglo-Saxon queen, +Hrothwaru, who was also called Bucge, which I have elsewhere given +reasons for supposing to have been her original name. There are moreover +to be found, deduced from place-names, two Anglo-Saxons named +respectively Buga and Bugga, owners of land, and therefore respectable. +In Germany we find Bugo, Bugga, and Bucge, as ancient names of men and +women in the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span><i>Altdeutsches Namenbuch</i>. And Bugge is at present a name +both among the Germans and the Scandinavians, being, among others, that +of a distinguished professor at Christiania. As to its origin, all that +we can predicate with anything like confidence is that it is derived +from a word signifying to bend, and of the various senses thus derived, +that of ring or bracelet (O.N. <i>baugr</i>) seems to me the most +appropriate. The bracelet was of old an honourable distinction, and the +prince, as the fountain of honour, was the "bracelet-giver."<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></p> + +<p>My object then at present is to show that many of our short and +unpretending names are among the most ancient that we have, being such +as our Saxon forefathers brought with them when they first set foot upon +our shores, and such as we find whenever history gives us a yet earlier +glimpse of the Teuton in his home. <i>Bass</i>, for instance, whose red +pyramid to-day stamps authenticity on many a bottle, was in ancient +times a well-known potter's name on the beautiful red Samian ware of the +Romans. The seat of this manufacture was on the banks of the Rhine, and +in the long list of potters' names, mostly of course Roman, there are +not a few that are those of Germans or of Gauls. And there is one +interesting case, that of a lamp found along the line of the Roman wall, +in which the German potter, one Fus, has asserted his own nationality by +stamping his ware with the print of a naked human foot, within which is +inscribed his name, thus proving, by the play upon his name, that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span> <i>fus</i> +meant "foot" in the language which he spoke. Little perhaps the old +potter thought, as he chuckled over his conceit, that when fifteen +centuries had passed away, his trade-mark would remain to attest his +nationality.</p> + +<p>But to return to Bass, let us see what can be done to bridge the gulf +between the princely brewers of to-day and the old potter on the banks +of the Rhine. And first, as to Anglo-Saxon England, we find Bass as a +mass-priest, and Bassus as a valiant soldier of King Edwin in the +Anglo-Saxon <i>Chronicle</i>, as also a Bassa in the genealogy of the Mercian +kings. Basing, the Anglo-Saxon patronymic, "son of Bass," occurs about +the twelfth century, in the <i>Liber Vitæ</i>. And Kemble, in his list of +Anglo-Saxon "marks," or communities of the early settlers, finds +Bassingas, <i>i.e.</i> descendants or followers of Bass, in Cambridgeshire +and in Notts, while Mr. Taylor finds offshoots of the same family on the +opposite coast in Artois. In Germany we find many instances of Bass, and +its High German form Pass, from the seventh century downwards. And in +the neighbourhood of the Wurm-See, in Bavaria, we find, corresponding +with our Bassings, a community of Pasings, <i>i.e.</i> descendants or +followers of Pass. We may take it then that our name <i>Pass</i> is only +another form of <i>Bass</i>, both names being also found at present in +Germany. As to the origin of the name, for which no sufficient +explanation is to be found in the Old German dialects, Foerstemann has +to turn to the kindred dialect of the Old Northern, where he finds it in +<i>basa</i>, anniti, to strive contend.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span></p> + +<p>Thus far we have had to do with Bass as a name of Teutonic origin. But +it appears to have been a Celtic name as well, for Bassa, a name +presumably Welsh, occurs in the pathetic lament of Llywarch, written in +the sixth century, the name being, on the authority of the late Dr. +Guest, still retained in Baschurch near Shrewsbury. The name Bass, then, +or Pass, on Roman pottery might be either that of a German or of a Gaul, +but more probably the former, especially as we find also Bassico, a form +more particularly German, and some other forms more probably Teutonic.</p> + +<p>Before parting with Bass, I may refer to one in particular of his +progeny, the name <i>Basin</i>, formed from it by the ending <i>en</i> or <i>in</i>, +referred to in a subsequent chapter. The original of our Basin has been +supposed to have been a barber, the mediæval leech, but I claim for him +a different origin, and connect his name, which is found as Basin in +Domesday, with the name Basin of a Thuringian king of the fifth century.</p> + +<p>Let us take another of our common surnames, <i>Scott</i>. This has been +generally assumed to have been an original surname derived from +nationality, and we need not doubt that it has been so in many, perhaps +in most, cases. But Scott, as a man's name, is, not to say older than +the introduction of surnames, but as old probably as the name of the +nation itself. To begin with England, it occurs in the thirteenth +century, in the <i>Liber Vitæ</i>, where it is the reverse of a surname, +Scott Agumdessune (no doubt for Agemundessune). I do not think, +however,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span> that Agumdessune is here a surname, but only an individual +description, an earnest of surnames that were to be. For there is +another Scott who signs about the same time, and it might be necessary +to distinguish between these two men. There is in the same record yet +another Scott, described as "Alstani filius," who, in the time of +William the Conqueror, "for the redemption of his soul, and with the +consent of his sons and of all his friends," makes a gift of valuable +lands to the Church. Scott again occurs in an Anglo-Saxon charter of +boundaries quoted by Kemble, "Scottes heal," <i>i.e.</i> "Scot's hall." And +Scotta occurs in another in "Scottan byrgels," <i>i.e.</i> "Scotta's burial +mound." In Germany Scot occurs in the ninth century in the Book of the +Brotherhood of St. Peter at Salzburg, where it is classed by Foerstemann +as a German name, which seems justified by the fact that Scotardus, a +German compound (<i>hard</i>, fortis), occurs as an Old Frankish name in the +time of Charlemagne. In Italy, where, as I shall show in a subsequent +chapter, the Germans have left many Teutonic names behind them, we find +a Scotti, duke of Milan, in the middle ages, whose name is probably due +to that cause. Scotto is a surname at present among the Frisians, while +among the Germans generally it is most commonly softened into Schott.</p> + +<p>Scot however, as a man's name, seems to have been at least as common +among the Celts as among the Teutons; Gluck cites four instances of it +from ancient, chiefly Latin, authors, in only one of which, however, +that of a Gaul, is the particular nationality distinguished. As to the +origin of the name, all that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span> can be said is that it is most probably +from the same origin, whatever that may be, as the name of the nation; +just as another Celtic man's name, Caled, signifying hard, durus, is +probably from the same origin as that of Caledonia, "stern and wild."</p> + +<p>Lastly, among the names on Roman pottery, we have Scottus, Scoto, and +Scotni, the last being a genitive, "Scotni manû." Of these three names +the first is the Latinisation of Scott; the second has the ending in <i>o</i> +most common for men's names among the old Franks, but also found among +the Celts; the third, as a genitive, presumably represents the form +Scotten, the ending in <i>en</i>, hereafter referred to, running through the +whole range of Teutonic names, but being also found in Celtic. Upon the +whole, then, there does not seem anything sufficiently distinctive to +stamp these names as either Teutonic or Celtic. I may observe that all +these three forms, <i>Scott</i>, <i>Scotto</i>, and <i>Scotten</i>, are found in our +surnames, as well as <i>Scotting</i>, the Anglo-Saxon patronymic, which +assists to mark the name as in Anglo-Saxon use. We have also <i>Scotland</i>, +which has been supposed to have been an original surname derived from +nationality, and so I dare say it may be in some cases. But Scotland +appears as a man's name in the <i>Liber Vitæ</i> about the twelfth or +thirteenth century, and before surnames begin to make their appearance. +Scotland again occurs as the name of a Norman in the <i>Acta Sanctorum</i>, +where it seems more probably of Frankish origin, and cannot at any rate +be from nationality. The fact seems to be that <i>land</i>, terra, was formed +into compounds, like <i>bald</i>, and <i>fred</i>, and <i>hard</i>, without reference +perhaps to any<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span> particular meaning. Similarly we find Old German, +apparently Frankish, names, Ingaland and Airland (more properly +Heriland), which might account in a similar way for our surnames +<i>England</i> and <i>Ireland</i>.</p> + +<p>Let us take yet one more name, <i>Gay</i>, a little more complicated in its +connections than the others, and endeavour to trace it up to its origin. +"Nay! but what better origin can we have," I can fancy the reader saying +at starting, "than our own word 'gay', French <i>gai</i>?" I would not +undertake to say that our name is not in any instance from this origin, +but what I say is that a proved Anglo-Saxon <i>name</i> is better than any +assumed <i>word</i>, however suitable its meaning may seem to be. Moreover, +the same Anglo-Saxon word will account, not only for Gay, but for a +whole group of names, <i>Gay</i>, <i>Gye</i>, <i>Gedge</i>, <i>Gage</i>, <i>Kay</i>, <i>Key</i>, +<i>Kegg</i>, <i>Kedge</i>, <i>Cage</i>,—all variations, according to my view, of one +original name. It must inevitably be the case that a name dating back to +a remote antiquity, and in use over a wide area, must be subject to many +phonetic variations. And it matters nothing to etymology, so long as her +own strict rules are complied with, if some of these names have not a +single letter in common. Given, then, an Anglo-Saxon name Gagg, Gegg, +with its alternative form Cagg, Keg, and we get from it all the forms +that are required. For the English ear is averse, as a matter of +euphony, to a final <i>g</i>, and while it most commonly changes it into <i>y</i> +(which is in effect dropping it), as in A.S. <i>dag</i>, Eng. <i>day</i>, A.S. +<i>cæg</i>, Eng. <i>key</i>, it also not unfrequently changes it into <i>dg</i>, as in +A.S. <i>bricg</i>, Eng. <i>bridge</i>, &c. To come, then,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span> to the Anglo-Saxon +names concerned, Kemble, in his list of original settlers, has both +Gagingas, <i>i.e.</i> descendants or followers of Gag, and Cægingas, <i>i.e.</i> +descendants or followers of Cæg. And the Anglo-Saxon names cited below, +one of them the exact counterpart of Gay, are deduced from place-names +of a later period. The Old German names do not, in this case, throw any +light upon the subject, as, on account of the stem not being so +distinctly developed as it is in Anglo-Saxon, they have been placed by +Foerstemann to, as I consider, a wrong stem, viz. <i>gaw</i>, patria.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Anglo-Saxon names.</i>—Gæcg, Geagga, Geah, Cæg, +Ceagga, Ceahha (Gæging, Gaing, <i>patronymics</i>).<br /> +<i>Old German names.</i>—Gaio, Geio, Kegio, Keyo, Keio.<br /> +<i>Present German.</i>—Gey, Geu.<br /> +<i>Present Friesic.</i>—Kay, Key.<br /> +<i>English surnames.</i>—Gay, Gye, Gedge, Gage, Kay, +Key, Kegg, Kedge, Cage.</p></div> + +<p>As to the origin and meaning of the word, I can offer nothing more than +a somewhat speculative conjecture. There is a stem <i>gagen</i>, <i>cagen</i>, in +Teutonic names, and which seems to be derived most probably from O.N. +<i>gagn</i>, gain, victory. We find it in Anglo-Saxon in Gegnesburh, now +Gainsborough, and in Geynesthorn, another place-name, and we have it in +our names <i>Gain</i>, <i>Cain</i>, <i>Cane</i>. It is very possible, and in accordance +with the Teutonic system, that <i>gag</i> may represent the older and simpler +form, standing to <i>gagen</i> in the same relation as English<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> <i>ward</i> does +to <i>warden</i>, and A.S. <i>geard</i> (inclosure), to <i>garden</i>.</p> + +<p>As in the two previous cases, so also in this case, there is an ancient +Celtic name, Geio, to take into account, and to this may be placed the +names <i>Keogh</i> and <i>Keho</i>, if these names be, as I suppose, Irish and not +English. Also the Kay and the Kie in <i>McKay</i> and <i>McKie</i>. Lastly, in +this, as in the other two cases, there is also a name on Roman pottery, +Gio, which might, as it seems, be either German or Celtic. Can there be +any connection, I venture to inquire, between these ancient names, +Celtic or Teutonic, and the Roman Gaius and Caius? Several well-known +Roman names are, as elsewhere noted, referred by German writers to a +Celtic origin.</p> + +<p>It will be seen then that, in the case of all the three names of which I +have been treating, there is an ancient Celtic name in a corresponding +form which might in some cases intermix. And there are many more cases +of the same kind among our surnames. <i>Wake</i>, for instance, may represent +an ancient name, either German or Celtic; for the German a sufficient +etymon may be found in <i>wak</i>, watchful, while for the Celtic there is +nothing, observes Gluck, in the range of extant dialects to which we can +reasonably refer it. So <i>Moore</i> represents an ancient stem for names +common to the Celts, the Germans, and the Romans, though at least as +regards the Germans, the origin seems obscure.<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span></p> + +<p>Now it is quite possible, particularly in the case of such monosyllabic +words as these, that there might be an accidental coincidence between a +Celtic and a Teutonic name, without their having anything in common in +their root. It is possible, again, that the one nation may have borrowed +a name from the other, as the Northmen, for instance, sometimes did from +the Irish or the Gael, one of their most common names, Niel(sen), being +thus derived; while, on the other hand, both the Irish and the Gael +received, as Mr. Worsaae has shown, many names from the Northmen. So +also the Romans seem to have borrowed names from the Celts, several +well-known names, as Plinius, Livius, Virgilius,<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> Catullus, and +Drusus, being, in the opinion of German scholars, thus derived.</p> + +<p>But though no doubt both these principles apply to the present case, yet +there is also, as it seems to me, something in the relationship between +Celtic and Teutonic names which can hardly be accounted for on either of +the above principles. And I venture to throw out the suggestion that +when ancient Celtic names shall have been as thoroughly collected and +examined as, by the industry of the Germans, have been the Teutonic, +comparative philology may<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span>—perhaps within certain lines—find something +of the same kinship between them that it has already established in the +case of the respective languages. Meanwhile, I venture to put forward, +derived from such limited observations as I have been able to make, +certain points of coincidence which I think go some way to justify the +opinion expressed above. In so doing I am not so much putting forward +etymological views of my own, as collecting together, so as to shape +them into a comparison, the conclusions which have, in various +individual cases, been arrived at by scholars such as Zeuss. There are, +then, four very common endings in Teutonic names,—<i>ward</i>, as in Edward, +<i>ric</i>, as in Frederic, <i>mar</i>, as in Aylmar, and <i>wald</i>, as in Reginald +(=Reginwald). The same four words, in their corresponding forms, are +also common as the endings of Celtic names, <i>ward</i> taking the form of +<i>guared</i> or <i>guaret</i>, the German <i>ric</i> taking generally the form of +<i>rix</i> (which appears also to have been the older form in the German, all +names of the first century being so given by Latin authors), <i>wald</i> +taking the form of <i>gualed</i> or <i>gualet</i>, and <i>mar</i> being pretty much the +same in both. Of these four cases of coincidence, there is only one +(<i>wald = gualet</i>) which I have not derived from German authority. And +with respect to this one, I have assumed the Welsh <i>gualed</i>, order, +arrangement, whence <i>gualedyr</i>, a ruler, to be the same word as German +<i>wald</i>, Gothic <i>valdan</i>, to rule. But we can carry this comparison still +further, and show all these four endings in combination with one and the +same prefix common to both tongues. This prefix is the Old German <i>had</i>, +<i>hat</i>, <i>hath</i>, signifying war, the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> corresponding word to which is in +Celtic <i>cad</i> or <i>cat</i>. (Note that in the earliest German names on +record, as the Catumer and the Catualda of Tacitus, the German form is +<i>cat</i>, same as the Celtic. This seems to indicate that at that early +period the Germans so strongly aspirated the <i>h</i> in <i>hat</i>, that the word +sounded to Roman ears like <i>cat</i>, and it assists perhaps to give us an +idea of the way in which such variations of tongues arise.)</p> + +<p>I subjoin then the following names which, <i>mutatis mutandis</i>, are the +same in both tongues, and which, judging them by the same rules which +philology has applied to the respective languages, might be taken to be +from some earlier source common to both races:—</p> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="table"> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Ancient German Names.</i></td><td align='left'><i>Ancient Celtic Names.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hadaward.</td><td align='left'>Catguaret (<i>Book of Llandaff</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Haduric.</td><td align='left'>Caturix (<i>Orelli</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hadamar (Catumer, <i>Tacitus</i>).</td><td align='left'>Catmôr (<i>Book of Llandaff</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hadold (=Hadwald).</td><td align='left'>Catgualet (<i>British king of Gwynedd</i>, <span class="smcap">a.d.</span> 664).</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Catualda (<i>Tacitus</i>).</td><td align='left'>Cadwalladyr (<i>British king</i>)</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'> (Catgualatyr, <i>Book of Llandaff</i>)</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>In comparing Catualda with the British Cadwalladyr I am noting an +additional point of coincidence. Catualda is not, like other Old German +names, from <i>wald</i>, rule, but from <i>walda</i>, ruler. There is only one +other Old German name in the same form, Cariovalda,<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> also a very +ancient name, being of the first<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span> century. This then may represent the +older form, though this is not what I wish at present to note, but that +Catualda is the counterpart of the British Cadwalladyr, which also is +not from <i>gualed</i>, rule, but from <i>gualedyr</i>, ruler.</p> + +<p>In suggesting that this coincidence may be confined within certain lines +I mean to guard against the assumption that it would, as in the case of +the language, be found to pervade the whole system, many of the +formations of which may be of a more recent time. There are some other +stems, considered by the Germans to be in coincidence, to only one of +which I will refer at present, the Old Celtic <i>tout</i>, Welsh <i>tûd</i> = the +Gothic <i>thiuda</i>. Hence the name Tudric, of a British king of Glamorgan, +would be the counterpart of that of the Gothic king Theuderic, or +Theoderic. I will take one more instance of a name presumed to be common +to the Germans and to the Celts as an illustration of the manner in +which—men's names being handed down from generation to generation +without, even in ancient times, any thought of their meaning—a name may +survive, while the word from which it was originally derived has +perished out of the language, or is retained in a sense so changed as +hardly to be recognised. The German name in question is that of Sigimar, +the brother of Arminius, dating from the first century of our era, a +name which we still have as <i>Seymore</i>,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> and in its High German form +Sicumar we have as <i>Sycamore</i>, intermediate Anglo-Saxon names being +found for both. The prefix <i>sig</i> is taken, with as much certainty as +there can be in anything of the kind, to be from <i>sig</i>, victory; the +ending <i>mar</i>, signifying famous, is a word to which I have already +referred as common both to the Germans and to the Celts. Segimar was +also an ancient Celtic name, but while the ending <i>mar</i> has a meaning +to-day in Celtic speech, the prefix <i>seg</i> is a word of which they are +hardly able to render any account. Only in the Old Irish (which seems to +contain some of the most ancient elements) Gluck, finding a word <i>seg</i> +with the meaning of the wild ox, <i>urus</i>, deduces from it the ancient +meaning of strength (Sansc. <i>sahas</i>, vis, robor), and infers an original +meaning akin to the German.</p> + +<p>It happens, perhaps yet more frequently, that a German name, which +cannot be explained by anything within the range of Teutonic dialects, +may find a sufficient etymon from the Celtic. That is to suppose that a +word originally common to the Teutonic and the Celtic, has dropped out +of the former, and been retained only in the latter. Thus there is a +word <i>arg</i>, <i>arch</i>, found in many Teutonic names, and from which we have +several names, as <i>Archbold</i>, <i>Archbutt</i>, <i>Archard</i>, <i>Argent</i>, +<i>Argument</i>, for which the meaning that can be derived from the German +seems very inadequate, but for which the Irish <i>arg</i>, hero or champion, +seems to offer as good a meaning as could be desired. So also <i>all</i>, +from which, as elsewhere shown, there are a number of names, in its +Teutonic sense of <i>omnis</i>, does not seem to give by any means<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span> so +satisfactory a result as in its Celtic sense of "great" or, +"illustrious." Many other instances might be adduced on both sides to +show the way in which a word has dropped out of the one language and +been retained in the other.</p> + +<p>Before passing from this part of the subject, I may be allowed to adduce +an illustration—a striking one I think, albeit that the name in this +case is not that of a man but of a dog—of the way in which a name may +be retained in familiar use, though the word from which it is derived +has perished out of the language, though the language itself has passed +out of use among us for more than a thousand years, and though the word +itself is only used in a sort of poetical or sentimental sense. Who has +not heard, in verse or in prose, of the "poor dog <i>Tray</i>"? And yet who +ever heard, excepting in books, of a dog being called Tray, a word which +conveys no meaning whatever to an English ear? What then is the origin, +and what is the meaning, of the name? It is, I venture to think, the +ancient British name for a dog, which is not to be found in any living +dialect of the Celtic, and which is only revealed to us in a casual line +of a Roman poet:—</p> + +<p class="center">Non sibi, sed domino, venatur <i>vertragus</i> acer,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Illæsum leporem qui tibi dente feret.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 15em;"><i>Martial.</i></span></p> + +<p>The British <i>vertrag</i> must have been something of the nature of a +greyhound, though, from the description of his bringing back the game +unmangled to his master, perhaps capable of a higher training<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> than the +greyhound generally attains to. Now the <i>ver</i> in <i>vertrag</i> is in the +Celtic tongues an intensitive, and as prefixed to a word, gives the +sense of preeminence. The ancient British word for a dog in general must +have been <i>trag</i>, a word of which we find a trace in the Irish <i>traig</i>, +foot, allied, no doubt, to Gothic <i>thragjan</i>, Greek τρεχειν, +Sanscrit <i>trag</i>, to run. The ancient British name then for a dog, <i>trag</i> +signified the "runner," and with the intensitive prefix <i>ver</i>, as in +<i>vertrag</i>, the "swift runner."<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> And <i>trag</i> is, I take it, the word +from which, <i>g</i> as usual in English becoming <i>y</i>, is formed our word +Tray.</p> + +<p>It may be of interest, in connection with the antiquity of our names, to +take a few of the oldest Teutonic names of which history gives us a +record, and endeavour to show the relationship which they bear to our +existing surnames. It will be seen that not only have we the +representatives of these ancient names, but also in certain cases names +which represent a still more ancient form of the word.</p> + +<p>And first let us take the name, dating back to the first century of our +era, of the old German hero Arminius, brought before us with such +magnanimous fairness by Tacitus. The old idea, let me observe, that +Armin is properly <i>herman</i>, leader or warrior, has long been given up by +the Germans. The name, of which the most correct form is considered to +be Irmin, is formed from one single word of which the root is <i>irm</i>, and +the meaning of which is, as Grimm observes, entirely obscure. We have +then as English surnames <i>Armine</i>, <i>Ermine</i>, and <i>Harmony</i>, the last,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> +no doubt, a slight corruption, though, as far as the prefix of <i>h</i> is +concerned, it is as old as Anglo-Saxon times, for we find "Harmines +den," Harmine's valley, in a charter quoted by Kemble. Then we have +compounded with <i>gar</i>, spear, and corresponding with an O.G. +Irminger—<i>Arminger</i>, <i>Irminger</i>,<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> and again as a corruption, +<i>Iremonger</i>. And, compounded with <i>hari</i>, warrior, and corresponding +with an O.G. Irminhar, we have <i>Arminer</i>. And, as a Christian name of +women, one at least of our old families still retains the ancient name +<i>Ermentrude</i>, the ending <i>trude</i>, as found also in <i>Gertrude</i>, being +perhaps from the name Thrud, of one of the <i>Valkyrjur</i>, or +battle-maidens of Odin. The French also, among the many names derived +from their Frankish ancestors, have <i>Armingaud</i>, <i>Armandet</i>, and +<i>Ermingcard</i>, corresponding with the ancient names Irmingaud, Irmindeot, +and Irmingard. And <i>Irminger</i>, as I write, comes before me in the daily +papers as the name of a Danish admiral. But Irmin is not the oldest form +of the name,—"the older and the simple form," observes Foerstemann, +"runs in the form Irm or Irim," and with this also we can claim +connection in our family names. For we have the simple form as <i>Arms</i> +and <i>Harme</i>; and as compounds we have <i>Armiger</i>, corresponding with an +O.G. Ermgar; <i>Armour</i>, with an O.G. Ermhar; and <i>Armgold</i>, with an O.G. +Ermegild. Lastly, I may observe that both Irm and Irmin are found also +by Stark as ancient Celtic names. And certainly there is no stem more +likely than this, of the origin of which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> all trace is lost in the +darkness of the past, to be one that is older than the Arian separation.</p> + +<p>The name Sigimar, of the brother of Arminius, I have already shown that +we have, not only in its own form as <i>Seymore</i>, but also in its High +German form as <i>Sycamore</i>, the Anglo-Saxon names from which they may be +taken to be more immediately derived being also found in the chapter on +place-names. And I have also shown that we have the name Cariovalda (or +Harwald) of a prince of the Batavi, of the first century, in our +<i>Harold</i>.</p> + +<p>There was another old hero of the German race, not so fortunate as +Arminius in finding an historian in a generous foe, whose name only +comes before us in a line of Horace:—</p> + +<p class="center"> +Occidit Daci Cotisonis agmen.<br /> +</p> + +<p>Cotiso must have been a leader of some High German tribe, perhaps +somewhere on the Upper Danube, and he must have made a gallant stand +against the Roman arms, inasmuch as his final overthrow is deemed by the +Roman poet a worthy subject on which to congratulate his imperial +patron. Cotiso is a High German form of another name, Godiso or Godizo, +elsewhere referred to, and hence may be represented, I venture to think, +in our names <i>Godsoe</i> and <i>Goddiss</i>, while Cotiso itself may be +represented in our <i>Cottiss</i>, the ancient vowel-ending being in our +names, as I shall show in the next chapter, sometimes dropped and +sometimes retained.</p> + +<p>Another name which goes back to the first century of our era is Arpus, +that of a prince of the Catti in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span> Tacitus. The Eorpingas, descendants or +followers of Eorpa, were among the original settlers, and seem to have +confined themselves to Norfolk, where alone we have any traces of them. +The name may perhaps be referred to Anglo-Saxon <i>eorp</i>, wolf, though +other derivations have also been proposed. We have the name at present +as <i>Earp</i> (the name of a member of the House of Commons), and also as +<i>Harp</i>. Upon this stem is formed the name Arbogastes (<i>gast</i>, guest) of +a Frankish general under the Emperor Gratian in the fourth century; and +<i>Arbogast</i> is still a family name among the French.</p> + +<p>Lastly, let us take the name of the German king, Ariovistus, brought +before us by Cæsar. The proper form of this name, there seems little +doubt, is Arefastus, as found in some other O.G. names. There was also +an Arfast, bishop of East Anglia, in the time of William the Conqueror. +And Arfast is a present name among the Frisians, according to Outzen, +who compares it—rightly, as it seems to me—with the old name +Ariovistus. The corresponding name Arinfast (<i>aro</i>, <i>arin</i>, eagle) was +also in ancient use among the Danes. It seems to me that our name +<i>Harvest</i> may easily be a corruption of Arfast; it has generally no +doubt been derived from a man's having been born at such a season, but I +distrust, as a general rule, as elsewhere stated, derivations of this +kind.</p> + +<p>In connection with the subject of the antiquity of Teutonic names +generally, and of English names as derived from them, I shall have, in a +subsequent chapter, to refer to the names of original settlers in +England as deduced by Kemble from ancient charters,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> and compare them +with names of a similar kind found in Germany. The coincidence that will +be found in these names at that early period, from England and Friesland +in the north to Bavaria in the south, will, I think, be a very strong +argument to show that these names could not have originated within the +Teutonic area itself, and so dispersed themselves over it in its length +and breadth, but that they must have been brought with them by the +Teutonic invaders from their earlier homes.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span></p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> From the old Saxon fragment called the "Traveller's Song." +Hnaf is no doubt from the Ang.-Sax. <i>cnafa</i>, <i>cnapa</i>, son, boy, the +Anglo-Saxons often representing <i>c</i> by a (no doubt aspirated) <i>h</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Stark also adduces an instance in the eleventh century of +Buggo as a contraction of Burchard.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> So at least Foerstemann seems to think, observing that we +can scarcely derive it from Maur, Æthiops, English "Moor." +Nevertheless, seeing the long struggle between the Teutons +and the Moors in Spain, it seems to me that such a derivation +would be quite in accordance with Teutonic practice. See +some remarks on the general subject at the end of Chapter +IV.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> So that we may take it that Virgilius, as the name of a Scot +who became bishop of Salzburg in the time of Boniface, was his +own genuine Celtic name, and not derived from that of the +Roman poet.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> This name, that of a prince of the Batavi, is considered by +the Germans to be properly Hariovalda, from <i>har</i>, army, and +hence is another instance of an initial <i>h</i> being represented +among the Romans by a <i>c</i>. The name is the same as the +Anglo-Saxon Harald, and as our present name <i>Harold</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> For this explanation of <i>vertragus</i> I am indebted to Gluck.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> There was an English admiral of this name, though I do +not know of it at present.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_II" id="CHAPTER_II"></a>CHAPTER II.</h2> + +<p class="center">CLUE TO SOME OF THE ANCIENT FORMS REPRESENTED IN ENGLISH NAMES.</p> + + +<p>So long as our surnames are treated as if each name were something +standing apart by itself, very little progress can be made in their +elucidation; it is by collation and comparison that, in this as in any +other science, definite results are to be obtained. And a moderate +amount of attention to the forms in which these names appear, and to the +various endings prevalent among them, will enable many names, otherwise +unrecognisable, to be brought within the pale of classification and of +possible explanation. I am of course referring to that portion of our +surnames—a much larger one according to my judgment than is generally +acknowledged—which dates back to Anglo-Saxon times, and so forms a part +of the general system by which Teutonic names are governed.</p> + +<p>I shall have, in the course of this work, frequently to refer to the +Teutonic system, and to names which do, or do not, according to my +judgment, enter into it. And I will therefore, before going further,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> +endeavour to explain what I mean by the Teutonic system. There is, then, +a class of words which, at a time of remote antiquity, have been adopted +as stems upon which, in some cases by a sort of phonetic accretion, in +some cases by the addition of a diminutive ending, in some cases by +forming a patronymic, in some cases by taking in another word as a +compound, a number of other names have been formed. Thus, when we find +such a group of names as <i>Dill</i>, <i>Dilly</i>, <i>Dillow</i>, <i>Dillen</i>, <i>Dilling</i>, +<i>Dilke</i>, <i>Dilwyn</i>, or as <i>Budd</i>, <i>Budden</i>, <i>Buddle</i>, <i>Budding</i>, +<i>Buddrich</i>, <i>Budmore</i>, we may take it that these are all ancient names, +of which <i>Dill</i> and <i>Budd</i> are respectively the stems. And whenever we +find a group of names with endings such as it is my object in the +present chapter to explain, and in compounds such as will be dealt with +in a succeeding chapter, we shall be warranted in assuming the antiquity +of the group.</p> + + +<p class="center">The endings in <i>a</i>, <i>ay</i>, <i>ah</i>, <i>ey</i>, <i>ie</i>, <i>o</i>, <i>oe</i>, <i>ow</i>.</p> + +<p>And in the first place, let us take the endings in <i>a</i>, <i>i</i>, and <i>o</i>, of +which the above are nothing more than arbitrary variations of spelling. +Now ancient Teutonic names formed of one single word had commonly, +though not invariably (and the same thing applies also to ancient Celtic +names), a vowel-ending in <i>a</i>, <i>i</i>, or <i>o</i>; this ending is in our names +sometimes dropped and at other times retained. (It is to be observed, +however, that even in Anglo-Saxon times it is not an unfrequent thing to +find the same name variously with and without a vowel-ending, of which +some instances may be noted in Chapter V.) Thus<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span> we have <i>Abbe</i>, <i>Abba</i>, +and <i>Abbey</i>, we have <i>Bell</i>, <i>Belly</i>, and <i>Bellow</i>, we have <i>Earl</i> and +<i>Early</i>, we have <i>Dand</i>, <i>Dandy</i>, and <i>Dando</i>, we have <i>Brand</i> and +<i>Brandy</i>, we have <i>Todd</i> and <i>Toddy</i>, we have <i>Dane</i> and <i>Dana</i>, we have +<i>Marr</i>, <i>Marry</i>, and <i>Marrow</i>. These are all ancient names, variously +with and without the vowel-ending, and it will be readily seen how apt +the addition is to disguise the name, and to give it the appearance of +something else.</p> + +<p>The question now to consider is—What is the value and meaning of this +vowel-ending, which was only given to simple names and never to +compounds? It might be, in some cases, used simply as a sort of euphonic +rounding-off of a name which might seem meagre and insignificant without +something of the sort. We ourselves appear to use <i>s</i> in the same manner +in the case of some very short names, such as Wills and Epps, in which +the final <i>s</i> may perform the same service that was rendered by the +vowel-ending. But there is also another principle which I think obtains, +and which, indeed, may be the guiding principle in such cases. In +Anglo-Saxon (and the same principle applied to other Teutonic dialects), +the addition of <i>a</i> to a word implied connection with it. Thus, from +<i>scip</i>, a ship, is formed <i>scipa</i>, one connected with a ship, a sailor. +Now, going back to the remote origin of names, there were many cases in +which a man took a name from an abstraction, such as war, peace, glory, +victory, or from a weapon, as the sword or the spear, and it is obvious +that in such cases he required something to connect his name with it, +and this is, as it seems to me, what was effected by the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span> ending in +question. And the principle is still a living one among us, and we form +names daily in accordance with it, though we no longer use the ending in +<i>a</i>, which has been superseded by that in <i>i</i>.<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> A connection with +anything whatever is expressed by this ending, as when a stupid person +is called "Duncey," one with a remarkable nose "Nosey," or one with a +halting gait "Stumpy." The French seem to have retained their old +ending, and, when they form names of this sort, to do it with the ending +in <i>o</i> (<i>eau</i>) which appears to be in accordance with the genius of +their language, as that in <i>i</i> (<i>ey</i>) is with that of ours.</p> + +<p>Of these three endings, that in <i>a</i> is the one which was in use among +the Goths, in such names as Cniva, Totila, Ulfila. And the same was also +the case among the Saxons, a branch of the same Low German stock, in +such names as Anna, Ella, Penda, Dodda. The ending in <i>i</i> was also +common among the Old Saxons, and, if we may judge by the <i>Liber Vitæ</i> of +Durham (which might naturally be supposed to contain a large proportion +of Northern names), was also prevalent in the ancient Northumbria. We +have in that record the names Alli, Arni, Bynni, Betti, Cyni, Diori, +Elsi, Paelli, Tidi, Tilli, Terri, all of which are found in our present +names <i>Alley</i>, <i>Arney</i>, <i>Binney</i>, <i>Betty</i>, <i>Kinney</i>, <i>Deary</i>, <i>Elsey</i>, +<i>Paley</i>, <i>Tidy</i>, <i>Tilley</i>, <i>Terry</i>. The ending in <i>o</i> was that which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span> +was in favour among the Franks and the High Germans generally, the +oldest instance on record being probably that of Cotiso, p. <a href="#Page_20">20</a>. This is +the usual ending in French names (so far as they are of Old Frankish +origin, and come under this head), the form being generally <i>eau</i>, as in +<i>Baudeau</i>, <i>Godeau</i>, <i>Fredeau</i>, representing the ancient names Baldo, +Godo, Fredo. Hence our names ending in <i>o</i> may be taken to be, to some +extent, names of Old Frankish origin come to us through the Normans. But +the number of such names is larger than could reasonably be accounted +for in such a way, and in point of fact, we meet occasionally with such +names at a much earlier period. The Frisians certainly seem to have had +names in this form, and it is a question whether such names may not be +partly due to them. It must be observed, then, that names with these +three various endings represent the stem just the same as those that are +without it.</p> + +<p class="center">The ending in <i>an</i>, <i>en</i>, <i>in</i>, or <i>on</i>.</p> + +<p>This ending runs through the whole range of Teutonic names, and is +common in English surnames. Hence we have <i>Doran</i>, <i>Lingen</i>, <i>Bolden</i>, +<i>Hannen</i>, <i>Farren</i>, the names on which they are formed being represented +in <i>Dore</i>, <i>Ling</i>, <i>Bold</i>, <i>Hann</i>, <i>Farre</i>. As to the value and meaning +of this ending, we have nothing more to guide us than its parallel use +in the languages most nearly concerned, where it is what may be called +formative. That is to say, it is a form of speech which is used to form +the endings of words, not adding anything to the meaning, but forming a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> +kind of euphonic rounding-off of the word. Thus from A.S. <i>wearda</i> is +formed <i>warden</i>, from <i>geard</i> (inclosure) is formed <i>garden</i>, from +<i>Brytta</i> is formed Briton, from <i>mægd</i>, maid, is formed <i>maiden</i>. Cf. +also the old word <i>ratten</i> for <i>rat</i>, still used in provincial speech. +In many cases in Teutonic names we have words thus formed, and also the +simpler forms on which they have been founded, <i>e.g.</i> we have <i>bero</i>, +bear, and also <i>berin</i>, we have <i>aro</i>, eagle, and also <i>arin</i> (=A.S. +<i>earn</i>), both forming the stems on which a number of other names have +been built. I take the ending in <i>en</i>, then, to be most probably a kind +of phonetic accretion, adding nothing to the sense, but sometimes +representing a secondary word, and starting a stem on its own account.</p> + + +<p class="center">The ending in <i>ing</i>.</p> + +<p>This is the Anglo-Saxon and ancient German patronymic, as in <i>Browning</i>, +"son of Brown," <i>Dunning</i>, "son of Dunn," <i>Winning</i>, "son of Winn." It +must have been superseded during, or very soon after, Anglo-Saxon times, +by the patronymic in <i>son</i>, inasmuch as no names of Scriptural origin +appear to be formed with it. Hence we have such names as <i>Bulling</i>, +<i>Burning</i>, <i>Canning</i>, <i>Gambling</i>, <i>Halling</i>, <i>Harding</i>, <i>Hopping</i>, +<i>Loving</i>, <i>Manning</i>, <i>Swearing</i>, <i>Telling</i>, <i>Walking</i>, <i>Willing</i>, some +of which have been popularly supposed to be from the present participle. +All of the above except two, <i>Swearing</i> and <i>Gambling</i>, are found in the +list of early Saxon settlers, and of these two (which are found in after +Anglo-Saxon times) <i>Swearing</i>, which corresponds with an Old German<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> +Suaring, finds its stem in an Anglo-Saxon name Sweor, signifying +important, honourable; and <i>Gambling</i> (properly Gamling) is the +patronymic of an A.S. and O.N. name, Gamol, signifying "old," probably +in the honorific sense of old descent. From this origin, I take it, are +also our names <i>Farthing</i> and <i>Shilling</i>, the former from the stem +<i>fard</i>, or <i>farth</i>, signifying "travel," found in several ancient names, +and which I rather take to be the same as <i>ford</i>, found in the Fordingas +among the early settlers. And <i>Shilling</i>, which corresponds with a +present German <i>Schilling</i>, is probably the same as the Scilling in the +"Traveller's Song," a supposed contraction of Scilding, from A.S. +<i>scyld</i>, shield, in which case our name <i>Shield</i> would be the parent of +<i>Shilling</i>. I have referred at the beginning of this book to the +curious-looking name <i>Winfarthing</i> (quoted from Lower) as perhaps a +corruption of an A.S. Winfrithing, though it is a case in which I do not +feel much certainty, finding one or two other such names as <i>Turnpenny</i>, +which may have been sobriquets.</p> + + +<p class="center">The ending in <i>el</i> or <i>il</i>.</p> + +<p>This ending in Teutonic names may be taken, as a general rule, to be a +diminutive, though in a few cases it may be more probably, like that in +<i>en</i>, formative. Thus in the list of early A.S. settlers we have +Bryd(ingas) and we have Brydl(ingas), representing the words <i>bride</i> and +<i>bridle</i>. Now, as German writers have taken the word <i>brid</i> in ancient +names to mean "bridle," comparing it with French <i>bride</i>, it would seem +probable that, in the above A.S. name, Brydl is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span> not a diminutive, but +the extended word "bridle." However, as a general rule, it may be +presumed to be a diminutive, and in such sense I take the following, +premising that this, as well as all other diminutives, except <i>kin</i>, +<i>lin</i>, and <i>et</i>, is subject to a vowel-ending just the same as simple +forms. We have <i>Bable</i>, corresponding with an A.S. Babel, and an O.G. +Babilo; <i>Ansell</i> and <i>Anslow</i> (Ansilo), corresponding with an O.G. +Ansila; <i>Mundell</i> and <i>Mundella</i>, with a Gothic Mundila;<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> <i>Costall</i>, +<i>Costello</i>, and <i>Costly</i>, with an O.G. Costila. <i>Costly</i> is properly +Costili, with the ending in <i>i</i>, as also <i>Brightly</i> is Brightili, and +some other names with an adverbial look may be similarly explained.</p> + + +<p class="center">The ending in <i>ec</i> or <i>ic</i>.</p> + +<p>This ending, with rare exceptions, may also be taken to be a diminutive. +The oldest instance on record is stated by Stark as that of the Vandal +general Stilicho in the fourth century, though, as found on Roman +pottery (in the names Bassico and Bennicus), it may be still older. It +seems rather singular that, though, according to Grimm, this ending was +more particularly in favour among the Saxons, not a single instance of +it occurs among the names of our early settlers, nor indeed any other +form of diminutive except that in <i>el</i>, though the form in question is +not uncommon in after Anglo-Saxon times. This diminutive is still in +living use among us, at least in Scotland, where a "mile and a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span> bittock" +(little bit) has proved a snare to many a tourist. We have <i>Willock</i>, +<i>Wilkie</i>, and <i>Wilke</i>, corresponding with an O.G. Willico, and an A.S. +Uillech; <i>Lovick</i> and <i>Lubbock</i>, corresponding with O.G. Liuvicho; +<i>Jellicoe</i>, corresponding with O.G. Geliko, Jeliko, and an A.S. Geleca, +some of these examples being with, and some without, the vowel-ending.</p> + + +<p class="center">The ending in <i>lin</i>.</p> + +<p>This ending, which is also a diminutive, is probably formed from that in +<i>el</i>, by the addition of <i>en</i>. It is found in Foerstemann's list as +early as the fifth century, but, as found on Roman pottery, must +probably be still older. We have <i>Bucklin</i>, corresponding with a +Buccellin, general of the Alemanni in the sixth century, and with a +Buccellan on Roman pottery. Also <i>Tomlin</i>, corresponding with an O.G. +Domlin; <i>Applin</i>, with an O.G. Abbilin; <i>Franklin</i>, with an O.G. +Francolin; <i>Papillon</i>, with an O.G. Babolen, &c. This form of diminutive +never takes a vowel-ending.</p> + + +<p class="center">The ending in <i>kin</i>.</p> + +<p>This diminutive ending is formed from that in <i>ec</i> by the addition of +<i>en</i>. It is the youngest-born of all, not being found, unless in rare +cases, before the tenth century. And it is one that is still in living +use both in England and in Germany, in the latter country more +especially. We have <i>Wilkin</i>, corresponding with an O.G. Williken, and +an O.N. Vilkinr; <i>Godkin</i>, with an O.G. Gotichin; <i>Hipkin</i>, with an O.G. +Ibikin or Ipcin; and <i>Hodgkin</i>, with an A.S. Hogcin.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center">The ending in <i>et</i>.</p> + +<p>There is an ending in <i>d</i> or <i>t</i> in O.G. names, which may be taken, +though perhaps not with anything like certainty, to have the force of a +diminutive. Hence might be such a name as <i>Ibbett</i>, corresponding with +O.G. names Ibed and Ibet, from an unexplained stem <i>ib</i>; also our names +<i>Huggett</i>, <i>Howitt</i>, and <i>Hewitt</i>, corresponding with an Anglo-Saxon +Hocget, and an O.G. Huetus, from the stem <i>hog</i>, <i>hug</i>, signifying study +or thought. But some other endings are so liable to intermix, and +particularly the common one <i>had</i>, war, that there is very seldom +anything like certainty.</p> + + +<p class="center">The ending in <i>es</i> or <i>is</i>.</p> + +<p>I take this ending also to be diminutive, and to be possibly akin to our +<i>ish</i>, as in blue-<i>ish</i>, which, as signifying a "little blue," seems to +have the force of a diminutive. Hence we have <i>Riches</i>, corresponding +with an O.G. Richizo, and a present French <i>Richez</i>; and <i>Willis</i>, +corresponding with an O.G. Willizo. Then we have <i>Godsoe</i>, corresponding +with an O.G. Godizo, of which Cotiso, mentioned in Horace (p. 20), is a +High German form; and <i>Abbiss</i>, corresponding with the name, Abissa, of +the son of Hengest, from, as supposed, Gothic <i>aba</i>, man. And we have +<i>Prentiss</i>, corresponding with an A.S. Prentsa (=Prentisa), respecting +which I have elsewhere suggested that the name should be properly +Pentsa. Another name which I take to be from this ending is <i>Daisy</i>. +There is an A.S. Dægsa, which as Dagsi, with the alternative ending in +<i>i</i>, would give us <i>Daisy</i>. We have another<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span> name, <i>Gipsy</i>, which I take +to be from Gibb or Gipp (A.S. <i>geban</i>, to give) with this ending. This +ending in <i>is</i> is naturally very apt to be corrupted into <i>ish</i>, and it +is from this source, I take it, that we have such names as <i>Radish</i>, +<i>Reddish</i>, <i>Varnish</i>, <i>Burnish</i>, and <i>Parish</i>, the two last of which we +have also in their proper form as <i>Burness</i>, and <i>Parez</i> or <i>Paris</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center">The ending in <i>cock</i>.</p> + +<p>This ending is not one that enters into the Teutonic system, unless so +far as it may turn out to be a corruption of something else. I have not +met with it earlier than A.D. 1400, nor do I know of anything to make me +think that it is much older. There has been at different times a good +deal of discussion as to its origin in <i>Notes and Queries</i> and +elsewhere. Mr. Lower has supposed it to be a diminutive, for which I do +not think that any etymological sanction can be found, unless indeed we +can suppose it to be a corruption of the diminutive <i>eck</i> or <i>ock</i> +before referred to, which seems not impossible. But on the whole I am +disposed to agree with the suggestion of a writer in <i>Notes and Queries</i> +that <i>cock</i> is a corruption of <i>cot</i>,—not, however, in the sense which +I suppose him to entertain, of <i>cot</i> as a local word, but of <i>cot</i> as an +ancient ending, the High German form of <i>gaud</i> or <i>got</i>, signifying, as +supposed, "Goth." So far as the phonetic relationship between the two +words <i>cock</i> and <i>cot</i> is concerned, we have an instance, among others, +in our word <i>apricot</i>, which was originally <i>apricock</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span></p> + +<p>I am influenced very much in coming to the above conclusion by finding +<i>coq</i> as a not unfrequent ending in French names, as in <i>Balcoq</i> and +<i>Billecoq</i>, also in <i>Aucoq</i>, <i>Lecoq</i>, <i>Videcocq</i>, <i>Vilcocq</i>, which +latter seem to be names corresponding with our <i>Alcock</i>, <i>Laycock</i>, +<i>Woodcock</i>, and <i>Willcock</i>. They might all be formed on Teutonic stems, +if we suppose <i>Lecoq</i> and <i>Laycock</i> to have lost a <i>d</i>, like <i>Lewis</i> and +<i>Lucas</i>, from <i>leod</i>, people. Now, that the ending <i>gaud</i>, with its +alternative forms <i>got</i>, <i>caud</i>, <i>cot</i>, is present in French names as +well as in English will be clearly seen from the following. From the Old +German Faregaud we have <i>Faragut</i>, and the French have <i>Farcot</i>; from +the O.G. Benigaud they have <i>Penicaud</i>, and we have <i>Pennycad</i>; from the +O.G. Ermingaud they have <i>Armingaud</i>, and from Megingaud they have +<i>Maingot</i>; from the O.G. Aringaud we have <i>Heringaud</i>, from Wulfegaud we +have <i>Woolcot</i>, from Adogoto we have <i>Addicott</i>, and from Madalgaud we +have <i>Medlicott</i>. I am also disposed on the same principle to take +<i>Northcott</i>, notwithstanding its local appearance, to represent the O.G. +name Nordgaud, and in this case we have also the name <i>Norcock</i> to +compare.</p> + +<p>Presuming the above derivation to be the correct one, the question then +arises,—Has this ending come to us through the French, or has the +corruption proceeded simultaneously in both countries? That the latter +has been the case, the French <i>Videcocq</i>, as compared with our +<i>Woodcock</i>, goes some way to show, the one having the High German form +<i>vid</i> or <i>wid</i>, and the other the Saxon form <i>wud</i>. I may also mention, +as being, so far as it goes, in accordance<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span> with the above theory, that +we have a number of names both in the form of <i>cot</i> and <i>cock</i>, as +<i>Adcock</i> and <i>Addicott</i>, <i>Alcock</i> and <i>Alcott</i>, <i>Norcott</i> and <i>Norcock</i>, +<i>Jeffcock</i> and <i>Jeffcott</i>. I do not, however, desire to come to a +definite conclusion, though, as far as I am able to carry it, the +inquiry seems in favour of the view which I have advocated. But the +whole subject will bear some further elucidation.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span></p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> How or when this change took place is a question that +awaits solving, but I observe that, in 1265, the Countess of +Montford, giving names (or sobriquets) to her servants, calls +one of her messengers Treubodi (trusty messenger), and not +Treuboda, as the Anglo-Saxon form would have been.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> This name appears as Μουνδιλας in Procopius, but, judging +by the present pronunciation of Greek, it would sound as +Mundila.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_III" id="CHAPTER_III"></a>CHAPTER III.</h2> + +<p class="center">NAMES REPRESENTING ANCIENT COMPOUNDS.</p> + + +<p>The subject of the relative antiquity of simple names (<i>i.e.</i> those +formed from one single word) and of compound names is one which has +occupied a good deal of the attention of the Germans. And the conclusion +at which some of them at least seem to have arrived, and which perhaps +has been stated the most distinctly by Stark, is that the compound names +are the older of the two. And the principal ground upon which this +conclusion is based seems to be this, that in a very great number of +cases we find that a simple name was used as a contraction of a compound +name, just as we use Will for William, and Ben for Benjamin. Stark, in +particular, has gone into the subject with German thoroughness, and +produced a most complete list of instances of such contractions, such as +Freddo for Fredibert, Wulf for Wulfric, Benno for Bernhard; and among +the Anglo-Saxons, Eada for Edwine, and Siga for Siwerd, &c., from which +he seems to arrive at the general conclusion that simple names are in +all cases contractions of compound names.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span></p> + +<p>Nevertheless, I must say that it seems to me that to assume the compound +to be older than the simple looks very much like something that is +contrary to first principles, and indeed the very fact that simple names +are so often used in place of compounds appears to me to show that they +are more natural to men, and that men would generally adopt them if they +could. I cannot but think then, going back to the far remote origin of +Teutonic names, that the vocabulary of single words must have been +exhausted before men began to take to the use of compounds. When this +period arrived, and when the confusion arising from so many men being +called by the same name could no longer be endured, some other course +required to be adopted. And the course that was adopted was—I put this +forward only as a theory—when the range of single names was exhausted, +to <i>put two names together</i>. The number of changes that could be thus +introduced was sufficient for all purposes, and there is, as I believe, +no established case of a Teutonic name being formed of more than two +words. From this point of view Teutonic names would not be translatable, +or formed with any view to a meaning, and this is, as it seems to me, +what was in fact the case, as a general rule, though I should be very +far from laying it down as a universal principle. If names were formed +with a view to a meaning, it does not seem very probable that we should +have a name compounded with two words, both of which signify war; still +less with two words, one of which signifies peace and the other war. +"Bold in war" might have a meaning, but "bold in peace," if it means +anything,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span> seems satirical. In point of fact, there was a certain set of +words on which the changes were rung in forming names without any +apparent reference either to meaning or congruity. Thus we find that the +early Frankish converts in the time of Charlemagne, the staple of whose +names was German derived from their heathen ancestors, adopted not a few +words of Christian import from the Latin or the Hebrew, and mixed them +up with the old words to which they had been accustomed in their names. +Thus a woman called Electa, no doubt meaning "elect," calls her son +Electardus (<i>hard</i>, fortis); thus from <i>pasc</i> (passover) is formed +Pascoin (<i>wine</i>, friend); from the name of Christ himself is formed +Cristengaudus (<i>gaud</i>, Goth.) Now these are three of the common endings +of German names, but no one can suppose that any sense was intended to +be made out of them here, or that they were given for any other reason +than that they were the sort of words out of which men had been +accustomed to form their names. Indeed, the idea present to the minds of +the parents seems to have been in many cases to connect the names of +their children with their own, rather than anything else, by retaining +the first word of the compound and varying the second. Thus a man called +Girveus and his wife Ermengildis give their children the names of +Giroardus, Girfridis, Gertrudis, Ermena, and Ermengardis, three of the +names connecting with that of the father, and two with that of the +mother. In the case of a man called Ratgaudus and his wife Deodata, the +names of four of the children are Ratharius, Ratgarius, Ratrudis, and +Deodatus, the names of two<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span> other children being different. Many other +instances might be given of this sort of yearning for some kind of a +connecting-link in the names of a family. Now the people by whom these +names were given were common peasants and serfs, so that the case was +not one like that of the Anglo-Saxon kings of Northumbria, among whose +names the prefix <i>os</i>, signifying "semi-deus," and expressive of a claim +to a divine lineage, was of such frequent recurrence. It may be a +question then whether, while the former word of the compound connected +with the father or the mother, the latter part did not sometimes connect +with some other relative whose name it was desired to commemorate, +giving the effect that is now frequently expressed by a Christian name +and a surname. Again, when we look at the remote origin of these names, +when we find in the opening century of our era, and who can tell for how +many centuries before, precisely the same names that have been current +in all these centuries since, we can hardly doubt that some of these +names, derived from words that had long died out from the language, must +have been used even in ancient times without any more thought of their +meaning than parents have now when they call a child Henry or John. I +desire, however, to put forward the above theory as to the origin of +compound names rather with a view of raising the question than of +expressing a definite conclusion.</p> + +<p>The vowel ending in <i>a</i>, <i>i</i>, or <i>o</i>, to which I have referred as in +general use in the case of simple names was not used in the case of +compounds, unless indeed it happened to be an original part of the +second word<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span> as in Frithubodo, from <i>bodo</i>, messenger. Only in the case +of women, to mark the sex, the ending in <i>a</i> was given. And in the case +of some names, such as <i>Gertrud</i>, in which the second part is a word +that could only be given to a woman, as no vowel-ending was required, so +none was given.</p> + +<p>I now proceed to give a list of the principal compounds occurring in +English names, with the ancient forms corresponding. I have been +obliged, as a matter of necessity, to compare our names more frequently +with Old German than with Anglo-Saxon equivalents, on account of the +former having been collected and collated—a work which it remains for +some one of our well qualified Anglo-Saxon scholars to do with regard to +the latter.</p> + +<p>The meanings which I have assigned for these names are such as have been +most generally adopted by the German writers who have made a special +study of the subject. But it must be borne in mind that this study is +one in which there is no context by which conclusions can be verified, +and that in the vast majority of cases we have nothing more to go upon +than a reasonable presumption.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Adal</i>, <i>athel</i>, <i>ethel</i>, "noble."</p> + +<p>(<i>Hard</i>, fortis), Old Germ. Adalhard—Ang.-Sax. Ethelhard—Eng. +<i>Adlard</i>. (<i>Helm</i>), O.G. Adalhelm—Eng. <i>Adlam</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, warrior), A.S. +Ethilheri—Eng. <i>Edlery</i>. (<i>Stan</i>, stone), A.S. Æthelstan—Eng. +<i>Ethelston</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Ag</i>, <i>ac</i>, <i>ec</i>, "point, edge."</p> + +<p>(<i>Hard</i>, fortis), O.G. Agihard—Eng. <i>Haggard</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. +Agiher, Egiher—Eng. <i>Agar</i>, <i>Eager</i>. (<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span><i>Leof</i> dear), O.N. Eylifr—Eng. +<i>Ayliffe</i>. (<i>Man</i>, vir), O.G. Egiman—A.S. Æcemann—Eng. <i>Hayman</i>, +<i>Aikman</i>. (<i>Mund</i>, protection), A.S. Agemund—Eng. <i>Hammond</i>. (<i>Ward</i>), +O.G. Eguard—A.S. Hayward—Eng. <i>Hayward</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Agil</i>, <i>Ail</i>, of uncertain meaning, but perhaps formed on the previous +stem <i>Ag</i>.</p> + +<p>(<i>Gar</i>, spear), O.G. Egilger, Ailger—Eng. <i>Ailger</i>. (<i>Hard</i>, fortis), +O.G. Agilard, Ailard—Eng. <i>Aylard</i>. (<i>Man</i>), O.G. Aigliman—Eng. +<i>Ailman</i>. (<i>Mar</i>, famous), O.G. Agilmar, Ailemar—Eng. <i>Aylmer</i>. +(<i>Ward</i>, guardian), O.G. Agilward, Ailward—Eng. <i>Aylward</i>. (<i>Wine</i>, +friend), A.S. Aegelwine—Eng. <i>Aylwin</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Alb</i>, <i>Alf</i>, signifying "elf."</p> + +<p>(<i>Hard</i>, fortis), O.G. Alfhard—Eng. <i>Alvert</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, warrior), A.S. +Ælfhere—O.G. Alfheri, Albheri—Eng. <i>Alvary</i>, <i>Albery</i>, <i>Aubrey</i>. +(<i>Rad</i>, <i>red</i>, counsel), O.G. Alberat—A.S. Alfred—Eng. <i>Alfred</i>. +(<i>Run</i>, mystery), O.G. Albrun<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a>—Eng. <i>Auberon</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Ald</i>, signifying "old."</p> + +<p>(<i>Bert</i>, famous), O.G. Aldebert—Eng. <i>Aldebert</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, warrior), +A.S. Aldheri—Eng. <i>Alder</i>, <i>Audrey</i>. (<i>Gar</i>, spear), A.S. Eldecar +(Moneyer of Edmund)—Eng. <i>Oldacre</i> (?). (<i>Rad</i>, <i>red</i>, counsel), O.G. +Aldrad—Eng. <i>Aldred</i>, <i>Eldred</i>. (<i>Rit</i>, ride), O.G. Aldarit—Eng. +<i>Aldritt</i>. (<i>Ric</i>, rule), O.G. Alderich, Olderich, Altrih—Eng. +<i>Aldrich</i>, <i>Oldridge</i>, <i>Altree</i>. (<i>Man</i>, vir), A.S. Ealdmann—Eng. +<i>Altman</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Amal</i>, of uncertain meaning.</p> + +<p>(<i>Gar</i>, spear), O.G. Amalgar—Eng. <i>Almiger</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. +Amalhari, Amalher—Eng. <i>Ambler</i>, <i>Emeler</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Angel</i>, signifying "hook, barb"(?).</p> + +<p>(<i>Bert</i>, famous), O.G. Engilbert—Eng. <i>Engleburt</i>. (<i>Hard</i>, fortis), +O.G. Englehart—Eng. <i>Engleheart</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. +Angelher—Eng. <i>Angler</i>. (<i>Man</i>), O.G. Angilman—Eng. <i>Angleman</i>. +(<i>Dio</i>, servant), O.G. Engildeo—A.S. Angeltheow—Eng. <i>Ingledew</i>. +(<i>Sind</i>, companion), O.G. Ingilsind—Eng. <i>Inglesent</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Ans</i>, High Germ, form of A.S. <i>os</i>, "semi-deus."</p> + +<p>(<i>Hard</i>, fortis), O.G. Ansard—Eng. <i>Hansard</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. +Ansher—Eng. <i>Anser</i>. (<i>Helm</i>), O.G. Anshelm—Eng. <i>Anselme</i>, <i>Hansom</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Ark</i>, <i>Arch</i> (see page <a href="#Page_16">16</a>).</p> + +<p>(<i>Bald</i>, bold), Eng. <i>Archbold</i>. (<i>Bud</i>, envoy), O.G. Argebud—Eng. +<i>Archbutt</i>. (<i>Hard</i>, fortis), O.G. Archard—Eng. <i>Archard</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, +warrior), O.G. Erchear—Archere, <i>Roll of Battle Abbey</i>—Eng. <i>Archer</i>. +(<i>Rat</i>, counsel), O.G. Archarat—Eng. <i>Arkwright</i>(?). (<i>Mund</i>, +protection), O.G. Argemund—Eng. <i>Argument</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Aud</i>, <i>Aut</i>, High Germ. form of A.S. <i>ead</i>, "prosperity."</p> + +<p>(<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. Authar—Eng. <i>Auther</i>. (<i>Ric</i>, rule), O.G. +Audricus—Eng. <i>Auterac</i>. (<i>Ram</i>, raven), O.G. Audram—Eng. <i>Autram</i>, +<i>Outram</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>All</i> (see page <a href="#Page_16">16</a>).</p> + +<p>(<i>Frid</i>, peace), O.G. Alufrid—Eng. <i>Allfrey</i>. (<i>Gar</i>, spear), A.S. +Algar—Eng. <i>Alger</i>. (<i>Hard</i>, fortis), A.S. Ealhard—Eng. <i>Allard</i>. +(<i>Mar</i>, famous), O.G. Alamar—Eng. <i>Almar</i>. (<i>Mund</i>, protection), A.S. +Ealmund—O.G. Alamunt—Eng. <i>Almond</i>, <i>Alment</i>. (<i>Noth</i>, bold), A.S. +Ælnoth—Eng. <i>Allnut</i>. (<i>Ward</i>), O.G. Aloard—A.S. Alwerd—Eng. +<i>Allward</i>. (<i>Wid</i>, wood), O.G. Aluid—Eng. <i>Allwood</i>. (<i>Wig</i>, <i>wi</i>, +war), A.S.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span> Alewih—Eng. <i>Allaway</i>.<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> (<i>Wine</i>, friend), O.G. +Allowin—Eng. <i>Alwin</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Al</i>, <i>el</i>, probably "foreigner."</p> + +<p>(<i>Bod</i>, envoy), O.G. Ellebod—Eng. <i>Albutt</i>. (<i>Gaud</i>, Goth), O.G. +Eligaud—Eng. <i>Allgood</i>, <i>Elgood</i>. (<i>Gar</i>, spear), O.G. Elger—Eng. +<i>Elgar</i>. (<i>Hard</i>, fortis), O.G. Eleard—Eng. <i>Ellard</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, +warrior), O.G. Elier—Eng. <i>Ellery</i>. (<i>Mar</i>, famous), O.G. Alimer—Eng. +<i>Elmore</i>. (<i>Mund</i>, protection), Elmund, <i>Domesday</i>—Eng. <i>Element</i>. +(<i>Wine</i>, friend), Elwin, <i>Lib. Vit.</i>—Eng. <i>Elwin</i>. (<i>Wood</i>), Elwod, +<i>Lib. Vit.</i>—Eng. <i>Elwood</i>. (<i>Gern</i>, eager), O.G. Aligern—Eng. +<i>Hallgreen</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Ad</i>, <i>at</i> (Gothic, <i>atta</i>), "father."</p> + +<p>(<i>Gis</i>, hostage), O.G. Atgis—Eng. <i>Atkiss</i>. (<i>Gaud</i>, Goth), O.G. +Adogoto—Eng. <i>Addicott</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. Adohar—Eng. <i>Adier</i>. +(<i>Mar</i>, famous), O.G. Adamar—Eng. <i>Atmore</i>. (<i>Ric</i>, rule), A.S. +Ætheric—Eng. <i>Attridge</i>. (<i>Rid</i>, ride), O.G. Atharid—Eng. <i>Attride</i>. +(<i>Wulf</i>), A.S. Athulf—Eng. <i>Adolph</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>An</i>, <i>han</i> (O.H.G. <i>ano</i>), "ancestor."</p> + +<p>(<i>Fred</i>, peace), O.G. Enfrid—Eng. <i>Henfrey</i>. (<i>Gar</i>, spear), O.G. +Anager, Eneger—Eng. <i>Hanger</i>, <i>Henniker</i>. (<i>Man</i>, vir), O.G. +Enman—Eng. <i>Hanman</i>, <i>Henman</i>. (<i>Rad</i>, counsel), O.G. Henred—Eng. +<i>Hanrot</i>. (<i>Wald</i>, rule), O.G. Anawalt—Eng. <i>Anhault</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Arm</i>, of uncertain meaning.</p> + +<p>(<i>Gar</i>, spear), O.G. Ermgar—Eng. <i>Armiger</i>. (<i>Gild</i>, value?) O.G. +Ermegild—Eng. <i>Armgold</i>. (<i>Had</i>, war), O.G. Ermhad—Eng. <i>Armat</i>. +(<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. Ermhar—Eng. <i>Armour</i>, <i>Armory</i>. (<i>Rad</i>, +counsel), O.G. Ermerad—Eng. <i>Ormerod</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Armin</i>, of uncertain meaning</p> + +<p>(<i>Gar</i>, spear), O.G. Irminger—Eng. <i>Irminger</i>, <i>Arminger</i> (<i>Hari</i>, +warrior), O.G. Irminhar—Eng. <i>Arminer</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Arn</i>, <i>ern</i> (A.S. <i>earn</i>), "eagle."</p> + +<p>(<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. Arnheri—Eng. <i>Harnor</i>. (<i>Helm</i>), O.G. +Arnhalm—Eng. <i>Arnum</i>. (<i>Wald</i>, rule), O.G. Arnoald—Eng. <i>Arnold</i>. +(<i>Wulf</i>), O.G. Arnulf—Eng. <i>Arnulfe</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Ask</i>, <i>ash</i>, perhaps in the sense of "spear."</p> + +<p>(<i>Bert</i>, famous), A.S. <i>Æscbyrht</i>—Eng. <i>Ashpart</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, warrior), +A.S. Æschere—Eng. <i>Asher</i>. (<i>Bald</i>, fortis), Eng. <i>Ashbold</i>. (<i>Man</i>, +vir), A.S. Æscmann—Aschmann, <i>Hund</i>. <i>Rolls</i>—Eng. <i>Ashman</i>. (<i>Mar</i>, +famous), A.S. Æscmer—Eng. <i>Ashmore</i>. (<i>Wid</i>, wood), O.G. +Asquid—Ascuit, <i>Domesday</i>—Eng. <i>Asquith</i>, <i>Ashwith</i>. (<i>Wine</i>, friend), +A.S. Æscwine—Eng. <i>Ashwin</i>. (<i>Wulf</i>), O.G. Ascolf—Eng. <i>Ascough</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center">A.S. <i>beado</i>, "war."</p> + +<p>(<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. Bathari—Eng. <i>Badder</i>, <i>Bather</i>. (<i>Hard</i>, +fortis), A.S. Badherd—Beadheard, <i>Lib. Vit.</i>—Eng. <i>Beddard</i>. (<i>Man</i>, +vir), Badumon, <i>Lib. Vit.</i>—Eng. <i>Badman</i>. (<i>Ric</i>, rule), O.G. +Betterich—A.S. Bædric—Eng. <i>Betteridge</i>. (<i>Ulf</i>, wolf), O.G. +Badulf—Eng. <i>Biddulph</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Bald</i>, "fortis."</p> + +<p>(<i>Hari</i>, warrior), A.S. Baldhere—Eng. <i>Balder</i>, <i>Boldery</i>. (<i>Ric</i>, +rule), O.G. Baldric, Baldrih—Eng. <i>Baldridge</i>, <i>Baldry</i>. (<i>Wine</i>, +friend), A.S. Baldwine—Eng. <i>Baldwin</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center">A.S. <i>band</i>, <i>bend</i>, "crown, chaplet."</p> + +<p>(<i>Hard</i>, fortis), O.G. Pantard—Eng. <i>Pindard</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, warrior), A.S. +Pender—Eng. <i>Pender</i>. (<i>Rad</i>, counsel), O.G. Bandrad—Eng. <i>Banderet</i>, +<i>Pendered</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center">A.S. <i>ben</i>, "wound."</p> + +<p>(<i>Gar</i>, spear), O.G. Benegar—Eng. <i>Benger</i>. (<i>Gaud</i>, Goth), O.G. +Benegaud—Eng. <i>Pennycad</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. Beniher—Eng. +<i>Benner</i>. (<i>Man</i>, vir), Eng. <i>Beneman</i>, A.D. 1535, <i>Penman</i>. (<i>Nid</i>, +strife), O.G. Bennid—Eng. <i>Bennet</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center">A.S. <i>bera</i>, "bear."</p> + +<p>(<i>Gar</i>, spear), O.G. Bereger<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a>—Eng. <i>Berger</i>. (<i>Grim</i>, fierce), O.G. +Peragrim—Eng. <i>Paragreen</i>. (<i>Hard</i>, fortis), O.G. Berhard—Eng. +<i>Barehard</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. Beriher—Eng. <i>Berrier</i>. (<i>Helm</i>), +O.G. Perrhelm—Eng. <i>Perriam</i>. (<i>Land</i>, terra), O.G. Perelant—Eng. +<i>Purland</i>. (<i>Man</i>, vir), O.G. Berman—Eng. <i>Burman</i>, <i>Perman</i>. (<i>Mar</i>, +famous), O.G. Bermar—Eng. <i>Barmore</i>, <i>Paramore</i>. (<i>Rat</i>, counsel), O.G. +Perratt—Eng. <i>Perrott</i>. (<i>Dio</i>, servant), O.G. Peradeo—Eng. <i>Purdue</i>. +(<i>Ward</i>), O.G. Beroward—Eng. <i>Berward</i>. (<i>Wise</i>, sapiens), O.G. Berois +(=Berwis)—Eng. <i>Barwise</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Berin</i>, <i>bern</i>, "bear."</p> + +<p>(<i>Gar</i>, spear), O.G. Beringar—Eng. <i>Berringer</i>. (<i>Hard</i>, fortis), O.G. +Berinhard—Eng. <i>Bernard</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. Bernher, +Pernher—Eng. <i>Berner</i>, <i>Pirner</i>. (<i>Wald</i>, rule), O.G. Berneold—Eng. +<i>Bernold</i>. (<i>Kel</i>, for <i>Ketil</i>), O.N. Biornkel—Eng. <i>Barnacle</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Bil</i>, supposed to mean "mildness, gentleness."</p> + +<p>(<i>Frid</i>, peace), O.G. Bilfrid—Eng. <i>Belfry</i>. (<i>Grim</i>, fierce), O.G. +Biligrim, Pilgrim—Eng. <i>Pilgrim</i>. (<i>Mar</i>, famous), O.G. Belemar—Eng. +<i>Billamore</i>, <i>Belmore</i>. (<i>Gard</i>, protection), O.G. Biligard—Eng. +<i>Billiard</i>. (<i>Mund</i>, protection), O.G. Pilimunt—Eng. <i>Belment</i>. +(<i>Wald</i>, rule), Biliald, <i>Lib. Vit.</i>—Eng. <i>Billyald</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Bert</i>, "bright, illustrious."</p> + +<p>(<i>Ram</i>, raven), O.G. Bertram—Eng. <i>Bertram</i>. (<i>Land</i>, terra), O.G. +Bertland—Eng. <i>Brightland</i>. (<i>Mar</i>, famous), A.S. Brihtmar—Eng. +Brightmore. (<i>Rand</i>, shield), O.G. Bertrand—Eng. <i>Bertrand</i>. (<i>Ric</i>, +rule), O.G. Perhtric—A.S. Brihtric—Partriche, <i>Hund. Rolls</i>—Eng. +<i>Partrick</i>, <i>Partridge</i>. (<i>Wine</i>, friend), A.S. Brihtwine—Eng. +<i>Brightwine</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Black</i>, <i>blake</i>, signifying "brightness."</p> + +<p>(<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. Blicher—Eng. <i>Blacker</i>, <i>Blaker</i>. (<i>Man</i>), A.S. +Blæcman (genealogy of the kings of Northumbria), Blacman (Moneyer at +Norwich)—Blaecmon, <i>Lib. Vit.</i>—Blacheman, <i>Domesday</i>—Eng. <i>Blackman</i>, +<i>Blakeman</i>. (<i>Wine</i>, friend), Eng. <i>Blackwin</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Bod</i>, <i>bud</i>, "envoy."</p> + +<p>(<i>Gar</i>, spear), O.G. Baudochar—Eng. <i>Bodicker</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. +Botthar—Boterus, <i>Domesday</i>—Eng. <i>Butter</i>, <i>Buttery</i>. (<i>Gis</i>, +hostage), O.G. Boutgis, Boggis—Eng. <i>Boggis</i>. (<i>Mar</i>, famous), O.G. +Baudomir—Eng. <i>Bodmer</i>. (<i>Ric</i>, rule), O.G. Buttericus, Bauderich—Eng. +<i>Butterick</i>, <i>Buddrich</i>. (<i>Rid</i>, rit, "ride"), O.G. Bodirid, +Buotrit—Eng. <i>Botright</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Boll</i>, <i>bull</i> (prob. M.H.G. <i>buole</i>), "friend."</p> + +<p>(<i>Gar</i>, spear), O.G. Pulgar—Eng. <i>Bulger</i>. (<i>Hard</i>), Pollardus, +Domesday—Eng. <i>Bullard</i>, <i>Pollard</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. +Bolheri—Eng. <i>Buller</i>. (<i>Mar</i>, famous), A.S. Bulemær—Eng. <i>Bulmer</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Burg</i>, signifying "protection."</p> + +<p>(<i>Hard</i>), A.S. Burghard—Eng. <i>Burchard</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. +Burghar—Eng. <i>Burger</i>. (<i>Wald</i>, rule), O.G. Burgoald—Eng. <i>Purgold</i>. +(<i>Wine</i>, friend), Eng. <i>Burgwin</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Ball</i>, <i>bale</i>, signifying "bale, woe."</p> + +<p>(<i>Frid</i>, peace), O.G. Palfrid—Eng. <i>Palfrey</i>. (<i>Mar</i>, famous), O.G. +Ballomar, Belimar—Eng. <i>Balmer</i>, <i>Bellmore</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Coll</i>, signifying "helmet."</p> + +<p>(<i>Brand</i>, sword), A.S. Colbrand—Eng. <i>Colbran</i>. (<i>Biorn</i>, bear), O.N. +Kolbiorn—Eng. <i>Colburn</i>. (<i>Man</i>, vir), A.S. Colman—Eng. <i>Colman</i>. +(<i>Mar</i>, famous), A.S. Colomôr—Eng. <i>Collamore</i>. (<i>Hard</i>), A.S. +Ceolheard—Eng. <i>Collard</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Cost</i>, <i>cust</i>, "skill, science" (Germ, <i>kunst</i>).</p> + +<p>(<i>Hard</i>), O.G. Custard—Eng. <i>Custard</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Dag</i>, "day," in the sense of brightness, glory.<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a></p> + +<p>(<i>Bald</i>, bold), O.G. Tagapald—Daegbald, <i>Lib. Vit.</i>—Eng. <i>Daybell</i>. +(<i>Bern</i>, bear), O.G. Tagapern—Eng. <i>Tayburn</i>. (<i>Burg</i>, protection), +O.G. Tagabirg—Eng. <i>Tackabarry</i>. (<i>Gisil</i>, hostage), O.G. +Daigisil—Eng. <i>Daggesell</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. Daiher—Dacher, +<i>Lib. Vit.</i>—Eng. <i>Dagger</i>, <i>Dacker</i>, <i>Dayer</i>. (<i>Helm</i>), O.G. +Dachelm—Eng. <i>Dacombe</i>. (<i>Mund</i>, protection), O.G. Dagamund—A.S. +Daiemond—Eng. <i>Daymont</i>. (<i>Mar</i>, famous), O.G. Dagemar—Dagemar on +Roman pottery—Eng. <i>Damer</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Dall</i>, <i>dell</i>, as supposed, "illustrious."</p> + +<p>(<i>Bert</i>, famous), O.G. Dalbert—Talbercht, <i>Lib. Vit.</i>—Eng. <i>Talbert</i>. +(<i>Fare</i>, travel), O.G. Dalferi—Eng. <i>Telfer</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. +Dealher—Eng. <i>Deller</i>. (<i>Man</i>), O.G. Dalman—Eng. <i>Dalman</i>, <i>Tallman</i>. +(<i>Wig</i>, <i>wi</i>, war), Daliwey, <i>Hund. Rolls</i>—Eng. <i>Dalloway</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Dan</i>, <i>den</i>, of uncertain meaning, perhaps, "Dane."</p> + +<p>(<i>Hard</i>), A.S. Dæneheard—Eng. <i>Denhard</i>. (<i>Gar</i>, spear), O.G. +Thangar—Eng. <i>Danger</i>. (<i>Wulf</i>), A.S. Denewulf—Eng. <i>Denolf</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Dar</i>, signifying "spear."</p> + +<p>(<i>Nagel</i>, nail), A.S. Dearnagel—Eng. <i>Darnell</i>. (<i>Gund</i>, war), O.G. +Taragun—Eng. <i>Darrigon</i>. (<i>Wine</i>, friend), O.G. Daroin—- Eng. +<i>Darwin</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Dear</i>, "carus."</p> + +<p>(<i>Leof</i>, dear), A.S. Deorlaf—Eng. <i>Dearlove</i>. (<i>Man</i>, vir), Dereman, +<i>Domesday</i>—Eng. <i>Dearman</i>. (<i>Môd</i>, courage), A.S. Deormod—Eng. +<i>Dermott</i>. (<i>Wine</i>, friend), A.S. Deorwyn—Eng. <i>Derwin</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center">Gothic, <i>thius</i> (O.H.G. <i>dio</i>), "servant."</p> + +<p>(<i>Log</i>, <i>loh</i>, clean?), O.G. Thioloh—Eng. <i>Dialogue</i>. (<i>Mad</i>, +reverence), O.G. Deomad—Eng. <i>Demaid</i>. (<i>Man</i>, vir), O.G. Dioman—Eng. +<i>Demon</i>. (<i>Mund</i>, protection), O.G. Thiomunt—Eng. <i>Diamond</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center">Old North. <i>dolgr</i>, "foe."</p> + +<p>(<i>Fin</i>, people's name), O.N. Dolgfinnr—Eng. <i>Dolphin</i>. (<i>Man</i>, vir), +A.S. Dolemann—Eng. <i>Dolman</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center">A.S. <i>dôm</i> (O.H.G. <i>tuom</i>), "judgment."</p> + +<p>(<i>Gis</i>, hostage), O.G. Domigis, Tomichis—Eng. <i>Tomkies</i>. (<i>Hard</i>, +fortis), O.G. Domard—Eng. <i>Dummert</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. +Domarius—Domheri, <i>Lib. Vit.</i>—Eng. <i>Dummer</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center">A.S. <i>dugan</i>, to be "doughty."</p> + +<p>(<i>Man</i>, vir), O.G. Dugiman, Tugeman—A.S. Ducemann—Eng. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span><i>Tugman</i>, +<i>Duckman</i>. (<i>Mar</i>, famous), O.G. Daumerus—Eng. <i>Dugmore</i>. Probably from +the noun, <i>duguth</i>, virtue, A.S. Dogod—Eng. <i>Doggett</i>, <i>Dugood</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Erl</i>, supposed same as "earl."</p> + +<p>(<i>Bad</i>, war), O.G. Erlebad—Eng. <i>Hurlbat</i> (<i>Bert</i>, famous), O.G. +Erlebert—Eng. <i>Hurlburt</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. Erleher—Eng. +<i>Hurler</i>. (<i>Wine</i>, friend), O.G. Erliwin, A.S. Herlawine—Eng. <i>Urlwin</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Evor</i>, "boar."</p> + +<p>(<i>Hard</i>, fortis), O.G. Everhard—Eng. <i>Everard</i>, <i>Earheart</i>. (<i>Rad</i>, +counsel), O.G. Eburrad—Eng. <i>Evered</i>, <i>Everett</i>. (<i>Ric</i>, rule), O.G. +Eburicus—Eng. <i>Every</i>. (<i>Wacar</i>, watchful), O.G. Eburacar—Eureuuacre, +<i>Domesday</i>—Eng. <i>Earwaker</i>. (<i>Wig</i>, war), O.G. Eberwic—A.S. +Earwig—Eng. <i>Earwig</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center">Anglo-Saxon <i>eâd</i>, "prosperity."</p> + +<p>(<i>Burg</i>, protection), A.S. Eadburh—Eng. <i>Edbrook</i>. (<i>Gar</i>, spear), A.S. +Eadgar—Eng. <i>Edgar</i>. (<i>Mund</i>, protection), A.S. Eadmund—Eng. <i>Edmond</i>. +(<i>Ric</i>, rule), A.S. Eadric—Eng. <i>Edridge</i>. (<i>Ward</i>), A.S. +Eadweard—Eng. <i>Edward</i>. (<i>Wig</i>, war), A.S. Eadwig—Eng. <i>Edwick</i>. +(<i>Wulf</i>), A.S. Eadwulf—Eng. <i>Edolph</i>. (<i>Wacar</i>, watchful), O.G. +Odoacer—A.S. Edwaker—Eng. <i>Eddiker</i>?</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Far</i>, <i>fare</i>, signifying "travel."</p> + +<p>(<i>And</i>, life, spirit), O.G. Ferrand, Eng. <i>Ferrand</i>. (<i>Gaud</i>, Goth), +O.G. Faregaud—Eng. <i>Farragut</i>, <i>Forget</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. +Feriher—Eng. <i>Ferrier</i>. (<i>Man</i>), O.G. Faraman—Fareman, <i>Hund. +Rolls</i>—Eng. <i>Fairman</i>. (<i>Mund</i>, protection), O.G. Faramund—Eng. +<i>Farrimond</i>. (<i>Ward</i>), O.G. Faroard—Eng. <i>Forward</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Fard</i>, also signifying "travel."</p> + +<p>(<i>Hari</i>, warrior), A.S. Forthere—Eng. <i>Forder</i>. (<i>Man</i>), O.G. +Fartman—Eng. <i>Fortyman</i>. (<i>Nand</i>, daring), O.G. Ferdinand—Eng. +<i>Ferdinand</i>. (<i>Rad</i>, counsel), Forthred, <i>Lib. Vit.</i>,—Eng. <i>Fordred</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Fil</i>, <i>ful</i>, signifying "great."</p> + +<p>(<i>Bert</i>, famous), O.G. Filibert—Eng. <i>Filbert</i>. (<i>Gar</i>, spear),—Eng. +<i>Fullagar</i>. (<i>Leof</i>, dear), O.G. Filuliub—Eng. <i>Fullalove</i>. (<i>Man</i>), +O.G. Filiman—Eng. <i>Fileman</i>. (<i>Mar</i>, famous), A.S. Fealamar, O.G. +Filomor—Eng. <i>Fillmer</i>, <i>Phillimore</i>. (<i>Dio</i>, <i>thius</i>, servant), O.G. +Filethius—Eng. <i>Filldew</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Frid</i>, <i>free</i>,<a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a> signifying "peace."</p> + +<p>(<i>Bad</i>, war), O.G. Fridibad—Eng. <i>Freebout</i>. (<i>Bern</i>, bear), O.G. +Fridubern—Friebern <i>Domesday</i>—Eng. <i>Freeborn</i>. (<i>Bod</i>. envoy), O.G. +Frithubodo—Eng. <i>Freebody</i>. (<i>Lind</i>, gentle), O.G. Fridulind—Frelond +<i>Hund</i>. <i>Rolls</i>—Eng. <i>Freeland</i>. (<i>Ric</i>, rule), O.G. Frithuric—Eng. +<i>Frederick</i>. (<i>Stan</i>, stone), A.S. Frithestan—Eng. <i>Freestone</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Fin</i>, supposed from "the nation."</p> + +<p>(<i>Bog</i>, bow), Old Norse, Finbogi—Eng. <i>Finbow</i>. (<i>Gar</i>, spear), Old +Norse, Finngeir—Eng. <i>Finger</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Gad</i>, of uncertain meaning, perhaps "friend."</p> + +<p>(<i>Man</i>, vir), A.S. Cædmon—Eng. <i>Cadman</i>. (<i>Leof</i>, dear),—Eng. +<i>Gatliffe</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Gal</i>, signifying "spirit, cheerfulness."</p> + +<p>(<i>And</i>, life, spirit), Galaunt, <i>Hund. Rolls</i>—Eng. <i>Galland</i>, +<i>Gallant</i>. (<i>Frid</i>, peace), A.S. Galfrid, Gaufrid—Eng. <i>Geoffry</i>. +(<i>Hard</i>), Gallard <i>Hund. Rolls</i>—Eng. <i>Gallard</i>. (<i>Wig</i>, war), O.G. +Geilwih—Galaway, <i>Hund. Rolls</i>—Eng. <i>Galloway</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Gand</i>, signifying "wolf."</p> + +<p>(<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. Ganthar—A.S. Gandar—Eng. <i>Gander</i>, <i>Ganter</i>. +(<i>Ric</i>, rule), O.G. Gendirih, Cantrih—Eng. <i>Gentery</i>, <i>Gentry</i>, +<i>Chantrey</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Gar</i>, signifying "spear."</p> + +<p>(<i>Bad</i>, war), O.G. Kerpat—Eng. <i>Garbett</i>. (<i>Bald</i>), O.G. Garibald, +Kerbald—Eng. <i>Gorbold</i>, <i>Corbould</i>. (<i>Brand</i>, sword), O.G. +Gerbrand—Eng. <i>Garbrand</i>. (<i>Brun</i>, bright), O.G. Gerbrun—Eng. +<i>Gorebrown</i>. (<i>Bod</i>, envoy), O.G. Gaerbod—Gerbode <i>Lib. Vit.</i>—Eng. +<i>Garbutt</i>. (<i>Hard</i>), O.G. Garehard—Eng. Garrard. (Hari, warrior), O.G. +Garoheri, Caroheri—Eng. <i>Carary</i>, <i>Carrier</i>. (<i>Lac</i>, play), O.G. +Gerlac—Eng. <i>Garlick</i>. (<i>Man</i>), O.G. Garaman—A.S. Jaruman—Eng. +<i>Garman</i>, <i>Jarman</i>. (<i>Mund</i>, protection), O.G. Garimund—Eng. <i>Garment</i>. +(<i>Noth</i>, bold), O.G. Garnot—Eng. <i>Garnett</i>. (<i>Rod</i>, red), O.G. +Kaerrod—Old Norse, Geirraudr Eng. <i>Garrod</i>. (<i>Laif</i>, relic), O.G. +Gerlef—Eng. <i>Gerloff</i>. (<i>Ferhth</i>, life, spirit), Gerferth, <i>Lib. +Vit.</i>—Eng. <i>Garforth</i>. (<i>Stan</i>, stone), O.G. Kerstin—Eng. <i>Garstin</i>. +(<i>Wald</i>, power), O.G. Garold—Eng. <i>Garrold</i>. (<i>Was</i>, keen), O.G. +Gervas—Eng. <i>Jervis</i>. (<i>Wid</i>, wood), O.G. Gervid—Eng. <i>Garwood</i>. +(<i>Wig</i>, war), O.G. Garavig, Gerwi—Eng. <i>Garroway</i>, <i>Garvey</i>. (<i>Wine</i>, +friend), O.G. Gerwin, Caroin—Eng. <i>Curwen</i>?<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> (<i>Van</i>, beauty), O.G. +Geravan—Eng. <i>Caravan</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Gan</i>, <i>gen</i>, supposed to mean "magic, sorcery."</p> + +<p>(<i>Bert</i>, famous), O.G. Gimbert—Eng. <i>Gimbert</i>. (<i>Had</i>, war), O.G. +Genad—Eng. <i>Gennett</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. Genear, Ginheri—Eng. +<i>Genner</i>, <i>Jennery</i>. (<i>Rid</i>, ride), O.G. Generid—Eng. <i>Jeannerett</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Gab</i>, <i>Geb</i>, Eng. "give."</p> + +<p>(<i>Bert</i>, famous), O.G. Gibert—Eng. <i>Gippert</i>. (<i>Hard</i>), O.G. Gebahard, +Givard—Eng. <i>Giffard</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. Gebaheri—Eng. +<i>Gaffery</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Gart</i>, <i>cart</i>, signifying "protection."</p> + +<p>(<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. Gardar, Karthar—Eng. <i>Garter</i>, <i>Carder</i>. +(<i>Dio</i>, servant), O.G. Cartdiuha—Eng. <i>Carthew</i>. (<i>Ric</i>, rule), A.S. +Gyrdhricg—Eng. <i>Cartridge</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Gald</i>, <i>gold</i>, "reddere, valere."</p> + +<p>(<i>Birin</i>, bear), O.G. Goldpirin—Eng. <i>Goldbourne</i>. (<i>Red</i>, counsel), +O.G. Goltered—Eng. <i>Coulthred</i>. (<i>Ric</i>, rule), O.G. Goldericus—Eng. +<i>Goldrick</i>. (<i>Run</i>, mystery), O.G. Goldrun, Coldrun—Coldrun <i>Lib. +Vit.</i>—Eng <i>Calderon</i>. (<i>Wine</i>, friend), O.G. Gildewin—Eng. <i>Goldwin</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Geld</i>, <i>gild</i>, probably same as above.</p> + +<p>(<i>Hard</i>), O.G. Gildard—Eng. <i>Gildert</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. +Gelther—Eng. <i>Gilder</i>. (<i>Wig</i>, <i>wi</i>, war), O.G. Geltwi—Eng. +<i>Gildawie</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Gisal</i>, <i>gil</i>, "hostage."</p> + +<p>(<i>Bert</i>, famous), O.G. Gisalbert, Gilbert—Eng. <i>Gilbert</i>. (<i>Brand</i>, +sword), O.G. Gislebrand—Eng. <i>Gillibrand</i>. (<i>Frid</i>,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span> peace), O.G. +Gisalfred—Eng. <i>Gillford</i>. (<i>Hard</i>), O.G. Giselhard—Eng. <i>Gillard</i>. +(<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. Gisalhar—- A.S. Gislher—Eng. <i>Giller</i>, +<i>Killer</i>. (<i>Had</i>, war), O.G. Gislehad—Eng. <i>Gillett</i>. (<i>Helm</i>), O.G. +Gisalhelm—Eng. <i>Gilliam</i>. (<i>Man</i>), O.G. Gisleman—Eng. <i>Gillman</i>, +<i>Killman</i>. (<i>Mar</i>, famous), O.G. Gisalmer—Eng. <i>Gilmore</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>God</i>, supposed to mean "Deus."<a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a></p> + +<p>(<i>Bald</i>), O.G. Godebald—Godebaldus, <i>Domesday</i>—Eng. <i>Godbold</i>, +<i>Godbolt</i>, <i>Cobbold</i>. (<i>Frid</i>, peace), O.G. Godafrid—Eng. <i>Godfrey</i>. +(<i>Gisil</i>, hostage), O.G. Godigisil—Eng. Godsell. (Heid, state, "hood"), +O.G. Gotaheid—Eng. <i>Godhead</i>. (<i>Hard</i>), O.G. Godehard—Eng. <i>Goddard</i>, +<i>Goodheart</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. Godehar—Eng. <i>Goddier</i>, +<i>Goodyear</i>. (<i>Laif</i>, relic), O.G. Godolef—Eng. <i>Goodliffe</i>. (<i>Lac</i>, +play), O.G. Godolec—Eng. <i>Goodlake</i>. (<i>Land</i>), O.G. Godoland—Godland +<i>Lib. Vit.</i>—Eng. <i>Goodland</i>. (<i>Man</i>), O.G. Godeman—Godeman <i>Lib. +Vit.</i>—Eng. <i>Godman</i>. (<i>Mund</i>, protection), A.S. Godemund—Eng. +<i>Godmund</i>. (<i>Niu</i>, young), O.G. Godeniu—Eng. <i>Goodnow</i>. (<i>Ram</i>, raven), +O.G. Godramnus—Eng. <i>Goodram</i>. (<i>Rad</i>, counsel), O.G. Gotrat—Eng. +<i>Goodred</i>. (<i>Rit</i>, ride), O.G. Guderit—Godritius <i>Domesday</i>—Eng. +<i>Goodwright</i>. (<i>Ric</i>, rule), Godricus <i>Domesday</i>—Eng. <i>Godrick</i>. +(<i>Scalc</i>, servant), O.G. Godscalc—Eng. <i>Godskall</i>. (<i>Ward</i>), O.G. +Godeward—Eng. <i>Godward</i>. (<i>Wine</i>, friend), A.S. Godwine—Eng. <i>Godwin</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Goz</i>, <i>Gos</i>, supposed High Germ. form of <i>gaud</i>=Goth.</p> + +<p>(<i>Bald</i>), O.G. Gauzebald—Eng. <i>Gosbell</i>. (<i>Hard</i>), O.G. Gozhart, +Cozhart—Eng. <i>Gozzard</i>, <i>Cossart</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, warrior),<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span> O.G. Gauzer, +Cozhere—Eng. <i>Gozar</i>, <i>Cosier</i>. (<i>Lind</i>, gentle), O.G. Gauzlind—Eng. +<i>Gosland</i>. (<i>Mar</i>, famous), O.G. Gozmar—Eng. <i>Gosmer</i>. (<i>Wald</i>, power), +O.G. Gausoald—Eng. <i>Goswold</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Grim</i>, "fierce, terrible."</p> + +<p>(<i>Bald</i>), O.G. Grimbald—Eng. <i>Grimbald</i>, <i>Grimble</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, warrior), +O.G. Grimhar—Eng. <i>Grimmer</i>. (<i>Mund</i>, protection), O.G. Grimund—Eng. +<i>Grimmond</i>. (<i>Hard</i>), O.G. Grimhard—Eng. <i>Grimerd</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Gund</i>, <i>gun</i>, signifying "war."</p> + +<p>(<i>Bald</i>), O.G. Gundobald, Gumbald—Eng. <i>Gumboil</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, warrior), +O.G. Gunther, Cundher—Eng. <i>Gunter</i>, <i>Conder</i>. (<i>Ric</i>, rule), O.G. +Gunderih—Eng. <i>Gundry</i>. (<i>Stan</i>, stone), Old Norse, Gunstein—Eng. +<i>Gunston</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Hun</i>, probably from "the people."</p> + +<p>(<i>Bald</i>), O.G. Hunibald—Eng. <i>Hunibal</i>. (<i>Frid</i>, peace), O.G. Hunfrid, +Humfrid—Eng. <i>Humphrey</i>. (<i>Gar</i>, spear), O.G. Hunger—Eng. <i>Hunger</i>. +(<i>Hard</i>), O.G. Hunard—Eng. <i>Hunnard</i>. (<i>Man</i>), Huniman <i>Hund. +Rolls</i>—Eng. <i>Honeyman</i>. (<i>Wald</i>, power), O.G. Hunewald—Hunewald, <i>Lib. +Vit.</i>—Eng. <i>Hunhold</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Had</i>, <i>hath</i>, signifying "war."</p> + +<p>(<i>Gis</i>, hostage), O.G. Hadegis—Eng. <i>Hadkiss</i>. (<i>Mar</i>, famous), O.G. +Hadamar—Eng. <i>Hattemore</i>. (<i>Rat</i>, counsel), O.G. Hadarat—Eng. +<i>Hadrott</i>. (<i>Ric</i>, rule), O.G. Hadaricus—Eng. <i>Hattrick</i>. (<i>Wig</i>, war), +O.G. Hathuwi—Eng. <i>Hathaway</i>. (<i>Wine</i>, friend), O.G. Hadawin—Eng. +<i>Hadwen</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Hard</i>, <i>hart</i>, "strong, hardy."</p> + +<p>(<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. Hardier—Eng. <i>Harder</i>. (<i>Land</i>, terra), O.G. +Artaland—Eng. <i>Hardland</i>. (<i>Man</i>, vir), O.G.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span> Hartman—Eng. <i>Hardman</i>. +(<i>Mund</i>, protection), O.G. Hartomund—Eng. <i>Hardiment</i>. (<i>Nagel</i>, nail), +O.G. Hartnagel—Eng. <i>Hartnoll</i>. (<i>Nid</i>, strife), O.G. Hartnit—Eng. +<i>Hartnott</i>. (<i>Rat</i>, counsel), O.G. Hartrat—Eng. <i>Hartwright</i>. (<i>Ric</i>, +rule), O.G. Harderich, Hertrih—Eng. <i>Hartridge</i>, <i>Hartry</i>. (<i>Wulf</i>), +O.G. Hardulf—Eng. <i>Hardoff</i>. (<i>Wig</i>, war), O.G. Hardwic—Eng. +<i>Hardwick</i>. (<i>Wine</i>, friend), O.G. Hardwin—Eng. <i>Ardouin</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Har</i>, <i>her</i>, "army" or "soldier."<a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a></p> + +<p>(<i>Bad</i>, war), O.G. Heripato—Eng. <i>Herepath</i>. (<i>Bert</i>, famous), O.G. +Hariberaht—A.S. Herebritt—Eng. <i>Harbert</i>, <i>Herbert</i>. (<i>Bord</i>, shield), +O.G. Heribord—Eng. <i>Harboard</i>. (<i>Bod</i>, envoy), O.G. Heribod—Eng. +<i>Harbud</i>. (<i>Gar</i>, spear), O.G. Hariker—A.S. Hereger—Eng. <i>Harker</i>. +(<i>Gaud</i>, Goth), O.G. Haregaud—Eng. <i>Hargood</i>. (<i>Land</i>, terra), O.G. +Hariland—Eng. <i>Harland</i>. (<i>Man</i>, vir), O.G. Hariman—Eng. <i>Harryman</i>, +<i>Harman</i>. (<i>Mar</i>, famous), O.G. Harmar—Eng. <i>Harmer</i>. (<i>Mund</i>, +protection), O.G. Herimund—Eng. <i>Harmond</i>. (<i>Sand</i>, envoy), O.G. +Hersand—Eng. <i>Hersant</i>. (<i>Wald</i>, rule), A.S. Harald—Eng. <i>Harold</i>. +(<i>Ward</i>), A.S. Hereward—Eng. <i>Harward</i>. (<i>Wid</i>, wood), O.G. Erwid—Eng. +<i>Harwood</i>. (<i>Wig</i>, war), O.G. Herewig, Hairiveo—Eng. <i>Harvey</i>. (<i>Wine</i>, +friend), O.G. Harwin—A.S. Herewine—Eng. <i>Harwin</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Hild</i>, <i>hil</i>, "war."</p> + +<p>(<i>Brand</i>, sword), O.G. Hildebrand—Eng. <i>Hildebrand</i>. (<i>Gard</i>, +protection), O.G. Hildegard—Eng. <i>Hildyard</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. +Hildier—Eng. <i>Hilder</i>, <i>Hillyer</i>. (<i>Man</i>, vir),<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span> O.G. Hildeman—Eng. +<i>Hillman</i>. (<i>Mar</i>, famous), O.G. Hildemar—Eng. <i>Hilmer</i>. (<i>Rad</i>, +counsel), O.G. Hildirad—Eng. <i>Hildreth</i>. (<i>Ric</i>, rule), O.G. +Hilderic—Eng. <i>Hilridge</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Ing</i>, <i>ink</i>, "son, descendant."</p> + +<p>(<i>Bald</i>), O.G. Ingobald, Incbald—Eng. <i>Inchbald</i>. (<i>Bert</i>, famous), +O.G. Ingobert—Eng. <i>Inchboard</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. Inguheri—Eng. +<i>Ingrey</i>. (<i>Ram</i>, raven), O.G. Ingram—Eng. <i>Ingram</i>. (<i>Wald</i>, power), +O.G. Ingold—Eng. <i>Ingold</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Ise</i>, signifying "iron."</p> + +<p>(<i>Burg</i>, protection), O.G. Hisburg—Eng. <i>Isburg</i>. (<i>Man</i>), O.G. +Isman—A.S. Hysemann—Eng. <i>Heasman</i>. (<i>Mar</i>, famous), O.G. Ismar—Eng. +<i>Ismer</i>. (<i>Odd</i>, dart), Old Norse, Isodd—Eng. <i>Izod</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Isen</i>, signifying "iron."</p> + +<p>(<i>Hard</i>), O.G. Isanhard—Eng. <i>Isnard</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. +Isanhar—Eng. <i>Isner</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Ken</i>, <i>kin</i>, "nobility."</p> + +<p>(<i>Hard</i>), A.S. Cyneheard—Eng. <i>Kennard</i>, <i>Kinnaird</i>. (<i>Laf</i>, relic), +A.S. Cynlaf—Eng. <i>Cunliffe</i>. (<i>Mund</i>, protection), A.S. Cynemund—Eng. +<i>Kinmonth</i>. (<i>Ric</i>, rule), A.S. Cynric—Eng. <i>Kenrick</i>. (<i>Ward</i>), A.S. +Cyneweard—Eng. <i>Kenward</i>. (<i>Wig</i>, war), Kenewi, <i>Hund. Rolls</i>—Eng. +<i>Kennaway</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Land</i>, "terra."</p> + +<p>(<i>Bert</i>, famous), O.G. Landbert, Lambert—Eng. <i>Lambert</i>. (<i>Burg</i>, +protection), O.G. Landburg—Eng. <i>Lambrook</i>. (<i>Frid</i>, peace), O.G. +Landfrid—Lanfrei <i>Lib. Vit.</i>—Eng. <i>Landfear</i>, <i>Lanfear</i>, <i>Lamprey</i>. +(<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. Landar—Eng. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span><i>Lander</i>. (<i>Ric</i>, rule), O.G. +Landerich—Landric <i>Domesday</i>—Eng. <i>Landridge</i>, <i>Laundry</i>. (<i>Wig</i>, +war), O.G. Lantwih—Eng. <i>Lanaway</i>. (<i>War</i>, defence), O.G. Landoar—Eng. +<i>Lanwer</i>. (<i>Ward</i>), O.G. <i>Landward</i>—Eng. <i>Landlord?</i></p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Laith</i>, <i>let</i>, "terrible."</p> + +<p>(<i>Hara</i>), O.G. Lethard—Eng. <i>Leathart</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. +Lethar—Eng. <i>Leather</i>. (<i>Ward</i>), O.G. Lethward—Eng. <i>Lateward</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Led</i>, <i>lud</i>, "people."</p> + +<p>(<i>Burg</i>, protection), O.G. Luitburc—Eng. <i>Ludbrook</i>. (<i>Gar</i>, spear), +O.G. Leodegar—Eng. <i>Ledger</i>. (<i>Gard</i>), O.G. Liudgard—A.S. +Lidgeard—Eng. <i>Ledgard</i>. (<i>Goz</i>. Goth), O.G. Luitgoz, Luikoz—Lucas +<i>Lib. Vit.</i>—Eng. <i>Lucas</i>. (<i>Hard</i>), O.G. Luidhard—Eng. <i>Liddard</i>. +(<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. Liuthari—A.S. Luder—Eng. <i>Luther</i>. (<i>Man</i>), +O.G. Liudman—A.S. Ludmann—Eng. <i>Lutman</i>. (<i>Ward</i>), O.G. Liudward—Eng. +<i>Ledward</i>. (<i>Wig</i>, war), O.G. Liudwig—Eng. <i>Lutwidge</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center">Anglo-Saxon <i>leof</i>, "dear."</p> + +<p>(<i>Dag</i>, day), O.G. Leopdag—Luiedai, <i>Domesday</i>—Eng. <i>Loveday</i>. +(<i>Hard</i>), O.G. Luibhard, Leopard—A.S. Lipperd—Eng. <i>Leopard</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, +warrior), O.G. Liubheri, Libher—A.S. Leofer—Eng. <i>Lover</i>. (<i>Lind</i>, +gentle), O.G. Liublind—Eng. <i>Loveland</i>. (<i>Man</i>), O.G. Liubman—A.S. +Leofmann—Eng. <i>Loveman</i>.<a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a> (<i>Mar</i>, famous), O.G. Liubmar—Eng. +<i>Livemore</i>. (<i>Ric</i>, rule), A.S. Leofric—Eng. <i>Loveridge</i>. (<i>Drud</i>, +friend), O.G. Lipdrud—Eng. <i>Liptrot</i>.<a name="FNanchor_19_19" id="FNanchor_19_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a> (<i>Gaud</i>, <i>goz</i>, Goth), O.G. +Liobgoz—Eng. <i>Lovegod</i>, <i>Lovegood</i>.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Mal</i>, signifying to "maul."</p> + +<p>(<i>Hard</i>), O.G. Mallard—Maularde, <i>Roll. Batt. Abb.</i>—Eng. <i>Mallard</i>. +(<i>Ric</i>, rule), O.G. Malarich—Eng. <i>Mallory</i>. (<i>Thius</i>, servant), O.G. +Malutheus—Eng. <i>Malthus</i>. (<i>Wulf</i>), O.G. Malulf—Eng. <i>Maliff</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Man</i>, as the type of "manliness."</p> + +<p>(<i>Frid</i>, peace), O.G. Manfrit—Eng. <i>Manfred</i>. (<i>Gar</i>, spear), O.G. +Mangar—Eng. <i>Manger</i>. (<i>Leof</i>, dear), A.S. Manlef—Eng. <i>Manlove</i>. +(<i>Gald</i>, value), O.G. Managold—Eng. <i>Manigault</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Mar</i>, signifying "famous."</p> + +<p>(<i>Gaud</i>, Goth), Merigeat <i>Lib. Vit.</i>—Eng. <i>Margot</i>. (<i>Gild</i>, value), +O.G. Margildus—Eng. <i>Marigold</i>. (<i>Wig</i>, war), O.G. Merovecus, +Maroveus—Eng. <i>Marwick</i>, <i>Marvey</i>. (<i>Wine</i>, friend), O.G. +Maruin—Mervinus <i>Lib. Vit.</i>—Eng. <i>Marvin</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Mag</i>, <i>may</i>, Goth. <i>magan</i>, "valere."</p> + +<p>(<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. Magher—Eng. <i>Mager</i>, <i>Mayer</i>. (<i>Had</i>, war), +O.G. Magodius—Magot <i>Lib. Vit.</i>—Eng. <i>Maggot</i>. (<i>Ron</i>, raven), O.G. +Megiran—Eng. <i>Megrin</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Main</i>, also signifying "strength, vigour."</p> + +<p>(<i>Hard</i>), O.G. Mainard—Eng. <i>Maynard</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Mad</i>, <i>med</i>, Anglo-Saxon <i>math</i>, "reverence."</p> + +<p>(<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. Mather—Eng. <i>Mather</i>. (<i>Helm</i>), <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span>O.G. +Madelm—Eng. <i>Madam</i>. (<i>Lac</i>, play), O.G. Mathlec—Eng. <i>Medlock</i>. +(<i>Land</i>), O.G. Madoland—Eng. <i>Medland</i>. (<i>Man</i>), O.G. Medeman—Eng. +<i>Maidman</i>, <i>Meddiman</i>. (<i>Wald</i>, power), O.G. Meduald—Eng. <i>Methold</i>. +(<i>Wine</i>, friend), Eng. <i>Medwin</i>. (<i>Wig</i>, war), O.G. Medoveus—Eng. +<i>Meadway</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Madel</i>, <i>medal</i>, "discourse, eloquence."</p> + +<p>(<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. Madalhar—Eng. <i>Medlar</i>. (<i>Gaud</i>, Goth), O.G. +Madalgaud—Eng. <i>Medlicott</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Mil</i>, <i>mel</i>, of uncertain meaning.</p> + +<p>(<i>Dio</i>, servant), O.G. Mildeo—Eng. <i>Mellodew</i>, <i>Melody</i>, <i>Melloday</i>. +(<i>Hard</i>), O.G. Milehard—Eng. <i>Millard</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Mald</i>, Anglo-Saxon <i>meald</i>, "strife, friction."</p> + +<p>(<i>Wid</i>, wood), O.G. Maldvit—Maldwith, <i>Domesday</i>—Eng. <i>Maltwood</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center">Ang.-Sax. <i>môd</i>. O.H.G. <i>môt</i>, "courage."</p> + +<p>(<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. Muatheri, Modar—Eng. <i>Mutrie</i>, <i>Moder</i>. (<i>Ram</i>, +<i>ran</i>, raven), O.G. Moderannus—Eng. <i>Mottram</i>. (<i>Ric</i>, rule), O.G. +Moderich—Eng. <i>Mudridge</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Mark</i>, of uncertain meaning.</p> + +<p>(<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. Marcher—A.S. Marker—Eng. <i>Marcher</i>, <i>Marker</i>. +(<i>Leif</i>, relic), O.G. Marcleif—Eng. <i>Marklove</i>. (<i>Wig</i>, war), O.G. +Marcovicus—Eng. <i>Markwick</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center">Old North. <i>âs</i>, Ang.-Sax. <i>ôs</i>, "semi-deus."</p> + +<p>(<i>Beorn</i>, bear), A.S. Osbeorn—Eng. <i>Osborn</i>. (<i>Got</i>, goth), A.S. +Osgot—Eng. <i>Osgood</i>. (<i>Lac</i>, play), A.S. Oslac—O.N. Asleikr—Eng. +<i>Aslock</i>, <i>Hasluck</i>. (<i>Man</i>, vir), O.G. Asman, Osman—Asseman <i>Hund. +Rolls</i>—Eng. <i>Asman</i>, <i>Osman</i>. (<i>Mar</i>, famous), O.G. Osmer—Osmer, +<i>Domesday</i>—Eng. <i>Osmer</i>. (<i>Ketil</i>), O.N. Asketil—Eng. <i>Ashkettle</i>. +(<i>Mund</i>,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span> protection), A.S. Osmond—Eng. <i>Osmond</i>. (<i>Wald</i>, rule), A.S. +Oswald—Eng. <i>Oswald</i>. (<i>Wine</i>, friend), A.S. Oswin—Eng. <i>Oswin</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Rad</i>, <i>red</i>, signifying "counsel."</p> + +<p>(<i>Brand</i>, sword), O.G. Redbrand—Eng. <i>Redband</i>. (<i>Geil</i>, elatus), O.G. +Ratgeil—Eng. <i>Redgill</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. Rathere, Rateri—Eng. +<i>Rather</i>, <i>Rattray</i>. (<i>Helm</i>), O.G. Rathelm—Eng. <i>Rattham</i>. (<i>Leif</i>, +relic), O.G. Ratleib—Eng. <i>Ratliffe</i>. (<i>Man</i>, vir), O.G. Redman—Eng. +<i>Redman</i>. (<i>Mar</i>, famous), O.G. Radmar, Redmer—Eng. <i>Radmore</i>, +<i>Redmore</i>. (<i>Mund</i>, protection), O.G. Redemund—Eng. <i>Redmond</i>. (<i>War</i>, +defence), O.G. Ratwar—Eng. <i>Redwar</i>. (<i>Wig</i>, war), O.G. Redwi—Eng. +<i>Reddaway</i>. (<i>Wine</i>, friend), A.S. Redwin—Eng. <i>Readwin</i>. (<i>Bald</i>, +fortis), O.G. Ratbold—Eng. <i>Rathbold</i>. (<i>Bern</i>, bear), O.G. Ratborn, +Ratbon—Eng. <i>Rathbone</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Rag</i>, <i>ray</i>, signifying "counsel."</p> + +<p>(<i>Bald</i>, fortis), O.G. Ragibald—Eng. <i>Raybauld</i>, <i>Raybolt</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, +warrior), O.G. Racheri—Eng. <i>Rarey</i> (=Ragheri). (<i>Helm</i>), O.G. +Rachelm—Eng. <i>Rackham</i>. (<i>Mund</i>, protection), O.G. Raimond—Eng. +<i>Raymond</i>, <i>Rayment</i>. (<i>Ulf</i>, wolf), A.S. Rahulf—Raaulf, <i>Lib. +Vit.</i>—Eng. <i>Ralph</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Ragin</i>, <i>rain</i>, same as above.</p> + +<p>(<i>Bert</i>, famous), O.G. Raginbert, Reinbert—Eng. <i>Rainbird</i>. (<i>Bald</i>, +fortis), O.G. Raginbald—Eng. <i>Raynbold</i>. (<i>Frid</i>, peace), O.G. +Rainfred—Eng. <i>Rainford</i>. (<i>Gar</i>, spear), O.G. Raingar, Reginker—Eng. +<i>Ranger</i>, <i>Ranacre</i>. (<i>Hard</i>, fortis), O.G. Regnard, Rainhard—Eng. +<i>Regnard</i>, <i>Reynard</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. Reginhar—A.S. +Reiner—Eng. <i>Reyner</i>. (<i>Helm</i>), O.G. Rainelm—Eng. <i>Raynham</i>, (<i>Wald</i>, +rule), O.G. Reginold—A.S. Reinald—Eng. <i>Reynolds</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Ric</i>, <i>rich</i>, signifying "rule."</p> + +<p>(<i>Bald</i>, fortis), O.G. Richbold—Eng. <i>Richbell</i>. (<i>Gard</i>, protection), +O.G. Richgard—Eng. <i>Ridgyard</i>. (<i>Hard</i>, fortis), O.G. Ricohard—Eng. +<i>Riccard</i>, <i>Richard</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. Richer—Richerus, +<i>Domesday</i>—Eng. <i>Richer</i>. (<i>Man</i>, vir), O.G. Ricman—Eng. <i>Rickman</i>, +<i>Richman</i>. (<i>Mund</i>, protection), O.G. Richmund—Eng. <i>Richmond</i>. +(<i>Wald</i>, rule), O.G. Ricoald—Eng. <i>Richold</i>. (<i>Wig</i>, war), O.G. +Ricwi—Eng. <i>Ridgway</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Ring</i>, perhaps signifying "armour."</p> + +<p>(<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. Rincar—Eng. <i>Ringer</i>. (<i>Wald</i>, rule), A.S. +Hringwold—Eng. <i>Ringold</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Rod</i>, signifying "glory."</p> + +<p>(<i>Bero</i>, bear), O.G. Hruadbero—Eng. <i>Rodber</i>. (<i>Bern</i>, bear), O.G. +Roudbirn—Eng. <i>Rodbourn</i>. (<i>Bert</i>, famous), O.G. Hrodebert—Eng. +<i>Robert</i>. (<i>Gar</i>, spear), O.G. Hrodgar—Eng. <i>Rodger</i>. (<i>Gard</i>, +protection), O.G. Hrodgard—Eng. <i>Rodgard</i>, <i>Rodyard</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, +warrior), O.G. Hrodhari, Rotheri, Rudher—Eng. <i>Rothery</i>, <i>Rudder</i>. +(<i>Land</i>), O.G. Rodland—Eng. <i>Rolland</i>. (<i>Leik</i>, play), O.G. +Rutleich—Eng. <i>Rutledge</i>. (<i>Ram</i>, raven), O.G. Rothram—Eng. +<i>Rotheram</i>. (<i>Man</i>, vir), O.G. Hrodman—Eng. <i>Rodman</i>, <i>Roman</i>. (<i>Niw</i>, +young), O.G. Hrodni—Eng. <i>Rodney</i>. (<i>Ric</i>, rule), O.G. Hrodric—Eng. +<i>Rodrick</i>. (<i>Wig</i>, war), O.G. Hrodwig—Eng. <i>Rudwick</i>. (<i>Ulf</i>, wolf), +O.G. Hrodulf—Roolf, <i>Lib. Vit.</i>—Eng. <i>Rolfe</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Ros</i>, perhaps signifying "horse."</p> + +<p>(<i>Bert</i>, famous), O.G. Rospert—Eng. <i>Rosbert</i>. (<i>Kel</i>, contraction of +Ketel),<a name="FNanchor_20_20" id="FNanchor_20_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a> Old Norse Hroskel—Eng. <i>Roskell</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Rum</i>, O.H.G. hruam, "glory."</p> + +<p>(<i>Bald</i>, bold), A.S. Rumbold—Eng. <i>Rumbold</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. +Rumhar—Eng. <i>Rummer</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Sal</i>, perhaps meaning "dark."<a name="FNanchor_21_21" id="FNanchor_21_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a></p> + +<p>(<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. Salaher—Eng. <i>Sellar</i>. (<i>Man</i>, vir), O.G. +Salaman—Eng. <i>Salmon</i>. (<i>Wig</i>, war), O.G. Selwich—Eng. <i>Salloway</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Sar</i>, signifying "armour" or anything used for defence.</p> + +<p>(<i>Bod</i>, envoy), O.G. Sarabot—Eng. <i>Serbutt</i>. (<i>Gaud</i>, Goth), O.G. +Saregaud—Eng. <i>Sargood</i>. (<i>Man</i>, vir), O.G. Saraman—Eng. <i>Sermon</i>. +(<i>Had</i>, war), O.G. Sarratt—Eng. <i>Sarratt</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Sig</i>, signifying "victory."</p> + +<p>(<i>Bald</i>, bold), A.S. Sigebald—Eng. <i>Sibbald</i>. (<i>Bert</i>, famous), A.S. +Sigiberht, Sibriht—Eng. <i>Sibert</i>. (<i>Fred</i>, peace), A.S. Sigefred—Eng. +<i>Seyfried</i>. (<i>Gar</i>, spear), A.S. Siggær—Eng. <i>Segar</i>. (<i>Man</i>), O.G. +Sigeman—Eng. <i>Sickman</i>. (<i>Suff.</i>, <i>Surn.</i>). (<i>Mar</i>, famous), O.G. +Sigimar, Sicumar—A.S. Simær, Secmær—Eng. <i>Seymore</i>, <i>Sycamore</i>. +(<i>Mund</i>, protection), O.G. Sigimund—Eng. <i>Simmond</i>. (<i>Wig</i>, war), O.G. +Sigiwic—Eng. <i>Sedgewick</i>. (<i>Wine</i>, friend), O.G. Sigiwin—Seguin, <i>Roll +Batt. Abb.</i>—Eng. <i>Seguin</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Sea</i>, "mare."</p> + +<p>(<i>Bera</i>, bear), Sebar, <i>Lib. Vit.</i>—Eng. <i>Seaber</i>. (<i>Bern</i>, bear), Old +Norse Sæbiorn—Sberne, <i>Domesday</i>—Eng. <i>Seaborn</i>. (<i>Bert</i>, famous), +A.S. Sæberht—Eng. <i>Seabright</i>. (<i>Burg</i>, protection), O.G. Seburg, +Seopurc—Seaburch <i>Lib. Vit.</i>—Eng. <i>Seabrook</i>, <i>Seabury</i>. (<i>Rit</i>, +ride), O.G. Seuerit—Eng. <i>Searight</i>, <i>Sievewright</i>. (<i>Wald</i>, rule), +O.G. Sewald—Eng. <i>Seawall</i>. (<i>Ward</i>), O.G. Sæward—Eng. <i>Seaward</i>, +<i>Seward</i>. (<i>Fugel</i>, fowl), A.S. Sæfugl—Eng. <i>Sefowl</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Stain</i>, "stone," in the sense of firmness or hardness.</p> + +<p>(<i>Biorn</i>, bear), O.N. Steinbiörn—Eng. <i>Stainburn</i>. (<i>Burg</i>, +protection), O.G. Stemburg—Eng. <i>Steamburg</i>. (<i>Hard</i>), O.G. +Stainhard—Stannard <i>Domesday</i>—Eng. <i>Stonard</i>, <i>Stoneheart</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, +warrior), O.N. Steinhar—Eng. <i>Stainer</i>, <i>Stoner</i>. (<i>Wald</i>, rule), O.G. +Stainold—Eng. <i>Stonhold</i>, and perhaps <i>Sternhold</i> as a corruption.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Tank</i>, perhaps "thought."</p> + +<p>(<i>Hard</i>), O.G. Tanchard—Eng. <i>Tankard</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. +Thancheri—Eng. <i>Tankeray</i>, <i>Thackeray</i> (Scandinavian form). (<i>Rad</i>, +counsel), O.G. Tancrad—Eng. <i>Tancred</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Tad</i>, supposed "father."</p> + +<p>(<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. Tether—Eng. <i>Tedder</i>, <i>Teather</i>. (<i>Man</i>, vir), +A.S. Tatmonn—Eng. <i>Tadman</i>.<a name="FNanchor_22_22" id="FNanchor_22_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a> (<i>Wine</i>, friend), O.G. Daduin—Eng. +<i>Tatwin</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Thor</i>, supposed from the name of the god, a stem specially Danish.</p> + +<p>(<i>Biorn</i>, bear), O.N. Thorbiorn—Thurbern <i>Lib. Vit.</i>—Eng. <i>Thorburn</i>. +(<i>Gaut</i>, Goth), O.N. Thorgautr—Turgod<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span> <i>Lib. Vit.</i>—Eng. <i>Thurgood</i>, +<i>Thoroughgood</i>. (<i>Geir</i>, spear), O.N. Thorgeir—Eng. <i>Thorgur</i>. (<i>Fin</i>, +nation), O.N. Thorfinnr—Thurfin <i>Lib. Vit.</i>—Eng. <i>Turpin</i>. (<i>Môd</i>, +courage), O.N. Thormodr—Eng. <i>Thurmot</i>. (<i>Stein</i>, stone), O.N. +Thorsteinn—Turstin <i>Lib. Vit.</i>—Eng. <i>Thurstan</i>. (<i>Wald</i>, rule), O.N. +Thorvaldr—Eng. <i>Thorold</i>. (<i>Vid</i>, wood), O.N. Thorvidr—Eng. +<i>Thorowood</i>. (<i>Ketil</i><a name="FNanchor_23_23" id="FNanchor_23_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a>) O.N. Thorketil—Eng. <i>Thirkettle</i>. (<i>Kel</i>, +contraction of <i>ketel</i>), O.N. Thorkel—Turkillus <i>Lib. Vit.</i>—Eng. +<i>Thurkle</i>. (Hence is borrowed as supposed the Gaelic Torquil.)</p> + + +<p>Ang.-Sax. <i>theod</i>, "people."</p> + +<p>(<i>Bald</i>, fortis), A.S. Theodbald—Tidbald <i>Lib. Vit.</i>—Eng. <i>Theobald</i>, +<i>Tidball</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. Theodahar, Tudhari—A.S. +Theodhere—Eng. <i>Theodore</i>, <i>Tudor</i>. (<i>Ran</i>, raven), O.G. Teutran—Eng. +<i>Teuthorn</i>. (<i>Man</i>, vir), O.G. Tiadman—Eng. <i>Tidman</i>. (<i>Mar</i>, famous), +O.G. Thiudemer—A.S. Dydemer—Eng. <i>Tidemore</i>. (<i>Ric</i>, rule), A.S. +Theodric—Eng. <i>Todrig</i>, <i>Doddridge</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Wad</i>, <i>Wat</i>, "to go," in the sense of activity?</p> + +<p>(<i>Gis</i>, hostage), O.G. Watgis—Eng. <i>Watkiss</i>. (<i>Gar</i>, spear), O.G. +Waddegar—Eng. <i>Waddicar</i>. (<i>Mar</i>, famous), O.G. Vadomar—Eng. +<i>Wadmore</i>. (<i>New</i>, young), O.G. Wattnj—Eng. <i>Watney</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Wald</i>, signifying "power" or "rule."</p> + +<p>(<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. Waldhar—A.S. Wealdhere—Eng. <i>Walter</i>. (<i>Man</i>) +O.G. Waldman—Eng. <i>Waldman</i>. (<i>Ran</i>, raven), O.G. +Walderannus—Walteranus <i>Domesday</i>—Eng. <i>Waldron</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Wal</i>, "stranger" or "foreigner."</p> + +<p>(<i>And</i>, life, spirit), O.G. Waland—Eng. <i>Waland</i>. (<i>Frid</i>, peace), O.G. +Walahfrid—Eng. <i>Wallfree</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. Walaheri, +Walher—Eng. <i>Wallower</i>, <i>Waller</i>. (<i>Had</i>, war), O.G. Wallod—Eng. +<i>Wallet</i>. (<i>Raven</i>), Gothic Valerauan—Walrafan <i>Lib. Vit.</i>—Eng. +<i>Wallraven</i> (<i>Suffolk Surnames</i>). (<i>Rand</i>, shield), O.G. +Walerand—Walerandus <i>Lib. Vit.</i>—Eng. <i>Walrond</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>War</i>, perhaps signifying "defence."<a name="FNanchor_24_24" id="FNanchor_24_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a></p> + +<p>(<i>Bald</i>, bold), O.G. Warbalt—Eng. <i>Warbolt</i>. (<i>Burg</i>, protection), O.G. +Warburg—Eng. <i>Warbrick</i>. (<i>Gar</i>, spear), O.G. Weriger—Eng. <i>Warraker</i>. +(<i>Goz</i>, Goth), O.G. Werigoz—Eng. <i>Vergoose</i> (<i>Suffolk Surnames</i>). +(<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. Warher—Eng. <i>Warrior</i>. (<i>Laik</i>, play), O.G. +Warlaicus—Warloc <i>Hund. Rolls</i>—Eng. <i>Warlock</i>. (<i>Man</i>), O.G. +Warman—A.S. Wearman—Eng. <i>Warman</i>. (<i>Mar</i>, famous). O.G. Werimar—Eng. +<i>Warmer</i>. (<i>Lind</i>, gentle), O.G. Waralind—Eng. <i>Warland</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Wern</i>, in the sense of "nationality."</p> + +<p>(<i>Burg</i>, protection), O.G. Warinburg—Eng. <i>Warrenbury</i>. (<i>Frid</i>, +peace), O.G. Warnefrid—Eng. <i>Warneford</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. +Warenher, Warner—Eng. <i>Warrener</i>, <i>Warner</i>. (<i>Had</i>, war), O.G. +Warnad—Eng. <i>Warnett</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Wag</i>, <i>way</i>, to "wave, brandish."</p> + +<p>(<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. Wagher—Eng. <i>Wager</i>. (<i>Bert</i>, famous), O.G. +Wagpraht—Eng. <i>Weybret</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Wid</i>, <i>wit</i>, of uncertain meaning.<a name="FNanchor_25_25" id="FNanchor_25_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a></p> + +<p>(<i>Brord</i>, sword), A.S. Wihtbrord, Wihtbrod—Witbred <i>Hund. Rolls</i>—Eng. +<i>Whitbread</i>. (<i>Gar</i>, spear), O.G. Witker—A.S. Wihtgar—Eng. +<i>Whittaker</i>, <i>Whitecar</i>. (<i>Hard</i>), O.G. Witart—Eng. <i>Whitehart</i>. +(<i>Ron</i>, raven), O.G. Widrannus—Eng. <i>Witheron</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. +Withar, Wither <i>Domesday</i>—Eng. <i>Wither</i>, <i>Whiter</i>. (<i>Ring</i>, armour), +O.G. Witering—Eng. <i>Wittering</i>. (<i>Lag</i>, law), A.S. Wihtlæg,—Eng. +<i>Whitelegg</i>, <i>Whitlaw</i>. (<i>Laic</i>, play), O.G. Widolaic,—A.S. +Wihtlac—Eng. <i>Wedlake</i>, <i>Wedlock</i>. (<i>Man</i>, vir), O.G. Wideman, +Witman—Eng. <i>Wideman</i>, <i>Whiteman</i>. (<i>Mar</i>, famous), Goth. +Widiomar—Uitmer <i>Lib. Vit.</i>—Eng. <i>Whitmore</i>. (<i>Rad</i>, counsel), O.G. +Widerad, Witerat—A.S. Wihtræd—Eng. <i>Withered</i>, <i>Whitethread</i>, +<i>Whiterod</i>. (<i>Ric</i>, rule), Goth. Witirich—A.S. Wihtric—Eng. +<i>Witherick</i>, <i>Whitridge</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Will</i>, in the sense of "resolution"?</p> + +<p>(<i>Bern</i>, bear), O.G. Wilbernus—Eng. <i>Wilbourn</i>. (<i>Gom</i>, man), O.G. +Willicomo—Uilcomæ <i>Lib. Vit.</i>—Eng. <i>Wilcomb</i>, <i>Welcome</i>. (<i>Frid</i>, +peace), A.S. Wilfrid—Eng. <i>Wilford</i>. (<i>Gis</i>, hostage), A.S. +Wilgis—Eng. <i>Willgoss</i>. (<i>Hard</i>, fortis), O.G. Willard—A.S. +Willeard—Eng. <i>Willard</i>. (<i>Heit</i>, state, "hood") O.G. Williheit—Eng. +<i>Willett</i>. (<i>Helm</i>), A.S. Wilhelm—Eng. <i>Williams</i>. (<i>Mar</i>, famous), +O.G. Willemar—Eng. <i>Willmore</i>. (<i>Mot</i>, courage), O.G. Willimot—Eng. +<i>Willmot</i>. (<i>Mund</i>, protection), A.S. Wilmund—Uilmund, <i>Lib. +Vit.</i>—Eng. <i>Willament</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Wind</i>, <i>Wend</i>, supposed "from the people."</p> + +<p>(<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. Winidhar—Eng. <i>Winder</i>. (<i>Ram</i>, raven), O.G. +Winidram—Eng. <i>Windram</i>. (<i>Rad</i>, counsel)—Eng. <i>Windred</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Wine</i>, "friend."</p> + +<p>(<i>Bald</i>, fortis), O.G. Winebald—Eng. <i>Winbolt</i>. (<i>Cof</i>, strenuous), +A.S. Wincuf—Eng. <i>Wincup</i>. (<i>Gaud</i>, Goth), O.G. Winegaud—Eng. +<i>Wingood</i>. (<i>Gar</i>, spear), O.G. Wineger, Vinegar—A.S. Winagar—Eng. +<i>Winegar</i>, <i>Vinegar</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, warrior), A.S. Wyner—Eng. <i>Winer</i>. +(<i>Laic</i>, play), O.G. Winleich—Uinlac <i>Lib. Vit.</i>—Eng. <i>Winlock</i>. +(<i>Man</i>, vir), O.G. Winiman—A.S. Winemen—Eng. <i>Wineman</i>, <i>Winmen</i>. +(<i>Stan</i>, stone), A.S. Wynstan—Eng. <i>Winston</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Wig</i>, <i>Wick</i>, "war."</p> + +<p>(<i>Bert</i>, famous), O.G. Wigbert, Wibert—Eng. <i>Vibert</i>. (<i>Burg</i>, +protection), O.G. Wigburg—Wiburch <i>Lib. Vit.</i>—Eng. <i>Wyberg</i>, <i>Wybrow</i>. +(<i>Hard</i>, fortis), O.G. Wighard, Wiart—A.S. Wigheard—Uigheard <i>Lib. +Vit.</i>—Eng. <i>Wyard</i>. (<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. Wigheri, Wiccar, +Wiher—Uigheri <i>Lib. Vit.</i>—Eng. <i>Wicker</i>, <i>Vicary</i>, <i>Wire</i>. (<i>Helm</i>), +A.S. Wighelm—Uighelm <i>Lib. Vit.</i>—Eng. <i>Whigam</i>. (<i>Ram</i>, raven), O.G. +Wigram—Eng. <i>Wigram</i>. (<i>Mar</i>, famous), O.G. Wigmar, Wimar—Wimar <i>Lib. +Vit.</i>—Eng. <i>Wymer</i>.<a name="FNanchor_26_26" id="FNanchor_26_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a> (<i>Gern</i>, eager), O.G. Wicchern—A.S. +Weogern—Eng. <i>Waghorn</i>. (<i>Had</i>, war), O.G. Wicod, Wihad—A.S. +Wigod—Eng. <i>Wiggett</i>, <i>Wichett</i>, <i>Wyatt</i>. (<i>Man</i>, vir), O.G. +Wigman—Eng. <i>Wigman</i>, <i>Wyman</i>. (<i>Ric</i>, rule), O.G. Wigirich—Eng. +<i>Vickridge</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center">Ang.-Sax. <i>wulf</i>, "wolf."</p> + +<p>(<i>Bert</i>, famous), O.G. Wolfbert—Eng. <i>Woolbert</i>. (<i>Gar</i>, spear), A.S. +Wulfgar—Eng. <i>Woolgar</i>. (<i>Gaud</i>, Goth), O.G. Wulfegaud—A.S. +Wulfgeat—Eng. <i>Woolcot</i>. (<i>Hard</i>, fortis), A.S. Wulfheard—Eng. +<i>Woollard</i>. (<i>Had</i>, war), O.G. Wolfhad—Eng. <i>Woollat</i>. (<i>Helm</i>), A.S. +Wulfhelm—Eng. <i>Woollams</i>. (<i>Heh</i>, high), A.S. Wulfheh—Eng. <i>Woolley</i>. +(<i>Mar</i>, famous),<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span> A.S. Wulfmer—Eng. <i>Woolmer</i>. (<i>Noth</i>, bold), A.S. +Wulfnoth—Eng. <i>Woolnoth</i>. (<i>Ric</i>, rule), A.S. Wulfric—Eng. <i>Woolrych</i>. +(<i>Sig</i>, victory), A.S. Wulfsig—Eng. <i>Wolsey</i>. (<i>Stan</i>, stone), A.S. +Wulfstan—Eng. <i>Woolston</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center">Ang.-Sax. <i>jû</i>, O.H.G. <i>êwa</i> "law."<a name="FNanchor_27_27" id="FNanchor_27_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_27_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a></p> + +<p>(<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. Euhar—Eng. <i>Ewer</i>. (<i>Man</i>, vir), O.G. +Eoman—perhaps Iman and Iiman on Roman pottery—Eng. <i>Yeoman</i>, <i>Yeaman</i>. +(<i>Ric</i>, rule), O.G. Eoricus—Eng. <i>Yorick</i>. (<i>Wald</i>, rule), O.G. +Ewald—Eng. <i>Ewald</i>. (<i>Ward</i>, guardian), O.G. Euvart—Eng. <i>Ewart</i>, +<i>Yeoward</i>. (<i>Wolf</i>), O.G. Eolf—Eng. <i>Yealfe</i>.</p> + + +<p>The foregoing is not put forward as by any means an exhaustive list of +the ancient compounds represented in our names, but only of the more +common and more important. And there are some ancient stems well +represented in other forms, such as those referred to in Chapter II., +from which I have not been able to trace any compounds. It will be +observed that I have in two or three instances assigned a place to an +English name, without finding an ancient form to correspond. This indeed +I might have done to a greater extent than I have done, for when we have +such a well-defined system, with the same forms of compounds regularly +recurring, we may in many cases assign a place to a name even though the +ancient equivalent may not yet have come to light.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span></p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> Hence I take to be the name of the fairy king Oberon. +Albruna was also the name of a "wise woman" among the +ancient Germans referred to by Tacitus.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> Probably also A.S. Haluiu—Eng. <i>Halloway</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> Here probably the name Biracrus, on Roman pottery, +corresponding with an O.G. form, Berecar.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> Or perhaps of beauty, like a Celtic stem <i>tac</i>, found in names +of men, and perhaps a corresponding word.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> As an ending also <i>frid</i> commonly becomes <i>free</i>, as in Humphrey +from Humfrid, Godfrey from Godfred, Geoffry from +Galfrid.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> This name might perhaps be from the Irish Cwaran, whence +probably the present <i>Curran</i>. This name appears also to have +been sometimes borrowed by the Northmen, as in the case of +Olaf Cwaran.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> But not in a Christian sense, the stem being much older +than Christian times. There is another stem <i>gaud</i>, supposed to +mean Goth, very liable to intermix.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> As a prefix this may mean "army," but as an ending, where +it is often <i>hari</i> or <i>heri</i> (and perhaps was originally always so), +it may be taken, as suggested by Grimm, to mean warrior.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> Also as a contracted form, Ang.-Sax. Leommann (=Leofmann, +Eng. <i>Lemon</i>).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_19_19" id="Footnote_19_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> This seems to be a name of an exceptional kind, the ending +<i>drud</i> being a female one. That our name Liptrot (which I take +from Lower), is really from the above origin is rendered the +more probable by the corresponding name Liebetrut as a present +German name, similarly derived by Foerstemann. But it may +well be that the ending in this case is from a different word to +that which, see p. <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, forms the endings of women's names, +viz. O.H.G. <i>trut</i>, amicus, which, as a prefix, enters into several +men's names.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_20_20" id="Footnote_20_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> From the mythological kettle of the gods, which enters into +many Old Norse men's names.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_21_21" id="Footnote_21_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> "The Anglo-Saxons seem to have used sallow in the sense +of dark. The raven is called sallow both by Cædmon and the +author of Judith," <i>Skeat</i>. It seems to me, however, a question +whether, seeing how frequently the names of nationalities enter +into Teutonic men's names, the word contained in the above +stem may not be "Salian." This, however, still leaves open the +question as to what is the origin of Salian.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_22_22" id="Footnote_22_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> A corresponding name may be the Dutch Tadema, if <i>ma</i>, +as is supposed, stands for <i>man</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_23_23" id="Footnote_23_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> Probably from the mythological kettle of the Æsir.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_24_24" id="Footnote_24_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> So many different words might be suggested in this case +that the meaning must be left uncertain. It is most probable +that there may be an admixture.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_25_25" id="Footnote_25_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> Three different words found in ancient names intermix so as +to be hardly separable, viz., Anglo-Saxon <i>wiht</i>, strength or +courage; <i>wid</i>, wood; and <i>wit</i>, wisdom.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_26_26" id="Footnote_26_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26_26"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> The name of Wigmore Street seems to imply a man's +name <i>Wigmore</i>, but I do not know of it at present.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_27_27" id="Footnote_27_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> Hence probably the name of the Eows, a tribe or family +mentioned in the "Traveller's Song." Also probably the name +Eawa, in the genealogy of the Mercian kings. The stem is +represented in our names by <i>Ewe</i>, <i>Yeo</i>, and <i>Yea</i>, and we have +also the patronymic <i>Ewing</i> (Euing in <i>Domesday</i>).</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IV" id="CHAPTER_IV"></a>CHAPTER IV.</h2> + +<p class="center">THE MEN WHO CAME IN WITH THE SAXONS.</p> + + +<p>The researches of Mr. Kemble, supplemented by those of Mr. Taylor, in +connection with the early Saxon settlements in England, have an +important bearing upon the subject of our existing surnames. Mr. Kemble +was the first to call attention to the fact that very many of the names +of places in England, as disclosed by the forms in which these names +appear in ancient charters, consist of a personal name in a patronymic +form. Some of these names consist simply of a nominative plural in +<i>ingas</i>, as Æscingas, the sons or descendants of Æsc, others of a +genitive plural in <i>inga</i>, with <i>ton</i>, <i>ham</i>, &c., appended, as in +Billingatun, the town of the Billings, <i>i.e.</i> sons or descendants of +Billa. These he takes to denote tribal or family settlements, forming +the Anglo-Saxon "mark," consisting of a certain area of cultivated land, +surrounded by a belt of pasture land enjoyed by all the settlers in +common, the whole inclosed by the forest.</p> + +<p>Of these names he has made two lists, the one derived from the names +found in ancient charters, and so perfectly trustworthy, the other +inferred from<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span> existing names of places which appear to be in the same +form. The latter list is of course subject to considerable correction +and deduction, inasmuch as it depends entirely upon the ancient forms in +which these names would appear whether they would come under this +category or not. Thus, if a name were anciently Billing<i>a</i>ham, it would +be "the home of the Billings," while if it were Billingham, it would +simply be the home of an individual man called Billing. And in looking +through this list, a few names will be found, which a comparison with +his own index of place-names shows to be incorrectly assigned. Thus he +infers Impingas from Impington in Cambridgeshire, and Tidmingas from +Tidmington in Worcester, whereas it appears from his index that the +ancient name of the one was Impintun, and of the other Tidelminctun, +both being thus from the name of an individual and not of a tribe or +family. Sempringham again in Lincolnshire, whence he derives Sempringas, +I find to have been Sempingaham, and so used already for Sempingas. I +also feel very great doubt about names taken from places ending in <i>by</i>, +<i>thorp</i>, and <i>toft</i>, in Lincolnshire and the ancient Denelaga, as being +Scandinavian, and given at a distinctly later period. Indeed I have a +certain amount of distrust of all names taken from the North of England, +in the absence, as far as I know, of any distinct proof in any one case. +Northumberland would perhaps be the county to which, as containing the +greatest number of such forms, any such doubt would the least strongly +apply. Moreover, I do not feel at all sure that <i>ing</i> is not in some +cases simply a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span> form of the possessive, and that Dunningland, for +instance, is not simply Dunn's land. This doubt is considerably +strengthened when the name is that of a woman, as in Cyneburginctun (now +Kemerton in Glouc). Cyneburg is certainly a woman's name, and as such +could not, I should suppose—though the question is one for more +experienced Anglo-Saxon scholars—form a patronymic, in which case +Cyneburginctun can only be "Cyneburg's tun." And if it be so in one +case, it may of course be so in others. Mr. Kemble's second list, then, +requires to be used with a certain amount of caution, though in the main +his deductions may be taken as trustworthy.</p> + +<p>The corresponding forms in Germany have since been collected by +Professor Foerstemann from ancient charters up to the eleventh century, +and must all be considered therefore as trustworthy. His list contains +upwards of a thousand different names, but inasmuch as many of these +names are found in different parts of Germany, the total number of such +names must amount to many thousands. These consist sometimes of a form +in <i>ingas</i>, same as in England, and this obtains more particularly in +Bavaria, sometimes of a form in <i>inga</i>, which he takes to be also a +nominative plural, but most commonly of a dative plural, in <i>ingen</i>, as +in Herlingen, "to the Harlings." This dative plural explains the origin +of many existing names of places in Germany, as Göttingen, Dettingen, +Tübingen, &c. A dative plural also occurs occasionally in England in the +corresponding Anglo-Saxon form <i>ingum</i>, as in Godelmingum, now +Godalming, Angemeringum, now Angmering, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span>&c.</p> + +<p>Meanwhile Mr. Taylor has instituted a detailed and very important +comparison between the names contained in Mr. Kemble's two lists, and +those of a corresponding kind in Germany, not indeed from ancient +records, but from existing place-names. And he has further supplemented +this by a list of similar forms disclosed by his own very interesting +discovery of a Saxon area in France opposite to the shore of England, +and which we can hardly doubt to be, as he considers it to be, the +result of a Saxon emigration from England. He has, moreover, given some +similar instances of German occupation in the north of Italy, and it can +hardly be doubted that a more detailed examination would add to their +number.</p> + +<p>The question now to be considered is—what is the value of these various +forms in <i>ingas</i>, <i>inga</i>, and <i>ingen</i>, in England and in Germany? In +Anglo-Saxon and other Teutonic dialects <i>ing</i> is a patronymic, as in +Bruning, son of Brûn. But it has also a wider sense implying any +connection with a person or thing, and in certain of the names under +consideration both in England and in Germany, it seems very clear that +it is used simply in a geographical sense. Thus we cannot doubt that +Madelungen and Lauringen, in Germany, signify, as Foerstemann suggests, +the people of the Madel and of the Lauer, on which two rivers the places +in question are respectively situated. Also that Salzungen signifies the +people of the salt springs, in the neighbourhood of which the name is +found.<a name="FNanchor_28_28" id="FNanchor_28_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a> So in England it seems clear that the Leamingas<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span> found in +Leamington signifies the people of the Leam, on which river the place is +situated. So also the Heretuningas, the Hohtuningas, and the +Suthtuningas, must mean simply the people respectively of Heretun, of +Hohtun, and of Suthtun, the Beorganstedingas the people of Beorgansted, +the Eoforduningas the people of Eofordun, and the Teofuntingas, the +people dwelling by the two fountains. But with these and perhaps one or +two other exceptions, the word contained is simply a personal name, and +the question is—in what connection is it used? Does Billingas mean the +descendants of the man Bill or Billa, under whose leadership the +settlement was made, or does it, as Mr. Kemble seems to think, refer to +some older, perhaps mythical ancestor from whom the Billings claimed a +traditional descent? Now, considering the great number of these names, +amounting to more than a thousand in England alone, seeing the manner in +which they are dispersed, not only over different counties of England, +but as the annexed table will show, over the length and breadth of +Germany, it seems to me utterly impossible to consider them as anything +else than the every-day names of men common to the great German family. +I am quite in accord then with the view taken by Sir J. Picton +(Ethnology of Wiltshire).<a name="FNanchor_29_29" id="FNanchor_29_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_29_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a> "When the Saxons first invaded England, +they came in tribes and families headed by their patriarchal leaders. +Each tribe was called by its leader's name, with the termination <i>ing</i>, +signifying family, and where they settled they gave their patriarchal +name to the <i>mark</i> or central point<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span> round which they clustered." This +is also the view taken by Foerstemann with regard to the German names, +and I cannot doubt that Mr. Kemble, if he had had the opportunity of +extending his survey over this wider area, would have come to the same +conclusion. I take it then that the name contained in these forms is +simply that of the leader under whose guidance these little settlements +were made, and that, inasmuch as members of the same family would +generally keep together, it is in most cases that of the patriarch or +head of the family. Each man would no doubt have his own individual +name, but as a community exercising certain rights in common, from which +outsiders were excluded, they would require some distinctive +appellation, and what so natural as that of their leader.</p> + +<p>I now come to consider some points of difference between the Anglo-Saxon +settlements and the German. While all the settlements in England must be +taken to have been made by a Low German race, a large proportion of +those in Germany must be taken to have been made by a High German +people. Thus when we find Bæbingas in England represented by Papinga in +Austria, Bassingas by Pasingas, and Bædingas by Patinga in Bavaria, we +have the distinction between High and Low German, which might naturally +be expected. So when we find Eastringas represented by Austringa in +Baden, we have again a High German form to compare with a Low German. +But this distinction is by no means consistently maintained throughout, +and we seem to have a considerable mixture of High and Low German forms. +Thus we have both Bæcgingas and Pæccingas,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span> Dissingas and Tissingas, +Gâringas and Coringas, Edingas and Odingas (representing as it seems the +Anglo-Saxon <i>ead</i> or <i>ed</i>, and the High German <i>aud</i> or <i>od</i>). And even +in some cases the rule seems to be reversed, and we have the High German +in England, as in Eclingas against Egilinga in Bavaria, Hoppingas +against Hobinga in Alsace, Ticcingas against Dichingen, &c. It would +seem as if our settlements were made, at least in part, by a people who +if not High German, had at any rate considerable High German affinities. +To what extent the speech of the Angles which I suppose to have been the +main element in the Northumbrian dialect, would answer these conditions, +I would rather leave to our higher Anglo-Saxon scholars to decide. But +it seems to me, so far as I may venture to give an opinion, that +Lappenberg's theory, that the Saxons were accompanied by Franks, +Frisians, and Lombards, would perhaps better than any other meet all the +requirements of the case. Whence for instance could come such a form as +Cwichelm for Wighelm, apparently a rather strongly marked Frankish form? +Or Cissa (Chissa) for, as I suppose, Gisa, which would be apparently in +conformity with a Frisian form? I have endeavoured to go into this +subject more fully in a subsequent chapter, more particularly with +regard to the Franks, and to show that there are a number of names in +Anglo-Saxon times which might be of Frankish origin, and which perhaps +it would be difficult to account for on any other theory. And it must be +borne in mind that the earlier date now generally assigned for the first +Teutonic settlements, naturally tends to give greater<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span> latitude to the +inquiry as to the races by whom those settlements were made.</p> + +<p>Another difference to be noted is that whereas all our settlements seem +to have been made in heathen times, those of Germany extend into +Christian times, as shown by such names as Johanningen, Jagobingen, and +Steveningen, containing the scriptural names John, Jacob and Stephen. +There is another and a curious name, Satanasinga, which, the place to +which it is applied being a waste, seems to describe the people who +lived in it, or around it, perhaps in reference to their forlorn +condition, as "the children of Satan." The adoption of scriptural names +seems to have taken place at a later period in England than either in +Germany or in France. And we have not, as I believe, a single instance +in our surnames of a scriptural name in an Anglo-Saxon patronymic form, +as the Germans, judging from the above, might—possibly may—have.</p> + +<p>Another point of difference between the Anglo-Saxon and the German +settlements would seem to be this, that while the German list contains a +considerable proportion of compound names, such as Willimundingas and +Managoldingas, the Anglo-Saxon list consists almost exclusively of names +formed of a single word, and the exceptions may almost be counted upon +the fingers. With this I was at first considerably puzzled, but on +looking more carefully into the lists, it seemed to me apparent that +many of the names assumed by Mr. Kemble from names of places were in +reality compound names in a disguised and contracted form. And as<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span> +Tidmington, whence he derives Tidmingas, was properly Tidhelmingtun, so +I conceive that Osmingas derived from Osmington, ought properly to be +Oshelmingas, and Wylmingas, found in Wilmington, to be Wilhelmingas. So +also I take it that Wearblingas, found in Warblington, ought to be +Warboldingas, that Weomeringas, deduced from Wymering, ought to be +Wigmeringas, and that Horblingas, found in Horbling, ought to be +Horbaldingas. There are several other names, such as Scymplingas, +Wramplingas, Wearmingas, Galmingas, &c., that seem as they stand, to be +scarcely possible for names of men, and which may also contain compounds +in a corrupted or contracted form. In addition to this, I note the +following, found in ancient charters, which Mr. Kemble seems to have +overlooked, Ægelbyrhtingas, found in Ægelbyrtingahyrst, No. 1041, +Ceolredingas, found in Colredinga gemerc, 1149, and Godhelmingas found +in Godelmingum, 314. If all these were taken into account, the +difference, though it would still exist, might not be so great as to be +unaccountable, considering that our settlements were made to a +considerable extent at an earlier date, and by tribes more or less +differing from those of Germany. It raises, moreover the question, dealt +with in a very thorough manner by Stark, as to the extent to which these +short and simple names may be contractions of compound names. I have +referred to the subject in another place, and I will only observe at +present that from the instances he cites the practice seems to have been +rather specially common among the Frisians. Now it will be found on +comparing the names of our ancient settlers with the Frisian names<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span> past +and present cited by Outzen and Wassenberg, that there is a very strong +family likeness between them, though we need not take it to amount to +more than this, that the Frisian names may be taken as a type of the +kind of names prevalent among the other neighbouring Low German tribes, +until it can be more distinctly shown that there were settlements made +by the Frisians themselves. And I have brought these names into the +comparison simply as being the nearest representatives that I can find.</p> + +<p>Notwithstanding the complete and valuable tables drawn up by Mr. Taylor +for the purpose of comparing the Anglo-Saxon settlements with those of +Germany, I have thought it useful to supplement them by another confined +exclusively to the names drawn from ancient German records, and +therefore, so far as they go, entirely trustworthy. And I take the +opportunity to compare our existing surnames with these ancient names +thus shown to be common to the great Teutonic family.</p> + +<p>In the following table I have given then, first the Anglo-Saxon names +from Kemble's lists, then the corresponding Old German from that of +Foerstemann, with the district in which it is found, and, wherever +identified, the existing name of the place, then names corresponding +from the <i>Liber Vitæ</i> or elsewhere to show continued Anglo-Saxon use, +with also Frisian names as already mentioned, and finally, the existing +English surnames with which I compare them. It will be seen that these +surnames in not a few cases retain an ancient vowel-ending in <i>a</i>, <i>i</i>, +or <i>o</i>, as explained in a preceding chapter.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span></p> + +<p class="center"><i>THE EARLY SAXON SETTLEMENTS COMPARED WITH THOSE OF GERMANY.</i></p> + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="settlements"> +<tr><td align='left'><h4>Anglo-Saxon.</h4></td><td align='left'><h4>German.</h4></td><td align='left'><h4>Locality in Germany.</h4></td><td align='left'><h4>(L.V.), Liber Vitæ.<br />(F.), Frisian.</h4></td><td align='left'><h4>English Surnames.</h4></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Aldingas }<br />Oldingas }</td><td align='left'>Aldinge</td><td align='left'>Now Aldingen, in Würtemburg</td><td align='left'>Alda (L.V.), Alte (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Allday</i>, <i>Allt</i>, <i>Old</i>, <i>Olding</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Æceringas<a name="FNanchor_30_30" id="FNanchor_30_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_30_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a></td><td align='left'>Aguringas</td><td align='left'>Now Egringen in Bavaria</td><td align='left'>Aker (L.V.)</td><td align='left'><i>Ager</i>, <i>Acres</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ælingas</td><td align='left'>Allingen</td><td align='left'>Bavaria</td><td align='left'>Alli (L.V.), Alle (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Alley</i>, <i>Allo</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ælfingas }<br />Ælpingas }</td><td align='left'>Albungen</td><td align='left'>Hesse Cassell</td><td align='left'>Alef (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Aulph</i>, <i>Alpha</i>, <i>Elvy</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Æfeningas</td><td align='left'>{Heveningare<br />{ marca</td><td align='left'>Appenzell</td><td align='left'>Afun (L.V.)</td><td align='left'><i>Heaven? </i><i>Evening</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Antingas</td><td align='left'>Endinga</td><td align='left'>Now Endingen, in Baden</td><td align='left'>Anta (A.S.)</td><td align='left'><i>And</i>, <i>Andoe</i>, <i>Hand</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Æscingas</td><td align='left'>Esginga</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>Æsc (A.S.)</td><td align='left'><i>Ask</i>, <i>Ashe</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ætingas</td><td align='left'>Adinga</td><td align='left'>Pruss. Saxony</td><td align='left'>Atta (A.S.), Atte (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Hatt</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bæbingas</td><td align='left'>Papinga</td><td align='left'>Now Pabing, in Austria</td><td align='left'>Babba (A.S.), Babe (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Babb</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Baningas</td><td align='left'>Boninge</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>Beana (L.V.), Banne (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Bann</i>, <i>Banning</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bædingas }<br />Beadingas }</td><td align='left'>Patinga</td><td align='left'>{Now Beddingen, in Brunswick; <br />{also Baden, Prussia, Austria</td> +<td align='left'>Bada, Betti (L.V.)</td><td align='left'><i>Batt</i>, <i>Batty</i>, <i>Betty</i>, <i>Batting</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bassingas</td><td align='left'>Pasingas</td><td align='left'>Bavaria</td><td align='left'>Bass (A.S.)</td><td align='left'><i>Bass</i>, <i>Pass</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bæcgingas }<br />Beccingas }<br />Pæccingas }</td><td align='left'>Bachingen<br />Beckinga</td><td align='left'>Würtemburg<br />Rhenish Prussia</td> +<td align='left'>Baga, Backa (L.V.)</td><td align='left'><i>Bagge</i>, <i>Back</i>, <i>Beck</i>, <i>Peck</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bensingas</td><td align='left'>Pinsinga</td><td align='left'>Bavaria</td><td align='left'>Benza (L.V.)</td><td align='left'><i>Bence</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bircingas</td><td align='left'>Biricchingen</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Birch</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bebingas</td><td align='left'>Bebingun</td><td align='left'>Bavaria, Würtg.</td><td align='left'>Bebba (A.S.)</td><td align='left'><i>Bibb</i>, <i>Bibby</i>, <i>Beeby</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Billingas</td><td align='left'>Bilinga</td><td align='left'>Hess., Würt., Friesland</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Bill</i>, <i>Billow</i>, <i>Billing</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Binningas</td><td align='left'>Binnungen</td><td align='left'>Now Bingen, on Rhine</td><td align='left'>Bynni (L.V.), Binne (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Binney</i>, <i>Binning</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bydelingas</td><td align='left'>Budilingen</td><td align='left'>Luxembg., Austria</td><td align='left'>Botel (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Biddle</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Briningas</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>Bryni (L.V.)</td><td align='left'><i>Brine</i>, <i>Brinney</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Beorningas</td><td align='left'>Pirninga</td><td align='left'>Würtemburg</td><td align='left'>Beorn (L.V.)</td><td align='left'><i>Burn</i>, <i>Burning</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bondingas</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>Bonde (L.V., F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Bond</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Beormingas</td><td align='left'>Bermingahem</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Breem</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Brydingas</td><td align='left'>Breidinge</td><td align='left'>Hesse Cass., Pruss. Sax.</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Bride</i>, <i>Bird</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bridlingas</td><td align='left'>Britlingi</td><td align='left'>Now Brütlingen, in Hanr.</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Bridle</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Blæcingas</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>Blaca (L.V.)</td><td align='left'><i>Black</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bruningas</td><td align='left'>Brunninga</td><td align='left'>Austria</td><td align='left'>Brôn (L.V.), Bruyn (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Brown</i>, <i>Browning</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Beorhtingas }<br />Byrtingas }</td><td align='left'>Perhtingen</td><td align='left'>Bavaria</td><td align='left'>Bercht (L.V.), Berti (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Burt</i>, <i>Bright</i>, <i>Brighty</i>, <i>Brighting</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Brihtlingas</td><td align='left'>Bertelingas</td><td align='left'>Rhen. Prussia</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Brightly</i>, <i>Brittell</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Buccingas</td><td align='left'>Puchinga</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>Bocco, Buco (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Buck</i>, <i>Puck</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bullingas</td><td align='left'>Bollinga</td><td align='left'>{Bullingen, in Rh. Pruss.<br />{Also Tyrol and Westphal.</td><td align='left'>Bolle (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Bull</i>, <i>Bolley</i>, <i>Bulling</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Byttingas }</td><td align='left'>Buddinga</td><td align='left'>Baden, Würt., Friesland</td><td align='left'>Bota (L.V.)</td><td align='left'><i>Budd</i>, <i>Butt</i>, <i>Botting</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Potingas }</td><td align='left'>Potingin</td><td align='left'>Baden, Aust., Friesland</td><td align='left'>Botte (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Pott</i>, <i>Potto</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bobingas }<br />Bofingas }</td><td align='left'>Bobinga</td><td align='left'>Bobingen, in Bav.</td><td align='left'>Bofa (L.V.), Poppe (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Boby</i>, <i>Poppy</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bosingas</td><td align='left'>Bosinga</td><td align='left'>Austria, Würt.</td><td align='left'>Bosa (L.V.)</td><td align='left'><i>Boss</i>, <i>Bossey</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Buslingas</td><td align='left'>Buselingen</td><td align='left'>Büssling, by Schaffhausen</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Bussell</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Burringas</td><td align='left'>Buringen</td><td align='left'>Würtemburg.</td><td align='left'>Burra (L.V.), Bore (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Burr</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cægingas</td><td align='left'>Cachinga</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>Kay, Key (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Kay</i>, <i>Key</i> (see p. <a href="#Page_10">10</a>).</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Callingas</td><td align='left'>Callinge</td><td align='left'>Holland</td><td align='left'>Kalle (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Call</i>, <i>Callow</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ceaningas</td><td align='left'>Conninge</td><td align='left'>Würtemburg</td><td align='left'>Canio (L.V.), Keno (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Cann</i>, <i>Canning</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cearlingas</td><td align='left'>Chirlingen</td><td align='left'>Kierling, in Austria</td><td align='left'>Karl (L.V.), Carl (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Charley</i>, <i>Charles</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cifíngas</td><td align='left'>Cheffingin</td><td align='left'>Würtemburg</td><td align='left'>Ceefi (L.V.)</td><td align='left'><i>Chaff</i>, <i>Chaffey</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ceopingas</td><td align='left'>Chuppinga</td><td align='left'>Würtemburg</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Chope</i>, <i>Chubb</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Copingas</td><td align='left'>Cofunga</td><td align='left'>Hesse Cassel</td><td align='left'>Cufa, Coifi (Ang.-Sax.)</td><td align='left'><i>Coffey</i>, <i>Cuff</i>, <i>Cuffey</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Codingas }</td><td align='left'>Cuttingas</td><td align='left'>Near Metz</td><td align='left'>Goda, (L.V.)</td><td align='left' rowspan="2"><i>Goad</i>, <i>Codd</i>, <i>Coate</i>, <i>Godding</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cotingas }</td><td align='left'>Gotinga</td><td align='left'>Bavaria</td><td align='left'>Gode (F.)</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Colingas</td><td align='left'>Cholinga</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>Ceolla (L.V.)</td><td align='left'><i>Coll</i>, <i>Collie</i>, <i>Colling</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cocingas</td><td align='left'>Gukkingin</td><td align='left'>Gugging, in Austria</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Cock</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cressingas</td><td align='left'>Chresinga</td><td align='left'>Würtemberg</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Cressy</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cnottingas</td><td align='left'>Knutingen</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>Cnut (L.V.)</td><td align='left'><i>Knott</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cnudlingas</td><td align='left'>Cnutlinga</td><td align='left'>Baden</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Nuttall</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cenesingas<a name="FNanchor_31_31" id="FNanchor_31_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_31_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a></td><td align='left'>{Kenzinga<br />{Gensingen</td><td align='left'>Kenzingen, in Baden<br />Gensungen, Hess. Cass.</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Chance?</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Centingas</td><td align='left'>Gandingen</td><td align='left'>Friesland</td><td align='left'>Kaenta (L.V.)</td><td align='left'><i>Cant</i>, <i>Gant</i>, <i>Gandy</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Culingas</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Cull</i>, <i>Cooling</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Denningas</td><td align='left'>Daningen</td><td align='left'>Baden</td><td align='left'>Dene (L.V.)</td><td align='left'><i>Dane</i>, <i>Dana</i>, <i>Denn</i>, <i>Denning</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Dillingas</td><td align='left'>Dilinga</td><td align='left'>Dillengen, in Bav.</td><td align='left'>Tilli (L.V.), Tilo (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Dill</i>, <i>Till</i>, <i>Tilly</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Deorlingas }<br />Teorlingas }</td><td align='left'>Darlingin</td><td align='left'>Brunswick</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Darrell</i>, <i>Darling</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Dissingas }<br />Tissingas }</td><td align='left'>Tisinga</td><td align='left'>Bavaria</td><td align='left'>Tisa, Disa (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Dyce</i>, <i>Dicey</i>, <i>Tisoe</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ticcangas</td><td align='left'>Dichingen</td><td align='left'>Friesland, Bav.</td><td align='left'>Tycca (A.S.)</td><td align='left'><i>Dick</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Dyclingas</td><td align='left'>Tuchilingen</td><td align='left'>Now Tuchling</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Dickle</i>, <i>Tickle</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Doccingas</td><td align='left'>Dockinga</td><td align='left'>Friesland</td><td align='left'>Tocki (L.V.), Tocke (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Dock</i>, <i>Tocque</i>, <i>Docking</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Dodingas</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>Doda (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Dodd</i>, <i>Todd</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Dunningas</td><td align='left'>Tuningas</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>Duna (L.V.)</td><td align='left'><i>Dunn</i>, <i>Dunning</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Eastringas</td><td align='left'>Austringa</td><td align='left'>Oestringen, in Baden</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Easter</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Edingas }</td><td align='left'>Edinga</td><td align='left'>Holland, Baden, Bav.</td><td align='left'>Ede (L.V.), Edde (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Eddy</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Oddingas }</td><td align='left'>Odinga</td><td align='left'>Westphal., Bav.</td><td align='left'>Oda (L.V.), Odde (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Oddy</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Elcingas</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Elk</i>, <i>Elcy</i>, <i>Elgee</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ecgingas</td><td align='left'>Eginga</td><td align='left'>Schaffhausen, Bav.</td><td align='left'>Ecga (L.V.), Egga (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Egg</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Eclingas</td><td align='left'>Egilinga</td><td align='left'>Bavaria</td><td align='left'>Ecgel (A.S.)</td><td align='left'><i>Edgell</i>, <i>Egle</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Elsingas</td><td align='left'>Elisingun</td><td align='left'>Hesse</td><td align='left'>Elsi (L.V.), Ealse (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Else</i>, <i>Elsey</i>, <i>Elliss</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Eppingas }</td><td align='left'>Ebinga</td><td align='left'>Baden, Austria</td><td align='left'>Ebbi (L.V.)</td><td align='left'>{<i>Epps</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ippingas }</td><td align='left'>Ippinga</td><td align='left'>Ippingen, on Danube</td><td align='left'>Eppe (F.)</td><td align='left'>{<i>Hipp</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Everingas }<br />Eoforingas }</td><td align='left'>Eburingen</td><td align='left'>Pruss. Silesia</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Ever</i>, <i>Every</i>, <i>Heber</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Eorpingas</td><td align='left'>Arpingi</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>Earbe (L.V.), Arpe (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Harp</i>, <i>Earp</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Fearingas</td><td align='left'>Faringa</td><td align='left'>Upper Bav. & L. Constance</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Farre</i>, <i>Farrow</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Fearningas</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>Forne (L.V.)</td><td align='left'><i>Fearn</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Finningas</td><td align='left'>Finninga</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>Finn (A.S.)</td><td align='left'><i>Finn</i>, <i>Finney</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Fincingas</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>Finc (A.S.), surname</td><td align='left'><i>Finch</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Folcingas</td><td align='left'>Fulchingen</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>Folco (L.V.)</td><td align='left'><i>Fulke</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Frodingas</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>Frode (L.V.)</td><td align='left'><i>Froude</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Gâringas }<br />Coringas }</td><td align='left'>Geringen</td><td align='left'>Würtemberg</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Gore</i>, <i>Cory</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Gestingas</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Guest</i>, <i>Gasting</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Geofuningas</td><td align='left'>Gebeningen</td><td align='left'>Austria</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Giffen</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Gisilingas }<br />Gillingas }</td><td align='left'>Gisilinga</td><td align='left'>Bavaria</td><td align='left'>Gisle, Gille (L.V.)</td><td align='left'><i>Gill</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Gealdingas }<br />Goldingas }</td><td align='left'>Geltingen</td><td align='left'>Gelting, in Bav.</td><td align='left'>Golde (A.S.), Giolt (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Gold</i>, <i>Galt</i>, <i>Golding</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hallingas</td><td align='left'>Halinge</td><td align='left'>Bavaria</td><td align='left'>Halle (L.V.)</td><td align='left'><i>Hall</i>, <i>Halling</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hæglingas</td><td align='left'>Hegelinge</td><td align='left'>Bavaria</td><td align='left'>Hagel (A.S.)</td><td align='left'><i>Hail</i>, <i>Hailing</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hanesingas</td><td align='left'>Anzinga</td><td align='left'>Bavaria</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Hance</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Heardingas }</td><td align='left'>Hardinghen</td><td align='left'>Pas de Calais</td><td align='left'>Hart (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Hard</i>, <i>Hardy</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Heartingas }</td><td align='left'>Hertingen</td><td align='left'>Bavaria</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Hart</i>, <i>Harding</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hæslingas }<br />Æslingas }</td><td align='left'>Hasalinge</td><td align='left'>Near Bremen</td><td align='left'>Esel (L.V.), Hessel (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Hasell</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hanningas }<br />Heningas }<br />Anningas }</td><td align='left'>Heninge</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>Anna (L.V.), Hanne, Enno (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Hann</i>, <i>Hanning</i>, <i>Henn</i>, <i>Anning</i>, <i>Anne</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hillingas }<br />Illingas }</td><td align='left'>Illingun</td><td align='left'>Illingen, in Baden</td><td align='left'>Ylla (L.V.), Hille (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Hill</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Honingas</td><td align='left'>Oningas</td><td align='left'>Oeningen, on L. Constance</td><td align='left'>Ona (L.V.), Onno (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Hone</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Horningas</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>Horn (A.S.)</td><td align='left'><i>Horne, Horning</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Herelingas</td><td align='left'>Herlingun</td><td align='left'>Austria</td><td align='left'>Harrol (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Harle</i>, <i>Harley</i>, <i>Harling</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hoppingas</td><td align='left'>Hobinga</td><td align='left'>Near Metz</td><td align='left'>Obbe, Hobbe (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Hopp</i>, <i>Hoby</i>, <i>Hopping</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hæcingas</td><td align='left'>Hahhinga</td><td align='left'>Haching, near Munich</td><td align='left'>Hacci (L.V.), Acke (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Hack</i>, <i>Hacking</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hafocingas</td><td align='left'>Hauechingas</td><td align='left'>Rhen. Pruss.</td><td align='left'>Hauc (L.V.)</td><td align='left'><i>Hawke</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hocingas</td><td align='left'>Hohingun</td><td align='left'>Near Cologne and Zurich</td><td align='left'>Hoco (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Hockey</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hucingas</td><td align='left'>Huchingen</td><td align='left'>Friesland</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Hook</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Huningas</td><td align='left'>Huninga</td><td align='left'>Hüningen, near Basle</td><td align='left'>Una (L.V.), Hunne (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Hunn</i>, <i>Honey</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Huntingas</td><td align='left'>Huntingun</td><td align='left'>Baden</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Hunt, Hunting</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ifingas</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>Ivo (L.V.)</td><td align='left'><i>Ive, Ivy</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Immingas</td><td align='left'>Eminga</td><td align='left'>Emmingen, in Würt.</td><td align='left'>Imma (L.V.), Emo, Imme (F.)</td><td><i>Eames</i>, <i>Yems</i>, <i>Hime</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Læferingas</td><td align='left'>Livaringa</td><td align='left'>Near Salzburg</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Laver</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Lullingas</td><td align='left'>Lolinga</td><td align='left'>Lullingen, in Rh. Pruss.</td><td align='left'>Lolle (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Lull</i>, <i>Lully</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Luddingas</td><td align='left'>Liutingen</td><td align='left'>Baden</td><td align='left'>Lioda (L.V.), Ludde (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Lyde</i>, <i>Lutto</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Lofingas</td><td align='left'>Luppinge</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>Lufe (L.V.), Lubbe (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Love</i>, <i>Loving</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Lidelingas</td><td align='left'>Lutilinga</td><td align='left'>Würtemburg</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Liddle</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Locingas</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>Locchi (L.V.)</td><td align='left'><i>Lock</i>, <i>Lockie</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Leasingas</td><td align='left'>Lasingi</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>Leising (L.V.)</td><td align='left'><i>Lees</i>, <i>Lessy</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Manningas</td><td align='left'>Meningen</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>Man (L.V.), Manno (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Mann</i>, <i>Manning</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Massingas</td><td align='left'>Masingi</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>Mæssa (A.S.)</td><td align='left'><i>Massey</i>, <i>Messing</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Madingas</td><td align='left'>Madungen</td><td align='left'>Sax-Weimar</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Maddey</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Mægdlingas<a name="FNanchor_32_32" id="FNanchor_32_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_32_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a></td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>Mædle (L.V.)</td><td align='left'><i>Madle</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Mæccingas</td><td align='left'>Maginga</td><td align='left'>{Maching, in Bavaria<br />{Mechingen, by L. Constance</td><td align='left'>Mecga (A.S.)<br />Mekke (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Maggy</i>, <i>May</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Mycgingas</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Mico</i>, <i>Michie</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Merlingas</td><td align='left'>Marlingen</td><td align='left'>Bavaria</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Merrill</i>, <i>Marl</i>, <i>Marling</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Mundlingas</td><td align='left'>Mundilinga</td><td align='left'>Bavaria</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Mundell</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Marringas</td><td align='left'>Maringen</td><td align='left'>Baden, Würt.</td><td align='left'>Mar (A.S.)</td><td align='left'><i>Marr</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Meringas</td><td align='left'>Meringa</td><td align='left'>Hanover</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Merry</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Millingas</td><td align='left'>Milinga</td><td align='left'>Bav., Rhen. Pruss. </td><td align='left'>Milo (L.V.)</td><td align='left'><i>Millie</i>, <i>Milo</i>, <i>Millinge</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Myrcingas<a name="FNanchor_33_33" id="FNanchor_33_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_33_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a></td><td align='left'>Mirchingen</td><td align='left'>Lower Austria</td><td align='left'>Murk (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Murch</i>, <i>Murchie</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Nydingas }<br />Neddingas }</td><td align='left'>Nidinga</td><td align='left'>Neidingen, in Rh. Pruss.</td><td align='left'>Nytta (L.V.), Nette (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Need</i>, <i>Neate</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Nottingas</td><td align='left'>Notingen</td><td align='left'>Upper Bavaria</td><td align='left'>Noedt (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Nott</i>, <i>Nutting</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ossingas</td><td align='left'>Ossingen</td><td align='left'>Rh. Bavaria</td><td align='left'>Hosa (L.V.)</td><td align='left'><i>Hose</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Palingas</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>Paelli (L.V.)</td><td align='left'><i>Palev</i>, <i>Paling</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Pegingas</td><td align='left'>Biginga</td><td align='left'>Westphalia</td><td align='left'>Pega (L.V.)</td><td align='left'><i>Pegg</i>, <i>Bigg</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Penningas</td><td align='left'>Penningin</td><td align='left'>North Germany</td><td align='left'>Benna (A.S.)</td><td align='left'><i>Penn</i>, <i>Benn</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Puningas</td><td align='left'>Buninga</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>Buna (A.S.)</td><td align='left'><i>Bunn</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Pitingas</td><td align='left'>Pidingun</td><td align='left'>Austria</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Pitt</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Poclingas</td><td align='left'>Puchilinga</td><td align='left'>Pückling, on Danube</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Puckle</i>, <i>Buckle</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Piperingas</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Piper</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Readingas</td><td align='left'>Radinga</td><td align='left'>Reding, in Luxembg.</td><td align='left'>Reid (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Read</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Riccingas</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>Riki (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Rich</i>, <i>Richey</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ridingas</td><td align='left'>Ridingin</td><td align='left'>Rieding, in Upp. Bav.</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Riddy</i>, <i>Rita</i>, <i>Ridding</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Riclingas</td><td align='left'>Richilinga</td><td align='left'>Reichling, on Rhine</td><td align='left'>Rykle (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Regal</i>, <i>Wrigley</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Riplingas</td><td align='left'>Rupilinga</td><td align='left'>Upper Bavaria</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Ripley</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Rollingas</td><td align='left'>Roldingen</td><td align='left'>Rolingen, in Luxembg.</td><td align='left'>Rolle (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Rolle</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ræfningas</td><td align='left'>Ravininge</td><td align='left'>Bavaria</td><td align='left'>Reuen (L.V.)</td><td align='left'><i>Raven</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Rodingas</td><td align='left'>Hrotthingun</td><td align='left'>Rh. Pruss., Bav.</td><td align='left'>Rudda (L.V.), Rode (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Rodd</i>, <i>Rudd</i>, <i>Rudding</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Rossingas</td><td align='left'>Rossunga</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>Russe (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Ross</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ruscingas</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>Rosce (L.V.)</td><td align='left'><i>Rush</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Rocingas</td><td align='left'>Roggingun</td><td align='left'>Bavaria</td><td align='left'>Rogge, Rocche (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Rock</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Rucingas</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>Rouke (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Rugg</i>, <i>Ruck</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Sandringas</td><td align='left'>Sinderingum</td><td align='left'>Würtemburg</td><td align='left'>Sander (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Sander</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Swaningas</td><td align='left'>Swaningun</td><td align='left'>Schwanningen, near Schaffhausen</td><td align='left'>Suan (L.V.)</td><td align='left'><i>Swan</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Syclingas</td><td align='left'>Sikilingin</td><td align='left'>Sittling, in Bav.</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Sickle</i>, <i>Sickling</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Seaxlingas</td><td align='left'>Saxlinga</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Satchell?</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Sceardingas</td><td align='left'>Scardinga</td><td align='left'>Bavaria</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Scard</i>, <i>Scarth</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Scytingas</td><td align='left'>Scithingi</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>Scytta (A.S.)</td><td align='left'><i>Skitt</i>, <i>Skeat</i>, <i>Shute</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Surlingas</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>Serlo (L.V.)</td><td align='left'><i>Sarle</i>, <i>Searle</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Scyrlingas</td><td align='left'>Skirilinga</td><td align='left'>Schierling, in Bav.</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Shirley</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Sælingas</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>Salla (L.V.)</td><td align='left'><i>Sale</i>, <i>Sala</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Sceafingas</td><td align='left'>Sceuinge</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Sheaf</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Scealingas</td><td align='left'>Scelinga</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>Sceal (L.V.)</td><td align='left'><i>Scally</i>, <i>Scales</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Snoringas</td><td align='left'>Snoringer<br /> marca </td><td align='left'>Rh. Bav.</td><td align='left'>Snearri (L.V.)</td><td align='left'><i>Snare</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Snotingas</td><td align='left'>Snudinga</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>Snod (A.S.)</td><td align='left'><i>Snoad</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Sealfingas</td><td align='left'>Selvingen</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Self</i>, <i>Selvey</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Stubingas</td><td align='left'>Staubingen</td><td align='left'>Staubing, in Bavaria</td><td align='left'>Stuf (A.S.)</td><td align='left'><i>Stubbs</i>, <i>Stubbing</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Secgingas</td><td align='left'>Siggingahem</td><td align='left'>Belgium</td><td align='left'>Sigga (L.V.)</td><td align='left'><i>Siggs</i>, <i>Sick</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Specingas</td><td align='left'>Speichingas</td><td align='left'>Spaichengen, in Westph.</td><td align='left'>Spech (Domesday)</td><td align='left'><i>Speck</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Sceaflingas</td><td align='left'>Schuffelinga</td><td align='left'>Schiflingen, in Luxembg.</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Shovel</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Stæningas</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>Stean (L.V.), Steen (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Stone</i>, <i>Stenning</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Sinningas</td><td align='left'>Siningas</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>Sinne (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Siney</i>, <i>Shinn</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Stellingas</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Stell</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Tædingas</td><td align='left'>Tattingas</td><td align='left'>Dettingen, in Bav.</td><td align='left'>Tade (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Tadd</i>, <i>Taddy</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Tælingas</td><td align='left'>Telingen</td><td align='left'>Bavaria</td><td align='left'>Tella (L.V.), Tiele (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Tall</i>, <i>Telling</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Dorringas</td><td align='left'>Torringun</td><td align='left'>Törring, in Austria</td><td align='left'>Tori (L.V.)</td><td align='left'><i>Torr</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Tutlingas</td><td align='left'>Tutlingun</td><td align='left'>Dutling, in Bav.</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Tuttle</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Trumpingas<a name="FNanchor_34_34" id="FNanchor_34_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_34_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a></td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Trump</i>, <i>Trumpy</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Thorningas</td><td align='left'>Thurninga</td><td align='left'>Dürningen, in Alsace</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Thorne</i>, <i>Thorning</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Terringas</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>Terri (L.V.)</td><td align='left'><i>Terry</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Tucingas</td><td align='left'>Tuginga</td><td align='left'>Switzerland</td><td align='left'>Tuk (A.S.), Duce (L.V.)</td><td align='left'><i>Tuck</i>, <i>Duck</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Duringas</td><td align='left'>Turinga</td><td align='left'>Würtemburg</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Turr</i>, <i>Durre</i>, <i>Turing</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Uffingas</td><td align='left'>Uffingen</td><td align='left'>Oeffingen, in Würtemburg</td><td align='left'>Offa (L.V.)</td><td align='left'><i>Ough</i>, <i>Hough</i>, <i>Huff</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wearningas</td><td align='left'>Warningas</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>Warin (L.V.)</td><td align='left'><i>Warren</i>, <i>Warne</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Waceringas</td><td align='left'>Wacheringa</td><td align='left'>Friesland and Bav.</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Waker</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wealdringas</td><td align='left'>Waltringen</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>Wealdere (A.S.)</td><td align='left'><i>Walder</i>, <i>Walter</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wasingas</td><td align='left'>Wasunga</td><td align='left'>Würtg., Sax. Mein.</td><td align='left'>Wasso (A.S.)</td><td align='left'><i>Wass</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wippingas</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Whipp</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wittingas</td><td align='left'>Wittungen</td><td align='left'>Pruss. Sax.</td><td align='left'>Uitta (L.V.), Witte (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Whit</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Willingas</td><td align='left'>Willinga</td><td align='left'>Bavaria</td><td align='left'>Wille (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Will</i>, <i>Willow</i>, <i>Willing</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Winingas</td><td align='left'>Winninge</td><td align='left'>Winningen, on Rhine</td><td align='left'>Wynna, Uini (L.V.)</td><td align='left'><i>Wine</i>, <i>Winn</i>, <i>Winning</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wealdingas</td><td align='left'>Waltingun</td><td align='left'>Austria</td><td align='left'>Wald (A.S.), Walte (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Waldie</i>, <i>Waldo</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wælsingas</td><td align='left'>Walasingas</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Walsh</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Watingas</td><td align='left'>Waddinga</td><td align='left'>Weddingen, in Rh. Pruss.</td><td align='left'>Uada (L.V.), Uatto (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Watt</i>, <i>Waddy</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wellingas</td><td align='left'>Wellingen</td><td align='left'>Baden</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Well</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wigingas }<br />Wiccingas }</td><td align='left'>Wikinka</td><td align='left'>Bavaria</td><td align='left'>Uicga (L.V.), Wigge, Wicco (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Wigg</i>, <i>Wicking</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wylfingas</td><td align='left'>Vulfinga</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>Wulf (A.S.)</td><td align='left'><i>Wolf</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wrihtingas</td><td align='left'>Wirtingen</td><td align='left'>Austria</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Wright</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Watringas</td><td align='left'>Wateringas</td><td align='left'>Wettringen, in Westph.</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Water</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wendlingas</td><td align='left'>Wenilinga</td><td align='left'>Near Strasburg</td><td align='left'>Windel (A.S.)</td><td align='left'><i>Windle</i>, <i>Wintle</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wrihtlingas</td><td align='left'>Riutilinga</td><td align='left'>Reutlingen, in Würtg.</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Riddle</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wealcingas</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>Walch (L.V.), Walke (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Walk</i>, <i>Walkey</i>, <i>Walking</i>. </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wealcringas</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>Wealcere (A.S.)</td><td align='left'><i>Walker</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wealingas</td><td align='left'>Walanger<br />marca</td><td align='left'>On the Lahn</td><td align='left'>Walls (F.)</td><td align='left'><i>Wall</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Waplingas</td><td align='left'>Waplinga</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Waple</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wræningas</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'>. . .</td><td align='left'><i>Wren</i>, <i>Rennie</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wilrincgas</td><td align='left'>Williheringa</td><td align='left'>Willering, on Danube</td><td align='left'>Wyller (A.S.)</td><td align='left'><i>Willer</i>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span></p> +<p>I may observe with regard to the Anglo-Saxon names in the above lists +that there is occasionally a little corruption in their forms. The +English trouble with the letter <i>h</i> seems to have been present even at +this early day. We have Allingas and Hallingas, Anningas and Hanningas, +Eslingas and Haslingas, Illingas and Hillingas, in all of which cases +the analogy of Old German names would show the <i>h</i> to be in all +probability an intruder. And the same applies to the Hanesingas, the +Honingas, and the Hoppingas. There is also an occasional intrusion of +<i>b</i> or <i>p</i>, thus the Trumpingas, whence the name of Trumpington, should +be properly, I take it, Trumingas, A.S. <i>trum</i>, firm, strong. Stark +suggests a Celtic word, <i>drumb</i>, but the intrusion of <i>p</i> is so easy +that I think any other explanation hardly necessary. The Sempingas, +found in Sempingaham, now Sempringham, should also, I take it, be +Semingas, which would be in accordance with Teutonic names, whereas +<i>semp</i> is a scarcely possible form. Basingstoke, the original of which +was Embasingastoc, owes its name to a similar mistake. It would be +properly I think Emasingastoc, which would correspond with a Teutonic +name-stem. A similar intrusion of <i>t</i> occurs in the case of +Glæstingabyrig (now Glastonbury), which should I think be +Glæssingabyrig; this again would correspond with an ancient name-stem, +which in its present form it does not. So also I take it that Distingas, +found in Distington in Cumberland, is only a phonetic corruption of +Dissingas, if indeed, (which I very strongly doubt) Distington is from a +tribe-name at all. Both of these intrusions are natural from a phonetic<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span> +point of view, tending as they do to give a little more backbone to a +word, and they frequently occur, as I shall have elsewhere occasion to +note, in the range of English names.</p> + +<p>My object in the present chapter has been more especially to show the +intimate connection between our early Saxon names, and those of the +general Teutonic system. But now I come to a possible point of +difference. All the names of Germany would tend to come to England, but +if Anglo-Saxon England made any names on her own account, they would not +go back to Germany. For the tide of men flows ever west-ward, and there +was no return current in those days. Now there do seem to be certain +name-stems peculiar to Anglo-Saxon England, and one of these is <i>peht</i> +or <i>pect</i>, which may be taken to represent Pict. The Teutonic peoples +were in the habit of introducing into their nomenclature the names of +neighbouring nations even when aliens or enemies. Thus the Hun and the +Fin were so introduced, the latter more particularly by the +Scandinavians who were their nearest neighbours. There is a tendency +among men to invest an enemy upon their borders, of whom they may be in +constant dread, with unusual personal characteristics of ferocity or of +giant stature. Thus the word <i>Hun</i>, as Grimm observes, seems to have +become a synonym of giant, and Ohfrid, a metrical writer of the ninth +century, describes the giant Polyphemus as the "grosse hun." Something +similar I have noted (in a succeeding chapter on the names of women, <i>in +voce</i> Emma) as possibly subsisting between the Saxons<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span> and their Celtic +neighbours. The Fins again, who as a peculiarly small people could not +possibly be magnified into giants, were invested with magical and +unearthly characteristics, and the word became almost, if not quite, +synonymous with magician. This then seems to represent something of the +general principle, upon which such names have found their way into the +Teutonic system of nomenclature.</p> + +<p>While then England received all the names formed from peoples throughout +the Teutonic area, the Goth, the Vandal, the Bavarian, the Hun, and the +Fin, in the names of men, there was one such stem which she had and +which the rest of Germany had not, for she alone was neighbour to the +Pict. Perhaps I should qualify this statement so far as the Old Saxons +of the seaboard are concerned, for they were also neighbours, though as +far as we know, the Pict did not figure in their names of men. From the +stem <i>pect</i> the Anglo-Saxons had a number of names, as Pecthun or +Pehtun, Pecthath, Pectgils, Pecthelm, Pectwald, Pectwulf, all formed in +accordance with the regular Teutonic system, but none of them found +elsewhere than in Anglo-Saxon England. Of these names we may have one, +Pecthun, in our surname <i>Picton</i>, perhaps also the other form Pehtun in +<i>Peyton</i> or <i>Paton</i>. The Anglo-Saxons no doubt aspirated the <i>h</i> in +Pehtun, but we seem in such cases either to drop it altogether, or else +to represent it by a hard <i>c</i>, according perhaps as it might have been +more or less strongly aspirated. Indeed the Anglo-Saxons themselves +would seem to have sometimes dropped it altogether, if the name Piott, +in a will of Archbishop<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span> Wulfred, A.D. 825, is the same word (which +another name Piahtred about the same period would rather seem to +indicate). And this suggests that our name <i>Peat</i> may be one of its +present representatives. We have again a name <i>Picture</i>, which might +represent an Anglo-Saxon Pecther (<i>heri</i>, warrior) not yet turned up, +but a probable name, the compound being a very common one.</p> + +<p>I do not think it necessary to go into the case of any other name-stem +which I do not find except among the Anglo-Saxons, inasmuch as, there +being in their case no such reason for the restriction as in that to +which I have been referring, it may only be that they have not as yet +been disinterred.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span></p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_28_28" id="Footnote_28_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28_28"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> From a similar origin is the name of the Scandinavian +Vikings, Vik-ing, from <i>vik</i>, a bay.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_29_29" id="Footnote_29_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29_29"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> <i>Archæological Journal.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_30_30" id="Footnote_30_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30_30"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> The reader must bear in mind that Ang.-Sax. <i>æ</i> is pronounced as <i>a</i> in "ant."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_31_31" id="Footnote_31_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31_31"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> I take the word contained herein to be "ganz," an ancient stem in names.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_32_32" id="Footnote_32_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32_32"><span class="label">[32]</span></a> Properly, I think, "Mædlingas," as it has nothing to do with Ang.-Sax. "mægd," <i>maid</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_33_33" id="Footnote_33_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33_33"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> The same, I take it, as the "Myrgingas" in the <i>Traveller's Tale</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_34_34" id="Footnote_34_34"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34_34"><span class="label">[34]</span></a> Properly, I take it, "Trumingas," Ang.-Sax. "<i>trum</i>" firm, strong.</p></div> +</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_V" id="CHAPTER_V"></a>CHAPTER V.</h2> + +<p class="center">MEN'S NAMES IN PLACE-NAMES.</p> + + +<p>We have seen in a preceding chapter that the earliest Saxon place-names +in England are derived from a personal name, and that the idea contained +is that of a modified form of common right. We shall find that a very +large proportion of the later Anglo-Saxon place-names are also derived +from the name of a man, but that the idea contained is now that of +individual ownership or occupation. The extent to which English +place-names are derived from ancient names of men is, in my judgment, +very much greater than is generally supposed. And indeed, when we come +to consider it, what can be so naturally associated with a <i>ham</i> as the +name of the man who lived in that home, of a <i>weorth</i> as that of the man +to whom that property belonged, of a Saxon <i>tun</i> or a Danish <i>by</i> or +<i>thorp</i> as that of the man to whom the place owed its existence? If we +turn to Kemble's list of Anglo-Saxon names of places as derived from +ancient charters, in the days when the individual owner had succeeded to +the community, we cannot fail to remark to how large an extent this +obtains, and how many of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span> these names are in the possessive case. Now, +it must be observed that there are in Anglo-Saxon two forms of the +possessive, and that when a man's name had the vowel ending in <i>a</i>, as +noted at p. <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, it formed its possessive in <i>an</i>, while otherwise it +formed its possessive in <i>es</i>. Thus we have Baddan byrig, "Badda's +borough," Bennan beorh, "Benna's barrow" or grave, and in the other form +we have Abbodes byrig, "Abbod's borough," Bluntes ham, "Blunt's home," +and Sylces wyrth, "Silk's worth" or property. And as compound names did +not take a vowel ending, such names invariably form their possessive in +<i>es</i>, as in Haywardes ham, "Hayward's home," Cynewardes gemæro, +"Cyneward's boundary," &c. I am not at all sure that <i>ing</i> also has not, +in certain cases, the force of a possessive, and that Ælfredincgtun, for +instance, may not mean simply "Alfred's town" and not Alfreding's town. +But I do not think that this is at any rate the general rule, and it +seems scarcely possible to draw the line. From the possessive in <i>an</i> I +take to be most probably our present place-names Puttenham, Tottenham, +and Sydenham, (respecting the last of which there has been a good deal +of discussion of late in <i>Notes and Queries</i>), containing the +Anglo-Saxon names <i>Putta</i>, <i>Totta</i>, and <i>Sida</i>. With regard to the last +I have not fallen in with the name <i>Sida</i> itself. But I deduce such a +name from Sydanham, C.D. 379, apparently a place in Wilts, also perhaps +from Sidebirig, now Sidbury, in Devon; and there is, moreover, a +corresponding O.G. <i>Sido</i>, the origin being probably A.S. <i>sidu</i>, +manners, morals. Further traces of such a stem are found in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span> <i>Sidel</i> +deduced from Sidelesham, now Sidlesham, in Sussex, and also from the +name <i>Sydemann</i> in a charter of Edgar, these names implying a +pre-existing stem <i>sid</i> upon which they have been formed.</p> + +<p>As well as with the <i>ham</i> or the <i>byrig</i> in which he resided, a man's +name is often found among the Anglo-Saxons, connected with the +boundary—whatever that might be—of his property, as in Abbudes mearc, +Abbud's mark or boundary, and Baldrices gemæro, Baldrick's boundary. +Sometimes that boundary might be a hedge, as in Leoferes haga and +Danehardes hegeræw, "Leofer's hedge," and "Danehard's hedge-row." +Sometimes it might be a stone, as in Sweordes stân, sometimes a ridge, +as in Eppan hrycg, "Eppa's ridge," sometimes a ditch or dyke, as in +Tilgares dic and Colomores sîc (North. Eng. syke, wet ditch). A tree was +naturally a common boundary mark, as in Potteles treôw, Alebeardes âc +(oak), Bulemæres thorn, Huttes æsc (ash), Tatmonnes apoldre +(apple-tree). Sometimes, again, a man's name is found associated with +the road or way that led to his abode, as in Wealdenes weg (way), +Sigbrihtes anstige (stig, a footpath), Dunnes stigele (stile). Another +word which seems to have something of the meaning of "stile" is <i>hlip</i>, +found in Freobearnes hlyp and in Herewines hlipgat. In Anglo-Saxon, +<i>hlypa</i> signified a stirrup, and a "hlipgat" must, I imagine, have been +a gate furnished with some contrivance for mounting over it. Of a +similar nature might be Alcherdes ford, and Brochardes ford, and also +Geahes ofer, Byrhtes ora, and Æscmann's yre (<i>ofer</i>, contr. <i>ore</i>, shore +or landing-place). Something more<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span> of the rights of water may be +contained in Fealamares brôc (brook), Hykemeres strêm (stream), and +Brihtwoldes wêre (weir); the two latter probably referring to +water-power for a mill. The sense of property only seems to be that +which is found in Cybles weorthig, Æscmere's weorth (land or property), +Tilluces leah (lea), Rumboldes den (<i>dene</i> or valley), Bogeles pearruc +(paddock), Ticnes feld (field). Also in Grottes grâf (grove), Sweors +holt (grove), Pippenes pen (pen or fold), Willeardes hyrst (grove), +Leofsiges geat (gate), Ealdermannes hæc (hatch), and Winagares stapol +(stall, market, perhaps a place for the sale or interchange of produce). +The site of a deserted dwelling served sometimes for a mark, as in +Sceolles eald cotan (Sceolles old cot), and Dearmodes ald tun +(Deormoda's old town, or inclosure, dwelling and appurtenances?).</p> + +<p>But it is with a man's last resting-place that his name will be found in +Anglo-Saxon times to be most especially associated. The principal words +used to denote a grave are <i>beorh</i> (barrow), <i>byrgels</i>, and <i>hlœw</i> +(low), in all of which the idea seems to be that of a mound raised over +the spot. We have Weardes beorh, "Weard's barrow," also Lulles, Cartes, +Hornes, Lidgeardes, and many others. We have Scottan byrgels, "Scotta's +barrow," also Hôces, Wures, and Strenges. And we have Lortan hlæw, +"Lorta's low," also Ceorles, Wintres, Hwittuces, and others. There is +another word <i>hô</i>, which seems to be the same as the O.N. <i>haugr</i>, +North. Eng, <i>how</i>, a grave-mound. It is found in Healdenes hô, Piccedes +hô, Scotehô Tilmundes hô, Cægeshô, and Fingringahô. It would<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span> hardly +seem, from the location of four of them, Worcester, Essex, Beds, Sussex, +that they can be of Scandinavian origin. Can the two words, <i>haugr</i> and +<i>hlau</i> (<i>how</i>, and <i>hlow</i>), be from the same origin, the one assuming, +or the other dropping an <i>l</i>?</p> + +<p>I take the names of persons thus to be deduced from Anglo-Saxon +place-names, and which are in general correspondence with the earlier +names in the preceding chapter, though containing some new forms and a +greater number of compound names, to give as faithful a representation +as we can have of the every-day names of Anglo-Saxons. And as I have +before compared the names of those primitive settlers with our existing +surnames, so now I propose to extend the comparison to the names of more +settled Anglo-Saxon times.</p> + + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='left'><h4>Anglo-Saxon<br />Men's Names.</h4></td><td> </td><td align='left'><h4>Place-Names.</h4></td><td> </td><td align='left'><h4>English Surnames.</h4></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Abbod</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Abbodesbyrig</td><td rowspan="2">}</td><td align='left' rowspan="2"><i>Abbott</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Abbud</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Abbudesmearc</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Æcemann</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Æcemannes ceaster</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Ackman, Aikman</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Acen</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Acenes feld</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Aikin</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ægelweard</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Ægelweardes mearc</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Aylward</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Alberht</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Alcherdes ford</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Allcard</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Alder</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Aldrestub</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Alder</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ælfgar</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Ælfgares gemæro</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Algar</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ælfred</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Ælfredes beorh</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Alfred</i>, <i>Allfrey</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ælfher, or Ælfheri</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Ælfheres stapol</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Alvary</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Æscmer</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Æscmeres weorth</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Ashmore</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Æscmann</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Æscmannes yre</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Ashman</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Alebeard</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Alebeardes âc</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Halbard</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Amber</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Ambresbyrig</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Amber</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Æthelstan</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Æthelstanes tûn</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Ethelston</i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="5"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Babel</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Babeles beorh</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Bable</i><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Badherd</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Badherdes sled</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Beddard</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Baldher</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Baldheresberg</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Balder</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Baldric</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Baldrices gemæro</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Baldridge</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Baldwin</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Baldwines heath</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Baldwin</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Beored, or Beoret</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Beoredes treôw</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Berrette</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Beornheard</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Beornheardes lond</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Bernard</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Beornwold</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Beornwoldes sætan</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Bernold</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Blunt</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Bluntesham</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Blunt</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bogel</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Bogeles pearruc</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Bogle</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bohmer</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Bohmeres stigele</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Bowmer</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bregen</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Bregnesford</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Brain</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Brochard</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Brochardes ford</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Brocard</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Buga</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Buganstôc</td><td rowspan="2">}</td><td align='left' rowspan="2"><i>Bugg</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bugga</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Bugganbrôc</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bulemær</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Bulemæres thorn</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Bulmer</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Buntel</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Bunteles pyt</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Bundle</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bunting</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Buntingedîc</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Bunting</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Burhgeard</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Burhgeardeswerthig</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Burchard</i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="5"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Carda</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Cardan hlæw</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Card</i>, <i>Cart</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ceapa</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Ceapan hlæw</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Cheape</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ceawa</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Ceawan hlæw</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Chew</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cerda</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Cerdan hlæw</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Chard</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cissa</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Cissan anstige</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Cheese</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Chetol (Danish)</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Chetoles beorh</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Kettle</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Creoda</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Creodan âc</td><td rowspan="2">}</td><td align='left' rowspan="2"><i>Creed</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cridd</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Criddes hô</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cumen</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Cumenes ora</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Cummin</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ceatewe</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Ceatewesleah</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Chattoway</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ceada</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Ceadanford</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Chad</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Catt</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Cattes stoke</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Cat</i>, <i>Catty</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cæstæl</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Cæstælesham</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Castle</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cludd</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Cludesleah</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Cloud</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coten</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Cotenesfeld</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Cotton</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cruda</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Crudan sceat</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Crowd</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Colomor</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Colomores sîc</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Colmer</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cydd</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Cyddesige</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Kidd</i><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cyble</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Cybles weorthig</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Keble</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Celc</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Celces ora</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Kelk</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cylman</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Cylmanstun</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Killman</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cynlaf</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Cynlafes stan</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Cunliffe</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cynric</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Cynrices gemæro</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Kenrick</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cyneward</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Cynewardes gemæro</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Kenward</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cyppa</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Cyppanham</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Chipp</i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="5"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Dægel, or</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Dæglesford</td><td rowspan="2">}</td><td align='left' rowspan="2"><i>Dale</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Deil</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Deilsford</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Dearnagel</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Dearnagles ford</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Darnell</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Dæneheard</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Dæneheardes hegerawe</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Denhard</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Deorlaf</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Deorlafestun</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Dearlove</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Deormod<a name="FNanchor_35_35" id="FNanchor_35_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_35_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a></td><td> </td><td align='left'>Deormodes ald tun</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Dermott</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Dodd</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Doddesthorp</td><td align='left' rowspan="2">}</td><td align='left' rowspan="2"><i>Dodd</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Dodda</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Doddan hlæw</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Dolemann</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Dolemannes beorh</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Dollman</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Duceman</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Ducemannestun</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Duckman</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ducling</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Duclingtun</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Duckling</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Dunn</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Dunnes stigele</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Dunn</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Dogod</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Dogodeswel</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Doggett</i>, <i>Dugood</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Dydimer</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Dydimertun</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Tidemore</i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="5"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ealder</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Ealderscumb</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Alder</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ealdmann</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Ealdmannes wyrth</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Altman</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ealdermann<a name="FNanchor_36_36" id="FNanchor_36_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_36_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a></td><td> </td><td align='left'>Ealdermannes hæc</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Alderman</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ealmund</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Ealmundes treow</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Almond</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Eanulf</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Eanulfestun</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Enough</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Earn</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Earnesbeorh</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Earney</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Eastmond</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Eastmondestun</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Esmond</i><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ecgell</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Ecgeles stiel</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Edgell</i>, <i>Eagle</i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="5"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left' rowspan="2">Fealamar</td><td> </td><td align='left' rowspan="2">Fealamares brôc</td><td rowspan="2">{</td><td align='left'><i>Fillmore</i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Phillimore</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Flegg</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Flegges garan</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Flew</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Focga</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Focgancrundel</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Fogg</i>, <i>Foggo</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Freobearn</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Freobearnes hlyp</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Freeborn</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Frigedæg</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Frigedæges treôw</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Friday</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Fuhgel</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Fuhgeles beorh</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Fuggle</i>, <i>Fowl</i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="5"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Gandar</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Gandrandun</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Gander</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Gæcg</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Gæcges stapol</td><td align='left' rowspan="2">}</td><td align='left' rowspan="2"><i>Gay</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Geah</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Geahes ofer</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Gatehlinc</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Gatehlinces heafod</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Gatling</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Geleca</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Gelecancamp</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Jellicoe</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Geyn</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Geynes thorn</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Gain</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Giselher</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Gislhereswurth</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Giller</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Godincg</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Godincges gemæro</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Godding</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Godmund</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Godmundesleah</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Godmund</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Godwin</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Godwines gemæro</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Godwin</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Grobb</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Grobbes den</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Grove</i>, <i>Grubb</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Grott</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Grottes grâf</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Grote</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Gund</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Gundestige</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Gunn</i>, <i>Gundey</i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="5"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hærred</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Hærredesleah</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Herod</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Heafoc</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Heafoceshamme</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Hawk</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hassuc</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Hassuces môr</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Haskey</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hering</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Heringesleah</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Herring</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hnibba</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Hnibbanleah</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Knibb</i>, <i>Knipe</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hayward</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Haywardes ham</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Hayward</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Healda</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Healdan grâf</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Hald</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Healden</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Healdenes hô</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Haldan</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Helm</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Helmes treow</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Helme</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Helfær</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Helfæres gemæro</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Helper</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Help</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Helpestonne</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Helps</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Herebritt</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Herebrittes comb</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Herbert</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Herewin</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Herewines hlipgat</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Irwine</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hiccemann</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Hiccemannes stân</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Hickman</i><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Humbald</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Humbalding grâf</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Humble</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hycemer, or Higemar</td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'>Hycemeres strêm</td><td> </td><td align="left"><i>Highmore</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hnæf</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Hnæfes scylf</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Knapp</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hocg</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Hocgestun</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Hogg</i>, <i>Hodge</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Horn</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Hornes beorh</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Horne</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hringwold</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Hringwoldes beorh</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Ringold</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hwittuc</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Hwittuces leah</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Whittock</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hutt</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Huttes æsc</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Hutt</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hygelac<a name="FNanchor_37_37" id="FNanchor_37_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_37_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a></td><td> </td><td align='left'>Hygelaces git</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Hillock</i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="5"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Kyld</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Kyldesby</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Kilt</i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="5"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Leofer</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Leoferes haga</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Lover</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Laferca</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Lafercanbeorh</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Laverick</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Leofmann</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Leofmannes gemæro</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Loveman</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Leommann</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Leommannes grâf</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Lemon</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Leofsig</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Leofsiges geat</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Lovesy</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Leofric</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Leofrices gemæro</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Loveridge</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Lidgeard</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Lidgeardes beorh</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Ledgard</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Lipperd</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Lipperdes gemæro</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Leopard</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Lower</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Lowereslege</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Lower</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Locer</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Loceresweg</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Locker</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Lorta</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Lortanberwe</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Lord</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Lorting</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Lortinges bourne</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Lording</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Luder</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Luderston</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Luther</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ludmann</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Ludmannes put</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Lutman</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Lull</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Lulles beorh</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Lull</i>, <i>Lully</i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="5"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Myceld</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Myceldefer</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Muckelt</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Mûl</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Muleshlæw</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Moule</i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="5"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Negle</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Neglesleah</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Nagle</i><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Næl</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Nælesbrôc</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Nail</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Nybba</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Nybban beorh</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Nibbs</i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="5"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Oslac</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Oslaces lea</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Hasluck</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ogged</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Oggedestun</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Hodgett</i>, <i>Howitt</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Oswald</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Oswaldes mere</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Oswald</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Orlaf</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Orlafestun</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Orlop</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Owun</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Owunes hild</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Owen</i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="5"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Pehtun</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Pehtuns treow</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Peyton</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Pender</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Penderes clif</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Pender</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Picced</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Piccedes hô</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Pickett</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Pinnel</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Pinnelesfeld</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Pennell</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Pippen</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Pippenes fen</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Pippin</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Pyttel</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Pittelesford</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Piddel</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Pitterich</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Piterichesham</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Betteridge</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Pottel</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Potteles treow</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Pottle</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Potten</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Pottenestreow</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Potten</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Punt</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Puntes stân</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Punt</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Puntel</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Punteles treow</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Bundle</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Prentsa</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Prentsan hlaw</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Prentiss</i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="5"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Redwin</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Redwines thorn</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Readwin</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Rahulf</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Rahulfes furlong</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Ralph</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Rugebeorg</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Rugebeorges gemæro</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Rubery</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Rumbold</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Rumboldes den</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Rumbold</i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="5"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Sceaft</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Sceaftesbirig</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Shaft</i>, <i>Shafto</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Sceoll</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Sceolles ealdcotan</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Sholl</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Scytta</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Scyttandun</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Skeat</i>, <i>Shute</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Scyter<a name="FNanchor_38_38" id="FNanchor_38_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_38_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a></td><td> </td><td align='left'>Scyteres flôd</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Shuter</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Scealc</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Scealces hom</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Shawkey</i>, <i>Chalk?</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Scyld</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Scyldes treow</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Shield</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Simær</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Simæres ford</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Seymour</i><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Secmær</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Secmæres ora</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Sycamore</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Sigbriht</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Sigbrihtes anstige</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Sibert</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Sibriht</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Sibrihtesweald</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Seabright</i><a name="FNanchor_39_39" id="FNanchor_39_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_39_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Siger</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Sigeres âc</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Segar</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Snell</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Snellesham</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Snell</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Snod</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Snodes hyl</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Snoad</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Streng</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Strenges hô</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Strong</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Stut</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Stutes hyl</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Stout</i>, <i>Stott</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Stutard</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Stutardes cumb</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Stothard</i>, <i>Studeard</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Sucga</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Sucgangrâf</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Sugg</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Sumer</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Sumeresham</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Summer</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Sumerled (Danish)</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Sumerledetun</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Sommerlat</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Sunemann</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Sunemannes wyrthig</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Sunman</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Sweor</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Sweores holt</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Swire</i>, <i>Swears</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Sweord</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Sweordes stân</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Sword</i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="5"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Tæcel</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Tæcelesbrôc</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Tackle</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Tatmonn</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Tatmonnes apoldre</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Tadman</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Tatel</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Tatlestrop</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Tattle</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Thuner</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Thunresfeld</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Thunder</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Thurgar (Danish)</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Thurgartun</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Thurgur</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Thrista</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Thristan den</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Trist</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Theodher</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Theoderpoth</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Theodore</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Thurold (Danish)</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Thuroldes gemæro</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Thorold</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Toma</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Tomanworthig</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Tomey</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ticcen</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Ticnesfeld</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Dickin</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Tilgar</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Tilgares dîc</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Dilger</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Tilluc</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Tilluces leah</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Tillick</i>, <i>Dilke</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Tilmann</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Tilmannes den</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Tilman</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Titferth</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Titferthes geat</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Titford</i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="5"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Upicen</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Upicenes hlyw</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Hopkin</i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="5"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wahgen</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Wahgenes gemæro</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Wain</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wealden</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Wealdenes weg</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Walden</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wealder</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Wealderes weg</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Walter</i><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Westan</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Westanes treow</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Weston</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wigheard</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Wigheardes stapol</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Wyard</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wighelm</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Wighelmes land</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Whigam</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wihtlac</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Wihtlaces ford</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Whitelock</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wihtric</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Wihtricesham</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Whitridge</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wilmund</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Wilmundes leah</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Williment</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Willher</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Willheres triow</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Willer</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wicg</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Wicgestan</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Wigg</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Uuigga</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Wuiggangeat</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Winagar</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Winagares stapul</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Winegar</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wileard</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Wileardes hyrste</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Willard</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wistan for Wigstan?</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Wistanes gemæro</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Whiston</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wulfsig</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Wulfsiges croft</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Wolsey</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wulfgar</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Wulfgares gemæro</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Woolgar</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wulfmer</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Wulfmeres myln</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Woolmer</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wulfric</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Wulfrices gemæro</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Woolrych</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wyner</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Wyneres stig</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Winer</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Waring</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Wæring wîc</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Waring</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wifel</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Wifelesham</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Whipple</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Woden<a name="FNanchor_40_40" id="FNanchor_40_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_40_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a></td><td> </td><td align='left'>Wodnesbeorg</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Woodin?</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wydda</td><td> </td><td align='left'>Wyddanbeorh</td><td> </td><td align='left'><i>Widow</i></td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The above names are deduced entirely from the names of places found by +Mr. Kemble in ancient charters. The list is not by any means an +exhaustive one, as I have not included a number of names taken into +account in Chap. IV., and as also the same personal name enters +frequently into several place-names. With very few exceptions these +names may be gathered<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span> to the roll of Teutonic name-stems, +notwithstanding a little disguise in some of their forms, and a great, +sometimes a rather confusing, diversity of spelling. I take names such +as the above to be the representatives of the every-day names of men in +Anglo-Saxon times, rather than the names which come before us in history +and in historical documents. For it seems to me that a kind of fashion +prevailed, and that while a set of names of a longer and more dignified +character were in favour among the great, the mass of the people still, +to a great extent, adhered to the shorter and more simple names which +their fathers had borne before them. Thus, when we find an Æthelwold who +was also called Mol, an Æthelmer who was also called Dodda, and a Queen +Hrothwaru who was also called Bucge, I am disposed to take the simple +names, which are such as the earlier settlers brought over with them, to +have been the original names, and superseded by names more in accordance +with the prevailing fashion. Valuable then as is the <i>Liber Vitæ</i> of +Durham, as a continuous record of English names for many centuries, yet +I am inclined to think that inasmuch as that the persons who come before +us as benefactors to the shrine of St. Cuthbert may be taken to be as a +general rule of the upper ranks of life, they do not afford so faithful +a representation of the every-day names of Anglo-Saxons as do the little +freeholders who lived and died in their country homes. And, moreover, +these are, as it will be seen, more especially the kind of names which +have been handed down from Anglo-Saxon times to the present day.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span></p> + +<p>In connection with this subject, it may be of interest to present a list +of existing names of places formed from an Anglo-Saxon personal name, as +derived from the same ancient charters dealt with in the previous list. +And in so doing I confine myself exclusively to the places of which the +present names have been positively identified by Mr. Kemble. And in the +first place I will take the place-names which consist simply of the name +of a tribe or family unqualified by any local term whatever.</p> + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td><h4>Name in Anglo-Saxon<br />Charters.</h4></td><td colspan="2"><h4>Present Name.</h4></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Æfeningas</td><td align='left'>Avening</td><td align='left'>Gloucestershire</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Angemeringum</td><td align='left'>Angmering</td><td align='left'>Sussex</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ascengas</td><td align='left'>Eashing</td><td align='left'>Surrey</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Banesingas</td><td align='left'>Bensington</td><td align='left'>Oxfordshire</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bærlingas</td><td align='left'>Barling</td><td align='left'>Kent</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Beadingum</td><td align='left'>Beden</td><td align='left'>Gloucestershire</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Berecingas</td><td align='left'>Barking</td><td align='left'>Essex</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Brahcingum</td><td align='left'>Braughin</td><td align='left'>Herts.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Byrhtlingas</td><td align='left'>Brightling</td><td align='left'>Sussex</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cerringes</td><td align='left'>Charing</td><td align='left'>Kent</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ciwingum</td><td align='left'>Chewing</td><td align='left'>Herts.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Culingas</td><td align='left'>Cooling</td><td align='left'>Kent</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cytringas</td><td align='left'>Kettering</td><td align='left'>Northampton</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Diccelingas</td><td align='left'>Ditchling</td><td align='left'>Sussex</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Geddingas</td><td align='left'>Yeading</td><td align='left'>Middlesex</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Godelmingum</td><td align='left'>Godalming</td><td align='left'>Surrey</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hallingas</td><td align='left'>Halling</td><td align='left'>Kent</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Herlinge</td><td align='left'>Harling</td><td align='left'>Norfolk</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Horningga</td><td align='left'>Horning</td><td align='left'>Norfolk</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Meallingas</td><td align='left'>Malling</td><td align='left'>Kent</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Pæccingas</td><td align='left'>Patching</td><td align='left'>Sussex</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Puningas</td><td align='left'>Poynings</td><td align='left'>Surrey</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Readingan</td><td align='left'>Reading</td><td align='left'>Berkshire</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Rodinges</td><td align='left'>Roothing</td><td align='left'>Essex</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Stæningas</td><td align='left'>Steyning</td><td align='left'>Sussex<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Swyrdhlincas</td><td align='left' rowspan="2">} Swarling</td><td align='left' rowspan="2">Kent</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>(Swyrdlingas)</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Terringes</td><td align='left'>Tarring</td><td align='left'>Sussex</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Terlinges</td><td align='left'>Terling</td><td align='left'>Essex</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Totingas</td><td align='left'>Tooting</td><td align='left'>Surrey</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wellingum</td><td align='left'>Wellwyn</td><td align='left'>Herts.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Werhornas</td><td align='left'>Warehorne</td><td align='left'>Kent</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wihttringas</td><td align='left'>Wittering</td><td align='left'>Surrey</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Uoccingas</td><td align='left'>Woking</td><td align='left'>Surrey</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wyrtingas</td><td align='left'>Worting</td><td align='left'>Hants.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>I will now take the places which in a later and more settled time have +been derived from the name of a single man, as representing his +dwelling, his domain, or in not a few cases his grave.</p> + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='left'><h4>Anglo-Saxon<br />Man's Name.</h4></td><td align='left'><h4>Place-Name.</h4></td><td align='left' colspan="2"><h4>Present Name.</h4></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Abba</td><td align='left'>Abbandun</td><td align='left'>Abingdon</td><td align='left'>Berks.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left' rowspan="3">Ægel</td><td align='left'>{ Ægelesbyrig</td><td align='left'>Aylesbury</td><td align='left'>Bucks.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>{ Æglesford</td><td align='left'>Aylesford</td><td align='left'>Kent</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>{ Ægeleswurth</td><td align='left'>Aylesworth</td><td align='left'>Nthmptn.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Agmod</td><td align='left'>Agmodesham</td><td align='left'>Agmondesham</td><td align='left'>Bucks.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Æsc</td><td align='left'>Æscesbyrig</td><td align='left'>Ashbury</td><td align='left'>Berks.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Æscmer</td><td align='left'>Æscmeres weorth</td><td align='left'>Ashmansworth</td><td align='left'>Hants.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left' rowspan="2">Amber</td><td align='left'>{ Ambresbyrig</td><td align='left'>Amesbury</td><td align='left'>Wilts.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>{ Ambresleah</td><td align='left'>Ombersley</td><td align='left'>Worc.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ælfreding</td><td align='left'>Ælfredincgtun</td><td align='left'>Alfreton</td><td align='left'>Derby.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Badda</td><td align='left'>Baddanby</td><td align='left'>Badby</td><td align='left'>Nthmptn.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Badhelming</td><td align='left'>Badimyncgtun</td><td align='left'>Badminton</td><td align='left'>Glouc.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Baldher</td><td align='left'>Baldheresberg</td><td align='left'>Baltonsborough</td><td align='left'>Somerset.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Becca</td><td align='left'>Beccanleah</td><td align='left'>Beckley</td><td align='left'>Sussex.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Beda</td><td align='left'>Bedanford</td><td align='left'>Bedford</td><td align='left'>Beds.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Benna</td><td align='left'>Bennanham</td><td align='left'>Beenham</td><td align='left'>Berks.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Benning</td><td align='left'>Benningwurth</td><td align='left'>Bengworth</td><td align='left'>Worc.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bledda</td><td align='left'>Bleddanhlæw</td><td align='left'>Bledlow</td><td align='left'>Bucks.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Blunt</td><td align='left'>Bluntesham</td><td align='left'>Bluntisham</td><td align='left'>Hunts.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bodeca</td><td align='left'>Bodecanleah</td><td align='left'>Butleigh</td><td align='left'>Somerset.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bodek</td><td align='left'>Bodekesham</td><td align='left'>Bottisham</td><td align='left'>Camb.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bocga</td><td align='left'>Bocganora</td><td align='left'>Bognor</td><td align='left'>Sussex.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bordel</td><td align='left'>Bordelestun</td><td align='left'>Burleston</td><td align='left'>Dorset.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Brand</td><td align='left'>Brandesburh</td><td align='left'>Bransbury</td><td align='left'>Hants.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bregen</td><td align='left'>Bregnesford</td><td align='left'>Bransford</td><td align='left'>Worc.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cada</td><td align='left'>Cadandun</td><td align='left'>Chadlington</td><td align='left'>Oxford.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cæg</td><td align='left'>Cægeshô</td><td align='left'>Keysoe</td><td align='left'>Beds.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Calmund</td><td align='left'>Calmundes den</td><td align='left'>Calmsden</td><td align='left'>Glouc.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ceadela</td><td align='left'>Ceadelanwurth</td><td align='left'>Chaddleworth</td><td align='left'>Berks.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ceadel</td><td align='left'>Ceadeleshunt</td><td align='left'>Chadshunt</td><td align='left'>Warw.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ceader</td><td align='left'>Ceadresleah</td><td align='left'>Chaseley</td><td align='left'>Worc.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cendel</td><td align='left'>Cendeles funta</td><td align='left'>Chalfont</td><td align='left'>Bucks.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Celta</td><td align='left'>Celtenhom</td><td align='left'>Cheltenham</td><td align='left'>Glouc.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ceol</td><td align='left'>Ceolesig</td><td align='left'>Cholsey</td><td align='left'>Berks.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cippa</td><td align='left'>Cippenham</td><td align='left'>Chippenham</td><td align='left'>Wilts.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ceolbalding</td><td align='left'>Ceolbaldinctun</td><td align='left'>Chilbolton</td><td align='left'>Hants.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ceort</td><td align='left'>Ceortesege</td><td align='left'>Chertsey</td><td align='left'>Surrey</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cinhild (woman)</td><td align='left'>Cinildewyrth</td><td align='left'>Kenilworth</td><td align='left'>Warw.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cissa</td><td align='left'>Cissanceaster</td><td align='left'>Chichester</td><td align='left'>Sussex.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coda</td><td align='left'>Codanford</td><td align='left'>Codford</td><td align='left'>Wilts.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Codda</td><td align='left'>Coddanhrycg</td><td align='left'>Cotheridge</td><td align='left'>Worc.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coling</td><td align='left'>Colingham</td><td align='left'>Collingham</td><td align='left'>Notts.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Crym</td><td align='left'>Crymesham</td><td align='left'>Crimsham</td><td align='left'>Sussex.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Croppa</td><td align='left'>Croppanthorn</td><td align='left'>Cropthorn</td><td align='left'>Worc.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cumen</td><td align='left'>Cumenora</td><td align='left'>Cumnor</td><td align='left'>Berks.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cungar</td><td align='left'>Cungaresbyrig</td><td align='left'>Congressbury</td><td align='left'>Somerset.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cwichelm</td><td align='left'>Cwichelmes hlæw</td><td align='left'>Cuckamslow hill</td><td align='left'>Berks.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cyneburging<a name="FNanchor_41_41" id="FNanchor_41_41"></a><a href="#Footnote_41_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a></td><td align='left'>Cyneburgincton</td><td align='left'>Kemerton</td><td align='left'>Glouc.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cynlaf</td><td align='left'>Kynleveden</td><td align='left'>Kelvedon</td><td align='left'>Essex.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ketel (Danish)</td><td align='left'>Kitlebig</td><td align='left'>Kettleby</td><td align='left'>Linc.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Dæcca, or Dægga</td><td align='left'>Daccanhaam</td><td align='left'>Dagenham</td><td align='left'>Essex.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Dægel</td><td align='left'>Dæglesford</td><td align='left'>Daylesford</td><td align='left'>Worc.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Deôrlaf</td><td align='left'>Deorlafestun</td><td align='left'>Darlaston</td><td align='left'>Staffs.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Dodda</td><td align='left'>Doddanford</td><td align='left'>Dodford</td><td align='left'>Nthmptn.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Dodd</td><td align='left'>Doddesthorp</td><td align='left'>Dogsthorp</td><td align='left'>Nthmptn.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Dogod</td><td align='left'>Dogodeswel</td><td align='left'>Dowdswell</td><td align='left'>Glouc.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Domec</td><td align='left'>Domecesige</td><td align='left'>Dauntsey</td><td align='left'>Wilts.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Duceling</td><td align='left'>Duceling dun</td><td align='left'>Ducklington</td><td align='left'>Oxford.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Dunning</td><td align='left'>Dunnincland</td><td align='left'>Donyland</td><td align='left'>Essex.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Dideling</td><td align='left'>Didelingtun</td><td align='left'>Didlington</td><td align='left'>Dorset.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Eadric</td><td align='left'>Eadricestun</td><td align='left'>Edstone</td><td align='left'>Warw.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Eccing</td><td align='left'>Eccingtun</td><td align='left'>Eckington</td><td align='left'>Worc.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Eccle, or Egil</td><td align='left'>Eccleshale</td><td align='left'>Exhall</td><td align='left'>Warw.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Effing</td><td align='left'>Effingeham</td><td align='left'>Effingham</td><td align='left'>Surrey.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Erping</td><td align='left'>Erpingham</td><td align='left'>Erpingham</td><td align='left'>Norfolk.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Eof, or Eofa</td><td align='left'>Eofesham</td><td align='left'>Evesham</td><td align='left'>Worc.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Fecca</td><td align='left'>Feccanhom</td><td align='left'>Feckenham</td><td align='left'>Worc.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Flæda</td><td align='left'>Flædanburg</td><td align='left'>Fladbury</td><td align='left'>Worc.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Folc</td><td align='left'>Folcesstan</td><td align='left'>Folkstone</td><td align='left'>Kent.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Gidding</td><td align='left'>Giddincford</td><td align='left'>Gidding</td><td align='left'>Suffolk.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Gyseling</td><td align='left'>Gyselingham</td><td align='left'>Gislingham</td><td align='left'>Suffolk.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Godmer</td><td align='left'>Godmeresham</td><td align='left'>Godmersham</td><td align='left'>Kent.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Grim</td><td align='left'>Grimaston</td><td align='left'>Grimstone</td><td align='left'>Norfolk.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Gun or Gund</td><td align='left'>Gunthorpe</td><td align='left'>Gunthorp</td><td align='left'>Nthmptn.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Gyp</td><td align='left'>Gypeswich</td><td align='left'>Ipswich</td><td align='left'>Suffolk.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hauek</td><td align='left'>Hauekestun</td><td align='left'>Hauxton</td><td align='left'>Camb.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hæfar</td><td align='left'>Hæfaresham</td><td align='left'>Haversham</td><td align='left'>Bucks.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hamela</td><td align='left'>Hamelendûn</td><td align='left'>Hambledon</td><td align='left'>Hants.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hærigeard</td><td align='left'>Hærigeardesham</td><td align='left'>Harrietsham</td><td align='left'>Kent.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Haling</td><td align='left'>Halington</td><td align='left'>Hallington</td><td align='left'>Linc.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hanekyn</td><td align='left'>Hanekynton</td><td align='left'>Hankerton</td><td align='left'>Wilts.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hanning</td><td align='left'>Hanningtun</td><td align='left'>Hannington</td><td align='left'>Hants.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hæda</td><td align='left'>Hædanham</td><td align='left'>Haddenham</td><td align='left'>Camb.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Helming</td><td align='left'>Helmyngton</td><td align='left'>Hemington</td><td align='left'>Nthmptn.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Help</td><td align='left'>Helpestonne</td><td align='left'>Helpstone</td><td align='left'>Nthmptn.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hemming</td><td align='left'>Hemmingford</td><td align='left'>Hemingford Abbots</td><td align='left'>Hunts.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left' rowspan="2">Hengest</td><td align='left'>{ Hengesteshricg</td><td align='left'>Henstridge</td><td align='left'>Somerset.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>{ Hengestesige</td><td align='left'>Hinksey</td><td align='left'>Berks.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hild</td><td align='left'>Hildesdûn</td><td align='left'>Hillersdon</td><td align='left'>Bucks.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Heorulf</td><td align='left'>Heorelfestun</td><td align='left'>Harleston</td><td align='left'>Staff.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Heorting</td><td align='left'>Heortingtun</td><td align='left'>Hardington</td><td align='left'>Somerset.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Honekyn</td><td align='left'>Honekynton</td><td align='left'>Hankerton</td><td align='left'>Wilts.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Honing</td><td align='left'>Honingtun</td><td align='left'>Honington</td><td align='left'>Linc.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left' rowspan="2">Horning</td><td align='left'>{ Horningeseie</td><td align='left'>Horningsea</td><td align='left'>Camb.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>{ Horningges hæth</td><td align='left'>Horningsheath</td><td align='left'>Suffolk</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hôd</td><td align='left'>Hôdesâc</td><td align='left'>Hodsoak</td><td align='left'>Worc.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hunewald</td><td align='left'>Hunewaldesham</td><td align='left'>Windlesham</td><td align='left'>Surrey</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hunta</td><td align='left'>Huntandun</td><td align='left'>Huntingdon</td><td align='left'>Hants.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hwiting</td><td align='left'>Hwitingtun</td><td align='left'>Whittington</td><td align='left'>Worc.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Kyld</td><td align='left'>Kyldesby</td><td align='left'>Kilsby</td><td align='left'>Nthmptn.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Laua</td><td align='left'>Lauanham</td><td align='left'>Lavenham</td><td align='left'>Suffolk</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Lauing</td><td align='left'>Lauingtun</td><td align='left'>Barlavington</td><td align='left'>Sussex</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Lamb (Danish?)</td><td align='left'>Lambehith</td><td align='left'>Lambeth</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Lott</td><td align='left'>Lottisham</td><td align='left'>Lottisham</td><td align='left'>Somerset.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Mealdhelm</td><td align='left'>Mealdumesburg</td><td align='left'>Malmsbury</td><td align='left'>Wilts.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Myceld</td><td align='left'>Myceldefer</td><td align='left'>Mitcheldover</td><td align='left'>Hants.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left' rowspan="2">Mûl</td><td align='left'>{ Mûleseige</td><td align='left'>Moulsey</td><td align='left'>Surrey</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>{ Mûlesham</td><td align='left'>Moulsham</td><td align='left'>Essex</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Munda</td><td align='left'>Mundanham</td><td align='left'>Mundham</td><td align='left'>Sussex</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Neteling</td><td align='left'>Netelingtun</td><td align='left'>Nettleton</td><td align='left'>Wilts.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Offa</td><td align='left'>Offanleah</td><td align='left'>Offley</td><td align='left'>Herts.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Orlaf</td><td align='left'>Orlafestun</td><td align='left'>Orleston</td><td align='left'>Derby.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Orm (Danish)</td><td align='left'>Ormisby</td><td align='left'>Ormsby</td><td align='left'>Norfolk</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Osgot</td><td align='left'>Osgotbi</td><td align='left'>Osgodby</td><td align='left'>Linc.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Oshelming</td><td align='left'>Osmingtun</td><td align='left'>Osmington</td><td align='left'>Dorset</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Oswald</td><td align='left'>Oswaldeshlaw</td><td align='left'>Oswaldslow</td><td align='left'>Worc.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Pading</td><td align='left'>Padingtun</td><td align='left'>Paddington<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Parting</td><td align='left'>Partingtun</td><td align='left'>Patrington</td><td align='left'>Yorks.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Peda</td><td align='left'>Pedanhrycg</td><td align='left'>Petridge</td><td align='left'>Surrey</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Peada</td><td align='left'>Peadanwurth</td><td align='left'>Padworth</td><td align='left'>Berks.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Peatting</td><td align='left'>Peattingtun</td><td align='left'>Pattingham</td><td align='left'>Salop</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Pecga</td><td align='left'>Pecganham</td><td align='left'>Pagham</td><td align='left'>Sussex</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Peden</td><td align='left'>Pednesham</td><td align='left'>Pensham</td><td align='left'>Worc.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Piterich</td><td align='left'>Piterichesham</td><td align='left'>Petersham</td><td align='left'>Worc.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Port</td><td align='left'>Portesham</td><td align='left'>Portisham</td><td align='left'>Dorset.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Raculf</td><td align='left'>Raculfcestre</td><td align='left'>Reculver</td><td align='left'>Kent</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Remn<a name="FNanchor_42_42" id="FNanchor_42_42"></a><a href="#Footnote_42_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a> for Raven</td><td align='left'>Remnesdun</td><td align='left'>Ramsden</td><td align='left'>Sussex</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Rydemær, or Redmer</td><td align='left'>Rydemæreleah</td><td align='left'>Redmarley</td><td align='left'>Worc.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Riking</td><td align='left'>Rikinghal</td><td align='left'>Rickinghall</td><td align='left'>Suffolk</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ring</td><td align='left'>Ringestede</td><td align='left'>Ringstead</td><td align='left'>Norfolk</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Rodda</td><td align='left'>Roddanbeorg</td><td align='left'>Rodborough</td><td align='left'>Glouc.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Rolf, for</td><td align='left'>Rolfestun</td><td align='left'>Rolleston</td><td align='left'>Staffs.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Rodulf</td><td align='left'>Rollesby</td><td align='left'>Rollesby</td><td align='left'>Norfolk</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Sidel</td><td align='left'>Sidelesham</td><td align='left'>Sidlesham</td><td align='left'>Sussex</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Sceaft</td><td align='left'>Sceaftesbirig</td><td align='left'>Shaftesbury</td><td align='left'>Dorset.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Secg</td><td align='left'>Secgesbearue</td><td align='left'>Sedgeberrow</td><td align='left'>Worc.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Snodd</td><td align='left'>Snoddesbyrig</td><td align='left'>Upton Snodsbury</td><td align='left'>Worc.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Snoding</td><td align='left'>Snodingland</td><td align='left'>Snodland</td><td align='left'>Worc.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Sumer</td><td align='left'>Sumeresham</td><td align='left'>Somersham</td><td align='left'>Hunts.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Sumerled (Danish)</td><td align='left'>Sumerledetun</td><td align='left'>Somerleyton</td><td align='left'>Suffolk</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Sunna</td><td align='left'>Sunnandun</td><td align='left'>Sundon</td><td align='left'>Beds.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Swythbriht</td><td align='left'>Swythbrihtesweald</td><td align='left'>Sibbertswold</td><td align='left'>Kent</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Swithreding</td><td align='left'>Swithrædingden</td><td align='left'>Surrenden</td><td align='left'>Kent</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Sylc</td><td align='left'>Sylceswyrth</td><td align='left'>Silksworth</td><td align='left'>Durham</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Tadmær</td><td align='left'>Tadmærtun</td><td align='left'>Tadmarton</td><td align='left'>Oxford.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Tæfing</td><td align='left'>Tæfingstoc</td><td align='left'>Tavistock</td><td align='left'>Devon.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Teotting</td><td align='left'>Teottingtun</td><td align='left'>Teddington</td><td align='left'>Wor.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Taling</td><td align='left'>Talingtun</td><td align='left'>Tallington</td><td align='left'>Linc.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Toda</td><td align='left'>Todanhom</td><td align='left'>Toddenham</td><td align='left'>Glouc.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Toma</td><td align='left'>Tomanworthig</td><td align='left'>Tamworth</td><td align='left'>Warw.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Theogen</td><td align='left'>Theogendethorp</td><td align='left'>Theddlethorp</td><td align='left'>Linc.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Thunar</td><td align='left'>Thunresfeld</td><td align='left'>Thundersfield</td><td align='left'>Surrey</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ticen</td><td align='left'>Ticnesfeld</td><td align='left'>Tichfield</td><td align='left'>Hants.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Tidhelming</td><td align='left'>Tidelminctun</td><td align='left'>Tidmington</td><td align='left'>Worc.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Tilling</td><td align='left'>Tillingham</td><td align='left'>Tillingham</td><td align='left'>Essex</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Tocca</td><td align='left'>Toccanham</td><td align='left'>Tockenham</td><td align='left'>Wilts.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Toting</td><td align='left'>Totingtun</td><td align='left'>Tottington</td><td align='left'>Norfolk</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left' rowspan="2">Treding</td><td align='left'>{ Tredingtun</td><td align='left'>Tredington</td><td align='left'>Glouc.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>{ Tredinctun</td><td align='left'>Tredington</td><td align='left'>Worc.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Trosting</td><td align='left'>Trostingtun</td><td align='left'>Troston</td><td align='left'>Suffolk</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Tuding</td><td align='left'>Tudingtun</td><td align='left'>Teddington</td><td align='left'>Middlsx.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Tunweald</td><td align='left'>Tunwealdes stân</td><td align='left'>Tunstone</td><td align='left'>Glouc.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Turca</td><td align='left'>Turcanden</td><td align='left'>Turkdean</td><td align='left'>Glouc.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Twica</td><td align='left'>Tuicanham</td><td align='left'>Twickenham</td><td align='left'>Middlsx.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Thurgar (Danish)</td><td align='left'>Thurgartun</td><td align='left'>Thurgarton</td><td align='left'>Norfolk</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ufing</td><td align='left'>Ufinctun</td><td align='left'>Ovington</td><td align='left'>Hants.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wacen</td><td align='left'>Uacenesfeld</td><td align='left'>Watchfield</td><td align='left'>Berks.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Watling</td><td align='left'>Uætlinctun</td><td align='left'>Watlington</td><td align='left'>Oxford.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wassing</td><td align='left'>Wassingburg</td><td align='left'>Washingborough</td><td align='left'>Linc.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wald</td><td align='left'>Waldeswel</td><td align='left'>Woldswell</td><td align='left'>Glouc.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Weard</td><td align='left'>Weardesbeorh</td><td align='left'>Warborough</td><td align='left'>Oxford.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left' rowspan="2">Wifel</td><td align='left'>{ Wifeles cumb</td><td align='left'>Wiveliscomb</td><td align='left'>Somerset.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>{ Wifelesford</td><td align='left'>Wilsford</td><td align='left'>Wilts.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left' rowspan="2">Wilburg (Woman)</td><td align='left'>{ Wilburgeham</td><td align='left'>Wilbraham</td><td align='left'>Camb.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>{ Wilburhtun</td><td align='left'>Wilburton</td><td align='left'>Camb.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Willer</td><td align='left'>Willerseia</td><td align='left'>Willersey</td><td align='left'>Glouc.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Weogern</td><td align='left'>Weogernacester</td><td align='left'>Worcester</td><td align='left'>Worc.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left' rowspan="2">Wine</td><td align='left'>{ Uines hlau</td><td align='left'>Winslow</td><td align='left'>Bucks.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>{ Wines hyl</td><td align='left'>Winshill</td><td align='left'>Derby.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wrening</td><td align='left'>Wreningham</td><td align='left'>Wreningham</td><td align='left'>Norfolk</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Werot</td><td align='left'>Uurotaham</td><td align='left'>Wrotham</td><td align='left'>Kent<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wulfwarding</td><td align='left'>Wulfweardigleâ</td><td align='left'>Wolverley</td><td align='left'>Worc.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wendel, or Windel</td><td align='left'>Wendlesora, or Windlesora</td><td align='left'>Windsor</td><td align='left'>Berks.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The last name, Windsor, is an amusing instance of the older attempts at +local etymology. First it was supposed, as being an exposed spot, to +have taken its name from the "wind is sore;" then it was presumed that +it must have been a ferry, and that the name arose from the constant cry +of "wind us o'er" from those waiting to be ferried across. It was a +great step in advance when the next etymologist referred to the ancient +name and found it to be Windelsora, from <i>ora</i>, shore, (a contraction of +<i>ofer?</i>) Still, the etymon he deduced therefrom of "winding shore" is +one that could not be adopted without doing great violence to the word; +whereas, without the change of a letter, we have Windels ore, "Windel's +shore," most probably in the sense of landing-place. The name Windel +forms several other place-names; it was common in ancient times, and it +has been taken to mean Vandal. I refer to this more especially to +illustrate the importance of taking men's names into account in +considering the origin of a place-name.</p> + +<p>The above names are confined entirely, as I have before mentioned, to +the places that have been positively identified by Mr. Kemble. And as +these constitute but a small proportion of the whole number, the +comparison will serve to give an idea of the very great extent to which +place-names are formed from men's names.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span></p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_35_35" id="Footnote_35_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35_35"><span class="label">[35]</span></a> Cf. also Diormod, moneyer on Anglo-Saxon coins, minted +at Canterbury. There is, however, an Irish Diarmaid which +might in certain cases intermix, and whence we must take +<i>McDermott</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_36_36" id="Footnote_36_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36_36"><span class="label">[36]</span></a> I take Ealdermann to be, as elsewhere noted, a corruption +of Ealdmann.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_37_37" id="Footnote_37_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37_37"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> Mr. Kemble, in default of finding Hygelac as a man's +name in Anglo-Saxon times, has taken the above place-name +to be from the legendary hero of that name. The fact is, however, +that Hygelac occurs no fewer than four times as an early +man's-name in the <i>Liber Vitæ</i>, so that there does not seem to +be any reason whatever for looking upon it as anything else +than the every-day name of an Anglo-Saxon.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_38_38" id="Footnote_38_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38_38"><span class="label">[38]</span></a> From a similar origin is probably Shooter's Hill, near +London.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_39_39" id="Footnote_39_39"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39_39"><span class="label">[39]</span></a> There is also an A.S. Sæbriht, from <i>sæ</i>, sea, whence +<i>Seabright</i> might be derived.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_40_40" id="Footnote_40_40"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40_40"><span class="label">[40]</span></a> Upon the whole I am inclined to think that Woden is here +an Anglo-Saxon man's name, though the traces of it in such use +are but slight. There is a Richard Wodan in the <i>Lib. Vit.</i> +about the 15th century. And Wotan occurs once as a man's +name in the <i>Altdeutsches Namenbuch</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_41_41" id="Footnote_41_41"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41_41"><span class="label">[41]</span></a> Or Cyneburg; see p. <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_42_42" id="Footnote_42_42"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42_42"><span class="label">[42]</span></a> It seems clear from the names collated by German writers +that <i>ramn</i>, <i>remn</i>, and <i>ram</i> in ancient names are contractions of +raven. Compare the names of the ports, Soderhamn, Nyhamn, +and Sandhamn, for, no doubt, Soderhaven, Nyhaven, and +Sandhaven.</p></div> +</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VI" id="CHAPTER_VI"></a>CHAPTER VI.</h2> + +<p class="center">CORRUPTIONS AND CONTRACTIONS.</p> + + +<p>Corruptions may be divided broadly into two kinds, those which proceed +from a desire to improve the sound of a name, and those which proceed +from a desire to make some kind of sense out of it. The former, which we +may call phonetic, generally consists in the introduction of a letter, +either to give more of what we may call "backbone" to a word, or else to +make it run more smoothly. For the former purpose <i>b</i> or <i>p</i> is often +used—thus we have, even in Anglo-Saxon times, <i>trum</i> made into <i>trump</i>, +<i>sem</i> into <i>semp</i>, and <i>emas</i> into <i>embas</i>. So among our names we have +<i>Dumplin</i>, no doubt for Dumlin (O.G. Domlin), <i>Gamble</i> for Gamel, and +<i>Ambler</i> for Ameler, though in these names something of both the two +principles may apply. In a similar manner we have <i>glas</i> made into +<i>glast</i> in Glæstingabyrig, now Glastonbury (p. <a href="#Page_88">88</a>). So <i>d</i> seems +sometimes to be brought in to strengthen the end of a word, and this, it +appears to me, may be the origin of our names <i>Field</i>, <i>Fielding</i>, +<i>Fielder</i>. The forms seem to show an ancient stem, but as the word +stands, it is difficult to make anything out of it, whereas, as Fiell, +Fielling, &c.,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span> the names would fall in with a regular stem, as at +p. <a href="#Page_50">50</a>. So also our name <i>Hind</i> may perhaps be the same, assuming a final +<i>d</i>, as another name, <i>Hine</i>, which, presuming the <i>h</i> not to be +organic, may be from the unexplained stem <i>in</i> or <i>ine</i>, as in the name +of Ina, King of Wessex. In which case <i>Hyndman</i> might be the same name +as <i>Inman</i>. Upon the same principle it may be that we have the name +<i>Nield</i> formed upon the Celtic Niel. So also <i>f</i> appears to be sometimes +changed for a similar purpose into <i>p</i>, as in <i>Asprey</i> and <i>Lamprey</i> for +Asfrid (or Osfrid) and Landfrid. The ending <i>frid</i> commonly becomes +<i>frey</i> (as in Godfrey, Humphrey, Geoffrey), and when we have got Asfrey +and Lanfrey (and we have Lanfrei in the <i>Liber Vitæ</i>), the rest is easy.</p> + +<p>The most common phonetic intrusion is that of <i>r</i>, and one of the ways +in which it most frequently occurs is exhibited in the following group +of names: <i>Pendgast</i>, <i>Pendegast</i>, <i>Prendergast</i>, <i>Prendergrass</i>. +Pendgast is, I take it, an ancient compound, from the stem <i>bend</i> (p. +<a href="#Page_44">44</a>), with <i>gast</i>, hospes. It first takes a medial vowel between the two +words of the compound, and becomes Pend-e-gast. Then <i>e</i> naturally +becomes <i>er</i>, passing the very slight barrier which English +pronunciation affords, and the name, having become Pendergast, finds the +need of a second <i>r</i> to balance the first, and becomes Prendergast. In +the last name, Prendergrass, the other principle comes in, and a slight +effort is made to give a shade of meaning to the word.<a name="FNanchor_43_43" id="FNanchor_43_43"></a><a href="#Footnote_43_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a> One of the +features in men's<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span> names, it will be seen, is that as they have +(differently to what is the case with regard to the words of the +language) become crystallised in all stages, one is sometimes permitted +to see the various steps of a process.</p> + +<p>Now it is in such a way as that described above that the Anglo-Saxon +name Ealdermann (whence our name <i>Alderman</i>) has, according to my +opinion, been formed. There is another Anglo-Saxon name, Ealdmann, an +ancient compound. Now if you, as in the previous case, introduce a +medial vowel, and make it Eald-e-mann, there is virtually nothing left +between that and Ealdermann. Such a name, as derived from the office, +would be impossible as a regular Anglo-Saxon name. The only other +alternative would be that he had been so called as a <i>sobriquet</i> by his +office till it had superseded his regular name. And there does appear to +have been such a case, viz., that of a man called Preost who <i>was</i> a +priest, but the way which I have suggested seems to me to account more +easily for the name. From a similar origin I take to be our name +<i>Ackerman</i>, and the present German <i>Ackermann</i>. There is an Anglo-Saxon +Æcemann (p. <a href="#Page_96">96</a>), from which, on the principle described above, they +might be derived. So also <i>Sigournay</i> may be formed in a similar manner +from an old German name Siginiu (<i>niu</i>, "new," perhaps in the sense of +"young"), and <i>Alderdice</i> from an old Frankish Aldadeus (<i>deus</i>, +servant).</p> + +<p>I have taken Prendergast for Pendgast as an illustration of the +intrusion of <i>r</i>, and there is even in Anglo-Saxon times an example of +the very same<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span> word as so treated. This is the name Prentsa (p. <a href="#Page_101">101</a>), +(whence our <i>Prentiss</i>), and which I take to be properly Pentsa. This +would bring it in as a regular Anglo-Saxon stem (<i>Cf.</i> Penda, Pender, +Penduald, Pendwine), whereas otherwise it is difficult to know what to +make of it. Among English surnames thus treated we have <i>Bellringer</i> for +Bellinger, <i>Sternhold</i> for Stonhold (p. <a href="#Page_63">63</a>), <i>Proudfoot</i> for <i>Puddefoot</i> +(<i>bud</i>, messenger), and possibly <i>Cardwell</i> for the Anglo-Saxon +Cadweal.<a name="FNanchor_44_44" id="FNanchor_44_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_44_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a> On the same principle I think that <i>Wordsworth</i>, a name of +local origin, may be, with an intrusive <i>r</i>, the same as Wodsworth or +Wadsworth (Wad's property or estate). There is certainly a stem <i>wurd</i> +(supposed to mean fate, destiny), in ancient names, but it is of rare +occurrence, and I do not know of it in English names, though we have +<i>Orde</i>, which I take to be from the Scandinavian form of it. On the +other hand we have an instance in Anglo-Saxon times of the reverse +process, viz., the elision of <i>r</i>, in the case of Wihtbrord, Minister of +Edward the Elder, who, though he spells his names both ways, spells it +more frequently Wihtbrod, the other being no doubt etymologically the +correct form (<i>brord</i>, sword), though euphony is certainly promoted by +the elision. This may probably be the origin of our name <i>Whitbread</i>, +with the variation <i>Wheatbread</i>.</p> + +<p>The intrusion of <i>d</i> has had the effect of changing a man's name into a +woman's in two cases, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span><i>Mildred</i> and <i>Kindred</i>. The former should be +properly Milred, answering to an Anglo-Saxon Milred, and the latter +should be Kenred, answering to the German Conrad; Mildryd and Cynedryd +were, and could only be, Anglo-Saxon women's names.</p> + +<p>On the other hand, the loss of an <i>r</i> has had such a disastrous effect +in the case of an American <i>Bedbug</i> as to compel him to apply, like his +English namesake, for a change of name. For while, in America, all +insects of the beetle tribe are called by the name of "bug," the +"bedbug" is that particular insect which is a "terror by night," so that +the name was pointedly disagreeable. It ought properly to be, I doubt +not, Bedburg, a name of local origin, and the same as Bedborough.</p> + +<p>Before going on to deal with the corruptions which originate in the +desire to make some kind of sense out of a name, I propose to refer +briefly to some of the changes and contractions which are more strictly +in accordance with regular phonetic principles. I have referred at p. <a href="#Page_9">9</a> +to a final <i>g</i> as opposed to the English ear, and to two different ways +in which it is got rid of, viz., by changing it into <i>dg</i>, and by +dropping it altogether. There is yet a third way, that of changing it +into <i>f</i>, as in Anglo-Saxon <i>genug</i>, English <i>enough</i>. And we can show +examples of all these in the same name, from the ancient stem <i>wag</i>, +probably signifying to wave, brandish, as in the name Wagbrand +("wave-sword"), in the genealogy of the Northumbrian kings. For we have +the name in all four forms, <i>Wagg</i>, <i>Way</i>, <i>Wadge</i>, <i>Waugh</i> (Waff). The +common ending in Teutonic names of <i>wig</i>, war,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span> often, anciently even, +softened into <i>wi</i>, most commonly in such case becomes in our names +<i>way</i>. Thus we have <i>Alloway</i> from an ancient Alewih, <i>Chattoway</i> from +Ceatewe, <i>Dalloway</i> from Daliweh, <i>Galloway</i> from Geilwih, <i>Garroway</i> +from Gerwi, <i>Hathaway</i> from Hathuwi, <i>Kennaway</i> from Kenewi, <i>Lanoway</i> +from Lantwih, <i>Reddoway</i> from Redwi, and <i>Ridgway</i> from Ricwi. I cite +this as a case in which a number of coincidences prove a principle, +which the reader, if he confined his attention to one particular case, +might be disposed to question. We also generally drop the <i>g</i> in the +middle of a word in such names as <i>Payne</i>, from A.S. Pagen,<a name="FNanchor_45_45" id="FNanchor_45_45"></a><a href="#Footnote_45_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a> <i>Wain</i> +from A.S. Wahgen, <i>Gain</i> from A.S. Gagen, <i>Nail</i> from A.S. Negle. So +also in <i>Sibbald</i> for Sigebald, <i>Sibert</i> for Sigebert, <i>Seymore</i> for +Sigimar, <i>Wyatt</i> for Wighad, &c. There is also a frequent dropping of +<i>d</i>, though I think that in this case the names have more frequently +come down to us from ancient times in such contracted form, the practice +being more specially common among the Franks, from whom I think that +most of the names in question have been derived. Thus we have <i>Cobbold</i> +for Codbald or Godbold, <i>Cobbett</i> for Godbet or Codbet, <i>Lucas</i> (Lucas, +<i>Lib. Vit.</i>), from a Frankish Liucoz for Liudgoz, <i>Boggis</i> from a Boggis +for Bodgis, <i>Lewis</i> for Leodgis, <i>Rabbit</i> for Radbod, <i>Chabot</i> for +Chadbod. So also <i>Ralph</i> and <i>Rolfe</i> for Radulf and Hrodulf (though also +for Ragulf and Hrogulf), <i>Roland</i> for Rodland, <i>Roman</i> for Rodman, &c. +So <i>f</i> is often<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span> dropped when it is followed by <i>m</i> or <i>n</i>, as in A.S. +Leomman for Leofmann, whence our <i>Lemon</i>. It is probable that our +<i>Limmer</i> is a similar contraction of A.S. Leofmer.</p> + +<p>As a case of transposition I may note <i>Falstaff</i> from, as supposed, the +O.G. name Fastulf. It may be a question whether this is not an Old +Frankish name come to us through the Normans, for at Gambetta's funeral +the French Bar was represented by M. <i>Falsteuf</i>.</p> + +<p>I now come to corruptions which arise from the attempt to give to a name +something of an apparent meaning in English. Let me observe that, almost +as an invariable rule, corruptions are made towards a meaning and not +away from it; the ancient name Irminger might be corrupted into +Ironmonger, but Ironmonger could not be corrupted into Irminger. It is +natural to men to try to get some semblance of meaning out of a name, +and all the more that it approaches to something which has a familiar +sound to their ears. Thus H.M. ship, the <i>Bellerophon</i>, was called by +the sailors the "Billy Ruffian," and a vessel owned by a fore-elder of +mine, and which he christened the <i>Agomemnon</i>, invariably went among the +sailors by the name of the "Mahogany Tom." Thus the Anglo-Saxon Trumbald +has first become <i>Trumbull</i> and then <i>Tremble</i>, and as suggested by Mr. +Charnock, <i>Turnbull</i>. So we have the Old Norse name Thorgautr (Turgot, +<i>Domesday</i>) variously made into <i>Target</i> and into <i>Thoroughgood</i>.<a name="FNanchor_46_46" id="FNanchor_46_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_46_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a> In +some cases a very slight change suffices to give a new complexion<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span> to +the name, thus the Old Frankish Godenulf, (<i>ulf</i>, wolf), through a +Norman Godeneuf, is scarcely changed in our <i>Goodenough</i>. Similarly we +might have had Badenough (O.G. Badanulf), and Richenough (A.S. Ricnulf). +We have <i>Birchenough</i> (reminding us of Dr. Busby) no doubt from a name +of similar formation not yet turned up. Then we have several names as +<i>Garment</i>, <i>Rayment</i>, <i>Argument</i>, <i>Element</i>, <i>Merriment</i>, <i>Monument</i>, +from ancient names ending in <i>mund</i> or <i>munt</i>, supposed to mean +protection, with only the change of a letter. I have referred in an +earlier part of this chapter to the name Pendgast, and to the phonetic +corruptions to which it has been subjected. But it seems also to have +been subjected to a corruption of the other kind, for I take it that our +name <i>Pentecost</i> is properly Pentecast, as another or High German form +of Pendegast. Another case of a corruption easily made is that of our +name <i>Whitethread</i> which seems obviously the Anglo-Saxon name Wihtræd, +of which also we have another obvious corruption in <i>Whiterod</i>. So also +the Anglo-Saxon name Weogern, p. <a href="#Page_111">111</a> (more properly Wiggern, <i>wig</i>, war, +and <i>gern</i>, eager), by an easy transition becomes <i>Waghorn</i>. And in this +way also the paradoxical-looking name <i>Fairfoul</i>, by a slight change of +spelling, may be explained as Farefowl, "wandering bird," as a name +probably given by the Saxon or Danish sea-rovers.</p> + +<p>Let us take a name of a different kind, <i>Starbuck</i>, no doubt of local +origin, from the place called Starbeck in Yorkshire. Now beck is a +Northern word signifying brook; it is probably of Danish origin,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span> +inasmuch as its use precisely corresponds with the limits of the Danish +occupation. So long then as Starbeck lived in the north among his own +people, to whom <i>beck</i> is a familiar word, there would be no fear of his +name being corrupted. But when he migrated to a part of England where +<i>beck</i> has no meaning, then by and by the natural craving for some kind +of a meaning would assert itself, and, as the best it could do, change +<i>beck</i> into <i>buck</i>. But the name of the place itself affords an +illustration of the same principle. For <i>star</i> is in all probability the +same word as <i>stour</i>, so common as a river-name (Arm. ster, water, +river), made into <i>star</i> in the craving for some kind of a meaning.</p> + +<p>Let us take another name with the same ending, <i>Clutterbuck</i>, also, I +doubt not, a name of local origin, though I am unable in this case to +identify the place. But <i>clutter</i> seems evidently to be from the +Anglo-Saxon, <i>hluttor</i>, clear, pure, limpid, and the word must have been +<i>hluttorbeck</i>, "clear brook," so that this is another case of a similar +corruption. The Anglo-Saxons, no doubt, strongly aspirated the initial +<i>h</i>, so that the name has become Clutterbuck.</p> + +<p>Another name which may be taken to be of the same kind is <i>Honeybun</i>, no +doubt a corruption of another name <i>Honeyburn</i>, from <i>burn</i>, a brook, +<i>honey</i> being apparently used by the Anglo-Saxons as an epithet to +describe sweet waters. But to the modern ear Honey<i>bun</i> is a much more +natural association than Honey<i>burn</i>, particularly since the Anglo-Saxon +<i>burn</i> for <i>brook</i> has passed out of use in England.</p> + +<p>Among the Germans, corruptions towards a meaning<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span> are also common, as in +such names as <i>Guttwein</i> for Godwine or Gotwine, <i>Warmbadt</i> for +Warinbod, <i>Leutenant</i> for Liutnand (<i>liud</i>, people, <i>nant</i>, daring). +There is a curious-looking and seemingly profane name <i>Heiliggheist</i>, as +if from the third person of the Trinity, which may, however, be a +corruption of an ancient name, perhaps of the name Haldegast.</p> + +<p>The odd-looking names <i>Oyster</i> and <i>Oysterman</i> in <i>Suffolk Surnames</i> are +probably the German names Oster and Ostermann (<i>oster</i>, orientalis) in +an anglicised form, the marvellous power of assimilation possessed by +the great Republic evincing itself, among other things, in the way in +which it anglicises foreign names. Thus the name <i>Crumpecker</i>, placed by +Bowditch among names from birds, is, we can hardly doubt, a corruption +of a German Krumbacher, <i>i.e.</i> "a native of Krumbach," of which name +there are several places in Germany. So also the ending <i>thaler</i> in +German names, from <i>thal</i>, valley, is changed into "dollar" as its +supposed equivalent. Hence the Americans have <i>Milldolar, Barndollar</i>, +and <i>Cashdollar</i>, corruptions of some such German names as Mühlthaler, +Bernthaler, and Käsenthaler, signifying an inhabitant respectively of +Mühlthal, of Bernthal, and of Käsenthal. It would seem as if a man +coming to this new world, where everything around him is +changed—presumably for the better—accepts it as, among other things, a +part of the new dispensation, that whereas his name has hitherto been, +say Käsenthaler, he shall henceforth answer to the name—perhaps not an +inauspicious one—of Cashdollar.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span></p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_43_43" id="Footnote_43_43"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43_43"><span class="label">[43]</span></a> There is another name <i>Snodgrass</i>, which may be a similar +corruption of Snodgast, from the stem <i>snod</i>, A.S. <i>snot</i>, wise.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_44_44" id="Footnote_44_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44_44"><span class="label">[44]</span></a> This however is by no means certain, inasmuch as there is +a stem <i>card</i> or <i>gard</i> from which it might be formed, though the +corresponding ancient name has not turned up. On the other +hand it is to be observed that <i>wealh</i> is not one of the more +common endings.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_45_45" id="Footnote_45_45"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45_45"><span class="label">[45]</span></a> Pagan occurs as an A.S. name, (<i>Thorpe</i>, p. 648), and may +probably be referred to <i>bagan</i>, to contend. <i>Cf.</i> also Pagingas +among the early settlers.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_46_46" id="Footnote_46_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46_46"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> According, no doubt, as the ancient name appeared as +Thorgaut or Thorgaud.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VII" id="CHAPTER_VII"></a>CHAPTER VII.</h2> + +<p class="center">THE OLD FRANKS AND THE PRESENT FRENCH.</p> + + +<p>To any one who takes note of the large proportion of French Christian +names which are of German origin, the question, one would think, might +naturally suggest itself—If such be the case with Christian names, may +it not also be the case with regard to surnames? The Christian names +<i>Albert</i>, <i>Adolphe</i>, <i>Alfonse</i>, <i>Charles</i>, <i>Claude</i>, <i>Edouard</i>, +<i>Edmonde</i>, <i>Ferdinand</i>, <i>Gerard</i>, <i>Henri</i>, <i>Louis</i>, <i>Philibert</i>, +<i>Robert</i>, <i>Richarde</i>, <i>Rudolfe</i>, <i>Guillaume</i>, and the women's <i>Adèle</i>, +<i>Clotilde</i>, <i>Louise</i>, <i>Mathilde</i>, <i>Hélöise</i>, and many others, serve to +remind us that the French have come of the Franks. That the same holds +good also of French surnames I have in a previous work endeavoured to +prove in considerable detail, and I will not go over the ground again +further than at the end of this chapter to present as an illustration of +my views upon the subject one or two stems complete with their branches.</p> + +<p>The Franks being a branch of a High German, and the Saxons of a Low +German stock, it follows that French names, as compared with English, +should, in names of Teutonic origin, exhibit High German forms<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span> in +comparison with our Low German. One of these differences is, for +instance, <i>au</i> for <i>ea</i>, as in German auge, Anglo-Saxon, <i>eage</i>, +English, <i>eye</i>. Thus the Anglo-Saxon <i>ead</i>, happiness, prosperity, so +common in men's names, is in Frankish represented by <i>aud</i>, or +<i>od</i>—hence the name of the Norman bishop Odo is the counterpart of an +Anglo-Saxon Eada or Eda, and the name of the Lombard king Audoin +(Audwin), is the counterpart of the Anglo-Saxon Eadwin. It will be seen +then that the French Christian name <i>Edouard</i> is not a true Frankish +form—the proper form is shown in two French surnames, <i>Audouard</i> and +<i>Audevard</i>. I cannot account for the particular case of this Christian +name on any other ground than that simply of euphony. The corresponding +Italian Christian name, <i>Odoardo</i>, come to them through the Franks or +the Lombards, represents, it will be seen, the proper High German form. +The High German forms, then, that appear in English names may be taken +to a great extent to represent Old Frankish names that have come to us +through the Normans. But the number of such names appears to be greater +than could reasonably be thus accounted for, and moreover we seem, as I +have noted at p. <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, to have had such forms even in Anglo-Saxon times, +<i>e.g.</i> both the forms <i>ead</i> or <i>ed</i>, and <i>aud</i> or <i>od</i>, in the names of +our early settlers. And it appears to me therefore that Lappenberg's +theory that Franks, Lombards, and Frisians were among the early +settlers, is one that deserves most careful consideration. And I propose +at present to deal with the subject, so far as the Franks are concerned, +and to trace out to the best of my ability, the Frankish forms that seem +to present<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span> themselves in Anglo-Saxon times, and also in our existing +surnames. In so doing, I wish to disclaim any assumption of philological +knowledge such as might be implied by dealing with the niceties of +ancient dialects. All that I proceed upon is this—I find from German +writers that certain forms prevailed in Frankish names, and I compare +them with certain forms apparently of the same kind which I find in +Anglo-Saxon times.</p> + +<p>Now the ancient Frankish speech, along with the ordinary characteristics +of a High German dialect, had some special peculiarities of its own, and +it is through these that we have the best chance of obtaining +satisfactory indications. Of these there are three forms in particular, +with each of which I propose to deal in turn, placing at the head the +group of surnames which I take to owe their origin to this source. And +as assisting to throw light upon the subject I have in some cases +introduced the present French names corresponding.</p> + + +<p class="center">CHAD, CHATTO, CHATTING, CHADDOCK, CHABOT, CHADBORN, CHADMAN, CHADWICK, +CHATTOWAY, CHATWIN, CHATWOOD, CHARD, CHART, CHARTER, CHAIN, CHANEY, +CHILDAR, CHILDREN, CHILL, CHILLMAN, CHILLMAID, CHUBB, CHUBBACK, CHOPPIN.</p> + +<p>One of the peculiarities of the Frankish dialect especially during the +Merovingian period, was the prefix of <i>c</i> before names beginning with +<i>h</i>, as in Childebert and Childeric for Hildebert and Hilderic. Of this +there seem to be considerable traces in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span> Anglo-Saxon times, as will be +seen from the following:—</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Chad</i> for <i>had</i>, war.</p> + +<p>A.S. Chad, bishop of Lichfield—Ceada, found in Ceadanford—Cedda, found +in Ceddanleah—Frankish, Chaddo. Eng. Chad, Chatto.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Diminutive.</i></p> + +<p>Frnk. Chadichus. Eng. Chaddock.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Patronymic.</i></p> + +<p>Eng. Chatting.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Compounds.</i></p> + +<p>(<i>Bad</i>, war), Frnk. Chadbedo, Chabedo—Eng. Chabot.<a name="FNanchor_47_47" id="FNanchor_47_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_47_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a> (<i>Wine</i>, +friend), Frnk. Chaduin—Eng. Chadwin, Chatwin. (<i>Wig</i>, war), A.S. +Chatewe (<i>wi</i> for wig) found in Ceatewesleah—Eng. Chadwick, Chattoway.</p> + +<p>(We have also the other form Hathaway, O.G. Hathuwi, to compare with +Chattaway.)</p> + +<p>Then we have a stem <i>chard, chart</i>, which it seems to me may be a +similar Frankish form of <i>hard</i> or <i>hart</i>, durus, fortis, a very common +stem for men's names.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Chard</i> for <i>hard</i>.</p> + +<p>A.S. Cerda (Cherda) found in Cerdanhlæw. Ceorta, found in Ceortan +stapol. Ceort, found in Ceortesege, now Chertsey. Eng. Chard, Chart.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Diminutive.</i></p> + +<p>A.S. Cerdic, king of Wessex. Also Ceardic, found in Ceardices beorh.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Compound.</i></p> + +<p>(<i>Har</i>, warrior), Frnk. Charterius—Eng. Charter.</p> + +<p>In the next group, <i>child</i> for <i>hild</i>, war, the Anglo-Saxon names seem +rather uncertain, and though the Franks had many names from it, I only +find one to compare in that form.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Child</i> for <i>hild</i>, war.</p> + +<p>A.S. Cild, found in Cildeswic—Cilta found in Ciltancumb, now Chilcomb +in Hants—Frnk. Childi, Cheldio, Chillo—Eng. Child, Chill.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Compounds.</i></p> + +<p>(<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. Hilder—Eng. Childar. (<i>Man</i>, vir), O.G. +Hildman—Childman, <i>Hund</i>. <i>Rolls</i>—Eng. Chillman, French, Chilman. +(<i>Mod</i>, courage), O.G. Hildemod—Eng. Chillmaid. (<i>Ran</i>, raven), Frnk. +Childerannus—Eng. Children.</p> + +<p>We have a number of other names beginning with <i>ch</i>, which might with +more or less certainty be brought in here, as Chaine comparing with an +A.S. Chen, found in Chenestun, and with a Frankish Chaino for Chagno +(Hagen-spinosus). Also Chubb and Choppin comparing with the Ceopingas +(Chopingas) in Kemble's list. He has also Hoppingas and Upingas, +different forms I take it, of the same name, and upon these might be +formed by the prefix in question, the form Ceopingas. Compare also the +present French names, Choupe, Chopin, Chopard.</p> + +<p class="center">CLAUDE, CLOADE, CLODD, CLOUD, CLOUT, CLUCAS, CLOUDMAN, CLOUTMAN, +CLOTHIER. CROAD, CROWD, CROWDY, CRUTE, CROTTY, CRUDEN, CROWDER, CROGER. +CROKE, CROCK, CROOKE, CROTCH, CRUTCH, CROKER. CREED, CREEDY, CRIDDLE.</p> + +<p>Another peculiarity of the Frankish dialect was the change of <i>hl</i> at +the beginning of a name into <i>cl</i> or <i>chl</i>,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span> and <i>hr</i> into <i>cr</i> or +<i>chr</i>. Hence the names of the Frankish kings Clothar, Chlodomir, and +Clodowich, for Hlothar, Hlodomir, and Hlodowich. Of this form there +appear to be considerable traces in Anglo-Saxon times; there are three +names in Kemble's list of early settlers which may find a place here, +the Crangas, the Cramlingas, and the Crucgingas. The name Crangas, as it +stands, is difficult to deal with, and I should suppose it to be +properly either Cringas or Craningas—in the former case from <i>hring</i>, +circle, perhaps in the sense of shield—in the latter from <i>chrann</i>, as +a Frankish form of <i>raban</i> or raven, Cf. Chrannus in the genealogy of +the Merovingian kings. Cramlingas again compares with a Frankish name +Chramlin from the same stem, while Crucgingas seems to be a Frankish +form of Rucingas, also on Kemble's list.</p> + +<p>The first group of names, Claude, Cloud, &c., are referred to O.H.G. +<i>laut</i>, loud, in the supposed sense of famous.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Clod</i> for <i>hlod</i>, fame.</p> + +<p>A.S. Clodd (found in Cloddes heal), Clott (found in Clottismôr), Clud +(found in Cludesleah)<a name="FNanchor_48_48" id="FNanchor_48_48"></a><a href="#Footnote_48_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a>—Frnk. Chlodio, Cludio, 5th cent.—Eng. +Claude, Cloade, Clodd, Cloud, Clout.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Compounds.</i></p> + +<p>(<i>Gis</i> or <i>kis</i>, hostage), O.G. Hludokis—Eng. Clukas (for Cludkis?). +(<i>Hari</i>, warrior), Frnk. Clothar, Chluthar—Eng. Clothier, Clutter. +(<i>Man</i>, vir), Eng. Cloudman, Cloutman (for which no ancient equivalents +as yet turn up.)<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span></p> + +<p>The next group, Croad, Crowd, &c., may be referred to <i>hrod</i>, glory, the +stem from which are formed Robert, Roland, Roger, &c.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Crod</i> for <i>hrod</i>.</p> + +<p>A.S. Cruda, found in Crudan sceat—Frnk. Chrodo, Crodio—Eng. Croad, +Crowd, Crowdy, Croot, Crout.</p> + + +<p class="center">Ending in <i>en</i>, p. <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</p> + +<p>Frnk. Chrodin—Eng. Cruden.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Compounds.</i></p> + +<p>(<i>Har</i>, warrior), Frnk. Chrodohar—Eng. Crowder. (<i>Gar</i>, spear), Frnk. +Crodeger—Eng. Croger (=Roger). (<i>Mar</i>, famous), A.S. Cruddemor, found +in Cruddemores lacu—Frnk. Chrodmar—Eng. Cromar.</p> + +<p>The next group, Croke, Crock, &c., are from a stem <i>hroc</i>, the +root-meaning of which seems to be the same as Eng. <i>croak</i>, and the idea +of which, as in some other stems (see <i>im</i> in voce Emma), may probably +be that of strength, fierceness, or huge stature, derived from a harsh +and gruff voice. Cf. O.N. <i>hrokr</i>, vir fortis et grandis.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Crock</i> for <i>hroc</i>.</p> + +<p>A.S. Crucga, found in Crucgingas; Croch, found in Crochestun, now +Croxton in Norf.—Frnk. Crocus, Cruccus—Eng. Croke, Crock, Crooke, +Crotch, Crutch.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Compounds.</i></p> + +<p>(<i>Her, heri</i>, warrior), O.G. Roacheri—Eng. Croker, Crocker. Eng. +Crockett might represent a Frankish Crochad or Crochat (<i>had</i>, war), not +turned up.</p> + +<p>Perhaps from a similar origin may be the name of Crida or Creoda, king +of Mercia, as representing a stem, <i>hrad</i>, or <i>hred</i> (O.H.G. <i>hradi</i>, +celer), whence<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span> probably the Hræda in the Traveller's Song. Kemble has +two tribe-names, Creotingas and Cridlingas (the latter, derived from a +place in Yorkshire, being perhaps doubtful so far as regards the tribe, +though a man's name all the same).</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Crad</i> for <i>hrad</i>.</p> + +<p>A.S. Creoda, found in Creodan âc, Creodan hyl, Creodan treow—Cridda, +found in Criddan wyl—Cridd, found in Criddes hô—Creota, found in +Creotingas—Cretta, <i>lib. vit.</i>—Eng. Creed, Creedy.</p> + + +<p class="center">Ending in <i>el</i>.</p> + +<p>A.S. Cridel, found in Cridlingas—Eng. Criddle.</p> + +<p>Perhaps the most characteristic peculiarity of the Frankish dialect is +the prefix of <i>g</i>, or its sharper form <i>c</i>, before names beginning with +<i>w</i>.<a name="FNanchor_49_49" id="FNanchor_49_49"></a><a href="#Footnote_49_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a> Hence it is that the French have such a word as guerre +(=gwerre) which is <i>g</i> prefixed to a German <i>wer</i> or <i>war</i>. And such +names as Guillaume, Gualtier, and Guiscard, which are from <i>g</i> prefixed +to Wilhelm, Walter, and Wiscard (our Wishart). Hence, also, such a +place-name as Quillebœuf in Normandy, being, with a <i>c</i> prefixed, the +same, I take it, as an English Willaby (<i>bœuf</i>, as Mr. Taylor has +shown, representing the Danish <i>by</i>). I have referred, p. <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, to the +name Cwichelm for Wighelm or Wichelm as a strongly-marked Frankish form, +but I cannot say that I find such forms generally prevalent in +Anglo-Saxon times. Kemble has three tribe-names in this form, +Cwædringas, Cwæringas, and Queningas. The Cwædringas answer to the +Wætringas, and the Wedringas, both<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span> also on Kemble's list, and both, I +take it, different forms of the same name; the Cwæringas to the Wæringas +and the Werringas, also different forms of the same name; the Queningas +to the Weningas or the Winingas. One or two of our names beginning with +<i>gw</i>, as Gwilliams, Gwatkin, and perhaps Gwalter, are probably due to +the Welsh, of which this prefix is also a characteristic. As +representing the Frankish form, we have more names in the sharper form +cw, which is represented by <i>q</i>. Under the present head comes the name +of the highest lady in the land, <i>Guelph</i> (further referred to in next +chapter), being a Frankish form of Welf (O.H.G. <i>hwelf</i>; Eng. <i>whelp</i>). +The names <i>Welp</i>, <i>Whelps</i>, and <i>Guelpa</i>, appear in <i>Suff. Surn.</i>, but +whether English or not does not appear.</p> + +<p class="center">QUARE, QUARY, QUARRY, QUEAR, QUERY, QUARRIER, QUARMAN. QUIDDY, QUITMAN, +QUITTACUS. QUIG, QUICK, QUY, QUIGGLE, GWYER, QUIER, QUIRE. GUILLE, +GUILY, QUILL, QUILKE, GWILLAM, QUILLMAN, QUILLINAN. GUINEY, QUIN, QUEEN, +QUEENEY, GUINAN, QUINAN, QUEENAN, QUINER. QUAIL, QUALEY, QUINT. QUAINT, +QUANTOCK. GWILT, QUILT, QUILTY, QUILTER, QUAKER, QUASH.</p> + +<p>The meaning of the stem <i>war</i> is very uncertain; Foerstemann proposes +five different words, without including O.H.G. <i>werra</i>, Eng. <i>war</i>, and +it seems very probable that there may be a mixture of different words.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Gwar, cwar</i>, for war.</p> + +<p>A.S. Cwara, found in Cwæringas—Frnk. Guario—Eng. Quare, Quary, Quarry, +Quear, Query—French Querrey.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Compounds.</i></p> + +<p>(<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. Warher—Eng. Quarrier. (<i>Man</i>, vir), O.G. +Warman—Eng. Quarman—French Guermain.</p> + +<p>The stem <i>wid</i>, on which is formed <i>guid</i> and <i>cwid</i>, may perhaps be +referred to O.H.G. <i>wid</i>, wood, in the sense of weapon (see next chapter +<i>in voce</i> Guido), though in this case also there may probably be a +mixture of words.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Gwid, cwid</i>, for <i>wid</i>.</p> + +<p>Frnk. Guid, Guido, Quido—Eng. Quiddy—French, Guidé.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Compounds.</i></p> + +<p>(<i>Man</i>, vir), O.G. Witman—Eng. Quitman. (Gis, hostage), O.G. +Witichis—Eng. Quittacus (<i>Suff. Surn.</i>).</p> + +<p>The stem <i>wig</i> or <i>wic</i>, on which are formed <i>gwig</i> and <i>cwic</i>, may be +taken to be from <i>wig</i>, war.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Gwig</i>, <i>cwic</i>, for <i>wig</i>, <i>wic</i>.</p> + +<p>Frnk. Gwigo—Eng. Quig, Quick, Quy—Fr. Guiche, Quyo.</p> + + +<p class="center">Ending in <i>el</i>.</p> + +<p>O.G. Wigilo—Eng. Quiggle.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Compound.</i></p> + +<p>O.G. Wigger, Wiher—Eng. Gwyer, Quier, Quire.</p> + +<p>The stem <i>will</i>, on which are formed <i>guill</i> and <i>cwill</i>, may be +referred to Goth. <i>wilya</i>, will, perhaps, in the sense of resolution.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Guil, cwil</i>, for <i>will</i>.</p> + +<p>Frnk. Guila—Eng. Guille, Guily, Quill—Fr. Guille, Quille.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Diminutive</i></p> + +<p>O.G. Willic—Eng. Quilke—Fr. Quillac.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Compounds.</i></p> + +<p>(<i>Helm</i>, helmet), Frnk. Guilhelm—Eng. Gwillam—Fr. Guillaume. (<i>Man</i>, +vir), O.G. Wilman—Eng. Quillman—Fr. Guillemain. (<i>Nand</i>, daring), O.G. +Willinand—Eng. Quillinan.</p> + +<p>I am inclined, from the way in which the names run into each other, to +take <i>cwen</i> and <i>cwin</i> to be one and the same stem, and to refer them to +A.S. <i>wine</i>, friend.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Gwin, cwin, cwen</i>, for <i>win</i>.</p> + +<p>A.S. Cwena, found in Cweningas; Quena, found in Quenanden—Frnk. Guuine, +Quino—Eng. Guiney, Quin, Queen, Queeney—Fr. Gueneau, Quenay, Quineau.</p> + + +<p class="center">Ending in <i>en</i>, p. <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</p> + +<p>A.S. Cwenen, found in Cwenenabrôc—Eng. Guinan, Quinan, Queenan—Fr. +Guenin.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Compounds.</i></p> + +<p>(<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. Winiheri—Eng. Quiner—Fr. Guinier, Guinery, +Quinier. (<i>Bert</i>, famous), Frnk. Quinabert—Eng. Guinibert.</p> + +<p>From the Ang.-Sax. <i>wealh</i>, stranger, foreigner, may be the following +stem:</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Gual, cwal</i>, for <i>wal</i>.</p> + +<p>Frnk. Gualo, Guala—Eng. Quail, Qualey—Fr. Guala.</p> + +<p>Then there are some other stems not sufficiently represented to make it +worth while to put them into a tabular form, as Quint, a Frankish form +of Wind (the stem being supposed to mean Wend), with the present French, +Quinty. Also Quaint and Quantock, representing Old German names, Wando +and Wendico, the stem being perhaps as in the previous case. And<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span> Gwilt, +Quilt, Quilty, and Quilter, which seem to be formed similarly on Wild +(ferus) and Wilder. Also Quart for Ward or Wart, and perhaps Quaker for +Waker and Quash for Wass (as in Washington from Wassingation).</p> + +<p>With regard to this last Frankish peculiarity, which I conceive not to +be of such ancient date as the preceding ones, I am inclined to suppose +that the greater part of the English names in which it appears have come +to us through the Normans. And with regard to the others I would venture +the general remark that inasmuch as the Anglo-Saxons in all probability +more or less aspirated an initial <i>h</i>, it would perhaps be going too far +to conclude that, in all cases where it has been hardened into a <i>c</i>, +Frankish influence is necessarily to be presumed. Still, I think that +the general result of the comparison which I have instituted, more +especially considering the comparatively limited area from which the +Anglo-Saxon examples have been drawn, is such as to give considerable +support to the theory that Franks were among the early settlers.</p> + +<p>Besides the names of Old Frankish, <i>i.e.</i> German origin, which have come +to us through the Normans, we have also received from them some names, +mostly of a religious character, from the Latin, and from the Hebrew. I +have even ventured to suggest, in the next chapter, that it is to the +Franks that the Italians are indebted for the name of Dante (Durante) +from Lat. <i>durans</i>. More certainly it is from them that the +corresponding name <i>Durand</i> has come to us. The early Frankish +Christians adopted several such names,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span> some from the Latin, as +Stabilis, Clarus, Celsus, Electus (perhaps in some cases from the names +of Roman saints), some from the Hebrew, not only scriptural names of men +and women, but also such words as Pasc (passover), Seraphim, Osanna, +&c., and these they often mixed up with the Old German words to which +they had been accustomed, the names of the Apostles Peter and Paul being +so dealt with, and even the name of Christ himself. This probably arose +from the desire of parents to connect the names of their children with +their own, as seems clearly shown in the case of a woman called Electa, +who gives to her two children the same name with a German addition, +calling one Electard, and the other Electrudis. From one of these hybrid +Frankish names, Clarembald, come our <i>Claringbold</i> and <i>Claringbull</i> and +the French <i>Clérambault</i>. From the above word, <i>pasc</i>, we have <i>Pascoe</i>, +<i>Paske</i>, and <i>Pash</i>, and the French have <i>Pasquin</i>, corresponding with a +Frankish Pascoin (Pascwin). There is one Richard Osannas, a witness to +an acquittance in the later Anglo-Saxon times, the name being probably +from the Frankish Osanna, which seems, however, to have been originally +a woman's name. In the same charter occurs also Jordan, another of these +old Frankish names, taken presumably from the river—whence I take to be +our <i>Jordan</i>, and the French <i>Jordan</i>, <i>Jourdan</i>, and <i>Jourdain</i>, +probably also the name of the Dutch painter <i>Jordaens</i>. The name Crist, +which seems most probably from this origin (Cristeus in the <i>Pol. Irm.</i>) +is not very uncommon in France; it occurs also in Germany, and though I +have not met with it in England, yet<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span> Bowditch gives it as the name of a +member of the New York legislature, where it may, however, possibly be +German. It is rather amusing to see how the learned Germans are +occasionally a little mystified by these Old Frankish Scriptural names. +Stark, for instance, sets down Elisaba (Elischeba, the Hebrew form, I +take it, of Elisabeth) as Celtic, and Foerstemann, excusably perhaps, is +posed with Erispa (Rispah, the daughter of Aiah?), though I think he +might have guessed Osanna.</p> + +<p>Before concluding this chapter I may refer to the <i>Roll of Battle +Abbey</i>, containing the names of the principal Normans who came over with +the Conqueror. This has been severely impugned by some excellent +antiquaries on the ground that some of the names are, on the face of +them, regular English names, and such as could not reasonably be +supposed to have been borne by Normans. And hence it has been supposed +that interpolations must have been made to gratify the vanity of certain +families who wished their names to appear in the Roll. This in itself +does not seem an improbable suspicion, and I do not desire to go into +the question further than to express the opinion that so far as the +names themselves are concerned, there is not one that might not be a +genuine Norman name. Indeed, the undisguised English form of some of +them is to me rather a proof of the honesty of the scribe, for it would +have been so easy to have given them a thin Norman disguise. The +suspicious-seeming names are of two kinds, names which appear to be from +English place-names, as Argentoune, Chaworth, Newborough,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span> Sanford, +Valingford, Harewell; and names which seem to be from English surnames +of occupation, or description, as Hayward, Archere, Loveday. The former +did present a genuine difficulty, and did justify suspicion till now +that Mr. Taylor's discovery of an area in the north of France full of +regular Anglo-Saxon place-names, and no doubt settled by Anglo-Saxons, +has disclosed the source from which they could be derived. I opine then +that the English scribe has done nothing more in the case of such names +than restore them to the original form from which they had been more or +less corrupted. Nor indeed has he done it to as great an extent as he +might have done, for I find several others which may be brought back to +an Anglo-Saxon form, and it may be of some little interest to take a few +of these Norman surnames derived from place-names of the kind discovered +by Mr. Taylor, and compare them with corresponding Anglo-Saxon +place-names in England. I will take the names ending in <i>uil</i>, "well," +of which the scribe has Anglicised one (Harewell), and show how many +more there might have been. We have Bereneuile and Boranuile, +corresponding with A.S. Bernewell (now Barnwell, in Northamptonshire), +from A.S. <i>brune</i>, brook, of which the well might be the source. Then we +have Rinuuill, corresponding with an A.S. Runawel (now, Runwell in +Essex), <i>i.e.</i> a running or flowing well, Berteuilay corresponding with +A.S. Beorhtanwyl (now Brightwell, in Oxfordshire), and Vauuruile with an +A.S. Werewell (now Wherwell, in Hants), an inclosed well; from A.S. +<i>w[^œ]r</i>, inclosure. Then we have Beteruile<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span> comparing with an A.S. +Buterwyel (Butterwell, butter and honey being used apparently to +describe sweet waters), Greneuile (Greenwell), and Glateuile, probably +from A.S. <i>glade</i>, brook, and so same as Bernewell.</p> + +<p>With respect to the second class of suspected names, such as Hayward, +Archere, and Loveday, these are all Old Frankish names, and the +resemblance to anything English is only an accident. Hayward represents +an ancient Agward or Egward, and would be more properly Ayward, though +we find it as Hayward (see p. <a href="#Page_99">99</a>) even in Anglo-Saxon times. So also +Archere (see p. <a href="#Page_42">42</a>) and Loveday (p. <a href="#Page_57">57</a>) fall into their places as +ancient Frankish names. Such names again as Brown and Gray, though a +little Anglicised in spelling, are names common to the whole Teutonic +system, and, as far as we are concerned, both came in with the Saxons, +being found in Kemble's list of original settlers.</p> + +<p>I do not think it necessary to go more at length into the ancient +Frankish names contained in that Roll, but before leaving the subject I +would call attention to some of the names derived from the Danish +place-names of Normandy. There are four names, Dabitott, Leuetot, +Lovetot, and Tibtote (our name <i>Tiptoft</i>), from the ending <i>tot</i>, which, +as Mr. Taylor has shown, represents the Scandinavian <i>toft</i>. And two +names, Duilby and Linnebey, representing the Danish <i>by</i>; house, +habitation, village, so common in Yorkshire and Lincolnshire; also two +more, Braibuf and Olibef, with the ending <i>buf</i> or <i>bœuf</i>, which, as +Mr. Taylor has shown, also represents the Danish <i>by</i>, Olibef being, +perhaps, Olafby, from the Danish name Olaf.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span> Seeing this to be the case, +I venture to hint a suspicion as to the redoubtable name Front-de-bœuf, +and to suggest that it may after all be properly nothing more than one +of these Norman place-names ending in <i>bœuf</i>. Such a name as, for +instance, Frodebœuf, from a Danish man's name, Frodi, might give it. On +the other hand, the plebeian-looking name <i>Chassebœuf</i>, which Volney is +said to have changed rather than have it supposed that any one of his +ancestors had been a cow-boy, is, I doubt not, from a similar origin. +Such a name as Shaftsby (from the Anglo-Saxon man's name Shaft) would, +when <i>by</i> became corrupted into <i>bœuf</i>, naturally be made into +Chassebœuf. I take, however, the name <i>Lebœuf</i> to be from a different +origin, viz. from a Frankish Libolf or Liubolf. There is yet one more +name, Lascales (our <i>Lascelles</i>), which I think may be also from a +Danish place-name, the word <i>scale</i> (O.N. <i>skali</i>, a wooden hut) being +common, particularly in the Lake District—in Cumberland and +Westmoreland.</p> + +<p>I purpose to conclude this chapter with a few stems illustrative of the +common Teutonic element in French, English, and German names, including +such Italian names as I have been able to fall in with. The first stem, +from A.S. <i>til</i>, bonus, præstans, seems to have been more common among +the Saxons than among the Franks, and there are, consequently, more +names corresponding in English than in French.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Dill, till, bonus.</i></p> + +<p>A.S. Dilla, Tilla, in Dillingas and Tillingas—O.G. Dilli, Tilli, Thilo; +Tilli, <i>Lib. Vit.</i>; Dill, Tilly, Tillé, <i>Hund. Rolls</i>—Eng. <i>Dill</i>, +<i>Dilley</i>, <i>Dillow</i>, <i>Till</i>, <i>Tilley</i>—Germ. <i>Dill</i>, <i>Till</i>, <i>Tilo</i>—Fr. +<i>Dilly</i>, <i>Dillé</i>, <i>Tilly</i>, <i>Tillé</i>—Ital. <i>Tilli</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center">Ending in <i>ec</i>, probably diminutive.</p> + +<p>A.S. Tilluc—Eng. <i>Dillick</i>, <i>Dilke</i>, <i>Tillick</i>, <i>Tilke</i>—Fr. <i>Dilhac</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Patronymic.</i></p> + +<p>Eng. <i>Tilling</i>—Germ. <i>Dilling</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center">Ending in <i>en</i>, p. <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</p> + +<p>Tilne, <i>Lib. Vit.</i>—Eng. <i>Dillon</i>—Germ. <i>Dillen</i>—Fr. <i>Dillon</i>, +<i>Tillon</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Compounds.</i></p> + +<p>(<i>Fred</i>, peace), Tilfred, <i>Lib. Vit.</i>—Eng. <i>Tilford</i>. (<i>Gar</i>, spear), +A.S. Tilgar—Dilker, <i>Hund. Rolls</i>—Eng. <i>Dilger</i>, <i>Dillicar</i>. (<i>Had</i>, +var), Tilhaed, <i>Lib. Vit.</i>—Eng. <i>Tillott</i>—Fr. <i>Dillet</i>, <i>Tillot</i>. +(<i>Man</i>, vir), A.S. Tillman—Tilmon, <i>Lib. Vit.</i>—Tileman, <i>Hund. +Rolls</i>—Eng. <i>Dillman</i>, <i>Tillman</i>, <i>Tileman</i>—Germ. <i>Dillemann</i>, +<i>Tilmann</i>—Dutch. <i>Tillemans</i>—Fr. <i>Tilman</i>. (<i>Mar</i>, famous), O.G. +Tilemir—Eng. <i>Dillimore</i>. (<i>Mund</i>, protection), A.S. Tilmund—Fr. +<i>Tilmant</i>. (<i>Wine</i>, friend), Tiluini, <i>Lib. Vit.</i>—Eng. <i>Dillwyn</i>. +(<i>Her</i>, <i>heri</i>, warrior), A.S. Tilhere (Bishop of Worcester)—Eng. +<i>Diller</i>, <i>Tiller</i>, <i>Tillier</i>—Fr. <i>Dillery</i>, <i>Tillier</i>.</p> + +<p>The following stem may be taken to be from A.S. <i>hyge</i>; O.H.G. <i>hugu</i>, +mind, thought; A.S. <i>hogian</i>, to study, meditate. The form <i>hig</i>, which +seems to be more particularly Saxon, intermixes considerably in the +English names.</p> + + +<p class="center">Hig, hog, hug, <i>thought</i>, <i>study</i>.</p> + +<p>A.S. Hig, Hicca, Hocg—O.G. Hugo, Hug, Huc, Hughi, Hogo—Eng. <i>Hugo</i>, +<i>Hug</i>, <i>Hugh</i>, <i>Huie</i>, <i>Huck</i>, <i>Hogg</i>, <i>Hodge</i>, <i>Hoe</i>, <i>Hick</i>, +<i>Hickie</i>—Germ. <i>Huge</i>, <i>Hugo</i>, <i>Hucke</i>, <i>Hoge</i>—Fr. <i>Hugo</i>, <i>Hugé</i>, +<i>Hug</i>, <i>Huc</i>, <i>Hue</i>, <i>Hua</i>—Ital. <i>Ugo</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center">Ending in <i>el</i>, probably diminutive.</p> + +<p>A.S. Hicel—O.G. Hugila, Huckili—Eng. <i>Hugall</i>, <i>Huckell</i>, <i>Whewell</i>, +<i>Hickley</i>—Germ. <i>Hügel</i>—Fr. <i>Hugla</i>, <i>Huel</i>—Ital. <i>Ughelli</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center">Ending in <i>lin</i>, probably diminutive.</p> + +<p>A.S. Hugelin (Chamberlain to Edward the Confessor)—Hugelinus, +<i>Domesday</i>—Hueline, <i>Lib. Vit.</i>—Eng. <i>Huelin, Hicklin</i>—Fr. <i>Huguelin, +Higlin</i>—Ital. <i>Ugolino</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center">Ending in <i>et</i>, probably diminutive.</p> + +<p>A.S. Hocget—O.G. Huetus, thirteenth century—Hueta, <i>Domesday</i>—Eng. +<i>Huggett, Howitt, Hewitt</i>—Fr. <i>Hugot, Huet</i>—Ital. <i>Ughetti</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center">Ending in <i>es</i>, probably diminutive.</p> + +<p>O.G. Hugizo—Eng. <i>Hughes, Hewish, Hodges</i>—Fr. <i>Hugues</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Kin</i>, diminutive.</p> + +<p>Hogcin, <i>Lib. Vit.</i>—Eng. <i>Hodgkin</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center">Ending in <i>en</i>, p. <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</p> + +<p>A.S. Hyeken—Hygine, <i>Lib. Vit.</i>—Eng. <i>Hoggin, Hucken, Higgen</i>—Fr. +<i>Hugan, Hogan, Huan, Hoin, Hienne</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Compounds.</i></p> + +<p>(<i>Bald</i>, fortis), A.S. Higbald (Bishop of Lindisfarne), Hibald—O.G. +Hugibald, Hubald—Eng. <i>Hibble, Hubble</i>—Fr. <i>Hubault</i>—Ital. <i>Ubaldo</i>, +<i>Ubald</i>(<i>ini</i>). (<i>Bert</i>, famous), A.S. Higbert (Bishop of +Worcester)—O.G. Hugubert, Hubert—Eng. <i>Hibbert, Hubbard</i>—Germ. +<i>Hubert</i>—Fr. <i>Hubert</i>. (<i>Hard</i>, fortis), O.G. Hugihart, Hugard—Eng. +<i>Huggard, Heward</i>—Fr. <i>Hugard, Huard, Huart</i>. (<i>Laic</i>, play), A.S. +Hygelac—O.G. Hugilaih—O.N. Hugleikr—Eng. <i>Hillock, Hullock</i>—Fr. +<i>Hulek</i>. (<i>Lat</i>, terrible,?), Hugolot, <i>Lib. Vit.</i>—Eng. <i>Hewlet, +Higlet</i>. (<i>Lind</i>, mild), O.G. Hugilind—Eng. <i>Hewland</i>. (<i>Man</i>, vir), +A.S. Hiccemann—Eng. <i>Hugman, Hughman, Human, Higman, Hickman</i>—Germ. +<i>Hieckmann</i>—Fr. <i>Humann</i>. (<i>Mot</i>, courage), O.G. Hugimot—Eng. +<i>Hickmot</i>. (<i>Mar</i>, famous), A.S. Hykemer—O.G. Hugimar—Eng. <i>Hogmire, +Homer, Highmore</i>. (<i>Wald</i>,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span> power), O.G. Hugold—Fr. <i>Huault</i>. Perhaps +also, from <i>noth</i>, bold, though I do not find an ancient name to +correspond—Eng. <i>Hignett</i>, and Fr. <i>Hugnot, Hognet</i>.</p> + +<p>I will take for the last example the stem <i>magin, main</i>; A.S. <i>mægin</i>, +strength, force; Eng. <i>main</i>, which is rather better represented in +French names than in English. There are names, Maianus and Meinus on +Roman pottery, which might, however, be either German or Celtic.</p> + +<p>O.G. Magan, Main—Main, <i>Lib. Vit.</i>—Eng. <i>Magnay, Mayne</i>—Germ. +<i>Mehne</i>—Fr. <i>Magné, Magney</i>—Ital. <i>Magini</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Compounds.</i></p> + +<p>(Bald, fortis), O.G. Meginbold—Fr. <i>Magnabal</i>. (<i>Burg</i>, protection), +O.G. Meginburg—Fr. <i>Mainbourg</i>. (<i>Frid</i>, peace), O.G. Maginfrid—Fr. +<i>Mainfroy</i>. (<i>Gald</i>, value), O.G. Megingald—Fr. <i>Maingault</i>. (<i>Ger</i>, +spear), O.G. Meginger—Eng. <i>Manger</i>. (<i>Gaud</i>, Goth), O.G. Megingaud Fr. +<i>Maingot</i>. (<i>Had</i>, war), O.G. Magenad—Fr. <i>Maginot</i>—(<i>Hard</i>, fortis), +O.G. Maginhard, Mainard—Eng. <i>Maynard</i>—Germ. <i>Meinert</i>—Fr. <i>Magnard, +Maynard</i>—Ital. <i>Mainardi</i>—(<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. Maganhar, +Mayner—Germ. <i>Meiner</i>—Fr. <i>Magnier, Maynier</i>—Ital. <i>Maineri</i>.</p> + +<p>Perhaps also to this stem (with <i>nant</i>, daring) we may put Magnentius, +the name of a German who usurped the imperial purple and was slain A.D. +353, also the Fr. <i>Magnan</i> and <i>Maignan</i>.</p> + +<p>These three stems, in one of which the Anglo-Saxon predominates, and in +another the Frankish or High German, while in a third there are two +parallel forms, Anglo-Saxon and Frankish, running side by side, may be +taken as fairly representative of the system upon which Teutonic names +are formed.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span></p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_47_47" id="Footnote_47_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47_47"><span class="label">[47]</span></a> This name may be, not improbably, one of those that were +brought over after the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_48_48" id="Footnote_48_48"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48_48"><span class="label">[48]</span></a> We also find the other form, Hlud, in Hludes beorh, Hlud's +barrow, or grave.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_49_49" id="Footnote_49_49"></a><a href="#FNanchor_49_49"><span class="label">[49]</span></a> Some further remarks on this Frankish prefix will be found +in the succeeding chapter on Italian names.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VIII" id="CHAPTER_VIII"></a>CHAPTER VIII.</h2> + +<p class="center">THE GERMAN ORIGIN OF GREAT ITALIANS AS EVIDENCED IN THEIR NAMES.</p> + + +<p>The successive waves of German invasion that swept over Italy, leaving +their record in the name of one of its fairest provinces, while they +added a few German words to the language, left a much larger number of +German patronymics in the names of its families. The Christian names +borne by well-known Italians, such as <i>Alberto, Arnolfo, Bernardo, +Carlo, Enrico, Federigo</i> (Frederic), <i>Francesco, Leonardo, Luigi, +Ludovico, Mainardo, Odoardo</i> (Edward), <i>Ridolphi, Sinibaldo, Ugo</i> (Hugo +or Hugh), <i>Onofrio</i> (Humphrey), all of German origin, sufficiently +attest this to have been the case. And I think we shall be warranted in +assuming, as in the case of France, that if this be the case with +Christian names, it cannot be essentially different with regard to +surnames.</p> + +<p>But inasmuch as I have not had the same opportunity of collating and +examining the mass of Italian surnames that I have had in the case of +those of France, I propose to shape the comparison into a rather +different form, and, without departing from its etymological<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span> purpose, +to endeavour to give it something of an ethnical interest as well. This +admixture of German blood could not fail to have an influence—and, we +can hardly doubt, an invigorating influence—upon the character of the +softer and more receptive Italian race. It may not then be without +interest—though we need not attach more importance to the result than +it deserves—to endeavour to trace the result of that admixture in the +names of illustrious Italians. For it is somewhat remarkable how many of +the men most distinguished in the council and in the field, in science, +literature, and in art, bear names which testify to a German origin. And +we are even able, in certain cases, to indicate with a fair amount of +probability the particular race of Germans from whom these names may be +taken to be derived. The rule laid down by Max Müller (<i>Science of +Language</i>) that words in Italian beginning with <i>gua</i>, <i>gue</i>, <i>gui</i>, may +be taken to be pretty certainly of German origin, holds good also of +Italian names. Now this form of <i>gua</i>, <i>gue</i>, <i>gui</i> represents the +prefix of <i>g</i> before <i>w</i>, which was a special characteristic of the +Franks, as it is still of their descendants, the French, in such names +as Guillaume (=Gwillaume) for Wilhelm or William. In some cases, though +more rarely, this prefix of <i>g</i>, in accordance with a High German +tendency, becomes a hard <i>c</i> and is represented by <i>q</i>, as in <i>Queringi</i> +and perhaps <i>Quirini</i>. Such names then as <i>Gualdo</i>, <i>Guardi</i>, <i>Guido</i>, +<i>Guicciardini</i>, <i>Guarnerius</i>, may be taken as certainly of German, and I +think, more especially of Frankish origin.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span></p> + +<p>To begin with the names of warriors, the list may well be headed by that +of the old hero, <i>Garibaldi</i>. Garibald (<i>gar</i>, spear, and <i>bald</i>, bold) +was a well-known Old German name, being borne, among others, by a Duke +in Bavaria in the sixth century, by six bishops in the three centuries +following, and, what is more to the purpose, by two Lombard kings in +Italy. We ourselves have the name in its Saxon form (<i>gor</i> for <i>gar</i>) as +<i>Gorbold</i> and <i>Corbould</i> (O.G. Kerbald), and the French have it as +<i>Gerbault</i>. "Blind old <i>Dandalo</i>" may also be claimed as German; +Dandalo, corresponding with an O.G. Dantulo, being formed as a +diminutive from the Old German name Dando. I have elsewhere made the +suggestion, which I venture here to reproduce, that <i>Bonaparte</i> may also +be a name of German origin, slightly changed to give it a seeming +meaning in Italian. The case stands thus. Bonibert and Bonipert are +found as Old Frankish names, respectively of the seventh and the ninth +centuries. In that part of Italy which was overrun by the Franks, namely +at Turin, is to be found the present Italian name <i>Boniperti</i>, which we +can hardly doubt to be derived from the Old Frankish Bonipert. Now from +this part of Italy came originally also the Bonapartes, and the question +is simply this, May not the name <i>Bonaparte</i> originate in an attempt to +give something of an Italian meaning to this other name <i>Boniperti</i>, +which would convey no sense to an Italian ear? The French still have the +Old Frankish name as <i>Bompart</i> (changing <i>n</i> before a labial into <i>m</i>, +as they do in Edimbourg for Edinburgh); there was a vice-<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span>admiral of +that name who proved his courage by engaging, though unsuccessfully, an +English frigate of superior force. And we—or at any rate the +Americans—have it in a Saxon form as <i>Bonbright</i> (<i>Suffolk Surnames</i>). +And very appropriate, if we were to translate it, would be the +meaning—<i>bona</i>, a slayer, and <i>bert</i> or <i>pert</i>, illustrious.</p> + +<p>The two distinguished families of the <i>Adimari</i> at Florence and of the +<i>Grimaldi</i> at Genoa both give evidence of German descent in their names +(O.G. Adimar and Grimwald); as regards the latter indeed it is to be +traced historically, though the position of the present representative, +as ruler of the principality of Monaco and recipient of its doubtful +gains, is perhaps hardly in accordance with the higher traditions of his +family. The name, <i>Alphonso</i>, of a Duke of Ferrara in the middle ages, +was one given also by the Germans to a still more illustrious lineage in +Spain. Alphonso is a contraction of the O.G. Adalfuns (<i>adal</i>, noble, +<i>funs</i>, eager). The Saxon form of <i>funs</i> being <i>fus</i>, it seems to me +that our name <i>Adolphus</i> may be properly Adel-fus, and not a +latinization of Adolph. German also are the names of the two great rival +factions of the <i>Guelphs</i> and the <i>Ghibellines</i>, Guelph being a Frankish +form of Welf or Welp, Eng. whelp, and the Ghibellines deriving from an +Old German name Gibilin, traced by Mone to a Burgundian origin. Thus the +Guelphs, given originally by Germany to Italy, were afterwards +transplanted again to Germany, and thence to England, to rule far above +all factions. And again, we find the Bonaparte, whose ancestor was +expelled from<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span> Italy as a Ghibelline, come forward to pursue on a +grander scale his hereditary feud with the Guelphs.</p> + +<p>In the names of scholars and men of science the German element is very +strongly represented. We find <i>Accolti</i> (O.G. Achiolt for Agiovald<a name="FNanchor_50_50" id="FNanchor_50_50"></a><a href="#Footnote_50_50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a>), +<i>Alamanni</i> (O.G. Alaman), <i>Algarotti</i> (O.G. Algar for Adelgar), +<i>Ansaldi</i> (O.G. Ansald for Ansovald), <i>Audifredi</i> (O.G. Audifred), +<i>Bertrandi</i> (O.G. Bertrand), <i>Gualdo</i> (O.G. Waldo), <i>Giraldi</i> (O.G. +Girald), <i>Gosselini</i> (O.G. Gosselin), <i>Guicciardini</i> (O.G. Wichard), +<i>Lanzi</i> (O.G. Lanzi), <i>Lamberti</i> (O.G. Lambert for Landbert), <i>Manfredi</i> +(O.G. Manfred), <i>Maraldi</i> (O.G. Marald), <i>Odevico</i> (O.G. Ottwic for +Audewic), <i>Orlandi</i> (O.G. Arland for Hariland), <i>Raimondi</i> (O.G. +Raimund), <i>Rolandini</i> (O.G. Roland for Rodland), <i>Roberti</i> (O.G. Robert +for Rodbert), <i>Sacchi</i> (O.G. Sacco), <i>Quirini</i> (O.G. Guerin, Werin). We +may add to the list the name of the historian <i>Sismondi</i> (Sigismund), +who, though born at Geneva, must, I apprehend, have been of Italian +origin. The name in its uncontracted form, <i>Sigismondi</i>, is also found +in Italy.</p> + +<p>Among the names of distinguished explorers and discoverers, we have +<i>Americus</i> (O.G. Emrich), who gave his name to America, and <i>Belzoni</i> +(O.G. Belzo). German are also the names of the Pope <i>Aldobrandini</i> (O.G. +Aldebrand), and of the philanthropist <i>Odeschalchi</i> (O.G. Odalschalch), +whose name, if translated, would be the appropriate one of "Servant of +his country."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span></p> + +<p>The painters are not quite so strongly represented as the men of letters +and science, the two principal names being those of <i>Lionardo</i> (O.G. +Leonhard) and of <i>Guido</i>. Guido is one of the Frankish forms to which I +have before alluded, and is formed by the prefix of <i>g</i> to the name Wido +or Wito,—it was not an uncommon name among the Old Franks, and is found +at present among the French as <i>Videau, Viteau</i>, and <i>Guidé</i>. The +ill-omened name of the assassin <i>Guiteau</i> I take to be from the same +origin, and to be of French extraction. So also may be our own name +<i>Widow</i>, which corresponds with a Wido of about the twelfth or +thirteenth century in the <i>Liber Vitæ</i>. There is another Italian name, +<i>Guidubaldi</i>, that of a Duke of Urbino, in the middle ages, formed on +the same stem with the addition of <i>bald</i>, bold, and corresponding with +a Frankish Guidobald. The word concerned seems to be most probably Goth. +<i>vidus</i>, O.H.G. <i>witu</i>, wood, used in a poetical sense for weapon.<a name="FNanchor_51_51" id="FNanchor_51_51"></a><a href="#Footnote_51_51" class="fnanchor">[51]</a></p> + +<p>Other names of painters are <i>Baldi</i> (O.G. Baldo), <i>Baldovin</i>(<i>etti</i>) +(O.G. Baldwin), <i>Anselmi</i> (O.G. Anshelm), <i>Ansuini</i> (O.G. Answin), +<i>Aldighiero</i> (O.G. Aldegar), <i>Algardi</i> (O.G. Alagart), <i>Alberti</i> (O.G. +Albert for Adalbert), <i>Alloisi</i> (O.G. Alois = Alwis), <i>Ghiberti</i> (O.G. +Gibert), <i>Gherardini</i> (O.G. Gerard), <i>Gennari</i> (O.G. Genear), +<i>Ghirlandaio</i> (O.G. Gerland), <i>Tibaldi</i> (O.G. Tiebald for Theudobald). +Also <i>Guardi</i>, another of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span> the Frankish forms before referred to, +representing an O.G. Wardi, and the same name as Eng. <i>Ward</i>, for which +we find a corresponding A.S. Weard.</p> + +<p>Of those eminent in the sister art of music, we have <i>Castoldi</i> (O.G. +Castald for Castwald), and <i>Frescobaldi</i>. This last name does not figure +in Foerstemann's list, but we can hardly doubt its German origin, <i>bald</i> +being a typical German ending, while Fresc, as a Teutonic name, is found +in the Fresc(ingas), early Saxon settlers in England, another instance +of the common tie which binds all Teutonic names together. We may add to +the list, as the name of a living composer, <i>Guglielmo</i> = Wilhelm or +William. Among those who were accessory to music as instrument-makers, +we have <i>Stradivarius</i> and <i>Guarnerius</i> (O.G. Guarner for Warinhar) +corresponding with our own names <i>Warriner</i> and <i>Warner</i>, and present +French names <i>Ouarnier</i> and <i>Guernier</i>. It will not be out of keeping +with what we should expect if we find the German element develop itself +in the conception rather than in the execution of music, and in the +combination of science and patience which led to the success of the old +instrument-makers.</p> + +<p>But it is in the names of immortal singers that we find the German +element most conspicuously represented. Dante himself bears a name +which, though not in itself German, may yet have been given to Italy by +the Germans, while as to his second title, <i>Alighieri</i>, there seems +hardly any doubt of its German origin.<a name="FNanchor_52_52" id="FNanchor_52_52"></a><a href="#Footnote_52_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a> Dante is a contraction of +<i>Durante</i>, which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span> seems to be derived most naturally from Latin +<i>durans</i>, and it might seem something of a paradox to suppose a Latin +race to be indebted to the Germans for a Latin name. And yet I think +that there are some grounds for supposing it to be a name adopted by the +early Frankish converts to Christianity, and by them transmitted to the +Italians. For we find Durant, Durand, and Durann as not uncommon German +names, apparently Frankish, in the eighth and the ninth centuries. And +we find the word moreover made up into a German compound as Durandomar +(<i>mar</i>, famous). The French have moreover at present, derived we may +presume from their Frankish ancestors, another name, <i>Durandard</i>, +similarly formed (<i>hard</i>, fortis). Now this is precisely the same +principle as that on which the early Frankish converts, as we find from +the <i>Pol. Irm.</i> and the <i>Pol. Rem.</i>, used to form many of their names, +taking a word of Christian import from the Latin or otherwise, and +mixing it up with the Old German compounds to which they had been +accustomed. Thus, for an example, we find that a woman called Electa, +which we can hardly doubt means "elect," gives to her son the name of +Electard, a similar compound to Durandard. There seems then, on the +whole, a fair amount of probability for this suggestion, which would +moreover sufficiently account for the manner in which the name is common +to France, Italy, Germany, and England. The French have it as <i>Durand</i>, +<i>Durant</i>, and <i>Durandeau</i> (besides <i>Durandard</i> already noted); the +Italians as <i>Durante</i>, <i>Duranto</i>, and <i>Durandi</i>; the Germans as <i>Durand</i> +and <i>Dorand</i>; and we ourselves as <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span><i>Durand</i> and <i>Durant</i>. Our names came +to us no doubt through the Normans,—there is a Durand in the <i>Roll of +Battle Abbey</i>, and it is not till after this period that we find it as +an English name.</p> + +<p>For the German origin of <i>Tasso</i> a rather stronger case can be made out, +Tasso and Taso being found as ancient German names, and the latter in +particular being a Lombard leader in Italy. But there was another +Lombard called Taso, who, as a man of remarkable sanctity of life, and +as the founder of a monastery at Volterra, was eminently likely to leave +a name behind him in Italy. <i>Tasso</i> is still a current name in that +country, and our surname <i>Tassie</i>, along with the French <i>Tassy</i>, may be +taken to be the same name. Both we and the French have also <i>Tassell</i>, +formed from it and corresponding with Tassilo, the name of a Bavarian +king of the sixth century. The meaning of the word has not been +satisfactorily explained, and this may be one of the cases in which the +original word has either greatly changed in meaning, or else has +perished out of the language.</p> + +<p>Another name which we may take pretty certainly to be of German origin +is <i>Leopardi</i>, corresponding with the O.G. Leopard, for Liubhard +(<i>liub</i>, love, and <i>hard</i>, fortis). There was a Lombard named Leopard +who was abbot of Nonantola in Italy in the tenth century. Then we have +<i>Amalungi</i>, from the O.G. Amalung, fifth century, a patronymic form, +"son of Amal or Amala," the (perhaps mythical) forerunner of the Goths. +The French have the name, <i>Hamel</i> and <i>Ameling</i>, and we have <i>Hammill</i>, +<i>Hamling</i>, and <i>Hambling</i>. This is another of the cases in which a name<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span> +has outlived its etymon; we know that <i>amal</i> was a word of honourable +meaning, but as to its origin even the patient research of the Germans +has failed to find a clue. The name <i>Amalthius</i> may also be taken as +certainly German, from <i>amal</i> as above, and the common Old German ending +<i>thius</i>, <i>dio</i>, or <i>tio</i>, servant, though we do not find a name to +correspond in the <i>Altdeutsches Namenbuch</i>. There was also a painter +<i>Amalteo</i>, whose name is a variation of the same. Another name which I +take to be German, without finding the ancient name to correspond, is +<i>Boiardo</i>, <i>boi</i> (supposed by the Germans to mean Bavarian) being a +common prefix in Old German names, and <i>hard</i> one of the most common +endings. The French have, among other names derived from their Frankish +ancestors, the corresponding names <i>Boyard</i> and <i>Poyard</i>, and we +ourselves have <i>Byard</i>, which I take to be from the same origin. Then we +have <i>Berni</i> (O.G. Berno), <i>Bernini</i> (O.G. Bernin), and <i>Beroaldus</i> +(O.G. Berowald).</p> + +<p>There remain yet two distinguished names, <i>Alfieri</i> and <i>Guarini</i>. The +former may be from the O.G. Alfheri, <i>alf</i>, elf, and <i>heri</i>, warrior, +the sense contained in the former word being perhaps that of occult +wisdom. Hence it would correspond with our surnames <i>Albery</i> and +<i>Aubery</i>, Alfheri and Albheri being convertible Old German names. +<i>Guarini</i> may, with somewhat more of certainty, be taken to be from the +Old Frankish name Guarin, formed on the principle already referred to on +other Old German names, Warin and Warno. Hence our names <i>Warren</i> and +<i>Warne</i>, and the French <i>Guérin</i>. The Wearningas, "sons or descendants +of Wearn," are among the early<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span> Saxon settlers referred to in Chapter +IV., and Warin is found as an early name in the <i>Liber Vitæ</i>. There are +some other names which may very possibly be of German origin, but the +form of which is not sufficiently distinct to make the connection +generally intelligible.</p> + +<p>I conclude this chapter with a suggestion as to the possibly German +origin of one who but of late occupied a considerable place in European +politics, viz. <i>Gambetta</i>. This name is of Italian origin, and I venture +to think may be one of those given to Italy by the Germans, and perhaps +most probably by the Lombards. There was a Gambad who ruled over Ticino +in the ancient duchy of Milan, and was subsequently driven out by +Pertharit, who thereupon became the ruler of the whole of Lombardy. +Gambad seems to be probably a Lombard form of Ganbad (<i>gan</i>, magic, or +fascination, and <i>bad</i>, war), or it might be of Gandbad (<i>gand</i>, wolf), +both ancient German stems. This name Gambad would in French take the +form of Gambette,<a name="FNanchor_53_53" id="FNanchor_53_53"></a><a href="#Footnote_53_53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a> and in Italian of Gambetta. It would be curious if +this name were one left behind by the Lombards (or possibly even the +Franks) in their invasion of Italy, and restored to France to rouse her +to a gallant though unavailing attempt to stem the tide of another +German invasion. And very suitable too would be the name, in the sense +of magic or fascination, to one whose energy and eloquence acted as such +a potent spell to revive the drooping courage of his countrymen.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span></p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_50_50" id="Footnote_50_50"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50_50"><span class="label">[50]</span></a> When there are two Old German names, the former is that +which is found in a form most nearly corresponding with the +Italian, the latter is that which may be taken to be the most +correct form.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_51_51" id="Footnote_51_51"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51_51"><span class="label">[51]</span></a> Names of a similar kind are the O.G. Gervid, our <i>Garwood</i>, +signifying "spear-wood." Also the O.G. Asquid, whence +the Ascuit in <i>Domesday</i>, and our present names <i>Asqwith</i> and +<i>Ashwith</i>, signifying "ash-wood," of which spears used to be +made.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_52_52" id="Footnote_52_52"></a><a href="#FNanchor_52_52"><span class="label">[52]</span></a> Diez takes it to be a contraction of Adalgar.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_53_53" id="Footnote_53_53"></a><a href="#FNanchor_53_53"><span class="label">[53]</span></a> As in the French names <i>Gerbet</i> and <i>Herbette</i>, representing +the Old Frankish names Gerbad and Herbad.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IX" id="CHAPTER_IX"></a>CHAPTER IX.</h2> + +<p class="center">VARIOUS UNENUMERATED STEMS.</p> + + +<p>In the present chapter I propose to include a few stems which were not +taken into account in my previous work, or respecting which I may have +something more to say.</p> + +<p>I have referred, at page <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, to Lappenberg's theory, that Franks, +Lombards, and Frisians were associated with the Saxons in the early +invasions of England. His theory seems to be based only upon the general +relations which subsisted between these different tribes, and the +various other occasions on which they are found to have been acting in +concert. I have, in a previous chapter, referred to the subject so far +as the Franks are concerned, and endeavoured to show that there were in +Anglo-Saxon times, and that there are in our names at present, certain +peculiarities which are in accordance with Frankish forms, and so far +favour the theory that Franks were among the early settlers.</p> + +<p>There is another peculiarity which seems to be found in some of the +names of Anglo-Saxon times, the form <i>ch</i> for (as I suppose) <i>g</i>, as in +such a name as Cissa (Chissa) and Cippa (Chippa). Cissa I should<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span> +suppose to be the same name as Gisa, that of a bishop in the time of +Edward the Confessor, and Cippa the same as Gyp in Gypeswich. May not +this be a Frisian form? Chippo comes before us as a name apparently +Frisian.</p> + + +<p class="center">CHIPP, CHIPPING, CHIPMAN, CHEESE, CHESSON, CHESMAN, CHESNUT, CHURN, +CHIRNIE, CHITTY.</p> + +<p>If the above be correct, Chipp, corresponding with an Anglo-Saxon Cippa +found in Cippenham, a Ceapa found in Ceapan hlæw, and Cypa in Cypingas, +also with a Chippo probably Frisian, would be another form of Gibb or +Gipp, <i>geban</i>, to give. And Cheese, which appears as Chese in the +<i>Hundred Rolls</i>, may represent Cissa as another form of Gisa (<i>gis</i>, +hostage). There is a present Friesic name Tsjisse, which, though it +looks more like an attempt to represent a sneeze than anything else, I +take to have the sound of Chissa. Chesson may be taken to be from the +ending in <i>en</i>, p. <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, and Chesnut might be from the ending <i>noth</i>, +bold, frequent in Anglo-Saxon names. Churn and Chirney, corresponding +with an O.G. Chirno, and perhaps with the Cearningas among the early +settlers, might come in here as another form of <i>gern</i>, eager. And +Chitty, perhaps the same name as that found in the Cidingas, may +possibly be, on the same principle, another form of Giddy, Kiddy, or +Kitty (stem <i>gid</i>, hilaris).</p> + + +<p class="center">MUMM, MUMMY, MUMMERY.</p> + +<p>There are a few Old German names, mostly of women, in Mam and Mum. And +there are also two<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span> Old Frankish women's names, Mamma and Momma +(apparently overlooked by Foerstemann), in the <i>Pol. Irm.</i> It seems +difficult to take these names as from anything else than the +widely-spread word signifying mother. In an age when names sat much more +lightly than they do now, one might fancy such a word superseding a +woman's original name. I can even conceive the possibility of such a +name, its origin having somewhat passed out of sight, being given in a +masculine form to a son. We have several instances in the <i>Pol. Irm.</i> of +such a custom; for instance, where, the mother being called Genesia, the +son is called Genesius, and the mother being called Deodata, the son is +called Deodatus. However, this cannot be taken for anything more than a +somewhat speculative suggestion. As in present use, the French name Mumm +is well known in connection with dry champagne; the Germans have Muhm, +and though I am not quite certain of Mumm as an English name, I think we +may count upon Mummy (ending in <i>i</i>, p. <a href="#Page_24">24</a>). Mummery might be a compound +(<i>hari</i>, warrior), but from the facility with which <i>n</i> passes into <i>m</i>, +I should be more disposed to take it to be a corruption of Munnery, +corresponding with an O.G. Munihari, Goth. <i>munan</i>, to think.</p> + + +<p class="center">BODY, FREEBODY, GOODBODY, LIGHTBODY, PEABODY, HANDSOMEBODY.</p> + +<p><i>Body</i> I take to be from O.N. <i>bodi</i>, envoy or messenger. It is found as +an ending in many ancient names, particularly among the Saxons. And in +our surnames it appears sometimes as representing<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span> ancient names, and +sometimes more probably as a sobriquet of a later period. In the +"Household Expences" of Eleanor, Countess of Montford, A.D. 1265, the +names of her three messengers are given as Treubodi, Gobithesty, and +Slingaway. These are all sobriquets,—Treubody is "trusty messenger," +Gobithesty is from A.S. <i>sti</i>, a footpath, hence the name may be +equivalent to "short-cut," and the last explains itself. Our name +Handsomebody has clearly been a sobriquet of the same kind, and, +referring to the older sense of "handsome," means a handy or useful +messenger. Peabody, which I think may have been originally Pipbody, from +<i>pipr</i>, swift, active, may also have been a sobriquet. So may Goodbody +and Lightbody, but it is by no means certain. We might take our +Lightfoot to have been a sobriquet, but we find a corresponding name, +Lytafus (<i>fus</i>, foot) on Roman pottery. Freebody probably represents the +O.G. Frithubodo, compounded with <i>frith</i>, peace.</p> + + +<p class="center">BRAGG, BRACKIE, BRAY, PRAY, BRAGAN, BRACKEN, BRAIN, BRACKING, BRACKETT, +BRAYMAN, BRAKEMAN, BREWIN.</p> + +<p>There are two different origins from which this stem might be derived, +A.S. <i>brego</i>, king, ruler, and A.S. <i>bracan</i>, to break, subdue, crush, +the former being perhaps preferable upon the whole. There are but very +few names in Old German, and Foerstemann does not make any suggestion as +to the origin.</p> + +<p>A.S. Bræg (found in Brægeshale), Bracca (found in Braccanheal). O.G. +Brachio, Thuringian, sixth century. Eng. Bragg, Brackie, Bray, Pray.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center">Ending in <i>en</i>, p. <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</p> + +<p>A.S. Bregen (found in Bregnesford). Eng. Bragan, Bracken, Brain.</p> + + +<p class="center">Ending in <i>el</i>, prob. diminutive.</p> + +<p>A.S. Brakel (found in Brakelesham). Eng. Breakell.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Patronymic.</i></p> + +<p>Eng. Bracking.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Compounds.</i></p> + +<p>(<i>Had</i>, war?), A.S. Breged (found in Bregedeswere)—Eng. Brackett. +(<i>Man</i>, vir), Eng. Brakeman, Brayman (Mod. G. Brackmann, French +Braquemin). (<i>Wine</i>, friend), A.S. Bregowin (Archbishop of +Canterbury)—Eng. Brewin.</p> + + +<p class="center">LORD, LORDING.</p> + +<p>We may take the above to be the same as an A.S. Lorta and Lorting, +p. <a href="#Page_100">100</a>. And whatever may be the origin, it is certainly not A.S. <i>hlaford</i>, +Eng. "lord." There are two isolated names in the <i>Altdeutsches +Namenbuch</i>, Laurad and Lorad, both seventh century, of which the +Anglo-Saxon name seems not improbably to be a contraction. The word +concerned might be A.S. <i>lâr</i>, lore, learning, Old North. <i>lærdr</i> +(larad?), learned. Stark however seems to take Laurad and Lorad to be +Celtic. But in the genealogy of the sons of Woden in the <i>Edda</i> of +Snorro occurs the name Loride, which, though Snorro's names are not +always trustworthy, seems to point to the existence of an ancient +Teutonic name corresponding with those in the <i>Altdeutsches Namenbuch</i>, +and so far to favour the derivation which I have suggested.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center">STUDD, STOTT, STOUT, STUTTER, STODDART, STUDEARD. STITT, STEED, STADD, +STIDOLPH.</p> + +<p>We find Anglo-Saxon names to account for all the names of the former of +these two groups, viz., Stut, Stuter (<i>her</i>, warrior), and Stutard +(<i>hard</i>, fortis). The word concerned does not seem to have anything to +do with Eng. "stout," which seems to have lost an <i>l</i>, and to have been +originally <i>stolt</i>. The group is no doubt parallel with the second +group, which is more distinctly represented in Old German names, and +which may be referred to O.N. <i>stedia</i>, firmare, <i>staddr</i>, constitutus, +A.S. <i>stide</i>, <i>stith</i>, firm, steadfast; our Stidolph corresponding with +an O.G. Stadolf, and a Stithuulf in the <i>Liber Vitæ</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center">FOGG, FOGGO, FUDGE, FEW.</p> + +<p>There are Old German names Focco and Fucco, for which Foerstemann +proposes O.N. <i>fok</i>, flight. And there is a Fuca, rather probably a +corresponding name, on Roman pottery. Among the Anglo-Saxons we have +Focingas, early settlers in Kent. Also Focga and Fucg, deduced from +place-names, p. <a href="#Page_99">99</a>. Foerstemann seems to take this as the stem on which +is formed <i>fugal</i>, fowl, bird.</p> + + +<p class="center">FLAGG, FLACK, FLECK, FLUCK, FLY, FLEA, FLEW.</p> + +<p>The Fleccingas are among the early settlers inferred by Mr. Kemble. And +there are also Anglo-Saxon names Flegg, Flecg, and Flogg, deduced from +place-names, p. <a href="#Page_99">99</a>. The name Flôki, of a Northman in the <i>Landnamabôk</i>, +also comes in here. There is also<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span> another Northman called Flugu-Grimr, +"Fly or Flyer Grim," a kind of inverted surname. The origin may be taken +to be A.S. <i>fleogan</i>, O.N. <i>fliuga</i>, to fly. And this group may be taken +to be fundamentally parallel with the last.</p> + + +<p class="center">CLEAN, CLINE, KLYNE.</p> + +<p>There is a Clen in the genealogy of the Merovingian kings, and there is +perhaps an A.S. Clena to be deduced from the place-names Clenanford, +Clenancrundel, &c. It may probably be from A.S. <i>clêne</i>, clean, pure. +"The original sense seems to have been bright."—<i>Skeat</i>. This may +probably be the sense in names.</p> + + +<p class="center">SWEARS, SWEARING, SWIRE, SQUIRE, SQUARE, SQUAREY, SQUIRRELL.</p> + +<p>The stem <i>swar</i>, <i>swer</i>, in O.G. names, is referred by Foerstemann to +O.H.G. <i>suari</i>, weighty, important, Goth. <i>swers</i>, honourable. There is +an A.S. Sweor found in a place-name, p. <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, and there is an O.G. +Suaring corresponding with our Swearing. Also a Suara on Roman pottery, +which I take to be German, and to represent the stem of which Suaring is +a patronymic. I take Squire and Square to be phonetic corruptions of +Swire and Swear, and Squirrell to be properly Swirrell, a diminutive.</p> + + +<p class="center">LUMB, LUMP, LUMPKIN.</p> + +<p>Lumbe is also a present German name, and seems to be the same as an O.G. +Lumpe, which Stark takes to be a contraction of some compound name, +perhaps<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span> Lundbert. Lump and the diminutive Lumpkin are from <i>Suffolk +Surnames</i>, and may be German and not English.</p> + + +<p class="center">KNELL, NELLY, NILL, KNELLER.</p> + +<p>Of the Cnyllingas, settled in Northamptonshire, I find no further trace +in Anglo-Saxon times, nor anything to correspond in Old German names. +The name is also a very uncommon one at present, the above Knell, Nelly, +and Nill being all taken from <i>Suffolk Surnames</i>, though Knell at all +events was an English name. Kneller, as the name of the painter, is of +Dutch origin; it seems to be a compound from this stem (<i>hari</i>, +warrior). The origin may perhaps be found in O.N. <i>hnalla</i>, to beat.</p> + + +<p class="center">KNAPP, KNAPPING, KNIBB, KNIPE, KNIPPING, NAF NAPP, NAPKIN, KNIFE, +KNYVETT.</p> + +<p>One of the oldest Low German names on record is Hnaf, mentioned in the +"Traveller's Song," written, as supposed, about the fifth century. There +is a corresponding O.G. Hnabi, eighth century, the origin being, no +doubt, A.S. <i>cnapa</i>, <i>cnafa</i>, son, boy. To this may be placed our names +Knapp, Napp, and the patronymic Knapping. (The name Naf, in <i>Suffolk +Surnames</i>, may possibly not be English.) I also take the A.S. Cnebba<a name="FNanchor_54_54" id="FNanchor_54_54"></a><a href="#Footnote_54_54" class="fnanchor">[54]</a> +to come in here, also Hnibba, found in Hnibbanleah (Hnibba's lea), and +Nybba, found in Nybbanbeorh (Nybba's barrow), and so connect also our +names Knibb, Knipe, and Knipping. Stark also brings in here the name +Cniva, of a Gothic king of the third<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span> century, and Cnivida, also the +name of a Goth, placed by Foerstemann to A.S. <i>cnif</i>, knife. If this be +correct, our name Knife might also come in here, parallel with Knipe, +and also Knyvet as probably a diminutive. Also Napkin, another +diminutive = Germ. <i>knabchen</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center">PIM, PYM.</p> + +<p>The father of the Lombard king Rachis was called Pimo. There is also a +Pymma about the tenth century in the <i>Liber Vitæ</i>. As to the origin of +the name, I am unable to offer any suggestion. It may be, as Stark +opines, a contraction of some compound name.</p> + + +<p class="center">WAMBEY, WAMPEN.</p> + +<p>Wamba was the name of a West-Gothic king in the seventh century, and +there was also a deacon of the same name a few years earlier. I do not +know of it as an Anglo-Saxon name, but I suppose Scott must have had +some authority for introducing it as the name of the jester in +<i>Ivanhoe</i>. The only derivation that can be suggested is from the Goth. +<i>wamba</i>, belly, giving it the meaning of "paunchey." But it was not a +nickname in the case of the Gothic king, for he bore it upon his coins, +and it is difficult, as Stark observes, to suppose such a name for a +king. Finding, however, on certain of his coins the variation Wanba, +Stark is inclined to think that it may be a contraction of some name +such as Wanbert. Was it by literary intuition that Scott pitched upon +such a name for the jester, or did he know of its supposed meaning of +"paunchey"?</p> + +<p>The name may be represented in our Wambey,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span> though it is perhaps quite +as likely to be from some Danish place-name in <i>by</i>, such as Wanby or +Wandby. Wampen, however, if there is such a stem, might be placed to it.</p> + + +<p class="center">STRANG, STRONG, STRANK, STRANGWARD, STRANGWICK, STRINGLE, STRINGFELLOW.</p> + +<p>There are two A.S. forms, <i>strang</i> and <i>streng</i>, represented in the +above. The only Anglo-Saxon names that I can find are a Stranglic dux in +a charter of Ina, and a Streng, found in Strengeshô, "Streng's +grave-mound." Stranglic is the A.S. <i>stranglic</i>, strong, and looks like +a sobriquet which had superseded his original name. Streng might be the +same as far as it is itself concerned, but there is an O.G. Strangulf +(<i>ulf</i>, wolf) which, along with our own names Strangward and Strangwick, +strongly suggests an ancient baptismal name, and a formation in +accordance with the Teutonic system. The last name, Stringfellow, must +have been a sobriquet,—it probably represents a mediæval Strengfelaw, +and has been rather curiously corrupted, owing to the meaning of +<i>streng</i> not being recognised.</p> + + +<p class="center">STRAY, STRAW, STRETCH, STREEK, STRAIN, STRICKETT, STRAIGHT.</p> + +<p>Closely allied to <i>strang</i> and <i>streng</i> are A.S. <i>strac</i> and <i>strec</i>, +violent, powerful, brave, whence I take the above. The only ancient +names to correspond are an O.G. Strago, ninth century, and Strocgo, +eighth century. Strain and Straight represent respectively the forms +Stragin and Stragget, formed with the endings in <i>en</i> and in <i>et</i> +referred to in Chapter II.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center">STARK, STARKIE, STARR, STARCH, STURGE, STURGIN, STURGEON, STERICKER.</p> + +<p>From the A.S. <i>stearc</i>, <i>sterc</i>, O.H.G. <i>starah</i>, <i>starh</i>, stiff, +strong, I take the above. This form <i>starc</i> seems formed by metathesis +from the above <i>strac</i>,—indeed, all the three forms, <i>strang</i>, +<i>strack</i>, and <i>stark</i>, are etymologically very closely allied. This stem +enters distinctly into the Teutonic system, but besides the simple form +Stark, corresponding with O.G. Starco and Staracho, we have only +Stericker, corresponding with an O.G. Starcher (<i>her</i>, warrior).</p> + + +<p class="center">EAVESTAFF, LANGSTAFF, WAGSTAFF, HACKSTAFF, SHAKESTAFF, COSTIFF.</p> + +<p>These names ending in <i>staff</i> might naturally be taken to have been +sobriquets, to be classed along with Shakespear, Breakspear, and other +names of the same kind. But as regards two of them at least, Hackstaff +and Shakestaff, there may be something more to be said. There is an +ending <i>staf</i> in Teutonic names, for which Grimm, referring to Gustaf, +thinks of O.H.G. <i>stab</i>, A.S. <i>staf</i>, staff,—in the sense, as I should +suppose, of baton, or staff of office. There are only discovered as yet +two Old German names with this ending, Chustaff and Sigestab. The +former, which seems to be from <i>cunst</i> or <i>cust</i>, science, learning, may +be the original of the Swedish Gustaf, and possibly of Costiff, one of +the curious names gathered by Mr. Lower. Corresponding with the O.G. +Sigestab, we find an A.S. Sigistef, a moneyer of Coenwulf. And there is +also a Hehstaf, witness to a charter (<i>Thorpe</i>, p. 69). Shakestaff, +then, might be a not very difficult corruption<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span> of Sigestef (which in +the form of Sicestaf would approach still nearer). And Hackstaff might +represent the A.S. Hehstaf, in which the second <i>h</i> was no doubt +strongly aspirated, and might be more like a hard <i>c</i>. I, however, only +bring this forward as a possible explanation; there is quite as much to +be said for the other view, unless other ancient names turn up.</p> + + +<p class="center">NAGLE, NAIL, HARTNOLL, DARNELL, TUFFNELL, HORSENAIL, HOOFNAIL, ISNELL, +BRAZNELL, COPPERNOLL.</p> + +<p>There is in my view no more curious or puzzling set of names than those +which, as above, are derived from <i>nagel</i> or nail, clavis. It appears to +me, though the line is difficult to draw, that they may be divided into +two groups, one of which is the representative of ancient baptismal +names, and the other of surnames of a later, perhaps a mediæval, date.</p> + +<p>Connected with the former we have Nagle and Nail, corresponding with an +O.G. Nagal, ninth century, and an A.S. Negle and Næle, found in +place-names, p. <a href="#Page_101">101</a>. Then there are two Old German compounds, Hartnagal +(hard nail) and Swarnagal (heavy nail), respectively of the eighth and +ninth centuries. The former of these two names we have as Hartnoll, and +the Germans have it as Härtnagel. Then I find two more examples among +the Anglo-Saxons, Spernægle in a charter of manumission at Exeter, and +Dearnagle in a place-name, p. <a href="#Page_98">98</a>. Spernægle is "spear-nail," and +Dearnagle is probably the same, from O.N. <i>dörr</i>, spear. The latter of +these two names we seem to have as Darnell, and the Germans as +Thürnagel. Then we have Tuffnell, which, as Mr.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span> Lower mentions, was in +the seventeenth century spelt Tufnaile, and might be taken to mean +"tough-nail," but for this we find no corresponding ancient name. There +is a Celtic Dufnal, to which, as being a name adopted from them by the +Northmen, and so having an increased chance of being represented, it +might perhaps be placed. But if this be the case (which I rather doubt), +it would have nothing to do with the present group. The sense in these +ancient names may be taken to be a warlike one, as in the case of other +names having the meaning of point or edge, acies. We find Nægling as the +name given by an Anglo-Saxon to his sword, in accordance with the +ancient custom, prevalent both among the Celts and the Saxons, of giving +names to weapons, and this assists to point the meaning as that of edge, +acies. And it seems to me hardly necessary to assume, with Mone +(<i>Heldensage</i>), any connection with the mythological smith, Weland.</p> + +<p>Then there is another set of names of which we have a considerable +number, and the Germans still more, which appear to have been given at a +later period, and to be perhaps, at least in some cases, derived from +trade. Such are Horsnail, and the corresponding German Rosnagel; +Hoofnail, and the German Hufnagel; while there are others, such as +Isnell (iron nail), Coppernoll (and Germ. Kupfernagel), about which I +hardly know what to think.</p> + + +<p class="center">HONE, HEAN, HEANEY, ONKEN, ENNOR, HONNER, HENFREY, ENRIGHT, ONWHYN, +ENOUGH.</p> + +<p>A very common stem in A.S. names is <i>ean</i>, the meaning of which remains +yet unexplained. We<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span> seem to have received it both in the Low German +form <i>ean</i> and the High German form <i>aun</i> or <i>on</i>. The Honingas +(Oningas) among the early settlers must, I think, be placed to it. It is +very apt to intermix with another stem <i>an</i>, to which I formerly placed +a few names which I think should come in here.</p> + + +<p>Stem <i>ean</i>, <i>en</i>, <i>aun</i>, <i>on</i>.</p> + +<p>A.S. Eana, Enna (found in Ennanbeorh), Hean (found in Heanspôl, &c). +Also Onna (found in Onnandun). Hona, found in Honingas. Ona, <i>Lib. Vit.</i> +O.G. Ono, Oni. Eng. Hean, Heaney, Hone. Fries. Onno.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Diminutive.</i></p> + +<p>A.S. Honekyn (found in Honekyntûn, now Hankerton). Eng. Onken.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Compounds.</i></p> + +<p>(<i>Frid</i>, peace), A.S. Eanfrith—O.G. Aunefrit, Onfred—Eng. Henfrey.<a name="FNanchor_55_55" id="FNanchor_55_55"></a><a href="#Footnote_55_55" class="fnanchor">[55]</a> +(<i>Hari</i>, warrior), O.G. Onheri—O.N. Onar—Eng. Honnor, Ennor. (<i>Rad</i>, +<i>Red</i>, counsel), A.S. Eanred—O.G. Onrada—Eng. Enright (=Enrat?). +(<i>Wine</i>, friend), A.S. Eanwini, Inwine (found in Inwines burg)—Eng. +Onwhyn. (<i>Wulf</i>, wolf), A.S. Eanulf—O.G. Aunulf brother of Odoaker, +fifth century—Eng. Enough. (<i>Ward</i> guardian), Eng. Onword.</p> + + +<p class="center">IMPEY, EMPEY, HEMP, HAMP, HAMPER, HEMPER.</p> + +<p>Mr. Kemble finds Impingas in Impington, in Cambridgeshire, though it +would seem incorrectly, as far as the tribe or family is concerned, the +name being only that of a man, Impin. The name Impa<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span> is found also in +Ympanleage, in Worcestershire. A sufficient meaning may perhaps be found +in A.S. <i>impan</i>, to plant, engraft. To this stem I place Impey, Hemp, +and probably Hamp, while Hamper and Hemper may be compounds (<i>hari</i>, +warrior). There is a stem <i>umb</i> in Old German names, which may perhaps +claim relationship.</p> + + +<p class="center">CAUNCE, CHANCE, CHANCEY, CHANCELL, CANSICK, KENSAL, KENSETT.</p> + +<p>The Cenesingas, found by Kemble in Kensington, would, if the +Anglo-Saxons had possessed the requisite letters, have been better +represented by Kenzingas, being, as I take it, from a stem <i>ganz</i>, +<i>genz</i>, <i>kenz</i>, referred by Foerstemann to <i>ganz</i>, integer. I am +inclined to take our names Chance, Chancey, &c., to represent the form +<i>kanz</i> in a softened form, come to us through the Normans. The forms of +the name in the <i>Roll of Battle Abbey</i>, Kancey, Cauncy, and Chauncy, and +the present French names, Cance, Chanceau, and Chanzy, seem to be in +conformity with this view. The French seem to have some other names from +the same stem, as Cançalon (O.G. Gansalin) and Gantzère (O.G. Gentsar). +The forms Cansick, Kensal (both diminutives, and the latter answering to +Chancel), and Kensett, may be taken to represent the native form of the +stem as found in Kenzingas.</p> + + +<p class="center">SNOAD, SNODIN, SNOWDEN (?), SNODGRASS.</p> + +<p>Of the Snotingas, who gave the name to Snotingaham, now Nottingham, we +have not many traces, either in Anglo-Saxon times or at present. There<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span> +are three Anglo-Saxon names, Snode, Snodd, and Snoding, derived from +place-names, p. <a href="#Page_102">102</a>. In Old German names it only occurs as the ending of +two or three names of women. The meaning is to be found in A.S. <i>snot</i>, +prudent, sagacious. The name Snodgrass may be a compound from this stem +as a corruption of Snodgast, though no ancient correspondent has turned +up,—compare Prendergrass, p. <a href="#Page_114">114</a>.</p> + + +<p class="center">THRALE.</p> + +<p>This is a very uncommon name; I never knew of an instance other than +that of the brewer who is handed down to posterity as the friend of +Johnson. So also in ancient times there is only one name on record, +Thralo, for which Foerstemann proposes Old Friesic, <i>thrall</i>, swift, +nimble.</p> + + +<p class="center">EARWAKER, EDDIKER.</p> + +<p>The curious-looking name Earwaker is no doubt the same as an Eueruacer +(Everwacer), in <i>Domesday</i>, from <i>evor</i>, boar, and <i>wacar</i>, watchful, +and it is of interest as supplying a missing link in the study of Old +German names. For the Old German name corresponding to this appears as +Eburacer, and while some other German writers have taken the ending to +be <i>acer</i> (Eng. <i>acre</i>), Foerstemann has, rightly as it is proved, +suggested that it is a contraction of <i>wacer</i>. Similarly the ancient +name Odoacer, of the king of the Heruli, is proved by corresponding +Anglo-Saxon names, Edwaker in a charter of manumission at Exeter, and +Edwacer on coins minted at Norwich (A.S. <i>ed</i> = O.H.G. <i>od</i>), to be +properly Odwacer. From this A.S. Edwaker may be our name Eddiker; and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span> +some others of our names, as <i>Goodacre</i> and <i>Hardacre</i>, may represent +ancient names not yet turned up.<a name="FNanchor_56_56" id="FNanchor_56_56"></a><a href="#Footnote_56_56" class="fnanchor">[56]</a> The second part of the compound, +<i>wacer</i> (whence our <i>Waker</i>), is itself a very ancient stem, being found +on the one hand in the Wacer(ingas), among the early Saxon settlers, and +on the other in the name Vacir, probably Frankish, on Roman pottery.</p> + + +<p class="center">SHAWKEY, CHALKEY, CHALK, CAULK, KELK, CHALKLEN, CALKING, CHALKER, +CHAUCER.</p> + +<p>We may take it that our name Shawkey (Shalkey) is the same as an A.S. +Scealc, p. <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, and as an O.G. Scalco, from <i>scalc</i>, servant. And the +question is, whether our names Caulk, Chalk, and Chalkey, corresponding +with an A.S. Cealca (found apparently in Cealcan gemero), and our name +Kelk, corresponding with an A.S. Celc, p. <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, may not be forms of the +same name without the initial <i>s</i>. Or whether they may be, as I before +suggested, from the tribe-name of the Chauci or Cauci, one of the +peoples included in the Frankish confederation. Of such a stem, however, +there is not any trace in the <i>Altdeutsches Namenbuch</i>, which one might +rather expect to be the case, seeing how fully Old Frankish names are +therein represented. However, I am not able to come to any definite +conclusion respecting this stem, which the forms above cited show to be +an ancient one. The French names Chaussy, Chaussée, Cauche, Cauchy, seem +to be in correspondence, as also Chaussier, comparing with Chaucer, +which, as a softened form, I think may have come through the Normans.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span></p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_54_54" id="Footnote_54_54"></a><a href="#FNanchor_54_54"><span class="label">[54]</span></a> Kemble explains Cnebba as "he that hath a beak," which +would seem to make it a sobriquet. But it certainly seems more +reasonable to bring it into an established stem.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_55_55" id="Footnote_55_55"></a><a href="#FNanchor_55_55"><span class="label">[55]</span></a> This name might also be deduced from another stem.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_56_56" id="Footnote_56_56"></a><a href="#FNanchor_56_56"><span class="label">[56]</span></a> Unless, as seems possible, Goodacre may represent the +Old German name Gundachar.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_X" id="CHAPTER_X"></a>CHAPTER X</h2> + +<p class="center">NAMES WHICH ARE NOT WHAT THEY SEEM.</p> + + +<p>It follows inevitably that, among the multitude of names such as are +included within the scope of this work, there must be many which, though +being of ancient origin, accidentally coincide with other words of +modern meaning. And thus there are several which might be taken to be +from names of women, such as the following:—</p> + + +<p class="center">ANNE, NANNY, BETTY, SALL, MOLL, PEGG, BABB, MAGG, MEGGY, MAY, MAYO, +NELLY, LUCY, KITTY, HANNAH, MAUDE.</p> + +<p>These are all English surnames, and have sometimes been accounted for on +the supposition of illegitimacy. Now, I am very much inclined to doubt +the existence, at least in England, of any names derived from women, +inasmuch as in the whole range of our surnames I do not know of one that +is <i>unmistakably</i> so derived. There is certainly a case, referred to at +p. <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, of a surname ending in <i>trud</i>, a specially female ending, but, as +I have there remarked, it does not necessarily follow that the word is +the same as that used in women's names. There is, moreover, another name +which a little puzzles me, <i>Goodeve</i>,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span> which looks as if it were from +the A.S. Godgefa, later Godiva. This is from a special female ending, +and I know of no corresponding masculine. But this might be an +exceptional case, for I doubt not that many a child in England, and +possibly even boys, with an unwonted masculine ending, might be called +after the noble woman who freed her people from the tax—</p> + +<p class="center">"And made herself an everlasting name."</p> + +<p>However, whether this might be so or not, the case seems scarcely +sufficient of itself to establish the principle. And with regard to +names such as those of which I am now treating, the resemblance is only +apparent, and, as I shall proceed to show, these are all in reality +ancient names of men. Anna, for instance, was a king of the East Angles, +and Moll the name of a king of Northumbria. Anna, Betti, Salla, Moll, +Pega, are early men's names in the <i>Liber Vitæ</i>, and all of the above +are to be found in some kindred form in the <i>Altdeutsches Namenbuch</i>. +And some of these names still bear their ancient meaning on their front, +thus Pegg is the "pegger," and Moll (or Maule, the more proper form) is +the "mauler," the stem being referred to Goth. <i>mauljan</i>, to maul.</p> + +<p>To take, then, these names in order, Anne, which corresponds with many +ancient names besides that of the king of the East Angles, among others +with that of an Anna, Archbishop of Cologne in the eleventh century, may +be referred to O.H.G. <i>ano</i>, ancestor. And Hannah (more properly Hanna) +is, with the ending in <i>a</i>, p. <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, the same as Hanney and Hann, probably +from the same stem, the <i>h</i> being falsely assumed. Nanny corresponds +with an O.G. Nanno,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span> referred to Goth. <i>nanthian</i>, audere. Betty, along +with which we must take Batty, is to be referred to A.S. <i>beado</i>, O.H.G. +<i>bado</i>, war, found in many ancient names. Sall, along with Sala, is from +a stem, p. <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, supposed by Foerstemann to mean dark. Kitty, along with +Kitt and Kitto, and also Kidd, corresponding with an A.S. Cydd, p. <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, +and a Cyda, in the <i>Liber Vitæ</i>, is from a stem <i>gid</i>, <i>kit</i>, referred +to A.S. <i>giddian</i>, to sing. Babb, corresponding with an A.S. Babba, the +name of a moneyer, and other ancient names, is from a stem which +Foerstemann thinks must have been originally derived from "children's +speech." Magg and Meggy, corresponding with an A.S. Mæg and Mecga, and +an O.G. Megi, are from a stem referred to Goth. <i>magan</i>, posse, valere; +and May, along with Mayo, corresponding with an O.G. Maio, and perhaps +with a Maio on Roman pottery, is a softened form of the same. Lucy +corresponds with an O.G. Liuzi, a High German form from <i>liud</i>, people, +and I think must have come to us through the Normans. Nelly, along with +Knell, is referred to at p. <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, as probably from O.N. <i>hnalla</i>, to +beat. Maude stands on a somewhat different footing from the rest, the +surname being really in this case from the same origin as the woman's +name. But the woman's name, as I shall endeavour to show in the next +chapter, owes its origin to an ancient mistake, and is properly a man's +name.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Names apparently from Animals.</i></p> + +<p>Many of the names apparently from animals are also to be otherwise +explained. A few of the nobler animals, as the bear, the wolf, and the +boar, are to be found in the names of men throughout the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span> Teutonic +system. The lion also and the horse occur, though by no means so +commonly. The <i>urus</i>, or wild ox, appears to have contributed a few +names, of which our <i>Ure</i> may be one. I have met with the fox in one +single instance, that of a Northman, Füks, on a runic inscription quoted +by Stevens, though it is rather probable that Foxes beorh, "Fox's +barrow" (Kemble, <i>Cod. Dip.</i>), may also be from the name of a man. Among +birds, the eagle, the raven, and the swan were common throughout the +Teutonic system, the last, among the Germans, more especially in the +names of women. To account for this, Weinhold observes that along with +the beauty of the swan was contained a warlike sense derived from the +swan plumage of the maids of Odin. But among the Danes and the Saxon +sea-rovers Swan seems to have been common as a man's name, and in this +case the idea was more probably that of the way in which the swan rides +the waters as the ideal of a rover's life. The eagle, the raven, the +swan, the hawk, and the finch seem to be found in the Earningas, the +Ræfningas, the Suaningas, the Haucingas, and the Fincingas, among our +early settlers, though the two last do not seem to occur in the Teutonic +system generally. I doubt all names that appear to be from fishes, and, +with one notable exception, all names that appear to be from reptiles or +insects. That exception is the snake, which was in special favour for +the names of men among the Danes and Northmen, there being no fewer than +twenty-four men called Ormr (worm or snake) in the <i>Landnamabôk</i> of +Iceland. Hence the name <i>Orme</i>, rather common among us, and the Saxon +form <i>Worm</i>, not by any means common. Among<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span> the Germans the snake was, +according to Weinhold, who looks upon it as the type of fascination and +insinuation, in especial favour for the names of women. The two +principal words in use among them were <i>lind</i> (O.H.G. <i>lint</i>, snake) and +<i>ling</i> (O.N. <i>lingvi</i>, serpent). Hence may be our <i>Lind</i> and <i>Lindo</i>, +corresponding with an O.G. Linto; and <i>Ling</i> and <i>Lingo</i>, corresponding +with an O.G. Lingo, and an O.N. Lingi. But both of these derivations are +somewhat uncertain, and especially the former, for I venture to think +that <i>lind</i>, gentle, is at least as appropriate for women as <i>lind</i>, +snake. To come then to the names which I take to be otherwise explained.</p> + + +<p class="center">CAMEL, LEOPARD, BUCK, PIGG, RABBIT, CAT, RAT, MOUSE, SQUIRRELL. GOOSE, +GOSLING, GANDER, DUCK, DUCKLING, OSTRICH, LARK, WREN. FISH, SHARK, +DOLPHIN, SALMON, TROUT, WHITING, SMELT, HADDOCK, HERRING, TUNNY, SPRATT, +MINNOW, LAMPREY. MOTH, MOTE, FLY, FLEA, EARWIG, EMMETT.</p> + +<p>Of the above, Camel is another form of Gamol, signifying old; there is a +Northman called Kamol in a runic inscription in Stevens. Leopard (see p. +<a href="#Page_151">151</a>) is a corruption of Liubhard. Buck is found among the early Saxon +settlers, also as an O.G. Bucco, and a Buccus, rather probably German, +on Roman pottery, and may be taken to be another form of Bugg, p. <a href="#Page_3">3</a>. +Pigg, corresponding with an O.G. Pigo, must be referred to the same stem +as Pegg, viz. <i>bichen</i>, to slash. Rabbit is no doubt the same as a +Rabbod, a "Duke of the Frisians" mentioned by Roger of Wendover, a +contraction of Radbod, p. <a href="#Page_119">119</a>. Catt, along with Cattey,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span> is another form +of Gatty, corresponding with an O.G. Gatto (<i>gatten</i>, to unite). Ratt, +corresponding with a French Ratte, may be referred to an O.G. Rato +(<i>rad</i> or <i>rat</i>, counsel). Along with Mouse I take Moss, also a present +German Muss, and a French Mousse, all of which may be referred to an +O.G. Muoza, a High German form of <i>môd</i>, <i>môt</i>, courage; this name +having rather probably come to us through the Normans. Squirrell I have +referred to at p. <a href="#Page_160">160</a>. Goose and Gosling I also take to have probably +come to us through the Normans, as representing a High German form of +the stem <i>gaud</i> (supposed to mean Goth). There are to compare French +names Gousse, Gosselin, Josselin, corresponding with Old German names +Gauso and Gauzelin, the latter a diminutive. Hence also, as a Christian +name, Jocelyn, of Old Frankish origin, come to us through the Normans. +Gander is from an A.S. Gandar, referred to in its place as a compound of +<i>gand</i>, probably signifying wolf. Duck, corresponding with a Duce (hard +<i>c</i>) in the <i>Liber Vitæ</i>, is another form of Tuck, as in the Tucingas, +early settlers in Kemble's list, from the stem <i>dug</i>, A.S. <i>dugan</i>, to +be "doughty." And Duckling, corresponding with an A.S. Duceling, p. <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, +and an O.G. Dugelin, is a diminutive (like Gosling) from the same stem. +Ostrich represents an O.G. Austoric, and an A.S. Estrich (<i>Auster</i> or +<i>Easter</i> orientalis). Wren, along with Rennie and Renno, is from a stem +referred to <i>ran</i>, rapine; though it may also be the same name as Rain, +from <i>ragin</i>, counsel. Lark and Laverock are perhaps a little uncertain; +we find Anglo-Saxon names Lauerc, Lauroca, and Laferca, which might be +from the A.S. <i>laferc</i>, O.E. <i>laverock</i>, lark. On the whole, however, I +am rather more<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span> disposed to take them to be from Lafer among the early +settlers (not I think a compound) with the diminutive ending <i>ec</i>, and +similarly I would take Leverett to be formed from the same word, <i>lafer</i> +or <i>lefer</i>, with the (perhaps also diminutive) ending <i>et</i>.</p> + +<p>Coming to names apparently from fishes, I question very much whether +Fiske and Fish are from A.S. <i>fisc</i>, pisces, though Foerstemann, in +default of a better, gives that meaning in an ancient name, Fisculf. I +think it is one of the cases in which a meaning is to be got from the +Celtic, and take it that the Welsh <i>ffysg</i>, impetuous, supplies the +sense that is required, of which also some slight traces are to be found +in Teutonic dialects. Shark and Sharkey I take to be the same name as +Sere in the <i>Liber Vitæ</i>, from A.S. <i>serc</i>, Sco. "sark," shirt, in the +sense of a shirt of mail. It is formed, according to Diefenbach, upon a +stem <i>sar</i> or <i>ser</i>, signifying armatura, p. <a href="#Page_62">62</a>; whence an O.G. Saracho, +corresponding with the above. The Sercings are a tribe or family +mentioned in the "Traveller's Song," and in connection with the Serings:</p> + +<p class="center">"With the Sercings I was, and with the Serings."</p> + +<p>The connection between the two, however, is here probably only for the +sake of the alliteration. Dolphin is the Danish name Dolgfinnr, p. <a href="#Page_48">48</a>. +There was a Dolfin, presumably of Scandinavian origin, governor of +Carlisle in the time of Rufus. Herring and Whiting are both from the +Anglo-Saxon patronymic, p. <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, and Haddock, with the M.G. Hädicke, is a +diminutive from the stem <i>had</i>, war, p. <a href="#Page_54">54</a>. Tunny, along with Tunn and +Tunno (Tunna, <i>Lib. Vit.</i>), is another form of Dunn, a common +Anglo-Saxon name. Spratt I class along with Sprout and Sprott, comparing +them with an O.G.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span> Sprutho, as from Goth, <i>sprauto</i>, nimble, active. And +Minnow, along with Minn and Minney, corresponding with an O.G. Minna, +may be taken to be from A.S. <i>myn</i>, love, affection. Salmon is the same +as an O.G. Salaman, from, as supposed, <i>salo</i>, dark; and Trout may be +the same as an O.G. Truto, probably signifying beloved. Smelt may be +taken to be from A.S. <i>smelt</i>, gentle; it occurs once as the name of an +Anglo-Saxon, but does not seem to be a word entering into the Teutonic +system, and may have been originally a sobriquet. Lamprey I have already +referred to, p. <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, as a probable corruption of Landfred.</p> + +<p>Of names apparently from insects, Moth and Mote (Mote, <i>Hund. Rolls</i>) +are probably the same as an O.G. Moata, from <i>môd</i>, <i>môt</i>, courage, +German <i>muth</i>. Fly and Flea are included in a stem, p. <a href="#Page_159">159</a>; and Emmet +may be taken to be from A.S. <i>emita</i>, quies, found in several ancient +names. Earwig I have taken, p. <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, to be a contraction of Evorwig, as +Earheart of Everhard, and Earwaker of Evorwacer.<a name="FNanchor_57_57" id="FNanchor_57_57"></a><a href="#Footnote_57_57" class="fnanchor">[57]</a> Many other names of +the same sort might be adduced, but those I have given will I think be +sufficient for the purpose.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Names apparently from Office or Occupation</i>:</p> + +<p class="center">LORD, EARL, ABBOTT, NUNN, BISHOP, PRIEST, ALDERMAN, PRENTICE, PRINCE, +HAYWARD, HOWARD, ANGLER, ARCHER, AUTHER, FARRIER, HURLER, PLAYER, +MARINER, WARNER, WALKER, PLOWMAN, ARKWRIGHT, HARTWRIGHT, SIEVEWRIGHT, +GOODWRIGHT.</p> + +<p>Lord, as noted at p. <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, can hardly be from A.S. <i>hlaford</i>, Eng. lord. +Earl, however, along<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span> with Early, seems to be the same word as Eng. +"earl," though as a name entering into the Teutonic system it is only a +word of general honorific meaning, and may not represent any man who +ever bore the title. Abbott I take to be the same as an A.S. Abbod, p. +<a href="#Page_96">96</a>, the stem being, as supposed, from Goth. <i>aba</i>, man. Nunn, along with +Nunney and Noon, compares with Nun, the name of a kinsman of Ina, king +of Wessex, and with O.G. Nunno and Nunni, the meaning of which seems +somewhat obscure. Bishop, at least in its origin, can hardly have been +from the office, for there is a Biscop in the genealogy of the kings of +the Lindisfari, who must of course have been a heathen. The name in this +case may be a compound of <i>bis</i> (closely allied to <i>bas</i>, p. <a href="#Page_5">5</a>) and A.S. +<i>côf</i>, strenuous, which we find as the ending of some other A.S. names. +But after the advent of Christianity, a man, though inheriting the old +name, would no doubt wear it with a difference. Priest must, I think, be +what it seems, there is a witness to a charter (<i>Thorpe</i>, p. 69) whose +name is Preost, and whose description is "presbyter"; his original name, +whatever it was, must have been so completely superseded by that of his +office that at last he accepted it himself, and signed accordingly. +Alderman I have taken, p. <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, to be, even in Anglo-Saxon times, a +corruption. Such a name, as derived from office, could hardly be borne +by an Anglo-Saxon, unless, indeed, as a sobriquet, superseding his +original name. So also Prentice, from an A.S. Prentsa, I take to be due +to a corruption in Anglo-Saxon times. I am not sure that Prince may not +be from the same name, Prentsa, dropping the vowel-ending and becoming +Prents. A<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span> name which has been mistakenly supposed to be from some +office of agricultural oversight is Hayward; it is however an ancient +name, more properly Agward or Egward. Howard, which has been sometimes +confounded with it, is an entirely different name, the O.N. Hâvardr +(<i>hâ</i>, high), introduced I think by the Danes or Northmen.</p> + +<p>Some names formed with <i>wright</i>, as Arkwright, Hartwright, Sievewright, +and Goodwright, will be found in their places in Chapter III. as, +according to my view, ancient compounds. I might perhaps add Boatwright, +from an O.G. Buotrit, and also Cheesewright, for which we have the stem, +p. <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, though no ancient form to represent this particular compound. +The Wrihtingas, in Kemble's list of early settlers, I take to be +properly Ritingas, from a stem <i>rit</i>, supposed to be the same as Eng. +"ride," though perhaps in an older and more general sense of rapid +motion. Many names ending in <i>er</i>, as Ambler, Angler, Archer, Auther, +&c., are in reality from an ancient ending in <i>har</i>, signifying warrior. +Ambler represents an O.G. Amalher, p. <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, Angler an O.G. Angilher, p. +<a href="#Page_42">42</a>, Archer an O.G. Erchear, p. <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, and Auther an O.G. Authar, p. <a href="#Page_42">42</a>. +Farrier, along with Ferrier, may represent an O.G. Feriher, p. <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, and +Hurler an O.G. Erlehar, from the stem <i>erl</i> already referred to. Gambler +represents an O.G. Gamalher, and Player is the same as an A.S. Plegher, +from <i>pleg</i>, play, probably the play of battle. Then we have Mariner and +Marner, which, with French Marinier and Marnier, may be referred to an +O.G. Marnehar (<i>mar</i>, famous), and in a similar manner Warrener and +Warner may be taken to be from an O.G. Warnehar (Warin = Wern). Among<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span> +names of this class we may also include Walker, of which there is +abundant instance as an ancient name. Kemble has Wealceringas among the +early settlers, as well as also Wealcingas representing the stem on +which it is formed, probably A.S. <i>wealh</i>, stranger. There was in after +Anglo-Saxon times a Walchere, bishop of Lindisfarne, and Ualcar is found +in a runic inscription in Stevens; while, as O.G. names, we have +Walachar and Walchar, and as a present German name we have Walcher. +However, in view of the commonness of this name, it is perhaps only +reasonable to suppose an admixture from A.S. <i>wealcere</i>, a fuller.</p> + +<p>I may here observe that this same ending, <i>har</i>, so common in ancient +names, give us many names which have the appearance of a comparative, +such as <i>Harder</i>, <i>Paler</i>, <i>Richer</i>, &c., and in its other form, <i>hari</i>, +many names such as <i>Armory</i>, <i>Buttery</i>, <i>Gunnery</i>, <i>Flattery</i>, which we +have also in the other form as <i>Armor</i>, <i>Butter</i>, <i>Gunner</i>, and +<i>Flatter</i> (<i>flat</i>, formosus).</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Names apparently from Times and Seasons.</i></p> + +<p>The names of this sort have generally been supposed to be derived from a +person having been born at some particular time. That there are names of +this sort, such as Christmas, Noel, and Midwinter, we cannot for a +moment doubt, but, judging by the early records of our names, they are +of very rare occurrence, and I conceive that in the majority of cases +names of such appearance are to be otherwise accounted for.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center">SUNDAY, MONDAY, FRIDAY, HOLIDAY, LOVEDAY, HOCKADAY, PENTECOST, LAMMAS, +LAMAISON, SUMMER, WINTER, JANUARY.</p> + +<p>Sunday may be Sunda, comparing with an O.G. Sundo, and an A.S. Sunta, +perhaps from <i>sund</i>, sea. Similarly Munday may be Munda, to be referred, +along with Mundy, to <i>mund</i>, protection, and comparing with an O.G. +Mundo. The other four names ending in <i>day</i> seem to represent ancient +compounds, and in what sense these were given it is difficult to say. +Friday corresponds with an O.G. Frittag and with an A.S. Frigedæg, p. +<a href="#Page_99">99</a>, Holiday with an O.G. Halegdag, Loveday (Luiedai in Domesday) with an +O.G. Liopdag (<i>liub</i>, love), and Hockaday, with a present French Hocedé, +with an O.G. Hodag (<i>hoh</i> or <i>hoch</i>, high). From the character of these +names, compounded with "high," "holy," "peace," and "love," they might +be supposed to have been given in a religious sense, and their date, the +ninth century, would be in conformity. The Anglo-Saxon name Frigedæg, it +will be observed, is from the same word as our "Friday," and not the +same as the Old German name, which is from <i>frid</i>, peace. But it seems +to me quite possible that the Anglo-Saxons, having received the name, +might mistake its meaning and spell it according to their own views. +This they seem to do in some other cases, as, for instance, the stem +<i>wit</i>, common to the Teutonic system, and rather probably from <i>wid</i>, +wood, they seem to take as from <i>wiht</i>, man, and spell it accordingly. +Summer and Winter are both ancient names; in the <i>Cod. Dip. Alamanniæ</i> +there are two brothers called respectively<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span> Sumar and Winter, A.D. 858. +Winter was also the name of one of the companions of Hereward the Saxon. +Pentecost I have elsewhere supposed, p. <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, to be a corruption of +Pentecast, as an ancient name. I rather doubt Lammas, which is found as +Lammasse in the <i>Hundred Rolls</i>, and which corresponds with a French +Lamas. Lamisso was the name of a Lombard king of the fifth century, and +was derived, according to an old chronicler, from <i>lama</i>, water, because +in his youth the king had been rescued from drowning—a derivation which +may perhaps be regarded with some suspicion. Taking Lammas then as the +representative of an ancient name, we might get from it our name +Lamaison (ending in <i>en</i>, p. <a href="#Page_27">27</a>), though if Lammas were from the +diminutive ending is, <i>es</i>, p. <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, it could not take a German <i>en</i> in +addition; in this case the ending must be Romanic, which, from the +French form of the name, seems very possible. As to the name January, I +am inclined to look upon it as a corruption of another name, Jennery, +which, along with Jenner, I take to be the same as the Old German names +Genear and Ginheri, from, as supposed, <i>gan</i>, magic or fascination.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Names apparently from Parts of the Body.</i></p> + +<p class="center">HEAD, BODY, ARMS, LEGG, LEGGY, LEGLESS, FINGER, HEART, EARHEART, SIDE, +BACK, ELBOW, FOOTE, TONGUE. (LAWLESS, BOOKLESS, FAIRLESS, RECKLESS), +FAIRFOOT, TRUEFITT.</p> + +<p>With the exception of Foote and Tongue, I do not think that any of the +above are what they seem. Head seems to be probably the same as A.S. +Hedda, which, like another name, Hada, seems to be from<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span> <i>had</i>, war. +Body is clearly from <i>bodi</i>, messenger, p. <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, and Arms is from an +ancient origin, p. <a href="#Page_19">19</a>. Legg I take to be the same as Law, A.S. <i>lag</i>, +found in several ancient names. Hence I take Legless to be the same as +Lawless, and both to mean "learned in the law," from an ancient ending +<i>leis</i>, explained by Foerstemann as "learned." This gives something like +a meaning to some other names, as Bookless; "book-learned"; Fairless, +"travel-learned"; perhaps Reckless (A.S. <i>reccan</i>, to reck, understand). +Finger is a Scandinavian name, p. <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, Heart is a false spelling of +<i>hart</i>, hard, and Earheart is Everard, p. <a href="#Page_49">49</a>. Side is from an A.S. Sida, +p. <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, and Back (Bacca and Bacga in the <i>Lib. Vit.</i>) is another form of +Bagge, <i>bagan</i>, to contend. Elbow I take to be Elbo, from <i>alb</i> or +<i>alf</i>, signifying "elf." Foote may be taken to be what it seems, though +I think that such a name must have had a vowel-ending, as its meaning +must be "footy," <i>i.e.</i> nimble, as "handy," from hand. Comparing with +our Foote there is a name Fus on Roman pottery, which, see p. <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, it is +clear from his little joke, that the owner took to be from <i>fus</i>, foot. +It does not follow, as a matter of course, that the old potter knew the +meaning of his own name; there is a word <i>funs</i>, sometimes <i>fus</i>, +occurring in O.G. names in the supposed meaning of eager; this word +would more appropriately be used without a vowel-ending than would +<i>fus</i>, foot. Foerstemann has a name, Fussio, which does not, however, +throw any light upon it. Another name, however, also found on Roman +pottery, Lytafus, corresponding with our Lightfoot, rather seems to +favour the meaning of <i>fus</i>, foot. Two other names of a similar kind to +Lightfoot are<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span> Fairfoot (properly Farefoot; <i>faran</i>, to go, travel), and +Truefitt (properly Truefoot) a name like Treubodi, p. <a href="#Page_26">26</a>. The last name, +Tongue, corresponds with an O.G. Tungo, which I take to be from <i>tung</i>, +lingua, probably in the sense of eloquence. We must presume the name not +to be High German.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Names apparently from Trees.</i></p> + +<p>Names from trees have been generally taken to be derived from a local +origin, as marking the site of a man's habitation. There are, however, a +number of names which I take in some, or in all cases, to be from a +different origin.</p> + + +<p class="center">ASH, ASKE, ASKEY, BEECH, BIRCH, ALDER, OAKE, OAKEY, IVY, LINDEN, THORNE, +HASELL, WILLOW, SYCAMORE, CHESNUT, ROWANTREE.</p> + +<p>Aske or Ashe represents an ancient stem in Teutonic names, perhaps +derived from a mythological origin, man being feigned to have been +created out of an ash-tree, perhaps from being the wood out of which +spears were made (Cf. <i>Asquith</i>, p. 148). The Ascingas were among the +early settlers, and Æsc was the name of the son of Hengest. Hence I take +our names, Ash, Aske, and Askey, with several compounds. The Bircingas +were also among the early settlers; the stem seems to be <i>birg</i>, +supposed to mean protection, and entering into a number of names +throughout the Teutonic system. Alder, which corresponds with an A.S. +Aldher, and an O.G. Althar, is a compound of <i>ald</i>, old, and <i>hari</i>, +warrior. The oak, as the symbol of strength, would seem suitable for +men's<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span> names, but upon the whole it seems more probable that Oake and +Oakey, Aikin (A.S. Acen, p. <a href="#Page_96">96</a>) and Aikman (A.S. Æcemann, p. <a href="#Page_96">96</a>), are +from <i>ac</i>, <i>ec</i>, perhaps "edge," acies. Ivy is the same as Ive with a +vowel-ending, and compares with an O.G. Ivo, and an A.S. Iffa, perhaps +from O.N. <i>[^y]fa</i>, to rage. Linden is from <i>lind</i>, p. <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, with the ending +in <i>en</i>, p. <a href="#Page_27">27</a>. Hasel and Thorn are both found in the list of early +settlers, the former I take to be properly Asel, corresponding with an +O.G. Asilo, from <i>as</i> or <i>os</i>, semideus; the latter, which does not seem +to occur in the Teutonic system generally, I rather suppose to be a +contraction of O.N. <i>thoran</i>, boldness. Willow, along with Will and +Willey, is also found in the list of early settlers, and corresponds +with an O.G. Willo, perhaps from <i>will</i> in the sense of resolution. +Sycamore is from an O.G. Sicumar, p. <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, and Chestnut is referred to at +p. <a href="#Page_155">155</a>. Rowantree is no doubt from the tree, and may perhaps have +reference to its supposed magical powers. Rointru is also a French name, +perhaps a relic of the many Scotchmen who have at different times taken +refuge in that country, though possibly of older origin.</p> + +<p>There are a few other names which may be included here.</p> + + +<p class="center">STUBBE, STUBBING, GROVE (GRUBB), TWIGG, SPRIGG (TWINE, TWINING, TWISS, +SPRAGUE, SPRACK, SPARK, SPRACKLIN, SPRECKLY).</p> + +<p>Stubbe might be taken to be of local origin, for nothing would be more +appropriate to mark a locality than a stub. But the patronymic Stubbing +points to an origin of a different kind, and moreover we find<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span> Stubingas +among the early settlers. And there was also a Stuf, nephew of Cerdic, +and a Northman called Stufr in the <i>Laxdæla-saga</i>. The origin is to be +found in O.N. <i>stufr</i>, <i>stubbr</i>, A.S. <i>styb</i>, branch, shoot, probably in +the honorific sense of race or lineage. I take Grove, along with which I +put Grubb, to be from Germ. <i>grob</i>, Dan. <i>grov</i>, coarse, clumsy; but no +doubt in an older sense more suitable for men's names, and probably +cognate with Eng. "gruff," the idea being that of great size and +strength. We find Grobb as an Anglo-Saxon name, p. <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, and Griubinc (son +of Griub) as an Old German name, of which, however, Foerstemann does not +offer any explanation. Grobe and Grove are present German names (the +latter Low German), and Grub and Grubi are found in France. Here also I +may take Twigg, corresponding with an A.S. Twicga, moneyer of St. +Edmund, also with a Tuica found in Tuicanham, now Twickenham. I take it +to be from the same root as "twig," viz. A.S. <i>tweg</i>, two, and to have +perhaps the meaning of "twin." (Names of a similar kind may be Twine, +with its patronymic Twining, and also Twiss, corresponding with an O.G. +Zuiso, A.S. <i>twis</i>, twin.) Sprigg I class along with Sprague, Sprack, +and Spark, corresponding with a Spraga in the <i>Lib. Vit.</i>, as from O.N. +<i>sprackr</i>, Prov. Eng. <i>spragg</i>, <i>sprack</i>, smart, active. We have also, +as a diminutive, Spracklin, corresponding with a Spraclingus in the +<i>Lib. Vit.</i>, and we have Spreckley, probably the same name as that of +Sprakaleg, brother of Sweyn, king of Denmark, from O.N. <i>spræklegr</i>, +sprightly.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Names apparently from Complexion or Colour of Hair.</i></p> + +<p>Such names as Black, White, Brown, have been no doubt in many, probably +in most cases, original surnames. Nevertheless they are also ancient +baptismal names, and it is not by any means certain that these are from +the same origin as the surnames.</p> + + +<p class="center">BLACK, BLACKER, BLAKE, BLANK, BLANCHARD, WHITE, BROWN, DUNN, GRAY, +GREGG, CRAIG, MURCH, MURCHIE, SMIRKE.</p> + +<p>The Blacingas were among the early settlers. Blecca was the name of a +governor of Lincoln, A.D. 627; Blaca is an early name in the <i>Liber +Vitæ</i>, and Blac is a name in <i>Domesday</i>. I am inclined to take Black, +along with Blake, to be (of course as an ancient name) the same word as +<i>blic</i>, found in some Old German names, and to find the sense concerned +in A.S. blican, to shine (which indeed is the root of <i>black</i>), hence to +give it, like Bright, the sense of "illustrious." Hence I take our +Blacker and the French Blacher to be the same as an O.G. Blicker +(<i>hari</i>, warrior)—the ancient family of Blacker, I believe, trace their +origin to Nancy. I further take Blank and Blanchard (<i>hard</i>, fortis) to +be a nasalised form of the above, and to have the same meaning. The stem +will be found in more detail p. <a href="#Page_46">46</a>.</p> + +<p>I take White, so far as it may be of ancient origin, not to be from +colour; in some cases it may be from <i>wid</i>, wood, and perhaps in others +from <i>wit</i>, wisdom. In Anglo-Saxon names it is spelt <i>wiht</i>, as if from +<i>wiht</i>, man—Cf. O.G. Witgar, A.S. Wihtgar, O.G. Witleg, A.S. Wihtlæg, +O.G. Widrad, A.S. Wihtræd, though, as I take it, it is the same word +common to the Teutonic system.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span></p> + +<p>The Brownings (Brûningas) were also among the early settlers, and Brûn +frequently occurs in after Anglo-Saxon times; among others there is a +Brûn bydel, "Brown the beadle," in a charter of manumission. Bruno also +occurs as an Old German name, and Brûni was not an uncommon name among +the Northmen. I am rather disposed to question the derivation from +brown, <i>fuscus</i>, and as in the case of Black, to take the sense +contained in the root, which seems to be that of burning or brightness. +One of the Northmen, called Brûni, was surnamed "the white," so that in +his case, at any rate, the name was not derived from complexion. Dunn is +another name that is found among the early settlers, and also in after +Anglo-Saxon times. It seems to me to be at least as probably from O.N. +<i>duna</i>, thunder, as from <i>dun</i>, fuscus.</p> + +<p>The Grægingas (A.S. <i>græeg</i>, grey) are also found in the list of early +settlers, though the name does not seem to figure much in after +Anglo-Saxon times. There are Old German names Grao and Grawo, and +various compounds. The root-meaning seems to contain the sense of +"horror," which may be that which is present in names, the idea being of +course that of one who is a terror to others. As well as Gray, we have +Gregg, and perhaps as another form Craig,<a name="FNanchor_58_58" id="FNanchor_58_58"></a><a href="#Footnote_58_58" class="fnanchor">[58]</a> and the Germans have Grau. +The Myrcingas among the early settlers may perhaps be represented in our +Murch and Murchie (whence Murchison), possibly also in S(mirke). Whether +the name is from A.S. <i>mirc</i>, dark, mirk, may be uncertain; Professor +Skeat thinks of <i>marc</i>, limes,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span> for the Myrcingas, who are probably the +same as the Myrgingas of the "Traveller's Song."</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Names apparently from Scriptural Personages.</i></p> + +<p>While names taken from the eminent characters of Scripture have, ever +since the advent of Christianity, been in favour for the names of men, +there are among our surnames some names which we must reasonably suppose +are to be otherwise explained.</p> + + +<p class="center">PHAROAH, HEROD, ESAU, CAIN, JAEL, POTIPHAR PUDDIFER (ABLARD).</p> + +<p>Of the above, Pharaoh is only a misleading spelling of an O.G. name +Faro, perhaps come to us through the Normans. And Esau is a similar +perversion of another O.G. name Eso, probably from <i>as</i> or <i>os</i>, +semi-deus. Cain is, along with Gain, from the name Gagin, Cagen, p. <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, +probably signifying victory. Herod is, no doubt, the same as an A.S. +Herrid in a charter of Wihtræd, from, as supposed, A.S. <i>herad</i>, +principatus, found also in some Old German names. Jael I take to be most +probably a softened form of Gale, from a stem referred to A.S. <i>galan</i>, +to sing. Potiphar, along with Puddifer, a French Potefer, and perhaps a +Low German Bötefur,<a name="FNanchor_59_59" id="FNanchor_59_59"></a><a href="#Footnote_59_59" class="fnanchor">[59]</a> I take to represent an ancient name not turned +up, from <i>bod</i>, <i>bud</i>, or <i>pot</i>, envoy or messenger, and <i>faran</i>, to +travel, found as an ending in some Old German names. Abel is a name +which, as frequently used for a Christian name, might also be found in +surnames. But there is a Teutonic word <i>abal</i>, signifying strength, +which may be more<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span> probably that which is found in the French Abeillard, +with which we have a name Ablard to correspond.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Names apparently Descriptive of Moral Characteristics.</i></p> + +<p>There are a number of names which, if they had been found as Christian +names, might have been supposed to be of Puritan origin, but which as +surnames must be otherwise accounted for.</p> + + +<p class="center">GOODHEART, STONEHEART, GODWARD, LOVEGOD, LOVEGOOD, LOVEMAN, MANLOVE, +GOODLIFFE, FULLALOVE, GODLIMAN, GOODENOUGH, THOROUGHGOOD, HUMBLE, SAINT, +BADMAN, PAGAN, BIGOT, GODDAM, SWEARS, SWEARING, SCAMP.</p> + +<p>Of the above, Goodheart and Stoneheart are compounds of <i>hart</i>, hard, +pp. <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>. So also Godward Lovegod, Lovegood, Loveman, Manlove, +Goodliffe, and Fullalove will be found in their places as ancient +compounds in Chap. III. Godliman I take to be a corruption of an O.G. +Godalmand (the <i>l</i> being introduced in accordance with a principle +referred to at p. <a href="#Page_114">114</a>) Goodenough is referred to at p. <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, and +Thoroughgood at p. <a href="#Page_120">120</a>. Humble I take to be the same name as the German +Humboldt, from an O.G. Hunbald, the ending <i>bald</i> often in our names +becoming <i>ble</i>. Saint I take to be the same as Sant, <i>sand</i> or <i>sant</i>, +verus, the stem on which is formed Sander in the list of early settlers.</p> + +<p>Of the names apparently of an opposite character, Badman, corresponding +with a Badumon in the <i>Liber Vitæ</i>, is a compound of <i>bad</i>, war. Goddam +stands for Godhelm as William for Willihelm. Swears and Swearing are +explained, p. <a href="#Page_160">160</a>. Scamp corresponds<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span> with an O.G. Scemphio, derived by +Foerstemann from O.H.G. <i>scimph</i>, jocus. This may possibly be the older +sense of the word, and Scamp may have been nothing worse than a wag. +Pagan, with its contracted form Paine, I have referred to p. <a href="#Page_118">118</a>. Bigot, +along with Pigot, Pickett, and probably Beckett, and a Pigota and +Picotus in the <i>Liber Vitæ</i>, may be the same as an A.S. Picced, p. <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, +which I take to represent the form Pichad or Bighad, from the stem +<i>big</i>, with <i>had</i>, war. There is, however, another explanation suggested +by our name Bidgood. This name, for which the ancient equivalent has not +turned up, seems to be from <i>bad</i>, war, and might have been Bidgod (for +<i>god</i> and <i>good</i> constantly interchange), which would readily contract +into Bigod or Bigot.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Names apparently from Nationalities.</i></p> + +<p>While we have a number of names derived from nations or races in +accordance with the Teutonic system, there are some others which might +seem more obviously than most others to be from such an origin, and yet +which must I think be referred to some other source. Three of these, +England, Scotland, and Ireland, I have already referred to at p. <a href="#Page_9">9</a>.</p> + + +<p class="center">ENGLISH, INGLIS, ROMAN, NORMAN, GENESE, TURK, SPAIN.</p> + +<p>English I take to be a phonetic corruption of Inglis, which seems to be +the same as an Ingliseus in the <i>Pol. Irm.</i>, and which I rather suppose +to be a transposition of an Anglo-Saxon Ingils, for Ingisil, from the +stem <i>ing</i>, p. <a href="#Page_56">56</a>. Roman, I doubt not, is contracted from Rodman, p. <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, +as Robert is from Rodbert, and Roland from Rodland. I introduce<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span> Norman +here as not being, in my view, from "Norman" as we generally understand +the term, but as representing more probably the word in its original +sense of "Northman." Nordman was a Scandinavian name, and hence it is I +think that we have the name, which seems to occur more especially in +Scotland and the Danish districts of England. Genese I take to be most +probably from the old Frankish name Genesius, perhaps from a stem <i>gan</i>, +p. <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, with the ending in <i>es</i>, p. <a href="#Page_33">33</a>. Turk corresponds with an A.S. +Turca, p. <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, which again is probably the same as a Gothic Turicus of +the fifth century, a diminutive from the stem <i>dur</i> or <i>tur</i> found among +the early settlers, and of uncertain meaning. Spain I take to be from +the A.S. <i>spanan</i>, allicere, found in some ancient names, and from which +I take to be our name Spenlove, (<i>leof</i>, dear) with the corruption, +Spendlove. The name Spegen, corresponding with our Spain, occurs in the +<i>Liber Vitæ</i> more than once—Is its aspirated form due to the +Northumbrian dialect?</p> + +<p>Of the names which are truly derived from nationality I will here only +refer to one as an illustration of successive forms built one upon the +other in accordance with the principle referred to in treating of the +ending <i>en</i>, p. <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</p> + + +<p class="center">BOY, BYE, PYE, BOYER, BYARD, BOYMAN, PYMAN, BEYERMAN, BYRON.</p> + +<p>There are three forms, the first representing the form <i>boi</i>, as found +in the name of the Boii, who gave the name to Boioaria or Bavaria, the +second representing the extended form found in German <i>Baviar</i>, the +third the further extended form as found in <i>Bavarian</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center">SIMPLE FORM BOI.</p> + +<p>O.G. Boio, Beio, Peio, ninth century. A.S. Boia (in a charter of Cnut). +Eng. Boy, Bye, Pye. Germ. Boye French, Boy, Boye, Poy, Poyé.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Compounds.</i></p> + +<p>(<i>Hard</i>, fortis), Eng. Byard—French Boyard, Poyart—Italian Boiardo. +(<i>Man</i>, vir), Eng. Boyman, Pyman.</p> + + +<p class="center">EXTENDED FORM BOYER.</p> + +<p>O.G. Baior, Peior, ninth century. English, Boyer, Byer. French, Boyer, +Boyreau, Poyer.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Compound.</i></p> + +<p>(<i>Man</i>, vir), English Beyerman.</p> + + +<p class="center">FURTHER EXTENDED FORM—BAVARIAN.</p> + +<p>O.G. Beiarin, eighth century. English Byron. French Boiron, Boyron.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Names apparently from abbreviated Christian names of men.</i></p> + +<p>As I began this chapter with names apparently from women, such as Moll, +Betty, Pegge, so now I propose to conclude it with names of a similar +kind derived apparently from men.</p> + + +<p class="center">BILL, BILLY, BILLOW, WILL, WILLY, WILLOEE, WILKE, WILKIE, WILKIN, +WILLIS, WILLING, DICK, DICKLE, TICKLE, DICKEN, BENN, BENNEY, BENNOCH, +BENNELL, TOM, TOMB, TOOMEY, TOMEY, DUME, DUMMELOW, DUMBELL, TOMMELL, +TOMLIN, DUMLIN, DUMPLIN, HARRY, JACK, JAGO, JACKLIN, BOBY, BOFFEY, BUBB, +BOBBIN.</p> + +<p>No one would take our name Billing to be other than from the Anglo-Saxon +Billing, of which so<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span> many traces are to be found in English place +names. And no one, I venture to say, who looks into the subject, would +dispute the ancient compounds formed on the stem, p. <a href="#Page_45">45</a>. Why then should +any one doubt Bill himself, the father of them all, or Billy, ending in +<i>i</i>, p. <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, and Billow, ending in <i>o</i> and corresponding with an O.G. +Bilo? Moreover the name is common to all the races who share with us in +a Teutonic ancestry; the Germans have Bille, the Danes have Bille, and +the French have Bille and Billey. The same remarks apply to Will, +Willey, and Willoe, with the diminutives Wilke, Wilkie, Wilkin, Willis, +patronymic Willing, and compounds, p. <a href="#Page_66">66</a>. Dick I take to be the same +word as found in Ticcingas, and suggest for it the meaning of power or +vigour which seems to lie at the root. Hence Dickle and Tickle are the +same as the Diccel found in Diccelingas, and Dicken is the same as an +A.S. Ticcen, p. <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, while Dixie (Dicksie) may be from the ending in +<i>es</i>, p. <a href="#Page_33">33</a>. Benn and Benny represent the stem on which are formed the +compounds, p. <a href="#Page_45">45</a>. We have also as diminutives Bennoch, corresponding +with an O.G. Bennico, an A.S. Benoc (in the genealogy of Ida, king of +Bernicia), and a name Bennic (Bennici manû), on Roman pottery; and +Bennell, corresponding with a Gothic Βενἡλος, in Procopius, +besides other names in correspondence with ancient forms. Tom has its +vowel shortened, but I take it to be the same as Tomb, Toomey, Tomey, +and Dume, probably from A.S. <i>dôm</i>, O.H.G. <i>tuom</i>, judgment, "doom," +ancient names in correspondence being Toma, p. <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, Tumma <i>Lib. Vit.</i>, +and Tomy <i>Roll. Batt. Abb.</i> With regard to the last, I may observe that +the French<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span> still have corresponding names, as Thomé, Tombe, Thom, Dome, +&c. Then, as diminutives, we have Dummelow, Dumbell, and Tommell, +corresponding with O.G. Duomelo, Tomila, Tumila; and we have Tomlin, +Dumlin (whence Dumplin), corresponding with O.G. Domlin, names in +accordance with both of the above being also found in Germany and +France. Harry, along with Harrow, and Harre, I take to represent the +stem from which we have so many compounds, p. <a href="#Page_55">55</a>. Jack, along with Jago, +and corresponding with an O.G. Jacco, I take to be from O.H.G. <i>jagon</i>, +to hunt. Hence as a diminutive, we have Jacklin, corresponding with +Jagelinus and Jachelinus (<i>Domesday</i>), and with present German Jacklin, +and French Jacquelin. The stem seems to be somewhat better represented +in French names than in English; among others they have Jacquard +(<i>ward</i>, guardian), who gave his name to the Jacquard loom. Boby, +Boffey, and Bubb I take to be the same as Boba, in a charter of Egbert, +and Bofa, dux, in a charter of Ceolwulf of Mercia, also as Old German +names, Bobo, Bovo, Boffo, and Bubo, the word concerned being probably to +be found in German <i>bube</i>, Dutch <i>boef</i>, boy. Kemble has both Bobbingas +and Bovingas, different forms, I take it, of the same name, in his list +of early settlers. Our name Bobbin, which corresponds with an O.G. +Bobin, may be taken as an example of the ending in <i>en</i>, p. <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</p> + +<p>I trust that I have succeeded in making it clear, from the definite +place which the foregoing are shown to occupy in the Teutonic system, +that they are not, as they have been generally supposed to be, familiar +contractions of Christian names.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span></p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_57_57" id="Footnote_57_57"></a><a href="#FNanchor_57_57"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> Cf. also Eng. "e'er" for "ever."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_58_58" id="Footnote_58_58"></a><a href="#FNanchor_58_58"><span class="label">[58]</span></a> There seems probably an Anglo-Saxon name Crecga in +Crecganford, now Crayford.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_59_59" id="Footnote_59_59"></a><a href="#FNanchor_59_59"><span class="label">[59]</span></a> Nomen honestissimæ familiæ Hamburgensis (<i>Richey</i>). +He evidently takes it as a sobriquet "beet (<i>i.e.</i> make up) the +fire."</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XI" id="CHAPTER_XI"></a>CHAPTER XI.</h2> + +<p class="center">CHRISTIAN NAMES OF WOMEN.<a name="FNanchor_60_60" id="FNanchor_60_60"></a><a href="#Footnote_60_60" class="fnanchor">[60]</a></p> + + +<p>The names of women, so far as they are of German origin, enter into the +Teutonic system precisely as do the names of men, and there is, as far +as I know, no instance of a stem used exclusively for the names of +women. But in regard to the second part of the compound, which is that +which governs the name, there are certain words which are only used for +women. Some of these are such as from their meaning would not be +suitable for anything else, such as <i>trud</i>, from which we have +<i>Gertrude</i> and <i>Ermentrude</i>, both of which seem to be of Frankish +origin, and to have come to us through the Normans. The Anglo-Saxon form +appears to be <i>dryth</i> or <i>thryth</i>, as in Mildthryth, from which comes +our <i>Mildred</i>, the only name, as far as I know, in that form. Another +feminine ending among the Anglo-Saxons was <i>gith</i>, which, as elsewhere +noted, I have supposed to mean woman or goddess. The only name we have +with this ending is <i>Edith</i>, unless, as seems not impossible, an +Anglo-Saxon <i>Godgith</i> (Godith, <i>Lib. Vit.</i>) has got mixed up<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span> with +<i>Judith</i>. Another specially female ending was <i>fled</i>, in H.G. <i>flat</i>, +the meaning of which seems to be beauty. As a prefix this word enters +into the names of men, and we may have some names from it, as <i>Flatt</i>, +<i>Flattery</i>, <i>Flatman</i>, &c. As an ending there may have been some word +corresponding with O.N. <i>fliôd</i>, a beautiful woman, which has caused its +special application. Then there are certain words, such as <i>hild</i>, war, +and <i>burg</i>, in which the meaning (condere, servare) may perhaps imply in +such case modesty or chastity; which, as endings, are used almost +exclusively for names of women. But as a general rule the same range of +words forms indifferently names of men and women, the latter being +distinguished only by having the ending in <i>a</i>.</p> + +<p>My object in this chapter is only to deal with a few names, in regard to +which I desire to correct some wrong impressions, or to throw some new +light upon the subject. And in the first place I have to refer to the +connection between Isabel and Elizabeth, and to the manner in which I +suppose the former name to have originated.</p> + + +<p class="center">ISABEL <i>another form of</i> ELIZABETH, <i>and how it came to be so</i>.</p> + +<p>Miss Yonge in her <i>History of Christian Names</i>, is no doubt right in +taking Isabel to be another form of Elizabeth, with which it is +historically shown to have interchanged. But the etymological process by +which this has been brought about has been always somewhat of a puzzle, +and it is upon this point that I have to suggest an explanation. Now the +key to the puzzle is this: that the early Frankish converts in the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span> time +of Charlemagne, introduced the name, not only in its Latin form of +Elizabeth, but also, and indeed more frequently, in its Hebrew form of +Elischeba—it was Elischeba that was made into Isabel and not Elizabeth. +Protected by its strong ending, Elizabeth has retained its form +unchanged. Elischeba has been entirely lost to sight under a cloud of +transformations. Slightly modified to suit Frankish pronunciation, it +was introduced in the first instance as Elisaba, Elisabia, Alisabia, and +Elisavia, all names of women in the <i>Polyptique de l'Abbé Irminon</i> and +the <i>Polyptique de Saint Remi de Reims</i>. In the fourteenth century (if, +indeed, it did not take place earlier) we find this old Frankish form +El(isaba) abbreviated into Isabeau, its ending being made to conform to +French ideas of spelling. Isabeau was the name of the wife of Charles +VI. of France, and the name was still recognised as being the same as +Elizabeth. We have got to forge the connecting link between Isabeau and +Isabel, but the process is not a violent one. It would not be difficult +to suppose that the French idea of the fitness of things in the case of +a woman's name would lead them to change this masculine-seeming ending, +<i>beau</i>, into what they would conceive to be its appropriate feminine, +and so make Isabeau into Isabelle. We need not suppose that this took +place all at once, or that because one man changed Isabeau into Isabel, +everybody else forthwith proceeded to follow his example. It is more +probable that the two names existed side-by-side, together, for some +time before the struggle for existence terminated in the survival of +(what seemed) the fitter. Throughout all these changes the identity of +the name with Elizabeth had always<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</a></span> been recognised; but when Isabel had +finally succeeded in establishing its claim as the representative, the +deposed Isabeau, its origin having been forgotten, might have become a +man's name, and so capable of transmitting surnames, which would account +for Isabeau as a family name in France at the present day.</p> + +<p>But these are not the only changes which have come over this unfortunate +name, for we find Elisavia, another of the old Frankish forms before +noted, forthwith abbreviated into Lisvia, and further corrupted into +Lisavir and Lisabir, all names of women in the two old Frankish +chronicles before referred to. And if we can again suppose the name +Lisavir (or rather Elisavir), its origin having been forgotten, to have +become a man's name (towards which its masculine-looking ending, <i>vir</i>, +might have assisted) it might well give the origin of the name Elzevir, +of the famous printers at Amsterdam. Not that the name would necessarily +be of Frankish origin, for the Hebrew form seems also to have been +introduced into Germany, where we find the woman's name, Elisba, in the +ninth century; and, it might be also into Holland, while the phonetic +principles which regulate such changes are more or less of general +application. Again, it seems not improbable that the Spanish woman's +name, Elvira, for which no derivation at all satisfactory has been +suggested, might be properly Elzvira, and so again another form derived +from Elischeba. The question might naturally be asked how it is, seeing +the various contractions which Elischeba has undergone, that Elizabeth +has not been treated in the same way. In point of fact it seems probable +that it has, for we find a solitary name<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span> Isabeth in the <i>Liber Vitæ</i> +about the thirteenth century. This was before Elizabeth had come into +use in England, and the name might probably be an importation. But +abbreviate Elizabeth as you will you cannot disguise it, and this is +what I meant in referring to it as "protected by its strong ending." And +now, having dealt with the diversified forms that have grown up around +Elisabeth, I shall have, in a succeeding note, to endeavour to show that +Eliza, which might more certainly than any other form be supposed to be +derived from it, is, in fact, of entirely different origin, and a name +that was in use long before Elizabeth was introduced; though at the same +time we cannot doubt that as soon as ever that potent name came in, +Eliza would be at once appropriated by it.</p> + + +<p class="center">ANNABELLA, ARABELLA, CLARIBEL, CRISTABEL, ROSABEL.</p> + +<p>But in the meantime I may refer to some other names which seem cast in +the same form as Isabel; as for instance, Annabella, Arabella, Claribel, +Christabel, and Rosabel. With regard to these names, I am disposed to +come to the conclusion, that though moulded into the same shape, they +are not by any means all of a similar origin. Annabella would be a very +natural corruption of Amabilla, a name in the <i>Liber Vitæ</i> of Durham. +The same record contains, as names of women, Amabilis, Amabel, and +Mabilla, of course from Latin <i>amabilis</i>—whence our Mabel, on this +theory the same name as Annabella. Arabella, again, might be a +corruption of the old Frankish Heribolda—<i>bold</i>, as an ending often +changing into<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span> <i>bel</i>, as in our surnames Grimble and Wimble, from +Grimbald and Winibald, and Tremble (most infelicitously), from Trumbald +(A.S. <i>trum</i>, firm, strong). So, also, Claribel might be from an old +Frankish Clarebalda, of which, however, we have only on record the +masculine form, Clarebald. This appears to be from Latin <i>clarus</i>, +illustrious, and is not the only case in which the old Franks at that +period mixed up Latin and German in the same name. It is possible that +Christabel might be from a similar origin; for the early Frankish +converts at that period freely adopted the name of Christ, and mixed it +up with German compounds, such as Cristhildis, a woman's name, from +<i>hild</i>, war. But on the whole I am rather disposed to suggest a +different origin for Christabel. Finding among the Franks at that period +such names as Firmatus, Stabilis, Constabulis,<a name="FNanchor_61_61" id="FNanchor_61_61"></a><a href="#Footnote_61_61" class="fnanchor">[61]</a> and the woman's name, +Constabilla, in the sense, no doubt, of "established in the faith," it +might not be unreasonable to suggest such a compound as Christabila, +"established in Christ," as the origin of Christabel.<a name="FNanchor_62_62" id="FNanchor_62_62"></a><a href="#Footnote_62_62" class="fnanchor">[62]</a> As to the last +named, Rosabel, the ordinarily-received expression of "fair rose" would<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span> +be a natural and graceful name for women if the French had to form names +at a later period. But there is a woman's name, Rosibia, in the <i>Pol. +Irminon</i>, which suggests a possible process like that in the case of +Isabel—viz., a corruption into Rosibeau, and then a change into +Rosibel. However, as in this case the connecting links are wanting, I +can only put this forward as a conjecture.</p> + + +<p class="center">MAUD <i>properly a man's name. Its interchange with</i> MATILDA <i>an ancient +mistake</i>.</p> + +<p>As Isabel interchanged in former times with Elizabeth, so did Maud with +Matilda, among other instances being that of the daughter of Henry I., +who was called by both names. Yet, etymologically, Maud can no more be +derived from Matilda than can Giles from Ægidius, by which it used +formerly to be always Latinized. And the interchange is rendered all the +more curious by the fact that Maud, when traced up to its origin, seems +to be properly a man's name. There has evidently been some ancient +mistake or misappropriation, the origin of which I hope to be able to +account for. The names Mald, Maald, Mauld (all names of women), found in +the <i>Liber Vitæ</i> before the introduction of surnames, and the Christian +name Maulde, found in the fifteenth century, show the form from which +our Maud is immediately derived. Then we have the older forms, Mahald, +Mahalt, and Maholt, all also apparently names of women. And in one case, +about the twelfth or thirteenth century, the name stands as "Mahald vel +Matilda." Now no one who has given attention to the subject can doubt +that Mahald, Mahalt, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</a></span> the French form, Mahault, are the same as an +Old Frankish Magoald, eighth century, from Gothic <i>magan</i>, posse, +valere, and <i>wald</i> power. This is distinctly a man's name; indeed, +<i>wald</i>, as an ending, is almost exclusively confined to men's names, as +the ending <i>hild</i>, as in Matilda, is to those of women. There is but one +way that I can see out of the difficulty, and it is this. There is in +the <i>Liber Vitæ</i> another name, Mahild, which is no doubt the same as an +Old Frankish Mahilda, which Foerstemann (<i>Altdeutsches Namenbuch</i>) takes +to be a contraction of Matilda. It would seem, then, that some mistake +or confusion has in old times arisen between these two names, and that +Mahild, which really represents Matilda, has been set aside in favour of +Mahald, an entirely different name. The fact, however, of our having +Maude as a surname would rather seem to show that this misappropriation +was not universal, for surnames are not—unless it be in some very +exceptional cases—taken from the names of women.</p> + + +<p class="center">ALICE, ALICIA, ELIZA, ADELIZA, ALISON.</p> + +<p class="center">ALICE <i>properly a man's name, and</i> ELIZA <i>its proper Feminine</i>.</p> + +<p>I have seen it stated, though I cannot at present recall the authority, +that in one of our ancient families Alice is a name given to the sons +and not to the daughters. This would at any rate be etymologically +correct, for Alice is properly a man's name, and not a woman's. It is, +there seems little doubt, derived from the Anglo-Saxon Adelgis, of which +the female form was Adelgisa. It is clear that Alice (Aliss) represents +Adelgis, and not Adelgisa, and that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</a></span> the proper female form would be +Alisa, or, for euphony, Aliza. I venture to suggest that our Eliza, +generally and very naturally assumed to be an abbreviation of Elizabeth, +is in fact this missing name. Now, for the proofs of Aliza as the +representative of Adelgisa, we must refer to the <i>Liber Vitæ</i> of Durham, +in which we can trace the changes that have taken place in Adelgisa +since the first noble lady of that name laid her gift upon the altar. +First we find it contracted into Adeliza, and then, from about the +twelfth century into Aaliza and Aliza, the latter name being +henceforward rather a common one. The former of these two contracted +forms, Adeliza, though not a name in common use, is one still given to +the daughters of certain of our noble families; the latter form, Aliza, +I take to be the origin of our Eliza. (The initial vowel is of no +account, the ancient name beginning indifferently with <i>a</i> or <i>e</i>, and +Alice in some families appearing as Ellice). But concurrently with the +above forms in the <i>Liber Vitæ</i>, we have also Adaliz, Adliz, and Alis, +at an early date, some of them at least being certainly names of women, +so that the misappropriation is at any rate an ancient one.</p> + +<p>Towards the close of the record, and about the end of the fourteenth +century, another form, Alicia, begins to make its appearance in the +<i>Liber Vitæ</i>, and appears to have become at once a very favourite name. +Then, as now, fashion seems to have ruled, and when a new name came in, +there seems to have been a run upon it. But by this time Elizabeth had +come into use, and as soon as ever that took place, the two names, Eliza +and Elizabeth, would begin to get mixed up together as they are now, so +that a new female form<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</a></span> would, so to speak, be required for Alice. +Alicia (or more properly Alisia), is an attempt to supply the euphony +which is lacking in Alisa, by supplementing it with a vowel, just as, +for the same reason, Amala has been made into Amelia.</p> + +<p>About the beginning of the fifteenth century another Christian name for +women, Alison, begins to make its appearance in the <i>Liber Vitæ</i>. This +name, however, I take to be from an entirely different origin. There is +an old Frankish woman's name, Alesinda, Elesind, Alesint, of the eighth +century, from which, dropping the final <i>d</i>, it would naturally come, +and which is derived by Grimm from Gothic <i>alja</i>, alius (in the probable +sense of stranger or foreigner), and <i>sind</i> in the sense of companion or +attendant.</p> + + +<p class="center">JANET: <i>Not from</i> JANE <i>or any female form of</i> JOHN.</p> + +<p>It may seem rather a paradox to suggest that Janet has nothing to do +with Jane, and yet I think that a pretty good case can be made out. We +find Geneta as a woman's name in the <i>Liber Vitæ</i> in the thirteenth +century, before Jane or Joan or Johanna were in use. And in the two +following centuries we have Gennet, Janeta, Janette, and Janet, of +common occurrence as Christian names. (One of these cases is a very +curious one. It is that of one Willelmus Richerdson and his wife +Christina, who having a family of eighteen children, seem to have been +so completely at their wits' end for names to give them, that two of the +sons are called Johannes, two Willelmus, after their father, two of the +daughters Christine, after their mother, and no fewer than three called +Janet. Such reduplication of Christian names does not, however,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</a></span> seem to +have been unusual at that time.) Now it seems clear that the above name, +Geneta, is the same as our Janet, and equally clear that it is not +derived from any female form of John. Foerstemann (<i>Altdeutsches +Namenbuch</i>) has an old Frankish woman's name, Genida, tenth century, +from a Codex of Lorraine. And I find also the woman's name, Genitia, in +the <i>Pol. Rem.</i>, one of the old Frankish chronicles before referred to. +These old Frankish names might well leave a woman's name behind in +France, which in after times might get mixed up with Jean, and from +which our name may also have been derived. I may observe that we have +also Gennet and Jennett as surnames, and the Germans have also Genett. +But these, though from the same stem, must be taken to be from another +form of it—viz., from Genad, eighth century, a man's name. From the +same stem Foerstemann derives the woman's name, Genoveva, sixth century; +whence, through the French, our Genevieve. As to the etymology of <i>gen</i>, +the Germans are not agreed, Leo suggesting a borrowed Celtic word, with +the meaning of love or affection, while Foerstemann seems to prefer Old +High German <i>gan</i>, magic or fascination.</p> + + +<p class="center">EMMA: <i>Its Place in the Teutonic System</i>.</p> + +<p>The ordinary derivation of Emma from a Teutonic word signifying +grandmother, or nurse, becomes impossible in face of the fact that among +the Old Franks, from whom, through the Normans, we received it, the +man's name Emmo was quite as common as the woman's, Emma. But in point +of fact the stem, of which the older form seems to have been <i>im</i>, was +one common to the whole Teutonic<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</a></span> system, including the Low Germans +settled in England. And the Immingas, descendants or followers of Imma, +are ranged by Kemble among the early settlers. But among the +Anglo-Saxons, with whom the ending of men's names (other than compounds) +was generally in <i>a</i>, Imma would obviously not be suitable for names of +women; and in point of fact it always appears in England, at that time, +as a man's name. And probably, for this reason, the Frankish princess +Emma, on becoming the wife of Cnut of England, considered it necessary +to assume a Saxon name in addition to her own, and so become known as +Ælfgifu Imma. But a few centuries later, when the simple old Saxon names +in <i>a</i> had very much died out, Emma coming in as something quite new, +and with the stamp of Norman prestige, became at once, as appears from +the <i>Liber Vitæ</i>, a name in favour. As to the etymology, which is +considered by the Germans to be obscure, I have elsewhere ventured to +suggest Old Northern <i>ymia</i>, stridere; whence the name of the giant +Ymir, in Northern mythology. The sense is that of a harsh and loud +voice, which suggests huge stature. So, from Gaelic <i>fuaim</i>, noise, +strepitus, comes <i>fuaimhair</i>, a giant, of which we may possibly have a +lingering tradition in the nursery—"Fee, Fa, <i>Fum</i>" representing the +giant's dreaded war-cry. And from what follows, "I smell the blood of an +<i>Englishman</i>," one might almost think of the nurse as a Saxon, and the +ogre as one of the earlier Celtic race, who might in those days be +dangerous neighbours.</p> + +<p>I give below the stem, with its branches, so far as it forms names of +women. It also enters into some compounds, one of which, Americo, +bequeathed by<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</a></span> the Franks or Lombards to Italy, has the honour of giving +the name to America.</p> + + +<p class="center">Stem <i>im</i> or <i>em</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Names of men.</i>—O.G. Immo, Himmo, Emmo (among others, three bishops in +the seventh and ninth centuries). A.S. Imma, found in Imman beorh, +"Imma's barrow, or grave." Imma, Hemma, Hemmi, about the tenth century +in the <i>Liber Vitæ</i>. Eama, Anglo-Saxon moneyer.</p> + +<p><i>Names of women.</i>—O.G. Imma, Emma (among others Emma, daughter of +Charlemagne).</p> + +<p><i>Present surnames.</i>—Eng. Him (?), Yem (?). Germ. Imm, Ihm. French, Eme, +Emy.</p> + + +<p class="center">With the ending in <i>en</i>, p. <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Names of men.</i>—O.G. Imino, Emino, eighth century. A.S. Immine, a +Mercian general, seventh century. Emino, <i>Liber Vitæ</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Names of women.</i>—O.G. Immina, Emmina, eighth century. Early Eng. +Ymana, Ymaine, <i>Liber Vitæ</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Present surnames.</i>—Eng. Emeney. Fr. Emmon.</p> + + +<p class="center">Ending in <i>lin</i>, p. <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Names of women.</i>—O.G. Emelina, eleventh century. Emalina, twelfth +century, <i>Liber Vitæ</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Present Christian name.</i>—Eng. Emmeline.</p> + + +<p class="center">ETHEL, ADELA, ADELINE, ADELAIDE.</p> + +<p>Ethel and Adela are different forms of the same word, <i>adal</i>, <i>athal</i>, +<i>ethel</i>, signifying noble. But while Adela is a correctly formed +feminine, Ethel can hardly be said to be so. Both as a man's name and as +a woman's it had usually a vowel-ending, and though this was not +invariably the case, yet a name appearing without it would be rather +assumed to be a man's name. Adeline is a diminutive like Eveline and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[Pg 210]</a></span> +Caroline; it represents the old name Adalina, eighth century, and +Adalina, about the twelfth century, in the <i>Liber Vitæ</i>, and comes +probably through the French, the ending in <i>e</i> preserving the feminine +by lengthening the syllable. Adelaide is from <i>adal</i>, as above, and H.G. +<i>haid</i>, corresponding with Saxon <i>hood</i>, as in manhood. Hence the name +seems to contain the abstract sense of nobility. The name must have come +to us through the Normans; indeed, a woman's name could hardly be so +formed among the Anglo-Saxons, for, curiously enough, this ending was a +feminine one among the High Germans, and a masculine one among the +Saxons. Hence perhaps it is that we have as surnames such names as +<i>Manhood</i> and <i>Mahood</i>, the latter perhaps signifying boyhood, A.S. +<i>mæg</i>, boy.</p> + + +<p class="center">EDITH.</p> + +<p>Edith is the only representative in women's names of A.S. <i>ead</i>, +happiness, prosperity, from which we have so many men's names, as +Edward, Edwin, Edmund, Edgar. It represents an A.S. Editha, a +contraction of Eadgitha, and the question, which is not without a little +difficulty, is, What is the origin of <i>githa</i>? Is it a phonetic +variation of <i>gifa</i> (A.S. <i>gifu</i>, gift), so common in Anglo-Saxon names +of women, as in God-gifa (Godiva), Sungefa (Suneva), &c., or is it a +separate word? I am disposed to come to the conclusion, upon the whole, +that it is a separate word, and though the traces of it as such are not +strong, yet there are some traces. There is a woman's name Githa in the +<i>Liber Vitæ</i>, and this seems to be the same as an Old Norse woman's name +Gyda in the <i>Landnamabôk</i>. There was also a Gytha, daughter of Swend, +king of Denmark.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</a></span> Then there are two Old German names of women with the +endings respectively <i>gid</i> and (H.G.) <i>kid</i>. And the origin of all I +should take to be found in O.N. <i>gydia</i>, goddess, the exalted conception +of womanhood.</p> + + +<p class="center">EVELYN, EVELINA, EVELINE.</p> + +<p>There does not seem to be sufficient ground for Miss Yonge's suggestion +that Eveline, a name which we have from the Normans, was borrowed by +them from the Celts. On the contrary, they seem to have derived it from +their Frankish ancestors, among whom we find it in the eleventh century +in the form Avelina. This appears to be the original form, for we find +it as Avelina in the <i>Liber Vitæ</i> about the twelfth century. And again +in the thirteenth century we find that one of the Earls of Albemarle +married a lady named Aveline. It is probably a diminutive from the stem +<i>av</i>, which Foerstemann refers to Goth. <i>avo</i>, in the probable sense of +ancestor. The names Evelyn and Eveline should be kept sharply distinct, +the former being a man's name, and the latter a woman's, being the +French form of Evelina, as is Louise of Louisa.</p> + +<p>From the same stem, <i>av</i>, is formed also the female name Avice, now +become very rare. It appears as Auiza and Avicia in the <i>Liber Vitæ</i>, +and its original form I take to be found in Avagisa, eighth century, in +the <i>Altdeutsches Namenbuch</i>, from <i>gis</i>, hostage. From a similar +origin, but from the masculine form Avagis, may probably be <i>Avis</i>, +included by Mr. Lower among Latinized surnames.</p> + +<p>Another name from the same stem which seems to have been formerly rather +common, but which now seems quite obsolete, is Avina.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[Pg 212]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center">HAVEYS, HAWOISE.</p> + +<p>This is another woman's name which has become almost extinct, and, +seeing how uncomfortable a name it is to pronounce, I do not wonder that +it should be so. It appears in the <i>Liber Vitæ</i> as Hawysa, and in the +<i>Pol. Irminon</i> as Hauis, but its proper form is to be traced up to the +older name Hathewiza in the <i>Liber Vitæ</i>, from <i>hath</i>, war, and <i>wisa</i>, +leader. A surname corresponding, though of course from the masculine +form of the name, may probably be the well-known one of <i>Haweis</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Some other Obsolete or Obsolescent Names.</i></p> + +<p>The name Helwis occurs in the <i>Liber Vitæ</i> about the thirteenth century, +and a more perfect form, Helewiza, about two centuries earlier. It seems +rather probable, however, that its proper form would be Hildwisa, from +<i>hild</i>, war, and <i>wisa</i>, leader. It occurs as Helois in the <i>Pol. Irm.</i>, +and is the same as the French Heloise (=Helwise). This name I take to be +quite obsolete with us.</p> + +<p>A name given by Miss Yonge as still in use is Amice or Amicia. It may +probably be the same as the woman's name Amisa, Ameza, or Emeza of the +eighth century in the <i>Altd. Nam.</i>, which Foerstemann takes to be from +A.S. <i>emeta</i>, quies. In that case it would probably be the same name in +another form as Emmota, formerly not uncommon as a woman's name.</p> + +<p>Another name which I rather suppose to be obsolete is Agace, Agaze, or +Igusa, found in the <i>Liber Vitæ</i> up to the fourteenth century, and +probably the same as an O.G. Eggiza, eleventh century, from a stem <i>ag</i>, +supposed to mean point or edge.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[Pg 213]</a></span></p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_60_60" id="Footnote_60_60"></a><a href="#FNanchor_60_60"><span class="label">[60]</span></a> The principal part of this chapter appeared in the <i>Antiquary</i> +for March, 1882.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_61_61" id="Footnote_61_61"></a><a href="#FNanchor_61_61"><span class="label">[61]</span></a> Possibly, at least in some cases, the origin of the surname +Constable.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_62_62" id="Footnote_62_62"></a><a href="#FNanchor_62_62"><span class="label">[62]</span></a> The earliest mention of this name that I have seen, occurs +<span class="smcap">a.d.</span> 1431, in the <i>Liber Vitæ</i>, when one John Duckett, having +died at the remarkable age of 127, his children, one of whom +was called Cristabel, presented offerings at the shrine of St. +Cuthbert. These would seem to be of the nature of propitiatory +offerings on behalf of the dead, of which there are +various instances recorded. One of these is that of one Maria +del Hay, who in a large-hearted spirit, seems to have included +in her offering, not only all who had gone before, but all who +were to come after her. The entry is, "Maria del Hay, cum +omnibus suis progenitoribus et successoribus."</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL WORKS CONSULTED.</h2> + + +<div>FOERSTEMANN.—Altdeutsches Namenbuch.—Vol. I. Personennamen.—Vol. II. Ortsnamen. London, Williams Norgate. +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</a></span><br /> + +POTT.—Personennamen. Leipzig, 1853.<br /> + +STARK.—Beitrage zur kunde Germanischer Personennamen. Vienna, 1857.—Die Kosenamen der Germanen. Vienna, 1868.<br /> + +WEINHOLD.—Die Deutschen Frauen in dem Mittelalter. Vienna, 1851.<br /> + +GLUCK.—Die bei C. Julius Cæsar vorkommenden Keltischen Namen. Vienna, 1857.<br /> + +WASSENBERG.—Verhandeling over de Eigennaamen der Friesen. Franeker, 1774.<br /> + +Islands Landnamabôk. Copenhagen.<br /> + +Scriptores Rerum Langobardicarum et Italicarum, Sæc. 6-9. Hanover, 1878.<br /> + +Polyptique de l'Abbé Irminon, ou denombrement des manses, des serfs, et des revenus de l'Abbaye de Saint Germain-des-Prés sous le regne +de Charlemagne. Paris, 1844.<br /> + +Polyptique de l'Abbaye de Saint Remi de Reims, ou denombrement des manses, des serfs, et des revenus de cette abbaye vers le milieu du neuvième siècle. Paris, 1853.<br /> + +∵The above two Old Frankish records contain a list of the names of all the serfs and dependants of the respective abbeys, with the names also of their wives and children.<br /> + +KEMBLE.—Codex diplomaticus Ævi Saxonici. London, 1845-48.<br /> + +THORPE.—Diplomatorium Anglicum Ævi Saxonici. London, 1865.<br /> + +TAYLOR.—Names and Places. London, 1864.<br /> + +STEPHENS.—The Old Runic Monuments of Scandinavia and England. London.<br /> + +MISS YONGE.—History of Christian Names. London, 1863.<br /> + +LOWER.—Patronymica Britannica. London, 1860.<br /> + +BOWDITCH.—Suffolk Surnames. Boston, U.S.A.<br /> + +Liber Vitæ Ecclesiæ Dunelmensis. Published by the Surtees Society, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[Pg 215]</a></span>London, 1841.</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="ADDITIONS_AND_CORRECTIONS" id="ADDITIONS_AND_CORRECTIONS"></a>ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.</h2> + + +<p class="center">Page <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.</p> + +<p>We have also <i>Tray</i> as a man's name, and from the same origin as that +which I have supposed for the dog's name, though the one is from the +German and the other from the Celtic. The stem in men's names is +referred to Goth, <i>tragjan</i>, to run, and may probably include also +<i>Trail</i> (=Tragel) and <i>Train</i> (=Tragen), with the respective endings in +<i>el</i> and <i>en</i>. Also, from the interchange of <i>d</i> and <i>t</i>, we may include +<i>Dray</i> and <i>Drain</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center">Page <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</p> + +<p>Among names of the first century is that of Ingomar, uncle of Arminius, +which is represented in America by the dreadful name <i>Inkhammer</i>, though +whether of English or of German origin seems uncertain.</p> + + +<p class="center">Page <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</p> + +<p>From <i>Shilling</i>, as a man's name, is derived <i>Shillingsworth</i>, as a name +of local origin (A.S. <i>weorth</i>, property), a name like Wordsworth, +Dodsworth, &c.</p> + + +<p class="center">Page <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.</p> + +<p>Some doubt may be thrown upon the derivation I have suggested for +<i>Pentecost</i> by the name Osbern Pentecost, which comes before us in +Anglo-Saxon times. The name seems here to be a surname, and if so would +be derived most naturally from the festival.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center">Page <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</p> + +<p>From this stem, as found in an A.S. Flogg, may be formed the Anglo-Saxon +name Flohere (<i>Thorpe</i>, p. 636), from <i>hari</i>, warrior, whence may be our +surnames <i>Floyer</i>, <i>Flower</i>, and <i>Flowry</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center">Page<a href="#Page_171">171</a>.</p> + +<p>Among other names apparently from women are <i>Ella</i>, <i>Eva</i>, and <i>Louisa</i>, +in <i>Suffolk Surnames</i>. Of these, the first is a regular Saxon man's +name, and the second is, I doubt not, the same, corresponding with Eafa +found in Eafingas, and with Eafha, the name of a Mercian alderman. +Louisa I should suppose to be the name Louis with a Romanic, perhaps +Spanish, but not female, ending.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>INDEX OF NAMES.</h2> + + +<p>∵<i>All foreign names are printed in italic type, with the +letters distinguishing their nationality within parentheses after them, +thus—(D.) Dutch; (Dan.) Danish; (F.) French; (G.) German; (I.) Italian; +(S.) Spanish</i>.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<ul class="IX"> +<li>Abba, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> +<li>Abbe, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> +<li>Abbey, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> +<li>Abbiss, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> +<li>Abbott, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li> +<li>Abingdon, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> +<li>Ablard, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li> +<li><i>Accolti</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> +<li>Ackerman, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> +<li><i>Ackermann</i> (G.), <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> +<li>Ackman, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> +<li>Acres, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> +<li>Adcock, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> +<li>Addicott, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> +<li>Adela, <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li> +<li>Adelaide, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li> +<li><i>Adèle</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> +<li>Adeline, <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li> +<li>Adeliza, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li> +<li>Adier, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> +<li><i>Adimari</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> +<li>Adlam, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> +<li>Adlard, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> +<li>Adolph, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> +<li><i>Adolphe</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> +<li>Adolphus, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> +<li>Agar, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> +<li>Ager, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> +<li>Agmondesham, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> +<li>Aikin, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li> +<li>Aikman, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li> +<li>Ailger, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> +<li>Ailman, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> +<li><i>Alamanni</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> +<li>Albert, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> +<li><i>Albert</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> +<li><i>Alberti</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> +<li><i>Alberto</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> +<li>Albery, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> +<li>Albutt, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> +<li>Alcock, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> +<li>Alcott, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> +<li>Aldebert, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> +<li>Alder, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li> +<li>Alderdice, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> +<li>Alderman, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> +<li><i>Aldighiero</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> +<li><i>Aldobrandini</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> +<li>Aldred, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> +<li>Aldrich, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> +<li>Aldritt, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> +<li><i>Alfieri</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> +<li><i>Alfonse</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> +<li>Alfred, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> +<li>Alfreton, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> +<li>Algar, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> +<li><i>Algardi</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> +<li><i>Algarotti</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> +<li>Alger, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> +<li>Alice, <a href="#Page_204">204</a> -<a href="#Page_206">206</a></li> +<li>Alicia, <a href="#Page_204">204</a> -<a href="#Page_206">206</a></li> +<li><i>Alighieri</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li> +<li>Alison, <a href="#Page_204">204</a> -<a href="#Page_206">206</a></li> +<li>Allard, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> +<li>Allaway, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> +<li>Allcard, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> +<li>Allday, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> +<li>Alley, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> +<li>Allfrey, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> +<li>Allgood, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> +<li>Allnut, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> +<li>Allo, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> +<li><i>Alloisi</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> +<li>Alloway, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> +<li>Allt, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> +<li>Allward, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> +<li>Allwin, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> +<li>Allwood, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> +<li>Almar, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> +<li>Alment, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> +<li>Almiger, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> +<li>Almond, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> +<li>Alpha, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> +<li><i>Alphonso</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> +<li>Altman, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> +<li>Altree, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> +<li>Alvary, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> +<li>Alvert, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> +<li>Amabel, <a href="#Page_201">201</a></li> +<li><i>Amalteo</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> +<li><i>Amalthius</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> +<li><i>Amalungi</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> +<li>Ambler, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> +<li><i>Ameling</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> +<li><i>Americus</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li> +<li>Amesbury, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> +<li>Amice, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li> +<li>Amicia, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li> +<li>And, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> +<li>Andoe, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> +<li>Angleman, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> +<li>Angler, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> +<li>Angmering, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> +<li>Anhault, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> +<li>Annabella, <a href="#Page_201">201</a></li> +<li>Anne, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li> +<li>Anning, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> +<li><i>Ansaldi</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> +<li>Ansell, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li> +<li>Anselme, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> +<li><i>Anselmi</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> +<li>Anser, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> +<li>Anslow, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li> +<li><i>Ansuini</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> +<li>Applin, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li> +<li>Arabella, <a href="#Page_201">201</a></li> +<li><i>Arbogast</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li> +<li>Archard, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> +<li>Archbold, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> +<li>Archbutt, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> +<li>Archer, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> +<li>Ardouin, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> +<li>Argent, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li> +<li>Argument, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> +<li>Arkwright, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> +<li><i>Armandet</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> +<li>Armat, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> +<li>Armgold, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> +<li>Armiger, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> +<li>Armine, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li> +<li>Arminer, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> +<li><i>Armingaud</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> +<li>Arminger, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> +<li>Armor, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li> +<li>Armory, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li> +<li>Armour, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> +<li>Arms, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></li> +<li>Arney, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> +<li>Arnold, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> +<li><i>Arnolfo</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> +<li>Arnulfe, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> +<li>Arnum, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> +<li>Ascough, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> +<li>Ash, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li> +<li>Ashbold, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> +<li>Ashbury, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> +<li>Ashe, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> +<li>Asher, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> +<li>Ashkettle, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> +<li>Ashman, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> +<li>Ashmansworth, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> +<li>Ashmore, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> +<li>Ashpart, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> +<li>Ashwin, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> +<li>Ashwith, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a><i>n</i></li> +<li>Ask, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> +<li>Aske, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li> +<li>Askey, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li> +<li>Aslock, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> +<li>Asman, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> +<li>Asprey, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> +<li>Asquith, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a><i>n</i>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li> +<li>Atkiss, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> +<li>Atmore, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> +<li>Attride, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> +<li>Attridge, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> +<li>Auberon, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> +<li>Aubery, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> +<li>Aubrey, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> +<li><i>Aucoq</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> +<li><i>Audevard</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> +<li><i>Audifredi</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> +<li><i>Audouard</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> +<li>Audrey, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> +<li>Aulph, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> +<li>Auterac, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> +<li>Auther, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> +<li>Autram, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> +<li>Avening, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> +<li>Avina, <a href="#Page_211">211</a></li> +<li>Avis, <a href="#Page_211">211</a></li> +<li>Aylard, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> +<li>Aylesbury, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> +<li>Aylesford, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> +<li>Aylesworth, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> +<li>Ayliffe, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> +<li>Aylmar, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li> +<li>Aylmer, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> +<li>Aylward, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> +<li>Aylwin, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> +</ul> + + <ul class="IX"> +<li>Babb, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li> +<li>Bable, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> +<li>Back, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></li> +<li>Badby, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> +<li>Badder, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> +<li>Badman, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li> +<li>Badminton, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> +<li>Bagge, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> +<li><i>Balcoq</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> +<li>Balder, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> +<li><i>Baldi</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> +<li><i>Baldovinetti</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> +<li>Baldridge, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> +<li>Baldry, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> +<li>Baldwin, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> +<li>Balmer, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> +<li>Balton's borough, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> +<li>Banderet, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> +<li>Bann, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> +<li>Banning, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> +<li>Barehard, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> +<li>Barking, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> +<li>Barlavington, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> +<li>Barling, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> +<li>Barmore, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> +<li>Barnacle, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> +<li>Barndollar, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> +<li>Barnwell, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> +<li>Barwise, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> +<li>Baschurch, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> +<li>Basin, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> +<li>Basingstoke, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> +<li>Bass, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> +<li>Bather, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> +<li>Batt, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> +<li>Batting, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> +<li>Batty, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li> +<li><i>Baudeau</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> +<li>Beck, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> +<li>Beckett, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li> +<li>Beckley, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> +<li>Bedbug, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> +<li>Beddard, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> +<li>Beden, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> +<li>Bedford, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> +<li>Beeby, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> +<li>Beech, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li> +<li>Beenham, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> +<li>Belfry, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> +<li>Bell, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> +<li>Bellmore, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> +<li>Bellow, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> +<li>Bellringer, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li> +<li>Belly, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> +<li>Belment, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> +<li>Belmore, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> +<li><i>Belzoni</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> +<li>Bence, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> +<li>Beneman, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> +<li>Benger, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> +<li>Bengworth, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> +<li>Benn, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li> +<li>Bennell, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li> +<li>Benner, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> +<li>Bennet, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> +<li>Benney, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li> +<li>Bennoch, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li> +<li>Bensington, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> +<li>Berger, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> +<li>Bernard, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> +<li><i>Bernardo</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> +<li>Berner, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> +<li><i>Berni</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> +<li><i>Bernini</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> +<li>Bernold, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> +<li><i>Beroaldus</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> +<li>Berrette, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> +<li>Berrier, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> +<li>Berringer, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> +<li>Bertram, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> +<li>Bertrand, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> +<li><i>Bertrandi</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> +<li>Berward, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> +<li>Betteridge, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> +<li>Betty, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li> +<li>Beyerman, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li> +<li>Bibb, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> +<li>Bibby, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> +<li>Biddle, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li>Biddulph, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> +<li>Bigg, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> +<li>Bigot, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li> +<li>Bill, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li> +<li>Billamore, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> +<li><i>Bille</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li> +<li><i>Bille</i> (G.), <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li> +<li><i>Bille</i> (Dan.), <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li> +<li><i>Billecoq</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> +<li><i>Billey</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li> +<li>Billiard, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> +<li>Billing, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li> +<li>Billow, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li> +<li>Billy, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li> +<li>Billyald, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> +<li>Binney, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li> +<li>Binning, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> +<li>Birch, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li> +<li>Birchenough, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> +<li>Bird, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li>Bishop, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li> +<li><i>Blacker</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_188">188</a></li> +<li>Black, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a></li> +<li>Blacker, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a></li> +<li>Blackman, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> +<li>Blackwin, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> +<li>Blake, <a href="#Page_188">188</a></li> +<li>Blakeman, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> +<li>Blaker, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> +<li>Blanchard, <a href="#Page_188">188</a></li> +<li>Blank, <a href="#Page_188">188</a></li> +<li>Bledlow, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> +<li>Blunt, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> +<li>Bluntisham, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> +<li>Bobbin, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> +<li>Bobby, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> +<li>Boby, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li>Bodicker, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> +<li>Bodmer, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> +<li>Body, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></li> +<li>Boffey, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> +<li>Boggis, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> +<li>Bogle, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> +<li>Bognor, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> +<li><i>Boiardo</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li> +<li><i>Boiron</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li> +<li>Bold, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> +<li>Bolden, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> +<li>Boldery, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> +<li>Bolley, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li><i>Bompart</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li> +<li><i>Bonaparte</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> +<li>Bonbright, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> +<li>Bond, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li><i>Boniperti</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li> +<li>Bookless, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></li> +<li>Boss, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li>Bossey, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li><i>Bötefur</i> (L.G.), <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li> +<li>Botright, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> +<li>Botting, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li>Bottisham, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> +<li>Bowmer, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> +<li>Boy, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li> +<li><i>Boy</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li> +<li><i>Boyard</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li> +<li><i>Boye</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li> +<li><i>Boye</i> (G.), <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li> +<li>Boyer, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li> +<li><i>Boyer</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li> +<li>Boyman, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li> +<li><i>Boyreau</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li> +<li><i>Boyron</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li> +<li>Bracken, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li> +<li>Brackett, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li> +<li>Brackie, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li> +<li>Bracking, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li> +<li><i>Brackmann</i> (G.), <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> +<li>Bragan, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li> +<li>Bragg, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li> +<li>Brain, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li> +<li>Brakeman, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li> +<li>Brand, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> +<li>Brandy, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> +<li>Bransbury, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> +<li>Bransford, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> +<li><i>Braquemin</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> +<li>Braughin, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> +<li>Bray, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li> +<li>Brayman, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li> +<li>Braznell, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li> +<li>Breakell, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> +<li>Breem, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li>Brewin, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li> +<li>Bride, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li>Bridle, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li>Bright, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li>Brighting, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li>Brightland, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> +<li>Brightling, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> +<li>Brightly, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li>Brightmore, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> +<li>Brightwell, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> +<li>Brightwine, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> +<li>Brighty, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li>Brine, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li>Brinney, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li>Brittell, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li>Brocard, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> +<li>Brown, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> +<li>Browning, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li>Bubb, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> +<li>Buck, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> +<li>Buckle, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> +<li>Bucklin, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> +<li>Budd, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li>Budden, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li> +<li>Budding, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li> +<li>Buddle, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li> +<li>Buddrich, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> +<li>Budmore, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li> +<li>Bugg, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> +<li>Bulger, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> +<li>Bull, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li>Bullard, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> +<li>Buller, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> +<li>Bulling, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li>Bulmer, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> +<li>Bundle, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> +<li>Bunn, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> +<li>Bunting, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> +<li>Burchard, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> +<li>Burger, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> +<li>Burgwin, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> +<li>Burleston, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> +<li>Burman, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> +<li>Burn, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li>Burness, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li> +<li>Burning, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li>Burnish, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li> +<li>Burr, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li>Burt, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li>Bussell, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li>Butleigh, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> +<li>Butt, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li>Butter, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li> +<li>Butterick, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> +<li>Butterwell, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> +<li>Buttery, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li> +<li>Byard, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> +<li>Bye, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li> +<li>Byron, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li> +</ul> + + <ul class="IX"> +<li>Cadman, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> +<li>Cage, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li> +<li>Cain, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li> +<li>Calderon, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> +<li>Caledonia, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li> +<li>Calking, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> +<li>Call, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li>Callow, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li>Calmsden, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> +<li>Camel, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> +<li>Cane, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li> +<li>Cann, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li>Canning, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li>Cansick, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> +<li>Cant, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> +<li>Carary, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> +<li>Caravan, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> +<li>Card, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> +<li>Carder, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> +<li>Cardwell, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li> +<li><i>Carlo</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> +<li>Carrier, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> +<li>Cart, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> +<li>Carthen, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> +<li>Cartridge, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> +<li>Cashdollar, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> +<li>Castle, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> +<li><i>Castoldi</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li> +<li>Cat, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> +<li>Cattey, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> +<li>Catty, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> +<li><i>Cauche</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> +<li><i>Cauchy</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> +<li>Caulk, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> +<li>Caunce, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> +<li>Chabot, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> +<li>Chad, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> +<li>Chadborn, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> +<li>Chaddleworth, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> +<li>Chaddock, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> +<li>Chadlington, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> +<li>Chadman, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> +<li>Chadshunt, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> +<li>Chadwick, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> +<li>Chadwin, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> +<li>Chaff, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> +<li>Chaffey, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> +<li>Chain, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> +<li>Chalfont, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> +<li>Chalk, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> +<li>Chalkey, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> +<li>Chalklen, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> +<li>Chance, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> +<li>Chancell, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> +<li>Chancey, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> +<li>Chaney, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> +<li>Chantrey, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> +<li>Chard, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> +<li>Charing, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> +<li>Charles, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li><i>Charles</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> +<li>Charley, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li>Chart, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> +<li>Charter, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> +<li>Chaseley, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> +<li><i>Chassebœuf</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> +<li>Chattaway, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> +<li>Chatting, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> +<li>Chatto, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> +<li>Chattoway, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> +<li>Chatwin, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> +<li>Chatwood, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> +<li>Chaucer, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> +<li><i>Chaussée</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> +<li><i>Chaussy</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> +<li>Cheape, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> +<li>Cheese, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li> +<li>Cheltenham, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> +<li>Chertsey, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> +<li>Chesnut, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li> +<li>Chesman, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li> +<li>Chesson, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li> +<li>Chew, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> +<li>Chewing, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> +<li>Chichester, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> +<li>Chilbolton, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> +<li>Chilcomb, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> +<li>Child, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> +<li>Childar, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> +<li>Children, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> +<li>Chill, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> +<li>Chillmaid, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> +<li>Chillman, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> +<li>Chipman, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li> +<li>Chipp, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li> +<li>Chippenham, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> +<li>Chipping, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li> +<li>Chirnie, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li> +<li>Chitty, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li> +<li>Cholsey, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> +<li><i>Chopard</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> +<li>Chope, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> +<li>Choppin, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> +<li><i>Choupe</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> +<li>Christabel, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a> and <i>n</i></li> +<li>Chubb, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> +<li>Chubback, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> +<li>Churn, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li> +<li>Claribel, <a href="#Page_201">201</a></li> +<li>Claringbold, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> +<li>Claringbull, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> +<li>Claude, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> +<li><i>Claude</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> +<li>Clean, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> +<li><i>Clérambault</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> +<li>Cline, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> +<li>Cloade, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> +<li>Clodd, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> +<li>Clothier, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> +<li><i>Clotilde</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> +<li>Cloud, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> +<li>Cloudman, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> +<li>Clout, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> +<li>Cloutman, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> +<li>Clucas, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> +<li>Clutterbuck, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li> +<li>Coate, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> +<li>Cobbett, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> +<li>Cobbold, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> +<li>Cock, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> +<li>Codd, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> +<li>Codford, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> +<li>Coffey, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> +<li>Colbran, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> +<li>Colburn, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> +<li>Coll, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> +<li>Collamore, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> +<li>Collard, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> +<li>Collie, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> +<li>Colling, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> +<li>Collingham, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> +<li>Colman, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> +<li>Colmer, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> +<li>Conder, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> +<li>Congressbury, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> +<li>Cooling, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> +<li>Coppernoll, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li> +<li>Corbould, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> +<li>Cory, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> +<li>Cosier, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> +<li>Cossart, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> +<li>Costall, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li> +<li>Costello, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li> +<li>Costiff, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> +<li>Costly, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li> +<li>Cotheridge, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> +<li>Cottiss, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> +<li>Cotton, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> +<li>Coulthred, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> +<li>Craig, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> +<li>Creed, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> +<li>Creedy, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> +<li>Cressy, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> +<li>Criddle, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> +<li>Crimsham, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> +<li><i>Crist</i> (I. and G.), <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> +<li>Croad, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> +<li>Crock, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> +<li>Croger, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> +<li>Croke, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> +<li>Croker, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> +<li>Crooke, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> +<li>Cropthorn, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> +<li>Crotch, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> +<li>Crotty, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> +<li>Crowd, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> +<li>Crowder, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> +<li>Crowdy, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> +<li>Cruden, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> +<li>Crumpecker, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> +<li>Crutch, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> +<li>Crute, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> +<li>Cuckhamstow hill, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> +<li>Cuff, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> +<li>Cuffey, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> +<li>Cull, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> +<li>Cummin, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> +<li>Cumnor, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> +<li>Cunliffe, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> +<li>Curran, <a href="#Page_51">51</a><i>n</i></li> +<li>Curwen, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> +<li>Custard, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> +</ul> + + <ul class="IX"> +<li>Dacker, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> +<li>Dacombe, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> +<li>Dagenham, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> +<li>Dagger, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> +<li>Daggesell, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> +<li>Daisy, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> +<li>Dale, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> +<li>Dalloway, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> +<li>Dalman, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> +<li>Damer, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> +<li>Dana, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> +<li>Dand, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> +<li><i>Dandalo</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li> +<li>Dando, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> +<li>Dandy, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> +<li>Dane, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> +<li>Danger, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> +<li><i>Dante</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> +<li>Darlaston, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> +<li>Darling, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> +<li>Darnell, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li> +<li>Darrell, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> +<li>Darrigon, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> +<li>Darwin, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> +<li>Daunsey, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> +<li>Daybell, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> +<li>Dayer, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> +<li>Daylesford, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> +<li>Daymont, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> +<li>Dearlove, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> +<li>Dearman, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> +<li>Deary, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> +<li>Deller, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> +<li>Demaid, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> +<li>Demon, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> +<li>Denhard, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> +<li>Denolf, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> +<li>Denn, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> +<li>Denning, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> +<li>Dermott, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> +<li>Derwin, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> +<li><i>Dettingen</i> (G.), <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> +<li>Dialogue, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> +<li>Diamond, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> +<li>Dick, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li> +<li>Dicken, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li> +<li>Dickin, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> +<li>Dickle, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li> +<li>Dicksie, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li> +<li>Didlington, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> +<li>Dilger, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li><i>Dilhac</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li>Dilke, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li>Dill, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> +<li><i>Dill</i> (G.), <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> +<li><i>Dillé</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> +<li><i>Dillemann</i> (G.), <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li>Dillen, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li> +<li><i>Dillen</i> (G.), <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li>Diller, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li><i>Dillery</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li><i>Dillet</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li>Dilley, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> +<li>Dillicar, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li>Dillick, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li>Dillimore, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li>Dilling, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li> +<li><i>Dilling</i> (G.), <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li>Dillman, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li>Dillon, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li><i>Dillon</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li>Dillow, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> +<li>Dillwyn, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li>Dilly, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li> +<li><i>Dilly</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> +<li>Distington, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> +<li>Ditchling, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> +<li>Dixie, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li> +<li>Dock, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> +<li>Docking, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> +<li>Dodd, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> +<li>Doddridge, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> +<li>Dodford, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> +<li>Doggett, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> +<li>Dogthorpe, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> +<li>Dollman, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> +<li>Dolman, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> +<li>Dolphin, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> +<li><i>Dome</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> +<li>Doniland, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> +<li>Doran, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> +<li><i>Dorand</i> (G.), <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> +<li>Dore, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> +<li>Dowdeswell, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> +<li>Drain, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></li> +<li>Dray, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></li> +<li>Duck, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> +<li>Duckling, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> +<li>Ducklington, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> +<li>Duckman, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> +<li>Dugmore, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> +<li>Dugood, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> +<li>Dumbell, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> +<li>Dume, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li> +<li>Dumlin, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> +<li>Dummelow, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> +<li>Dummer, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> +<li>Dummert, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> +<li>Dumplin, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> +<li>Dunn, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> +<li>Dunning, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> +<li>Durand, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> +<li><i>Durand</i> (G.), <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> +<li><i>Durand</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> +<li><i>Durandard</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> +<li><i>Durandeau</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> +<li><i>Durandi</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> +<li>Durant, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> +<li><i>Durant</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> +<li><i>Durante</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> +<li><i>Duranto</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> +<li>Durre, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> +<li>Dyce, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> +<li>Dycey, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> +</ul> + + <ul class="IX"> +<li>Eager, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> +<li>Eagle, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> +<li>Eames, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> +<li>Earheart, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></li> +<li>Earl, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> +<li>Early, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> +<li>Earney, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> +<li>Earp, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> +<li>Earwaker, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> +<li>Earwig, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> +<li>Eashing, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> +<li>Easter, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> +<li>Eavestaff, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> +<li>Eckington, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> +<li>Edbrook, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> +<li>Eddiker, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li> +<li>Eddy, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> +<li>Edgar, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li> +<li>Edgell, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> +<li>Edith, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li> +<li>Edlery, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> +<li>Edmond, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li> +<li><i>Edmond</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> +<li>Edmund, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li> +<li>Edolph, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> +<li><i>Edouard</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> +<li>Edridge, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> +<li>Edstone, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> +<li>Edward, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li> +<li>Edwick, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> +<li>Effingham, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> +<li>Egg, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> +<li>Egle, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> +<li>Elbow, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></li> +<li>Elcy, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> +<li>Eldred, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> +<li>Element, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> +<li>Elgar, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> +<li>Elgee, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> +<li>Elgood, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> +<li>Eliza, <a href="#Page_204">204</a> -<a href="#Page_206">206</a></li> +<li>Elk, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> +<li>Ella, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li> +<li>Ellard, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> +<li>Ellery, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> +<li>Elliss, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> +<li>Elmore, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> +<li>Else, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> +<li>Elsey, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> +<li><i>Elvira</i> (S.), <a href="#Page_200">200</a></li> +<li>Elvy, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> +<li>Elwin, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> +<li>Elwood, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> +<li><i>Elzevir</i> (D.), <a href="#Page_200">200</a></li> +<li><i>Eme</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li> +<li>Emeler, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> +<li>Emeney, <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li> +<li>Emma, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a> -<a href="#Page_209">209</a></li> +<li>Emmeline, <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li> +<li>Emmett, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> +<li><i>Emmon</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li> +<li>Empey, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> +<li><i>Emy</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li> +<li>England, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li> +<li>Engleburt, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> +<li>Engleheart, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> +<li>English, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li> +<li>Ennor, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> +<li>Enough, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> +<li><i>Enrico</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> +<li>Enright, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> +<li>Epps, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> +<li>Ermentrude, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a></li> +<li>Ermine, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li> +<li><i>Ermingcard</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> +<li>Erpingham, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> +<li>Esau, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li> +<li>Esmond, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> +<li>Ethel, <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li> +<li>Ethelston, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> +<li>Eva, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li> +<li>Evelina, <a href="#Page_211">211</a></li> +<li>Eveline, <a href="#Page_211">211</a></li> +<li>Evelyn, <a href="#Page_211">211</a></li> +<li>Evening, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> +<li>Ever, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> +<li>Everard, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> +<li>Evered, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> +<li>Everett, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> +<li>Every, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> +<li>Evesham, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> +<li>Ewald, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> +<li>Ewart, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> +<li>Ewe, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a><i>n</i></li> +<li>Ewer, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> +<li>Ewing, <a href="#Page_68">68</a><i>n</i></li> +<li>Exhall, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> +</ul> + + <ul class="IX"> +<li>Fairfoot, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li> +<li>Fairfoul, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> +<li>Fairless, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li> +<li>Fairman, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> +<li>Falstaff, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> +<li><i>Falsteuf</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> +<li>Faragut, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> +<li><i>Farcot</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> +<li>Farragut, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> +<li>Farre, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> +<li>Farren, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> +<li>Farrier, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> +<li>Farrimond, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> +<li>Farrow, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> +<li>Farthing, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> +<li>Fearn, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> +<li>Feckenham, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> +<li><i>Federigo</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> +<li>Ferdinand, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> +<li><i>Ferdinand</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> +<li>Ferrand, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> +<li>Ferrier, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> +<li>Few, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> +<li>Field, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li> +<li>Fielder, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li> +<li>Fielding, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li> +<li>Filbert, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> +<li>Fileman, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> +<li>Filldew, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> +<li>Fillmer, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> +<li>Fillmore, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> +<li>Fin, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> +<li>Finbow, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> +<li>Finch, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> +<li>Finger, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li> +<li>Finn, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> +<li>Finney, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> +<li>Fish, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> +<li>Fiske, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> +<li>Flack, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> +<li>Fladbury, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> +<li>Flagg, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> +<li>Flatt, <a href="#Page_198">198</a></li> +<li>Flatter, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li> +<li>Flattery, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a></li> +<li>Flattman, <a href="#Page_198">198</a></li> +<li>Flea, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> +<li>Fleck, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> +<li>Flew, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> +<li>Flower, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li> +<li>Flowry, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li> +<li>Floyer, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li> +<li>Fluck, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> +<li>Fly, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> +<li>Fogg, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> +<li>Foggo, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> +<li>Folkstone, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> +<li>Foote, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></li> +<li>Forder, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> +<li>Fordred, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> +<li>Forget, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> +<li>Fortyman, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> +<li>Forward, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> +<li>Fowl, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> +<li><i>Francesco</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> +<li>Franklin, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> +<li><i>Fredeau</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> +<li>Frederic, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li> +<li>Frederick, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> +<li>Freebody, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li> +<li>Freeborn, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> +<li>Freebout, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> +<li>Freeland, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> +<li>Freestone, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> +<li><i>Frescobaldi</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li> +<li>Friday, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li> +<li>Froude, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> +<li>Fudge, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> +<li>Fuggle, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> +<li>Fulke, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> +<li>Fullagar, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> +<li>Fullalove, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li> +</ul> + + <ul class="IX"> +<li>Gaffery, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> +<li>Gage, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li> +<li>Gain, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li> +<li>Galland, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> +<li>Gallant, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> +<li>Gallard, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> +<li>Galloway, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> +<li>Galt, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> +<li><i>Gambetta</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li> +<li>Gamble, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li> +<li>Gambler, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> +<li>Gambling, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> +<li>Gander, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> +<li>Gandy, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> +<li>Gant, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> +<li>Ganter, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> +<li>Garbett, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> +<li>Garbrand, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> +<li>Garbutt, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> +<li>Garden, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> +<li>Garforth, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> +<li><i>Garibaldi</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li> +<li>Garlick, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> +<li>Garman, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> +<li>Garment, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> +<li>Garnett, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> +<li>Garrard, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> +<li>Garrod, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> +<li>Garrold, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> +<li>Garroway, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> +<li>Garstin, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> +<li>Garter, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> +<li>Garvey, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> +<li>Garwood, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a><i>n</i></li> +<li>Gasting, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> +<li>Gatliffe, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> +<li>Gatling, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> +<li>Gatty, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> +<li>Gay, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> +<li>Gedge, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li> +<li>Genese, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li> +<li><i>Genett</i> (G.), <a href="#Page_207">207</a></li> +<li>Genevieve, <a href="#Page_207">207</a></li> +<li><i>Gennari</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> +<li>Genner, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> +<li>Gennett, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a></li> +<li>Gentery, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> +<li>Gentry, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> +<li>Geoffry, <a href="#Page_50">50</a><i>n</i>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> +<li><i>Gerard</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li> +<li><i>Gerbault</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li> +<li><i>Gerbet</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li> +<li>Gerloff, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> +<li>Gertrude, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a></li> +<li><i>Geu</i> (G.), <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li> +<li><i>Gey</i> (G.), <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li> +<li><i>Gherardini</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> +<li><i>Ghibellines</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> +<li><i>Ghiberti</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> +<li><i>Ghirlandaio</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> +<li>Gidding, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> +<li>Giddy, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li> +<li>Giffard, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> +<li>Giffen, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> +<li>Gilbert, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> +<li>Gildawie, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> +<li>Gilder, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> +<li>Gildert, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> +<li>Gill, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> +<li>Gillard, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> +<li>Giller, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> +<li>Gillett, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> +<li>Gillford, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> +<li>Gilliam, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> +<li>Gillibrand, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> +<li>Gillman, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> +<li>Gilmore, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> +<li>Gimbert, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> +<li>Gippert, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> +<li>Gipsy, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li> +<li>Gislingham, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> +<li>Goad, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> +<li>Godalming, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> +<li>Godbold, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> +<li>Godbolt, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> +<li>Goddam, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li> +<li>Goddard, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> +<li>Goddier, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> +<li>Godding, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> +<li>Goddiss, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> +<li><i>Godeau</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> +<li>Godfrey, <a href="#Page_50">50</a><i>n</i>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> +<li>Godhead, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> +<li>Godiso, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> +<li>Godiva, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li> +<li>Godizo, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> +<li>Godkin, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> +<li>Godliman, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li> +<li>Godman, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> +<li>Godmersham, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> +<li>Godmund, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> +<li>Godrick, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> +<li>Godsell, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> +<li>Godskall, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> +<li>Godsoe, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> +<li>Godward, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li> +<li>Godwin, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> +<li>Gold, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> +<li>Goldbourne, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> +<li>Golding, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> +<li>Goldrick, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> +<li>Goldwin, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> +<li>Goodacre, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> +<li>Goodbody, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li> +<li>Goodenough, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li> +<li>Goodeve, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li> +<li>Goodheart, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li> +<li>Goodlake, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> +<li>Goodland, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> +<li>Goodliffe, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li> +<li>Goodnow, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> +<li>Goodram, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> +<li>Goodred, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> +<li>Goodwright, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> +<li>Goodyear, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> +<li>Goose, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> +<li>Gorbold, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> +<li>Gore, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> +<li>Gorebrown, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> +<li>Gosbell, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> +<li>Gosland, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> +<li>Gosling, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> +<li>Gosmer, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> +<li><i>Gosselin</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> +<li><i>Gosselini</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> +<li>Goswold, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> +<li><i>Göttingen</i> (G.), <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> +<li><i>Gousse</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> +<li>Gozar, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> +<li>Gozzard, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> +<li><i>Grau</i> (G.), <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> +<li>Gray, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> +<li>Greenwell, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> +<li>Gregg, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> +<li>Grimbald, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> +<li>Grimble, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a></li> +<li>Grimerd, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> +<li>Grimmer, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> +<li>Grimmond, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> +<li>Grimstone, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> +<li><i>Grobe</i> (G.), <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li> +<li>Grote, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> +<li>Grove, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li> +<li><i>Grove</i> (G.), <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li> +<li><i>Grub</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li> +<li>Grubb, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li> +<li><i>Grubi</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li> +<li><i>Guala</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> +<li><i>Gualdo</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> +<li><i>Gualtier</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> +<li><i>Guardi</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> +<li><i>Guarini</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> +<li><i>Guarnerius</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li> +<li>Guelpa, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> +<li><i>Guelph</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> +<li><i>Gueneau</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> +<li><i>Guenin</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> +<li><i>Guérin</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> +<li><i>Guermain</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> +<li><i>Guernier</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li> +<li>Guest, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> +<li><i>Guglielmo</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li> +<li><i>Guicciardini</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> +<li><i>Guiche</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> +<li><i>Guidé</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> +<li><i>Guido</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> +<li><i>Guidubaldi</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> +<li><i>Guillaume</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> +<li>Guille, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> +<li><i>Guille</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> +<li><i>Guillemain</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> +<li>Guily, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> +<li>Guinan, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> +<li><i>Guinery</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> +<li>Guiney, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> +<li><i>Guinier</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> +<li><i>Guiscard</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> +<li><i>Guiteau</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> +<li>Gumboil, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> +<li>Gundey, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> +<li>Gundry, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> +<li>Gunn, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> +<li>Gunner, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li> +<li>Gunnery, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li> +<li>Gunston, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> +<li>Gunter, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> +<li>Gunthorp, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> +<li>Guttwein, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> +<li>Gwillam, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> +<li>Gwilt, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> +<li>Gwyer, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> +<li>Gye, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li> +</ul> + + <ul class="IX"> +<li>Hack, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> +<li>Hacking, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> +<li>Hackstaff, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> +<li>Haddenham, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> +<li>Haddock, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> +<li>Hadkiss, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> +<li>Hadrott, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> +<li>Hadwen, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> +<li>Haggard, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> +<li>Hail, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> +<li>Hailing, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> +<li>Halbard, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> +<li>Hald, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> +<li>Haldan, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> +<li>Hall, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> +<li>Hallgreen, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li> +<li>Halling, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> +<li>Hallington, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> +<li>Halloway, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> +<li>Hambledon, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> +<li>Hambling, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> +<li><i>Hamel</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> +<li>Hamling, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> +<li>Hammill, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> +<li>Hammond, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> +<li>Hamp, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> +<li>Hamper, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> +<li>Hance, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> +<li>Hand, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> +<li>Handsomebody, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li> +<li>Hanger, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> +<li>Hankerton, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> +<li>Hanman, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> +<li>Hann, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li> +<li>Hannah, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li> +<li>Hannen, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> +<li>Hanney, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li> +<li>Hanning, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> +<li>Hannington, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> +<li>Hanrot, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> +<li>Hansard, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> +<li>Hansom, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> +<li>Harbert, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> +<li>Harboard, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> +<li>Harbud, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> +<li>Hard, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> +<li>Hardacre, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> +<li>Harder, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li> +<li>Harding, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> +<li>Hardington, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> +<li>Hardland, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> +<li>Hardman, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> +<li>Hardoff, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> +<li>Hardwick, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> +<li>Hardy, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> +<li>Hargood, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> +<li>Harker, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> +<li>Harland, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> +<li>Harle, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> +<li>Harleston, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> +<li>Harley, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> +<li>Harling, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> +<li>Harman, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> +<li>Harme, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> +<li>Harmer, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> +<li>Harmond, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> +<li>Harmony, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li> +<li>Harnor, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> +<li>Harnott, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> +<li>Harold, <a href="#Page_15">15</a><i>n</i>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> +<li>Harp, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li> +<li>Harre, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> +<li>Harrietsham, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> +<li>Harrow, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> +<li>Harry, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> +<li>Harryman, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> +<li>Hart, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> +<li>Hartnoll, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li> +<li>Hartridge, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> +<li>Hartry, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> +<li>Hartwright, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> +<li>Harvest, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li> +<li>Harvey, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> +<li>Harward, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> +<li>Harwin, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> +<li>Harwood, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> +<li>Hasell, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a></li> +<li>Haskey, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> +<li>Hasluck, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> +<li>Hathaway, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> +<li>Hatt, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> +<li>Hattemore, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> +<li>Hattrick, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> +<li>Hauxton, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> +<li>Haversham, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> +<li>Haveys, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li> +<li>Haweis, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li> +<li>Hawk, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> +<li>Hawke, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> +<li>Hawoise, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li> +<li>Hayman, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> +<li>Hayward, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> +<li>Head, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li> +<li>Hean, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> +<li>Heaney, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> +<li>Heart, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></li> +<li>Heasman, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> +<li>Heaven, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> +<li>Helme, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> +<li><i>Héloïse</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li> +<li>Helper, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> +<li>Helps, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> +<li>Helpstone, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> +<li>Hemingford Abbots, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> +<li>Hemington, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> +<li>Hemp, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> +<li>Hemper, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> +<li>Henfrey, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> +<li>Henman, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> +<li>Henn, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> +<li>Henniker, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> +<li><i>Henri</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> +<li>Henstridge, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> +<li>Herbert, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> +<li><i>Herbette</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li> +<li>Herepath, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> +<li>Heringaud, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> +<li>Herod, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li> +<li>Herring, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> +<li>Hersant, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> +<li>Heward, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li>Hewish, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li>Hewitt, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li>Hewland, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li>Hewlet, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li>Hibbert, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li>Hibble, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li>Hick, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li>Hickie, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li>Hickley, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li>Hicklin, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li>Hickman, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li>Hickmot, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li><i>Hieckmann</i> (G.), <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li><i>Hienne</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li>Higgen, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li>Highmore, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li>Higlet, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li><i>Higlin</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li>Higman, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li>Hignett, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> +<li>Hildebrand, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> +<li>Hilder, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> +<li>Hildreth, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> +<li>Hildyard, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> +<li>Hill, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> +<li>Hillersdon, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> +<li>Hillman, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> +<li>Hillock, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li>Hillyer, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> +<li>Hilmer, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> +<li>Hilridge, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> +<li>Him, <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li> +<li>Hime, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> +<li>Hind, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> +<li>Hine, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> +<li>Hinksey, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> +<li>Hipkin, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> +<li>Hoby, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> +<li><i>Hocedé</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li> +<li>Hockaday, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li> +<li>Hockey, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> +<li>Hodge, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li>Hodges, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li>Hodgett, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> +<li>Hodgkin, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li>Hodsoak, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> +<li>Hoe, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li><i>Hogan</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li><i>Hoge</i> (G.), <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li>Hogg, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li>Hoggin, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li>Hogmire, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li><i>Hognet</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> +<li><i>Hoin</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li>Holiday, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li> +<li>Homer, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li>Hone, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> +<li>Honey, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> +<li>Honeybun, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> +<li>Honeyburn, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> +<li>Honeyman, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> +<li>Honner, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> +<li>Honnington, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> +<li>Hoofnail, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li> +<li>Hook, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> +<li>Hopkin, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> +<li>Hopp, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> +<li>Hopping, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> +<li>Horne, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> +<li>Horning, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> +<li>Horningsea, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> +<li>Horningsheath, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> +<li>Horsenail, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li> +<li>Hose, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> +<li>Hough, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> +<li>Howard, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> +<li>Howitt, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li><i>Hua</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li><i>Huan</i> (F), <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li><i>Huard</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li><i>Huart</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li><i>Huault</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> +<li><i>Hubault</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li>Hubbard, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li><i>Hubbert</i> (G.), <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li>Hubble, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li><i>Hubert</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li><i>Huc</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li>Huck, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li><i>Hucke</i> (G.), <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li>Huckell, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li>Hucken, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li><i>Hue</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li><i>Huel</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li>Huelin, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li><i>Huet</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li>Huff, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> +<li><i>Hufnagel</i> (G.), <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> +<li>Hug, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li><i>Hug</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li>Hugall, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li><i>Hugan</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li><i>Hugard</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li><i>Hugé</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li><i>Huge</i> (G.), <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li><i>Hügel</i>(G.), <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li>Huggard, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li>Huggett, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li>Hugh, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li>Hughes, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li>Hughman, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li><i>Hugla</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li>Hugman, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li><i>Hugnot</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> +<li>Hugo, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li><i>Hugo</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li><i>Hugo</i> (G.), <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li><i>Hugot</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li><i>Huguelin</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li><i>Hugues</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li>Huie, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li><i>Hulek</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li>Hullock, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li>Human, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li><i>Humann</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li>Humble, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li> +<li><i>Humboldt</i> (G.), <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li> +<li>Humphrey, <a href="#Page_50">50</a><i>n</i>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> +<li>Hun, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> +<li>Hunger, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> +<li>Hunhold, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> +<li>Hunibal, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> +<li>Hunn, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> +<li>Hunnard, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> +<li>Hunt, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> +<li>Hunting, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> +<li>Huntingdon, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> +<li>Hurlbat, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> +<li>Hurlburt, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> +<li>Hurler, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> +<li>Hutt, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> +<li>Hyndman, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> +</ul> + + <ul class="IX"> +<li>Ibbett, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> +<li><i>Ihm</i> (G.), <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li> +<li><i>Imm</i> (G.), <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li> +<li>Impey, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> +<li>Inchbald, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> +<li>Inchboard, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> +<li>Ingledew, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> +<li>Inglesent, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> +<li>Inglis, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li> +<li>Ingold, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> +<li>Ingram, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> +<li>Ingrey, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> +<li>Inkhammer, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></li> +<li>Ipswich, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> +<li>Ireland, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li> +<li>Iremonger, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> +<li>Irminger, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> +<li>Irwine, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> +<li>Isabel, <a href="#Page_198">198</a></li> +<li><i>Isabelle</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li> +<li>Isburg, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> +<li>Ismer, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> +<li>Isnard, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> +<li>Isnell, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li> +<li>Isner, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> +<li>Ive, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> +<li>Ivy, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a></li> +<li>Izod, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> +</ul> + + <ul class="IX"> +<li>Jack, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> +<li>Jacklin, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> +<li><i>Jacklin</i> (G.), <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> +<li><i>Jacquard</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> +<li><i>Jacquelin</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> +<li>Jael, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li> +<li>Jago, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> +<li>Jane, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a></li> +<li>Janet, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a></li> +<li>January, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li> +<li>Jarman, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> +<li>Jeannerett, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> +<li>Jeffcock, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> +<li>Jeffcott, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> +<li>Jellicoe, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> +<li>Jenner, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li> +<li>Jennery, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li> +<li>Jennett, <a href="#Page_207">207</a></li> +<li>Jervis, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> +<li>Jocelyn, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> +<li><i>Jordaens</i> (D.), <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> +<li>Jordan, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> +<li><i>Jordan</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> +<li><i>Josselin</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> +<li><i>Jourdain</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> +<li><i>Jourdan</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> +<li>Judith, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> +</ul> + + <ul class="IX"> +<li>Kay, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li>Keble, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> +<li>Kedge, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li> +<li>Kegg, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li> +<li>Keho, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> +<li>Kelk, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> +<li>Kelvedon, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> +<li>Kemerton, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> +<li>Kenilworth, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> +<li>Kennard, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> +<li>Kennaway, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> +<li>Kenrick, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> +<li>Kensal, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> +<li>Kensett, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> +<li>Kenward, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> +<li>Keogh, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> +<li>Kettering, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> +<li>Kettle, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> +<li>Kettleby, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> +<li>Key, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li>Keysoe, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> +<li>Kidd, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li> +<li>Kiddy, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li> +<li>Killer, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> +<li>Killman, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> +<li>Kilsby, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> +<li>Kindred, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li> +<li>Kinmonth, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> +<li>Kinnaird, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> +<li>Kinney, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> +<li>Kitt, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li> +<li>Kitto, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li> +<li>Kitty, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> +<li>Klyne, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> +<li>Knapp, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> +<li>Knapping, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> +<li>Knall, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li> +<li>Kneller, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> +<li>Knibb, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> +<li>Knife, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> +<li>Knipe, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> +<li>Knipping, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> +<li>Knott, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> +<li>Knyvett, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> +<li><i>Kupfernagel</i> (G.), <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li>Lamaison, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li> +<li><i>Lamas</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li> +<li>Lambert, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> +<li><i>Lamberti</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> +<li>Lambeth, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> +<li>Lambrook, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> +<li>Lammas, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li> +<li>Lamprey, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> +<li>Lanaway, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> +<li>Lander, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> +<li>Landfear, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> +<li>Landlord, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> +<li>Landridge, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> +<li>Landward, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> +<li>Lanfear, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> +<li>Langstaff, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> +<li>Lanoway, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> +<li>Lanwer, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> +<li><i>Lanzi</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> +<li>Lark, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> +<li>Lascelles, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> +<li>Lateward, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> +<li>Laundry, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> +<li><i>Lauringen</i> (G.), <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> +<li>Lavenham, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> +<li>Laver, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> +<li>Laverick, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> +<li>Laverock, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> +<li>Lawless, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></li> +<li>Laycock, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> +<li>Leamington, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> +<li>Leathart, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> +<li>Leather, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> +<li><i>Lebœuf</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> +<li><i>Lecoq</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> +<li>Ledgard, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> +<li>Ledger, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> +<li>Ledward, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> +<li>Lees, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> +<li>Legg, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></li> +<li>Leggy, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li> +<li>Legless, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></li> +<li>Lemon, <a href="#Page_57">57</a><i>n</i>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> +<li><i>Leonardo</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> +<li>Leopard, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li> +<li><i>Leopardi</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> +<li>Lessy, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> +<li>Leverett, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> +<li>Lewis, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> +<li>Liddard, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> +<li>Liddle, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> +<li>Lightfoot, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></li> +<li>Limmer, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> +<li>Lind, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> +<li>Linden, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a></li> +<li>Lindo, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> +<li>Ling, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> +<li>Lingen, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> +<li>Lingo, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> +<li><i>Lionardo</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> +<li>Liptrot, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> +<li>Lock, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> +<li>Locker, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> +<li>Lockie, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> +<li>Lord, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> +<li>Lording, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> +<li>Lottisham, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> +<li><i>Louis</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> +<li>Louisa, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li> +<li><i>Louise</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a></li> +<li>Love, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> +<li>Loveday, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li> +<li>Lovegod, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> +<li>Lovegood, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li> +<li>Loveland, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> +<li>Loveman, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li> +<li>Lover, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> +<li>Loveridge, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> +<li>Lovesy, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> +<li>Lovick, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> +<li>Loving, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> +<li>Lower, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> +<li>Lubbock, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> +<li>Lucas, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> +<li>Lucy, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li> +<li>Ludbrook, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> +<li><i>Ludovico</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> +<li><i>Luigi</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> +<li>Lull, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> +<li>Lully, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> +<li>Lumb, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> +<li>Lump, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> +<li>Lumpkin, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> +<li>Luther, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> +<li>Lutman, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> +<li>Lutto, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> +<li>Lutwidge, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> +<li>Lyde, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> +</ul> + + <ul class="IX"> +<li>Mabel, <a href="#Page_201">201</a></li> +<li>McDermott, <a href="#Page_98">98</a><i>n</i></li> +<li>McKay, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> +<li>McKie, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> +<li>Madam, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> +<li>Maddey, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> +<li><i>Madelungen</i> (G.), <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> +<li>Madle, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> +<li>Mager, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> +<li>Magg, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li> +<li>Maggot, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> +<li>Maggy, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> +<li><i>Magini</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> +<li><i>Maginot</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> +<li><i>Magnabal</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> +<li><i>Magnan</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> +<li><i>Magnard</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> +<li>Magnay, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> +<li><i>Magné</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> +<li><i>Magney</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> +<li><i>Magnier</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> +<li><i>Mahault</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_204">204</a></li> +<li>Mahood, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li> +<li>Maiden, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> +<li>Maidman, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> +<li><i>Maignan</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> +<li><i>Mainardi</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> +<li><i>Mainardo</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> +<li><i>Mainbourg</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> +<li><i>Maineri</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> +<li><i>Mainfroy</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> +<li><i>Maingault</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> +<li><i>Maingot</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> +<li>Maliff, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> +<li>Mallard, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> +<li>Malling, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> +<li>Mallory, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> +<li>Malmsbury, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> +<li>Malthus, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> +<li>Maltwood, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> +<li>Manfred, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> +<li><i>Manfredi</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> +<li>Manger, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> +<li>Manhood, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li> +<li>Manigault, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> +<li>Manlove, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li> +<li>Mann, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> +<li>Manning, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> +<li><i>Maraldi</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> +<li>Marcher, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> +<li>Margot, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> +<li>Marigold, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> +<li>Mariner, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> +<li><i>Marinier</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li> +<li>Marker, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> +<li>Marklove, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> +<li>Markwick, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> +<li>Marl, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> +<li>Marling, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> +<li><i>Marnier</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li> +<li>Marr, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> +<li>Marrow, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> +<li>Marry, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> +<li>Marvey, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> +<li>Marvin, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> +<li>Marwick, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> +<li>Massey, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> +<li>Mather, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> +<li><i>Mathilde</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> +<li>Matilda, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a></li> +<li>Maud, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a></li> +<li>Maude, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li> +<li>May, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li> +<li>Mayer, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> +<li>Maynard, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> +<li><i>Maynard</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> +<li>Mayne, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> +<li><i>Maynier</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> +<li>Mayo, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li> +<li>Meadway, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> +<li>Meddiman, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> +<li>Medland, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> +<li>Medlar, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> +<li>Medlicott, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> +<li>Medlock, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> +<li>Medwin, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> +<li>Meggy, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li> +<li>Megrin, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> +<li><i>Mehne</i> (G.), <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> +<li><i>Meiner</i> (G.), <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> +<li><i>Meinert</i> (G.), <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> +<li>Melloday, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> +<li>Mellowdew, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> +<li>Melody, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> +<li>Merrill, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> +<li>Merriment, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> +<li>Merry, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> +<li>Messing, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> +<li>Methold, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> +<li>Michie, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> +<li>Mico, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> +<li>Mildred, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a></li> +<li>Millard, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> +<li>Milldolar, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> +<li>Millie, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> +<li>Millinge, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> +<li>Milo, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> +<li>Minn, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> +<li>Minney, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> +<li>Minnow, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> +<li>Mitcheldover, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> +<li>Moder, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> +<li>Moll, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li> +<li>Monday, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li> +<li>Monument, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> +<li>Moore, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> +<li>Mote, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> +<li>Moth, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> +<li>Mottram, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> +<li>Moule, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> +<li>Moulsey, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> +<li>Moulsham, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> +<li>Mouse, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> +<li><i>Mousse</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> +<li>Muckett, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> +<li>Mudridge, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> +<li>Mumm, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li> +<li>Mummery, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li> +<li>Mummy, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li> +<li>Munday, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li> +<li>Mundell, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> +<li>Mundella, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li> +<li>Mundham, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> +<li>Mundy, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li> +<li>Murch, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> +<li>Murchie, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> +<li>Murchison, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> +<li>Mutrie, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> +</ul> + + <ul class="IX"> +<li>Naf, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> +<li>Nagle, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li> +<li>Nail, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li> +<li>Nanny, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li> +<li>Napkin, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> +<li>Napp, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> +<li>Neate, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> +<li>Need, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> +<li>Nelly, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li> +<li>Nettleton, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> +<li>Nibbs, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> +<li>Nield, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> +<li>Nielson, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li> +<li>Nill, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> +<li>Noon, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li> +<li>Norcock, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> +<li>Norcott, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> +<li>Norman, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li> +<li>Northcott, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> +<li>Nott, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> +<li>Nunn, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li> +<li>Nunney, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li> +<li>Nuttall, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> +<li>Nutting, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> +</ul> + + <ul class="IX"> +<li>Oake, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a></li> +<li>Oakey, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a></li> +<li><i>Odeschalchi</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> +<li><i>Odevico</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> +<li><i>Odoardo</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> +<li>Offley, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> +<li>Old, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> +<li>Oldacre, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> +<li>Olding, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> +<li>Oldridge, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> +<li>Ombersley, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> +<li>Onken, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> +<li><i>Onofrio</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> +<li>Onwhyn, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> +<li><i>Orlandi</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> +<li>Orleston, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> +<li>Orlop, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> +<li>Orme, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li> +<li>Ormerod, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> +<li>Ormsby, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> +<li>Osborn, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> +<li>Osgodby, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> +<li>Osgood, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> +<li>Osman, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> +<li>Osmer, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> +<li>Osmington, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> +<li>Osmond, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> +<li>Ostrich, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> +<li>Oswald, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> +<li>Oswaldslow, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> +<li>Oswin, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> +<li><i>Ouarnier</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li> +<li>Ough, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> +<li>Outram, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> +<li>Ovington, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> +<li>Owen, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> +<li>Oyster, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> +<li>Oysterman, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> +</ul> + + <ul class="IX"> +<li>Paddington, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> +<li>Padworth, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> +<li>Pagan, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li> +<li>Pagham, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> +<li>Paine, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li> +<li>Paler, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li> +<li>Paley, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> +<li>Palfrey, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> +<li>Paling, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> +<li>Papillon, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> +<li>Paragreen, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> +<li>Paramore, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> +<li>Parez, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li> +<li>Paris, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li> +<li>Partrick, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> +<li>Partridge, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> +<li>Pascoe, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> +<li>Pash, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> +<li>Paske, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> +<li><i>Pasquin</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> +<li>Pass, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> +<li>Patching, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> +<li>Paton, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li> +<li>Patrington, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> +<li>Pattingham, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> +<li>Payne, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> +<li>Peabody, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li> +<li>Peat, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> +<li>Peck, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> +<li>Pegg, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li> +<li>Pendegast, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> +<li>Pender, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> +<li>Pendered, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> +<li>Pendgast, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> +<li><i>Penicaud</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> +<li>Penman, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> +<li>Penn, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> +<li>Pennell, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> +<li>Pennycad, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> +<li>Pensham, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> +<li>Pentecast, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li> +<li>Pentecost, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></li> +<li>Perman, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> +<li>Perriam, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> +<li>Perrott, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> +<li>Petersham, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> +<li>Petridge, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> +<li>Peyton, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> +<li>Pharoah, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li> +<li><i>Philibert</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> +<li>Phillimore, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> +<li>Pickett, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li> +<li>Picton, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li> +<li>Picture, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> +<li>Piddel, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> +<li>Pigot, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li> +<li>Pilgrim, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> +<li>Pim, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> +<li>Pindard, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> +<li>Piper, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> +<li>Pippin, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> +<li>Pirner, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> +<li>Pitt, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> +<li>Player, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> +<li>Plowman, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> +<li>Pollard, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> +<li>Poppy, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li>Portisham, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> +<li><i>Potefer</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li> +<li>Potiphar, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li> +<li>Pott, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li>Potten, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> +<li>Pottle, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> +<li>Potto, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li><i>Poy</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li> +<li><i>Poyard</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> +<li><i>Poyart</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li> +<li><i>Poyé</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li> +<li><i>Poyer</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li> +<li>Poynings, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> +<li>Pray, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li> +<li>Prendergast, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> +<li>Prendergrass, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> +<li>Prentice, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li> +<li>Prentiss, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li> +<li>Priest, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li> +<li>Prince, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li> +<li>Proudfoot, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li> +<li>Puck, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li>Puckle, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> +<li>Puddifer, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li> +<li>Punt, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> +<li>Purdue, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> +<li>Purgold, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> +<li>Purland, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> +<li>Pye, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li> +<li>Pym, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> +<li>Pyman, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li> +</ul> + + <ul class="IX"> +<li>Quail, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> +<li>Quaint, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> +<li>Quaker, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> +<li>Qualey, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> +<li>Quantock, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> +<li>Quare, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> +<li>Quarman, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> +<li>Quarrier, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> +<li>Quarry, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> +<li>Quart, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> +<li>Quary, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> +<li>Quash, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> +<li>Quear, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> +<li>Queen, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> +<li>Queenan, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> +<li>Queeney, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> +<li><i>Quenay</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> +<li><i>Querrey</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> +<li>Query, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> +<li>Quick, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> +<li>Quiddy, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> +<li>Quier, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> +<li>Quig, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> +<li>Quiggle, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> +<li>Quil, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> +<li>Quilke, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> +<li><i>Quillac</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> +<li><i>Quillé</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> +<li>Quillinan, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> +<li>Quillman, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> +<li>Quilt, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> +<li>Quilter, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> +<li>Quilty, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> +<li>Quin, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> +<li>Quinan, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> +<li><i>Quineau</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> +<li>Quiner, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> +<li><i>Quinier</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> +<li>Quint, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> +<li><i>Quinty</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> +<li>Quire, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> +<li><i>Quirini</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> +<li>Quitman, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> +<li>Quittacus, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> +<li>Quy, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> +<li><i>Quyo</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li>Rabbit, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> +<li>Raddish, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li> +<li>Rackham, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> +<li>Radmore, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> +<li><i>Raimondi</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> +<li>Rain, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> +<li>Rainbird, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> +<li>Rainford, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> +<li>Ralph, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> +<li>Ramsden, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> +<li>Ranacre, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> +<li>Ranger, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> +<li>Rarey, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> +<li>Rathbold, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> +<li>Rathbone, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> +<li>Rather, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> +<li>Ratliffe, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> +<li>Rattham, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> +<li>Rattray, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> +<li>Raven, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> +<li>Raybauld, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> +<li>Raybolt, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> +<li>Rayment, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> +<li>Raymond, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> +<li>Raynbold, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> +<li>Raynham, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> +<li>Read, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> +<li>Reading, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> +<li>Readwin, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> +<li>Reckless, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li> +<li>Redband, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> +<li>Reddaway, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> +<li>Reddish, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li> +<li>Redgill, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> +<li>Redman, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> +<li>Redmarley, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> +<li>Redmond, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> +<li>Redmore, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> +<li>Redwar, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> +<li>Regal, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> +<li>Reginald, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li> +<li>Regnard, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> +<li>Rennie, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> +<li>Renno, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> +<li>Reulver, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> +<li>Reynard, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> +<li>Reyner, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> +<li>Reynolds, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> +<li>Riccard, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> +<li>Rich, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> +<li>Richard, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> +<li><i>Richarde</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> +<li>Richbell, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> +<li>Richer, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li> +<li>Riches, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> +<li>Richey, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> +<li><i>Richez</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> +<li>Richman, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> +<li>Richmond, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> +<li>Richold, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> +<li>Rickinghall, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> +<li>Rickman, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> +<li>Ridding, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> +<li>Riddle, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> +<li>Riddy, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> +<li>Ridgway, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> +<li>Ridgyard, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> +<li><i>Ridolphi</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> +<li>Ringer, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> +<li>Ringold, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> +<li>Ringstead, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> +<li>Ripley, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> +<li>Ritta, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> +<li>Robert, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> +<li><i>Robert</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> +<li><i>Roberti</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> +<li>Rock, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> +<li>Rodber, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> +<li>Rodbourn, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> +<li>Rodborough, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> +<li>Rodd, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> +<li>Rodgard, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> +<li>Rodger, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> +<li>Rodman, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li> +<li>Rodney, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> +<li>Rodrick, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> +<li>Rodyard, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> +<li><i>Rointru</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_186">186</a></li> +<li>Roland, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> +<li><i>Rolandini</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> +<li>Rolfe, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> +<li>Rolland, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> +<li>Rolle, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> +<li>Rollesby, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> +<li>Rolleston, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> +<li>Roman, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li> +<li>Roothing, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> +<li>Rosbert, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> +<li>Roskell, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> +<li><i>Rosnagel</i> (G.), <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> +<li>Ross, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> +<li>Rotherham, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> +<li>Rothery, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> +<li>Rowantree, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a></li> +<li>Rubery, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> +<li>Ruck, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> +<li>Rudd, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> +<li>Rudder, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> +<li>Rudding, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> +<li><i>Rudolfe</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> +<li>Rudwick, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> +<li>Rugg, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> +<li>Rumbold, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> +<li>Rummer, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> +<li>Runwell, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> +<li>Rush, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> +<li>Rutledge, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> + <li><i>Sacchi</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> +<li>Saint, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li> +<li>Sala, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> +<li>Salaman, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> +<li>Sale, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> +<li>Salloway, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> +<li>Salmon, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> +<li>Sander, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> +<li>Sargood, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> +<li>Sarle, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> +<li>Sarratt, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> +<li>Satchell, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> +<li>Scales, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> +<li>Scally, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> +<li>Scamp, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li> +<li>Scard, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> +<li>Scarth, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> +<li><i>Schilling</i> (G.), <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li> +<li>Scotland, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li> +<li>Scott, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> +<li>Scotten, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li> +<li>Scotting, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li> +<li>Scotto, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li> +<li>Seaber, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> +<li>Seaborn, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> +<li>Seabright, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a><i>n</i></li> +<li>Seabrook, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> +<li>Seabury, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> +<li>Searight, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> +<li>Searle, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> +<li>Seawall, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> +<li>Seaward, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> +<li>Sedgeberrow, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> +<li>Sedgewick, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> +<li>Sefowl, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> +<li>Segar, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> +<li>Seguin, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> +<li>Self, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> +<li>Sellar, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> +<li>Selvey, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> +<li>Sempringham, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> +<li>Serbutt, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> +<li>Sermon, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> +<li>Seward, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> +<li>Seyfried, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> +<li>Seymore, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> +<li>Seymour, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> +<li>Shaft, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> +<li>Shaftesbury, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> +<li>Shafto, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> +<li>Shakestaff, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> +<li>Shark, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> +<li>Sharkey, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> +<li>Shawkey, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> +<li>Sheaf, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> +<li>Shield, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> +<li>Shilling, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></li> +<li>Shillingsworth, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></li> +<li>Shinn, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> +<li>Shirley, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> +<li>Sholl, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> +<li>Shovel, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> +<li>Shute, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> +<li>Shuter, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> +<li>Sibbald, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> +<li>Sibbertswold, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> +<li>Sibert, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> +<li>Sick, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> +<li>Sickle, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> +<li>Sickling, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> +<li>Sickman, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> +<li>Side, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li> +<li>Sidlesham, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> +<li>Sievewright, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> +<li>Siggs, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> +<li>Sigournay, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> +<li>Siksworth, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> +<li>Simmond, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> +<li>Siney, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> +<li><i>Sinibaldo</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> +<li><i>Sismondi</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> +<li>Skeat, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> +<li>Skitt, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> +<li>Smelt, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> +<li>Smirke, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> +<li>Snare, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> +<li>Snell, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> +<li>Snoad, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> +<li>Snodd, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> +<li>Snodgast, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li> +<li>Snodgrass, <a href="#Page_114">114</a><i>n</i>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> +<li>Snodin, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> +<li>Snodland, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> +<li>Snowden, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> +<li>Somerleyton, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> +<li>Somersham, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> +<li>Sommerlat, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> +<li>Spain, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li> +<li>Spark, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li> +<li>Speck, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> +<li>Spendlove, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li> +<li>Spenlove, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li> +<li>Sprack, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li> +<li>Spracklin, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li> +<li>Sprague, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li> +<li>Spratt, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> +<li>Spreckly, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li> +<li>Sprigg, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li> +<li>Sprott, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> +<li>Sprout, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> +<li>Square, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> +<li>Squarey, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> +<li>Squire, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> +<li>Squirrell, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> +<li>Stadd, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> +<li>Stainburn, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> +<li>Stainer, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> +<li>Starbuck, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> +<li>Starch, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> +<li>Stark, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> +<li>Starkie, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> +<li>Starr, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> +<li>Steamburg, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> +<li>Steed, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> +<li>Stell, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> +<li>Stenning, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> +<li>Stericker, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> +<li>Sternhold, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li> +<li>Steyning, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> +<li>Stidolph, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> +<li>Stitt, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> +<li>Stoddart, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> +<li>Stonard, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> +<li>Stone, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> +<li>Stoneheart, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li> +<li>Stoner, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> +<li>Stonhold, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> +<li>Stothard, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> +<li>Stott, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> +<li>Stout, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> +<li><i>Stradivarius</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li> +<li>Straight, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li> +<li>Strain, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li> +<li>Strang, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li> +<li>Strangward, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li> +<li>Strangwick, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li> +<li>Strank, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li> +<li>Straw, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li> +<li>Stray, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li> +<li>Streek, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li> +<li>Stretch, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li> +<li>Strickett, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li> +<li>Stringfellow, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li> +<li>Stringle, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li> +<li>Strong, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li> +<li>Stubbe, <a href="#Page_186">186</a></li> +<li>Stubbing, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a></li> +<li>Stubbs, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> +<li>Studd, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> +<li>Studeard, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> +<li>Sturge, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> +<li>Sturgeon, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> +<li>Sturgin, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> +<li>Stutter, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> +<li>Sugg, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> +<li>Summer, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li> +<li>Sunday, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li> +<li>Sundon, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> +<li>Sunman, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> +<li>Surrenden, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> +<li>Swan, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li> +<li>Swarling, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> +<li>Swearing, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li> +<li>Swears, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li> +<li>Swire, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> +<li>Sword, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> +<li>Sycamore, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a></li> +<li><i>Sycamore</i> (G.), <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li>Tackabarry, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> +<li>Tackle, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> +<li>Tadd, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> +<li>Taddy, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> +<li>Tadman, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> +<li>Tadmarton, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> +<li>Talbert, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> +<li>Tall, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> +<li>Tallington, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> +<li>Tallman, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> +<li>Tamworth, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> +<li>Tancred, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> +<li>Tankard, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> +<li>Tankeray, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> +<li>Target, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> +<li>Tarring, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> +<li>Tassell, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> +<li><i>Tassell</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> +<li>Tassie, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> +<li><i>Tasso</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> +<li><i>Tassy</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> +<li>Tattle, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> +<li>Tatwin, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> +<li>Tavistock, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> +<li>Tayburn, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> +<li>Teather, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> +<li>Tedder, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> +<li>Teddington, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> +<li>Telfer, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> +<li>Telling, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> +<li>Terling, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> +<li>Terry, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> +<li>Teuthorn, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> +<li>Thackeray, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> +<li>Theddlethorpe, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> +<li>Theobald, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> +<li>Theodore, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> +<li>Thirkettle, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> +<li><i>Thom</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> +<li><i>Thomé</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> +<li>Thorburn, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> +<li>Thorgur, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> +<li>Thorne, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a></li> +<li>Thorning, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> +<li>Thorold, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> +<li>Thoroughgood, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li> +<li>Thorowood, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> +<li>Thrale, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li> +<li>Thunder, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> +<li>Thundersfield, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> +<li>Thurgar, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> +<li>Thurgarton, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> +<li>Thurgood, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> +<li>Thurkle, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> +<li>Thurmot, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> +<li>Thurstan, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> +<li><i>Tibaldi</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> +<li>Tichfield, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> +<li>Tickle, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> +<li>Tidball, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> +<li>Tidemore, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> +<li>Tidman, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> +<li>Tidmington, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> +<li>Tidy, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> +<li>Tileman, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li>Tilford, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li>Tilke, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li>Till, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> +<li><i>Till</i> (G.), <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> +<li><i>Tillé</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> +<li><i>Tillemans</i> (D.), <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li>Tiller, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li>Tilley, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> +<li><i>Tilli</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> +<li>Tillick, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li>Tillier, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li><i>Tillier</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li>Tilling, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li>Tillingham, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> +<li>Tillman, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li><i>Tillon</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li><i>Tillot</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li>Tillott, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li>Tilly, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> +<li><i>Tilly</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> +<li>Tilman, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> +<li><i>Tilman</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li><i>Tilmann</i> (G.), <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li><i>Tilmant</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li><i>Tilo</i> (G.), <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> +<li>Tiptoft, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> +<li>Tisoe, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> +<li>Titford, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> +<li>Tockenham, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> +<li>Tocque, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> +<li>Todd, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> +<li>Toddenham, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> +<li>Toddy, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> +<li>Todrig, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> +<li>Tom, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> +<li>Tomb, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> +<li><i>Tombe</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> +<li>Tomey, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> +<li>Tomkies, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> +<li>Tomlin, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> +<li>Tommell, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> +<li>Toomey, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> +<li>Tooting, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> +<li>Torr, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> +<li>Tottington, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> +<li>Trail, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></li> +<li>Train, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></li> +<li>Tray, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></li> +<li>Tredington, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> +<li>Tremble, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a></li> +<li>Trist, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> +<li>Troston, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> +<li>Trout, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> +<li>Truefitt, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li> +<li>Trumbull, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> +<li>Trumby, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> +<li>Trump, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> +<li>Trumpington, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> +<li><i>Tübingen</i> (G.), <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> +<li>Tuck, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> +<li>Tudor, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> +<li>Tuffnell, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li> +<li>Tugman, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> +<li>Tunn, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> +<li>Tunno, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> +<li>Tunny, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> +<li>Tunstone, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> +<li>Turing, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> +<li>Turk, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li> +<li>Turkdean, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> +<li>Turpin, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> +<li>Turr, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> +<li>Tuttle, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> +<li>Twickenham, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li> +<li>Twigg, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li> +<li>Twine, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li> +<li>Twining, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li> +<li>Twiss, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> + <li><i>Ubaldo</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li><i>Ubaldini</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li><i>Ughelli</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li><i>Ughetti</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li><i>Ugo</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> +<li><i>Ugolino</i> (I.), <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li>Upton Snodsbury, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> +<li>Ure, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li> +<li>Urlwin, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> +</ul> + + <ul class="IX"> +<li>Varnish, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li> +<li>Vergoose, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> +<li>Vibert, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> +<li>Vicary, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> +<li>Vickridge, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> +<li><i>Videau</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> +<li><i>Videcocq</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> +<li>Viking, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> +<li><i>Vilcocq</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> +<li>Vinegar, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> +<li><i>Viteau</i> (F.), <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li>Waddicar, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> +<li>Waddy, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> +<li>Wadge, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li> +<li>Wadmore, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> +<li>Wager, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> +<li>Wagg, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li> +<li>Waghorn, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> +<li>Wagstaff, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> +<li>Wain, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> +<li>Wake, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> +<li>Waker, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> +<li>Waland, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> +<li><i>Walcher</i> (G.), <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li> +<li>Walden, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> +<li>Walder, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> +<li>Waldie, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> +<li>Waldman, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> +<li>Waldo, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> +<li>Waldron, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> +<li>Walk, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> +<li>Walker, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li> +<li>Walkey, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> +<li>Walking, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> +<li>Wall, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> +<li>Waller, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> +<li>Wallet, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> +<li>Wallfree, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> +<li>Wallower, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> +<li>Wallraven, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> +<li>Walsh, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> +<li>Walter, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> +<li>Wambey, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> +<li>Wampen, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> +<li>Waple, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> +<li>Warbolt, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> +<li>Warborough, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> +<li>Warbrick, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> +<li>Ward, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li> +<li>Warden, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> +<li>Warehorne, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> +<li>Waring, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> +<li>Warland, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> +<li>Warlock, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> +<li>Warman, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> +<li>Warmbadt, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> +<li>Warmer, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> +<li>Warne, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li> +<li>Warneford, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> +<li>Warner, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> +<li>Warnett, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> +<li>Warraker, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> +<li>Warren, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li> +<li>Warrenbury, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> +<li>Warrener, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li> +<li>Warringer, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li> +<li>Warrior, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> +<li>Washingborough, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> +<li>Washington, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> +<li>Wass, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> +<li>Watchfield, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> +<li>Water, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> +<li>Watkiss, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> +<li>Watlington, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> +<li>Watney, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> +<li>Watt, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> +<li>Waugh, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li> +<li>Way, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li> +<li>Wedlake, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> +<li>Wedlock, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> +<li>Welcome, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> +<li>Well, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> +<li>Wellwyn, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> +<li>Welp, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> +<li>Weston, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> +<li>Weybret, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> +<li>Wheatbread, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li> +<li>Whelp, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> +<li>Wherwell, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li>Whigam, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> +<li>Whipp, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> +<li>Whipple, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> +<li>Whiston, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> +<li>Whit, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> +<li>Whitbread, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li> +<li>Whitecar, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> +<li>Whiteheart, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> +<li>Whitelaw, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> +<li>Whitelegg, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> +<li>Whitelock, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> +<li>Whiteman, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> +<li>Whitemore, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> +<li>Whiter, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> +<li>Whiteridge, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> +<li>Whiterod, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> +<li>Whitethread, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> +<li>Whiting, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> +<li>Whitridge, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> +<li>Whittaker, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> +<li>Whittington, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> +<li>Whittock, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> +<li>Wichett, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> +<li>Wicker, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> +<li>Wicking, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> +<li>Wideman, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> +<li>Widow, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> +<li>Wigg, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> +<li>Wigget, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> +<li>Wigman, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> +<li>Wigmore, <a href="#Page_67">67</a><i>n</i></li> +<li>Wigram, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> +<li>Wilbourn, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> +<li>Wilbraham, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> +<li>Wilburton, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> +<li>Wilcomb, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> +<li>Wilford, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> +<li>Wilkie, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li> +<li>Wilkin, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li> +<li>Will, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li> +<li>Willament, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> +<li>Willard, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> +<li>Willer, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> +<li>Willeroey, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> +<li>Willett, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> +<li>Willgoss, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> +<li>Williams, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> +<li>Williment, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> +<li>Willing, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li> +<li>Willis, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li> +<li>Willmore, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> +<li>Willmot, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> +<li>Willock, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> +<li>Willoe, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li> +<li>Willof, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li> +<li>Willow, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a></li> +<li>Willy, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li> +<li>Wilsford, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> +<li>Wimble, <a href="#Page_202">202</a></li> +<li>Wimbolt, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> +<li>Wincup, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> +<li>Winder, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> +<li>Windle, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> +<li>Windlesham, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> +<li>Windram, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> +<li>Windred, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> +<li>Windsor, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> +<li>Wine, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> +<li>Winegar, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> +<li>Wineman, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> +<li>Winer, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> +<li>Winfarthing, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li> +<li>Wingood, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> +<li>Winlock, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> +<li>Winmen, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> +<li>Winn, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> +<li>Winning, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> +<li>Winshill, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> +<li>Winslow, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> +<li>Winston, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> +<li>Winter, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li> +<li>Wintle, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> +<li>Wire, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> +<li>Wither, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> +<li>Withered, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> +<li>Witherick, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> +<li>Witheron, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> +<li>Wittering, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> +<li>Wiveliscomb, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> +<li>Woking, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> +<li>Woldswell, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> +<li>Wolf, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> +<li>Wolsey, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> +<li>Wolverley, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> +<li>Woodcock, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> +<li>Woodin (?), <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> +<li>Woolbert, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> +<li>Woolcot, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> +<li>Wooley, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> +<li>Woolgar, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> +<li>Woollams, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> +<li>Woollard, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> +<li>Woollat, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> +<li>Woolmer, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> +<li>Woolnoth, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> +<li>Woolrych, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> +<li>Woolston, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> +<li>Worcester, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> +<li>Wordsworth, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li> +<li>Worm, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> +<li>Worting, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> +<li>Wren, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> +<li>Wreningham, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> +<li>Wright, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> +<li>Wrigley, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> +<li>Wrotham, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> +<li>Wyard, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> +<li>Wyatt, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> +<li>Wyberg, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> +<li>Wybrow, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> +<li>Wyman, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> +<li>Wymer, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li>Yea, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a><i>n</i></li> +<li>Yeading, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> +<li>Yealfe, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> +<li>Yeaman, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> +<li>Yems, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> +<li>Yeo, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a><i>n</i></li> +<li>Yeoman, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> +<li>Yeoward, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> +<li>Yorick, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> +</ul> +</div> + +<p class="center">THE END.</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p class="center">LONDON:<br /> +<span class="smcap">R. Clay, Sons, and Taylor</span>,<br /> +BREAD STREET HILL, E.C.</p> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's Surnames as a Science, by Robert Ferguson + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SURNAMES AS A SCIENCE *** + +***** This file should be named 37520-h.htm or 37520-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/7/5/2/37520/ + +Produced by StevenGibbs, Jane Hyland and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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