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diff --git a/37505-h/37505-h.htm b/37505-h/37505-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ca5ec6e --- /dev/null +++ b/37505-h/37505-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,3065 @@ +<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd"> +<html> +<head> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1"> +<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of A Short Narrative of the Life and Actions of His Grace John, D. of Marlborogh, by Daniel Defoe</title> +<style type="text/css"> + + body {margin-left: 12%; + margin-right: 12%;} + + p {text-indent: 0em; + text-align: justify; + margin-top: .85em; + margin-bottom: .85em; + line-height: 1.25em;} + + .hang {text-align: justify; + padding-left: 1.5em; + text-indent: -2em;} + + .morehang {text-align: justify; + padding-left: 1.5em; + text-indent: -2.5em;} + + .indent {margin-left: 1.5em;} + + .ctr {text-align: center;} + + .ctrbold {text-align: center; + margin-top: 3em;} + + .ralign {text-align: right;} + + .sc {font-variant: small-caps;} + + .keeptogether {white-space:nowrap;} + + .section {margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 1.5em; + text-align: center; + font-size: 108%;} + + p.dropcap:first-letter {float: left; + clear: left; + margin-right: .05em; + font-size: 190%; + line-height: 78%; + padding-top: 2.5px; + width: auto; + font-weight: normal;} + + .dcap {text-transform: uppercase;} + + .fm1 {text-align: center; + margin-top: 1em; + margin-bottom: 1em; + line-height: 1.3em; + font-weight: bold; + font-size: 135%; + letter-spacing: 4px;} + + .fm2{text-align: center; + font-weight: bold; + font-size: 125%;} + + .fm3 {text-align: center; + font-weight: bold; + font-size: 115%;} + + .fm4 {text-align: center; + font-weight: bold; + font-size: 105%;} + + .head {margin-top: 1em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + text-align: center; + font-weight: bold;} + + .blockquote {text-align: justify; + margin-left: 7%; + margin-right: 7%; + font-size: 98%; + margin-top: 1.6em; + margin-bottom: 1.6em;} + + .caption {font-weight: bold; + font-size: 95%; + text-align: center; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-top: .3em;} + + .figcenter {margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + text-align: center; + margin-bottom: 0em; + margin-top: 2em; + width: auto;} + + h1 {text-align: center; + margin-top: 1em; + margin-bottom: 1em; + line-height: 1.3em; + letter-spacing: 4px;} + + h1.pg {text-align: center; + margin-top: 0em; + margin-bottom: 0em; + line-height: 1em; + letter-spacing: 0px;} + + h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {text-align: center; + margin-top: 1em; + margin-bottom: 1em; + line-height: 1.3em;} + + h3.pg {text-align: center; + margin-top: 1em; + margin-bottom: 0em; + line-height: 1em;} + + hr.long {width: 100%; + height: 1px; + margin-top: 1em; + margin-bottom: 1em;} + + hr.med {width: 65%; + height: 1px; + margin-top: 2.5em; + margin-bottom: 2.5em;} + + hr.short {width: 35%; + height: 1px; + margin-top: 2.25em; + margin-bottom: 2.25em;} + + ul {list-style-type: none; + margin-left: 0%;} + + hr.full { width: 100%; + margin-top: 3em; + margin-bottom: 0em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + height: 4px; + border-width: 4px 0 0 0; /* remove all borders except the top one */ + border-style: solid; + border-color: #000000; + clear: both; } + pre {font-size: 85%;} +</style> +</head> +<body> +<h1 class="pg">The Project Gutenberg eBook, A Short Narrative of the Life and Actions of +His Grace John, D. of Marlborogh, by Daniel Defoe, Edited by Paula R. +Backscheider</h1> +<pre> +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at <a href = "http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></pre> +<p>Title: A Short Narrative of the Life and Actions of His Grace John, D. of Marlborogh</p> +<p>Author: Daniel Defoe</p> +<p>Editor: Paula R. Backscheider</p> +<p>Release Date: September 22, 2011 [eBook #37505]</p> +<p>Language: English</p> +<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p> +<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A SHORT NARRATIVE OF THE LIFE AND ACTIONS OF HIS GRACE JOHN, D. OF MARLBOROGH***</p> +<br><br><center><h3 class="pg">E-text prepared by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper,<br> + and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br> + (http://www.pgdp.net)</h3></center><br><br> +<p> </p> +<hr class="full"> +<p> </p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/cover.jpg" alt="Front cover" width="304" height="500"></div> +<br> +<p class="head"> +<span class="sc">The Augustan Reprint Society</span> +</p> + + +<p class="head"> +[DANIEL DEFOE] +</p> +<br> +<h4> +A +</h4> + +<h3> +SHORT NARRATIVE +</h3> + +<h4> +OF THE +</h4> + +<h2> +Life and Actions +</h2> + +<h4> +Of His GRACE +</h4> + +<h1> +<i>JOHN</i>, +</h1> + +<h2> +D. of Marlborough +</h2> +<br> +<p class="head"> +(1711) +</p> + +<hr class="long"> +<h3> +<i>Introduction by</i><br> +<span class="sc">Paula R. Backscheider</span> +</h3> +<hr class="long"> + + +<h4> +PUBLICATION NUMBER 168<br> +WILLIAM ANDREWS CLARK MEMORIAL LIBRARY<br> +<span class="sc">University of California, Los Angeles</span> +1974 +</h4> + +<hr class="med"> + + +<p class="section"> +GENERAL EDITORS +</p> + +<ul> +<li>William E. Conway, William Andrews Clark Memorial Library</li> +<li>George Robert Guffey, University of California, Los Angeles</li> +<li>Maximillian E. Novak, University of California, Los Angeles</li> +<li>David S. Rodes, University of California, Los Angeles</li> +</ul> + + +<p class="section"> +ADVISORY EDITORS +</p> + +<ul> +<li>Richard C. Boys, University of Michigan</li> +<li>James L. Clifford, Columbia University</li> +<li>Ralph Cohen, University of Virginia</li> +<li>Vinton A. Dearing, University of California, Los Angeles</li> +<li>Arthur Friedman, University of Chicago</li> +<li>Louis A. Landa, Princeton University</li> +<li>Earl Miner, Princeton University</li> +<li>Samuel H. Monk, University of Minnesota</li> +<li>Everett T. Moore, University of California, Los Angeles</li> +<li>Lawrence Clark Powell, William Andrews Clark Memorial Library</li> +<li>James Sutherland, University College, London</li> +<li>H. T. Swedenberg, Jr., University of California, Los Angeles</li> +<li>Robert Vosper, William Andrews Clark Memorial Library</li> +</ul> + + +<p class="section"> +CORRESPONDING SECRETARY +</p> + +<ul> +<li>Edna C. Davis, William Andrews Clark Memorial Library</li> +</ul> + + +<p class="section"> +EDITORIAL ASSISTANT +</p> + +<ul> +<li>Beverly J. Onley, William Andrews Clark Memorial Library</li> +</ul> + +<br> +<p> +Typography by Wm. M. Cheney +</p> + + + +<hr class="med"> + + +<p class="section"> + +INTRODUCTION +</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p> +Opinion is a mighty matter in war, and I doubt but the French think it +impossible to conquer an army that he leads, and our soldiers think +the same; and how far even this step may encourage the French to play +tricks with us, no man knows. +</p> + +<p class="ctr"> +Swift's <i>Journal to Stella</i>, 1 January 1711 +</p> + +<p> +… the moment he leaves the service and loses the protection of +the Court, such scenes will open as no victories can varnish over. +</p> + +<p class="ctr"> +Bolingbroke's <i>Letters and Correspondence</i>,<br> +23 January 1711 +</p> +</div> + + +<p> +The career of John Churchill, Duke of Marlborough, reflects the +political battles of nearly thirty years of English politics. In an +age when duplicity, intrigue, personality, and an immediate history of +violence characterized politics, John Churchill was a constant, steady +military success even while his political and personal fortunes +alternately plunged and soared. His military ability insured his +importance to the Grand Alliance and his victories brought the +reverence of the European powers opposing Louis XIV as well as that of +his own people, but, at the same time, his successes also assured his +involvement with the fortunes of nearly every major English political +figure and movement in the years 1688 to 1712. +</p> + +<p> +Marlborough's military career spanned two periods. Aware of the danger +of the "exorbitant power of France" and the corresponding danger to +the Protestant religion, disgusted with James's actions at the +<i>Gloucester</i> shipwreck and in dealing with Scottish Protestants, +Marlborough had joined the bloodless shift to William of Orange. For +William, he led the English forces in Flanders in 1689 and in Ireland +in 1690; in 1691 he was in charge of the British forces in Europe with +the rank of lieutenant-general. In January, 1692, however, Marlborough +was dismissed from all of his offices for a combination of reasons, +each insufficient in itself but all too typical for him—open +opposition to William's Dutch dominated army, rumors that he and +Sarah, his ambitious and sometimes presumptuous wife, were plotting +Anne's usurpation of the throne, and dissension aroused between Anne +and her sister Queen Mary by the quixotic Sarah. When rumors of a +Jacobite uprising began, Marlborough spent six weeks in the Tower. +</p> + +<p> +Although Marlborough was restored to political favor in 1698 partly as +a placatory gesture to Anne, it was 1701 before he resumed his +military career, this time as William's Commander-in-Chief and +Ambassador Extraordinary to the United Provinces. In this second phase +of his military career, he won every battle, took every fort that he +besieged, held the Grand Alliance together, broke the threatening +supremacy of France, and established England as a major power. Yet, +during these ten years, Queen Anne's ministry and Parliament underwent +several major upheavals: the resulting shifts in policy and +personalities alternately inconvenienced and vexed Marlborough. The +year 1711 marked the culmination of warring factions and clandestine +arrangement, and Daniel Defoe's <i>A Short Narrative of the Life and +Actions of his grace, John, Duke of Marlborough</i>, published 20 +February 1711, originated in this battle. (For discussion of +authorship, please see Appendix.) +</p> + +<p> +Much that happened in these years can be unraveled back to Harley, +Earl of Oxford. His influences and circuitous dealing emerge wherever +a close examination of politics is made.[1] Hiding his activities from +even his closest associates, employing spies and journalists whose +purposes seem contradictory, manipulating the House of Commons' +radical October Club while preaching a "broad bottomed" moderate +government, and buzzing in the Queen's ear in a variety of ways, +Harley was ready for any exigency. England had wanted peace since 1709 +when their insistence on "no peace without Spain" and on the XXXVII +Article asking for guarantees of three Spanish towns had rallied the +French behind the war;[2] Marlborough's pleas that peace be made and +Spain be dealt with later were ignored. Although Parliament voted +Malplaquet a triumph, Marlborough's power and prestige were +systematically shorn away, and embarrassing decisions contrived to +force his resignation were effected.[3] Should Marlborough resign, a +scapegoat for defeat or an unfavorable peace would be assured. By +1710, foreign policy had changed—a growing interest in trade and +colonization urged Parliament to end a costly and now unnecessary war +and had united the Tories, Jacobites, the Church party, as well as +such diverse men as the Dukes of Argyll, Somerset, Newcastle, and +Shrewsbury, a Whig. With the election of the radical Tory majority +(240 new members were seated) to the Commons in 1710 and the creation +of twelve new peers,[4] Harley's job of using diverse elements to form +a moderate government became more complex. He found it expedient to +establish and maintain influence with groups ranging from the radical +Tory October Club to Swift's country squire and clergy <i>Examiner</i> +readers to moderate Whigs such as Shrewsbury. Moreover, Defoe had +impressed upon him the importance of assuring the nation that moderate +and sensible men were at the bottom of all of the political +changes.[5] Harley, therefore, prepared for at least three apparently +exclusive possibilities—prosecuting the war for several more years, +negotiating a peace with the Allies, or making a separate peace with +France without the Allies. To keep all these possibilities alive, +Harley had to remain in harmony with Marlborough. The general's +popularity with the soldiers and the European powers and France's awe +of his military prowess necessitated the appearance that Marlborough's +command was secure. While the <i>Examiner</i>, with its Tory audience +and its emphasis on pressure for peace, was essential to Harley, so +were Swift's and Defoe's appeals for moderation at a time when +sympathy for Marlborough was rampant and the call "no peace without +Spain" was still defended even by the October Club; for the same +reasons he was glad to have Bolingbroke openly associated with the +<i>Examiner</i>. +</p> + +<p> +January of 1711 brought the decisive defeat at Brihuega which +effectively took the issue of Spanish succession away; in the ensuing +witch hunt, Almanza and the peace talks of 1709 were revived to +distract the people. While these inquiries proceeded, England received +word that France was ready to discuss terms. The delay between this (8 +February) and France's formal proposal (2 May) was an anxious time for +Harley and his schemers. Defoe was busy setting the stage for the +outcome. +</p> + +<p> +While Swift, the high Tory, could easily set about discrediting +Marlborough, the hero and standard bearer, and, by so doing, weaken +the Whig's position, Defoe's readers required different handling. His +most effective writing at this time was in pamphlets which reached a +wider audience and which were not bound by the consistency of the +Review. Defoe and Swift, primed with the Minister's inside knowledge, +set about to discredit the Whig ministry in basically the same way. In +the 15 February <i>Examiner</i>, Swift wrote, +</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p> +No Body, that I know of, did ever dispute the Duke of +Marlborough's Courage, Conduct, or Success; they have been always +unquestionable and will continue to be so, in spight of the Malice +of his Enemies, or which is yet more, the Weakness of his +Advocates. The Nation only wished to see him taken out of ill +Hands, and put into better. But, what is all this to the Conduct +of the late Ministry, the shameful Mismanagements in Spain, or the +wrong Steps in the Treaty of Peace.... [6] +</p> +</div> + +<p> +Defoe remarks, "our General wants neither Conduct or Courage" and +describes his greatest successes as "daughters to preserve his Memory" +while dissociating him somewhat from the Jacobites, Whigs, and +"business of [making] peace and war." When the <i>Review</i> finally +discusses Marlborough's fall, Defoe suggests that the "greatest Guilt +... is the Error in Policy, and Prudence among his Friends."[7] Both +writers presented the Duke as a means to an end and discredited him on +personal grounds (avarice, ambition) thereby protecting the military +hero and the newborn glory of England fathered by his victories.[8] +Faced with Dissenters and moderate Whig readers, Defoe's <i>Review</i> +had to seem to oppose Swift's <i>Examiner</i> with its sneers at +trade; not only must it be consistent but it was obliged to shift its +readers' attention more slowly to the earlier failures of the Whig +ministry and the rich commercial advantages gained in the separate +peace. +</p> + +<p> +The <i>Life of Marlborough</i> is part of a stream of pamphlets which +Defoe wrote supporting the Harley administration; <i>A Supplement to +the Faults on Both Sides</i>, a discussion of the Sacheverell case by +two "displac'd officers of state," <i>Rogues on Both Sides</i>, a +study in contrasts between old and new Whigs, and old, high flyer, and +new Tories, and <i>A Seasonable Caution to the General Assembly</i> +were published immediately before and after. That same year, his +pamphlets discuss the October Club, the Spanish succession, "Mr. +Harley," and the state of religion. By summer when the peace was +nearly assured though still secret, Defoe was writing <i>Reasons for a +Peace; Or, the War at an End</i>. +</p> + +<p> +Taken in chronological order, Defoe's 1711 pamphlets indicate two +emerging directions: first, the reasons for ending the war become more +positive and entirely unconcerned with the General, and, second, +Defoe's comments about the Duke become less wholeheartedly admiring, +especially in <i>No Queen; Or, No General</i>. <i>Rogues on Both +Sides</i> is witty praise for moderate men who act "according to +English principles of Law and Liberty regardless of People and Party" +rather than believing any demagogue who "cries it rains butter'd +Turnips." After this, the pamphlets become more informative and +solemn—Defoe demonstrates Whigs and Tories want the same things and +that the country bleeds to death. <i>Armageddon; or the Necessity of +Carrying on the War</i> (30 October 1711), <i>Reasons Why This Nation +Ought to put a speedy End to this Expensive War</i> (6 October), and +<i>Reasons for a Peace: or, the War at an End</i>, for example, +catalog the economic ailments—taxes, pirates, hard to replace sailors +and soldiers killed, but far worse, a decline in trade resulting in +closed shops and declining manufacturing increasing unemployment—"the +whole Kingdom sold to Usury" and "Consumption of the Growth of the +Country." As the year passed, Defoe mentioned Marlborough less and +less, but the General's possible mistakes were progressively forced +into balance with his victories. While seeming to be moderate, Defoe +both tempers his readers' opinions of the Duke and turns their +attention to other issues. +</p> + +<p> +The techniques and movement in <i>No Queen: Or, No General</i> (10 +January 1712) parallel the techniques and movement in the 1711 +pamphlets. In this 1712 pamphlet, Defoe's double-edged balance sheet +is most obvious; in the first six pages he lists the charges against +the General which he will not discuss—this reminds his readers of +every possible failing and, because of the language ("I'le forbear to +lessen his Glorious Character by Reckoning the Number of the Slain, or +counting the Cost of the Towns"), the significance of each "ignored" +charge is increased. Defoe recounts the economic issues at stake and +insists that when Marlborough's "blinded party" made him its +representative, regardless of his intentions, he became a formidable +threat to the Queen and had to be removed. The pamphlet gradually +turns to the destructiveness of party factions and by the patriotic +ending ("Alas, what a Condition were Britain in if her Fate depended +upon the Life, or Gallantry, or Merit, of one Man"), Marlborough is no +longer an issue. +</p> + +<p> +In the <i>Life</i>, Defoe defends the general from the charge of +avarice, the most plausible charge that the journalists were +propagating. Marlborough's courage and skill had also been called into +question in such papers as <i>The Post Boy</i>, and a spurious debate +raged which could only injure Marlborough over the gratitude of the +nation. Defoe alludes to pamphlets which impugn great men and +represent them as "unworthy of the Favour of the Prince" slanting the +charge that Marlborough had been rewarded perhaps too bountifully in +order to imply that such writers were malicious, uninformed, and +ungrateful. Furthermore, Defoe says, Marlborough deserved his reward, +having bought it at a dear rate, and it was no more than what "in all +Times belong'd to Generals." Indeed, Marlborough's successor, the Duke +of Ormond, received the same bread perquisite and percentage of +foreign pay, but Defoe chooses to "defend" Marlborough not with +comparable facts which would destroy the credibility of the attacking +group, but rather with passing references to the two other generals +with whom he had to divide the money and with the profits of sea +captains and petty clerks in yards and stores! With descriptions of +the fitting appearance for generals and Marlborough's sobriety in the +field, Defoe tips the scales in Marlborough's favor. That he ends the +section with +</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p> +Indeed Generals, tho' the most accomplish'd Heroes, are but Men, +they are not Infallible, but may be mistaken as well as other +Mortals, they are subject to Faults and Infirmities as well as +their Fellow-Creatures; but then their great Services for the good +of their Country ought to be cast into the Ballance, against their +humane Mistakes; and not only Charity, but Self-consideration +should give them very good Quarter, unless their Faults are prov'd +to be Wilful and Contumacious.(38) +</p> +</div> + +<p> +is a paradigm of his technique. Coming immediately after this defense, +the argument that his victories should be "cast in the Ballance" is +somewhat degrading and implies that Marlborough may have been mistaken +in what he did and even leaves the question open with the phrase +"unless their Faults are prov'd Wilful and Contumacious."[9] The +following paragraph, however, opens the subject of Marlborough's +invincibility. Under the guise of wondering what an ungrateful nation +would do should he lose a battle, Defoe brings Marlborough's perfect +record, his piety, and the esteem France and his soldiers had for him +to our attention. The paragraph before, then, may be taken to +introduce Defoe's concern—even Marlborough could be mistaken in +battle and lose, and what would such a nation do then? The paragraph +on the whole reflects on the nation and is an eloquent defense of the +Duke—he is human, human beings make mistakes and his great good +should excuse him even more than an ordinary man's mistakes should be +forgiven. +</p> + +<p> +Harley knew that Marlborough was essential until peace negotiations +were secured. Marlborough had distrusted Harley throughout 1710, but +he also knew that Harley's stakes in a moderate government were great. +In 1711, Rochester and the October Club began to challenge Harley, and +their demands alarmed even Queen Anne. The Queen, Bolingbroke, and +Harley all wrote Marlborough conciliatory letters. Marlborough +answered in kind and his letter after Harley was stabbed expresses +deep concern. Harley became increasingly convinced that only peace +would preserve his power, and Marlborough's power and reputation were +essential for an acceptable peace. As late as July, Harley's letters +to Marlborough are respectful and deceitfully warm: +</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p> +My lord; I received from the hands of lord Mar, just as I came +from Windsor, the honour of your grace's letter, and I am not +willing to let a post pass, without making your grace my +acknowledgments. It is most certain, that you can best judge what +is fit to be proposed upon the subject you are pleased to +mention.... +</p> + +<p> +I hope it will be needless to renew the assurances to your grace, +that I will not omit any thing in my power, which may testify my +zeal for the public, and my particular honour and esteem for your +grace; and I doubt not, but when the lord you mention comes, I +shall satisfy him of the sincerity of my intentions towards your +grace.[10] +</p> +</div> + +<p> +Harley's perfidy allowed him to assure Marlborough he would "never do +any thing which shall forfeit your good opinion" while pretending to +plan to restore Marlborough to the Queen's confidence. Further, when +Marlborough appealed to him to silence the libellous attacks by +journalists, Harley replied, "I do assure your grace I neither know +nor desire to know any of the authors; and as I heartily wish this +barbarous war was at an end, I shall be very ready to take my part in +suppressing them."[11] Details about the financing of Woodstock and +mutual friends crop up in the letters. So successful is Harley's +deception that when Sir Solomon Medina accuses Marlborough of graft, +Marlborough writes Harley: +</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p> +Upon my arrival here, I had notice that my name was brought before +the commissioners of accounts, possibly without any design to do +me a prejudice. However, to prevent any ill impression it might +make, I have writ a letter to those gentlemen … and when you +have taken the pains to read the inclosed copy, pray be so kind as +to employ your good offices, so as that it may be known I have the +advantage of your friendship. No one knows better than your +lordship the great use and expence of intelligence, and no one can +better explain it; and 'tis for that reason I take the liberty to +add a farther request, that you would be so kind to lay the whole, +on some fitting opportunity, before the queen, being very well +persuaded her majesty, who has so far approved, and so well +rewarded my services would not be willing they should now be +reflected on.[12] +</p> +</div> + +<p> +Defoe points out that criticism of the Duke "may prove Dangerous and +Fatal" and the joy in the French court at each step in Marlborough's +fall reinforces Defoe's and Harley's opinion[13] Defoe recounts +Marlborough's greatest military victories beginning as far back as his +campaign in Brabant (reminding his readers of possible wealth gained +through a shipwreck and of the betrayal of Dunkirk as he goes along), +includes descriptions of his exemplary behavior including regular +prayers for the Camp, and praises Marlborough as a "finish'd Hero." +The conclusion to the pamphlet warns the nation again of Marlborough's +importance; his battles are bringing the enemy to "reason," procuring +"an honorable and lasting peace." References to the detrimental effect +of discrediting the general are found intermittently throughout the +pamphlet in allusion to Hannibal. +</p> + +<p> +Defoe, then, served Harley's purposes well. He defended Marlborough +and shored up his prestige in a time when it was important for the +French to think that Marlborough could prosecute the war freely. As a +known employee of Harley's, Defoe furthered Marlborough's impression +that Harley could be depended upon.[14] Finally, he began to prepare +the moderate Whigs for peace by presenting the economic considerations +and disassociating Marlborough from the Queen's and the ministry's +"business of peace." +</p> + +<p> +The possibility that Defoe acted independently in this writing cannot +be discounted.[15] Defoe had praised Marlborough since the beginning +of his career and the extent to which he and Godolphin adopted +William's policies added to Defoe's admiration; admiration is clear in +this pamphlet. Defoe had worked for Godolphin and Sunderland, and may +have used "by an Old Officer in the Army" as a disguise from Harley or +even as a means of publishing independently. That Defoe resented +attacks on his hero can hardly be doubted—the <i>Review</i> and his +pamphlets are a catalog of the general's triumphs, and no where does +he attack unequivocably; even in <i>No Queen</i> he puts chief blame +on rumors and on Marlborough's party. Harley's failure to make +permanent provisions for Defoe may suggest some dissatisfaction, but +even if the possibility that the <i>Life</i> was not expressly ordered +by Harley is considered, it is noteworthy that nothing in it is +offensive to Harley, and, more important, remarkable that it serves +Harley's needs and ends at the time so well. +</p> + +<p> +Definitely Defoe's, however, are veiled but telling attacks on Swift +and his type. Although the purpose of the <i>Examiner</i> was to +"furnish Mankind, with a Weekly Antidote to that Weekly Poison,"[16] +Defoe parodied this by saying his pamphlet was to "undeceive the +People." The "base Pamphleteers" are labeled uninformed and +ungrateful; they have no way of making right judgments in the matter +of perquisites and soldier's pay; they go out to see a battlefield as +they might a well laid-out garden, and, of course, their "Mouths go +off smartly with a Whiff of Tobacco" (an obvious ridiculing contrast +to the cannon fire of the real fighters). +</p> + +<p> +Furthermore, compared to attacks on Marlborough in libels such as +<i>The Duke of <span class="keeptogether">M***'s</span> Confessions to a Jacobite Priest</i>, <i>The +Land-Leviathan</i>: <i>or</i>, <i>the Modern Hydra</i>, and <i>The +Perquisite Monger</i>, Defoe's pamphlet was exemplary in its +moderation. Even Swift's attacks are moderate beside the majority of +these 1711-12 pamphlets; not even he conjured up memories of regicide +and rebellion as did the more numerous and libellous pamphleteers. For +example, <i>The Mobb's Address to my Lord <span class="keeptogether">M***</span> </i>(1710) linked +Marlborough to Sacheverell and assured the Duke his "most dutiful +Mobb, will use our utmost Care and Diligence to raise all riotous and +tumultous Assemblys, and with undaunted Vigour … oppose … all who +will keep up the Authority of the Crown." <i>Oliver's Pocket Looking +Glass</i> (1711) while more erudite was scarcely less +inflammatory—shades of Cromwell were called up, a "Colossus" with an +"Army compos'd of almost all nations" faced the "body politic." +</p> + +<p> +The <i>Life</i> exemplifies many of Defoe's life long interests and +opinions and points to the fiction he was to write. Virtues espoused +throughout his career are praised here. Ingratitude was a deplorable +but all too common failing of mankind—that Marlborough should be +"undervalued and slighted" was "no new Thing, all the Histories of the +World are full of Examples to this purpose" and his greatness provides +but a mark at which the envious may shoot. In <i>Atalantis Major</i> +Defoe elaborates on the causes of the nation's ingratitude: the debt +was too great for payment and resentment was the natural result. A +second interest was the military hero; much of Defoe's +fiction—<i>Memoirs of a Cavalier</i>, <i>Captain Singleton</i>, for +instance—involved military men, and Marlborough along with King +Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, another soldier who scorned the +conventional seventeenth century chess game tactics, furnished a +model. The "finish'd Hero" described includes all of the virtues of +Defoe's fictional leaders from Robinson Crusoe to John in <i>Journal +of the Plague Year</i> to the Cavalier—"Prudent, and Vigilant, and +Temperate, Alert, and industrious, with an humble Submission to the +Will of the Almighty" (26), "Temperate, Sober, Careful, Couragious, +Politick, Skilful, so he is Courteous, Mild, Affable, Humble, and +Condescending to People of the meanest Condition" (45). The Duke's +virtues as well as Gustavus's enable the reader of <i>Memoirs of a +Cavalier</i> and <i>The Memoirs of Captain George Carlton</i> to judge +the commanders as Defoe would have. Above all, the "assured Skill" and +"daring Courage" appealed to Defoe—Robinson Crusoe's campaigns +against the cannibals and in the Far East repeat the daring, risk-all +quality of Ramilles. Defoe's enjoyment of marching vicariously over +great battles has led biographers such as J. R. Moore to say that it +was unfortunate his military genius was never used,[17] and is obvious +in almost all of his fiction. So skillful are his descriptions that J. +H. Burton pauses to note "the character and claims of a book +(<i>Memoirs of Capt. George Carlton</i>, 1728) that has afforded him +valuable instruction on the general character of the war, along with +special instructions in its leading events."[18] +</p> + +<p> +Defoe's <i>Life</i> was his first biography; other "memoirs" of the +Duke of Melfort (1714), Daniel Williams (1718), and Major Ramkins +(1719) suggest the progression to <i>The Life and Strange Surprizing +Adventures of Robinson Crusoe</i> (1719) and two other lives in that +same year. Defoe's sometimes troublesome skill with narrative voices +is, in the <i>Life</i>, a shadow of the competence displayed in +<i>Moll Flanders</i>. Although the "old Officer's" voice is sustained +and there are excellent touches, the distinctiveness and absorbing +intimacy are only hinted at. The polemist appeals too apparently to +his readers while the opening pages approach a declamation. The +persona protests that he doesn't "pretend in this Narrative to Inform +the great People at Court, concerning this thing," and that he writes +only for the common people. Defoe does limit carefully his material to +events which were common knowledge or would have been open to an old +soldier—while he describes the key maneuver of Ramilles, he certainly +lacks a complete overview. Many of the virtues praised would appeal +most strongly to men who might have been common foot concerned with +regular bread, a well-run camp, and a conscientious strategist, or to +simple, pious women glad to hear that their general prayed and +provided Sunday sermons. Allusions to Satan, "the cunning engineer," +Solomon, and Moses were common enough, while those to Hannibal and +Raleigh had been exploited in Defoe's other writing. Perhaps the most +graphic section in this voice is the description of the common +soldier's misery in a rainy season march and siege. A few passages +have the confidential, gossipy tone of ordinary people around a tavern +table—Sarah was admired abroad, but in her own country it was said +she was "guilty of more Folly than a Retainer to the College in +Moore-Fields,"[19] an experienced old general knows more coffeehouse +quarterbacks, and the soldier naively speculates with relish how "my +Lord" narrowly escaped being "torn in Pieces" for the rumor that he +spoke words which would be "brutal from the mouth of a Porter." Naive +arguments (no man would continue in so hard an undertaking from +selfish motives), sincere patriotism (defense of his King and Queen +and praise for a nation "with a generous Race of Warlike People" ready +to risk their lives), and honest indignation at "barbarous Lies" +authenticate the narrator. +</p> + +<p> +Defoe's writing—fiction and non-fiction—is all of a piece. The same +subjects and opinions reoccur and the techniques and style are nearly +indistinguishable. Expository material alternates with narrative +examples (which may in turn be followed by a paragraph or two drawing +a conclusion or a "moral") in all of his writing. The primary +difference is in the length of the narrative examples—in the fiction +they are naturally much longer. Over the years, they become +increasingly dramatic as may be seen in books such as <i>The Fortunate +Mistress</i> and <i>Conjugal Lewdness</i>. <i>A Short Narrative</i> +conforms to this structural pattern. Sentences which direct the +reader's attention to this structure are common. For instance, Defoe +defends Marlborough's courage with descriptions of the battle of +Brabant, Ramilles, references to Hannibal, and concludes, "And thus +then you see, that our General wants neither Conduct or Courage." +Defoe's skill with these short, dramatic, illustrative examples +developed with the years. Defoe was always concerned with presenting a +case clearly and persuasively. Clearly marked structure and +"reasonable" conclusions alternate with anecdotes and reminiscences +intended to hold the reader's interest and dramatize Defoe's +points.[20] +</p> + +<p> +Defoe's <i>Life of Marlborough</i> serves as a kind of barometer for +the age and for Defoe. A reliable if sketchy list of the Duke's +military successes and the major charges raised against him at various +times during his life may be matched to the struggles in the English +government and on the continent. The time had nearly come for the +Jacobites, whom Marlborough had offended by deserting James, and the +Tories, who had long thought him a presumptuous general and a former +Tory (or a lukewarm Tory as Marlborough might have thought himself) +who had perverted a Tory Queen, brought the Bill of Occasional +Conformity to defeat, and driven Tories out of office, to collect the +debt that they felt Marlborough owed them. The biography, written in +the interim between two foreign policies when so many momentous plans +were proceeding backstage, mirrors the age. It is also a barometer by +which Defoe's development can be measured; his journalistic +involvement and employment, his non-fiction techniques as well as his +progress toward the fiction are implied. +</p> + +<p> +Rollins College<br> +Winter Park, Florida +</p> + +<hr class="med"> + + +<p class="section"> +NOTES TO THE INTRODUCTION +</p> + + +<p class="hang"> + 1. Harley as a "trickster is a doctrine as deeply rooted in historical +opinion as the military skill of Marlborough and the oratorical +accomplishments of Bolingbroke." John Hill Burton, <i>A History of the +Reign of Queen Anne</i> (New York: Scribner & Welford, 1880), iii, p. +71. See also Elizabeth Hamilton, <i>The Backstairs Dragon: A Life of +Robert Harley, Earl of Oxford</i> (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1969). +</p> + +<p class="hang"> + 2. Winston S. Churchill, <i>Marlborough; His Life and Times</i> (New +York: Scribner's, 1938), vi, pp. 85-6. +</p> + +<p class="hang"> + 3. Marlborough was systematically deprived of the men upon whom he +relied most. The ministry took over Army promotions and dismissed +existing officers under the guise of protecting the Queen. Churchill, +vi, pp. 334-5. +</p> + +<p class="hang"> + 4. Burton, iii, pp. 92-3. +</p> + +<p class="hang"> + 5. Defoe to Harley, July 28, 1710. George Healey, ed., <i>The Letters +of Daniel Defoe</i> (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1955). +</p> + +<p class="hang"> + 6. <i>Examiner</i>, February 15, 1711. Herbert Davis, ed., <i>The +Prose Works of Jonathan Swift</i> (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1940), p. +87. +</p> + +<p class="hang"> + 7. Defoe's <i>Review</i>, January 22, 1712. +</p> + +<p class="hang"> + 8. Cf. discussions of this in John Ross, <i>Swift and Defoe: A Study +in Relationship</i> (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1941); +Richard I. Cook, <i>Jonathan Swift as A Tory Pamphleteer</i> (Seattle: +University of Washington Press, 1967), and Irvin Ehrenpreis, <i>Swift: +The Man, His Works and the Age</i> (Cambridge: Harvard University +Press, 1967), ii, pp. 450ff. and 526ff. +</p> + +<p class="hang"> + 9. This is similar to an argument Defoe uses to distinguish between +types of debtors in the <i>Review</i> (iii, 83-4 and 397-400). Whether +or not the crime was "Wilful" was very important to Defoe; perhaps his +revised opinion of Marlborough as most obvious in his tribute to him +at his death is the result of his change of opinion about +Marlborough's motives and removing him from the list of heroes who +possessed the "courage of honor" as described in <i>An Apology for the +Army</i>. +</p> + +<p class="hang"> +10. William Coxe, <i>Memoirs of John, Duke of Marlborough with his +Original Correspondence</i> (London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme & +Brown, 1820), vi, p. 48. +</p> + +<p class="hang"> +11. Coxe, vi, p. 123. +</p> + +<p class="hang"> +12. Coxe, vi, 126. +</p> + +<p class="hang"> +13. The advantage France gained from Marlborough's fall and their +complete awareness of it is discussed in Churchill, vi, pp. 462-69. +</p> + +<p class="hang"> +14. Coxe, vi, p. 126; Hamilton, p. 172, and <i>The Letters and +Dispatches of John Churchill, First Duke of Marlborough</i> (London: +John Murray, 1845), v. +</p> + +<p class="hang"> +15. J. R. Moore, <i>Daniel Defoe: Citizen of the Modern World</i> +(Chicago: U. of Chicago Press, 1958), pp. 255-56; Defoe's <i>An Appeal +to Honor and Justice</i>; and Chalmers says Defoe wrote what "either +gratified his prejudices or supplied his needs." +</p> + +<p class="hang"> +16. Davis, "<i>A Letter to the Examiner</i>," p. 221. +</p> + +<p class="hang"> +17. Moore, pp. 58-61. +</p> + +<p class="hang"> +18. Burton, ii, p. 171. +</p> + +<p class="hang"> +19. Bedlam and Grub Street as the colleges in the vicinity of +Moorefields were standard jokes. Moorfields was also associated with +cheap lodging, prostitution, theft, and the Pesthouse Burying Ground, +altogether an unhealthy environment. +</p> + +<p class="hang"> +20. Defoe discusses this in <i>Robinson Crusoe</i>, <i>Serious +Reflections</i>, and a <i>Collection of Miscellaney Letters</i> and +several other places. He says, for example: +</p> + +<p class="indent"> +The custom of the ancients in writing fables is my very laudable +pattern for this; and my firm resolution in all I write to exalt +virtue, expose vice, promote truth, and help men to serious +reflection, is my first moving cause and last directed end. +</p> + +<p class="ralign"> +(Preface to the Review) +</p> + +<p class="indent"> +Things seem to appear more lively to the Understanding, and to make a +stronger Impression upon the Mind when they are insinuated under the +cover of some Symbol or Allegory, especially where the moral is good, +and the Application obvious and easy. +</p> + +<p class="ralign"> +(<i>Collection of Miscellaney Letters</i>, iv, 210) +</p> + +<p class="hang"> +21. For this and many other examples of Defoe's distinguishing +qualities in this appendix, I am deeply indebted to the late Professor +John Robert Moore. +</p> + + + +<hr class="med"> +<p class="section"> +BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE +</p> + + +<p> +The facsimile of Defoe's <i>A Short Narrative of … Marlborough</i> +(1711) is reproduced from a copy (Shelf Mark: *PR3404/S5451) in the +William Andrews Clark Memorial Library. The total type-page (p. 7) +measures 153 x 79 mm. +</p> + +<hr class="med"> + +<p class="fm3"> +A SHORT +</p> + +<p class="fm1"> +NARRATIVE +</p> + +<p class="fm3"> +OF THE +</p> + +<p class="fm2"> +Life and Actions +</p> + +<p class="fm3"> +Of His GRACE +</p> + +<p class="fm1"> +JOHN, +</p> + +<p class="fm2"> +D. of <i>Marlborough</i>, +</p> + +<p class="fm3"> +FROM THE +</p> + +<p class="fm3"> +Beginning of the REVOLUTION, +</p> + +<p class="fm3"> +to this present Time. +</p> + +<p class="fm3"> +WITH SOME +</p> + +<p class="fm3"><span class="sc">Remarks</span> on his <span class="sc">Conduct</span>. +</p> + +<hr class="long"> +<p class="fm3"> +<i>By an Old Officer in the Army.</i> +</p> +<hr class="long"> +<p class="fm4"> +<i>LONDON</i>,<br> +Printed for <i>JOHN BAKER</i>, at the <i>Black-Boy</i> in<br> +<i>Pater-noster-Row</i>, 1711. +</p> + +<p class="fm4"> +Price Six-Pence. +</p> + + +<hr class="med"> + +<p class="fm3"> +A short +</p> + +<p class="fm2"> +NARRATIVE +</p> + +<p class="fm3"> +OF THE +</p> + +<p class="fm1"> +ACTIONS +</p> + +<p class="fm3"> +Of his GRACE +</p> + +<p class="fm2"> +<i>John</i>, Duke of <i>Marlborough</i>. +</p> + +<br> +<p class="dropcap">S<span class="dcap">eeing</span> the Press is open, and every body dares Write and Publish what +he pleases, and Persons of the highest Honour and Virtue, to the great +Shame and Scandal of our Country, are expos'd to the World, in base +Pamphlets; and according to the Malice or Misunderstanding of the +Authors, are represented to the World unworthy of the Favour of the +Prince, as well as Obnoxious to the Common-Wealth, in which they live: +It becomes every honest Man, who knows more of the Matter, to set +things in a true Light, to undeceive the People, as much as he is +able, that they may be no longer impos'd on by such false Reports, +which in the end may prove Dangerous and Fatal. +</p> + +<p> +<i>There is nothing new</i>, saith Solomon, <i>under the Sun</i>; the +same Causes will always produce the same Effects; and while Mankind +bear about them, the various Passions of Love and Joy, Hatred and +Grief, the cunning Engineer, that stands behind the Curtain, will +influence and work these Passions according to his Malice, to the +destruction of Persons of highest Worth. +</p> + +<p> +I shall therefore give a <i>short Narrative</i> of the <i>Actions</i> +of the most Illustrious <i>John</i> Duke of <i>Marlborough</i>, with +some Reflections on them, that People may not wonder how it comes to +pass, that such a Great Captain, equal no doubt to any in all Ages, +considering the Powers whom he has Oppos'd, after all his Victories, +should be represented in the publick Writings of the Town, as +over-Honoured and over-Paid for all his past Services, and neglected +and almost forgotten in the midst of all his Triumphs, and his Name +almost lost from the Mouths of those People, who for several Years +last past, and not many Months since, have been fill'd with his +Praises. +</p> + +<p> +The first time that I had the Honour of seeing <i>John</i>, Earl of +<i>Marlborough</i>, (for so I shall call him till he was created a +Duke) was at a place call'd <i>Judoigne</i> in <i>Brabant</i>, where +our Army was Encamp'd, I think about three Months after the late King +was Crown'd. He was sent over the King's Lieutenant, with the +<i>British</i> Forces under his Command, which could then be spared +for that Service. Our united Forces were Commanded in general, by the +Old Prince <i>Waldeck</i>. +</p> + +<p> +After several Marches, we came to the Confines of <i>Haynault</i>, +within a League of a small Town call'd <i>Walcourt</i>, and on St. +<i>Lewis</i>'s Day, a Saint suppos'd to be prosperous to the +<i>French</i> Nation, their Army, Commanded by Mareschal +<i>d'Humiers</i>, very betimes in the Morning, Marched to Attack us. +</p> + +<p> +An <i>English</i> Colonel guarded a Pass towards the aforesaid little +Town, to which the Enemy bent their Course; and being in Distress, was +reliev'd by my Lord in Person, who ordred his Retreat to such an +Advantage, that he flank'd the Enemy with perpetual Fire; and this was +the first Cause that cool'd them in their Design of pushing our Army. +</p> + +<p> +At his return, the Prince receiv'd him with a great deal of +Satisfaction, and assured him that he would let the King know that he +saw into the Art of a General more in one Day, than others do in a +great many Years. +</p> + +<p> +At the end of this Campaign, my Lord <i>Marlborough</i> was ordered, +with half of the Forces under his Command, to Embark for +<i>Ireland</i>; where I come to relate what he performed there: As +soon as he arrived in the Harbour of <i>Kingsale</i>, having Landed +his Forces, without the least loss of Time, Marched directly to the +Fort or Citadel of that Place, which is a strong Fortification, and at +that time, well provided with a good Garrison, and all things +necessary for a strong Defence. +</p> + +<p> +My Lord did not stand to use Forms with them, which might look like a +Siege; but with a conquering Resolution, and perpetual Volleys, so +terrified them, that they soon Surrendred. +</p> + +<p> +And now at this Place it was where the Duke's Actions began to be +Envied, and evil Reports touching his good Name and Reputation were +industriously spread abroad; and I am apt to believe, such back +Friends as these will hardly leave him so long as he remains in the +World. +</p> + +<p> +There was a Ship at that time in the said Harbour, which 'twas +reported had some Money on Board for paying of the Forces in these +Parts; which Ship, by some untimely Accident, was blown up and lost; +and presently after it was given out by some ill People there present +with my Lord, and by them sent into <i>England</i> to their Party, +that he had gotten the Money beforehand to himself, and that the Ship +was destroyed by his Contrivance; that he had vast Sums of Money in +<i>Holland</i>, and at <i>Venice</i>; nay, some went farther and +affirmed, that he had settled a good Fund, upon Occasion, at +<i>Constantinople</i>: And I am sure some such like Reports and +palpable Falsities are continued on him to this very Day. +</p> + +<p> +And now I suppose it could not be in this Year that the strong City of +<i>Dunkirk</i> was to be betrayed by the Governour of it, and +Surrendred to some of the King's Forces. +</p> + +<p> +In the next Campaign in <i>Flanders</i>, the Old <i>Waldeck</i> was +severely beaten by Duke <i>Luxembourg</i>, at the Battle of +<i>Flerus</i>: We were only Six Battalions of <i>British</i> left in +<i>Ghent</i>, under the Command of the then Brigadier <i>Talmach</i>: +We had Orders to march, and to join the grand Army at least a +Fortnight before the Fight happened; but as we were about to march out +of the City, the City Gates were shut against us by the People of that +Place, because we had no Money to pay our Quarters. +</p> + +<p> +Mr. <i>Sizar</i>, whom my Lord brought over with him the Year before, +was our Pay-Master-General, and at this time was gone down into +<i>Holland</i> to get some Money upon Credit, till our Supply was +returned from <i>England</i>; and then I remember there was a +barbarous Lie spread up and down among us, that our Money was kept in +the Hands of Merchants by the contrivance of my Lord and Mr. +<i>Sizar</i>, that they might reap such a particular Benefit, which +could not be much, for the use of it. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Waldeck</i> being beaten, the Elector of <i>Brandenbourg</i>, for +supporting of him, was oblig'd by long Marches, to come and join us; +after which, nothing more of Consequence happened this Year. And now I +suppose it could not be in this Year that <i>Dunkirk</i> was to be +given up to some party of the King's Forces; both his Majesty and my +Lord <i>Marlborough</i> being absent from us, and we had no Marches +towards that part of the Country, and good Reason for it, for we could +not if we would. +</p> + +<p> +I come now to our third Campaign, which was made in <i>Flanders</i>; +and if ever <i>Dunkirk</i> was to be betrayed in some secret manner to +the late King; and if ever the Secret thereof was reveal'd by his +Majesty to the Earl of <i>Marlborough</i>; and if my Lord did reveal +the same weighty Secret to his Wife; and if by her it was discovered +to her Sister at <i>St. Germans</i>, and by her to the <i>French</i> +King, it must be placed in this Year, or else it must be <i>extra anni +solisque Vias</i>, the Lord knows when and where. +</p> + +<p> +I am sure that the pretended Discovery of this same Secret hath lain +hard on my Lord's Name for a great many Years; and upon most +Discourses of the Affairs in <i>Flanders</i>, that business of +<i>Dunkirk</i> is trump'd up against my Lord to this very Day. +</p> + +<p> +For as soon as this Story was sent abroad, it flew like Lightening, +and like the sham tragical Report which was put upon the <i>Irish</i> +at the Revolution, it was scattered over all the Kingdom in an +instant. The loss of <i>Dunkirk</i> is not to be forgotten, and 'tis +fresh in the Minds of the common People, both in Town and Country; and +not only the Farmers over a Pot of Ale at Market, will shake their +Heads at <i>Malbur</i>, (for so they call him) for losing of +<i>Dunkirk</i>; but also Gentlemen of good Rank and Condition believe +it to be true, and talk of it with a great deal of Regret to this very +time. I don't pretend in this Narrative to Inform the great People at +Court, concerning this thing; without doubt they very well know there +was no great matter in this mighty Secret; but most of it a design to +Disgrace my Lord <i>Marlborough</i>, that he might the more easily be +turn'd out of his Places at Court and in the Army: I write this to the +common People only; to vindicate the Innocent, and to undeceive a good +part of the Nation, who have not had an Opportunity to be better +Informed. +</p> + +<p> +This Summer then being our Third Campaign, the King came to the Army, +and with Him my Lord <i>Marlborough</i>, and several other Persons of +Quality: Among the rest was Count <i>Solmes</i>, a nigh Relation to +his Majesty, and Colonel of the great Regiment of <i>Dutch</i> Blue +Guards; and then it was after two or three Marches that my Lord was +observ'd to be somewhat neglected, and his Interest in the Army to +decay and cool; and upon a certain Morning, as we were in full March, +a Man might judge by what then happened that it was so: For it seems +the Count had ordered his Baggage and Sumpters to take Place of my +Lord's, and to cut them out of the Line; of which Affront my Lord +being inform'd by his Servants, soon found him out, and having caus'd +his Baggage to enter the Post which was his due, with his Cane lifted +up, and some hard Words in <i>French</i>, 'twas thought by a great +many that it would end in a single Combat; but the Count thought fit +to shear off, and we heard no more of it. +</p> + +<p> +All this Summer was spent in a great many Marches after the +<i>French</i>, to bring them to a Battle, but they Industriously and +Artfully declin'd it. The Summer being spent, the King committed the +Army again to Prince <i>Waldeck</i>, and went in haste to the +<i>Hague</i>. Our Regiment was sent to Garrison at <i>Mechlen</i>, +where came the <i>Dutch</i> Foot Guards to Winter also. Count +<i>Solmes</i>, as he designed for <i>Holland</i>, took this City in +his way, and there he assured a certain <i>English</i> Colonel, who +not long before had been check'd by my Lord, about some Disorders in +his Regiment, that the Earl of <i>Marlborough</i> had made his Peace +with <i>France</i>, and in a short time he would hear, that he would +be call'd to an Account for it. +</p> + +<p> +When I went to <i>England</i> that same Winter, my Lord's Appartments +were at the <i>Cock-pit</i>. 'Twas fine to see them full of Gentlemen +and Officers of all Ranks, as they are now to be seen every Day at his +Levee at St. <i>James</i>'s; but no sooner had my Lord <i>Sidney</i> +brought him word from the King, that His Majesty had no farther +Service for him in the Court, or in the Army, but my Lord was forsaken +by all his Shadows, and his House left in a profound Silence. +</p> + +<p> +Now a Person of my Lord's high Posts, especially having been so +eminently instrumental in the Revolution, could not be well laid aside +from all his Employments, without some Reasons were given to the +People for it; and in a short time the pretended Reasons were +produced, and they prevailed mightily. +</p> + +<p> +The first was, That at the King's Levee at the putting on of the +Shirt, my Lord should speak scornfully of the Person of the King, who +at the same time having made a great Spitting (for his Majesty was a +long time troubled with a Consumptive Cough) that my Lord should say +to some Gentlemen nigh him, that <i>he wish'd it might be his +last</i>. +</p> + +<p> +As soon as this gross Affront was made known to the King, by a certain +Party, who can calumniate stoutly, and blast as well as blacken, it +was in a Moment all over the Court and Town; and 'tis a wonder my Lord +was not torn in Pieces. +</p> + +<p> +But now to the Truth of this Matter. My Lord has been always esteem'd +a nice Courtier, well guarded in his Words, and one of the most +Mannerly best-bred Men of the Nation; and no Man of Sense can believe +that a Man of his Character could be so Indiscreet, as to drop such +Words, which would be Barbarous and Brutal from the Mouth of a Porter, +much more from the Lips of a Noble-Man and a General. +</p> + +<p> +The other Reason was, That through his or his Lady's Treachery or +Indiscretion, the contrivance about <i>Dunkirk</i> was discovered to +the <i>French</i>, or else 'tis very probable it would have been in +our Possession. And now to clear this Aspersion also. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Dunkirk</i> is suppos'd to be one of the strongest Fortresses of +<i>Europe</i>, either by Sea or Land, the <i>French</i> King, by vast +Labour, Art and Cost, having made it to be so, and accordingly regards +it with a careful Eye, always keeping in it a good Garrison, with all +manner of Plenty for the Defence of it. The next Garrisons of ours +towards that Place, were <i>Bruges</i>, <i>Ostend</i>, and +<i>Newport</i>, the nighest is <i>Newport</i>, a small Fortress on the +Sea, and about twenty Miles from <i>Dunkirk</i>; we had no Marches +towards any of these Places all this Campaign, neither was it known +that any Detachment was sent that way, either in Summer or Winter: +Scarce less than a body of Three Thousand Men would suffice to secure +that City if it were to be betrayed to them; now how such a Party +could march over so many Canals, Morasses, and Trenches in that low +Country, some part of the Enemy's, & most part of it their Friends, +unobserved, and not look'd after, especially a Royal Army of theirs +being at Hand, is not easie to be conceived by any Person who +understands the Business of a Soldier. 'Tis a great Hazzard, a nice +Difficulty for a <i>French</i> Governour to betray a strong City; +unless all his Officers be in the Secret, and then 'tis wonderful, if +by some one or other it is not revealed, or else he has with him in +the Place several good Officers, who understand the Duty as well as +himself, and very probable that one or more of them may have private +Instructions to have an Eye upon him, and to keep him in View. Every +one that has a Command, knows his Alarm-Post, and every hour, Night +and Day, the Majors, or their Aids, or some other Officers, go their +Rounds upon the Walls all the Year long, in Places of so great +Importance. As for the betraying of it to any Naval Forces, I suppose +'twas never thought on, unless the whole Garrison, with the Burghers, +should give their Consent, and stand idly gazing on whilst the Ships +were approaching: Indeed there was once a Design upon some Sea-port of +this Garrison, to shake and shatter it with a Vessel, which was called +for that purpose <i>The Terrible Machine</i>; it made a horrible Crack +when it was Fired, and so the Engine and the Design vanish'd in Smoak. +</p> + +<p> +But now admitting that all this was true, and that there was a +Contrivance to put <i>Dunkirk</i> into our Hands, and the Plot was +discovered, and the Governour was hang'd, (which upon strict Enquiry +no one could tell whom he was, or when or where he was Executed) yet +why must my Lord <i>Marlborough</i>, or his Lady, be the Betrayers of +this weighty Secret? If it was for a good Reward, I suppose no one +living can tell how, or when, or where it was paid. And what great +Services my Lord has done for the <i>French</i> King, for a great many +Years to this very Day; let the World judge. +</p> + +<p> +But to put all this Matter out of doubt, our most Gracious Sovereign +Lady the QUEEN, who was then Princess, was at that time the best Judge +of this Untruth cast upon them; for notwithstanding the high +displeasure of the Court, she always gave them Umbrage and Protection, +which without doubt she would not have done, unless she was thoroughly +persuaded of their Innocence. +</p> + +<p> +To be short, my Lord was a true Lover of the Interest of his Country, +and a true Member of the Church of <i>England</i>; and most Places of +State and Power were in the Hands of such Persons, who seem'd to +depress the Fences of the Church, and favour the Dissenters, and their +Favourers the Whigs: So 'twas not thought convenient that my Lord +should be admitted into their Secrets; upon which they gave him a good +Name, and turned him out. +</p> + +<p> +My Lord was no sooner discharged of his Places, but like the old +<i>Roman</i> Dictator, with the same calmness of Temper he retired +from the highest Business of State, to his <i>Villa</i> in the +Country; but he shew'd himself as skilful an Husband-Man, as he had +been a Soldier: But here he could not long enjoy the Quiet which he +sought, but the same Malice found him here, which had turn'd him from +the Court; from hence he was taken and clap'd up into the +<i>Tower</i>, where most of Friends thought he would have lost that +Head, which has since done so much good to his Queen and Country. +</p> + +<p> +And thus I have shew'd how very much my Lord has been obliged to the +Whigs in those Days. The Jacobites at this time were not behind hand +with him in their good Wishes, but all they could do, was to Rail and +call Names, and so promise their good Nature, when 'twas in their +Power. +</p> + +<p> +The King, who was certainly an able Judge of Men, had never time +enough to be acquainted with the excellent Merits of this Noble Lord, +but he was blasted by His Enemies, before his Virtues were +sufficiently made known to Him. +</p> + +<p> +But when several great Men, who were true Lovers of their Country, had +fully inform'd his Majesty, that my Lord was always his most faithful +Servant and Subject, and most willing to serve Him to the utmost of +his Power; and that 'twas pity such an able Man should be laid by as +useless <i>and forgotten</i>: My Lord was brought again to the King's +nearer Conversation; and after the late Peace, as his Majesty found +himself decaying in his Health, and the <i>French</i> King dealing +more and more every Day insincerely with him, and his Allies, he chose +him again his General, and his Ambassador to the States; and having +brought him to <i>Holland</i>, that he might be fully instructed in +all the necessary Affairs of both Nations, he recommended him to his +Successor, our most Gracious QUEEN, as the only fit Person, whose +Spirit might encounter the Genius of <i>France</i>, and strangle their +Designs of swallowing <i>Europe</i>. +</p> + +<p> +No sooner had our Sovereign Lady Queen ANNE mounted the Throne, but in +concert with her High Allies, she proclaim'd War against +<i>France</i>; and having created my Lord, Duke of <i>Marlborough</i>, +she sent him her Plenepotentiary into <i>Holland</i> to the States, +and Captain General of Her Forces; and I am sure a great many Officers +who had serv'd under him in the former War, were glad to see him once +more at the Head of an Army. +</p> + +<p> +In the beginning of this first Year of the War, the <i>French</i> +Army, under the Conduct of Mareschal <i>Boufflers</i>, was a little +beforehand with us, and came into the Field stronger than ours; some +Troops of the Allies having not yet join'd us. The <i>French</i> had +coop'd up our Army under the Walls of <i>Nimeguen</i>, and much ado we +had, by frequent Skirmishes, to hinder them from investing that +considerable Frontier, at that time unprovided by the neglect of the +Governour, as 'tis reported, of all warlike Necessaries for the +Defence of it. A Man might then see but an indifferent Ayre in the +face of our Forces: The States were under great Apprehensions, least +the Enemy should penetrate into their Country; and nothing could +recover them from their Fears, till his Grace, after three or four +Days, had join'd our Army with some additional Troops; upon his +Approach we had immediately a new Scene of Affairs; each Soldier +seem'd to receive a new Life by the Cheerfulness of their Officers; +and he presently assured the Deputies of the States, that the +<i>French</i> should be no longer their bad Neighbours, but he would +oblige them to March farther off that Country, and that with a +Witness. They were like People in a Trance, and could hardly believe +that their Affairs had receiv'd so happy a turn; accordingly we +march'd, and having passed the <i>Maes</i>, Coasted along that side of +<i>Brabant</i>, which lies towards that River, towards the open +Country of <i>Mastricht</i> and <i>Luickland</i>, and not long after, +almost in Sight of their Army, we opened that noble River, to the +great Benefit of the Trade of the Country, having taken from the +<i>French</i> the Fortresses of <i>Stochum</i>, of +<i>Stevenswaert</i>, of <i>Ruremond</i>, and <i>Venlo</i>, and at last +the strong Cittadel and City of <i>Liege</i>, with a vast quantity of +Cannon and Prisoners; the <i>French</i> not daring to relieve any of +them by venturing a Battle. +</p> + +<p> +In this Campaign our General shew'd himself a true Master of his Art, +having outdone the <i>French</i> Mareschal in every March. When he +came into <i>Holland</i>, he was receiv'd into their Cities, as their +Tutelar Angel, and their own Generals came to thank him for this happy +Campaign, without any sign of Envy. +</p> + +<p> +When he returned to <i>England</i>, he was well receiv'd by the Queen +his Mistress, and with the Joy of all good People; but then there was +some allay to this good Fortune, several People were heard to Grumble, +that after this Manner we should not get to <i>Paris</i> in a long +time, and a Speech was Printed, as if a Peer of the Realm had been the +Author of it, with some ironical Touches on the Duke, about raising +the ancient Valour of the Nation; and that 'twas unreasonable, that +one Man should have a <i>King-Key</i>, which should open every Door in +the Nation. +</p> + +<p> +About this time also Pamphlets began to fly, much reflecting on the +Countess of <i>Marlborough</i>, which I think have not ceas'd, but +very much increased against her every Year, to this very Day. I never +had the Honour to see that Lady, but once at the <i>Hague</i>; she was +there with her Husband, the last time our late King was in that +Country; and it was a common Report, at that Court, among a great many +Gentlemen of very good Quality, that she was esteemed there among the +Foreign Ladies, one of the best bred Women of her Age; and here are +Ladies from most Courts of <i>Europe</i>, who, without doubt, are the +nicest Judges: But to be sure here at home they give her Name very +poor Quarters, and make her guilty of more Folly, than a Retainer to +the College in <i>Moor-Fields</i>. +</p> + +<p> +It will be too long for me to set down the particular Victories of +every Campaign, and I hope no need of it; because 'tis probable they +are fresh in the Memory of every good Subject. His wonderful and +conquering March to the Banks of the <i>Danube</i>; His artful Passing +the <i>French</i> Lines, purely owing to his own good Conduct; His +Beating each one of the <i>French</i> Great Mareschals round in their +Turns, in several well fought Battles: A People, who for an Age had +bullied the rest of <i>Europe</i>, and had taught other Nations the +Art and Tactiques of War, as well as their Modes and Language: Their +Captiv'd Generals and Conquered Towns, perhaps the Strongest in the +Universe, demonstrate not only his Wisdom, Skill and Conduct, but also +his surmounting Courage, and unwearied Labour. +</p> + +<p> +And now at first View a Man might wonder how it should come to pass +that such a Renown'd General, after so many Signal Services, and great +Actions, for the good of his Country, should be so undervalued and +slighted at his return home from the very middle of his Labours, by +any one who pretends to value the good of his Nation: But this is no +new Thing, all the Histories of the World are full of Examples to this +purpose, and most of them of Men of War and Great Captains. +</p> + +<p> +Sir <i>Walter Raleigh</i> has mustered up a long Roll of Glorious +Sufferers, from the most ancient to his own Times; and in the +Condition in which he then was, might have brought in himself for a +remarkable Sharer. For the most eminent Virtues are but as so many +fair Marks set up on high for Envy to shoot at with her poysonous +Darts, and in all States, 'tis sometimes dangerous to be Great and +Good, for cunning Envy is often very strong, and when once its Devices +are effectually spread in the Mouths of the Multitude, will produce a +Blast able to blow down the most lofty Cedar: 'Tis therefore for the +good of the common People of the Nation, that I shall let them see the +scandalous Reflections which are scattered abroad on the Honour of the +Duke of <i>Marlborough</i>; and when I have shewn to any rational Man +that they are all False, Unreasonable, and Malicious, I have my End. +</p> + +<p> +The first Scandal that is put abroad upon his Grace is this: That he +has avoided several Opportunities of Fighting, not considering the +great burden of Taxes that lies upon the Nation, because the War +should be continued longer, whereby he may increase his Riches, and +keep up his Power. Now how false this Report is, will easily appear. +</p> + +<p> +For the Business of Peace and War does not depend on a General: 'Tis +the Business of his Monarch, who best knows the proper times for such +Treaties. Other Princes are concern'd in the War, as well as ours, and +their Subjects are as desirous of Peace as any of us can be, yet this +Peace can't well be obtain'd without a joint Consent; but if the Enemy +against whom we Fight, will not come to any terms of Peace that are +Reasonable, and Honourable, and Just, and upon which the War is +founded, but in his pretended Treaties, chicanes and falsifies, and is +altogether Insincere, then 'tis not the General's Fault if we can't +have Peace; we are in for the War, and we must stand to it. +</p> + +<p> +Indeed in the last dear Year of Corn, <i>France</i> was almost reduced +to their last Shifts; their Sufferings could be call'd little less +than a Famine, and most of the Powers of <i>Europe</i> did really +believe that they must have sued for a Peace, if they had not been +assisted; but whilst the Circumstances of this Peace were in +Agitation, then did the good People of Great <i>Britain</i> and +<i>Ireland</i>, the north part of them to <i>Burgundy</i>, and +<i>Champaign</i>, by way of <i>Holland</i>, thro' the <i>Maes</i>; and +the South Part of them from <i>Dunkirk</i> and <i>Calais</i> +over-against <i>Kent</i>, beyond the Mouth of the <i>Garroon</i> on +the Western Ocean, supply that Country with vast quantities of Corn, +almost to the starving of their own People. Not one of them cried out +for Peace, or blam'd the General, their Pockets being well fill'd; But +swore in the Markets, over plentiful Nappy, that in a short time they +would pull old <i>Lewis</i> out of his Throne. +</p> + +<p> +As for our Generals avoiding Fighting, 'tis easie to guess out of what +Quiver this Arrow of Scandal was drawn; for without doubt 'twas forg'd +in his own Army; and seeing the <i>Roman</i> History is now much in +Fashion, I shall give an Example, as an Answer to this Scandal, and +without doubt 'tis home to the Purpose. <i>Haniball</i> had beaten the +<i>Romans</i> in three great Battles of <i>Ticinum</i>, <i>Trebia</i>, +and <i>Thrasymene</i>: 'Twas his Business to Fight the <i>Romans</i> +wherever he could come at them; his Army being compounded of rough old +Mercenary Soldiers of divers Nations, who are ready to Mutiny and +Desert upon all Occasions, if they have not present Pay or continual +Plunder; in this Extremity the old <i>Fabius</i> was chosen Dictator, +or supream Commander; he was a good Man of War, and understood his +Business; and for his Lieutenant, or Master of the Horse, which among +them was all one, he chose one <i>Minutius</i>, the worst thing that +ever he did; because in a short time he found him to be an Ungrateful, +Conceited, Hot-headed Accuser. <i>Fabius</i> with great skill and +caution avoided Battle by Coasting <i>Hanibal</i> on the sides of +Hills in rough Ground, by Woods and Rivers, and hard Passes; because +much inferior in Horse to the <i>Carthaginian</i>; and thereby gain'd +time to confirm the Hearts of his Soldiers, and so make them capable +by degrees to look the Enemy in the Face. <i>Hanibal</i> soon found +that by no means he could draw in this wary old <i>Gamester</i>, but +declar'd, that he fear'd nothing more than that Clowd which hung about +the Hill Tops, least some time or other it should fall down and +severely wet him. Winter coming on, and the Dictator being obliged to +return home about some other Affairs; He left his Army to the Care of +this Master of the Horse, with a strict charge to shun Fighting with +all possible Care, and to follow the Example which he had set before +him: He was prowd of this Opportunity of Commanding the Army, and +believ'd himself the best and the ablest Man for it; he procured to +have his Courage magnified at home among the common People, and that +if he had a Command equal to the Captain General, he would soon give a +better Account of <i>Hanibal</i> and his Army; that <i>Fabius</i> was +afraid to look towards his Enemy, and thereby disheartned the +Soldiers, who were otherwise naturally Brave; and by his Fearfulness +suffered these Barbarians to Ravage in their Country, to their Ruine +and Destruction. The Tribunes of the People, not much better than +Captains of the Mob, were his particular Friends, and they complaining +to the Senate, every where gave it out, that after this manner of +<i>Fabius</i> his going on, the War would never have an end, that the +City would be undone by perpetual Taxes; that all Trade was ceas'd, +and nothing to be seen among the Commons, but a sad Prospect of +growing Poverty. +</p> + +<p> +The Senate was wearied out by these Factious Importunities, till at +last 'twas granted, that the Master of the Horse should have equal +Command with that Great Man who would preserve them from Ruine. +Accordingly he receiv'd half of the Army to be under his Charge, by a +Lot, for <i>Fabius</i> would not endure, because he foresaw what would +come to pass, that it shou'd be in his Power, for one Day, to command +the whole. <i>Minutius</i>, forsooth, to show his Bravery, march'd +nearer to the Enemy. <i>Hannibal</i> had laid a Train for the Hotspur, +and soon caught him; and both he and his Army had been soon cut to +pieces if the Old General, not permitting private Revenge to interfere +with the good of his Country, had not drawn down in very good Order, +repuls'd the Ambush, and secur'd his Retreat. The best thing that +<i>Minutius</i> cou'd do, was to beg Pardon for his Fault, and promise +more regard to his Superiors for the future. So that you see 'tis the +Experienc'd, Skilful, Old General who is best Judge of times of +Fighting; and that Man who asperses his Honour is to be suspected as +either wanting Judgment, or an Enemy to the Publick. +</p> + +<p> +Another Scandal was lately rais'd against his Grace, as touching his +good Conduct and Skill, as he is a General; and this is much among +those sort of People, whose Mouths go off smartly with a Whiff of +Tobacco, and fight Battles, and take Towns over a Dish of Coffee. They +give out, like Men of great Understanding in the Art Military, that +the Duke is more beholding to his Good-Fortune than his Skill, in the +Advantages he has gain'd over the <i>French</i>, and that he may thank +the Prince of <i>Savoy</i>, and the good Forces which he Commands, +more than his own Skill in War, for his great Reputation. +</p> + +<p> +The Good-Fortune of His Grace ought to be attributed to the good +Providence of GOD, for which, both he and the whole Nation ought to be +thankful. 'Tis a great Happiness to have such a Fortunate General; +and, without doubt, the <i>French</i> King would purchase such another +at any rate, if he could. +</p> + +<p> +But then, <i>Nullum numen abest, si sit Prudentia</i>. The General +that is Prudent, and Vigilant, and Temperate, Alert, and Industrious, +with an humble Submission to the Will of the Almighty, takes the right +way of obliging Fortune to be of his Side: Or, to speak better, the +Blessings of Heaven to crown his Endeavours: For in War 'tis seldom +known, (quite contrary to the Old Proverb) that in conducting Armies +and fighting Battles, <i>Fools</i> <i>have Fortune</i>. +</p> + +<p> +As for his Acting in Concert with the Heroick Prince of <i>Savoy</i>, +who is, without doubt, one of the ablest Generals of the Universe, and +chusing of him to be his Friend and Colleague, is one of the strongest +Arguments of his Art and Knowledge: Mutual Danger, and mutual +Principles of Honour, have entirely united them. In all difficult +Points they presently agree, as if what one was Speaking, the other +was Thinking of the same Matter at the very same time: And no Person +can believe, that Prince <i>Eugene</i> would endure that any Person in +the World should share with him in his Fame and Glory, unless such an +Hero, whom he thinks in all Points to be his Equal. As for the Troops +under his Command, 'tis evident to the World, that they excel all +others; for the sake of their Countries they are prodigal of their +Blood; and under such a General, by their own Confession, when they go +to Action, think of nothing else but Victory and Triumph. +</p> + +<p> +But Matters of Fact are the best Arguments. Amongst the great number +which might be produc'd, I shall only Instance these two following; +and I am sorry that those People who have not seen Marching or +Embatteling Armies cannot be competent Judges of them. Let the first +be in the first Campaign, in the first Year of Her Majesty's Reign. +We were encamp'd on the Confines of <i>Brabant</i>, not far from a +little Town call'd <i>Peer</i>; the Country round about is almost all +great Heaths and large Commons; we were in full March betimes in the +Morning, and, by the countenance of our March, 'twas suppos'd we +should have a long and a late Fatigue; when, on a sudden, about Eleven +a Clock, we had Orders to halt, and to encamp at the bottom of an +Heath, behind some rising Grounds and great Sand-Hills, near a Place +called <i>Hilteren</i>; and according to the Time that my Lord Duke +had projected, Mareschal <i>Boufflers</i>, with his Army, was +blunder'd upon us, within Shot of our Cannon, not knowing where we +were. At that time we were superior to the <i>French</i>, especially +in Horse; they could by no means avoid a Battle, the Mareschal was +caught: And if the Deputies of the States, and their Generals, could +have been perswaded to venture a Battle, in conjunction with the other +Allies; and they were entreated enough, almost with Tears, by all the +other Princes and Generals of the Army, 'tis very probable the +<i>French</i>, under that great surprize, had been severely beaten. At +last they stole away from us in a dark Night, and were glad of the +Escape. And thus then you see the great Skill of our General, to +entrap the <i>French</i> Mareschal in his March, in the middle of the +Day, and to make him, in a manner, fall into his Arms. +</p> + +<br> + +<p> +The second Instance is from the Battle of <i>Ramelies</i>. A Stratagem +well laid argues the great Dexterity and Penetration of a General; in +deep hollow Ways, in close Bottoms, and nigh sides of Woods, +Ambuscades are often laid, and, perhaps, as often discovered; but to +bring an Ambush upon an Enemy, into the open Country, in the face of +the Sun, requires an assured Skill, as well as a daring Courage. Thus +'tis said of the Great <i>Hannibal</i>, at the Battle of <i>Cannæ</i>, +that in the open Field he brought an Ambush on the Backs of the +<i>Romans</i>, which very much help'd to encrease their Terror and +Confusion. And thus did our General, at the foremention'd Battle, but +with a better Contrivance. +</p> + +<p> +The <i>French</i> King had Intelligence given him, that all the Forces +of our Army were not join'd, and accordingly sent positive Orders to +his General, not to let slip that Opportunity of chastising the +Insolence of the Allies, for that was the Expression; and indeed 'twas +true, the Allies had been pretty bold with him several times before: +and the Mareschal doubted not but to have time enough to execute his +Master's Commands, before a good Body of Horse, which he understood to +be at a great distance, could be able to come up and assist us. The +Duke gave a pretty good Guess at the Monsieur's Designs, and +before-hand had sent strict Order, that they, without the least delay, +should speed immediately towards him, and in the middle of the Night, +to halt at a Village where he had appointed, not above two Leagues +from his Camp; and after a little Refreshment, and Preparation for +Service, must be ready to move at break of Day, upon the first bruit +of Cannon: For their resting in that Place, and at such a distance, +would be much more to his Advantage than if they had join'd him. +</p> + +<p> +The Business being thus order'd, he was resolv'd the Enemy should not +take all the Pains in coming towards him, but to meet them on part of +the Way. The <i>French</i> Right Wing, in which were their best +Troops, oppos'd our Left, and in their vigorous Charge had the better +of the Allies: The Duke, with the other Generals, rallied them again; +but finding it difficult to sustain the strong Impression of the +Enemy, presently gave out, and it took among all the Squadrons in a +Moment, That a great number of the best Troops in the World, who were +their Friends, were just at their Heels with Sword in hand, ready to +sustain them, that no Power of the Enemy could look them in the Face; +which being seen to be true, as well as felt by the Enemy, they were +soon repulsed, discourag'd, and put into Confusion, which was the +first cause of the general Rout of their Army. +</p> + +<br> + +<p> +And thus then you see, that our General wants neither Conduct or +Courage: And as 'twas once said to that Renown'd Captain +<i>Epaminondas</i>, who having no Children, and being about to die of +his honourable Wounds, that his two Battels of <i>Leuctra</i> and +<i>Mantinæa</i> should be as two fair Daughters to preserve his +Memory. So may we say, that the many Battles and Sieges, fought and +won by our Great <i>Marlborough</i>, in the Provinces of +<i>Gelders</i>, of <i>Limbourg</i>, of <i>Brabant</i>, of +<i>Flanders</i>, of <i>Artois</i>, of <i>Hainault</i>, shall be far +excelling the most numerous Progeny to eternize his Name. +</p> + +<p> +The other false Reports that are spread among the People, by the +Enemies of the Duke, are these; That his way of Living in the Army is +Mean and Parsimonious, unbecoming the Honour and Dignity of his Post. +That the Income and Revenue from the Profits of his Places are too +much for a Subject: And that he minds nothing so much as getting of +Riches. All which Reports are false and malicious, and only the +Designs of his secret Enemies. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Wo be to them that call Evil Good, and Good Evil.</i> Some of this +was part of the False Accusation that was urged against <i>Scipio</i> +the <i>Asiatic</i>, by the Malice and ill Nature of <i>Cato</i> and +his Accomplices; That he had squandred away the Money of the +Government, in a great measure, by his excessive Way of Living; for so +his Magnificence was termed by them: That his vast Treats and +luxurious Tables had some popular Design. And, to be sure, if our +General should offer to live after any such manner, the Nation would +be fill'd with perpetual Clamour, that he treated the Officers to make +them his Creatures, and in a short time would set up for himself; for, +without doubt, those things which other Men might do, tho' much +inferior to the Duke, with a general Applause, in him would be +Criminal, and of bad Consequence. +</p> + +<p> +In all ancient Histories nothing is more highly prais'd in Princes and +great Captains, than Temperance and Moderation in Meat and Drink. The +Commander of the Army ought to be vigilant, that (as a good Prince +once said) the People committed to his Charge may sleep more safely; +and 'tis not to be conceiv'd how such a Person, who is loaded +continually with foggy Intemperance, can be Careful, Active, Watchful, +Alert, Thoughtful, Foreseeing, being all Qualities necessary for so +great a Charge. +</p> + +<p> +His Grace governs his Family abroad like a wise Master, with good +Order and Method; every thing about him shines with a temperate Use, +and a daily chearful Plenty, not only for his own Domesticks, but for +many others; but then all this is in due time and season: He has no +Constitution for an Intemperate Life, and the Loads of it would soon +destroy him. +</p> + +<br> + +<p> +As for his great Profits in the Army, let us take a view of them: +There is an Author call'd, <i>The Examiner</i>, who has been very +diligent in searching into His Grace's Revenue: But I am sure, in his +Perquisites belonging to the Army he can be no Judge; the Pay of a +Captain General, by the Day, may be known to any one, I suppose 'tis +set down in the <i>Present State of England</i>, as well as Master of +the Ordnance, and Colonel of a Regiment of Foot-Guards; these are all +his Military Employments, and the Pay of them as much his due, as the +Pay of Three Shillings and Six-Pence is to an Ensign. The Earl of +<i>Rumney</i> had all these Places except Captain-General; he was both +a Lieutenant-General and an Ambassador, and enjoy'd them a long time, +and yet I never heard of any Man that envied him, or found fault that +he had too many Places. And 'tis a common thing for a great Mareschal +of <i>France</i> to have many more Posts, and of much greater Profits. +</p> + +<p> +Any young Clerk, who belongs to an Agent, can presently show how many +Regiments of Horse, Foot, and Dragoons are in the Pay of Her Majesty, +under the Duke; and everyone there, from a General to a Drummer, what +their proper Pay is, nor can they be deceived. The Hospitals and the +Artillery are paid accordingly, in an exact Method. The Pay of each +particular Body is issued out to the Pay-masters of the Army, from the +Pay-Master-General; and the Duke touches not a Farthing but what +properly belongs to him. And whereas abundance of People complain, +that almost all the Money of the Nation was, by the late Lord +Treasurer, sent into <i>Flanders</i> to pay the Troops there; no +matter what became of the other parts of the War. This I know to be +true, That the mercenary or hired Forces, which are in our Pay, and +are the greatest part of our Army under the Duke, being most of them +<i>Danes</i>, <i>Swiss</i>, <i>Saxons</i>, and <i>Palatines</i>, all +of the <i>German</i> kind, will not march one Foot, notwithstanding +all the Perswasions that any General can use; no, not to save any King +or Prince in the World, unless they are duly paid, at the appointed +times, according to their first Agreement: but then, as soon as you +shew the <i>Gheldt</i>, they presently Shoulder, and Stalk wheresoever +you please. +</p> + +<p> +What the Queen is pleas'd to allow the Duke for his Secret Service, +because his Eyes and Ears must be in all Secret Cabinets, (and, +without doubt, his Intelligence must be very good) it is not fit for +me or the <i>Examiner</i> to know; or, for ought I can judge, any one +else besides in the World. +</p> + +<p> +The Perquisites of Safeguards and Contributions, which in all Times +have belong'd to Generals, can't easily be valued, they are according +to the Countries in which the War is carried. But for all these +Profits to be ascrib'd to the Duke, (as in several Pamphlets 'tis +evident they are) is very unreasonable; because there are two other +Chief Generals besides, the Prince of <i>Savoy</i> for the +Imperialists, and Count <i>Tilly</i> for the States, each of which +will claim their Parts as well as His Grace; besides the gross of +them, which are given to the States themselves: and yet we hear of no +Complaint, or Papers printed against them, or in the least envied by +any of the Nations under whom they serve. +</p> + +<p> +In short, 'tis all the Reason that a conquering General, who fights +our Battels, and must look the Powers of <i>Europe</i> in the Face, as +he is distinguish'd by Titles of Honour, so where-ever he goes he +ought to be attended with Plenty and Riches. +</p> + +<p> +A Sea-Captain, after the Service of Nine or Ten Years, is usually +Master of a very great Fortune, he Sails in his Coach with rich +Liveries for his Colours, and Steers from his City to his +Country-House unenvied, and without unmerciful Remarks. The honest +Gentlemen in Town, call'd Agents, most of whom are risen from a mean +Condition to be Members of Parliament, Justices of the Peace, and to +purchase Estates, where-ever they can find out Land to be dispos'd of, +who never ventur'd their Lives farther than from the Pay-Office to the +Tavern; and yet they make a Figure in the World with a very good +Grace, untouch'd, or not mark'd by any Observator. +</p> + +<p> +But this has been the Fortune of the most glorious Persons, to be +envied and persecuted whilst they are alive, and when taken away from +us by some unlucky Accident, are desir'd too late, and lamented with a +Witness. +</p> + +<p> +If we observe, through the whole Nation, either here in this Capital, +or in any other Parts of <i>England</i>, allowing but for proportion +of Merit and Dignity, we shall find more People belonging to Offices +of Docks and Yards, to Offices of Stores and Victualling, who have +made as good use of the Places in which they serve, and with no +greater Fatigue and Danger than Figuring and Writing, as the best and +richest General in <i>Europe</i>. +</p> + +<p> +When my Lord <i>Marlborough</i> had escap'd the Wars, and was return'd +to the quiet of the Country, no Word was heard of him in Court or +Town, no one talked of his Money, or Riches, or Estate; but no sooner +was he again call'd to the High Station in which he now Acts, but Envy +had presently found him out, even in the midst of Guards and Arms, and +ever since has follow'd him close with all sorts of False-Reports, to +this very time; as if nothing but his most excellent Qualities, and +growing Glory, could make him Unfortunate. +</p> + +<p> +Indeed Generals, tho' the most accomplish'd Heroes, are but Men, they +are not Infallible, but may be mistaken as well as other Mortals, they +are subject to Faults and Infirmities as well as their +Fellow-Creatures; but then their great Services for the good of their +Country ought to be cast into the Ballance, against their humane +Mistakes; and not only Charity, but Self-consideration should give +them very good Quarter, unless their Faults are prov'd to be Wilful +and Contumacious. +</p> + +<p> +I know not how it might happen to the Duke if he should chance to +Miscarry, or be beaten in a Battle; God be prais'd, as yet he has +never been foil'd: but then we must not suppose that he is Invincible, +that Fortune will always be confin'd to the Pomel of his Sword. But +this is certain, that the <i>French</i> King has not been severe to +any of his Great Captains, tho', in their turns, they have been all +beaten by the Prince of <i>Savoy</i> and the Duke, the Prince taking +one of his chief Mareschals a Prisoner with him out of the midst of +his Garison; the Duke another of them on the Banks of the +<i>Danube</i>, with the greatest part of the Banners and Trophies of +his almost captiv'd Army: there are no Outcries of the Common People +for a Sacrifice to the Publick, nor base Reflections made on their +Courage or Conduct; because 'tis suppos'd in all those fiery Ordeals +of Battles, a General exerts all the Faculties and Powers of Body and +Soul; he puts Nature on the stretch. And as my Lord Duke, at the +conclusion of the great Battle of <i>Blenheim</i> said, I think to his +Honour, that he believed he had pray'd more that Day than all the +Chaplains of his Army. +</p> + +<p> +Therefore let not People think, that those Gentlemen who are call'd to +fight Battles make use of those Employments, in the heat of a bloody +War, for Diversion or Pleasure. They who have been Spectators of what +they do and what they suffer, will soon be perswaded, that no People +under Heaven purchase their Profits and Honours at a dearer rate. +</p> + +<p> +'Tis a great happiness to a Nation to have a generous Race of Warlike +People, who, at all times, are ready to venture their Lives in the +defence of it. Cowardice is the highest Scandal to a Country, and +exposes it to be a Prey to every Invader, as well as a Scorn to their +Neighbours. In all Histories of the World, they who dare die for the +sake of their Country, have been esteem'd as a sort of Martyrs: And +the People who are protected at Home in their Estates, Ease, Safety, +and Liberties, ought not to grudge them of any of their Perquisites; +but to bless God for such a gallant number of Martial Brethren, who +drive the War at a great distance, so that we see none, we do but hear +of it; for 'tis a sad thing to behold the Ravages, the Ruine, the +Spoils, the Devastations of those Countries which happen to be the +Seats of War. +</p> + +<p> +When the Officers, coming from <i>Flanders</i>, after the Campaign, +appear in the newest Fashions, which they bring over with them, with a +good Ayre and genteel Mien, which is almost common to them, the +People, who never saw the Hardships which they undergo, think them +only design'd for Pleasure and Ease, and their Profession to be +desir'd above any thing in the World besides. They often hear of +Fights and Sieges, and of a great many Men kill'd in a few Hours; but +because they see not the Actions, the Talk leaves but a small and +transient Impression, and so in a small time is wip'd off and +forgotten. But if they did but see them in a Rainy Season, when the +whole Country about them is trod into a Chaos, and in such intolerable +Marches, Men and Horses dying and dead together, and the best of them +glad of a bundle of Straw to lay down their wet and weary Limbs: If +they did but see a Siege, besides the daily danger and expectation of +Death, which is common to all, from the General to the Centinel; the +Watches, the Labours, the Cares which attend the greatest; the ugly +Sights, the Stinks of Mortality, the Grass all wither'd and black with +the Smoke of Powder, the horrid Noises all Night and all Day, and +Spoil and Destruction on every side; I am sure they would be +perswaded, that a State of War, to those who are engag'd in it, must +needs, be a state of Labour and Misery; and that a great General, I +mean such a one as the Duke of <i>Marlborough</i>, weak in his +Constitution, and well stricken in Years, would not undergo those +eating Cares, which must be continually at his Heart; the Toils and +Hardships which he must endure, and the often Sorrows which must prick +his Heart for ugly Accidents, if he has the least Spark of humane +Commiseration, I say, he would not engage himself in such a Life, if +not for the sake of his Queen and Country, and his Honour. +</p> + +<br> + +<p> +I come now to add a word or two of the government of the Forces under +his Care. His own Example gives a particular Life to his Orders; and +as no indecent Expression, unbecoming, unclean, or unhandsome Language +ever drops from his Lips, so he is imitated by the genteel part of his +Army: His Camps are like a quiet and well-govern'd City; and, I am apt +to believe, much more Mannerly; Cursing and Swearing, and boisterous +Words being never heard among those who are accounted good Officers: +And, without doubt, his Army is the best Academy in the World to teach +a young Gentlemen Wit and Breeding; a Sot and a Drunkard being scorn'd +among them. +</p> + +<p> +These poor Wretches, that are (too many of them) the refuse and +off-scowrings of the worst parts of our Nation, after two Campaigns, +by the Care of their Officers, and good Order and Discipline, are made +Tractable, and Civil, and Orderly, and Sensible, and Clean, and have +an Ayre and a Spirit that is beyond vulgar People. +</p> + +<br> + +<p> +The Service of GOD, according to the Order of our Church, is strictly +enjoin'd by the Dukes special Care; and in all fixed Camps, every Day, +Morning and Evening, there are Prayers; and on Sundays Sermons are +duly perform'd with all Decency and Respect, as well as in Garisons. +And, to be sure, the Good-Nature, and Compassion, and Charity of +Officers express'd to the poor sick and wounded Soldiers, and to their +Families in Garison, is more Liberal, and Generous, and Free, than +usually we meet with in our own Country. +</p> + +<br> + +<p> +And now then I hope my good Country-men will not suffer themselves any +longer to be impos'd on by false Reports, which are cunningly spread +abroad among them, against a Gentleman, a Patriot, who ventures his +Life, every Day, for their Safety, and is endeavouring to the utmost +of his Power, under his Most Gracious Sovereign, by his Courage, his +Skill, and his Wisdom, to bring the Common Enemy to Reason, and to +procure them and our Allies, an honourable and lasting Peace. +</p> + +<br> + +<p> +'Tis a thing of ill Consequence to bring a Disreputation on the good +Name of a General; and to lessen his Honour is to dispirit his Army: +for when the Forces under his Command have once a mean Opinion of the +Integrity, and Honour, and Conduct of their General, they may be drawn +out and forced to Battle, but never be perswaded to think of Laurels +and Victory. +</p> + +<br> + +<p> +'Tis an old Piece of Policy for an Enemy, if possible, to bring an +Odium on the Honour of a General against whom he is to act. Thus did +<i>Hannibal</i>, who, in his moroding Marches, had spared some Grounds +belonging to the Dictator <i>Fabius</i>, not out of any respect or +kindness to his Person, but to bring him into Envy and Suspicion among +the People at <i>Rome</i>; and so 'twas given out by one of the +Tribunes, that <i>Hannibal</i> and he had, as it were, made a Truce; +that the drift of <i>Fabius</i> could be nothing else but to prolong +the War, that he might be long in Office, and have the sole Government +both of City and Armies. And, without doubt, the <i>French</i> King +would have been very well satisfied, if this same Aspersion, which was +lately spread abroad concerning our General, had taken the effect of +having him laid aside, and put out of his Places. A Finish'd Hero does +not grow up every Day, they are scarce Plants, and do not thrive in +every Soil; He may be easily lost, but then that Loss cannot easily be +repair'd; therefore there is great Reason to Value and Esteem him. +</p> + +<br> + +<p> +To conclude, As our great Commander is known to the World, or at least +to the greatest part of it, to be Temperate, Sober, Careful, +Couragious, Politick, Skilful, so he is Courteous, Mild, Affable, +Humble, and Condescending to People of the meanest Condition. And as +'tis said of <i>Moses</i>, the Great, the Valiant Captain-General of +Almighty God, for an immortal Title of Honour, that he was one of the +Meekest Men upon the Earth; so, without doubt, our Captain-General, +<i>John</i> Duke of <i>Marlborough</i>, has a great share of it. +</p> + +<br> +<p class="ctr"> +<big><i>FINIS.</i></big> +</p> + +<hr class="med"> + + +<p class="section"> +APPENDIX +</p> +<br> + +<p class="ctr"> +Authorship of <i>A Short Narrative</i> +</p> +<br> + +<p> +While no direct contemporary corroboration exists as evidence for +Defoe's authorship, a considerable number of literary mannerisms, +interests, and opinions appear to establish it conclusively. +</p> + +<p> +As Professor John Robert Moore said, <i>The Life</i> is "exceptionally +characteristic" of Defoe, so characteristic in fact that "one can +recognize his style and manner as one would a familiar voice."[21] The +list of phrases and mannerisms which produce this effect is extensive: +The insertion of qualifying or explanatory phrases ("The first time +that I had the Honour of seeing John, Earl of Marlborough, [for so I +shall call him till he was created Duke] ..."), the use of "sentence +paragraphs," the repetition of such introductory phrases as "To be +short," "but now to the Truth of the matter," "in short," and "to put +all this matter out of doubt," and the frequent use of words such as +"matter" and "purpose" to emphasize the force and pertinence of his +arguments mark Defoe's writings throughout his career. The use of the +present participle construction as subject ("As for his Acting in +Concert with the Heroick Prince of Savoy … is one of the strongest +Arguments of his Art and Knowledge"), long sentences hung together +with "and" and qualified with subordinate clauses, and a propensity +for coining words ("over-Honored and over-Paid") make Defoe's writing +nearly unmistakable and give it the hasty, colloquial quality. His +Latin quotations are off hand and rather careless. +</p> + +<p> +At the same time, Defoe has great stylistic virtuosity. He is always +direct and forceful. Although he is attacking some of the most +powerful men in politics and literature in <i>The Life</i>, there is +nothing at all deferential. He includes trivial and often superfluous +details which give whatever he writes an authentic tone; these details +may be places ("After several Marches, we came to the Confines of +Haynault, within a League of a small Town call'd Walcourt...."), names +of people ("Mr. Sizar was our Pay-Master General...."), or +observations ("twas supposed we would have a long and a late +Fatigue"). The same sort of verisimilitude which deceived the readers +of <i>Memoirs of Captain Carleton</i> and <i>Journal of the Plague +Year</i> supports the illusion of an eye witness account. Defoe's +metaphors are also distinctive. While there are no great number, they +are graphic, often simplify and condense an idea, and join image and +idea in much the same way that seventeenth-century conceits do. +Drawing on the common place, the originality and force comes from +their aptness ("'tis easie to guess out of what Quiver this Arrow of +Scandal was drawn," "For the most eminent Virtues are but as so many +fair Marks set up on high for Envy to shoot at with her poysonous +darts"). Characteristic idioms—"Engineer that stands behind the +curtains," "the Lord knows who and where"—can be found on every page. +Small touches such as an allusion to one of Defoe's favorite jokes +(Lord Craven's retort to de Vere concerning his ancestry) can also be +identified. +</p> + +<p> +Furthermore, the allusions to historical and Biblical figures are +consistent with Defoe's life-long usage, opinions and interests. Sir +Walter Raleigh and Hannibal, Moses and Solomon are referred to for the +same purposes in writings from <i>The Shortest Way with Dissenters</i> +to <i>Atalantis Major</i> (a typically explicit analog: from <i>The +Shortest Way</i>—"Moses was a merciful meek man" and from <i>The +Life</i>—"Moses … one of the Meekest Men upon the Earth"). Defoe +habitually commented on the policies of military men and statesmen, +traced topography, and included the large features of military +campaigns which could be found in printed records. Defoe's opinions on +drinking, swearing, reliance on Providence, leadership qualities, +gratitude, and courage, to mention a few, are consistent throughout +his life and found in this pamphlet. For example, he makes the same +distinctions in types of courage in <i>Journal of the Plague Year</i>, +the <i>Review</i>, <i>Robinson Crusoe</i>, <i>Atalantis Major</i>, and +<i>Memoirs of Captain Carleton</i> that he does in <i>The Life</i> +("True courage cannot proceed from what Sir Walter Raleigh finely +calls the art or philosophy of quarrel. No! It must be the issue of +principle..."). +</p> + +<p> +Moreover, the pamphlet itself bears certain marks indicative of +Defoe's hand. It was published by John Baker, "at the Black-Boy in +Pater-noster-Row," Defoe's usual publisher for that year. Had it been +published by, say, Tonson, the immediate conclusion would be that it +was not Defoe's. Baker appeared to take greater care with Defoe's +pamphlets than he did with some others; <i>A Defence of Dr. +Sacheverell</i>, for example, has fifty lines of small type to the +page. Six other tracts by Defoe have titles beginning with "Short" or +"Shortest." The use of the eye witness narrator and the soldier +narrator are recurring devices which Defoe used to protect himself or +his sources and to add weight to what he was purporting to be factual. +</p> + +<p> +Finally Marlborough was one of Defoe's heroes until at least late +1711. He praises him highly in <i>Seldom Comes a Better</i>, +<i>Atalantis Major</i>, and <i>The Quaker's Sermon</i>. It is with +reluctance that Defoe is persuaded that Marlborough must be displaced, +and even in the poem on the occasion of Marlborough's funeral, his +disapproval seems to be more for the ostentatiousness and +inappropriateness of the funeral than for the man himself. All in all, +there is scarcely a line in <i>The Life</i> which does not bear +Defoe's fingerprints. +</p> + +<hr class="med"> + + + +<p class="fm3"> +WILLIAM ANDREWS CLARK<br>MEMORIAL LIBRARY +</p> + +<p class="fm3"> +UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES +</p> + +<p class="fm2"> +The Augustan Reprint Society +</p> +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/deco.jpg" alt="Decoration" width="183" height="109"></div> +<p class="fm4"> +PUBLICATIONS IN PRINT +</p> + + + +<br> +<p class="fm3"> +The Augustan Reprint Society +</p> + +<p class="fm4"> +PUBLICATIONS IN PRINT +</p> + + +<p class="ctrbold"> +<b>1948-1949</b> +</p> + +<p class="morehang"> + 16. Henry Nevil Payne, <i>The Fatal Jealousie</i> (1673). +</p> + +<p class="morehang"> + 18. "Of Genius," in <i>The Occasional Paper</i>, Vol. III, No. 10 +(1719), and Aaron Hill, Preface to <i>The Creation</i> (1720). +</p> + + +<p class="ctrbold"> +<b>1949-1950</b> +</p> + +<p class="morehang"> + 19. Susanna Centlivre, <i>The Busie Body</i> (1709). +</p> + +<p class="morehang"> + 20. Lewis Theobald, <i>Preface to the Works of Shakespeare</i> (1734). +</p> + +<p class="morehang"> + 22. Samuel Johnson, <i>The Vanity of Human Wishes</i> (1749), and two +<i>Rambler</i> papers (1750). +</p> + +<p class="morehang"> + 23. John Dryden, <i>His Majesties Declaration Defended</i> (1681). +</p> + + +<p class="ctrbold"> +<b>1951-1952</b> +</p> + +<p class="morehang"> + 26. Charles Macklin, <i>The Man of the World</i> (1792). +</p> + +<p class="morehang"> + 31. Thomas Gray, <i>An Elegy Wrote in a Country Churchyard</i> (1751), +and <i>The Eton College Manuscript</i>. +</p> + + +<p class="ctrbold"> +<b>1952-1953</b> +</p> + +<p class="morehang"> + 41. Bernard Mandeville, <i>A Letter to Dion</i> (1732). +</p> + + +<p class="ctrbold"> +<b>1964-1965</b> +</p> + +<p class="morehang"> +109. Sir William Temple, <i>An Essay Upon the Original and Nature of +Government</i> (1680). +</p> + +<p class="morehang"> +110. John Tutchin, <i>Selected Poems</i> (1685-1700). +</p> + +<p class="morehang"> +111. <i>Political Justice</i> (1736). +</p> + +<p class="morehang"> +113. T. R., <i>An Essay Concerning Critical and Curious Learning</i> +(1698). +</p> + +<p class="morehang"> +114. Two Poems Against Pope: Leonard Welsted, <i>One Epistle to Mr. A. +Pope</i> (1730); and <i>The Blatant Beast</i> (1742). +</p> + + +<p class="ctrbold"> +<b>1965-1966</b> +</p> + +<p class="morehang"> +115. Daniel Defoe and others, <i>Accounts of the Apparition of Mrs. +Veal</i>. +</p> + +<p class="morehang"> +116. Charles Macklin, <i>The Convent Garden Theatre</i> (1752). +</p> + +<p class="morehang"> +117. Sir Roger L'Estrange, <i>Citt and Bumpkin</i> (1680). +</p> + +<p class="morehang"> +118. Henry More, <i>Enthusiasmus Triumphatus</i> (1662). +</p> + +<p class="morehang"> +119. Thomas Traherne, <i>Meditations on the Six Days of the +Creation</i> (1717). +</p> + +<p class="morehang"> +120. Bernard Mandeville, <i>Aesop Dress'd or a Collection of +Fables</i> (1740). +</p> + + +<p class="ctrbold"> +<b>1966-1967</b> +</p> + +<p class="morehang"> +123. Edmond Malone, <i>Cursory Observations on the Poems Attributed to +Mr. Thomas Rowley</i> (1782). +</p> + +<p class="morehang"> +124. <i>The Female Wits</i> (1704). +</p> + +<p class="morehang"> +125. <i>The Scribleriad</i> (1742). Lord Hervey, <i>The Difference +Between Verbal and Practical Virtue</i> (1742). +</p> + + +<p class="ctrbold"> +<b>1968-1969</b> +</p> + +<p class="morehang"> +133. John Courtenay, <i>A Poetical Review of the Literary and Moral +Character of the Late Samuel Johnson</i> (1786). +</p> + +<p class="morehang"> +134. John Downes, <i>Roscius Anglicanus</i> (1708). +</p> + +<p class="morehang"> +135. Sir John Hill, <i>Hypochondriasis, a Practical Treatise</i> +(1766). +</p> + +<p class="morehang"> +136. Thomas Sheridan, <i>Discourse … Being Introductory to His +Course of Lectures on Elocution and the English Language</i> (1759). +</p> + +<p class="morehang"> +137. Arthur Murphy, <i>The Englishman From Paris</i> (1736). +</p> + + +<p class="ctrbold"> +<b>1969-1970</b> +</p> + +<p class="morehang"> +138. [Catherine Trotter] <i>Olinda's Adventures</i> (1718). +</p> + +<p class="morehang"> +139. John Ogilvie, <i>An Essay on the Lyric Poetry of the Ancients</i> +(1762). +</p> + +<p class="morehang"> +140. <i>A Learned Dissertation on Dumpling</i> (1726) and <i>Pudding +Burnt to Pot or a Compleat Key to the Dissertation on Dumpling</i> +(1727). +</p> + +<p class="morehang"> +141. Selections from Sir Roger L'Estrange's <i>Observator</i> +(1681-1687). +</p> + +<p class="morehang"> +142. Anthony Collins, <i>A Discourse Concerning Ridicule and Irony in +Writing</i> (1729). +</p> + +<p class="morehang"> +143. <i>A Letter From A Clergyman to His Friend, With An Account of +the Travels of Captain Lemuel Gulliver</i> (1726). +</p> + +<p class="morehang"> +144. <i>The Art of Architecture, A Poem. In Imitation of Horace's Art +of Poetry</i> (1742). +</p> + + +<p class="ctrbold"> +<b>1970-1971</b> +</p> + +<p class="morehang"> +145-146. Thomas Shelton, <i>A Tutor to Tachygraphy, or +Short-writing</i> (1642) and <i>Tachygraphy</i> (1647). +</p> + +<p class="morehang"> +147-148. <i>Deformities of Dr. Samuel Johnson</i> (1782). +</p> + +<p class="morehang"> +149. <i>Poeta de Tristibus: or the Poet's Complaint</i> (1682). +</p> + +<p class="morehang"> +150. Gerard Langbaine, <i>Momus Triumphans: or the Plagiaries of the +English Stage</i> (1687). +</p> + + +<p class="ctrbold"> +<b>1971-1972</b> +</p> + +<p class="morehang"> +151-152. Evan Lloyd, <i>The Methodist. A Poem</i> (1766). +</p> + +<p class="morehang"> +153. <i>Are these Things So?</i> (1740), and <i>The Great Man's Answer +to Are these Things So?</i> (1740). +</p> + +<p class="morehang"> +154. Arbuthnotiana: <i>The Story of the St. Alb-ns Ghost</i> (1712), +and <i>A Catalogue of Dr. Arbuthnot's Library</i> (1779). +</p> + +<p class="morehang"> +155-156. A Selection of Emblems from Herman Hugo's <i>Pia +Desideria</i> (1624), with English Adaptations by Francis Quarles and +Edmund Arwaker. +</p> + + +<p class="ctrbold"> +<b>1972-1973</b> +</p> + +<p class="morehang"> +157. William Mountfort, <i>The Life and Death of Doctor Faustus</i> +(1697). +</p> + +<p class="morehang"> +158. Colley Cibber, <i>A Letter from Mr. Cibber, to Mr. Pope</i> +(1742). +</p> + +<p class="morehang"> +159. [Catherine Clive], <i>The Case of Mrs. Clive</i> (1744). +</p> + +<p class="morehang"> +160. [Thomas Tryon], <i>A Discourse … of Phrensie, Madness or +Distraction</i> from <i>A Treatise of Dreams and Visions</i> [1689]. +</p> + +<p class="morehang"> +161. Robert Blair, <i>The Grave. A Poem</i> (1743). +</p> + +<p class="morehang"> +162. Bernard Mandeville, <i>A Modest Defence of Publick Stews</i> +(1724). +</p> + + +<p> +Publications of the first fifteen years of the Society (numbers +1-90) are available in paperbound units of six issues at $16.00 +per unit, from the Kraus Reprint Company, 16 East 46th Street, New +York, N.Y. 10017. +</p> + +<p> +Publications in print are available at the regular membership rate +of $5.00 for individuals and $8.00 for institutions per year. +Prices of single issues may be obtained upon request. 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